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THE NEW

BOOK OF THE DOG

A COMPREHENSIVE NATURAL HISTORY OF
BRITISH DOGS AND THEIR FOREIGN RELATIVES,
WITH CHAPTERS ON LAW, BREEDING, KENNEL
MANAGEMENT, AND VETERINARY TREATMENT

By ROBERT LEIGHTON

ASSISTED BY EMINENT AUTHORITIES
ON THE VARIOUS BREEDS

ILLUSTRATED WITH TWENTY-ONE COLOURED PLATES AND
NUMEROUS PHOTOGRAPHIC PORTRAITS OF FAMOUS DOGS

CASSELL AND COMPANY, LIMITED

LONDON, PARIS, NEW YORK, TORONTO & MELBOURNE

TO
HER MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY

QUEEN ALEXANDRA

WHO HAS EVER BEEN A TRUE FRIEND OF DOGS

THIS WORK IS

BY HER MAJESTY'S OWN KIND PERMISSION
RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

/? a/i

PREFACE.

^T^HIS work is produced with the design of providing accurate and authori-

j tative information concerning the natural history of the various canine

breeds, and my aim has been to present the information in popular

form and in orderly sequence, adequately illustrated with portraits of

typical examples of all the known varieties of the domesticated dog, British

and foreign.

The popularity of the dog as an assistant in the pursuit of game, as the
object of a pleasurable hobby, and as a faithful companion, has never been
so great as it is at the present period. More dogs are kept in this country
than ever there formerly were, and they are more skilfully bred, more kindly
treated, and cared for with a more solicitous pride than was the case in earlier
generations. It would be difficult in the absence of statistics to estimate with
precision the number of dogs kept in the British Isles ; but the Inland Revenue
return for licences in 1906-7 for England and Wales was £603,400, and as
each licence costs 75. 6d., this would mean that there were at the least
1,809,000 dogs for which the tax was paid. In the same proportion to the
population one may add another 800,000 for Ireland and Scotland. But
there are exemptions for certain working dogs and for all puppies, while
for many the payment of the tax is surreptitiously evaded or never col-
lected. It would be well within the margin of probability, therefore, to state
that there are over four millions of dogs in Great Britain and Ireland, or that
they are in the proportion of one to every ten of the human inhabitants.
Another indication of our national love for the dog is given in the increasing
number of competitive shows held under Kennel Club Rules at the various
centres of population. During 1906 as many as 424 separate dog shows were
held throughout the country, the owners of the canine exhibits representing
all classes of the community, from their Majesties the King and Queen down
to the humblest of their subjects. One can nowadays seldom enter a dwelling
in which the dog is not recognised as a member of the family, and it is notice-
able that the family dog is becoming less of a mongrel and more of a distin-
guishable and accredited breed.

I think I may claim that in the following pages no breed of importance has
been omitted from consideration. Each of the more prominent varieties has
been carefully and sufficiently dealt with by a writer of acknowledged authority,
without whose assistance the work could not have been satisfactorily performed.
I desire cordially to express my indebtedness to those who have rendered me

vi PREFACE.

their practical help : to Mr. E. W. Jaquet, the energetic Secretary of the Kennel
Club, for valuable advice most courteously given, and not less to Mr. F. Gresham,
Mr. W. J. Stubbs, Mr. G. S. Lowe, Mr. Francis Redmond, the Rev. Hans
Hamilton, Mr. George Raper, Mr. Handley Spicer, and Count Henrr de Bylandt,
for suggestions which I have adopted. My particular thanks are due to the
experts on the different breeds for the conscientious thoroughness with which
they have dealt with the subjects assigned to them. Their names are appended
to the chapters they have written. In many instances I am afraid that I
have taken what they may consider undue editorial liberties with their material ;
but where I have altered, excised, or amplified, it has mainly been with the
purpose of bringing the various chapters into literary harmony and proportion,
and I have been careful not to distort facts or misrepresent opinions.

I prefer to let the reader discover for himself the chapters which are of
especial importance, but I am perhaps justified in referring to Mr. Walter
Glynn's section on canine laws as the most exhaustive treatise on the legal
status of the dog that has yet been compiled, and I think I do not mistake
in regarding the section dealing with the dogs of foreign lands as unique in its
completeness. In this connection I desire to acknowledge my obligations to
the generous help of Mr. H. C. Brooke, whose intimate familiarity with rare
exotic breeds is perhaps unequalled.

For the selection of the illustrations I am myself wholly responsible. In
a large proportion of cases the specimens depicted are well-known examples
of their respective breeds or varieties ; but because a dog's portrait appears
in illustration he is not necessarily to be accepted as a superlative and faultless
individual. I consider it enough if he is typical of his kind. Obviously, the
labour of collecting so many hundreds of canine portraits has been no light one ;
but my requests have usually been met with a ready response from the many
dog owners at home and abroad who have kindly favoured me with photo-
graphs, or with the loan of pictures, or who have as kindly allowed the artists
to paint portraits of their dogs for reproduction in the series of colour plates.

ROBERT LEIGHTON.

London, October, 1907.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS. BY W. GORDON STABLES, M.D., C.M., R.N. 594

AIREDALE TERRIER, THE. BY WALTER S. GLYNN 355

ARCTIC AND OTHER DRAUGHT DOGS. BY THE EDITOR 526

AUSTRALASIA, DOGS OF. BY THE EDITOR 470

BASSET-HOUND, THE. BY MRS. C. C. ELLIS 300

BEAGLE, THE. BY G. S. LOWE . . . 228

BEDLINGTON TERRIER, THE. BY HAROLD WARNES 363

BLACK-AND-TAN TERRIER. THE. BY F. C. HIGNETT 324

BLACK-AND-TAN TERRIER, THE MINIATURE. BY F. C. HIGNETT . . .463

BLOODHOUND, THE. BY HOWARD HANDLEY SPICER 140

BORZOI, THE. BY MAJOR S. P. BORMAN 180

BOSTON TERRIER, THE. BY THE EDITOR 334

BOULEDOGUE FRANCAIS. BY F. W. COUSENS, M.R.C.V.S., F.Z.S 57

BREEDING AND WHELPING. BY THE EDITOR 57«

BRUSSELS GRIFFON, THE. BY MRS. H. HANDLEY SPICER 456

BULLDOG, THE. BY W. J. STUBBS 33

BULLDOG, THE MINIATURE. BY THE LADY KATHLEEN PILKINGTON ... 52

BULL-TERRIER, THE. BY THE EDITOR 329

BULL-TERRIER, THE TOY. BY THE LADY EVELYN EWART 465

BUYING *ND SELLING, HOUSING, FEEDING, EXERCISE, ETC. BY THE EDITOR 572

CANINE MEDICINE AND SURGERY. BY W. GORDON STABLES, M.D., C.M., R.N. 585

CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG, THE 266

CHOW-CHOW, THE. BY MRS. B. F. MOORE . . . . . . . .124

CLYDESDALE TERRIER, THE. BY CAPT. W. WILMER 414

COLLIE, THE. BY JAMES C. DALGLEISH . 98

viii CONTENTS.

PAGE

COLLIE, THE MINIATURE ...........

COLONIAL AND FOREIGN KENNEL ASSOCIATIONS, THE PRINCIPAL . . 551

CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. BY THE EDITOR ........ 484

CURLY-COATED RETRIEVER, THE. By L. P. C. ASTLEV .... 259

DACHSHUND, THE. BY JOHN F. SAYER ......... 3°5

DALMATIAN, THE. BY F. C. HIGNETT . . ....... 92

DANDIE DINMONT, THE. BY E. W. H. BLAGG ....... 397

DEERHOUND, THE. BY ROBERT LEIGHTON .... . . . 168

DOG AND THE LAW, THE. BY WALTER S. GLYNN ...... 552

DOG IN HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE, THE. BY ROBERT LEIGHTON . 12

DOG'S STATUS, SOCIAL AND LEGAL, THE ....... 542

DRAUGHT DOGS, ARCTIC AND OTHER. By THE EDITOR ..... 526

ENGLISH TERRIER, THE WHITE. BY THE EDITOR . . ... . .320

FOREIGN GUN DOGS AND TERRIERS. BY THE EDITOR ..... 495

FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. BY THE EDITOR . . 508
FOREIGN PET DOGS. BY THE EDITOR ...... . 535

FOXHOUND, THE. BY G. S. LOWE .......... 205

FOX-TERRIER, THE SMOOTH. BY DESMOND O'CONNELL ..... 337

FOX-TERRIER, THE WIRE-HAIR. BY WALTER S. GLYNN ..... 344

FRENCH AND OTHER CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. BY THE EDITOR . . .484
FRENCH BULLDOG, THE. BY F. W. COUSENS, M.R.C.V.S., F.Z.S. . . .57

GENERAL HISTORY OF THE DOG. BY ROBERT LEIGHTON ..... i

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS ......... xii

GREAT DANE, THE. BY E. B. JOACHIM . . . ..... 84

GREYHOUND, THE. BY FREDK GRESHAM ........ 188

GREYHOUND, THE ITALIAN. BY THE EDITOR ....... 467

GREYHOUNDS, ORIENTAL. BY THE HON. FLORENCE AMHERST . . . .474

HAIRLESS DOGS, BY THE EDITOR ......... 539

HARRIER, THE. BY THE LADY GIFFORD, M.H ........ 222

HOUNDS, GUN DOGS, AND OTHER SPORTING BREEDS. . . .140

IRISH TERRIER, THE. BY ROBERT LEIGHTON . ...... 367

CONTENTS. ix

PAGE

IRISH WOLFHOUND, THE. BY FREDK- GRESHAM . . . 160

ITALIAN GREYHOUND, THE. BY THE EDITOR . . . 467

JAPANESE SPANIEL, THE. BY Miss MARIE SERENA -Hi

KENNEL ASSOCIATIONS, THE PRINCIPAL COLONIAL AND FOREIGN . . 551

KENNEL CLUB, THE. BY E. W. JAQUET 7 " 542

KING CHARLES SPANIEL, THE. BY MRS. LYDIA E. JENKINS . . . .430

LABRADOR RETRIEVER, THE. BY F. E. SCHOFIELD 261

LADIES' KENNEL ASSOCIATION, THE. BY MRS. H. AYLMER . . . .548

LAW, THE DOG AND THE. BY WALTER S. GLYNN 552

LESS FAMILIAR AND FOREIGN DOGS, THE 470

MALTESE DOG, THE. BY THE EDITOR 448

MASTIFF, THE ENGLISH. BY W. K. TAUNTON 20

MEDICINE AND SURGERY, CANINE. BY W. GORDON STABLES, M.D., C.M., R N. 585
MINIATURE BLACK-AND-TAN TERRIER, THE. BY F. C, HIGNETT . . .463

MINIATURE BULLDOG, THE. BY THE LADY KATHLEEN PILKINGTON ... 52

MINIATURE COLLIE, THE 469

MINIATURE TRAWLER SPANIEL, THE 440

NEWFOUNDLAND, THE. BY CAPTAIN J. H. BAILEY . . . . . .74

NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS 20

OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG, THE. BY AUBREY HOPWOOD 112

OLD \VORKING TERRIER, THE. BY THE EDITOR 315

ORIENTAL GREYHOUNDS. BY THE HON. FLORENCE AMHERST . . . .474
OTTERHOUND, THE. BY GEORGE S. LOWE 152

PAISLEY TERRIER, THE. BY CAPTAIN W. WILMER 414

PEKINESE, THE. BY THE LADY ALGERNON GORDON-LENNOX . . . . 444

POINTER, THE. BY G. S. LOWE 232

POMERANIAN, THE. BY G. M. HICKS 422

POODLE, THE. BY LEONARD W. CROUCH, LL.B. . ... 128

PRACTICAL. MANAGEMENT. BY THE EDITOR 572

PUG, THE. BY FREDK GRESHAM ........ .451

x CONTENTS.

PAGE

RETRIEVER, THE. BY L. P. C. ASTLEY 253

RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND, THE (BORZOI). BY MAJOR S. P. BORMAN . . .180

SCHIPPERKE, THE. BY E. B. JOACHIM 135

SCOTTISH TERRIER, THE. BY WALTER S. GLYNN 381

SETTER, THE. BY F. C. HIGNETT 243

SHEEPDOG, THE OLD ENGLISH. BY AUBREY HOPWOOD 112

SKYE TERRIER, THE. BY CAPTAIN W. WILMER 405

SMOOTH FOX-TERRIER, THE. BY DESMOND O'COXXELL 337

SPANIEL, THE KING CHARLES. BY MRS. LYDIA E. JENKINS . . . .430

SPANIEL, THE MINIATURE TRAWLER 440

SPANIEL, THE SPORTING. BY COL. R. CLAUDE CANE 267

STAGHOUND, THE. BY G. S. LOWE 218

ST. BERNARD, THE. BY FREDK- GRESHAM 63

TERRIERS, FOREIGN ... . 495

TERRIERS, THE .... . .... 315

TOY AND LAP-DOGS ... 422

TOY BULL-TERRIER, THE. BY THE LADY EVELYN EWART 465

TRAWLER SPANIEL, THE MINIATURE ... , . . 440

WELSH HOUND, THE. BY G. S. LOWE . . .220

WELSH TERRIER, THE. BY WALTER S. GLYNN 373

WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIER, THE. BY COL. E. D. MALCOLM, C.B. . . 390

WHIPPET, THE. BY F. C. HIGNETT I98

WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER. BY THE EDITOR 320

WIRE-HAIR FOX TERRIER, THE. BY WALTER S. GLYNN 344

WOLFHOUND, THE IRISH. BY FREDK GRESHAM !6o

WOLFHOUND, THE RUSSIAN (BORZOI). BY MAJOR S. P. BORMAN . . .180

YORKSHIRE TERRIER, THE. BY THE EDITOR . 41?

LIST OF COLOURED PLATES.

THE BLOODHOUND, CH. HENGIST. From the Painting by LILIAN CHEVIOT Frontispiece
MASTIFF BITCH, CH. ELGIVA. From the Painting by J. D. REDWORTH . To face p. 22

THE BULL BITCH, CH. SILENT DUCHESS. From the Painting by FRANCES

C. FAIRMAN ............ ,, 48

THE SMOOTH-COATED ST. BERNARD, CH. THE VIKING. From the Painting

by LILIAN CHEVIOT ........... ,, 65

COLLIE. THE REV. HANS F. HAMILTON'S WOODMANSTERNE DEREK. From

the Painting by LILIAN CHEVIOT . . . . . . . ."''.. 106

FOUR CHAMPION CHOW-CHOWS, OWNED BY MRS. SCARAMANGA. From the

Painting by MAUD EARL .......... „ 124

BORZOI, CH. IVAN TURGENEFF. From the Painting by MAUD EARL . . ,. 184

THE GREYHOUND BITCH, AGE OF GOLD. From the Painting by LILIAN

CHEVIOT .............. ,, 196

THE PUCKERIDGE FOXHOUNDS, COLONIST AND CARDINAL. From the

Painting by G. PAICE .......... ,, 210

ENGLISH SETTER, MALLWYD NED. From the Painting by LILIAN CHEVIOT . „ 242

THE FLAT-COATED RETRIEVER, CH. HIGH LEGH BLARNEY. From the

Painting by MAUD EARL .......... ,, 253

SUSSEX SPANIELS, CH. ROSEHILL ROCK AND CH. ROSEHILL RAG. From

the Painting by LILIAN CHEVIOT ........ ,, 284

COCKER SPANIELS, CH. EVA BOWDLER. CH. JETSAM BOWDLER, JOCK

BOWDLER, AND SUSAN BOWDLER. From the Painting by LILIAN CHEVIOT ,, 298

DACHSHUND, EARL SATIN. From the Painting by LILIAN CHEVIOT . . „ 308

FOX-TERRIERS, CH. DONNA FORTUNA AND CH. DUCHESS OF DURHAM.

From the Painting by ARTHUR WARDLE ....... ,, 342

WELSH TERRIERS, GLANSEVIN COQUETTE AND CH. GLANSEVIN CODA.

From the PAINTING by LILIAN CHEVIOT . . . . . . . ,, 378

DANDIE DINMONT TERRIERS, CH. BLACKET HOUSE YET AND CH. ANCRUM

FANNY. From the Painting by ARTHUR WARDLE . . . . . ,, 404

THREE OF MRS. HALL WALKER'S POMERANIANS: CH. DAINTY BOY, CH.
GATEACRE BIBURY BELL, AND CH. GATEACRE DAINTY BELLE.
From the Painting by MAUD EARL ........ ,, 426

KING CHARLES SPANIELS, CH. CLEVEDON MAGNET, CH. CLEVEDON
COMUS, CH. CLEVEDON PHARAOH, CH. CLEVEDON CERDIC. From the

Painting by FRANCES C. FAIRMAN . . . . . ... . ,, 438

THE PEKINESE CH. CHU-ERH OF ALDERBOURNE. From the Painting

by LILIAN CHEVIOT ........ i „ 446

THE BRUSSELS GRIFFON, CH. COPTHORNE TALK O' THE TOWN. From the

Painting by G. VERNON-STOKES . . ....,, 460

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.

IN writing and speaking of dogs the expert is accustomed to use terms and phrases
not commonly understood by the inexperienced. The following glossary includes most
of these, alphabetically arranged for reference : —

Amateur Exhibitors are persons who attach
themselves to certain breeds, and have bred or
sxhibited them, or intend to do so, as distinct
from Professional Exhibitors, who get together
a team of show dogs of any breed which seems
advantageous, and take them round from show
to show for no other purpose than winning prize-
money.

Apple-headed. — This term implies that the
skull is round instead of flat on the top, as in the
Toy Spaniel and the Toy Black-and-Tan.

Apron. — The frill or long coat below the neck
of the Collie, Skye Terrier, Pomeranian, and other
long-haired clogs.

Awards.- — The following is the order of Awards
at all Dog Shows : —

First, Second, and Third. Money prizes.

Reserve. Equal to Fourth, and taking the
place of third, should any objection be proved
against any of the higher winners.

V.H.C. Very highly commended.

H.C. Highly commended.

C. Commended.

Bat-eared. — Ears held erect like those of the
bat. Prominent in the Bouledogue francais.

Beefy. — Applied to a Bulldog when its hind-
quarters are too large and beefy.

Belton (Blue and Lemon). — A word applied to
flecked Laverock Setters.

Blaze. — A white mark up the face and between
the eyes. Scottice : bawsent.

Breeching. — -The tan-coloured hairs at the
back of the thighs of a Black-and-Tan Terrier,
Setter, or Collie.

Breeder. — The Breeder is the owner of a bitch
at the time of whelping, or a person to whom she
is lent, or leased, for breeding purposes.

Breeds. — The following is the Kennel Club's
Classification of Breeds in the Sporting and
Non-sporting Divisions : —

SPORTING. — Bloodhounds, Otterhounds, Fox-
hounds, Harriers, Beagles, Basset Hounds,
Dachshunds, Greyhounds, Deerhounds, Bor-
zois, Irish Wolfhounds, Whippets, Pointers,
Setters, Retrievers, Labradors, Spaniels, Fox-
terriers, Irish Terriers, Scottish Terriers,
Welsh Terriers, Dandie Dinmont Terriers,

Skye Terriers, Airedale Terriers, Bcdling-
ton Terriers.

NON-SPORTING. — Bulldogs, Bulldogs (Miniature),
Mastiffs, Great Danes, Newfoundlands, St.
Bernards, Collies, Old English Sheep Dogs,
Dalmatians, Poodles, Bull - terriers, White
English Terriers, Black-and-Tan Terriers, Toy
Spaniels, Japanese, Pekinese, Yorkshire Ter-
riers, Clydesdale Terriers, Maltese, Italian
Greyhounds, Black-and-Tan Terriers (Minia-
ture), Lhasa Terriers, Chow Chows, Pome-
ranians, Pugs, Schipperkcs, Griffons Bruxellois,
Foreign Dogs not included in the above list
(whether Sporting or Non-sporting).
Brisket. — The lower part of the body in front of
the chest and between the arms.

Broken-up Face. — Applied generally to the
face of the Bulldog, Pug, and Toy Spaniel, and
includes the wrinkle, the receding nose, and deep
stop.

Brush. — A term applied to a tail that is heavy
with hair, as that of the Collie and of the St.
Bernard.

Butterfly Nose. — A nose that is mottled, or
showing spots of skin colour.

Button Ear. — An ear that drops over in front,
covering the inner cavity, as in the Fox-terrier,
Irish Terrier, and Pointer.

Cat Foot. — A short, round foot, with the knuckles
high and well developed, as in the Greyhound.

Challenge Certificate. — An award given to a
dog, or bitch, winning the First Prize in the
Open Class at a Championship Show. The dog
is presumed to have challenged all comers, and
its proved merit is acknowledged by the certifi-
cate.

Championship. — The title "Champion" is given
to a dog winning three challenge certificates,
under three different judges, at three different
shows.

Character. — Showing the points of the breed
which the specimen is meant to represent.
Cheeky. — Thick in the cheeks.
Chest. — The chest of a dog is not what many
persons speak of as breast, or chest. It extends
beneath him; from the brisket to the belly
Chop. — The fore-face of the Bulldog.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.

Xlll

Classes at Kennel Club Shows : —

OPEN CLASSES. — Open to all, no prize-winners

being debarred from competing.
LIMIT CLASSES. — For dogs which have not won
more than six First Prizes at Shows held under
K.C. Rules in such classes as are eligible
for free entry in the K.C. Stud Book.
NOVICE CLASSES. — For dogs which have not
won a First Prize at a Show held under
K.C. Rules in any class where the First Prize
is /2 or more. Wins in Puppy, Local, Mem-
bers', or Selling classes excepted.
SPECIAL NOVICE CLASSES. — For dogs which
have not won a First Prize at a Show held
under K.C. Rules in such classes as are
eligible for free entry in the K.C. Stud Book.
MAIDEN CLASSES. — F'or dogs which have not
\von a First, Second, or Third Prize at a Show
held under K.C. Rules. Wins in Puppy,
Local, Members', and Selling excepted.
JUNIOR CLASSES. — For dogs under 18 months.
BREEDERS' CLASSES. — For dogs or bitches which

are bred by exhibitor.
PUPPY CLASSES. — For dogs over three and

under twelve months old.
LITTER CLASSES. — For Litters (not less than

two) under three months old.
SELLING CLASSES. — F'or dogs entered to be
sold at a price not exceeding the limit named.
BRACE. — For two dogs (either sex or mixed)
of one breed, each to be entered in some
other class than Brace or Team.
TEAM. — For three or more dogs (either sex
or mixed) of one breed, each to be entered
in some other class than Brace or Team.
STUD DOG AND BROOD BITCH CLASSES. — To be
judged on merits of progeny only. The
Stud Dog or Brood Bitch must be present at
the Show.

Cobby. — Well ribbed up ; short and compact
in proportion, like a cob horse.

Comb Fringe. — The hair that droops or hangs
down from the tail of a Setter.

Corky. — Compact and alert looking.
Couplings. — The body of a dog between the
limbs. The term denotes the proportionate
length of a dog, which is spoken of as being
short or long "in the couplings."

Cow-hocked. — The hocks turning inward, giving
an ungainly appearance to the hind legs. This
is a serious fault in a dog, and especially so in
the larger breeds.

Crest. — The upper arch of a dog's neck, usually
applied to sporting dogs.

Cropping. — A cruel practice, obsolete in this
country since 1895, by which a dog's ears were
cut in order to make them stand erect and
pointed.

Culotte. — The feathery hair on the thighs of a
Pomeranian or a Schipperkc.

Cushion. — The swelling in the upper lips of a
Bulldog, or Mastiff, which gives them an appear-
ance of fulness.

Dewclaw. — An extra claw and rudimentary
toe found occasionally on the inside of the
lower portion of the hind leg of many dogs,
especially the St. Bernard and other mountain
breeds. JThey arc usually removed with a strong
pair of scissors. This operation is best performed
in puppyhood, when the dam's tongue will soon
heal the wound.

Dewlap. — The loose, pendulous skin under
a dog's chin ; prominent in the Bloodhound.

Dish-faced. — A depression in the nasal bone
which makes the nose higher at the tip than at
the stop.

Docking. — The cutting or shortening of a
dog's tail. The Spaniel's tail is docked to pre-
vent injury to it when hunting in coverts and
thick undergrowths. The operation should be
performed in very early puppyhotxl, the hair
being pulled well back towards the rump and about
one-half of the tail being taken off with a pair
of strong scissors. It was formerly the practice
to bite the tail off with the teeth to prevent
bleeding.

Down-faced. — When the nasal bone inclines
downward towards the point of the nose.

Draft. — To remove hounds from a kennel, or
pack.

Drop Ear. — The same as button ear, but hang-
ing close to the cheeks.

Dudley Nose. — A flesh-coloured nose.

Elbow. — The joint at the top of the fore-arm.

Elbows Out. — Referred to a dog whose elbows
are not close to the body, as in the Bulldog.

Enter. — To train a sporting dog for his future
work. Young hounds when first put into a pack
are said to be entered.

Faking or Trimming. — A common but dis-
honest practice performed on a dog to make
him appear better than he actually is. There are
special rules of the Kennel Club which deal
with this matter of the preparation of dogs for
exhibition, viz : —

A dog shall be disqualified from winning a
a prize, or from receiving one, if awarded,
at any Show held under Kennel Club Rules
save and except in such cases as are specified
hereunder, under the head " Exceptions," if
it be proved to the Committee of the Show :

1. That any dye, colouring, whitening, or
darkening matter has been used and remains
on any part of the dog.

2. That any preparation, chemical or otherwise
has been used, which remains on the coat

XIV

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

during the time of the exhibition, for the
purpose of altering its texture.

3. That any oil, greasy or sticky substance has
been used and remains in the coat during
time of exhibition.

4. That any part of a dog's coat or hair has
been cut, clipped, singed, or rasped down
by any substance.

5. That the new or fast coat has been removed
by pulling or plucking in any manner.

Note. — The coat may be brushed and
combed, so that old or shedding coat
and loose hairs may be removed.

6. That if any cutting, piercing, breaking by
force, or any kind of operation or act which
destroys tissues of the ears or alters their
natural formation or carriage, or shortens
the tail, or alters the natural formation of the
dog, or any part thereof has been practised,
or any other thing has been done calculated
in the opinion of the Committee of the Kennel
Club to deceive, except in cases of necessary
operation certified to the satisfaction of the
Kennel Club Committee.

7. That the lining membrane of the mouth
has been cut or mutilated in any way.
EXCEPTIONS : — •

1. Shortening the tails of dogs of the following
breeds will not render them liable to dis-
qualification : — Spaniels (except Irish Water),
Fox-terriers, Irish Terriers, Welsh Terriers,
Airedale Terriers, Old English Sheepdogs,
Poodles, Toy Spaniels, Yorkshire Terriers,
Schipperkes, Griffons Bruxellois, and such
varieties of foreign dogs as the Committee
may from time to time determine.

2. Dogs of the following breeds may have
their coats clipped : — Poodles.

3. Dewclaws may be removed in any breed.

4. Dogs with ears cropped prior to 9th April,
1898.

Fall. — The loose long overhanging hair over the
face of a Yorkshire, Skye, or Clydesdale Terrier.

Feather. — The fringe of hair at the back of
the legs, as in the Setter and Spaniel. It is also
applied to the body all over in long-haired breeds
like Collies and Newfoundlands.

Felted. — Matted, as applied to coat.

Fiddle-headed. — A long, gaunt, wolfish head,
as seen in some Mastiffs.

Field Trials. — Competitions instituted for the
improvement of sporting dogs — Pointers, Setters,
and Spaniels in particular. Retriever trials were run
at Vaynol Park in 1871-2, but were discontinued
until 1906, when they were resumed under the
auspices of the Kennel Club.

Flag. — A term for the tail acplied to Setters
Retrievers, etc.

Flews. — The chaps, or pendulous lips of the
uppcr jaw. The lips at the inner corners.

Frill. — The feather or beautiful mass of hair
projecting from the throat of a long-coated dog,
notably the Collie and the Setter.

Frog Face. — Applied to a Bulldog whose nose
is too prominently forward.

Grizzle. — An iron grey colour.

Hare-foot. — A long, narrow foot carried well
forward.

Harlequin. — Mottled, pied, or patchy in colour,
as in some of the Great Danes.

Haw. — An inner eyelid or membmna iiiclHana
more developed in some dogs than in others. It
is usually the colour of the iris, but red in many
hounds. It should never be cut unless diseased.

Height of a Dog. — The perpendicular measure-
ment from the top of the shoulder blade to the
ground.

Hocks. — The joints between the pasterns and
the upper part of the hind legs.

Hound Shows are those consisting exclusively
of all, or any, of the following breeds : — Fox-
hounds, Staghounds, Otterhounds, Bloodhounds,
Harriers, and Beagles.

Huckle Bones. — The tops of the hip joints.

In the Money. — A phrase used to indicate
that a show dog has taken an award higher than
Reserve.

Kink Tail. — A tail with a single kink, or break
in it.

Kissing Spots. — The spots on the cheeks of some
Toys and others ; as the mole on the check of
the Pug.

Knee. — The joints attaching the fore pasterns
and the forearms.

Layback. — The receding nose of a Pug, Bulldog,
or Toy Spaniel.

Leather. — The skin of the ear, most frequently
used in reference to the ear of the Bloodhound
and Dachshund.

Level-jawed. — Term applied to a dog whose
teeth meet evenly, and whose jaws are neither
overshot nor undershot.

Lippy. — A term applied to the hanging lips of
dogs where such should not exist.

Lumber. — A superfluity of flesh, heavy and
ungainly.

Mask. — This phrase is frequently used when
speaking or writing of the dark muzzle of the
Mastiff, and some other breeds.

Merle. — A bluish-grey colour with black inter-
mingled.

Occiput. — The prominent bone at the back
or top of the skull, which gives the dome shape to-
the head of the Bloodhound. It is from the back
of this prominence that the length of the head is
measured.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS.

Overshot.— Having the front upper teeth pro-
jecting over the lower. This fault in excess is
said to make the dog pig-jawed.

Pad. — The thickened protuberance on the sole
of a dog's foot.

Pastern. — The lowest section of the leg below
the knee, or hock, respectively.

Pencilling. — The dark lines divided by streaks
of tan on the toes of a Black-and-tan terrier.

Pig-jawed. — An exaggeration of an overshot
jaw.

Pily. — A peculiar quality of coat consisting of
two kinds of hair, the one soft and woolly, the
•other long and wiry.

Plume. — The tail of the Pomeranian,

remain in quarantine for a period of six months.
This regulation was instituted with the purpose
of excluding animals infected with rabies.

Racy. — Slight in build, long in the legs, as the
Greyhound and Whippet.

Recognised Shows. — Recognised shows are those
held under Kennel Club Rules, or otherwise by
permission of the Kennel Club Committee. Un-
recognised shows are all other shows, and exhibits
at these, become disqualified for entry at any
shows held under permission of the Kennel Club.

Registration. — Before being exhibited at a
Recognised Show a dog must be registered at
the Kennel Club on forms supplied for the pur-
pose, upon which particulars as to the dog's name.

PRINCIPAL POINTS OF THE DOG.

1. Nose.

2. Nasal Bone.

3. Stop.

4. Skull.

5. Occiput.

6. Muz/le.

7. Neck.

8. Shoulder.

9. Top of the Shoulder.

10. Elbow.

11. Forearm.

12. Knee.

13. Pastern.

14. Chest.

15. Top of Hip Joint.

1 6. Hock.

17. Stern.

18. Stifle Joint.

Puppy. — A puppy is a dog under twelve months
old, dating from and including the date of its
birth.

Quarantine. — All dogs brought into Great
Britain from abroad r.re compelled by law to

pedigree, date of birth and ownership, are entered.
The fee for such registration is 2s. 6d. The
last transfer of ownership of a registered dog since
it was last exhibited must be registered anew prior
to exhibition by a new owner.

XVI

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Roach Back. — A back that is arched along the
spine, and especially towards the hindquarters.

Rose Ear. — An car which folds backward, rc-
vraling the inner burr of the ear, desirable in the
Bulldog, the Greyhound, and the Bor/oi.

Rounding.- -The trimming of a hound's ears in
order to protect them from being torn by gorse.
The long tips of the ears are cut off with a half-
moon iron. In many kennels the operation of
rounding has been abolished.

Septum.- The division between the nostrils.
Shelly. — A thin, narrow body, such as that of the
Borzoi.

Shoulder. --The top of the shoulder blade, the

point from which the height of a dog is measured.

Sickle Hocks. — When the hind legs of a dog show

a bend at the stifle and are well let down, they are

said to have sickle-hocks. The sickle-hock is a

merit in the Greyhound, and the Collie, and,

indeed, in all dogs in which speed is a desideratum.

Sickle Tail. — A tail with an upward curve above

the level of the back.

Snipy-jawed. — A dog's muzzle when long, narrow
and peaked.

Spread. — The width batween the arms of the
Bulldog.

Spring. — Round or well sprung ribs.
Stern. — The tail of a sporting dog, particularly
of the Foxhound.

Stifle.— The joint in a dog's hind leg next the
buttock ; corresponding with the knee joint in the
human leg.

Sting. — A tail which tapers to a fine point, as in
the Irish Water Spaniel, and the Bedlington Terrier.
Stop. — The depression just in front of the eyes
between the skull proper and the nasal bone. It
is most obvious in Bulldogs, Pugs, and short-faced
Spaniels.

Throatiness. — Applied to the loose skin about
the throat where none should exist, as in the
Pointer.

Thumb Marks. — The circular black spots orr
the forelegs of a Black and Tan Terrier.

Timber. — Bone.

Trace.- -The dark mark down the back of a
Pug.

Tricolour — Black, tan, and white.

Topknot. — The long fluffy hair on the top of the
head of an Irish Water Spaniel, Danclic Dinmont,
and Bedlington.

True Arm. — The upper part of the foreleg,
contrasted with the lower, which is also known
as the forearm.

True Thigh. — The upper part of the hind leg.

Tucked -up. — Tucked up loin as in the Borzois
and Greyhounds.

Tulip Ear. — An elevated or prick ear, as in some
of the Toy Terriers. This ear is not desirable in
any variety of sporting dog.

Turn-up. — -The projecting, turned-up chin of a
Bulldog.

Undershot. — The lower incisor teeth projecting
beyond the upper, as in Bulldogs. This deformity
in a terrier is a disqualification in the prize-
ring.

Vent. — The tan-coloured hair under the tail.

Walking. — The owners of packs of hounds are
in the habit of sending out puppies and young
dogs to be nurtured and trained by neighbouring
farmers and cottagers, who give them the indi-
vidual attention which they might not receive-
in the home kennels. This is called " walkin" "

Wall Eye. — A blue mottled eye, frequently
occurring in the Sheepdog.

Well sprung. —Nicely rounded.

Wheaten. — A pale, yellowish colour.

Wire-haired. — The harsh, crisp coat in rough-
haired terriers. Commonly used to distinguish
the long-haired varieties of dogs that are smooth
coated, even when the hair is not rough.

Wrinkle.--The loosely-folded skin over the skull
of a Bloodhound, St. Bernard, or Bulldog.

MISS STEEVENS' JAPANESE PUPPIES.

Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

THE NEW

BOOK OF THE DOG.

INTRODUCTORY.
I.

GENERAL HISTORY OF THE DOG.

" Then said he to Tobias, Prepare thyself for the journey, and God send you a good
journey. And when his son had prepared all things for the journey, his father said, Go
thou with this man, and God, which dwelleth in Heaven, prosper your journey, and
the angel of God keep you company. So they went forth both, and the young man's dog
with them." — TOBIT v. 16.

I. — The Dog in Prehistoric Times. — In the
Academy at Brussels there is a delightful
picture by Breughel representing the Gar-
den of Eden, in which the artist has intro-
duced a rough Skye-terrier lying con-
tentedly curled at the feet of Adam and
Eve. This is a stretch of the probabilities ;
no dog of a recognisable breed lived at a
time so remote. There is, however, no
incongruity in the idea that in the very
earliest period of man's habitation of this
world he made a friend and companion of
some sort of aboriginal representative of
our modern dog, and that in return for its
aid in protecting him from wilder animals,
and perhaps in guarding his sheep and

goats, he gave it a share of his food, a corner
in his dwelling, and grew to trust it and
care for it.

There is ample evidence to prove the
existence of a semi-domestic dog in pre-
historic times. Probably the animal was
originally little else than an unusually
gentle jackal, or an ailing wolf driven by
its companions from the wild marauding
pack to seek shelter in alien surroundings.
One can well conceive the possibility of
the partnership beginning in the circum-
stance of some helpless whelps being brought
home by the early hunters and being after-
ward tended and reared by the women and
children. The present-day savage of New

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Guinea and mid-Africa does not, as a rule,
take the trouble to tame and train an adult
wild animal for his own purposes, and
primitive man was surely equally indifferent
to the questionable advantage of harbour-
ing a dangerous guest. But a litter of
woolly whelps introduced into the home
as playthings for the children would grow
to regard themselves, and be regarded, as
members of the family, and it would soon
be found that the hunting instincts of the
maturing animal were of value to his
captors. The savage master, treading the

PREHISTORIC ROCK TRACING REPRESENTING REINDEER, A HORSE IN A
BOAT, MEN, AND DOGS. CUT IN THE QUARTZ AT. MASSLEBERG,
SKEE PARISH, BOHUSLAN.
Height, 5ft.; Width, 12\ft.

primeval forests in search of food, would
not fail to recognise the helpfulness of a
keener nose and sharper eyes even than his
own unsullied senses, while the dog in his
turn would find a better shelter in associa-

Danish " Kitchen - middens," or heaps of
household refuse, piled up by the men of
the Newer Stone age — an age when these
Neolithic peoples used chipped or pol-
ished flints instead of metal for their
weapons — are found bone remnants belong-
ing to some species of the genus Cam's.
Along with these remains are some of the
long bones of birds, all the other bones of
the birds being absent. Now it is known
that there are certain bird bones — those of
the legs and wings — which dogs cannot
devour, and it is just these which remain,
while the absent ones are
of the kind which any dog
will eat. The inference
is that when the family
meal was finished the
scraps were cast to the
dogs, who ate what they
could.

Other dog bones of
later periods are found in
Denmark. At the time
when the flint knives were
succeeded by weapons of
bronze, a large dog existed,
and at the time when iron came into use there
was a still larger one, presenting certain
differences. Probably the oldest dog of which
there is any dependable record is one which
was partially domesticated in Switzerland

tion with man than if he were hunting on during the Lake dwelling period. It some-

his own account. Thus mutual benefit
would result in some kind of tacit agree-
ment of partnership, and through the gener-
ations the wild wolf or jackal would gradu-
ally become gentler, more docile, and tract-
able, and the dreaded enemy of the. flock
develop into the trusted guardian of the
fold.

Convincing evidence of this friendship
between the Canidce and primitive man
is to be found in the remains left by the
ancient cave-dwellers,where the half-petrified
bones of men and dogs are mingled ; and the
prehistoric savages of Northern Europe have
left many such silent mementoes of the
past which enable us to gain an insight
into the conditions of their daily life and
their domestication of animals. In the

what resembled our Hound and Setter, and
in the formation of its skull it was equally
remote from the wolf and the jackal. Thus
we see that at a time when our ancestors
were living in caves or on pile-supported
dwellings in a condition of civilisation akin
to that of barbaric races to be found in the
present day, the dog was already system-
atically kept and improved by selection.

If these fossil deposits were not sufficient
to prove that the earliest human beings of
whom we have any trace had subjected the
dog to their companionship, further evidence
is given in the rude, untutored drawings
which the men of the so-called Reindeer
period inscribed upon the imperishable
rocks as records of heroic deeds and adven-
tures. Most of these rock inscriptions, which

GENERAL HISTORY OF THE DOG:

ASSUR-BANI-PAL AND HIS ATTENDANTS PREPARING
FOR THE HUNT.

From an Assyrian Bas-relief in the British Museum. Nimrod Gallery,
Panel 46.

for thousands of years have been laid bare
to the ravages of the northern climate, are
representations of ships and boats, with
figures of men and animals, and in many of
them are to be found
tracings of a small
quadruped in which
canine characteristics
are readily recognis-
able. In one such ex-
ample, discovered at
Bohuslan, on the shores
of the Cattegat, there
can be distinguished
several figures of dogs.
One seems to be mind-
ing a horse, another is
being led by a man,
and a third appears to
be chasing a reindeer.
Figures of dogs are
also to be found en-
graved by prehistoric
artists, who have

striven to record their impressions on tablets
of bone and horn.

Evidence exists to show that a tame
species of CanidcB was possessed by the
ancient inhabitants of North and South
America, while dog worship in Peru was
an earlier cult even than the sun worship
practised by the Mexicans. In nearly all
parts of the world, indeed, traces of an
indigenous dog family are found, the only
exceptions being the West Indian Islands,
Madagascar, the eastern islands of the
Malayan Archipelago, New Zealand, and
the Polynesian Islands, where there is no
sign that any dog, wolf, or fox has existed
as a true aboriginal animal. In the ancient
Oriental lands, and generally among the
early Mongolians, the dog remained savage
and neglected for centuries, prowling in packs,
gaunt and wolf-like, as it prowls to-day
through the streets and under the walls of
every Eastern city. No attempt was made
to allure it into human companionship or to
improve it into docility. It is not until we
come to examine the records of the higher
civilisations of Assyria and Egypt that we
discover any distinct varieties of canine form.

Assyrian sculptures depict two such, a
Greyhound and a Mastiff, the latter de-
scribed in the tablets as " the chained-up,
mouth-opening dog " ; that is to say, it

ASSYRIAN MASTIFFS
From a Bas-relief in the B

HUNTING WILD HORSES.
ritish Museum.' Nimrod Gallery, Panel 109.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

was used as a watch-dog ; and several
varieties are referred to in the cuneiform
inscriptions preserved in the British Museum.
The Egyptian monuments of about 3000
B.C. present many forms of the domestic
dog, and there can be no doubt that among
the ancient Egyptians it was as completely
a companion of man, as much a favourite
in the house, and a help in the chase, as
it is among ourselves at present. In the

EGYPTIAN HOUNDS. CIRCA 3000 B.C.
ORIGINAL TYPE OF THE MODERN GREAT DANE.

city of Cynopolis it was reverenced next to
the sacred Jackal,* and on the death of a dog
the members of the household to which
he had belonged carefully shaved their
whole bodies, and religiously abstained from
using the food, of whatever kind, which
happened to be in the house at the time.
Among the distinct breeds kept in Egypt
there was a massive wolf-dog, a large,
heavily-built hound with drooping ears and
a pointed head, at least two varieties of
Greyhound used for hunting the gazelle,
and a small breed of terrier or Turnspit,
with short, crooked legs. This last appears
to have been regarded as an especial house-
hold pet, for it was admitted into the
living rooms and taken as a companion
for walks out of doors. It was furnished
with a collar of leaves, or of leather, or
precious metal wrought into the form of
leaves, and when it died it was embalmed.
Every town throughout Egypt had its
place of interment for canine mummies.

*Petrie's "Religions of Ancient Egypt," and
Weidermann's " Religions of the Egyptians."

It is in connection with the sojourn of
the Israelites in Egypt that the first men-
tion of the dog in the Bible occurs, and
one is led to the inference that the detesta-
tion with which the Hebrews regarded the
dog may have been due to its being an
object of adoration to the Egyptians. This
reason alone can hardly have had much
weight, however, in view of the fact that
the Hebrews themselves kept oxen — animals
which were regularly worshipped by the
Egyptians ; but possibly there were other
more cogent reasons why the dog was not
appreciated in Palestine. It may be that
the Israelites had the misfor-
tune only to know this friend
of man in the character
of a pariah and a scavenger
that fed on offal and the
bodies of people who died in
the streets (i Kings xiv. n).
Certain it is that in both the
Old and New Testaments the
dog is commonly spoken of
with scorn and contempt as
an " unclean beast." " Is thy
servant a dog, that he should do this thing ? "
was a phrase in which the ancient Jew ex-
pressed his abhorrence of dirty work. Dogs
seem to have been bought and sold, but the
price paid for a dog was not acceptable as an
offering to God (Deut. xxiii. 18). Even the
familiar reference to the Sheepdog in the Book
of Job — " But now they that are younger
than I have me in derision, whose fathers
I would have disdained to set with the
dogs of my flock " — is not without a
suggestion of contempt, and it is significant
that the only biblical allusion to the dog
as a recognised companion of man occurs
in the apocryphal Book of Tobit (v. 16).

The pagan Greeks and Romans had a
kindlier feeling for dumb animals than had
the Jews. Their hounds, like their horses,
were selected with discrimination, bred
with care, and held in high esteem, re-
ceiving pet names ; and the literatures of
Greece and Rome contain many tributes
to the courage, obedience, sagacity, and
affectionate fidelity of the dog. The
Phoenicians, too, were unquestionably lovers

GENERAL HISTORY OF THE DOG.

of the dog, quick to recognise the points
of special breeds. In their colony in Car-
thage, during the reign of Sardanapalus,

1 3-}- 3031
CUAZED WARE
DOG.

ANCIENT TOY DOG, MODELLED IN BLUE GLAZED

WARE, FROM ALEXANDRIA.

In the Btitish Mnscnut.

they had already possessed themselves of
the Assyrian Mastiff, which they probably
exported to far-off Britain, as they are
said to have exported the Water Spaniel
to Ireland and to Spain.

II. — The Ferine Strain. — It is a significant
circumstance when we come to consider
the probable origin of the dog that there
are indications of his domestication at
such early periods by so many savage
peoples in different parts of the world.
As we have seen, dogs were more or less
subjugated and tamed by primitive man
in the Neolithic or Newer Stone age, by
the Assyrians, Egyptians, Phoenicians,
Greeks, and Romans, as also by the ancient
barbaric tribes of the western hemisphere.
The important question now arises : Had
all these dogs a common origin in a definite
parent stock, or did they spring from
separate and unrelated parents ? Did the
great Neolithic dog of Northern Europe,
the Sheepdog of Job's time, the Grey-
hounds, the Wolfhounds, and Lapdogs of
Egypt and Nineveh, the Mastiffs of Car-
thage, the divinely honoured animals of
Peru, and the pariah dogs of the Far East,

descend from a single pair, or have various
wild and indigenous species of Canidce been
methodically tamed, and by degrees con-
verted into true domestic dogs by these differ-
ent peoples in different parts of the world ?

Half a century ago it was believed that
all the evidence which could be brought
to bear upon the problem pointed to an
independent origin of the dog. It was
assumed that, as distinct breeds existed in
remote periods of the world's history, +1 e
was actually no time prior to tho£^ jfeitc. is
for him to have been evolved from a savage
ancestor such as a wolf or a jackal, and
that it was highly unlikely that a number
of isolated primitive races of men should
have separately tamed different wild Cani&a.
Youatt, one of the best authorities on the
dog, writing in 1845, argued that " this
power of tracing back the dog to the very
earliest periods of history, and the fact
that he then seemed to be as sagacious,
as faithful, and as valuable as at the present
day, strongly favours the opinion that he
was descended from no inferior and com-
paratively worthless animal ; and that he

MUMMY HEAD OF AN EGYPTIAN HOUND MEASURING
NINE INCHES FROM NOSE TO OCCIPUT. FOUND
AT THEBES AND PRESERVED IN THE BRITISH
MUSEUM.

was not the progeny of the wolf, the jackal,
or the fox, but was originally created,
somewhat as we now find him, the asso-
ciate and friend of man."

When Youatt wrote, most people believed

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

that the world was only six thousand
years old, and that species were originally
created and absolutely unchangeable. Lyell's
discoveries in geology, however, overthrew
the argument of the earth's chronology and
of the antiquity of man, and Darwin's
theory of evolution entirely transformed
the accepted beliefs concerning the origin
of species and the supposed invariability of
animal types. But prior to Youatt's time
the structural similarity between the dog
and the other Canidce had been discussed
by naturalists, and since it was obvious
that the tame domestic animal did not
precede its wild relative in the order of
descent, it was argued that the wolf, the
fox, and the jackal were the probable
ancestors of the dog. Buffon, the great
French naturalist, discussed this question
in detail, but came to the conclusion that
the dog had never been really a wild animal,
and that the Sheepdog was the original
progenitor of all modern varieties. Bell
believed that the wolf was the parent, and
there are still many who cling to the opinion
that all dogs are lineally descended from
the fox, while there are some naturalists
who discover an affinity between the dog
and the bear. None of these views, however,
takes a sufficiently wide survey of the whole
subject to be worthy of much consideration.

The fanciful theory that the wolf and
the dog are alike the lineal descendants
of the bear may at once be briefly
dismissed. It is true that there is some
correspondence in the dentition of the
genus Cam's and the genus Ursus, that
the pupil of the bear's eye is round like
that of the dog, and that the persistent
black and tan colouring which Darwin was
perplexed to account for in the dog is
present in a marked degree in most of the
bears ; but no argument can account for
the disparity that the anatomy of the bear
is different from that of the dog family,
that the period of gestation in the bear
is five months instead of nine weeks, and
that bear cubs are born naked and remain
so for a month.

The general superficial resemblance be-
tween the fox and many of our dogs, such

as the Chow-Chow, the Pomeranian, some
of the terriers, and even the Collie, might
well excuse the belief in a relationship.
Gamekeepers are often very positive that
a cross can be obtained between a dog fox
and a terrier bitch ; but cases in which
this connection is alleged must be accepted
with extreme caution. The late Mr. A. D.
Bartlett, who was for years the super-
intendent of the Zoological Gardens in
London, studied this question with minute
care, and as a result of experiments and
observations * he positively affirmed that
he had never met with one well-authenti-
cated instance of a hybrid dog and fox.
Mr. Bartlett's conclusions are incontest-
able. However much in appearance the
supposed dog-fox may resemble the fox,
there are certain opposing characteristics
and structural differences which entirely
dismiss the theory of relationship. These
may be tabulated as follows :

Eye pupils.
Nose and
muzzle.

Month.

Ears.

Coat.

Legs, feet,
and toes.

Tail.

Fox. — Vertical.

Fox — Sharp, and
the lips thin, but
whiskers well de-
veloped.

Fox. — Canine teeth
long, slender,
sharp, and much
curved. Thegape
of the fox is
larger than that
of a dog of simi-
lar size.

Fox. — Colour, out-
side, black ; in-
side, thickly
coated with long,
stiff hair.

Fox. — Hair long,
points harsh,
lower half soft
and the base
dark coloured,
thick woolly un-
dercoat.

Fox. — Slender, long,
and with thin and
usually sharp
claws standing
forward.

Fox.— A round,
woolly brush,
reaching and
touching the
ground and ter-
minating with a
pendulous tuft.

Dog. — Circular.

Dog. — Ro un d e d,
with thick lips
and few whiskers.

Dog. — Canine teeth
stout, strong,
rather short, not
much curved.

Dog. — Colour, out-
side, the same as
the neck and
back; inside,
thinly edged with
short hair.

Dog. — Hair usually
of uniform colour
to the base of the
hair, although, in
the Elkhound, for
example, it is
light at the base
and dark at the
points.

Dog. — Short, stout,
and thick, blunt
claws directed
downward in the
front feet.

Dog. — Somewhat
flattened, never
reaching the
ground and ter-
minating in a
point.

! Wild Animals in Captivity" (1898).

GENERAL HISTORY OF THE DOG.

One thing is certain, that foxes do not
breed in confinement, except in very rare
instances. The silver fox of North America
is the only species recorded to have bred
in the Zoological Gardens of London ; the
European fox has never been known to
breed in captivity. Then, again, the fox
is not a sociable animal. We never hear of

general appearance, structure, habits, in-
stincts, and mental endowments that no
difficulty presents itself in regarding them
as being of one stock. There is, indeed,
no definition framable which will include
all the varieties of the domestic dog and
exclude all the wild species — none even
which will include all the dogs properly

SKULL OF A RETRIEVER.

SKULL OF AN AMERICAN WOLF.

foxes uniting in a pack, as do the wolves,
the jackals, and the wild dogs. Apart from
other considerations, as Bartlett pointed
out, a fox may be distinguished from a dog,
without being seen or touched, by its smell.
Xo one can produce a dog that has half the
odour of Reynard, and this odour the dog-
fox would doubtless possess were its sire
a fox-dog or its dam a vixen.

III. — Relationship with the Wolf and the
Jackal. — Whatever may be said concerning
the difference existing between dogs and
foxes will not hold good in reference to
dogs, wolves, and jackals. The wolf and
the jackal are so much alike that the only
appreciable distinction is that of size, and
so closely do they resemble many dogs in

so called, both wild and tame, and at the
same time exclude the wolf and the jackal.
Wolves and jackals can be, and have re-
peatedly been, tamed. Domestic dogs can
become, and again and again do become,
wild, even consorting with wolves, inter-
breeding with them, assuming their gre-
garious habits, and changing the character-
istic bark into a dismal wolf-like howl. The
wolf and the jackal when tamed answer to
their master's call, wag their tails, lick
his hands, crouch, jump round him to be
caressed, and throw themselves on their
backs in submission. When in high spirits
they run round in circles or in a figure of
eight, with their tails between their legs.
Their howl becomes a businesslike bark.
They smell at the tails of other dogs and

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

void their urine sideways, and lastly, like
our domestic favourites, however refined
and gentlemanly in other respects, they
cannot be broken of the habit of rolling on
carrion or on animals they have killed.*

This last habit of the domestic dog is
one of the surviving traits of his wild
ancestry, which, like his habits of burying

the St. Bernard and the miniature Black
and Tan Terrier, and is perplexed in con-
templating the possibility of their having
descended from a common progenitor. Yet
the disparity is no greater than that be-
tween the Shire horse and the Shetland
pony, the Shorthorn and the Kerry cattle,
or the Patagonian and the Pigmy ; and all

SKELETON OF A RETRIEVER IN THE ROYAL COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SURGEONS.

bones or superfluous food, and of turning
round and round on a carpet as if to make
a bed for himself before lying down, go
far towards connecting him in direct rela-
tionship with the wolf and the jackal.

The great multitude of different breeds
of the dog and the vast differences in their
size, points, and general appearance are
facts which make it difficult to believe that
they could have had a common ancestry.
One thinks of the difference between the
Mastiff and the Japanese Spaniel, the
Deerhound and the fashionable Pomeranian,

* Darwin: " Variations of Animals and Plants
under Domestication."

dog breeders know how easy it is to produce
a variety in type and size by studied
selection.

In order properly to understand this
question it is necessary first to consider
the identity of structure in the wolf and
the dog. This identity of structure may
best be studied in a comparison of the
osseous system, or skeletons, of the two
animals, which so closely resemble each
other that their transposition would not
easily be detected.

The spine of the dog consists of seven
vertebrae in the neck, thirteen in the back,
seven in the loins, three sacral vertebrae,

GENERAL HISTORY OF THE DOG.

and twenty to twenty-two in the tail. In
both the dog and the wolf there are thirteen
pairs of ribs, nine true and four false. Each
has forty-two teeth, the dental formula
being : incisors 33~33, canines HI, pre-
molars *~44, and molars °I°. They
both have five front and four hind toes.
Outwardly the common wolf has very

The coat of the wolf varies according to
climate and latitude with respect to both
its texture and colour. In the North it is
long and thick — longest on the belly and
legs, bushy on the tail, and erect on the
neck and sides, whilst in the South it is
shorter and rougher. The colour is generally
pale yellowish grey mingled with black,

SKELETON OF AN AMERICAN WOLF IN THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, SOUTH KENSINGTON.

much the appearance of a large, bare-boned
dog, and a popular description of the one
would serve for the other. His tail, which
is long, hangs over his haunches like that
of the Esquimau dog, instead of being curled
upward. Distinguishing characteristics are
to be found in the lank body, the length of
snout in proportion to the head, the sloping
forehead, erect ears, and oblique eyes.
Great stress is laid by some naturalists upon
this obliquity of the wolf's eyes, but Dr.
Kane, Lieutenant Peary, and other ex-
plorers in the far North, have stated that
they have often observed this same form
of eye among the dogs of their sledge teams.

lighter and often whitish grey below. The
forehead is whitish grey, the snout yellow-
ish grey, always mingled with black, the
lips whitish, and the cheeks yellowish,
sometimes indistinctly striped.

The wolf's natural voice is a loud howl,
but, as already stated, when confined with
dogs he will learn to bark. Although he is
carnivorous, he will also eat vegetables, and
when sickly he will nibble grass. In the
chase, a pack of wolves will divide into
parties, one following the trail of the quarry,
the other endeavouring to intercept its
retreat, exercising a considerable amount
of strategy, a trait which is exhibited by

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

many of our sporting dogs and terriers
when hunting in teams.

A further important point of resemblance
between the Cam's lupiis and the Cam's
familiaris lies in the fact that the period
of gestation in both species is sixty-three
days. There are from three to nine cubs
in a wolf's litter, and these are blind for
twenty-one days. They are suckled for two
months, but at the end of that time they
are able to eat half-digested flesh disgorged
for them by their dam — or even their sire.

We have seen that there is no authenti-
cated instance of a hybrid between the dog
and the fox. This is not the case with the
dog and the wolf, or the dog and the jackal,
all of which can interbreed. Moreover,
their offspring are fertile. Pliny is the
authority for the statement that the Gauls
tied their female dogs in the woods that
they might cross with wolves. The Es-
quimau dogs are not infrequently crossed
with the grey Arctic wolf, which they so
much resemble, and the Indians of America
were accustomed to cross their half-wild
dogs with the coyote to impart greater
boldness to the breed. Tame dogs living
in countries inhabited by the jackal often
betray the jackal strain in their litters, and
there are instances of men dwelling in
lonely outposts of civilisation being molested
by wolves or jackals following upon the
trail of a bitch in season.

These facts lead one to refer to the
familiar circumstance that the native dogs
of all regions approximate closely in size,
coloration, form, and habit to the native
wolf of those regions. Of this most import-
ant circumstance there are far too many
instances to allow of its being looked upon
as a mere coincidence. Sir John Richard-
son, writing in 1829,* observed that " the
resemblance between the North American
wolves (Cam's lupus, var. occidentalis) and
the domestic dog of the Indians is so great
that the size and strength of the wolf seems
to be the only difference. I have more
than once mistaken a band of wolves for
the dogs of a party of Indians ; and the
howl of the animals of both species is pro-
* "Fauna Boreali Americana."

longed so exactly in the same key that
even the practised ear of the Indian fails
at times to discriminate between them."

As the Esquimau and Indian dogs re-
semble the North American wolf (C. lupus),
so the dog of the Hare Indians, a very
different breed, resembles the prairie wolf
(C. latrans). Except in the matter of
barking, there is no difference whatever
between the black wolf-dog of the Indians
of Florida and the wolves of the same
country. The Chow-Chow bears a striking
family likeness to some of the wolves of
China, and there is also a close resemblance
between some of the Indian pariah dogs
and the Indian wolf. The same phenom-
enon is seen in many kinds of European
dogs. The Shepherd Dog of the plains of
Hungary is white or reddish-brown, has
a sharp nose, short erect ears, shaggy coat,
and bushy tail, and so much resembles a
wolf that Mr. Paget, who gives the de-
scription, says he has known a Hungarian
mistake a wolf for one of his own dogs.
Many of the dogs of Russia, Lapland,
and Finland are comparable with the
wolves of those countries. Some of the
domestic dogs of Egypt, both at the present
day and in the condition of mummies, are
wolf-like in type, and the dogs of Nubia
have the closest relation to a wild species
of the same region, which is only a form
of the common jackal. Dogs, it may again
be noted, cross with the jackal as well as
with wolves, and this is frequently the case
in Africa, as, for example, in Bosjesmans,
where the dogs have a marked resemblance
to the black-backed jackal (C. mesomelas),
which is a South African variety.

These circumstances are so significant
that they leave only one difficulty to be
settled, and that is the question of voice.
It has long been believed that the one in-
controvertible argument against the lupine
relationship of the dog is the fact that
all domestic dogs bark, while all wild
Canidce express their feelings only by
howls. But the difficulty here is not so
great as it seems, since we know that
jackals, wild dogs, and wolf pups reared by
bitches readily acquire the habit. On the

GENERAL HISTORY OF THE DOG.

other hand, domestic dogs allowed to run
wild forget how to bark, while there are
some which have not yet learned so to
express themselves. Sir Harry Johnston
gives evidence of this in his description
of the tame dogs in the neighbourhood of
the Zambesi. The passage is not too
long to quote :

" The dog of Central Africa is the usual
small fox -coloured pariah with erect ears
and jackal-like head. The tail, which is
generally long and smooth, is sometimes
carried over the back. Sometimes the colour
is mottled — brown and white, or black and
white. Still, where these piebald tints are
found there is reason to suspect inter-
mixture with foreign breeds, the usual
African type of the pariah dog being a
uniform fox colour. I have sometimes
fancied I saw native hunters using a smaller
breed of dogs with short legs for terrier
work, but I have never actually ascertained
that there is such a breed. Dogs are used a
good deal for hunting small game. I have
never heard of their being employed, as in
South Africa, to tackle big animals and
bring them to bay. This African dog has
a certain attachment to its native master,
but it is always suspicious, furtive, and
cringing. Europeans they dread strangely,
but, though they growl angrily, they are
much too cowardly to bite. They have one
good negative quality : they cannot bark."*

It is a reasonable inference that the
faculty of barking is acquired and improved
by association with civilised man, who has
certainly encouraged and cultivated it.
The Romans appreciated the sonorous bark-
ing of their hounds, as witness Virgil's
reference :

" Vocat ingenti clamor e Cithceron
Taygetique canes."

In mediaeval times in England it was
customary to attune the voices of a pack

* " British Central Africa," by Sir H. H.
Johnston (1897).

so that the hounds might be " matched
in mouths like bells, each under each."
Henry II., in his breeding of hounds, is
said to have been careful not only that
they should be fleet, but also " well-tongued
and consonous " ; and even so late as the
reign of Queen Anne it was usual to match
the voices of a pack. Thus we read in the
Spectator that " Sir Roger, being at present
too old for fox hunting, to keep himself
in action, has disposed of his Beagles and
got a pack of Stop-hounds. What these
want in speed, he endeavours to make
amends for by the deepness of their mouths
and the variety of their notes, which are
suited in such manner to each other, that
the whole cry makes up a complete con-
cert."

Almost extinct now is this old care to
harmonise the song of the pack. But we
should not like our hounds to be without
music, and we have a healthy contempt
for the watch-dog who will not bark. Were
we to breed a strain of wolves and jackals
in our kennels, we should try to teach
them to bark also, and would probably
succeed.

The presence or absence of the habit
of barking cannot, then, be regarded as an
argument in deciding the question con-
cerning the origin of the dog. This stum-
bling block in the discussion consequently
disappears, leaving us in the position of
agreeing with Darwin, whose final hypoth-
esis was formulated in the generalisation
that " it is highly probable that the domestic
dogs of the world have descended from
two good species of wolf (C. lupus and
C. latrans), and from two or three other
doubtful species of wolves — namely, the
European, Indian, and North African forms ;
from at least one or two South American
canine species ; from several races or species
of jackal ; and perhaps from one or more
extinct species " ; and that the blood of
these, in some cases mingled together,
flows in the veins of our domestic breeds.

II.

THE DOG IN HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE.

f< Of the dog in ancient story
Many a pleasant tale is told."

MARY HOWITT

WHATEVER its direct origin, there is in- cause of the Trojan war ; and " Thou dog
dubitable proof that the domestic dog in in forehead " is his taunt flung at a despic-
various recognisable breeds was co-existent able man. But generally his allusions are

not uncomplimentary to canine sagacity,
and they show a certain sympathy and
esteem for an animal which was evidently
held in high value. When the "God of
the silver bow " strikes beasts and men
with pestilence, it is said :

" Mules first and dogs he struck, but at them-
selves,

Dispatching soon his bitter arrows keen,
Smote them."

Yet, mixed with these friendly dogs
there were apparently those of the pariah
kind. Cowards in battle are threatened
thus :

"... The vulture's maw
Shall have his carcase, and the dogs his
bones."

Shepherd dogs and hounds are more than
once indicated :

" As dogs that careful watch the fold by night,
Hearing some wild beast in the woods,

which hounds

And hunters with tumultuous clamour drive
Down from the mountain-top, all sleep

forego."

In the Iliad there is also mention of the
hunting of lions and boars by dogs. ' They
all trembled as dogs around a lion " (Lib. V.
476), and again a brave warrior faces his
foes " as when a boar or lion looking fiercely
round, conscious of his strength, turns upon
the dogs and huntsmen " (Lib. XII. 41).
The Boarhound must have been a favourite
in Homer's .time, for it enters frequently
into his similes of warfare ;

ACT/EON DEVOURED BY HIS DOGS. GROUP FROM
THE VILLA OF ANTONINUS PIUS, CIVITA LAVINIA.
(British Museum.)

with the earliest civilised societies, and
that it was the trusted companion of man
many hundreds of years prior to the time
when it became the painted Briton's pride.
Homer, the first of Greek poets, frequently
used the word " dog " as an epithet of
contempt and reproach to women lacking
in modesty and virtue, applying it to Helen
(Lib. VI. 344), whose incontinence was the

THE DOG IN HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE. 13

" As when dogs and swains
In prime of manhood, from all quarters rush
Around a boar, he from his thicket bolts,
The bright tusk whetting in his crooked

jaws ;

They press him on all sides, and from be-
neath

Loud gnashing hear, yet firm, his threats
defy."

Homer's most celebrated reference to the
dog, however, is, of course, the incident
in the Odyssey, in which Odysseus, after
long years of war and wandering, returned
in disguise to Ithaca to be welcomed by
his aged dog, Argus, who went up to him
with wagging tail and close-clapped ears
and straightway died of sheer joy at his
master's unexpected return.

Ruskin, in writing of the dog in Art,*
says : " The Greeks seem hardly to have
done justice to the dog. My pleasure in
the entire Odyssey is diminished because
Ulysses gives not a word of kindness nor
of regret to Argus." This is true ; the
disguised king spoke no word, for he did
not wish to be recognised by Eurneneus.
But he did more than merely speak when
he saw his well - remembered hound yield
up its last fluttering breath at his feet.

" Odysseus saw, and turned aside
To wipe away the tear ;
From Eurneneus he chose his grief to
hide. . . ."

Certainly the Greeks did not do full
justice to the dog. Outside of Homer it
is rarely noticed in their literature, and
seldom favourably. In their sculpture also
it was not often introduced. In a work
attributed to Myron, one of the most
skilful artists of ancient times, there is a
dog closely resembling our Newfoundland,
said to have been the favourite dog of
Alcibiades. The two dogs in the familiar
"Action" group, as also the beautifully
modelled pair in the Graeco-Roman group
found at Monte Cagnolo, are small
hounds somewhat resembling our Lurcher.
Xenophon records two species of Spartan
dogs. Reference is made to their use
* " Modern Painters."

in battle, for which purpose they were
sometimes provided with spiked collars,
so that the " dogs of war " was no mere
figure of speech. At Marathon one of
these dogs gave such assistance to its master
that its effigy was engraved upon his tablet.
Plutarch, in his life of Themistocles, has a
pretty reference to a dog which perished
in swimming after its master who had aban-
doned it, and who, in remorse, afterwards
gave it a decent burial. The Greeks made
sacrifice of dogs to the gods of Olympus.
The mythical three-headed dog Cerberus was
supposed to guard the entrance to Hades
and to watch at the feet of Pluto, to which
deity a dog and a youth were periodically
sacrificed. A great number of dogs were
destroyed in Samothrace in honour of the
goddess Hecate.

Among the Romans, also, dogs were at
certain periods sacrificed to the gods. At
the festival of Robigalia, April 25th, a dog

GR/eCO-ROMAN GROUP OF DOGS OF GREYHOUND
TYPE. FOUND AT MONTE CAGNOLO, NEAR THE
ANCIENT LANUVIUM.
(British Museum.)

was offered at the fifth milestone on the
Via Claudia.* The Romans were fairly ad-
vanced in their knowledge of the dog and
his uses. So much so that a classification

* W. Warde Fowler : " Roman Festivals of the
Republican Period."

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

was drawn up. Three main divisions were
recognised : (i) Canes villatica, or watch-
dogs ; (2) Canes pastorales, or sheep-
dogs ; (3) Canes venatici, hunting dogs ;
which were further subdivided into pug-
naces, to attack the quarry ; nare sagaces,
to track it out ; and pedibus celeres, to over-
take it. In their commerce with distant
countries the Romans acquired new breeds
for particular uses or to improve their own
kennels. Symmachus mentions the pres-
ence of British pugnaccs (which were no
doubt Mastiffs) at the Coliseum in Rome,
and Claudian refers to —

boasted much. He said, ' Long will it be
before you hunt like this ! ' They assem-
bled and answered that they thought no
king had such luck in hunting. Then they
all rode home, and the King was very
glad " (Heimskringla, St. Olaf, c. 90).

Besides hunting dogs, the Northmen
possessed other kinds, among which were
shepherd and watch-dogs.

" When Olaf was in Ireland he went on
a coast-raid. As they needed provisions
they went ashore and drove down many
cattle. A bondi came there and asked
Olaf to give him back his cows. Olaf

HAWKING PARTY, SHOWING HUNTING DOGS.

From the Bayettx Taptstry,

" The British hound

That brings the bull's big forehead to the
ground."

Long before the introduction of Chris-
tianity into Northern Europe the dog
was understood and appreciated by the
Scandinavians, who probably obtained
many varieties during their commercial
expeditions to Italy and the East, and
their raiding expeditions " West-over-sea."
As one may gather from the Sagas, they
were accustomed to use dogs with the
hawks.

"One day the King (Olaf, of Sweden)
rode out early with his hawks and dogs
and men with him. When they let loose
the hawks, the King's hawk in one flight
killed two heathcocks, and at once he again
flew forward and killed three more. The
dogs ran underneath and took every bird
that fell to the ground. The King galloped
after, and picked up the game himself, and

replied that he might take them if he could
recognise them and not delay their journey.
The bondi had with him a large sheepdog.
He, pointed out to it the herd of cattle,
which numbered many hundreds. The dog
ran through all the herds, and took away
as many cows as the bondi had said be-
longed to him, and they were all marked
with the same mark. Then they acknow-
ledged that the dog had found out the right
cattle. They thought it a wonderfully wise
dog. Olaf asked if the bondi would give
him the dog. ' Willingly,' answered the
bondi. Olaf at once gave him a gold ring,
and promised to be his friend. The dog's
name was Vigi, and it was the best of all
dogs. Olaf owned it long after this "
(Olaf Triggvason's Saga, c. 35).

From Ireland, also, the Vikings appear to
have introduced the great Wolf-hound. In
the Saga of Nial's Burning, Paa (the pea-
cock) says to Gunnar :

THE DOG IN HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE. 15

" ' I will give thee three things : a golden
bracelet ; a kirtle which belonged to Myr-
kiarton, King of Ireland ; and a dog which
I got in the same country. He is huge of
limb, and for a follower equal to an able
man. Moreover, he hath man's wit, and
will bark at thine enemies, but never at
thy friends. And he will see by each
man's face whether he be ill or well dis-
posed towards thee. And he will lay down
his life for thee. Samr is his name.' Then
he said to the hound, ' From this day follow
thou Gunnar, and help him what thou
canst.' So the hound went to Gunnar,
and lay down at his feet, and fawned upon
him."

It is interesting to add that Samr, al-
though he could not avert the murder of
Gunnar, forestalled the performance of the
famous dog of Montargis by avenging his
master's death upon his murderer. Sad to
relate, however, he was himself killed in
revenge, for it is stated that " Onund of
Trollaskog smote Samr on the head with
his axe, so that it pierced the brain ; and
the dog, with a great and wonderful cry,
tell dead on the ground."

Like the Greeks and Romans, the Scan-
dinavians were in the habit of making
sacrifice of dogs as propitiation to their
deities. This circumstance does not, how-
ever, imply that they did not value their
dogs. Indeed, the contrary is the case ;
they sacrificed what they valued most,
and at a very early time the Northmen
imposed penalties for the killing of dogs.

" If a man kills a lapdog of another he
must pay twelve aurar if the dog is a lap-
dog whose neck one can embrace with one
hand, the fingers touching each other ; six
aurar are to be paid for a greyhound
(mj6hund), and for a hunting dog half a
mark, and also for a sheepdog, if it is tied
by the innermost ox, or untied by the outer-
most ox, also at the gate. One aurar is
to be paid for a dog guarding the house if
it is killed " (Frostath XI. 24).

It is more than probable that the Scan-
dinavians when founding their colony in
that part of France to which they gave
the name of Normandy took with them

many of their favourite breeds to become
the progenitors of the good chiens de
Normandie, the white St. Huberts, the
Bassets, Griffons, and those chiens courants
a poil ras, of which M. le Comte Lahens owns
the few surviving specimens. The Normans,
who were always lovers of good canine
society, brought dogs with them when they
came over to conquer England, but we
already possessed many good strains, and
our Mastiffs in particular were celebrated,
as were our Wolfdogs and Gazehounds.
There is a small group of British dogs
accompanying a hawking party figured in
the Bayeux Tapestry ; but the drawing is
crude, and it is hazardous to determine
the breeds.

One animal appears to be a black Mastiff,
although such a dog would hardly be used
in the hunting field, even in the eleventh
century, and it is to be presumed that all
three running in advance of King Harold's
palfrey are hounds. The two smaller dogs
cannot be identified, but they are probably
terriers rather than spaniels.

Between the Roman period and the
Middle Ages materials for the history of
the dog are scanty and indefinite, but there
is evidence that close attention was given
to those breeds which were used in various
forms of sport, and in their illuminated
manuscripts the monks were fond of intro-
ducing drawings of hounds, many of them
very beautiful, more particularly the stately
Deerhounds, which rank with the noblest
and most intelligent of dogs, and which
were classed among the three signs of a
gentleman — the two others being his horse
and his hawk. It was one of these that was
the favourite hound of King Arthur, who
hunted with him over the heaths of Tin-
tagel or among the woods of Caerleon in
pursuit of wolf, boar, or red deer. Very
famous was this " hound of deepest voice,"
for whose baying Queen Guinevere listened
as she halted with Geraint on the knoll
above the waters of Usk, Cavall his name
— a name only less famous in Arthurian
legend than that of Hodain, the hound
linked so strangely with the fates of Tristram
and Iseult. Such, too, was the yet more

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

celebrated Bran, the companion of Fingal.
" White-breasted Bran " was the best of
the " nine great dogs," and the " nine smaller
game-starting dogs " which always accom-
panied Fingal on his hunting expeditions
in Ireland and Scotland. The " surly strength
of Luath " — another of Fingal's dogs — is
duly celebrated in Gaelic tradition, but he
was not so perfect or graceful as Bran,

" With his hind legs like a hook or bent bow,
His breast like that of a garron (hunting pony),
His ear like a leaf."

In the early ages in England the hounds
entered greatly into the superstitions of
the people. They were believed to be
quick to detect the presence of invisible
spirits, and in connection with this aptitude
for seeing into the spirit-world they were
often the outward objects through which
devils and demons made their appearance.
There are persons — Mr. Rider Haggard
among the number — who still aver that
dogs can reappear as ghosts, and in many
remote places it is said that the Hounds
of Gabriel can be heard at night racing
in full cry above the gables, foreboding
trouble to those within. This belief in
the Wild Huntsman and his train of clam-
orous hounds is one of the most widespread
superstitions in Europe. It probably origin-
ated in the gabble of migrating geese.

Mention of the melancholy story of the
" peerless hound," Gelert, ought not to be
omitted. Tradition has it that King John
gave Gelert in 1205 to Llewellyn, who was
his son-in-law, and there is a village called
Bedd Gelert, near Snowdon, where the
faithful hound's grave is pointed out. But
the incident of a dog being killed in mis-
take for the wolf which was supposed to
have slain his master's heir dates from
much earlier times. It appears through
all the folk-tales, and was probably
derived from ancient Hindostan.* And

* "This famous tale is told at Haidarabad,
Lucknow, and Kashmir. In its more usual form,
as in the Panchatantra and the collection of
Somadeva, the mongoose takes the place of the

dog and kills the cobra on the baby's cradle."

W. Crooke, B.A., " Popular Religion and Folk-
lore of Northern India."

this reference reminds one of the extent
to which dog-worship prevailed in India
from prehistoric times, and which is
still continued, especially in connection
with the god Bhairon. The temple of
Bhairon, in Benares, is the only sacred
building into which the dog is privileged
to enter. Throughout India the dog is
held in respect, as it is in all Moham-
medan lands. In no country where this
was not the case could there have originated
so beautiful a legend as that of Yudishthira,
who, on appealing to Indra for entrance
into heaven, asked that his dog might
accompany him. Indra replied that his
heaven had no place for dogs. Whereupon
Yudishthira responded : " Then I go not
into heaven, for to abandon the faithful
and devoted is an endless crime, like the
murder of a Brahmin. Never, therefore,
come weal or woe, will I abandon that
faithful dog that hath trusted in my power
to save it." Or that other equally beau-
tiful story, re-told by Sir Edwin Arnold,
of the woman who, while being led to her
death, caught sight of a helpless dog lying
at the wayside exhausted by the fierce heat,
glaring upon the water that was out of his
reach. The woman in compassion paused
and drew off her embroidered shoe, and,
making a cup of the heel's hollow, dipped it
in the neighbouring well and gave a draught
to the parched hound, which fawned upon
her in gratitude. The King who had con-
demned her marked the merciful act, and
in sudden clemency bade the woman go
free, saying, " Thou hast shown pity to
this brute beast in its misery. I dare not
show less pity unto thee."

In Western countries, as in Oriental, the
dog has had its special protecting deities
and its patron saints. St. Eustace is the
patron of dogs in the South of Europe. In
the North it is St. Hubert, who presides
over the chase and the destinies of dogs.
He is said to have been so inordinately fond
of the chase that he neglected his religious
duties for his favourite amusement ; till
one Good Friday, when hunting in the forest
with his famous hounds of the breed which
has since borne his name, he was confronted

THE DOG IN HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE. 17

by a stag bearing a crucifix between its
antlers, threatening him with eternal per-
dition unless he reformed. Upon this he
entered the cloister and became in time
Bishop of Liege and the apostle of Ardennes
and Brabant. He died at an advanced
age, A.D. 727.

thread from his miraculous stole is more
efficacious in cases of hydrophobia than
all the prophylactics of Pasteur. The St.
Hubert hounds were mighty of body, with
legs somewhat low and short — Bloodhounds
rather than Greyhounds. It is to be doubted
whether one of this famous race of

THE VISION OF ST. HUBERT.
FROM THE PAINTING BY MAUD EARL.

The festival of St. Hubert is still held on
November 2nd, and on that day crowds of
pilgrims assemble at his shrine to invoke a
blessing on themselves and on their dogs.
At the church of Lime, where some relics of
the saint are preserved, the following rhyme
—half charm, half prayer — is recited :

" Saint Hubert glorieux,
Dieu me soil amoureux
Trois choses me defend ;
De la nuit du serpent,
Mauvais loup, mauvais chien,
Mauvais betes enragees
Ne puissent m'approcher,
Me voir, ne me toucher,
Non plus qu'c'toile au del,"

and it is believed that his blessing or a

"St. Hubert's breed,
Unmatched for courage, strength, and
speed,"

could now be anywhere discovered.

Much might be written of the famous dogs
of history — of the Mastiffs of the Knights
of Rhodes, who could distinguish a Turk
from a Christian by the smell of him ; of
the Spanish Bloodhounds, who helped in
the conquest of Mexico and Peru ; of Mathe,
the favourite of Richard II., who, as
Froissart asserts, deserted his master to
fawn upon and remain in the service of
the usurper ; and of the Spaniel which
saved the Dutch Republic by waking
William the Silent during the night
attack on the camp before Mons. But

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

it is too large a subject to be dealt with
here.

As for the dog in art, it would occupy
the leisure of a lifetime adequately to treat
so immense a theme. Yet it is a study
which would yield great results. The
student who should visit the galleries of
Europe and take careful note of not only
the magnificent canvases of Titian and
Velasquez and Veronese, in which the
Bloodhound so frequently looks out, grand
as surly kings and admirals, but also the
paintings of all other masters from the
earliest times to our own Landseer and
Riviere, would confer an invaluable boon
upon all lovers of canine nature. Hitherto
this method of tracing the dog's history
and variations has only been done in con-
nection with one breed, by Mr. W. Arkwright,
whose monograph on the Pointer is a verit-
able monument of erudition and discernment.

From the old flea-bitten Argus that first
recognised his disguised master in the
Odyssey down to Pope's Bounce, Byron's
Boatswain, Sir Walter Scott's Maida, to
Matthew Arnold's Geist and Kaiser, and
to Mrs. Browning's Flush, particular dogs
have been celebrated in the history of
letters. There is not much trace of a
real appreciation of the more generous
kinds, at least as friends and companions,
in the whole range of French literature.
On the other hand, there is scarcely one
great British poet, from Chaucer to Burns
and Moore and Tennyson, who does not,
more or less directly, impress us with the
conviction that he was a true lover of dogs.

In prose literature it is the same. The
dog appears now and then in the novels of
Fielding and Smollett. Dr. Johnson was
a lover of dogs, and knew the points of a
Bulldog.* Scott was noted as a good

* Johnson, after examining the animal atten-
tively : " No, sir, he is not well shaped, for there
is not the quick transition from the thickness of
the fore part to the tenuity — the thin part — behind,
which a Bulldog ought to have." Taylor said a
small Bulldog was as good as a large one. Johnson :
" No, sir ; for in proportion to his size he has
strength, and your argument would prove that a
good Bulldog may be as small as a mouse."
(BOSWELL, 1777.)

.judge of all breeds. Perhaps the first
author to make a dog the hero and chief
character in a story was Captain Marryat,
in " Snarleyow," which was earlier than
Dr. John Brown's delightful " Rab and
His Friends." Ouida, who has done so
much towards promoting a greater kind-
ness to animals, infused with pathos her
admirable story of "A Dog of Flanders."
Nor should we forget Mr. Anstey's " Black
Poodle," or Mr. Robert Hichens' "Black
Spaniel," or Maurice Maeterlinck's beau-
tiful tribute to his dead Pelleas in " My
Dog." Mr. Ollivant's " Owd Bob," with
its thrilling descriptions of Sheepdog trials
in the dales of Kenmuir, is one of the best
of fictional dog books, comparable only
with Jack London's two deeply impressive
stories of the huskies of North- West Canada,
" The Call of the Wild," and " White Fang,"
in which is embodied from two points of
view the argument of the close relation-
ship between the dog and the wolf ; Buck
being a respectable civilised dog who
answers to the " Call of the Wild," and joins
a pack of wolves, and White Fang being a
starved, wolfine hanger-on to a dog-sled
who gradually adopts the ways of trained
and intelligent dogs.

Women have always played an important
part in our British love of the dog, and it
is interesting to note that the earliest
printed work in the English language
in which the various breeds then in
existence were scientifically classified was
the " Book of Field Sports," written by
Dame Juliana Berners, who was Prioress
of St. Alban's, about the middle of the
fifteenth century.* The catalogue of breeds
in her volume was not an extensive
one. " Thyse ben the names of houndes,"
she wrote, " fyrste there is a Grehoun, a
Bastard, a Mengrell, a Mastif, a Lemor,
a Spanyel, Raches, Kenettys, Teroures,
Butchers' Houndes, Dunghyll dogges, Tryn-
deltaylles, and Pryckeryd currys, and smalle
ladyes poppees that bere awaye the flees."

* Edward Plantagenet's "Master of Game," in
which sporting dogs are interestingly dealt with,
was written earlier, it is true, but it remained
for centuries in inaccessible manuscript.

THE DOG IN HISTORY, ART, AND LITERATURE. 19

The list is instructive, since it shows that,
over four centuries ago at least five of the
varieties (already owned the names by
which we know them to-day.

Dame Juliana Berners was nearly a
hundred years in advance of Dr. John
Keys, or Caius, who in 1570, or there-
abouts, wrote a treatise on the English
dog. During his student days, in 1541,
Caius made a long sojourn in Italy. In
Padua, where he took his M.D. degree,
he became intimately acquainted with
Andreas Vesalius, the celebrated anatom-
ist, with whom he resided for eight months,
and who introduced him to Conrad Gesner,
the famous naturalist. Gesner was then
engaged upon his very ponderous " His-
tory of Animals," published eight years
afterwards in four folio volumes, and he
requested his friend to furnish him with
information on the dog. Caius, on return-
ing to Cambridge, gathered the required
facts and embodied them in a long letter,
written, of course, in Latin, which was
afterwards translated and published under
the title : "Of Englishe Dogges : A Short
Treatise in Latine by Johannes Caius,
drawne into Englishe bv Abraham Fleming,
1576."

Apart from its historical interest the
treatise is now of no great value, but it
shows that even in the reign of Queen
Elizabeth such types as those of the Mastiff,
the Bulldog, the Bloodhound, Greyhound,
Beagle, Setter, Pointer, and Spaniel were
already clearly differentiated; and it recog-
nised the importance of special training for
the sporting breeds and the value of the
contributory work of the terrier in un-
earthing the fox and driving the otter from
his holt.

According to Dr. Caius —

!A gentle kind, serving the game.
A homely kind, apt for sundry neces-
sary uses.
A currish kind, meet for many
toyes.

He divides the first of these classes into
two sections — Venatici, which were used
for the purpose of hunting beasts ; and

Dogges serving

y pastime of
hunting beastes
are divided into

Aucupatorii, which served in the pursuit
of fowl. The Venatici are described by

him as :

Levemrius, or Harriers.
Terrarius, or Terrars.
Saiiguinarius, or Bloodhounds.
Agaseus, or Gazehounds.
Leporariiis, or Grehounds.
Lorarius, or Lyemmer.
Vertigus, or Tumbler.
Canis furax, or Stealer.

The next section is devoted to Aucupa-
torii, which comprised —

Dogs used for f fndex, or Setter.

fowling t Aqnaticus, or Spaniell.

"The first," Dr. Caius notes, " findeth
game on the land. The other findeth
game on the water." And he proceeds
to give an ample account of the work of
the Spaniel and the Setter.

His fourth section consists of the follow-
ing varieties of the dog :

Canis Pastoralis, or
The Shepherd's

Dogge.

The Mastive, or
Bandogge,

called
Canis Villaticus,

or
Carbenarius.

In the concluding section are the

Admonitor, or Wapp.
Vernerpator, or Turnespet.
Saltator, or Dauncer.

Thus we see that Dr. Caius was able to add
very considerably to the number of breeds
noted by Dame Juliana Berners. His state-
ments concerning some of the dogs he
describes are sometimes extremely vague
and indirect, but one has to remember that
most of his information was gathered, not
from personal knowledge of dogs or from
books previously published, but from in-
quiry among the sporting friends whom,
as physician to the Queen, he met at the
court of Elizabeth, and of whom one was
certainly Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester,
an authority of some significance, since he
was the first sportsman to train setting
dogs in the manner generally adopted by
his successors and continued to the present
time.

which hath
sundry
names
derived
from
sundry
circum-
stances,
as

'Keeper'sor Watch,
man's.
Butcher's Dogge.
Messinger'sor Car-
rier's.
Mooner.
Water Drawer.
Tinker's Curr.
^Fencer.

SECTION I.

NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS.

CHAPTER I.

THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

BY W. K. TAUNTON.

" The deep mouth'd Mastiff bays the troubled night." — KIRKE WHITE.

and the frowning Chow-Chow, which are
of such recent introduction that they must
still be regarded as half-acclimatised for-
eigners. But of the antiquity of the Mastiff
there can be no doubt. He is the oldest
of our British dogs, cultivated in these
islands for so many centuries that the only
difficulty concerning his history is that
of tracing his descent, and discovering the
period when he was not familiarly known.

It is possible that the Mastiff owes
his origin to some remote ancestor of alien
strain. The Assyrian kings possessed a
large dog of decided Mastiff type, and used
it in the hunting of lions ; and credible
authorities have perceived a similarity in
size and form between the British Mastiff
and the fierce Molossian dog of the ancient
Greeks. It is supposed by many students
that the breed was introduced into early
Britain by the adventurous Phoenician
traders who, in the sixth century B.C.,
voyaged to the Scilly Islands and Corn-
wall to barter their own commodities in
exchange for the useful metals. Knowing the
requirements of their barbarian customers,
these early merchants from Tyre and Sidon
are believed to have brought some of the
larger pugnaces, which would be readily
accepted by the Britons to supplant, or
improve, their courageous but undersized
fighting dogs.

Before the invasion by Julius Caesar,
55 B.C., the name of Britain was little

CANIS MOLOSSUS.

From " 1 'cones Animalium" (1780), by G, F, Riedcl,

OF the many different kinds of dogs
now established as British, not
a few have had their origin in
other lands, whence specimens have been
imported into this country, in course
of time to be so improved by selection
that they have come to be commonly
accepted as native breeds. Some are
protected from the claim that they are
indigenous by the fact that their origin is
indicated in their names. No one would
pretend that the St. Bernard or the New-
foundland, the Spaniel or the Dalmatian,
are of native breed. They are alien immi-
grants whom we have naturalised, as we
are naturalising the majestic Great Dane,
the decorative Borzoi, the alert Schippcrke,

THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

known to the Romans, and it is not to be
wondered at that Virgil makes no refer-
ence to British dogs ; but Gratius Faliscus,
writing in the eighth year of the Christian
era, recorded that the pugnaces of Epirus
—the true Molossian dogs — were pitted

best specimens the Roman emperors ap-
pointed a special officer, Procurator Cynegii,
who was stationed at Winchester and en-
trusted with the duty of selecting and ex-
porting Mastiffs from England to Rome.
This statement is frequently repeated by

THE MASTIFF.

From "The Sportsman's Cabinet" (1803). By P. Reingale, K.A.

against the pugnaces of Britain, which over-
powered them. Gratius further indicates
that there were two kinds of the British
pugnaces, a larger and a smaller, suggesting
the existence of both the Bulldog and
the Mastiff, the latter being employed to
protect flocks and herds. Strabo, writing
some thirty years later, refers to British
dogs used in hunting and in warfare, and,
mentioning the pugnaces, he especially re-
marks that they had flabby lips and droop-
ing ears.

The courage of the " broad mouthed dogs
of Britain " was recognised and highly prized
by the Romans, who employed them for
combat in the amphitheatre. Many writers
have alleged that in order to secure the

persons who have mistaken the word
cyncecii for cynegii, and confounded the
title of a weaver's agent with that of an
exporter of dogs. An officer appointed to
ship fighting Mastiffs to Rome would have
been Procurator Pugnacium vel Molos-
sorum.

In Anglo-Saxon times every two villeins
were required to maintain one of these
dogs for the purpose of reducing the number
of wolves and other wild animals. This
would indicate that the Mastiff was recog-
nised as a capable hunting dog ; but at
a later period his hunting instincts were
not highly esteemed, and he was not re-
garded as a peril to preserved game ; for
in the reign of Henry III. the Forest Laws,

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

which prohibited the keeping of all other
breeds by unprivileged persons, permitted
the Mastiff to come within the precincts of
a forest, imposing, however, the condition
that every such dog should have the claws
of the fore feet removed close to the skin.
A scrutiny was held every third year to
ascertain that this law was strictly obeyed.
The name Mastiff was probably applied
to any massively built dog. It is not easy
to trace the true breed amid the various
names which it owned. Molossus, Alan,
Alaunt, Tie-dog, Bandog (or Band-dog),
were among the number. In the " Knight's
Tale " Chaucer refers to it as the Alaunt :

" Aboute his char ther wenten whyte Alaunts,
Twenty and mo, as grete as any steer,
To hunten at the leoun or the deer,
And folwed him, with mosel faste ybounde,
Colers of gold, and torets fyled rounde."

The names Tie-dog and Bandog intimate
that the Mastiff was commonly kept for
guard, but many were specially trained
for baiting bears, imported lions, and bulls.
The sport of bear-baiting reached its glory
in the sixteenth century. Queen Elizabeth
was fond of witnessing these displays of
animal conflict, and during her progresses
through her realm a bear-baiting was a
customary entertainment at the places
such as Kenilworth and Hatfield at which
she rested. Three trained Mastiffs were
accounted a fair match against a bear,
four against a lion ; but Lord Buckhurst,
Elizabeth's ambassador to France in 1572,
owned a great Mastiff which, unassisted,
successfully baited a bear, a leopard, and
a lion, and pulled them all down.

In the representations of the Mastiff in
the paintings of the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries, the dog was usually shown
with a white blaze up the face and an
undershot jaw, the ears were cropped and
the tail was shortened. Barnaby Googe in
1631 gave a description of the Bandog for the
house which enables us to apprehend what
it was like in the time of Charles I. — a
monarch who admired and kept the breed.

" First, the Mastie that keepeth the
house. For this purpose you must provide

you such a one as hath a large and mightie
body, a great and shrill voyce, that both
with his barking he may discover, and with
his sight dismaye the theefe, yea, being
not scene, with the horror of his voice put
him to flight. His stature must be neither
long nor short, but well set ; his head, great ;
his eyes, sharp and fiery, either browne or
grey ; his lippes, blackish, neither turning
up nor hanging too much down ; his
mouth black and wide ; his neather jaw,
fat, and coming out of it on either side a
fang appearing more outward than his
other teeth ; his upper teeth even with his
neather, not hanging too much over, sharpe,
and hidden with his lippes ; his counten-
ance, like a lion ; his brest, great and shag
hayrd ; his shoulders, broad ; his legges,
bigge ; his tayle, short ; his feet, very
great. His disposition must neither be
too gentle nor too curst, that he neither
faune upon a theefe nor flee upon his
friends ; very waking ; no gadder abroad,
nor lavish of his mouth, barking without
cause ; neither maketh it any matter
though he be not swifte, for he is but to
fight at home, and to give warning of the
enemie."

Coming to more recent times, there is
constant record of the Mastiff having been
kept and carefully bred for many generations
in certain old families. One of the oldest
strains of Mastiffs was that of Lyme Hall,
in Cheshire. They were large, powerful
dogs, and longer in muzzle than those
which we are now accustomed to see.
Mr. Kingdon, who was an ardent Mastiff
breeder fifty years ago, maintained that
this strain had been preserved without any
outcross whatever. On the other hand,
it has been argued that this is a statement
impossible to prove, as no record of pedi-
grees was kept. One well-known breeder
of former years goes further than this,
and states that Mr. Legh had admitted to
him that an outcross had been resorted to.

Another old and valuable strain was
that of the Mastiffs kept by the Duke of
Devonshire at Chats worth. It is to these
two strains that the dogs of the present
day trace back.

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THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

During the earlier part of the past cen-
tury the most noted Mastiff breeders were
Mr. Lukey and Captain Gamier, and a
little later Mr. Edgar Hanbury. Mr. Lukey
laid the foundation of his kennel, which
afterwards became so famous, by the
purchase of a brindle bitch from the Chats-
worth kennels. Among the many celebrated
dogs owned and bred by Mr. Lukey must

Bloodhounds, a breed with which his
name will ever be associated. Mr.
Green's Monarch (2,316) was another fawn
standing over 33 inches high. As a sire
he was principally noted as having sired
Scawfell (5,311), Nero (6,373), and Gwen-
dolen (6,390). The last, when mated with
Cardinal, produced many good Mastiffs.
Rajah (2,333) was a well-known winner

MR. EDGAR HANBURY'S RAJAH BY GRIFFIN PHYLLIS.

Drawn from li/e by R. H. Moore,

be mentioned Governor, whose name ap-
pears in the pedigrees of most Mastiffs of
note. He was the grandsire of those two
celebrated Mastiffs Mr. Hanbury 's Rajah
and Mr. Field's King, the sire of Turk,
bred by Miss Anglionby. Mr. E. Nichols,
Miss Hales, Mrs. Rawlinson, and the Rev.
M. B. Wynne, were well-known breeders
and successful exhibitors in the early days
of dog shows.

The following are a few of the most
celebrated Mastiffs of the past forty years :
Turk (2,349) mentioned above, was a fawn,
and was considered the best Mastiff of
his day ; he won numerous prizes for his
different owners, and eventually ended his
days in the kennels of Mr. Edwin Brough,
who relinquished Mastiffs in favour of

in the early 'seventies, but it is not as a
show dog alone that this dog has a claim
to be mentioned, for he sired many good
Mastiffs, who in their turn left their mark
on the breed. Among them may be men-
tioned Mr. Nichol's Prince, a small dog
that was more useful at the stud than on
the show bench, and The Shah (4,457),
bred by Mr. Balleston, and afterwards
owned by Mr. C. T. Harris, by whom he
was claimed upon his first appearance as
a puppy at the Crystal Palace, 1874. He
was not quite so flat in skull as he should
have been, but otherwise he was a fine
Mastiff ; the best of his stock was The
Emperor (9,340).

Crown Prince (10,544) was a fawn dog
with a Dudley nose and light eye, and was

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

THE CELEBRATED CH. BEAUFORT. BRED BY MR. W. K. TAUNTON BY BEAU LADY ISABEL.

REPUTED TO BE THE MOST PERFECT MASTIFF OF THE PAST TWENTY YEARS.
Photograph by Sclmiber.

pale in muzzle, and whilst full credit must
be given to him for having sired many good
Mastiffs, he must be held responsible for
the faults in many specimens of more recent
years. Unfortunately, he was indiscrim-
inately bred from, with the result that in
a very short time breeders found it impossible
to find a Mastiff unrelated to him. The
registered pedigree of Crown Prince is by
Young Prince by Prince, mentioned above,
but the correctness of this pedigree was
disputed at the time. The matter was
thoroughly investigated, and there was not
sufficient evidence to show that any other
dog was the sire. He was bred by Mr.
Woolmore, and claimed by the Rev. W. J.
Mellor upon his first appearance on the
show bench after he had awarded him first
prize. He afterwards passed into the hands
of Dr. Forbes Winslow, and upon the
dispersal of that exhibitor's Mastiffs was
sold for 1 80 guineas.

Mr. Beaufoy's Beau (6,356) proved his

claim to be considered a pillar of the stud
book by siring Beaufort (18,504), unques-
tionably one of the best Mastiffs of the
past twenty years. He was a frequent
winner both in this country and in America,
where he was placed at stud for a time.

Cardinal (8,410) was a rich, dark brindle,
and one of the most successful sires of his
day. He inherited his colour from his
dam, a daughter of Wolsey. If for no other
reason, Cardinal deserves special mention,
as it is mainly due to him that the brindle
colour in Mastiffs has been preserved, for
I believe that I shall not be wrong in saying
that every prize winning brindle of recent
years is a direct descendant of this dog.

The result of crossing his progeny with
Crown Prince and Beaufort blood was
eminently satisfactory. Among others of his
descendants may be mentioned Marc An-
tony, Marksman, Invicta, Colonel Cromwell,
and Marcus Superba, who died quite young,
but not without leaving stock behind

THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

him that have been a credit to him as a
sire.

It is to be deplored that ever since the
era of Crown Prince there has been a per-
ceptible diminution in the number of good
examples of this fine old English breed,
and that from being an admired and
fashionable dog the Mastiff has so declined
in popularity that few are to be seen either
at exhibitions or in breeders' kennels. At
the Crystal Palace in 1871 there were as
many as sixty-three Mastiffs on show,
forming a line of benches two hundred yards
long, and not a bad one among them ;
whereas at a dog show held twenty-five
years later, where more than twelve hundred
dogs were entered, not a single Mastiff
was benched.

The difficulty of obtaining dogs of un-
blemished pedigree and superlative type
may partly account for this decline, and
another reason of unpopularity may be

that the Mastiff requires so much attention
to keep him in condition that without it
he is apt to become indolent and heavy.
Nevertheless, the mischief of breeding too
continuously from one strain such as that
of Crown Prince has to some extent been
eradicated, and we have had many splendid
Mastiffs since his time. Crown Prince was
by no means the only great Mastiff bred
in Mr. Woolmore's kennels. Special men-
tion should be made of that grand bitch
Cambrian Princess (12,833), by Beau. She
was purchased by Mrs. Willins, who, mating
her with Maximilian (a dog of her own
breeding by The Emperor), obtained Mint-
ing, who shared with Beaufort the reputation
of being unapproached for all round merit
in any period. It was a misfortune to the
breed that Minting was allowed to leave
this country for the United States, where
he was easily able to hold his own on the
show bench, Beaufort, his only equal, not

THE BEAUTIFUL FAWN MASTIFF CH. MINTING BY MAXIMILIAN — CAMBRIAN PRINCESS.

EXPORTED IN 1888 TO THE UNITED STATES, WHERE HE WAS REGARDED
AS SECOND ONLY TO CH. BEAUFORT.

Photograph by Schyeiber.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

arriving in America until after Minting's
death.

Of Mastiff breeders of recent years
Mr. J. Sidney Turner will always be remem-

MR. C. AUBREY SMITH'S COLONEL CROMWELL, BORN 1899.
BRED BY MR. A. W. LUCAS BY INVICTA LEDA.

bered as the breeder of Beaufort, Hotspur,
Orlando, and other Mastiffs, which have
left their mark on the breed. Unfortunately,
Mr. Turner did not continue his breeding
operations beyond the second generation;
otherwise, judging from his success during
the time he kept Mastiffs, we should
probably have seen more of these dogs
of high quality than has been the
case of late. Mr. Mark Beaufoy's name
will be principally associated with Beau,
although he owned several others of acknow-
ledged merit. At one time the kennels of
Captain and Mrs. J. L. Piddocke contained
many excellent Mastiffs, Toozie, Jubilee
Beauty, and Ogilvie being remarkably good
headed dogs. Lieut. -Colonel Walker, al-
though not a very frequent exhibitor, has
been a persistent breeder for many years,
and has bred several Mastiffs of which
anyone might be proud.

Mr. Robert Leadbetter has also been
prominent among the owners of this mag-
nificent breed. His kennel at Haslemere
Park is one of the largest at present in
England. He started
by purchasing Elgiva,
a well-known and un-
beaten champion who
won many specials
open to other breeds
as well as her own.
It is to be regretted
that Elgiva failed to
contribute progeny to-
wards the continuance
of her kind. Among
other Mastiffs owned
by Mr. Leadbetter may
be mentioned Marcella,
a bitch descended from
Captain Piddocke's
strain, and Prince Son-
derberg, one of Mr.
Laguhee's breeding by
Mellnotte out of Nell.
Prince Sonderberg's re-
cent death has unfor-
tunately deprived us
of a dog which might
have won distinction.
Mr. C. Aubrey Smith is an enthusiastic
admirer of the breed, and has owned several
prize Mastiffs, among which is Colonel
Cromwell. He is a fawn of large size, and
a dog that should do well at stud, although
I do not call to mind any of his progeny
that have yet made a great name on the
show bench. This dog was bred by Mr.
A. W. Lucas, a breeder of many years'
standing, who can claim to have produced
more prize Mastiffs within recent years than
any other breeder. Among a few of his
breeding that occur to me there are Black
Prince (1,377 G) an(^ Paula (1,418 H), both
now the property of Mr. J. H. Martin of
Bangor, Maine, U.S.A., their sire Invicta
(1,375 c), Marcus Superba, and many others,
including Lady Claypole and Marchioness.
The last two are the property of Mr. Spalding,
who recently turned his attention to the
Mastiff with very satisfactory results, his

THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

Helmsley Defender and others of his breed- the septum, and slightly pendulous so as to show

ing having secured prizes at most of the a S(luare Profile- Length of m"zzle to whole head

and face as i to 3. Circumference of muzzle

principal shows.

(measured midway between the eyes and nose)

The following description of a perfect to that of the head (measured before the ears)
Mastiff, taken from the Old English Mastiff as 3 to 5.
Club's " Points of a Mastiff," is so ad-
mirable that I need hardly add any-
thing as to what future breeders should
aim to attain. If they will study
this description carefully and use all
their efforts to produce a Mastiff as
near it in all points as can be, I feel
confident that they will be more satis-
fied with the result than is likely to
be the case if they give their atten-
tion to certain qualities and leave the
others to take care of themselves.

THE PERFECT MASTIFF.

1. General Character and Symmetry. —
Large, massive, powerful, symmetrical and
well-knit frame. A combination of grandeur
and good nature, courage and docility.

2. General Description of Head. — In gen-
eral outline, giving a square appearance when
viewed from any point. Breadth greatly to
be desired, and should be in ratio to length
of the whole head and face as 2 to 3.

3. General Description of Body. — Massive,
broad, deep, long, powerfully built, on legs
wide apart, and squarely set. Muscles
sharply defined. Size a great desideratum,

if combined with quality. Height and substance 6. Ears. — Small, thin to the touch, wide apart,

important if both points are proportionately set on at the highest points of the sides of the

MR. SPALDING'S CH. HELMSLEY DEFENDER

BY BLACK PRINCE LADY CLAYPOLE.

Photograph by Russell.

combined.

4. Skull. — Broad between the ears, forehead
flat, but wrinkled when attention is excited.
Brows (superciliary ridges) slightly raised. Mus-
cles of the temples and cheeks (temporal and

skull, so as to continue the outline across the
summit, and lying flat and close to the cheeks
when in repose.

7. Eyes. — Small, wide apart, divided by at
least the space of two eyes. The stop between

masseter) well developed. Arch across the skull the eyes well marked, but not too abrupt. Colour

of a rounded, flattened curve, with a depression
up the centre of the forehead from the medium line
between the eyes, to half way up the sagittal suture.
5. Face or Muzzle. — Short, broad under the
eyes, and keeping nearly parallel in width to the
end of the nose ; truncated, i.e. blunt and cut off
square, thus forming a right angle with the upper
line of the face, of great depth from the point of
the nose to under jaw. Under jaw broad to the
end ; canine teeth healthy, powerful, and wide
apart ; incisors level, or the lower projecting
beyond the upper, but never sufficiently so as to
become visible when the mouth is closed. Nose
broad, with widely spreading nostrils when viewed
from the front ; flat (not pointed or turned up) in

hazel-brown, the darker the better, showing no
haw.

8. Neck, Chest and Ribs. — Neck — Slightly arched,
moderately long, very muscular, and measuring
in circumference about one or two inches less
than the skull before the ears. Chest — Wide, deep,
and well let down between the fore-legs. Ribs
arched and well-rounded. False ribs deep and
well set back to the hips. Girth should be one-
third more than the height at the shoulder.
Shoulder and Arm — Slightly sloping, heavy and
muscular.

9. Forelegs and Feet. — Legs straight, strong,
and set wide apart ; bones very large. Elbows
square. Pasterns upright. Feet large and round.

profile. Lips diverging at obtuse angles with Toes well arched up. Nails black.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

10. Back, Loins and Flanks. — Back and loins
wide and muscular ; flat and very wide in a
bitch, slightly arched in a dog. Great depth of
flanks.

11. Hind Legs and Feet. — Hind quarters broad,
wide, and muscular, with well developed second
thighs, hocks bent, wide apart, and quite squarely
set when standing or walking. Feet round.

MR. W. SHEARER CLARK'S BRINDLE LORD JIM

BY TOM BOWLING SELINA.

AN EXAMPLE OF THE SHORT-FACED MASTIFF.
Photograph by C. Reid, Wtshaw.

12. Tail. — Put on high up, and reaching to
the hocks, or a little below them, wide at its
root and tapering to the end, hanging straight in
repose, but forming a curve, with the end point-
ing upwards, but not over the back, when the
dog is excited. , .

13. Coat — Colour. — Coat short and close lying,
but not too fine over the shoulders, neck, and
back. Colour, apricot or silver fawn, or dark
fawn-brindle. In any case, muzzle, ears, and nose
should be black, with black round the orbits, and
extending upwards between them.

Scale of Points.

General character and symmetry
Body (height and substance)

Skull

Face and muzzle

Ears

Eyes • .

Chest and ribs

Fore-legs and feet ....
Back, loins, and flanks .
Hind legs and feet ....

Tail

Coat and Colour ....

4
6

10
3

Grand total . .100

There are one or two points to which I
should wish to direct particular attention.
One of the most important of these is
width of muzzle combined with depth.
This is, I admit, very difficult to obtain in
anything like perfection, and I cannot but
think that it is one that has been too much
overlooked by breeders in their efforts to
produce Mastiffs with the shortest muzzle
possible. That the muzzle of a Mastiff
should be short is an admitted fact, but it
should be in proportion to the size
of the head, which is given in the Club's
points as " length of muzzle to whole head
and face as i to 3." I am doubtful whether
the muzzles of many Mastiffs of the present
day will be found to correspond with this
measurement. Mr. J. Sidney Turner's Or-
lando was a grand-headed dog, but very
defective in hind quarters. He got many
good-headed Mastiffs and the length of
muzzle in proportion to the whole head
and face was as nearly in accordance with
the Club's requirements as possible. It is
to the inordinate desire to obtain the short-
est muzzle possible which existed some
few years ago, and which I am afraid is
not altogether absent at the present day,
that the falling off in many desirable quali-
ties of the breed, unfortunately so notice-
able in recent years, may be attributed.
It is practically impossible for breeders to
breed dogs with abnormally short muzzle,
and yet at the same time obtain size,
length of body, and other attributes of
this breed.

Opinions seem to differ as to whether
the Mastiff should have a level mouth or
be somewhat undershot. Personally I pre-
fer a level mouth, and should always try
to get it if possible, and I am inclined to
think that many who uphold the undershot
jaw are in agreement with me, and would
prefer the level mouth were the difficulty
of combining it with squareness of muzzle
not so great. There can be little doubt
that more Mastiffs are bred with undershot
jaws than without, and there is no gain-
saying the fact that many, if not most,
of the best specimens of the breed have
possessed undershot jaws.

THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

Size is a quality very desirable in this
breed. The height of many dogs of olden
days was from thirty-two to thirty-three
inches. The height should be obtained
rather from great depth of body than
length of leg. A leggy Mastiff is very un-
desirable. Thirty inches may be taken as
a fair average height for dogs, and bitches
somewhat less. Many of Mr. Lukey's
Mastiffs stood 32 inches and over ; Mr.
Green's Monarch was over 33 inches, The
Shah 32 inches, and Cardinal 32 inches.

The method of rearing a Mastiff has
much to do with its ultimate size, but it
is perhaps needless to say that the selection
of the breeding stock has still more to do
with this. It is therefore essential to
select a dog and bitch of a large strain
to obtain large Mastiffs. It is not so
necessary that the dogs themselves should
be so large as that they come from a large
strain. The weight of a full-grown dog
should be anything over 160 Ib. Many
Mastiffs have turned the scale at 180 Ib.
The Shah, for instance, was 182 Ib. in weight,
Scawfell over 200 Ib.

I am not an advocate for forcing young
stock, and I have frequently noticed that
in the case of puppies of extraordinary
weight we have seldom heard of any of
them attaining any unusual size when
full grown. The fact is that these puppies
make their growth early in life and stop
growing just at the time other puppies are
beginning to fill out and develop. There
are, of course, exceptions to this. For
instance, Orlando weighed 140 Ib. when
only eight months old. A Mastiff puppy
of ten months old should have the appear-
ance of a puppy, and not of a full-grown
dog. A dog should go on growing until
he is three years of age, and many continue
to improve after that.

Colour is, to a great extent, a matter of
taste. The two colours recognised at the
present time are brindle and fawn. The
former is considered by those who have
given the question most attention to have
been the original colour of the breed.
Black Mastiffs are spoken of as having been
known in years gone by, and occasionally

we hear of a dog of this colour having been
seen even now. I have never come across
one myself, although I have often seen
brindle puppies so dark they might have
been mistaken for black ; nor can I call to
mind having heard in recent years of a
dog of this colour whose pedigree was
known. A correspondent in the Live Stock
Journal _spoke of having seen a black dog
of Mastiff type, which was not of pure
blood, and went on to say that " when I
was paying a visit to the Willhayne kennels,
in the summer of 1879, I remember Mr.
Kingdon showing me a coal-black bitch
of the Lyme Hall breed. She had not a
white hair on her, and I was surprised at
her colour. She was not at all large."
It is stated that Charles I. advertised for
a lost " Bob-tailed Black Mastiff," and
from the correspondence that took place
some years ago upon the subject of the
colour of Mastiffs, it is evident that black
was by no means an unknown colour at
one time. Red was another colour that

MR. ROBERT LEADBETTER'S PRINCE SONDERBERQ,
BORN 1903, BY MELLNOTTE NELL

was in evidence thirty or forty years ago,
but it has been allowed to die out, and I
have not seen a Mastiff of that colour, whose
pedigree could be depended upon, for many
years. By crossing blacks and reds it would
no doubt have been possible to produce

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

brindles; this is the case in cattle, and
there seems no reason why it should not
be so in Mastiffs— in fact, it is asserted
that this system of breeding was resorted
to many years ago.

Although, as I have said, brindle was

MR. SPALDING'S BITCH CH. MARCHIONESS,
BORN 1901, BRED BY MR. A. W. LUCAS BY

DALSTON BENEDICT LYNDHURST JENNY.

Photograph by Russell.

the original colour, and was an ordinary
one in Mastiffs in the early part of the last
century, its place was gradually usurped
by the fawn, and twenty-five years or so
ago there was great risk of the colour be-
coming extinct. Mr. J. Hutchings kept a
kennel of Mastiffs of this colour, but the
type of his dogs did not meet the views of
the breeders of the day. Wolsey (5,315),
by Rajah out of Mr. Hanbury's Queen
(2,396), a magnificent brindled bitch, was
about the .only dog of note in those days,
but his stud services could not be ob-
tained by breeders generally, and so it
devolved upon Wolsey's grandson Cardinal
to perpetuate the colour. Within the last
five years there have been more brindles
exhibited than fawns, judging by the fact
that more of the former have won prizes
than the latter.

White is not a desirable colour, but it
will frequently appear on the chest and
feet, and in some cases puppies are born
with white running some distance up the
leg. This, however, disappears almost en-

tirely— or, at any rate, to a great extent —
as the puppy grows up. Light eyes, which
detract so much from the appearance of a
Mastiff, were very prevalent a few years
ago, and, judging from some of the young
stock exhibited recently, there seems a
great risk of them becoming so again.
When this eye appears in a brindle it is
even more apparent than in a fawn ; the
remedy is to breed these dogs to brindles
with a good dark eye, and of a strain
possessing this quality.

One of the great difficulties that breeders
of the present day have to contend against
is in rearing the puppies ; so many bitches
being clumsy and apt to kill the whelps
by lying on them. It is, therefore, always
better to be provided with one or more
foster bitches. At about six weeks old
a fairly good opinion may be formed as
to what the puppies will ultimately turn
out in certain respects, for, although they
may indeed change materially during
growth, the good or bad qualities which are
manifest at that early age will, in all proba-
bility, be apparent when the puppy has
reached maturity. It is, therefore, fre-
quently easier to select the best puppy
in the nest than to do so when they are
from six to nine or ten months old.

The colour is sometimes deceptive, and
what appears to a novice as a brindle
puppy turns out to be a very dark fawn,
which gradually gets lighter as the puppy
grows. It has occurred that Mastiffs bred
from rich dark brindles have been whelped
of a blue or slate colour. In course of
time the stripes of the brindle appear, but
puppies of this colour, which are very
rare, generally retain a blue mask, and have
light eyes. Many such puppies have been
destroyed; but this practice is a mistake,
for although it is not a colour to be de-
sired, some of our best Mastiffs have been
bred through dogs or bitches of this shade.
As an instance I may mention my own
dog, Constable (22,705). His grand-dam
Columbine was a blue brindle. I parted
with her as a puppy to a well-known breeder,
who afterwards offered her back to me on
account of her colour. Knowing how she

THE ENGLISH MASTIFF.

was bred I readily accepted the offer.
She was by Cardinal out of Cleopatra by
Cardinal out of Gwendolen by Monarch.
Putting her to her sire I obtained Empress
of Tring, a capital brindle of good size.
Just at the time I wanted a cross out,
Mr. Sidney Turner offered to let me have,
at quite a nominal price, Hotspur, a son
of Crown Prince, and a dog for which he
had refused £100 when a puppy. Mating
Empress of Tring with him, I got many
good Mastiffs, one of the best being Con-
stable, who made his d/but at the show
held by the Kennel Club in 1887, where
he created a sensation among Mastiff
breeders.

I have gone rather more into this than
I intended, but I want to demonstrate, in
the first place, that it is not always wise to
destroy a puppy, which, although it may
not be a show specimen, may prove from
its breeding invaluable as a stud dog or
brood bitch. I also wish to show that in-
breeding, if judiciously carried out, may
in certain instances prove of inestimable
advantage. My own experience of in-
breeding does not lead me to endorse the
opinion that it must necessarily cause a
diminution of size. In Toys it may be
resorted to with that particular object,
and, in that case, naturally the smallest
specimens would be bred from ; but I see
no reason why, if dogs of large size are
selected, it should not have a contrary
result. I am speaking of in-breeding car-
ried on within certain limits and not
indiscriminately. Nevertheless, close in-
breeding, if attempted by anyone not
understanding the principles of selection,
may prove disastrous. It is far easier
to perpetuate a fault than to eradicate
one, and, therefore, great care should be
exercised in the animals selected for the
experiment of in-breeding.

Puppies should be allowed all the liberty
possible, and never be tied up : they
should be taken out for steady, gentle
exercise, and not permitted to get too fat
or they become too heavy, with detrimental
results to their legs. Many puppies are
very shy and nervous, but they will grow

out of this if kindly handled, and eventu-
ally become the best guard and protector
it is possible to have.

Some Mastiffs are possessed of strange
idiosyncrasies. Turk and many of his
descendants had a great antipathy to
butchers and butchers' shops. Neither of
my own two Mastiffs, Cardinal and Gwen-
dolen, would go near a butcher's shop if
it could be avoided, and I have frequently
been puzzled in walking through London
at four or five o'clock in the morning, on
my way to catch an early train to some
show, to know why these two dogs would
cross the road for no apparent reason, and
refuse to recross it until some way further
on. Eventually I discovered this invariably
happened when passing a butcher's shop.
At Norwich show Cardinal suddenly jumped
up and flew out at three visitors who
were standing admiring him. My man
remarked that there must be a butcher
close by, or the dog would never do such
a thing. The idea was laughed at, but
upon his saying he was sure it was so,
one of the three admitted that he was a
butcher.

The temper of a Mastiff should be taken
into consideration by the breeder. They
are, as a rule, possessed of the best of
tempers, but there may be, of course, an
exception now and again. A savage dog
with such power as the Mastiff possesses
is indeed a dangerous creature, and, there-
fore, some inquiries as to the temper of
a stud dog should be made before deciding
to use him. Although I have owned Mas-
tiffs for between thirty and forty years,
and at one time I kept a somewhat large
kennel of them, I have never had the
misfortune to have a bad-tempered one.
In these dogs, as in all others, it is a question
of how they are treated by the person
having charge of them.

The feeding of puppies is an important
matter, and should be carefully seen to
by anyone wishing to rear them success-
fully. If goat's milk is procurable it is
preferable to cow's milk. The price asked
for it is sometimes prohibitory, but this
difficulty may be surmounted in many

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

cases by keeping a goat or two on the
premises. Many breeders have obtained a
goat with the sole object of rearing a litter
of puppies on her milk, and have eventu-
ally discarded cow's milk altogether, using
goat's milk for household purposes instead.
As soon as the puppies will lap they should
be induced to take arrowroot prepared
with milk. Oatmeal and maizemeal, about
one quarter of the latter to three quarters
of the former, make a good food for puppies.
Dog biscuits and the various hound meals,
soaked in good broth, may be used with
advantage, but I do not believe any dogs,
especially Mastiffs, can be kept in con-
dition for any length of time without a
fair proportion of meat of some kind.
Sheeps' paunches, cleaned and well boiled,
mixed with sweet stale bread, previously
soaked in cold water, makes an excellent
food and can hardly be excelled as a staple
diet. In feeding on horseflesh care should
be taken to ascertain that the horse was
not diseased, especially if any is given
uncooked.

Worms are a constant source of trouble
from the earliest days of puppy-hood, and

no puppy suffering from them will thrive ;
every effort, therefore, should be made to
get rid of them. It has been asserted that
the use of goat's milk is a preventative
against worms, but I am afraid that very
little reliance can be placed on this state-
ment.

Constantly physicking puppies or grown
dogs is a mistake made by many Mastiff
owners, and still more so by their kennel-
men. With proper feeding, grooming, ex-
ercise, and cleanliness, Mastiffs can be kept
in good condition without resort to medicine,
the use of which should be strictly pro-
hibited unless there is real need for it.
Mastiffs kept under such conditions are
far more likely to prove successful stud
dogs and brood bitches than those to which
deleterious drugs are constantly being given.
Although, as I have said, puppies should
not be tied up, they should be accustomed
to a collar and to be led when young. A
dog is far less likely to be nervous in the
show ring if he has been led about when
young than one who has a collar and chain
on for the first time only a few hours before
he is sent off to some exhibition.

CH. ARCHIE OF HASLEMERE AND CH. CZAAR PETER BY CH. MARKSMAN — LYNDHURST ROSE.

THE PROPERTY OF ROBERT LEADBETTER, ESQ., M.F.H.
Photograph by Findlow &• Co., High \Vycombe.

STUDIES IN BULLDOG EXPRESSION.
Photograph by T. Rtvcley, Wantage.

LAMPHIER'S CH. KINO
DICK (BORN 1858)
EY TOMMY SLUT.

CHAPTER II.
THE BULLDOG.

BY W. J. STUBBS.

" Well, of all dogs it stands confessed
Your English bull-dogs are the best,
I say it, and will set my hand lo't,
Camden records it, and I'll stand to't."

CHRISTOPHER SMART, 1722-1770.

Bulldog is
known to have
been domi-
ciled in this country
for several centuries,
but many theories
are advanced as to
the origin of the
breed.

It is generally ad-
mitted to be a de-
scendant of the " Alaunt," Mastive, or
Bandog, described by Dr. Caius, who states
that " the mastyve or Bandogge is vaste,
huge, stubborne, ougly and eager, of a
hevy and burthenous body, and therefore
but of little swiftnesse, terrible and fright-
ful to beholde, and more fcarce and
fell than any Arcadian curre. They are
•called (in Latin) Villatici, because they

are appoynted to watche and keepe farrhe
places and country cotages sequestered from
common recourse and not abutting upon
other houses by reason of distaunce. They
arc serviceable against the Foxe and Badger
to drive wilde and tame swyne out of
medowes, pastures, glebelandes, and places
planted with fruite, to bayte and take the
bull by the eare when occasion so requireth.
One dogge, or two at the uttermost, sufficeth
for that purpose, be the bull never so mon-
sterous, never so fearce, never so furious,
never so stearne, never so untameable. For
it is a kinde of dogge capable of courage,
violent and valiaunt, striking could feare
into the harts of men but standing in
feare of no man, in so much that no weapons
will make him shrincke nor abridge his
boldnes. Our English men (to th' intent
that theyr dogges might be the more fell

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

and fearce) assist nature with arte, use and
custome, for they teach theyr dogges to
baite the Beare, to baite the Bull, and other
such like cruell and bloudy beastes (appoint-
ing an overseer of the game), without any
collar to defend theyr throtes, and often-
times they traine them up in fighting and
wrestling with a man having for the safe-
garde of his lyfe eyther a Pikestaffe, a

THE BULLDOG (1803).

From " The Sportsman's Cabinet." By P. Reinagle, R.A .

clubbe, or a sworde, and by using them
to such exercises as these theyr dogges
become more sturdy and strong. The force
which is in them surmounteth all beleefe,
the faste holde which they take with their
teeth exceedeth all credit ; three of them
against a Beare, foure against a lyon, are
sufficient both to try masteryes with them
and utterly to overmatch them. Which
Henry the seventh of that name, King of Eng-
land (a prince both politique and warlike),
perceaving on a certaine time, commaunded
all such dogges (how many soever they were
in number) should be hanged, beyng deeply
displeased, and conceaving great disdaine
that an yll faured rascall curre should with
such violent villany assault the valiaunt
L}'on King of all beastes."

The Bulldog was, however, well known
and appreciated for his unparalleled courage
by the ancient Romans, for, as already men-
tioned (p. 14), he is given the distinction of

pulling down a bull by Claudian, the last of
the Latin classic poets, in the words :

"The British hound

That brings the bull's big forehead to the
ground."

Symmachus also mentions the presence of
British Bulldogs at the Coliseum in Rome.
FitzStephen, who lived in the reign of
Henry II. (1154-1189), says it was
customary on the forenoon of every
holiday for young Londoners to
amuse themselves with bulls and
full-grown bears baited by dogs.
Spenser wrote (1553-1598) :

" Like as a mastiff, having at a bay
A salvage bull, whose cruell homes

do threat
Desperate daunger if he them assaye."

Hentzner in his itinerary, printed
in Latin (1598), describes the per-
formance of a bull baiting at
which he was present. He says:
" There is a place built in the form
of a theatre which serves for baiting
of bulls and bears ; they are fastened
behind and then worried by great
English bulldogs ; but not without
risk to the dogs ; and it sometimes happens
they are killed on the spot ; fresh ones
are immediately supplied in the places
of those that are wounded or tired."

The first mention of the word Bulldog
occurs in a letter, now in the Record Office,
written by Prestwich Eaton from St. Sebas-
tian to George Wellingham in St. Swithin's
Lane, London, in 1631 or 1632, " for a
good Mastive dogge, a case of bottles re-
plenished with the best lickour, and pray
proceur mee two good bulldoggs, and let
them be sent by ye first shipp."

The two following advertisements, pub-
lished in the reign of Queen Anne, are con-
tained in the Harleian MSS. :

" At the Bear Garden in Hockley in the
Hole, near Clerkenwell Green, this present
Monday, there is a great match to be fought
by two dogs of Hampstead, at the Reading
Bull, for one guinea to be spent ; five lets
goes out of hand ; which goes fairest and

THE BULLDOG.

farthest in wins all. The famous Bull of
fireworks, which pleased the gentry to
admiration. Likewise there are two Bear

horns, and the other end was secured to
an iron ring fixed to a stone or stake driven
into the ground. The dog kept his head

crawled on his belly to avoid being above
the animal's horns. The bull, on the other
hand, kept his nose close to the ground,

Dogs to jump three jumps apiece at the close to the ground, or if of large size, he
Beare, which jumps highest for ten shillings
to be spent. Also variety of bull-baiting
and bear-baiting ; it being a day of general
sport by all the old gamesters and a bull- and many of the veterans had sufficient
dog to be drawn up
with fireworks. Begin-
ning at three o'clock."

"At William Well's
bear garden in Tuttle
fields, Westminster, this
present Monday, there
will be a green Bull
baited ; and twenty
Dogs to fight for a
collar ; and the dog
that runs farthest and
fairest wins the collar ;
with other diversions
of bull- and bear-bait-
ing

" Beginning at two
of the clock."

The object aimed at
in the pursuit of bull-
baiting was that the
dog should pin and
hold the bull by the
muzzle, and not leave

it. The bull was naturally helpless
when seized in his most tender part. As
the bull lowered his head in order to use
his horns it was necessary for the dog to
keep close to the ground, or, in the words
of the old fanciers of the sport, to " play
low." Larger dogs were at a disadvantage
in this respect, and, therefore, those of
smaller proportions, which were quite as
suitable for the sport, were selected.

The average height of the dogs was
about 16 inches, and the weight was gener-
ally about 45 Ibs., whilst the body was
broad, muscular, and compact, as is shown
in the pictures of " Crib and Rosa " and
" Bull Broke Loose," which are reproduced
in these pages.

In bull-baiting a rope about fifteen feet
in length was fastened to the root of the

CRIB AND ROSA (1817).

FROM THE ENGRAVING BY JOHN SCOTT.

cunning, or instinct, to scrape a hole in
the ground for themselves when one was
not already provided, and would then
endeavour to toss the dog with his horns.

The actual ring for bull-baiting still
remains in several places in England, such
as Hedon, Preston, Colchester, and Brading,
in the Isle of Wight. Several towns, such
as Birmingham and Dorchester, retain
traces of the sport in the nomenclature of
the streets.

In the minute and carefully kept house-
hold accounts of Sir Miles Stapleton, pub-
lished in The Antiquary, reference is made
to the replacement of the ring for bull-
baiting, and the stone to which it was
fixed, in the market-place of Bedale, Yorks,
in 1661.

Pepys mentions in his diary that he was

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

BULL BROKE LOOSE (1820).
From an Old Print.

present at a bull-baiting in Southwark,
on August 4th, 1666, when the bull tossed
one of the dogs " into the very boxes,"
describing the performance as "a very
rude and nasty pleasure."

Bull-baiting lingered with us much longer
than bear-baiting, and was a far more
universal sport throughout England. The
baited bull was supposed to be more tender
for eating than when killed in the orthodox
manner, and in various boroughs the butchers
who sold unbaited bull beef were subjected
to considerable penalties. During the
Commonwealth the sport was condemned
by the Puritans, but subsequent to the
Restoration the pastime was generally re-
sumed with even greater zest.

In 1802 a Bill was introduced into Par-
liament for the suppression of bull-baiting,
but it was resisted, especially by Mr. Wind-
ham, as part of a conspiracy by the Jacobins
and Methodists to render the people grave
and serious, and to uproot constitutional
government !

Notwithstanding the efforts of Wilber-
force and Sheridan, the bill was defeated by
a majority of 13.

A worse fate befell a similar measure which
was introduced in 1829 ; it was defeated
by 73 votes to 28.

After the Reform Bill became law the
protests could no longer be set at naught,
and bull-baiting was made illegal in 1835.

The last recorded bull-baitings held in
England were at Wirksworth in 1840, at
Eccles in 1842, and at West Derby in 1853,
all of which, of course, were held in an
illicit manner.

When bull-baiting was prohibited by
law the sportsmen of the period turned their
attention to dog-fighting, and for this
pastime the Bulldogs were specially trained.
The chief centres in London where these
exhibitions took place were the Westminster
Pit, the Bear Garden at Bankside, and the
Old Conduit Fields in Bayswater.

In order to obtain greater quickness of
movement many of the Bulldogs were
crossed with a terrier, although some
fanciers relied on the pure breed. It is
recorded that Lord Camelford's Bulldog
Belcher fought one hundred and four
battles without once suffering defeat.

I quote from The Sporting Magazine of

THE BULLDOG.

1825 the following account of what, after
all, must have been an exhibition disgusting
to those who witnessed it and degrading to
the dogs themselves :—

" The Westminster Pit was crowded on
Tuesday evening, January i8th, with all
the dog fanciers in the metropolis to witness
a battle between the celebrated dog Boney
and a black novice called Gas, lately intro-
duced to the fancy by Charley, to whom
the dog belongs. The stakes were forty
sovereigns, and everything was arranged
to the satisfaction of the amateurs. The
pit was lighted with an elegant chandelier
and a profusion of wax lights. The dogs
were brought to the scratch at eight o'clock
in excellent condition, and were seconded
by their respective masters. Boney was
the favourite at 3 to i, and so continued
till within ten minutes of the termination
of the contest — a confidence arising solely
from his known bottom, for to the impartial
spectator Gas took the lead throughout.
The battle lasted an hour and fifty minutes,
when Boney was carried out insensible. He
was immediately bled and put into a warm

bath. There were nearly three hundred
persons present."

The method of conducting the fight was
for each dog in turn to cross a chalked
line and bring his opponent out of his
corner. The dogs were handled by their
keepers in the ring, and once they were
released they flew at each other's throats,
and having established a hold they pro-
ceeded to grind and tear each other to the
death.

The tactics adopted by the dogs varied
according to the training they had received.
Some would fight at the head, others at the
legs, which were frequently broken, whilst
others attempted to tear open the. throat.
When a dog loosened his hold to breathe
the " round " was terminated, and each
dog was taken to his respective corner and
sponged down by his keeper. A minute's
grace was allowed between each round, and
the fight sometimes lasted for two or three
hours.

It will be observed in the picture of the
Westminster Pit that three of the dogs
outside the arena are being forcibly held

WESTMINSTER PIT (182O).
From an Old I'rint.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

back from joining in the fray, into which they
appear to be eager to enter. As a matter
of fact, it was not necessary to incite the
dogs to fight, as they were only too anxious
to be at work, and while being restrained
they would scream with rage and lick their
lips in anticipation of what was to follow.
In order that the ears might not form an
easy object to hold they were usually
cropped close to the head, and this practice
was generally followed well into the 'seven-
ties. Dog-fighting gradually declined dur-
ing the middle of the last century, and
practically ceased thirty years ago.

Practices of this nature doubtless led
to the lack of interest taken in the breed,
and to the expression of opinion in British
Field Sports that " the Bulldog devoted
solely to the most barbarous and infamous
purposes, the real blackguard of his species,
has no claim upon utility, humanity, or
common sense, and the total extinction
of the breed is a desirable consummation " ;
whilst in Parliament he was described as
the incarnation of ferocity, loving blood-
shed and combat, and the cause of the
perpetuation of the cruelties which it was
desired to suppress.

There is no doubt that the Bulldog knew
no fear. His tenacity of purpose was
present even in his death struggles. Colonel
Smith, writing in 1840, states that he saw
a Bulldog pinning an American bison and
holding his nose down till the animal
gradually brought forward its hind feet,
and, crushing the dog to death, tore his
muzzle, most dreadfully mangled, out of
the dog's fangs.

The decline of bull-baiting and dog-
fighting after the passing of the Bill pro-
hibiting these sports was responsible for
a lack of interest m perpetuating the breed
of Bulldogs. Even in 1824 it was said to
be degenerating, and gentlemen who had
previously been the chief breeders gradually
deserted the fancy.

At one time it was stated that Wasp,
Child, and Billy, who were of the Duke of
Hamilton's strain, were the only remaining
Bulldogs in existence, and that upon their
decease the Bulldog would become extinct —

a prophecy which all Bulldog lovers happily
find incorrect.

The specimens alive in 1817, as seen in
prints of that period, were not so cloddy
as those met with on the show bench at
the present day. Still, the outline of Rosa
in the well-known print of Crib and Rosa,
which is reproduced on p. 35, is considered
to represent perfection in the shape, make,
and size of the ideal type of Bulldog. The
only objections which have been taken are
that the bitch is deficient in wrinkles about
the head and neck, and in substance of
bone in the limbs.

The following description of the Bull-
dog contained in Goldsmith's " Animated
Nature," 1840 edition, affords interest to
present-day readers, inasmuch as modern
breeding and environment have eliminated
the worst, and improved the best charac-
teristics of the dog : " The round, thick head,
turned-up nose, and thick, pendulous lips
of this formidable dog are familiar to all.
The nostrils of this variety are frequently
cleft. The want of that degree of discern-
ment which is found in so many of the
canine varieties, added to the ferocity of
the bulldog, make it extremely dangerous
when its courage and strength are employed
to protect the person or property of its
owner, or for any domestic purpose ; since,
unlike many of the more sagacious, though
less powerful dogs, which seem rather more
anxious to give the alarm when danger
threatens, by their barking, than to proceed
immediately to action, the bulldog, in
general, makes a silent but furious attack,
and the persisting powers of its teeth and
jaws enable it to keep its hold against any
but the greatest efforts, so that the utmost
mischief is likely to ensue, as well to the
innocent visitor of its domicile as to the
felonious intruder. The savage barbarity
which, in various shapes, is so apt to show
itself in the human mind, particularly when
unchecked by education and refinement,
has encouraged the breed of this variety
of the dog, in order that gratification may
be derived from the madness and torture
of the bull and other animals, when exposed
to the attacks of these furious beasts ; and

THE BULLDOG.

it is observed that since the decline of such
sports, Bulldogs have diminished in num-
ber— an instance whence we may learn
how much the efforts of mankind operate
on the domesticated genera of the animal
kingdom.

' The internal changes which determine
the external characteristics of this dog
consist in a great development of the
frontal sinuses, a development which elevates
the bones of the forehead above the nose,
and which leads in the same direction the
cerebral cavity. But the most important
change, and that, perhaps, which causes
all the others, although we cannot perceive
the connexion, is the diminution of the
brain. The cerebral capacity of the Bull-
dog is sensibly smaller than in any other
race, and it is doubtless to the decrease
of the encephalon that we must attribute
its inferiority to all others in everything
relating to intelligence. The Bulldog is
scarcely capable of any education, and is
fitted for nothing but combat and ferocity.
A fifth toe is occasionally found more or
less developed on the hind feet of this race.
This, like all other races far removed from
the primitive type, is difficult of repro-
duction. Their life, also, is short, though
their development is slow, they scarcely
acquire maturity under eighteen months,
and at five or six years show signs of de-
crepitude."

The commencement of the dog-show era
in 1859 enabled classes to be provided for
Bulldogs, and a fresh incentive to breed
them was offered to the dog fancier. In
certain districts of the country, notably
in London, Birmingham, Sheffield, Man-
chester, and Dudley, a number of fanciers
resided, and it is to their efforts that we
are indebted for the varied specimens of the
breed that are to be seen on the modern
show bench.

Amongst others in this connection may
be mentioned Messrs. J. W. Berrie, of
Tooting ; T. Verinder, J. Ashburne, B. White,
W. George, C. Aistrop, P. Rust, and
H. Layton, of London ; G. W. Richards,
F. Lamphier, and T. Turton, of Sheffield ;
J. Lamphier, J. Hinks, and F. Reeves, of

Birmingham ; J. Henshall and Peter Eden,
of Manchester ; and A. Clay, of Wolver-
hampton ; several of whom are still living.

One of the first specimens, if not actually
the first, exhibited which was worthy of
the name of Bulldog, belonged to Mr. James
Hinks, of Birmingham. He was a white
dog, and gained the first prize at Birming-
ham in i$6o. He was priced for sale at
ten guineas.

In 1864, at the Agricultural Hall in
London, forty Bulldogs were on exhibition,
and Mr. Jacob Lamphier, of Soho Street,
Birmingham, won the first prize with his
celebrated dog Champion King Dick, who
was by Tommy ex Slut. This dog was
48 Ibs. in weight, and a red smut in colour,
and is admitted to have been one of the
best Bulldogs that ever lived. He was
born in 1858, and died when eight years
of age, a few days after the demise of his
master.

As a proof — if any were needed — of the
devotion, fidelity, and affection of the
Bulldog, the following account of the death
of this grand dog will be read with interest.

Mr. Lamphier was afflicted with con-
sumption, and at intervals, during the
last twelve months of his life, was confined
to his room. King Dick, being a great
favourite, was his constant companion.
In April, 1866, Mr. Lamphier died. Dick
was at the time confined to the yard, and
continued to be so until after the funeral.
The first day he was let loose he instantly
rushed upstairs into his master's room and
made straight for the easy chair in which
his master used to sit, but it was vacant ;
he put his paws on the bed, looked under
it, rushed backwards and forwards crying
piteously, ran to a back room which he
searched thoroughly ; coming back, he
went to the chair and bed again. Miss
Lamphier, who was in the room, tried to
comfort him, but without success ; he
lay down on the rug before the fire, and
never seemed to lift his head up again.
No caress, no endearments, could rouse
him. He refused all food that was offered
to him, and it was with great difficulty
that he was drenched with some beef tea.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Stimulants were also given to him, but all
was of no avail ; he gradually fell away
from the fat, heavy dog that he had been
to a complete skeleton, and on the fourth

MR. H. LAYTCN'S ROYAL GEORGE

(BORN 1878) BY CRIB ROSE.

day after he had missed his old master
King Dick himself was dead.

Among the chief prize winners of the
'sixties and 'seventies from which the
present-day dogs are descended may be
mentioned Old King Cole, King Cole,
Champions Venom, .Monarch, and Game-
ster, who were bred by Mr. J. W. Berrie ;
Champion Duke, by the Duke of Hamilton ;
Champion Smasher, by Mr. -Harry Layton ;
Champions Ruling Passion, His Lordship,
and Cigarette, and Lord Nelson, by Tom
Ball, of Peckham ; Champion Queen Mab,
by Fred Reeves ; Champion Crib, Thunder,
and Sir Anthony, by Fred Lamphier, and
Champions Sancho Panza and Diogenes, by
Mr. P. Rust.

Of these probably the dog which is
owned as a sire by most of the modern
dogs is Champion Crib, who was a heavy-
weight brindle dog, with an immense skull,
short in back and limbs, without being in
any way a cripple or monstrosity. He was
purchased from Mr. Lamphier by Mr.
Turton — hence his common sobriquet of
Turton's Crib — and was never beaten in
the show ring.

His mating with Mr. Berrie's Rose, Mr.
Lamphier's Meg, Mr. Rust's Miss Smiff,
and Mr. W. Beckett's Kit, established the
four great prize-winning strains of our own
time, although there are several other
strains which do not descend from Crib.

Of the contemporary strains we find a
large proportion of dogs trace their descent
from Mr. Fred Reeves' Stockwell, who was
sired by Don Pedro, who himself was by
the Dudley nosed Sahib, belonging to the
Crib-Kit strain. The general characteristics
of the Stockwell strain are good heads and
bodies, and the best representatives of
the strain are Champions Dimboola, Boaz,
Baron Sedgemere, Housewife, and Battle-
dora, Barney Barnato, True Type, Bala-
clava, Amber Duchess, Jack of Spades,
Uxbridge Matadore, and Spa Victoria.

Don Salano, who was a litter brother to
Stockwell, is also very fully represented
by present-day dogs, the chief characteristics
of the strain being found in their lowness
to ground, well - defined but sometimes
small skulls, and good body properties.
The best dogs of this strain are Champions
Bicester Beauty, Felton Prince, Totora, and

MR. H. LAYTON'S CH. GAMESTER
(BORN 1878) BY CRIB ROSE.

Pressgang, Cyclops, First Attempt, High-
wayman, Khalifa — the sire of Champion
Mahomet — Lord Francis, Ivy Leaf, Lucy
Venn, Don Perseus, and Don Alexis the

THE BULLDOG.

last of whom in turn sired Champion
Primula, Birkdale Beauty, Don Cervantes,
Woodcote Galtee More, and Merlin.
The Bruce strain is noted for its long

MRS. SPRAGUE'S CH. GRABBER
(BORN issi) BY REEVES' CRIB — ZULU.

skulls possessing the desired properties of
distance between the eyes and from the
eyes to the ears. The ears are small, and
usually set neatly on the head. Champion
Bedgebury Lion, a brindle pied dog, was
by The Alderman, who in turn was by
Bruce II. He was born August i6th, 1888,
and was bred by Mr. Beresford Hope.
He had a wide, flat skull, large nostrils,
good ears, and turn-up of under] aw, but
might have been wider out at the shoulders.
He created quite a sensation when brought
out as a nine-months' old puppy at the Bull-
dog Club Show in 1889. Some writers
indicate a definite strain from Bedgebury
Lion, but the real properties are derived
from Bruce II., who was by Gamester,
and therefore of the Crib — Rose strain. The
best-known dogs of the Bruce strain are
The Alderman, Satan II., The Antiquary
(later known as Master Bruce), Mersham
Jock, Banana, Enfield Tartlet, Boom-de-ay,
Captain Jack, Pyecrust, Shylock, and Baby
Bacchus.

The King Orry strain stands out promin-
ently as being noted for producing big,

long-skulled dogs, with good lay-back, well
turned-up under] aws, and neat ears. The
bodies are usually well shaped. Many
present-day winners belong to this strain,
and are good in the foregoing properties.

King Orry, born on January 25th, 1889,
was bred by Mr. Tasker, and was a white
dog with black and brindle markings. He
was by Pagan, e% Koorie, and therefore
also of the Crib — Rose strain.

The best known dogs of the King Orry
strain are Champions Boomerang, Broad-
lea Squire, Katerfelto, Felton Duchess,
Facey Romford, and Prince Albert, Kata-
pult, Duke of Albemarle, Diavolo, Bombard,
Demon Monarch, Forlorn, First Success,
President Carnot, and General French.

The Prisoner strain is of recent date, but
it has certain well-defined properties, not-
ably the width and turn-up of under] aw.
Other characteristics are large skulls, well
broken-up faces, and good sound bodies,
but the ears are inclined to be heavy.

Prisoner was by First Result, who be-
longed to the Don Salano strain, and his
other ancestors were Champion Pathfinder
(who had an exceptionally well turned-

MR. G. R. MURRELL'S KING ORRY
(BORN 1889) BY PAGAN KOORIE.

up under] aw, and was the grandson of
Champion Monarch, who in turn was of
the Crib — Rose strain) and Champion His
Lordship, who was by Don Pedro, who

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

MR. W. F JEFFERIES' RIVAL STONE BY BRITISH STONE BANZIA STONE.

Photograph by The Art Portrait Co., Camberwell.

belonged to the Crib — Kit strain. It will
be seen that dogs of the Prisoner strain
are well outcrossed, seeing that they com-
bine two of the four original strains. The
best representatives are Champion Port-
land, Klondike, Fugitive, Persephone, Cham-
pion Lady Bute, Lord Milner, Stealaway,
and Kilburn King.

The most sensational strain of dogs at
the present day is that founded by Mr.
Jefferies, as a result of mating his Lucy
Loo with Mr. R. G. S. Mann's John of the

Funnels, who was by Wadsley Jack, and,
therefore, of the Crib — Miss Smiff strain.
One of the puppies of the resulting litter
was later known to the fancy as Champion
Rodney Stone, and had the distinction
of being the first Bulldog to be sold for
£1,000. He was purchased by Mr. R.
Croker, of New York. Rodney Stone
had, together with his son Buckstone, the
remarkable property of stamping his ex-
pression and body properties on resulting
progeny to several generations. The writer

THE BULLDOG.

has frequently recognised the wide front,
the distinctive appearance of the eyes, and
the turned-up under jaw in dogs of the third
generation who have only claimed Rodney
Stone once as a sire in their pedigree.

The following prize-winning dogs are all
descended from Champion Rodney Stone,
and the list comprises some of the best

dogs of the present day : Champion Regal
Stone, Buckstone, True Type, Lodestone,
Stolid Joe, Comely Maid, Champion Park-
holme Crib, Stonecrop, Champion Thackeray
Primstone, Rosewarne Grabber, Rhoda
Stone, Royal Stone, Lucy Stone, Buxom
Stone, John Campbell, Champion Rufus
Stone, Lady Albertstone, and Champion

THE CELEBRATED ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CH. RODNEY STONE

BY JOHN OF THE FUNNELS LUCY LOO.

BRED BY MR. WALTER JEFFERIES.
Photograph by T. Keveley, Wantage.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Beowulf. Other equally famous dogs of
this strain are Rex Stone, British Stone,
and Dick Stone, but they have never been
exhibited on the show bench. All these
dogs have good wide fronts, small ears,
long square skulls with plenty of cushion,
and good turn-up of under jaw. The bodies
as a rule are good, but in some specimens
there is a tendency to sink the first rib
behind the shoulder.

Among other good dogs well known in
the prize ring, but which, owing to out-
crosses or being descended from some of
the contemporaries of Champion Crib, arc
not properly belonging to the foregoing
strains, are Champion Ivel Doctor, who
sired the present-day winners, Champions
Nuthurst Doctor and Hampshire Lily ;
Bapton Monarch, by Avenger, who sired
Champion Woodcote Chinosol ; Champion
Bromley Crib, who sired Swashbuckler — a
present-day pillar of the stud book — who
in turn sired Champions Moston Michael
and Woodcote Sally Lunn, Octavia and
Felton Peer ; Carthusian Cerberus, who
sired Champion Heywood Duchess, who is
the dam of the sensational half-sisters,
Champions Silent Duchess and Kitty Royal,
two of the three best living bitches at
present exhibited.

In forming a judgment of a Bulldog the
general appearance is of most importance,
as the various points of the dog should be
symmetrical and well balanced, no one
point being in excess of the others so as
to destroy the impression of determination,
strength, and activity which is conveyed
by the typical specimen. His body should
be thickset, rather low in stature, but
broad, powerful, and compact. The head
should be strikingly massive and large in
proportion to the dog's size. It cannot be
too large so long as it is square ; that is,
it must not be wider than it is deep. The
larger the head in circumference, caused
by the prominent cheeks, the greater the
quantity of muscle to hold the jaws to-
gether. The head should be of great depth
from the occiput to the base of the lower
jaw, and should not in any way be wedge-
shaped, dome-shaped, or peaked. In cir-

cumference the skull should measure in
front of the ears at least the height of the
dog at the shoulders. The cheeks should
be well rounded, extend sideways beyond
the eyes, and be well furnished with muscle.
Length of skull — that is, the distance be-
tween the eye and the ear — is very desirable.
The forehead should be flat, and the skin
upon it and about the head very loose,
hanging in large wrinkles. The temples, or
frontal bones, should be very prominent,
broad, square and high, causing a wide
and deep groove known as the " stop "
between the eyes, and should extend up
the middle of the forehead, dividing the
head vertically, being traceable at the top
of the skull. The expression " well broken
up " is used where this stop and furrow
are well marked, and if there is the at-
tendant looseness of skin the animal's
expression is well finished.

The face, when measured from the front
of the cheek-bone to the nose, should be
short, and its skin should be deeply and
closely wrinkled. Excessive shortness of
face is not natural, and can only be obtained
by the sacrifice of the " chop." Such
shortness of face makes the dog appear
smaller in head and less formidable than
he otherwise would be. Formerly this
shortness of face was artificially obtained
by the use of the " jack," an atrocious form
of torture, by which an iron instrument
was used to force back the face by means
of thumbscrews. The nose should be
rough, large, broad, and black, and this
colour should extend to the lower lip ; its
top should be deeply set back, almost be-
tween the eyes. The distance from the
inner corner of the eye to the extreme tip
of the nose should not be greater than the
length from the tip of the nose to the edge
of the under lip. The nostrils should be
large and wide, with a well-defined straight
line visible between them. The largeness
of nostril, which is a very desirable property,
is possessed by few of the recent prize-
winners.

When viewed in profile the tip of the nose
should touch an imaginary line drawn from
the extremity of the lower jaw to the top

THE BULLDOG.

of the centre of the skull. This angle of the
nose and face is known as the layback,
and can only properly be ascertained by
viewing the dog from the side.

Dogs having flesh-coloured noses are
called " Dudleys " on account of a strain of
such animals having been kept at Dudley
in Worcestershire. Dogs possessing this
blemish have invariably light-coloured eyes
and a yellow appearance in the face gener-
ally. Although the Bulldog Club decreed
in 1884 that dogs having Dudley noses
should be disqualified from winning prizes
at any show, it is of interest to point out
that the special prize for the best dog in
the show was awarded at the Bulldog
Club's first show in 1876 to Bacchus, who
had this defect. Another good dog with
a Dudley nose was Sahib, the sire of Don
Pedro, who in turn was the sire of such
good dogs as Champions Dryad, Don Salano,
Kitty Cole, His Lordship, and Cigarette.
Efforts are being made to breed out this
defect, although otherwise good specimens
still occasionally appear from certain well-
known strains. Other dogs have a parti-
coloured or " butterfly " nose, which detracts
from their general appearance, but, unlike
Dudleys, they are not disqualified for the
blemish.

The inclination backward of the nose
allows a free passage of the air into the
nostrils whilst the dog is holding his quarry.
It is apparent that if the mouth did not
project beyond the nose, the nostrils would
be flat against the part to which the dog
was fixed, and breathing would then be
stopped.

The upper lip, called the " chop," or
flews, should be thick, broad, pendant and
very deep, hanging completely over the
lower jaw at the sides, but only just join-
ing the under lip in front, yet covering
the teeth completely. The amount of
" cushion " which a dog may have is
dependent upon the thickness of the flews.
The lips should not be pendulous.

The upper jaw should be broad, massive,
and square, the tusks being wide apart,
whilst the lower jaw, being turned up-
wards, should project in front of the upper.

The teeth should be large and strong,
and the six small teeth between the tusks
should be in an even row. The upper
jaw cannot be too broad between the tusks.
If the upper and lower jaws are level,
and the muzzle is not turned upwards
the dog is said to be " down-faced," whilst
if the underjaw is not undershot he is said
to be " froggy." A " wry-faced " dog is
one having the lower jaw twisted, and this
deformity so detracts from the general
appearance of the dog as seriously to
handicap him in the show-ring.

The underjaw projects beyond the upper
in order to allow the dog, when running
directly to the front, to grasp the bull, and,
when fixed, to give him a firmer hold. The
eyes, seen from the front, should be situated
low down in the skull, as far from the ears,
the nose, and each other as possible, but
quite in front of the forehead, so long as
their corners are in a straight line at right
angles with the stop, and in front of the
forehead. They should be a little above
the level of the base of the nasal bone,
and should be quite round in shape, of
moderate size, neither sunken nor promi-
nent, and be as black in colour as possible—
almost, if not quite, black, showing no white
when looking directly to the front.

A good deal of a Bulldog's appearance
depends on the quality, shape, and carriage
of his ears. They should be small and thin,
and set high on the head ; that is, the
front inner edge of each ear should, as
viewed from the front, join the outline
of the skull at the top corner of such out-
line, so as to place them as wide apart,
as high, and as far from the eyes as possible.
The shape should be that which is known
as " rose," in which the ear folds inward at
the back, the upper or front edge curving
over outwards and backwards, showing
part of the inside of the burr. If the ears
are placed low on the skull they give an
apple-headed appearance to the dog. If
the ear falls in front, hiding the interior,
as is the case with a Fox-terrier, it is said
to " button," and this type is highly objec-
tionable. Unfortunately, within the last
few years the " button " and " semi-tulip "

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

ear have been rather prevalent amongst the
specimens on the show bench.

If the ear is carried erect it is known as
a " tulip " ear, and this form also is objec-

TJ-r

nL A^-^

^^^•K^£^^^jM^^^^M

MRS. EDGAR WATERLOWS CH. NUTHURST

DOCTOR (BORN 1901)

BY CH. IVEL DOCTOR CH. PRIMULA.

tionable. Nevertheless, at the beginning
of the nineteenth century two out of every
three dogs possessed ears of this description.

The neck should be moderate in length,
very thick, deep, muscular, and short, but
of sufficient length to allow it to be well
arched at the back, commencing at the
junction with the skull. There should
be plenty of loose, thick, and wrinkled
skin about the throat, forming a dewlap
on each side from the lower jaw to the
chest.

The chest should be very wide laterally,
round, prominent, and deep, making the
dog appear very broad and short-legged
in front. The shoulders should be broad,
the blades sloping considerably from the
body ; they should be deep, very powerful,
and muscular, and should be flat at the top
and play loosely from the chest.

The brisket should be capacious, round,
and very deep from the top of the shoulder
to the lowest part, where it joins the chest,

and be well let down between the forelegs.
It should be large in diameter, and round
behind the forelegs, neither flat-sided nor
sinking, which it will not do provided
that the first and succeeding ribs are well
rounded. The belly should be well tucked
up and not pendulous, a small narrow
waist being greatly admired. The desired
object in body formation is to obtain great
girth at the brisket, and the smallest
possible around the waist, that is, the
loins should be arched very high, when the
dog is said to have a good " cut-up."

The back should be short and strong,
very broad at the shoulder and com-
paratively narrow at the loins. The back
should rise behind the shoulders in a grace-
ful curve to the loins, the top of which
should be higher than the top of the
shoulders, thence curving again more sud-
denly to the tail, forming an arch known
as the " roach " back, which is essentially
a characteristic of the breed, though, un-
fortunately, many leading prize-winners of
the present day are entirely deficient in

MR. L. CRABTREE'S CH. BOOMERANG

(BORN 1893) BY KING ORRY MILDURA.

Pltotograph by Hedges, Lytham.

this respect. Some dogs dip very con-
siderably some distance behind the shoulders
before the upward curve of the spine begins,
and these are known as " swamp-backed " ;

THE BULLDOG.

others rise in an almost straight line to
the root of the tail, and are known as
" stern-high."

The tail should be set on low, jut out
rather straight, then turn downwards, the
end pointing horizontally. It should be
quite round in its whole length, smooth
and devoid of fringe or coarse hair. It
should be moderate in length, rather short
than long, thick at the root, and taper
quickly to a fine point. It should have
a downward carriage, and the dog should
not be able to raise it above the level of the
backbone. The tail should not curve at
the end, otherwise it is known as " ring-
tailed." The ideal length of tail is about
six inches.

Many fanciers demand a " screw " or
" kinked " tail, that is, one having con-
genital dislocations at the joints, but such
appendages are not desirable in the best
interests of the breed.

The forelegs should be very stout and
strong, set wide apart, thick, muscular, and
short, with well-developed muscles in the
calves, presenting a rather bowed outline,

MR. L CRABTREE'S CH. KATERFELTO

'BORN 1893) BY KING ORRY MILDURA.

Photograph by T. Fait.

but the bones of the legs must be straight,

the back appear long or detract from the
dog's activity and so cripple him.

The elbows should be low and stand well
away from the ribs so as to permit the body

MR. J. w. PROCTOR'S CH. KITTY ROYAL (BORN 1904)

BY CH. PRINCE ALBERT CH. HEYWOOD DUCHESS.

Photograph by Bell, Heywood.

to swing between them. If this property
be absent the dog is said to be " on the
leg." The ankles or pasterns should be
short, straight, and strong. The forefeet
should be straight and turn very slightly
outwards ; they should be of medium size
and moderately round, not too long or
narrow, whilst the toes should be thick,
compact, and well split up, making the
knuckles prominent and high.

The hindlegs, though of slighter build than
the forelegs, should be strong and muscular.
They should be longer, in proportion, than
the forelegs in order to elevate the loins.
The stifles should be round and turned
slightly outwards, away from the body,
thus bending the hocks inward and the
hindfeet outward. The hocks should be
well let down, so that the leg is long and
muscular from the loins to the point of
the hock, which makes the pasterns short,

large, and not bandy or curved. They but these should not be so short as those
should be rather short in proportion to of t^e forelegs. The hindfeet, whilst being
the hindlegs, but not so short as to make smaller than the forefeet, should be round

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

and compact, with the toes well split up,
and the knuckles prominent.

The most desirable weight for a Bulldog
is about 50 Ibs.

The coat should be fine in texture, short,
close, and smooth, silky when stroked from
the head towards the tail owing to its
closeness, but not wiry when stroked in
the reverse direction.

The colour should be whole or smut,
the latter being a whole colour with a
black mask or muzzle. It should be
brilliant and pure of its sort. The colours
in order of merit are, first, whole colours
and smuts, viz. brindles, reds, white, with

MR. JAMES DUNCAN'S CH. MAHOMET

(BORN 1901) BY KHALIFA LADY DOROTHY

Photograph bv W. P. Daiido, F.Z.S.

their varieties, as whole fawns, fallows,
etc., and, secondly, pied and mixed colours.
Opinions differ considerably on the colour
question ; one judge will set back a fawn
and put forward a pied dog, whilst others
will do the reverse. Occasionally one comes
across specimens having a black-and-tan
colour, which, although not mentioned in
the recognised standard as being debarred,
do not as a rule figure in the prize list.
Some of the best specimens which the writer
has seen have been black-and-tans, and a
few years ago on his awarding a first prize
to a bitch of this colour, a long but non-
conclusive argument was held in the canine
press. Granted that the colour is objection-
able, a dog which scores in all other properties

should not be put down for this point alone,
seeing that in the dog-fighting days there
were many specimens of this colour.

In action the Bulldog should have a
peculiarly heavy and constrained gait, a
rolling, or " slouching " movement, appear-
ing to walk with short, quick steps on the
tip of his toes, his hindfeet not being lifted
high but appearing to skim the ground,
and running with the right shoulder rather
advanced, similar to the manner of a horse
when cantering.

The foregoing minute description of the
various show points of a Bulldog indicates
that he should have the appearance of a
thick-set Ayrshire or Highland bull. In
stature he should be low to the ground,
broad and compact, the body being carried
between and not on the forelegs. He
should stand over a great deal of ground,
and have the appearance of immense power.
The height of the foreleg should not exceed
the distance from the elbow to the centre of
the back, between the shoulder blades.

Considerable importance is attached to
the freedom and activity displayed by the
animal in its movements. Deformed joints,
or weakness, are very objectionable. The
head should be strikingly massive and
carried low, the face short, the muzzle very
broad, blunt, and inclined upwards. The
body should be short and well-knit, the
limbs, stout and muscular. The hind-
quarters should be very high and strong,
but rather lightly made in comparison
with the heavily-made fore-parts.

As an indication of the relative value
of the points mentioned in the foregoing
description the following standard of points
is inserted :—

Mouth . . Width and squareness

of jaw . . 2
Projection and up-
ward turn of lower
jaw . . .2
Size and condition of
of teeth . . i

—5

Chop . . . Breadth . . 2

Depth . . .2
Complete covering of
front teeth . i

—5

THE FAMOUS BULLDOG CH. SILENT DUCHESS BY STOLID JOE CH. HEYWOOD DUCHESS.

OWNED BY MR. AND MRS. ARTHUR MAYOR, BIERTON, AYLESBURY

FROM THE PAINTING BY FRANCES C. FAIRMAN

THE BULLDOG.

Face .

Stop . . .

Skull . .

Eyes •

Ears .

Chest 6- Neck

Shoulders

Body .

Back Roach

Forelegs .

Hind Legs

Shortness

Breadth .

Depth .

Shape and upward

turn of muzzle .

Wrinkles .

—5

Depth .

Breadth .

Extent .

—5

Size

Height .

Breadth and square-

ness .

Shape

Wrinkles

—15

Position .

Size

Shape

Colour

Position „

Shape

Size

Thinness

—5

Length .

Thickness

Arch

Dewlap .

Width, depth, and

roundness of chest

—5

Size

Breadth .

Muscle

—5

Depth and thickness

of brisket .

Capacity and round-

ness of ribs

—5

Shortness

Width of shoulders .

Shape, strength, and

arch of loin

—5

Stoutness

i"i

Shortness

Development .

Feet

—5

Stoutness

Length .

Shape and develop-

ment .

Feet

--5

Size

Coat

Tail

General appearance

Total

IOO

Whilst I do not wish to encroach upon
the chapters in this work devoted to the
care and ^veterinary treatment of dogs in
general. I yet feel that it is desirable to
touch upon certain matters affecting the
Bulldog in particular.

It must be acknowledged, in the first
place, that there are many strains of this
breed which are constitutionally unsound.
For this reason it is important that the
novice should give very careful considera-
tion to his first purchase of a Bulldog. He
should ascertain beyond all doubt, not only
that his proposed purchase is itself sound
in wind and limb, but that its sire and dam
are, and have been, in similarty healthy
condition. The dog to be chosen should
be physically strong and show pronounced
muscular development. If these require-
ments are present and the dog is in no sense
a contradiction of the good qualities of its
progenitors, but a justification of its pedigree,
care and good treatment will do the rest.
It is to be remembered, however, that a
Bulldog may be improved by judicious
exercise. When at exercise, or taking a
walk with his owner, the young dog should
always be held by a leash. He will in-
variably pull vigorously against this re-
straint, but such action is beneficial, as it
tends to develop the muscles of the shoulders
and front of the body.

When taking up the Bulldog fancy,
nine out of every ten novices choose to
purchase a male. I always advise the
contrary course and recommend a bitch.
The female is an equally good com-
panion in the house or on the road ; she
is not less affectionate and faithful ; and
when the inevitable desire to attempt
to reproduce the species is reached the
beginner has the means at once available.

It is always difficult for the uninitiated
to select what is likely to be a good dog
from the nest. In choosing a puppy care

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

should be taken to ensure that it has plenty
of bone in its limbs, and these should be
fairly short and wide ; the nostrils should be
large and the face as short as possible. The
chop should be thick and heavily wrinkled
and the mouth square. There should be a
distinct indent in the upper jaw, where the
bone will eventually curve, whilst the lower
jaw should show sings of curvature and
protrude slightly in front of the upper jaw.

MESSRS. JEFFERIES AND STUBBS1 RYLSTONE
BY BRITISH STONE SALLY STONE.

The teeth from canine to canine, including
the six front teeth, should be in a straight
line.

See that the ears are very small and thin,
and the eyes set well apart. The puppy
having these properties, together with a
domed, peaked, or " cocoanut " shaped
skull, is the one which, in nine cases out of
ten, will eventually make the best headed
dog of the litter.

The breeding of Bulldogs requires un-
limited patience, as success is very diffi-
cult to attain. The breeder who can rear
five out of every ten puppies born may be
considered fortunate. It is frequently found
in what appears to be a healthy lot of
puppies that some of them begin to whine
and whimper towards the end of the first
day, and in such cases the writer's experi-
ence is that there will be a speedy burial.

It may be that the cause is due to some
acidity of the milk, but in such a case one
would expect that similar difficulty would
be experienced with the remainder of the

litter, but this is not the usual result.
Provided that the puppies can be kept alive
until the fourth day, it may be taken that
the chances are well in favour of ultimate
success.

Many breeders object to feeding the mother
with meat at this time, but the writer
recently had two litter sisters who whelped
on the same day, and he decided to try
the effect of a meat versus farinaceous
diet upon them. As a result the bitch
who was freely fed with raw beef reared a
stronger lot of puppies, showing better
developed bone, than did the one who
was fed on milk and cereals.

Similarly, in order that the puppy, after
weaning, may develop plenty of bone and
muscle, it is advisable to feed once a day
upon finely minced raw meat. I am ac-
quainted with two successful breeders who
invariably give to each puppy a teaspoonful
of cod liver oil in the morning and a similar
dose of extract of malt in the evening,
with the result that there are never any
rickety or weak dogs in the kennels, whilst
the development of the bones in the skull
and limbs is most pronounced.

Owing to their lethargic disposition, young
Bulldogs are somewhat liable to indigestion,
and during the period of puppyhood it is
of advantage to give them a tablespoonful
of lime water once a day in their milk food.

Many novices are in doubt as to the best
time to breed from a Bull bitch, seeing
that oestrum is present before she is fully
developed. It may be taken as practically
certain that it is better for her to be allowed
to breed at her first heat. Nature has so
arranged matters that a Bull bitch is not
firmly set in her bones until she reaches
an age of from twelve to eighteen months,
and therefore she will have less difficulty
in giving birth to her offspring if she be
allowed to breed at this time. Great mor-
tality occurs in attempting to breed from
maiden bitches exceeding three years of
age, as the writer knows to his cost.

It is desirable, in the case of a young bitch
having her first litter, for her master or mis-
tress to -be near her at the time, in order
to render any necessary assistance ; but

THE BULLDOG.

such attentions should not be given unless
actual necessity arises.

Some bitches with excessive lay-back
and shortness of face have at times a diffi-
culty in releasing the puppy from the
membrane in which it is born, and in such
a case it is necessary for the owner to open
this covering and release the puppy, gently
shaking it about in the box until it coughs
and begins to breathe.

The umbilical cord should be severed from
the afterbirth about four inches from the
puppy, and this will dry up and fall away
in the course of a couple of days.

In general, it is true economy for the
Bulldog breeder to provide a foster-mother
in readiness for the birth of the expected
litter ; especially is this so in the case of a
first litter, where the qualifications for
nursing by the mother are unknown.
Where there are more than five puppies it is
also desirable to obtain a foster-mother in
order that full nourishment may be given
to the litter by both mothers.

The best time of the year for puppies
to be born is in the spring, when, owing to
the approaching warm weather, they can
lead an outdoor life. By the time they are
six months old they should have sufficient
stamina to enable them to withstand the
cold of the succeeding winter. It has been
ascertained that Bulldogs which have been
reared out of doors are the least liable to
suffer from indigestion, torpidity of the
liver, asthma or other chest ailments,
whilst they invariably have the hardiest
constitution.

Bulldogs generally require liberal feeding,
and should have a meal of dry biscuit the
first thing in the morning, whilst the even-
ing meal should consist of a good stew of
butcher's offal poured over broken bis-
cuit, bread, or other cereal food. In the
winter time it is advantageous to soak a

tablespoonful of linseed in water over-
night, and after the pods have opened
turn the resulting jelly into the stew pot.
This ensures a fine glossy coat, and is of
value in toning up the intestines. Care
must, however, be taken not to follow this
practice to excess in warm weather, as the

MR A W. VOWLES' JIM CERBERUS

BY CARTHUSIAN CERBERUS LADY ABERFELTO.

heating nature of the linseed will eventually
cause skin trouble.

With these special points attended to, in
addition to the directions for the care,
feeding, and breeding of dogs in general,
the novice should find no difficulty in suc-
cessfully becoming a Bulldog fancier, owner,
and breeder.

In conclusion, it cannot be too widely
known that the Bulldog is the only breed
of dog which can, with perfect safety, be
trusted alone to the mercy of children, who,
naturally, in the course of play, try the
patience and good temper of the firmest
friend of man.

THE PROPERTY OF
MRS. CARLO F. C.
CLARKE.

BY WOODCOTE AJAX—
WOODCOTE SNOW.

Photographs by Lavis, Eastbourne.

CHAPTER III.
THE MINIATURE BULLDOG.

BY THE LADY KATHLEEN PILKIXGTON.

" Pell/fas had a great, bulging, powerful forehead, like that of Socrates or Verlaine ; and, under a
little black nose, blunt as a churlish assent, a pair of large, hanging and symmetrical chops, which
made his head a sort of massive, obstinate, pensi'je, and three-cornered menace. He was beautiful
after the manner of a beautiful natural monster that has complied strictly with the hws of his
species. And what a smile of attentive obligingness, of incorruptible innocence, of affectionate
submission, of boundless gratitude, and total self-abandonment, lit up, at the least caress, that
adorable mask of ugliness ! " — MAETERLINCK.

r I ^OY Bulldogs are an acquired taste,"
said a friend to me ; and while I was
meditating an adequate reply, he
rashly added : " Like coffee or caviare."
This gave me my opening, and I hastened to
assure him that there is nobody — who is any-
body, that is to say — who does not nowadays
both know and highly appreciate coffee, cavi-
are, and Toy Bulldogs ! Not to so do would
be, indeed, to argue oneself unknown ! It is
also another of the many proofs that history
repeats herself. For fifty or sixty years
ago, Toy — or, rather, as a recent edict
of the Kennel Club requires them to be
dubbed, Miniature — Bulldogs were common
objects of the canine country-side. In
fact, you can hardly ever talk for ten

minutes to any Bulldog breeder of old
standing without his telling you tall stories
of the wonderful little Bulldogs, weighing
about fifteen or sixteen pounds, he either
knew or owned, in those long-past days !

Prominent among those who made a
cult of these " Bantams " were the lace-
workers of Nottingham, and many prints
are extant which bear witness to the excellent
little specimens they bred. But a wave of
unpopularity overwhelmed them, and they
faded across the Channel to France, where,
if, as is asserted, our Gallic neighbours
appreciated them highly, they cannot be
said to have taken much care to preserve
their best points. When, in 1898, a small
but devoted band of admirers revived

THE MINIATURE BULLDOG.

them in England, they returned most at-
tractive, 'tis true, but hampered by many
undesirable features, such as bat ears,
froggy faces, waving tails, and a general
lack of Bulldog character. However, the

LADY K. PILKINGTON'S CH. BUMPS
BY CH. PETER AMOS CAROLINE.

Toy Bulldog Club then started num-
bered on its committee the late Mr. G. R.
Krehl (who previously to that date had
already imported some good specimens to
England), the Hon. Mrs. Baillie, of
Dochfour, Miss Augusta Bruce, Lady Lewis,
and the present writer. The club took
the dogs vigorously in hand, and, having
obtained them their charter as a recognised
breed from the Kennel Club, proceeded to
make slow but sure progress, and this not-
withstanding the fact that in 1902 a violent
split occurred in its ranks. Owing to various
differences of opinion a certain number
of members then left and proceeded to form
themselves into what is now known as the
French Bulldog Club of England. Thanks
to the original club's unceasing efforts, Toy
Bulld3g3 have always since been catered for
at an ever increasing number of shows.
The original solitary " mixed open " class,
for all sexes and sorts, is now split up into
various separate classes, suited to sex,
seniority, and other distinctions. Their
weight, after much heated discussion and
sundry downs and ups, was finally fixed

at twenty-two pounds and under, this
decision, by the way, costing them their
original prefix. For the Kennel Club rightly
decided that a sturdily built Bulldog of
twenty-two pounds weight can in no sense
be deemed a "Toy"! So the breed then
blossomed forth as " Bulldogs — Miniature,"
and have thriven well on the change both
of weight~and name. In order to encourage
small specimens a class for those under
twenty pounds is guaranteed by the club
at most big shows, and is generally well
filled.

Another recent change has been that
of ears. Bat ears, after being sadly suffered
for a long time in the scale of points, have
at last been firmly marked as a disqualifica-
tion, and this by order of the Kennel Club.
From the ist of January, 1907, all in-
breeding with French Bulldogs has been
absolutely forbidden, and the two breeds,
so long confusedly intertwined, have at
length been finally dissociated. Equally
disqualifying are the shades of colour known,
as black and blue — the latter a kind of
slaty grey, detested in the eyes of big
Bulldog breeders.

MRS. G. J. WEINBERG'S BABY BULLET
BY BLACK MASK POPLAR PLEASURE.

The original aim of Miniature Bulldogs —
i.e. to look like the larger variety seen
through the wrong end of a telescope — if
not actually achieved, is being rapidly
approached, and can no longer be looked

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

LADY K. PILKINGTON'S CH. NINON
DE L'ENCLOS BY ST. ACCI-
DENT NINA.

upon as merely the hopeless dream of a and small, dating from sixty to eighty
few enthusiasts ! That to get, in a dog years ago, the bat or prick ears are fre-
weighing under twenty-two pounds, the quently to be noted ; a fact which weak-
ens the contention held by
many that they are the
sign of a pure French
breed, originating across
the Channel.

To enumerate in detail
the Miniature Bulldog scale
of points is quite unnecessary, as it is simply
that of the big ones writ small. In other
words, " the general appearance of the
Miniature Bulldog must as nearly as possible
resemble that of the Big Bulldog " — a terse
sentence which comprises in itself all that
can be said on the subject.

The club has a large and ever-increasing
membership, and possesses
the Duchess of Sutherland as
President. From its original
start the Duchess has been
a warm supporter of the
breed, and has owned some
good specimens in the past.
The Hon. Mrs. Baillie, of
Dochfour, is still on the
committee, and

LADY K. PILKINGTON'S

SUSAN ANNE BY
PAULUS GRISETTE.

enormous size of skull, "clod-
diness " of body, and thick-
ness of bone obtainable in a
forty-five or sixty pounds spe-
cimen, is a hard task there is
no denying, but such prodi-
gious strides have been made
of late that one feels, given
a few more years of patience
and perseverance, it will come
very near fulfilment.

Before passing to other
matters, it is perhaps only
right to mention,
with all deference
to our Gallic
friends, that in
many old prints
of Bulldogs, big

another mem-
ber of the club
is Mr. George
Weinberg, of
larger Bulldog
fame. He owns
two splendid

MRS. CARLO F. C.
CLARKE'S C H -

TINY TEE TO TUM

BY POLO ET BAGA-

T E L L E AMELIA

MAUDE.

Photo: T. Kcveley, Wantage.

THE MINIATURE BULLDOG.

miniatures in Tablet and Baby Bullet, of the big breed by no means scorn their

and was the former owner of the incom- smaller brethren.

parable Champion No Trumps, one of the A few years ago Lady de Grey owned a

best ever seen. splendid little dog in Champion Bite, and

Of this goodly company comes last, Mr. W. R. Temple's Tulip and Mrs. Baillie's

but far from least, Mrs. C. F. C. Clarke,

MISS M. O. FAROUHARSON'S PETER PAN
BY CHARLEY TOBY VENUS.

also a well known owner of big " bulls."
She has of late turned her attention
to breeding and showing the smaller
variety, and with great success, as her
Mersham Snowdrop and Tiger — the latter
bred by her — abundantly testify. In
fact, had not Tiger unluckily just topped
the weight limit he would undoubtedly
have been about the best dog ever benched,
and, as far as points (and particularly head
properties) go, is as typical a Miniature
Bulldog as could be found. The present
writer has also the honour of being a com-
mittee-woman, and her Champion Xinon de
1'Enclos, Lady Cloda, Susan Anne, and
Champion Bumps, the latter a very typical
little dog and winner of twelve champion-
ships, have all upheld the prestige of the
breed on the show bench. Mr. B. Marley,
whose wife owns the celebrated Felton
Bulldog kennels, is another member of the
committee, so it will be seen that patrons

Crib and Lena II. were all hard to beat.
Of present-day dogs Mrs. Burrell, the sport-
ing lady-master of the North Northumber-
land Foxhounds, can bench a real good
one in Champion Little Truefit, as can
Mrs. G. Raper in Little Model and Miss
Farquharson in Peter Pan, the latter a
beautiful little fawn dog, possessing rare
bone and Bulldog character.

So much for the breed as show dogs,
though a great deal more might be written
of other successful winners on the bench.
As companions and friends they are second
to none, being faithful, fond, and even
foolish in their devotion, as all true friends
should be. They are absolutely and in-
variably good-tempered, and, as a rule,
sufficiently fond of the luxuries of this life
— not to say greedy — to be easily cajoled

MRS. BURRELUS CH. LITTLE TRUEFIT

BY SWASHBUCKLER ROSE OF YORK.

Photograph by Macgrcgor, Kelso.

into obedience. Remarkably intelligent,
and caring enough for sport to be sym-
pathetically excited at the sight of a

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

rabbit without degenerating into cranks on
the subject like terriers. Taking a keen
interest in all surrounding people and
objects, without, however, giving way to
ceaseless barking ; enjoying outdoor exer-
cise, without requiring an exhausting
amount, they are in every way ideal pets,
and adapt themselves to town and country
alike.

As puppies they are delicate, and re-
quire constant care and supervision ; but
that only adds a keener zest to the at-
tractive task of breeding them, the more
so owing to the fact that as mothers they
do not shine, being very difficult to manage,
and generally manifesting a strong dislike
to rearing their own offspring. In other
respects they are quite hardy little dogs,
and — one great advantage — they seldom
have distemper. Cold and damp they par-
ticularly dislike, especially when puppies,
and the greatest care should be taken to
keep them thoroughly dry and warm.
When very young indeed they can stand,

and are the better for, an extraordinary
amount of heat.

From a pecuniary point of view, given
average good luck and management, Toy
Bulldog breeding is a remunerative pur-
suit. Good specimens, fit for the show
bench, command extremely high prices, and
a ready sale is always to be had for less
good ones for moderate sums as pets,
the more so as, owing to their extraordin-
arily good tempers, they are much in re-
quest for children, with whom they can be
absolutely trusted. No amount of teasing
appears to rouse them to more than a
somewhat bored grunt.

In fact, to sum up, they possess many
advantages and few disadvantages. Any-
one who has owned and loved a Toy Bull
can seldom get really to care for any other
kind of dog, and sooner or later takes
unto himself or herself again another snort-
ing little specimen, whose ugly wrinkled
face and loving heart cannot fail to make
life the pleasanter.

A STUDY IN EXPRESSION — MERSHAM TIGER
Pnotograph by T. Rmeley, Wantage.

CHAPTER IV.
THE FRENCH BULLDOG (BOULEDOGUE FRANC. AIS).

BY FREDERICK W. COUSENS, M.R.C.V.S., F.Z.S.

" Sir, he's a good dog, and a fair dog. Can more be said? " — SHAKESPEARE.

AUTHORITIES across the Channel are
/A of opinion that the French Bulldog is
strictly a breed of French origin, yet
they are willing to admit that of compara-
tively recent years there have been from time
to time importations from England which
have been used as a cross with the native
•dog, and that this cross has, perhaps, led
to a nearer approximation to the British
type than was the case prior to the admixture
of British blood. M. J. Bontroue, the
Secretary of the French Bulldog Club of
Paris, and Secretary of the French Kennel
Club, holds this opinion very strongly, as
do Mr. Gordon Bennet, President of the
Paris Club, and Prince de Wagram, its
President d'Honneur. Mr. Max Hartenstein,
of Berlin, who was first interested in the
French Bulldog in 1870, and has owned and
bred great numbers of them, declares that
" there can be no two opinions as to the fact
of the French Bulldog being a distinct
French breed, with a longer history and
more remote origin than is generally under-
stood." He is aware of the introduction
of small British specimens into France ;
not, however, necessarily for the purpose
of interbreeding, but principally because
French fanciers desired to have a bright.
vivacious, bantam specimen. He is of
opinion that in Paris, in 1870, the breed,
as a whole, was smaller than it is to-day.

The late Mr. George R. Krehl, of London,
one of the greatest authorities, with whom
the subject of the French Bulldog was very
thoroughly discussed by the present writer,
went still further back into the past (nearly
three hundred years), and from his re-
searches built up a plausible and very pro-
bable theory as to the origin of this breed
in France. In a letter written by him to
the Stockkeeper Christmas Supplement, 1900,

he showed grounds for believing that the
variety came originally from Spain. There
was published with Mr. Krehl's letter a
copy of an antique bronze placque. dated
1625, bearing in bas-relief the head of a
Bulldog with either cropped, or bat, ears,

LADY LEWIS'S CH. HARPDON CRIB

BY CH. POLO DE BAGATELLE LA GITANA.

and the inscription, " Dogue de Burgos,
Espana, anno MDCXXV.," the artist's
name being Cazalla. This placque has been
examined by a connoisseur and pronounced
authentic. The historic value of this bronze
will be at once appreciated, when it is re-
membered that Burgos is the principal town
of old Castile in Spain, noted for the breeding
of dogs used in the arena for bull-baiting.

" We have no generic name for this
family," Mr. Krehl wrote, " but in France
they are called dogucs, whence we get our
own word dog, but we have corrupted the
meaning of it. The heads of the group are
the Spanish Bulldog, the dogue de Bordeaux,

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

and the little toy oddities of Paris, bred and
reared by Lutetian bootmakers, and, lastly,
the English Bulldog. It is clear to me, as an
unprejudiced cynologist, entirely unaffected
by what previous authorities have said on
the subject, that the original home of the
breed was Spain, where the dog was ' made '
for its special mission. The fair name of
Spain always was, and still is, associated
with sport in which the bull plays the lead-
ing role. The Spaniard fashioned a dog to
suit this sport, with a firm, strong body,
stout legs, and a short neck of powerful
muscle, a big head with wide mouth and
prominent upturned under jaw, so that
the dog could still breathe while retaining
his grip, and his weight would tire out the
bull, which was unable to fling him off.
From Spain dogs of this kind migrated to
France ; it is only a short excursion to
Bordeaux, where the services of the animals
were in demand for fighting and for dog and
donkey contests. Then they travelled up
to Paris, which has always had an eye for
the artistic, and where they bantamised the
breed into a semblance of the modern toy
Bulldog."

Mr. W. J. Stubbs wrote a little booklet
in 1903 which was printed for private circula-
tion, entitled " The History of the French
Bulldog." He says as to origin, " There
appears to be no doubt that the French Bull-
dog originated in England, and is an offshoot
of the English Bulldog, not the Bulldog one
sees on the bench to-day, but of the tulip-
eared and short underjawed specimens which
were common in London, Nottingham, Bir-
mingham, and Sheffield in the early 'fifties."
As evidence of this, he goes on to relate how
this type of dog was exported to France in
the early 'fifties, giving the names of three
breeders or dealers who were known to
have been exporters. He also says, " There
was a constant emigration of laceworkers
from Nottingham to the coast towns of
Normandy, where lace factories were spring-
ing into existence, and these immigrants fre-
quently took a Bulldog with them to the
land of their adoption."

This is as may be, and is extremely useful
and interesting information ; but it requires

careful consideration before it can be
accepted as proving that the French Bulldog
originated in England. As a matter of fact,
it only proves what all the French authori-
ties are perfectly willing to admit, namely,
that at different times within the last forty
years British Bulldogs have been imported
into France. The inference Mr. Stubbs
draws is that these imported dogs originated
the breed of French Bulldogs ; whereas the
contention of the French and German
authorities is that these imported specimens
were used only as a cross, to introduce fresh
blood into the breed already in existence.

The converse method was also adopted.
Prior to 1902 French Bulldogs were imported
into this country with the object of resusci-
tating the strain of bantam Bulldogs,
which in course of years had been allowed
to dwindle in numbers, and were in danger
of becoming extinct. The small English
variety was then called, somewhat errone-
ously, " Toy Bulldogs," their weight limit
being 20 Ibs. Dogs of this weight could
scarcely be called " toys." Eventually the
Kennel Club sensibly decided to rename
them the Miniature Bulldog.

It was this very question of weight which
brought about the parting of the ways of the
French Bulldog from the Toy English varie-
ties. Previous to 1902 some of the members of
the Toy Bulldog Club were of opinion that
the weight limit should be raised from 20 Ib.
to 22 Ibs., and Lady Lewis proposed this
alteration, but her motion was lost.

On July loth, 1902, a meeting was called
at the house of the writer to consider the
whole position, when it was decided to form
a new Club with the sole object of promoting
the breeding and importation of pure
French Bulldogs, adopting practically iden-
tical weights and points with the French
Bulldog Clubs of France, Germany, Austria,
and America. The name chosen was " The
French Bulldog Club of England." The
founders were : Lady Lewis, President ;
Mrs. Romilly, Hon. Treasurer ; Mrs. F. W.
Cousens, Hon. Secretary ; Mrs. Charles
Waterlow, Mrs. F. Bromwich, Mr. and Mrs.
Walter Jefferies, Mrs. Townsend Green, and
Mr. F. W. Cousens.

THE FRENCH BULLDOG.

When the foundation of this Club became
an accomplished fact, there was considerable
opposition, not only from the Toy Bulldog
Club, but from numerous British Bulldog
owners and breeders, whose princ pal opposition
arose upon the two points : Was there such
a breed as French Bulldogs ? Could any other dog"
than the British specimen claim the name of Bulldog ?
Much ink was spilt in a wordy warfare in the Kennel
Press. No good object can be attained, however,
in reviewing the details of past differences.

The French Bulldog Club let no grass
grow under their feet ; with only twenty
members, they pluckily de-
cided to hold a show of
their own, to demonstrate
the soundness of their posi-
tion. Their first show was
accordingly held at Tatter-
sail's, fifty-one French Bull-
dogs being placed on ex-
hibition. All of these dogs
were pure bred French spe-
cimens, cither imported or
bred from imported an-
cestors. The success of

LADY LEWIS'S HARPDON
BETSEY TROT BY PETIT
CRIa HARPDON GYP.

MRS. CHARLES
W A T E R L O WS
STAN MORE
COQUETTE.

MRS. LESMOIR
GORDON'S HAD-
LEY HOUR -LA

BY ROYAL BOCK

ROYAL BEAUTY.

Photographs by T. Fall.

this exhibition proved to a demonstration
that the claims of the French Bulldog Club
were based on facts, and the Kennel Club's

official recognition
and registration of
the breed under
the name of Boule-
dogues Franfais
finally settled the
disputed points.

The following is
the Club's descrip-
tion of the French
Bulldog (published
1903) :—

I. General Appearance.
— The French Bulldog
ought to have the ap-
pearance of an active,

intelligent, and very muscular dog, of cobby
build, and be heavy in bone for its size.

2. Head. — The head is of great importance. It
should be large and square, with the forehead
nearly flat ; the muscles of the cheek should be
well developed, but not prominent. The stop
should be as deep as possible. The skin of the
head should not be tight, and the forehead should
be well wrinkled. The muzzle should be short,
broad, turn upwards, and be very deep. The
lower jaw should project considerably in front of
the upper, and should turn up, but should not
show the teeth.

3. Eyes. — The eyes should be of moderate size
and of dark colour. No white should be visible
when the dog is looking straight in front of
him. They should be placed low down and
wide apart.

4. Nose. — The nose must be black and large.

5. Ears. — Bat ears ought to be of a medium
size, large at the base and rounded at the tips.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

They should be placed high on the head and
carried straight. The orifice of the ear looks
forward, and the skin should be fine and soft to
the touch.

6. Neck. — The .neck should be thick, short,
and well arched.

7. Body. — The chest should be wide and
well down between the legs, and the ribs well
sprung. The body short and muscular, and well
cut up. The back should be broad at the
shoulder, tapering towards the loins, preferably
well reached .

not apply generally to other breeds. But
there are special points to be tried for
which at present are most noticeably lacking.
If there is one fault more than another
to be found in any considerable number of
the breed in this country it is with their
tails. Very many of these are too long,
still more are carried too gaily, and set on too
high. Again, the shape of the tail is not
always correct ; in many, instead of being,

SKULLS OF (1) ENGLISH AND (2) FRENCH BULLDOGS.

SHOWING THE DIFFERENCES IN STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS, NOTABLY THE ROUNDED
APPEARANCE OF THE FRENCH DOG AND THE SQUARENESS OF THE ENGLISH.

8. Tail. — The tail ought to be set on low
and be short ; thick at the root, tapering to
a point, and not carried above the level of the
bask.

9. Legs. — The forelegs should be short, straight,
and muscular. The hind-quarters, though strong,
should be lighter in proportion to the fore-quarters.
The hocks ought to be well let down, and the
feet compact and strong.

10. Coat. — -The coat should be of medium
density ; black in colour is very undesirable.

There is nothing of special importance
to be said in respect to breeding which does

broad at the base and tapering to a fine
point, they are too small at the base, too
much the same size throughout, and have
no fine point. Another fault of a less glaring
character is the too great length of body,
instead of the smart cobby body which is
desirable. A little more attention should
also be paid to breadth of chest and " cut
up " in loin, so many dogs showing the same
diameter of bcdy at any part of the barrel.
Personally, I am very partial to a nice
" roach " back, but one must acknowledge

THE FRENCH BULLDOG.

that the French do not cultivate this
feature to any marked extent.

We should endeavour to breed out the
large, awkward ears which incline to hang
outwards instead of being erect. These
heavy ears, with incorrect carriage, spoil and
change the entire appearance, which should
be bright, crisp, and vivacious, rather than
heavy and sluggish. There is a tendency
also to pay too little attention to eyes, which
should not be full like those of a toy Spaniel
nor bulging like those of many Pugs. The
full eye is a fault ; the bulging eye is an
abomination.

As will be seen in the illustration of the
French and English skulls, there is a great
fundamental difference in formation. They
are both skulls of bitches ; the French one
is from a bitch bred by Mrs. F. W. Cousens
by her imported dog Napoleon Buonaparte
ex Coralie by Champion Polo de Bagatelle ;
the English from a prize-winning bitch of
championship pedigree on both sides.

The question of underjaw is the one point
on which fanciers of the breed in France
differ seriously with some few of the English
breeders. The French Bulldog Club of
England stated in their 1903 description of
the breed that " the lower jaw should project
considerably in front of the upper," and
ten points in a hundred were given for under-
jaw in their standard of points. On this
side of the Channel we have been so accus-
tomed to regard a prominent underjaw in a
Bulldog as absolutely necessary to salvation,
that directly we begin to import and breed
French Bulldogs we do not stop to ask
what is correct, but finding a Bulldog with
a comparatively small underjaw we pro-
ceed to put on a bigger one as fast as possible.
I must own to a little weakness in this direc-
tion myself ; but, after all, one's personal
fancies should not be made the standard
for altering a foreign breed, and I think it
would be a great pity, even a calamity, to
allow our very natural love of underjaw to
alter the appearance which the French
Bulldog should possess. It cannot be
said too often or too forcibly that a French
Bulldog is not by any manner of means a
small English dog with bat ears ; and if we

wish to preserve the quaint characteristics
of the breed we must not presume to make
fundamental structural alterations.

Perhaps a word against the heavy pendu-
lous lips and the equally pendulous skin on
the throat of a few specimens will be enough
to warn breeders that they must not emulate
the flews, or dewlap, of a Bloodhound. If
the lips weircover the teeth and the sides of
the upper lips slightly overlap the under,
that is correct ; the skin on the throat
should be loose, but not pendulous.

The question of rickets looms large in all
Bulldog breeding, the English variety being,
perhaps, the more generally affected. If
breeders would carefully avoid using rickety
subjects, and pay more careful attention
to diet from weaning-time until maturity,
the race would materially benefit in health
and appearance, and would be much easier
to breed and rear.

The quarantine regulations in force at the
present time rather handicap the breeders
of French Bulldogs, limiting their supply
very considerably, partly on account of the
six months' detention, and partly because
of the inevitable expense attached to the
arrangements. There is, however, a suffi-
cient number of the breed now in Great
Britain to obviate the necessity of in-
breeding to any disastrous extent. It be-
hoves those who have the interest of this
little dog at heart to continue the importa-
tion of fresh blood not only from France,
but, where possible, from Germany, Austria,
and America. By introducing entirely fresh
blood, or even blood of the same strain that
has been in a totally different climate for
several generations, the stamina and phy-
sique is improved, and type is not sacrificed ;
also by doing this greater facilities are
afforded for legitimate in-breeding, which,
in some cases, is undeniably necessary to
procure or retain certain special charac-
teristics.

All breeders of the French Bulldog know
to their cost the difficulties to be encountered
in rearing puppies. Unless a bitch has
proved herself a good mother, it is always
advisable to have a foster-mother in readiness
—by preference one who has had her puppies

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

a day or two in advance. For one or two
small puppies a cat makes an excellent
mother. If the pups have to be fed by hand
Plasmon and milk, with a teaspoonful of

MRS. F. w. COUSEN'S NAPOLEON BUONA-
PARTE BY TALI FLORA

Photograph by T. Fall.

cream to every half pint, is the best sub-
stitute for bitches' milk, being, indeed, the
chemical equivalent. Warmth is very essen-
tial for the first fortnight ; the use of blankets
and hot water bottles must be employed un-
less the pups are well mothered by their own
dam or a foster-mother, or if the weather be
cold. Directly the puppies are weaned a
certain proportion of lean, raw, scraped meat
should be given, as well as Benger's Food
made with milk, Plasmon wholemeal bis-
cuits soaked in milk, Force and milk, and
bread and milk. Feed every two or three
hours at first, keeping the puppies warm
and dry. At four months old three meals
a day should suffice, then give Spratt's
puppy biscuits dry and broken up, good

gravy or soup poured over stale bread
crumbs, and one meal of lean raw meat.

Watch for worms ; keep a look-out when
teething, and allow a large bone for the
puppies to gnaw, but not eat.

The pups which one does not wish to keep
should be sold at the age of six weeks.

Although to my knowledge many French
Bulldogs are good ratters, and some few can
account for a rabbit, they are by no means
a sporting breed ; they are essentially dogs
to be used as companions and household
pets, being very quaint, jolly, engaging
little personages, who are full of life and

MRS. CHARLES WATERLOW'S CH. STANMORE

ARGUS BY BILL FOLLETTE.

Photograph by T. Fall.

vivacity. Their size and temperament render
them particularly suitable for living in a
house or flat ; they are quiet and yet
bright, full of life yet not too boisterous.

CHAPTER V.

THE ST. BERNARD.

BY FREDK. GRESHAM.

" Behold this creature's form and state,
Which Nature therefore did create,
That to the world might be expressed
What mien there can be in a beast ;
And that we in this shape may find
A lion of another kind.
For this heroic beast does seem
In majesty to rival him,

THE LATE CH. FLORENTIUS

BY PRINCE OF FLORENCE —

BELLINE III.

THE PATRIARCH OF

MRS. JAGGER'S KENNELS.

HE his-
tory of
the St.
Bernard dog in
this country
would not be
complete with-
out reference
being made to
the noble work
that he has done
in Switzerland,
his native land :
how the Hos-
pice St. Bernard kept a considerable num-
ber of dogs which were trained to go
over the mountains with small barrels
round their necks, containing restoratives,
in the event of their coming across any
poor travellers who had either lost their
way, or had been overcome by the cold.
We have been told that these intelligent
creatures saved many lives in this way,
the subjects of their deliverance often
being found entirely buried in the snow.
In such cases they were, however, gene-
rally too late to rescue the unfortunate
victims, whose bodies were placed in the
morgue at the Hospice, where they may be
seen undecayed, although they may have
rested there several years.

The stuffed skin of the dog Barry, who
rescued no fewer than forty wanderers who
had lost their way crossing the Alps, is to
be seen at the Museum at Berne. The

And yet vouchsafes to man to show
Both service and submission too.
From whence we this distinction have
That beast is fierce, but that is brave.
This dog hath so himself subdued
That hunger cannot make him rude,
And his behaviour does confess
True courage dwells with gentleness."

KATHERINE PHILIPS.

poor dog died in harness when fifteen years
old. It is stated that he was shot when in
the act of going to the aid of a benighted
wayfarer, who mistook him for a wolf.

Handsome as the St. Bernard is, with his
attractive colour and markings, he is a
cross-bred dog. From the records of old
writers it is to be gathered that to refill
the kennels at the Hospice which had been
rendered vacant from the combined catas-
trophes of distemper and the fall of an
avalanche, which had swept away nearly ah
their hounds, the Monks were compelled
to have recourse to a cross with the New-
foundland and the Pyrenean sheepdog, the
latter not unlike the St. Bernard in appear-
ance. Then, again, there is no doubt what-
ever, that at some time the Bloodhound has
been introduced, and it is known for a cer-
tainty that almost all the most celebrated St.
Bernards in England at the present time are
closely allied to the Mastiff.

The result of all this intermixture of
different breeds has been the production of an
exceedingly fine race of dogs, which form
one of the most attractive features at our
dog shows, and are individually excellent
guards and companions. As a companion,
the St. Bernard cannot be surpassed, when
a large dog is required for the purpose.
Most docile in temperament and disposition,
he is admirably suited as the associate of a
lady or a child. Well does the writer re-
member a once well-known champion, who,
when quite a puppy, used to carry his little

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

girl's basket to a coppice hard by and bring
it home again when it was filled with violets.
The St. Bernard is sensitive to a degree,
and seldom forgets an insult, which he
resents with dignity. Specimens of the breed
have occasionally been seen that are savage,
but when this is the case ill-treatment of

ALPINE MASTIFFS.

From the Painting by Sir Edwin Landscer, R.A.

some sort has assuredly been the provoking
cause.

The dogs at the Hospice of St. Bernard
are small in comparison with those that
are seen in England belonging to the same
race. The Holy Fathers were more par-
ticular about their markings than great size.
The body colour should be brindle or orange
tawny, with white markings ; the muzzle
white, with a line running up between the
eyes, and over the skull, joining at the
back the white collar that encircles the neck
down to the front of the shoulders. The
colour round the eyes and on the ears should
be of a darker shade in the red ; in the
centre of the white line at the occiput there
should be a spot of colour. These markings
are said to represent the stole, chasuble and
scapular which form part of the vestments
worn by the Monks ; but it is seldom

that the markings are so clearly defined ;
they are more often white, with brindle or
orange patches on the body, with evenly-
marked heads.

In England St. Bernards are either dis-
tinctly rough in coat or smooth, but the
generality of the Hospice dogs are broken
in coat, neither rough
nor smooth, having a
texture between the
two extremes. The
properties, however, of
the rough and smooth
are the same, so that
the two varieties are
often bred together,
and, as a rule, both
textures of coat will
be the result of the
alliance. The late M.
Schumacher, a great
authority on the breed
in Switzerland, averred
that dogs with very
rough coats were found
to be of no use for
work on the Alps, as
their thick covering
became so loaded with
snow and their feet so
clogged that they suc-
cumbed under the weight and perished.
On that account they were discarded by
the Monks.

In connection with the origin of the St.
Bernard, M. Schumacher wrote in a letter
to Mr. J. C. Macdona, who was the first to
introduce the breed into Great Britain
in any numbers : " According to the tradi-
tion of the Holy Fathers of the Great Saint
Bernard, their race descends from the
crossing of a bitch (a Bulldog species) of
Denmark and a Mastiff (Shepherd's dog) of
the Pyrenees. The descendants of the
crossing, who have inherited from the
Danish dog its extraordinary size and
bodily strength, and from the Pyrenean
Mastiff the intelligence, the exquisite
sense of smell, and, at the same time,
the faithfulness and sagacity which cha-
racterise them, have acquired in the space

o
H

2
O

to
rn

r
m
O

-i

H
I

I
m

THE ST. BERNARD.

of five centuries so glorious a notoriety
throughout Europe that they well merit the
name of a distinct race for themselves."

From the same authority we learn that it
is something like six hundred years since the

Continent and made them take a part in his
attractive entertainment ; but the associa-
tions of the St. Bernard with the noble
deeds recorded in history were not then so
widely known, and these two dogs passed

MRS. A. H. PARKER'S ROUGH-COATED BITCH, CH. CHRYSANTHEME

BY CH, EGMONT NAMELESS.

BRED BY MESSRS. INMAN AND WALMESLEY

St. Bernard came into existence. It was
not, however, till competitive exhibitions
for dogs had been for some years established
that the St. Bernard gained a footing in
Great Britain. A few specimens had been
imported from the Hospice before Mr.
Gumming Macdona (then the Rev. Gumming
Macdona) introduced us to the celebrated
Tell, who, with others of the breed brought
from Switzerland, formed the foundation of
his magnificent kennel at West Kirby, in
Cheshire. Albert Smith, whom some few
that are now alive will remember as an
amusing lecturer, brought a pair from the
Hospice when returning from a visit to the

away without having created any par-
ticular enthusiasm.

Later on, at a dog show at Cremorne
held in 1863, two St. Bernards were ex-
hibited, each of whom rejoiced in the name
of Monk, and were, respectively, the pro-
perty of the Rev. A. N. Bate and Mr. W. H.
Stone. These dogs were exhibited without
pedigrees, but were said to have been
bred at the Hospice of St. Bernard. Three
years later, at the National Show at Bir-
mingham, a separate class was provided for
the saintly breed, and Mr. Gumming Macdona
was first and second with Tell and Bernard.
This led to an immediate popularity of the

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

St. Bernard. Tell was the hero of the shows
at which he appeared, and his owner was
recognised as being the introducer into this
country of the magnificent variety of the
canine race that now holds such a prominent
position as a show dog.

The names of Tell and Bernard have been
handed down to fame, the former as the
progenitor of a long line of rough-coated
offspring ; the latter as one of the founders
of the Shefford Kennel, of which more anon.
Mr. Macdona continued his successful career
both as an exhibitor and breeder. Her
Royal Highness the Princess of Wales
(now Queen Alexandra) graciously accepted
a beautifully-marked dog puppy, which was
named Hope, and which eventually won
first prize at the Crystal Palace. Moltke
was another rough-coated dog of fine
quality, which annexed a long list of prizes
for Mr. Macdona, and proved an excellent
stud dog; whilst Alp, Hedwig, and their
daughter, Hospice, are names to conjure with.
Following Mr. Macdona, the next fancier
to devote his attention to St. Bernards
was Mr. J. H. Murchison — well-known as
a prominent exhibitor of Fox-terriers — who,
from the kennels of M. Schumacher,
obtained the noted rough-coated sire
Thor, and the smooth-coated Jura. Thor
was defective in head, and, therefore,
not a high-class show dog, but he was
destined to produce the finest litter that
so far had ever been bred. Mr. Murchison
also owned the smooth-coated Monarque,
one of the grandest dogs of his variety.
Monarque was first shown by Mr. Macdona
at Laycock's Dairy Yard, Islington, in 1869,
when he won the chief prize, Victor and
Jungfrau being second and third. Jungfrau
was a sister by an earlier litter to Bernie,
of whom more will presently be heard. At
the same show Mr. Macdona was first and
third in the rough-coated division with Tell
and Hedwig, this pair being divided by Sir
Charles Isham's Leo, who was an immense
white dog with brindle markings imported
from Switzerland, and who afterwards
became celebrated as a sire. He was parent
of several winners and an ancestor, too, of
the great Plinlimmon.

It was at about this time that my own
famous kennel of St. Bernards at Shefford
in Bedfordshire was started. I had been
presented with a smooth-coated bitch
puppy by the late Mr. T. J. Hooper,
of Biggleswade, who, from Bernardine, a
bitch that he brought from Switzerland,
had bred Jungfrau, already referred to, and
the puppy in question from an alliance with
Mr. Macdona's Bernard. This puppy, after-
wards named Bernie, was allowed to run
about at its own sweet will, until she was
three years old, when it occurred to me that
as St. Bernards were then becoming popular,
I might turn her to good account. But
how to make a start was the question, and
where to find a sire not too far from home.
The Birmingham Show was just over.
The Field said that Leo had run Tell very
close for first in the champion class. Leo
was the property of Sir Charles Isham, of
Lamport Hall, Northamptonshire, which
county adjoins Bedfordshire. Here was
the opportunity, but some difficulty was
experienced, as Leo had not commenced
his public career at stud. Matters were how-
ever, arranged by the intervention of friends,
and the remuneration of a guinea was to be
presented to an Orphan Asylum. In due
course a family of fourteen arrived, Bernie
having selected a standing in a stable for her
nursery. She herself was nearly self-coloured
• — a red brindle with only a very narrow
line of white on her face ; the whelps seemed
to be all colours, one a white, another a
black. Ignorant of the correct colour of
St. Bernards, I consulted my groom, who
had taken the journey to Lamport Hall,
and was relieved of my anxiety when I
heard that the white puppy was somewhat
like Leo. The order was, pick out the six
biggest and put the other eight into a
bucket — they cannot all be kept ! Fortu-
nately, the black and also the white puppy
were amongst the six biggest. The former
lived to be the rough-coated champion Monk,
who was rich mahogany brindle with white
markings, and the latter, Champion Abbess,
who was smooth-coated. Monk won ten
championships at the Kennel Club's shows,
besides many others at less important

THE ST. BERNARD.

exhibitions. From him I bred Grosvenor,
who was a champion before he was eighteen
months old, and he also sired many other
winners, but it was from Abbess that the
bulk of the Shefford winners were bred.
From an alliance with Thor came the rough-

Among the puppies exhibited was the late
Mr. Du Maurier's Chang, who was so often
afterwards seen in his owner's charming
drawings in Punch. The defeat of Chang
led to a caricature of the owner of Augusta
being inserted in Punch, and an amusing

MR. J. W. PROCTOR'S CH. VIOLA. BY CH. PARSIFAL CH. WOGLINDE.

BRED BY MESSRS. INMAN AND WALMSLEY.
Photograph by F. C. Hignett and Son, Lostock.

coated Champion Hector and the smooth-
coated Champion The Shah, the best dogs
of their day ; Dagmar, a very handsome,
rough-coated bitch, and Abbess II., both big
winners, and four others. Then she threw
Champion Othman to Moltke, Champion
Mab (sold as a puppy to Mr. J. C. Tinker),
and Augusta, who, amongst her wins, was
first in a class of thirty-three dogs and
bitches at the Kennel Club show at the
Alexandra Palace, two of her litter sisters
being second and third. On this occasion all
the first and second prizes, except one second,
in the five classes given, were won by
Bernie's children and grandchildren.

article in The Pall Mall Gazette from the pen
of Mr. Du Maurier.

Two incidents in connection with Abbess
and Augusta are worth recording as showing
that the instinct to save life is inherent in
the breed. On seeing a little Fox-terrier
puppy that had fallen into a tanpit in-
effectually struggling to get out, Abbess
pushed her way through a group of dogs,
and. carefully taking the puppy in her
mouth, placed it in safety and then re-
turned to the other dogs ! On another
occasion the stable in which was Augusta
with two puppies became flooded from
an overflow of the river in the night. On

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

the following morning the puppies, about Liela, a magnificent brindle and white

a month old, were found safe in the man- bitch, bred by Mr. R. Thornton, of

ger, with Augusta standing up to her Sydenham, and another, were, with the

middle in water. exception of Rector, the first St. Bernards

MR. GEORGE SINCLAIR'S CH. LORD MONTGOMERY

BY CH. TANNHAUSER DUCHESS OF SUTHERLAND.

Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

Another guinea's worth from Bernie pro-
duced a litter of seventeen, making thirty-
one puppies in less than twelve months. The
bucket was not brought into requisition this
time. Nature was allowed to take its
course, and the survival of the fittest
resulted in nine being reared, in which there
were again several winners, amongst them
being Queen Bertha, who was the founda-
tion of Mr. W. A. Joyce's kennel at Tulse
Hill.

The late Mr. S. W. Smith, of Leeds, took
up the breed in the late 'seventies. He
owned a big winner in Barry. This dog
won something like one hundred and fifty
first prizes at the small shows in the North
of England. But Mr. Smith had a much
better dog in Duke of Leeds, who, with

that were exported to America, £800 being
the price given for the three. Previously,
however, Rector, a son of Champion
Monk, had been sold to Mr. J. K. Emmett,
the American actor, who exhibited him on
the boards of his theatre.

The popularity of the St. Bernard had now
been well established, and the Rev. Arthur
Carter, who had always shown a partiality
for the breed, set about with a few others
to establish the St. Bernard Club, to look after
the interests of the race. This was in 1882,
and in the following year the first show,
confined to St. Bernards only, was held in
the Duke of Wellington's Riding School at
Kensington, when an excellent entry was
obtained. Mr. Cumming Macdona, who had
been appointed the President of the Club,

THE ST. BERNARD.

was the judge, and the special prize for the
best dog in the show was won by Mr. J. F.
Smith's Leonard, a white and brindle
rough-coated dog with a magnificent head
and good action. Mr. J. F. Smith also owned
a very fine rough-coated dog in Ch. Save,
a son of Ch. Othman, and many others of the
best St. Bernards in England were at one
time or another in his hands ; amongst them
the celebrated smooth-coated Champions
Guide and San Peur, who had been im-
ported from the Swiss kennel belonging to
Mr. H. H. Dur, by Mr. H. I. Betterton.
When these two dogs came over San Peur
was in whelp, and Watch, the pup that she
threw, proved a better dog than Guide ; in
fact, Watch was probably the best smooth-
coated St. Bernard ever seen in England. He,
like many of the dogs of the breed that we
owned about that time, went to America,
the price paid for him being said to be be-
tween eleven and twelve hundred pounds.

Mr. Betterton also imported Keeper,
another grand young smooth of great
quality, but rather small.

The first giant St. Bernard that appeared
upon the scene was Plinlimmon, whom the
Rev. Arthur Carter purchased in the North
of England when quite a puppy. Plin-
limmon, who was descended from Hector,
created quite a sensation when he made
his debut in public, as he was much the
largest St. Bernard that had ever been seen.
He had not, however, the quality of many
that had appeared before him, and he had not
the fine head and expression that are such
desirable features in a St. Bernard. He,
nevertheless, changed hands several times.
The Rev. A. Carter sold him for £500 ; Mr.
Hedley Chapman gave nearly double that
sum for him ; afterwards Mr. J. F. Smith
had him, and he was finally sold by Mr. S.
W. Smith to the American actor, Mr. Emmett,
and was, like Rector, put upon the stage.

MR. W. SrfEARER CLARK'S LORD NEWLANDS
BY LINLITHGOW MEMBER— ADDIEWELL BLOSSOM.
Photograph by C. Reid, Wkhciw.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Plinlimmon was only one of many dogs that
Mr. S. W. Smith sent to the United States
during the time that the boom for St.
Bernards in the Far West was at its height.
Princess Florence, a splendid rough-coated
bitch by Marvel, with Le Prince, also crossed
the water, but the demand soon after ceased
when it was found that the climate of

each, and the trophy presented by Mr.
Halsey of even more value. These special
prizes are competed for at the Club's annual
shows, one for the best dog in the show
(rough or smooth), and the other for the
best bitch, these two winners then* com-
peting together for the Halsey Trophy.
Later on Mr. Norris Elye became President
of the Club ; he was
a prominent breeder
of St. Bernards, and
owned, amongst
others, Alta Bella
and Bellegarde, two
excellent specimens
of the breed, the
former one of the
finest bitches of her
day.

It was at this peri-
od that the great
celebrity, Sir Bedi-
vere, was whelped.
He was bred by Mr.
T. D. Green, who
selected him from the
litter when a pup
because he was the
most prettily marked,
and before he exhi-
bited him for the
first time, when ten
months old, had not

America was not suited to the breed. The the slightest idea that he owned the most
extremely hot weather in the summer typical St. Bernard that had ever been
was fatal to them, very few of the high- bred in England, where he was never de-

MRS. A. H PARKER'S ROUGH-COATED CH. CINQ MARS

BY CH. WOLFRAM CH. VIOLA.

Photograph by W. H. Strick.

priced dogs and bitches that were sent out
living more than a couple of years. Prin-

feated. Mr. Green refused £1,500 for him
at home, but, after taking some five hun-

cess Florence, who was owned in turn by dred pounds in stud fees, sold him to

Dr. Inman and Mr. Hedley Chapman, was
the largest bitch that had so far been
bred, her reputed weight being upwards of
200 Ibs. She was one of the few that
managed to live, and come back to England.
After passing through some troublous times
the St. Bernard Club was reconstituted,
and has gone on swimmingly ever since.
The Club owns the most valuable chal-
lenge cups of all the specialist Clubs. In
addition to several minor cups, it has two

America for £1,300 ; he weighed upwards
of 200 Ibs., and stood 33 inches at the
shoulder. Sir Bedivere was orange and
white in colour, and was beautifully pro^
portioned, with perfect action all round.

In the years that followed many fine dogs
were bred, both of the rough and smooth-
coated variety, and the type was greatly
improved. Mr. Thomas Shilcock, of Bir-
mingham, got together a strong kennel ;
Mr. T. Duerdin Dutton had some high-class

silver cups of the value of 100 guineas specimens at Cobham — Peggotty, a most

THE ST. BERNARD.

typical rough bitch, bred from the Guide
strain, winning for him a number of prizes—
and amongst other successful breeders and
exhibitors were Mr. R. T. Thornton, Mr.
A. J. Gosling, Mr. J. W. Rutherglen, Mr.
G. W.-Marsden, who is now the President
of the St. Bernard Club ; Mr. H. G. Sweet—
whose magnificent dog, Hesper, was the
sire of Miss Gres-
ham's Minstrel Boy
—Mr. T. Thorburn,
Mrs. Jones, Captain
Hargreaves, and Mr.
J. Royle, of Man-
chester, who gave
£470 for Lord Hath-
erton, a dog that was
catalogued at the
Birmingham Show at
£200, and after being
claimed by two or
three anxious pur-
chasers, was sold by
auction at the sum
mentioned.

Then came a lull
in the popularity of
the breed until Dr.
Inman, in partner-
ship with Mr. B.
W a 1 m s 1 e y, estab-
lished a kennel first
at Barford, near Bath,
and then at The

Priory, at Bowden, in Cheshire, where they
succeeded in breeding the finest kennel of
St. Bernards that has ever been seen in the
world. Dr. Inman had for several years
owned good dogs, and set about the work
on scientific principles. He, in conjunc-
tion with Mr. Walmsley, purchased the
smooth-coated Kenilworth from Mr. Loft,
bred that dog's produce with a brindle
Mastiff of high repute, and then crossed back
to his St. Bernards with the most successful
results. Dr. Inman was instrumental in
forming the National St. Bernard Club,
which, like the older society, was soon well
supported with members, and now has at
its disposal a good collection of valuable
challenge cups. The dogs bred at Bowden

carried all before them in the show ring,
and were continually in request for stud
purposes, improving the breed to a remark-
able extent.

At the disposal of Messrs. Inman and
Walmsley's kennel, there were such admir-
able dogs as the rough-coated Wolfram —
from whom were bred Tannhauser, Narcissus,

MR. W. H. BENNETT'S
BY CH. KENILWORTH
Photograph by Russell.

CH. LORD METHUEN
I. PRIMROSE LADY.

Leontes and Klingsor — the smooth-coated
dogs, the King's Son and The Viking ; the
rough-coated bitch, Judith Inman, and the
smooth Viola, the last-named the finest
specimen of her sex that has probably ever
been seen. These dogs and bitches, with
several others, were dispersed all over
England, with the exception of Klingsor
who went to South Africa.

Mr. J. W. Proctor, of Mobberley, pur-
chased Tannhauser and Viola, but they
are, unfortunately, both dead, as also are
Narcissus and Wolfram. Messrs. Scott and
Kostin, who bought Leontes and The Viking,
with Judith Inman, have been more fortu-
nate, as the two first-named are both alive
at this time of writing, the former one of

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

the best rough-coated dogs before the
public. The King's Son, who was a great
favourite with the late Dr. Inman, re-
mained at home, and his bones are pro-
bably to be found beneath the sod in some
quiet corner in the grounds of Bowden
Priory.

Almost all the best St. Bernards in Great
Britain at the present time have been
bred or are descended from the Bowden

A FIVE MONTHS' OLD SON OF
CH. LEONTES.

dogs. Mrs. Lawson, of Swansea, has been
very successful in breeding with the strain,
This lady owned Cinq Mars, who is now
the property of Mrs. Parker, for whom he
has been doing a large amount of winning.
Mrs. Parker also has in her possession
Chrysantheme and Queen Isabel, two of the
best of their variety ; whilst other success-
ful breeders and exhibitors are Mr. H.
Stockin, Mr. D. W. Davies, Mr. G. Sinclair-
the owner of Lord Montgomery, the Cham-
pion at the Crystal Palace and Edinburgh
in 1906 — Mr. James Redwood, Miss L. J.
Vere, Mr. E. H. Walbrook, Mr. W. H.
Bennett, Mrs. Duncan King, Mrs. Jagger
—whose famous dog, Florentius, died at
ten years of age while these lines were
being written — Mr. J. S. W. Harding,
Colonel Williamson, and Mr. J. Muir.

The following is the description of the
St. Bernard as drawn up by the members of
the St. Bernard Club :

Head. — The head should be large and massive,
the circumference of the skull being more than
double the length of the head from nose to occiput.
From stop to tip of nose should be moderately
short ; full below the eye and square at the

muzzle ; there should be great depth from the
eye to the lower jaw, and the lips should be deep
throughout, but not too pendulous. From the
nose to the stop should be straight, and the stop
abrupt and well denned. The skull should be
broad and rounded at the top, but not domed,
with somewhat prominent brow.

Ears. — The ears should be of medium size,
lying close to the cheek, but strong at the base
and not heavily feathered.

Eyes. — The eyes should be rather small and
deep set, dark in colour and not too close together ;
the lower eyelid should droop, so as to show a
fair amount of haw.

Nose. — The nose should be large and black,
with well developed nostrils. The teeth should be
level.

Expression. — The expression should betoken
benevolence, dignity, and intelligence.

Neck. — The neck should be lengthy, muscular,
and slightly arched, with dewlap developed, and
the shoulders broad and sloping, well up at the
withers.

General Description of Body. — The chest
should be wide and deep, and the back level
as far as the haunches, slightly arched over the
loins ; the ribs should be well rounded and
carried well back ; the loin wide and very
muscular.

Tail. — The tail should be set on rather high,
long, and in the long-coated variety bushy ;
carried low when in repose, and when excited
or in motion slightly above the line of the back.

Legs. — The forelegs should be perfectly straight,
strong in bone, and of good length ; and the hind-
legs very muscular. The feet large, compact,
with well-arched toes.

Size. — A dog should be at least 30 inches in
height at the shoulder, and a bitch 27 inches
(the taller the better, provided the symmetry is
maintained) ; thoroughly well proportioned, and
of great substance. The general outline should
suggest great power and capability of endurance.

Coat. — In the long-coated variety the coat
should be dense and flat ; rather fuller round
the neck ; the thighs feathered but not too
heavily. In the short-coated variety, the coat
should be dense, hard, flat, and short, slightly
feathered on thighs and tail.

Colour and Markings. — The colour should be
red, orange, various shades of brindle (the richer
colour the better), or white with patches on
body of one of the above named colours. The
markings should be as follows : white muzzle,
white blaze up face, white collar round neck ;
white chest, forelegs, feet, and end of tail ; black
shadings on face and ears. If the blaze be wide
and runs through to the collar, a spot of the
body colour on the top of the head is desirable.

THE ST. BERNARD.

Objectionable Points.

Ill temper.
Split nose.
Unlevel mouth and

cankered teeth.
Snipy muzzle.
Light and staring eyes.
Cheek bumps.
Wedge head.
Flat skull.
Wall eyes.
Domed skull.
Badly set or heavily-
feathered ears.
Too much peak.

Short neck.

Curly coat.

Curled tail.

Flat sides.

Hollow back.

Roach back.

Ring tail.

Open feet or hare feet.

Cow hocks.

Straight hocks.

Self-coloured (a self-
coloured dog is one
that has no black
shadings or white
markings).

Disqualifying Points.

Dudley, liver, flesh-col- Black, black and tan,

black and white,
black, tan, and white,
and all white.

cured nose.
Fawn, if whole col-
oured or with black
shadings only.

The weight of a dog should be from 170 Ibs. to
210 Ibs. ; of a bitch 160 Ibs. to 190 Ibs.

During the past twenty-five years St.
Bernards have been bred in this country

very much taller and heavier than they were
in the days of Tell, Hope, Moltke, Monk,
Hector, and Othman. Not one of these
measured over 32 inches in height, or scaled
over 180 Ibs., but the increased height
and greater weight of the more modern
production have been obtained by forcing
them as puppies and by fattening them to
such an extent that they have been injured
in constitution, and in many cases converted
into cripples behind. The prize- winning
rough-coated St. Bernard as he is seen
to-day is a purely manufactured animal,
handsome in appearance certainly, but so
cumbersome that he is scarcely able to
raise a trot, let alone do any tracking in the
snow. Usefulness, however, is not a con-
sideration with breeders, who have reared
the dog to meet the exigencies of the show
ring. There is still much left to be desired,
and there is room for considerable improve-
ment, as only a few of the more modern dogs
of the breed approach the standard drawn
up by the Clubs that are interested in their
welfare.

GROUP OF ST. BERNARD PUPPIES.
BRED BY MESSRS. SCOTT AND KOSTIN.

CHAPTER VI.
THE NEWFOUNDLAND.

BY CAPTAIN J. H. BAILEY.

Near this spot

Are deposited the remains of one

Who possessed Beauty without Vanity,

Strength without insolence,

Courage without Ferocity,

And all the Virtues of Man without his Vices.

This Praise, which would be unmeaning Flattery

If inscribed over human ashes,
Is but a just tribute to the memory of

Boatswain, a Dog,

Who was born at Newfoundland, May 1803,
And died at Newstead Abbey, Nov. 18, 1808.

BYRON'S EPITAPH ON HIS NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.

r \ ^ H E dogs which take
their name from the
island of Newfound-
land at the mouth of the
great St. Lawrence river ap-
peal to all lovers of animals,
romance, and beauty. A Newfoundland
formed the subject of perhaps the most
popular picture painted by Sir Edwin
Landseer ; a monument was erected by
Byron over the grave of his Newfound-
land in proximity to the place where the
poet himself hoped to be buried, at New-
stead Abbey, and the inscription on this
monument contains the lines so frequently
quoted :

"But the poor dog in life the firmest friend,
The first to welcome, foremost to defend,
Whose honest heart is still his master's own,
Who labours, fights, lives, breathes for him
alone.
******

To mark a friend's remains these stones

arise :
I never knew but one — and here he lies."

Robert Burns, also, in his poem, " The
Twa Dogs," written in 1786, refers to a
Newfoundland as being an aristocrat
among dogs in the following verse :

" The first I'll name, they ca'd him Ccesar,
Was keepit for his honour's pleasure :
His hair, his size, his mouth, his lugs,
Show'd he was nane o' Scotland's dogs ;
But whalpit some place far abroad,
Where sailors gang to fish for cod.
His locked, letter'd, braw brass collar
Show'd him the gentleman and scholar :
But though he was o' high degree,
The fient a pride — na pride had he."

Doubtless, other breeds of dogs have been
the subjects of popular pictures and have
had their praises sung by poets, but the
Newfoundlands have yet a further honour,
unique amongst dogs, in being the subject
for a postage stamp of their native land.
All these distinctions and honours have
not been conferred without reason, for no
breed of dogs has greater claim to the title
of friend of man, and it has become famous
for its known readiness and ability to save
persons in danger, especially from drown-
ing. It is strong and courageous in the
water, and on land a properly-trained New-
foundland is an ideal companion and guard.
Innumerable are the accounts of Newfound-
lands having proved their devotion to their
owners, and of the many lives saved by
them in river and sea ; and when Sir Edwin
Landseer selected one of the breed as the

THE NEWFOUNDLAND.

subject of his picture entitled, " A Distin-
guished Member of the Humane Society,"
he was justified not only by the sentiment
attaching to this remarkable race of dogs,
but also by the deeds by which Newfound-
lands have made good their claim to such
great distinction, and the popular recog-
nition of this, no doubt, in some degree
added to the great esteem in which this
painting has always been held.

Newfoundland character are passing away —
it is to be hoped for good. The breed is
rapidly returning to the type which Land-
seer's picture represents — a dog of great
beauty, dignity, and benevolence of
character, showing in its eyes an almost
human pathos.

Going back six years before the picture,
Mr. J. McGregor, in 1832, in his history of
British North America, wrote as follows :

A DISTINGUISHED MEMBER OF THE HUMANE SOCIETY.

FROM THE PAINTING BY SIR EDWIN LANDSEER, R.A., IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF BRITISH ART.

The picture was painted in 1838, and, as al-
most everyone knows, represents a white and
black Newfoundland. The dog portrayed
was typical of the breed, and now, after a
lapse of nearly seventy years, the painting
has the added value of enabling us to make
a comparison with specimens of the breed
as it exists to-day. Such a comparison
will show that among the best dogs now
living are some which might have been the
model for this picture. It is true, I think,
that in the interval the white and black
Newfoundlands have been coarser, heavier,
higher on the legs, with an expression
denoting excitability quite foreign to the
true breed, but these departures from

" The Newfoundland dog is a celebrated
and useful animal well known. These
dogs are remarkably docile and obedient
to their masters ; they are very serviceable
in all the fishing plantations, and are yoked
in pairs and used to haul the winter fuel
home. They are gentle, faithful, good-
natured, and ever a friend to man, and
will at command leap into the water from
the highest precipice and in the coldest
weather. They are remarkably voracious,
but can endure hunger for a great length of
time, and they are usually fed upon the
worst of salted fish.

" The true breed has become scarce and
difficult to be met with. They grow to a

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

greater size than an English Mastiff, have a
fine close fur, and the colour is of various
kinds ; but black, which is the most approved
of, prevails. The smooth, short-haired dog
so much admired in England as a New-
foundland dog, though a useful and saga-
cious animal and nearly as hardy and
fond of the water, is a cross-breed. It

It is somewhat difficult to reconcile these
remarks concerning Newfoundlands in Eng-
land with what is known from other sources
about the same time, and it is contradicted
as regards the smooth-coated dogs by
Landseer's picture. The smooth-coated dogs
referred to were probably of the Labrador
breed, and this view is confirmed by Youatt

MISS E. GOODALL'S CH. GIPSY PRINCESS

BY WOLF OF BADENOCH HUMBER PEERESS.

Photograph by Russell.

seems, however, to inherit all the virtues
of the true kind. A Newfoundland dog
will, if properly domesticated and trained,
defend his master, growl when another
person speaks roughly to him, and in no
instance of danger leave him. This animal
in a wild state hunts in packs, and is then
ferocious, and in its habits similar to the
Wolf. They are fond of children and much
attached to members of the house to which
they belong, but frequently cherish a cross
antipathy to a stranger. While they will
neither attack nor fight dogs of inferior
size, they are ready to fight courageously
with dogs of their own size and strength.

" So sagacious are these animals that they
seem to want only the faculty of speech to
make them fully understood, and they are
capable of being trained to all the purposes
for which almost every other variety of the
canine species is used."

in his Book of The Dog, published in 1845,
in which he states : " Some of the true New-
foundlands have been brought to Europe,
and have been used as Retrievers. They
are comparatively small and generally black.
A larger variety has been bred, and is
now perfectly established. He is seldom
used as a sporting dog, but is admired on
account of his stature and beauty, and the
different colours with which he is often
marked."

Some twenty-five to thirty years ago
there was considerable discussion among
owners of Newfoundlands in this country
as to the proper colour of the true breed,
and there were many persons who claimed,
as some still claim, that the black variety
is the only true variety, and that the white
and black colouring indicates a cross-breed.
Again Landseer's picture is of value,
because, in the first place, we may be almost

THE NEWFOUNDLAND.

certain that he would have selected for such
a picture a typical dog of the breed, and,

two established varieties, the black and the
white and black. There are also bronze-

secondly, because the picture shows, nearly coloured dogs, but they are rare and are not

half a century prior to the discussion, a white favoured. It is stated, however, that pup-

and black dog, typical in nearly every pies of that colour are generally the most

respect, except colour, of the black New- promising in all other respects.
foundland. There is no appearance of cross- Newfoundlands figure very prominently

MRS. W. A. LINDSAY'S CH. MILK BOY

BY STEERSMAN LADY'S MAID.

Photograph by A bernethy, Belfast.

breeding in Landseer's dog ; on the con-
trary, he reveals all the characteristics of
a thoroughbred. Nearly seventy years ago,
therefore, the white and black variety may
be fairly considered to have been established,
and it is worthy of mention here that
" Idstone " quoted an article written in 1819
stating that back in the eighteenth century
Newfoundlands were large, rough-coated,
liver and white dogs. It is clear, also, that
in 1832 Newfoundlands in British North
America were of various colours. Addi-
tional evidence, too, is provided, in the fact
that when selecting the type of head for
their postage stamp the Government of
Newfoundland chose the Landseer dog.
Therefore, there are very strong argu-
ments against the claim that the true
variety is essentially black.

However that may be, there are now

in the numerous accounts of canine instinct,
devotion and sagacity, and whether or not
those accounts are always quite authentic,
they indicate how widespread is the belief
that dogs of this breed possess those qualities
in full. The Rev. J. S. Watson, in his book
on " The Reasoning Power in Animals,"
said he was not inclined to assent to an
opinion that one species of dog has not
greater sagacity than another. He was
disposed to think that a greater portion of
strong natural sense was manifested in the
larger kinds of dogs such as the Newfound-
land.

The Rev. F. O. Morris many years ago
wrote an account of a Newfoundland and a
Mastiff which frequently fought together,
and on one occasion, when fighting on a
pier, they both fell into the sea. The
Newfoundland was quickly out again, but,

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

seeing the Mastiff in difficulties, he went back
and assisted him. Mr. Morris stated that
henceforth the dogs were quite good friends.
That is easy enough of belief by anyone who
has kept and studied dogs as companions

ANOTHER PORTRAIT OF CH. MILK BOY.

Photograph by Lafayette, Belfast.

and thereby learned how large an amount
of what are regarded as purely human
faculties there is in dogs.

Very recently I was told of an adult
Newfoundland, which, curiously enough,
was not fond of swimming, and was taken
out with another Newfoundland that was
quite at home in the water. The former
showed no desire to follow the latter, but
he did in time realise that the swimmer
received praise which he also wanted, and,
reasoning clearly from cause to effect, he
developed into a remarkably good water-
dog.

I am not sure whether the following story
told by Charles Dickens denotes instinct,
devotion, or sagacity, but it is amusing.
Dickens said that a Newfoundland, which
was usually allowed to go out alone, ap-

peared on his return to smell of beer, and,
being watched on one occasion, was seen to
go into a public-house. On inquiry being
made it was found that the dog was in the
habit of calling daily at the public-house and
was usually given a pint of beer.
A striking instance of the reason-
ing power of this breed of dog is
given by G. Romanes in the Quar-
terly Journal of Science for April,
1876. It is there stated that a
Newfoundland dog was sent across
a stream to fetch a couple of hats,
while his master and friend had
gone on some distance. The dog
went after them, and the gentle-
men saw him attempt to carry
both hats, and fail, for together
they were too much for him. Pre-
sently he paused in his endeavour,
took a careful survey of the hats,
discovered that one was larger than
the other, put the small one inside
the larger, and took the latter in
his teeth by the brim and carried
both across !

The black variety of the New-
foundland is essentially black in
colour ; but this does not mean
that there may be no other colour,
for most black Newfoundlands have
some white marks, and these are not
considered objectionable, so long as they are
limited to white hairs on the chest, toes,
or the tip of the tail. In fact, a white
marking on the chest is said to be typical
of the true breed. Any white on the head
or body would place the dog in the other
than black variety. The black colour should
preferably be of a dull jet appearance, which
approximates to brown. In the other than
black class, there may be black and tan,
bronze, and white and black. The latter
predominates, and in this colour, beauty of
marking is very important. The head should
be black with a white muzzle and blaze, and
the body and legs should be white with large
patches of black on the saddle and quarters,
with possibly other small black spots on
the body and legs.

Apart from colour, the varieties should

THE NEWFOUNDLAND.

conform to the same standard. The head
should be broad and massive, but in no
sense heavy in appearance. The muzzle
should be short, square, and clean cut, eyes
rather wide apart, deep set, dark and small,
not showing any haw ; ears small, with
close side carriage, covered with fine short
hair (there should be no fringe to the ears),
expression full of intelligence, dignity, and
kindness.

The body should be long, square, and
massive, loins strong and well filled ; chest
deep and broad ; legs quite straight, some-
what short in proportion to the length of the
body, and powerful, with round bone well
covered with muscle ; feet large, round, and
close. The tail should be only long enough
to reach just below the hocks, free from
kink, and never curled over the back.
The quality of the coat is very important ;
the coat should be very dense, with plenty
of undercoat ; the outer coat somewhat
harsh and quite straight. A curly coat is
very objectionable. A dog with a good coat
may be in the water for a considerable time
without getting wet on the skin.

The appearance generally should indicate
a dog of great strength, and very active
for his build and size, moving freely with
the body swung loosely between the legs,
which gives a slight roll in gait. This has
been compared to a sailor's roll, and is
typical of the breed.

As regards size, the Newfoundland Club
standard gives 140 Ibs. to 120 Ibs. weight
for a dog, and no Ibs. to 120 Ibs. for a bitch,
with an average height at the shoulder of
27 inches and 25 inches respectively ; but
it is doubtful whether dogs in proper con-
dition do conform to both requirements.
At any rate, the writer is unable to trace
any prominent Newfoundlands which do,
and it would be safe to assume that for dogs
of the weights specified, the height should
be quite 29 inches for dogs, and 27 inches
for bitches. A dog weighing 150 Ibs. and
measuring 29 inches in height at the shoulder
would necessarily be long in body to be
in proportion, and would probably much
nearer approach the ideal form for a New-
foundland than a taller dog.

In that respect Newfoundlands have
very much improved during the past
quarter of a century. Twenty-five years ago,
the most noted dogs were stated as a rule to be
well over 30 inches in height, but their weight
for height would indicate legginess, which
is an abomination in a Newfoundland. One
dog of years ago, named Mayor of Bingley, a
well-known prize-winner, was stated to be
32^ inches at the shoulder and 142 Ibs. in
weight, while his length was 50 inches (ex-
cluding tail). It is interesting to compare
that dog with Champion Shelton Viking,
who is illustrated in this chapter. His
height is 29!- inches, weight 154 Ibs., and
length of body 48 inches. To be approxi-
mately of the same comparative proportions
for his height Mayor of Bingley should have
weighed at least 180 Ibs. That, I think,
would be too heavy for a Newfoundland, and,
in fact, he was too tall. A 2g-inch New-
foundland is quite tall enough, and even that
height should not be gained at the expense of
type and symmetry.

The following table gives figures as a
guide to what the writer considers should
be about the measurements of a full-sized

dog and bitch :

Dog. Bitch.

Height . . . 29 in. 27 in.

Weight . . . 150 Ib. 1 20 Ib.
Length from nose to root

of tail . . 52 in. 48^ in.

Girth of head . . 26 ,, 23 ,,

muzzle . . 13 ,, 12 ,,

chest . . 39 ,, 35 „

loin . . 33 ,, 30 ,,

forearm . .10,, 9 ,,

Length of head . . 12^ ,, n ,,

It does not follow, of course, that a
dog with these measurements will neces-
sarily be a good show dog ; but it will
be found that the measurements compare
fairly well with those of the most typical
black dogs and bitches. The white and black
variety are, as a rule, slightly taller, smaller in
loin and longer in head, but these differences
in the two varieties are being rapidly re-
moved, and at no distant date the white and
black variety will probably be as correct
in type and symmetry as the black variety
now is.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

MR. J. J. COOPERS CH. KING STUART

BY PRINCE JACK QUEEN ANNE.

For very many years the black variety
has been the better in type ; and in breed-
ing, if blacks are desired, it will be safer
as a general rule to insist upon the absence
of white and black blood in any of the
immediate ancestors of the sire and dam.
But if, on the contrary, white and black
dogs are required, the proper course is to
make judicious crosses between the black
and white, and black varieties, and destroy
any black puppies, unless they are re-
quired for further crosses with white and
black blood. In any case the first cross is
likely to produce both black and mis-marked
white and black puppies ; but the latter,
if bred back to the white and black blood,
would generally produce well-marked white
and black Newfoundlands.

In mating, never be guided solely by the
good points of the dog and bitch. It is very
desirable that they should both have good

points, the more good ones
the better, but it is more
important to ensure that
they are dissimilar in their
defects, and, if possible, that
in neither case is there a
very objectionable defect,
especially if such defect was
also apparent in the animal's
sire or dam.

It is, therefore, important
to study what were the good,
and still more so the bad,
points in the parents and
grandparents. If you do
not know these, other New-
foundland breeders will will-
ingly give information, and
any trouble involved in
tracing the knowledge re-
quired will be amply repaid
in the results, and probably
save great disappoint-
ment.

When rearing puppies give
them soft food, such as well-
boiled rice and milk, as soon
as they will lap, and, shortly
afterwards, scraped lean
meat. Newfoundland puppies
require plenty of meat to induce proper
growth. The puppies should increase in
weight at the rate of 3 Ibs. a week, and this
necessitates plenty of flesh, bone and muscle-
forming food, plenty of meat, both raw and
cooked. Milk is also good, but it requires
to be strengthened with Plasmon, or casein.
The secret of growing full-sized dogs with
plenty of bone and substance is to get
a good start from birth, good feeding, warm,
dry quarters, and freedom for the puppies
to move about and exercise themselves
as they wish. Forced exercise may make
them go wrong on their legs. Medicine
should not be required except for worms,
and the puppies should be physicked for
these soon after they are weaned, and
again when three or four months old,
or before that if they are not thriving. If
free from worms, Newfoundland puppies
will be found quite hardy, and, under

THE NEWFOUNDLAND.

proper conditions of food and quarters, they
are easy to rear.

The Newfoundland Club scale of points
for judging is as follows :

Head 34 points : — •

Shape of skull ... 8
Ears . . . .10

Eyes .... 8

Muzzle .... 8 — 34

Body 66 points : —

Neck .... 4

Chest .... 6
Shoulders .... 4
Loin and back . . .12
Hind quarters and tail . 10
Legs and feet . . .10
Coat . . . .12

Size, height, and general ap-
pearance . . . 8 — 66

Total points . . 100

Her patience and skill have been repaid,
and this lady now holds a very strong
hand in Newfoundlands. Viking attained
high honour on the first occasion of his
being shown. At the Crystal Palace, Oc-
tober, 1904, he won first prizes in Open
and Limit classes, the silver cup for the
best black dog, and also the Championship.
He is still an unbeaten dog, and is likely
to be as famous in the Stud Book as his
grandsire King Stuart.

The other black Newfoundland illustrated
is Champion Gipsy Princess (p. 76), who was
owned by Miss E. Goodall. This bitch
was first shown, I think, at Earl's Court in
1899, at the age of about ten months,
and created quite a sensation among New-
foundland breeders. The successful career
then commenced was continued throughout
her life. It is an unfortunate fact that

Five of the illustrations in this
chapter are of typical cham-
pions of the breed. Taking the
head of Champion King Stuart
(K.C.S.B. 36,708) first, this is
portrayed as the type of head
required. There is a slight
defect in the photograph, due
to refraction, the smooth, shiny
black hair at the stop having
glistened in the light, thus
preventing the depth of the
stop and the formation of the
dome from being justly seen.
This dog had an almost un-
paralleled record on the show
bench. He was the sire of
Mr. Horsfield's very typical
dog, Champion Bowdon Per-
fection, of Mr. Critchley's
charming bitch, Champion Lady
Buller, and the grandsire, on both
sire and dam's side, of Cham-
pion Shelton Viking (p. 82).

Viking was bred by Mrs.
Vale Nicolas, of Worksop, who
at one time owned King Stuart,
and was firm in her resolve to
breed to that type of head.

MR. C. GOODMAN'S MISS STORMY

BY CH, CANONBURY ROVER MRS. STORMY.

Photograph by Russell.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

she never bred. She was an exceptionally
large bitch. Her breeder was Mr. Haldenby,
of Hull, and she was but one of many famous
Newfoundlands emanating from his kennels.
The sire of Gipsy Princess was the famous
Champion Wolf of Badenoch, and her dam
was by King Stuart.

Coming now to the illustrations of the
white and black dogs, to take them in the
order of their birth, first is Champion Prince
of Norfolk. The illustration (see p. 83) shows
what a grandly proportioned dog he was,
and how beautifully marked. He was very
little used at stud, and he died in 1904. The

Other famous Newfoundland kennels are
owned by the Rev. W. T. Willacott, of Brad-
worthy, North Devon ; Mr. J. J. Horsfield,
of Sale ; Mr. J. J. Cooper (President of the
Newfoundland Club), of Feniscowles Old
Hall, near Blackburn ; Mr. R. R. Coats, of
Newcastle-on-Tyne ; but to mention all
the owners and the many celebrated New-
foundlands who have made history in the
breed would exceed the space available
in this chapter. There are many who
have passed ; owners who are remembered
with respect and esteem, and dogs who find
a soft place in one's heart for the many

CH. SHELTON VIKING. BY LORD ROSEBERY — SHELTON MADGE.

BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. VALE NICOLAS, WORKSOP.
Photograph by T. Fall.

other dog illustrated is Champion Milk Boy,
owned by Mrs. W. A. Lindsay, of Belfast
(see pp. 77, 78). This dog has won numerous
championships, prizes, and cups, and was
bred by Mr. H. J. Mansfield, of Rushbrooke,
near Bury St. Edmunds, who has for many
years been a consistent and successful
breeder of Newfoundlands.

victories they won, and for the great names
that live after them. And in the present
there are still friends who are carrying
on the history, and great dogs who are
an improved race, ready to uphold the
fame of their breed on the show bench, and
to gladden the hearts of their masters and
mistresses as friends and companions.

THE NEWFOUNDLAND. 83

In conclusion, a few words may be said open to competition among; the members ;
for the Newfoundland Club, which was estab- it presents special prizes at the various
lished in 1884 to promote the breeding shows ; and offers facilities to anyone who is

CAPTAIN J. H. BAILEY'S CH. PRINCE OF NORFOLK

BY HIS NIBBS PRINCESS MAY I!

Photograph by Salmon.

of pure Newfoundlands by endeavouring desirous of studying the breed. The annual

to make the qualities and type of the subscription is £i is., and the Hon. Secre-

breed more definitely known. The Club tary is Mr. W. E. Gillingham, of 335, King

owns several Challenge Cups, which are Street West, Hammersmith.

"WE ARE SEVEN"

TEAM OF SIX WEEKS OLD GREAT DANES
BRED BY MR. J. L CHING, ENFIELD.

BY LORD DE GRACE VENDETTA OF REDGRAVE.

CHAPTER VII.
THE GREAT DANE, OR GERMAN BOARHOUND.

BY E. B. JOACHIM.

" He who alone there was deemed best of all,
The war dog of the Danefolk, well worthy of men."

— HEL-RIDE OF BRYNHILD.

THE HON. W. B. WROTTES LEY'S

THYRA OF SEISDON.

BY CH. LORIS THYLIA.

r I ^HE origin of
the Great
Dane, like
that of a great
many other varie-
ties of dogs, is so
obscure that all
researches have
only resulted in
speculative theo-
ries, but the un-
doubted an-
tiquity of this

dog is proved by the fact that repre-
sentatives of a breed sufficiently similar to
be considered his ancestors are found on
some of the oldest Egyptian monuments.
How the Great Dane came by his present
name is also uncertain. If Denmark was
the country from which these dogs spread
over the Continent, and were on that
account called Great Danes, they must
have greatly deteriorated in their father-
land, because what is now known as the
Dansk Hound (Danish Dog) is at the

best only a sorry caricature of the Great
Dane.

A few years ago a controversy arose on the
breed's proper designation, when the Ger-
mans claimed for it the title " Deutsche
Dogge." Germany had several varieties
of big dogs, such as the Hatzriide, Sau-
fanger, Ulmer Dogge, and Rottweiler
Metzerghund ; but contemporaneously with
these there existed, as in other countries in
Europe, another very big breed, but much
nobler and more thoroughbred, known as
the Great Dane. When after the war of
1870 national feeling was pulsating very
strongly in the veins of re-united Germany,
the German cynologists were on the look-
out for a national dog, and for that purpose
the Great Dane was re-christened " Deutsche
Dogge," and elected as the champion of
German Dogdom. For a long time all
these breeds had, no doubt, been indis-
criminately crossed, and a proof of this may
be found in the fact that the powerful
influence in dog breeding of " black and
tan," which is the colour of the Rottweiler

THE GREAT DANE.

Hund, shows itself even now by the occa-
sional appearance of a puppy with tan
marking, and particularly the peculiar tan
spots above the eyes.

The Great Dane was introduced into this
country spasmodically some thirty-five

shortened by the removal of some of the
end joints should be disqualified from
winning a prize. At the end of 1895 the
old Club was dissolved, and in 1896 Mr.
Robert Leadbetter, M.F.H., took the initia-
tive in the formation of a new Great 'Dane

MRS. REGINALD HERBERT'S CH. VENDETTA BY HARRAS FLORA.

BRED BY MR. BAMBERGER IN 1884.

years ago, when he was commonly referred
to as the Boarhound, or the German Mastiff,
and for a time the breed had to undergo
a probationary period in the " Foreign
Class " at dog shows, but it soon gained in
public favour, and in the early 'eighties a
Great Dane Club was formed. In 1895
the breed suffered a great set-back through
the abolition of " cropping " in this country,
which was also one of the causes of dissen-
sion amongst the members of the Great
Dane Club ; another cause being the question
as to whether a dog whose tail had been

Club, which has flourished ever since. In
1903 another Club was started under the
title, " The Northern Great Dane Club,"
which has also done important work. The
intrinsic good qualities of the Great Dane
and the assistance of these institutions have
raised him to such a height in general esteem
that he is now one of the most popular of
all the larger breeds of dogs.

The Kennel Club has classed the Great
Dane amongst the Non-Sporting dogs, prob-
ably because with us he cannot find a
quarry worthy of his mettle ; but, for all

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

that, he has the instincts and qualifications
of a sporting dog, and he has proved him-
self particularly valuable for hunting big
game in hot climates, which he stands very
well.

Respecting the temperament of the Great
Dane and his suitability as a companion

MRS. HORSFALUS VANDAL OF REDGRAVE

BY ORUS OF LOCHERBIE VROLA OF REDGRAVE.

Photograph by Judge, Hastings.

writers have gone to extremes in praise
and condemnation. In his favour it must
be said that in natural intelligence he is
surpassed by very few other dogs. He has
a most imposing figure, and does not, like
some other big breeds, slobber from his
mouth, which is a particularly unpleasant
peculiarity when a dog is kept in the house.
On the other hand, it must be admitted that
with almost the strength of a tiger he com-
bines the excitability of a terrier, and no
doubt a badly trained Great Dane is a very
dangerous animal. It is not sufficient to
teach him in the haphazard way which
might be successful in getting a small dog
under control, but even as a companion
he ought to be trained systematically,
and, considering his marked intelligence,
this is not difficult of accomplishment.

In Germany the Great Dane is some-
times specially trained to " go for a man "

at command, and to pull him down and
stand over him without biting him unless
he shows fight.

The Great Dane attains his full develop-
ment in about a year and a half to two years,
and, considering that puppies have to build
up in that time a very big skeleton and
straight limbs, special
attention must be given
to the rearing of them.
The dam whelps fre-
quently eight puppies,
and sometimes even a
few more, but that is
too great a number for
a bitch to suckle in a
breed where great size
is a desideratum. Not
more than four, or at
the outside five, should
be left with the bitch,
and the others put to
a foster mother, or if
they are weaklings or
foul-marked puppies it
is best to destroy them.
After the puppies are
weaned, their food
should be of bone-
making quality, and
they require ample space for exercise and
play at their own sweet will. Nothing is
worse than to take the youngsters for forced
marches before their bones have become
firm.

Before giving the description and stan-
dard which have been adopted by the Great
Dane Clubs, a few remarks on some of the
leading points will be useful. The general
characteristic of the Great Dane is a com-
bination of grace and power, and therefore
the lightness of the Greyhound, as well as
the heaviness of the Mastiff, must be avoided.
The head should be powerful, but at
the same time show quality by its nice
modelling.

The eyes should be intelligent and viva-
cious, but not have the hard expression of
the terrier. The distance between the eyes
is of great importance ; if too wide apart
they give the dog a stupid appearance,

THE GREAT DANE.

and if too close together he has a treacher-
ous look.

Another very important point is the grace-
ful carriage of the tail. When it is curled
over the back it makes an otherwise hand-
some dog look mean, and a tail that curls
at the end like a corkscrew is also very
ugly. In former times " faking " was not
unfrequently resorted to to correct a faulty
tail carriage, but it is easily detected, be-
cause when the dog is excited he raises the
tail up to the point where it has been
operated upon, and from there it is carried
in an unnaturally different direction in a
more or less lifeless
way. " Faked " tails
are now hardly ever
seen. Great Danes
sometimes injure the
end of the tail by
hitting it against a
hard substance, and
those with a good car-
riage of tail are most
liable to this because
in excitement they
slash it about, whereas
the faulty position of
the tail, curled over
the back, insures im-
munity from harm. If
a dog's tail has been
damaged, it should be
attended to at once
to allay inflammation,
otherwise mortification
may set in and some
of the joints of the tail
will have to be taken
off.

Cases have probably
occurred where the end
of the tail was taken
off to get rid of the ugly corkscrew twist,
and this may have been the reason for
the proposal to disqualify all curtailed
dogs.

Until recently British Great Dane breeders
and exhibitors have paid very little atten-
tion to colour, on the principle that, like a
good horse, a good Great Dane cannot be

a bad colour. The English clubs, however,
have now in this particular also adopted the
German standard.

The orthodox colours are brindle, fawn,
blue, black, and harlequin. In the brindle
dogs the ground colour should be any shade
from light yellow to dark red-yellow on
which the brindle appears in darker
stripes. The harlequins have on a pure
white ground fairly large black patches,
which must be of irregular shape, broken
up as if they had been torn, and not have
rounded outlines. When brindle Great
Danes are continuously bred together, it

LIBETT VAN DE

LATE OWNER, MISS

PRINS BY CH. HATTO OF HOLLAND ADY.

E. MACKAY SCOTT.

has been found that they get darker, and
that the peculiar " striping " disappears,
and in that case the introduction of a good
fawn into the strain is advisable. The
constant mating of harlequins has the ten-
dency to make the black patches dis-
appear, and the union with a good black
Great Dane will prevent the loss of colour.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

The following is the official description
issued by the Great Dane Club. The
sketches are by Mrs. Ernest E. Fox.

THE PERFECT GREAT DANE.

I. General Appearance.— The Great Dane is not
so heavy or massive as the Mastiff, nor should
he too nearly approach the Greyhound type.
Remarkable in size and very muscular, strongly
though elegantly built ; the head and neck
should be carried high, and the tail in line with
the back, or slightly upwards, but not curled

MR. H. SCHMIDT'S CHANCE OF ROSEDALE

(AT THE AGE OF EIGHT MONTHS)

BY PRINCE FLORIZEL LIBETT VAN DE PRINS.

over the hind quarters. Elegance of outline
and grace of form, are most essential to a Dane ;
size is absolutely necessary ; but there must be
that alertness of expression and briskness of
movement without which the Dane character
is lost. He should have a look of dash and
daring, of being ready to go anywhere and do
anything.

2. Temperament. — The Great Dane is good-
tempered, affectionate, and faithful to his master,
not demonstrative with strangers ; intelligent,
courageous, and always alert. His value as a
guard is unrivalled. He is easily controlled

when well trained, but he may grow savage if
confined too much, kept on chain, or ill treated.

3. Height. — The minimum height of an adult
dog should be 30 ins.; that of a bitch, 28 ins.

4. Weight. — The minimum weight of an adult
dog should be 120 Ibs. ; that of a bitch, loolbs.
The greater height and weight to be preferred,
provided that quality and proportion are also
combined.

5. Head.— Taken altogether, the head should
give the idea of great length and strength of jaw.
The muzzle, or foreface, is

broad, and the skull propor-
tionately narrow, so that the
whole head, when viewed from
above and in front, has the
appearance of equal breadth
throughout.

6. Length of Head. — The
entire length of head varies
with the height of the dog, 13

ins. from the tip of the nose to the back of the
occiput is a good measurement for a dog of 32 ins.
at the shoulder. The length from the end of the
nose to the poin between the eyes should be
about equal, or preferably of greater length than
from this point to the back of the occiput.

7. Skull. — The skull should be flat rather than
domed, and have a slight indentation running
up the centre, the occipital peak not prominent.
There should be a decided rise or brow over
the eyes, but no abrupt stop between them.

THE DOTTED LINE SHOWS
FAULTY Lip.

" GREYHOUND " EARS. " TERRIER " EA~S.

FAULTY EARS.

8. Face. — The face should be chiselled well
and foreface long, of equal depth throughout,
and well filled in below the eyes with no appear-
ance of being pinched.

9. Muscles of the Cheek. — The muscles of the
cheeks should be quite flat, with no lumpiness
or cheek bumps, the angle of the jaw-bone well
defined.

10. Lips. — The lips should hang quite square
in front, forming a right angle with the upper
line of foreface.

THE GREAT DANE.

II. — Underline. — The underline of the head,
viewed in profile, runs almost in a straight line
from the corner of the lip to the corner of the
jawbone, allowing for the fold of the lip, but
with no loose skin to hang down.

12. Jaw. — The lower jaw should be about
level, or at any rate not project more than the
sixteenth of an inch.

13. Nose and Nostrils. — The bridge of the nose

the elbows well under the body, so that, when
viewed in front, the dog docs not stand too wide.

17. Forelegs and Feet. — The fore-legs should
be perfectly straight, with big flat bone. The
feet large and round, the toes well arched and
close, the nails strong and curved.

18. Body. — The body is very deep, with ribs
well sprung and belly well drawn up.

19. Back and Loins. — The back and loins are

MRS. H. HORSFALL'S CH. VIOLA OF REDGRAVE

BY CH. THOR OF REDGRAVE VROLA OF REDGRAVE

Phctograph by Coe, Norwich.

should be very wide, with a slight ridge where
the cartilage joins the bone. (This is quite a
characteristic of the breed.) The nostrils should
be large, wide, and open, giving a blunt look to
the nose. A butterfly or flesh-coloured nose is
not objected to in harlequins.

14. Ears. — The ears should be small, set high
on the skull, and carried slightly erect, with the >
tips falling forward.

15. Neck. — Next to the head, the neck is one
of the chief characteristics. It should be long,
well arched, and quite clean and free from loose
skin, held well up, snakelike in carriage, well
set in the shoulders, and the junction of head
and neck well denned.

1 6. Shoulders. — The shoulders should be muscu-
lar but not loaded, and well sloped back, with

strong, the latter slightly arched, as in the Grey-
hound.

20. Hind-Quarters. — The hind-quarters and
thighs are extremely muscular, giving the idea
of great strength and galloping power. The
second thigh is long and well developed as in
a Greyhound, and the hocks set low, turning
neither out nor in.

21. Tail. — The tail is strong at the root and
ends in a fine point, reaching to or just below
the hocks. It should be carried, when the dog
is in action, in a straight line level with the back,
slightly curved towards the end, but should not
curl over the back.

22. Coat. — The hair is short and dense, and
sleek-looking, and in no case should it incline
to coarseness.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

23. Gait or Action.— The gait should be lithe,
springy, and free, the action high. The hocks
should move very freely, and the head should
be held well up.

24. Colour. — The colours are brindle, fawn,
blue, black, and harlequin. The harlequin should
have jet black patches and spots on a pure white
ground ; grey patches are admissible but not
desired ; but fawn or brindle shades are objection-
able.

Fassbender, Mr. Wuster, Lord Charles Kerr,
Prince Albert Solms, Mr. James Davis,
and Mr. Charles Goas. Mr. Fassbender
was the owner of Nero, who was mated
to Mr. Wuster 's Flora — both importations.
Nero was a large and elegantly shaped
brindle, while Flora was a notably strong
and beautiful bitch. She was bred from
before she came to England, and perhaps

MRS. H. HORSFALL'S CH. VICEROY OF REDGRAVE

BY CH. HANNIBAL OF REDGRAVE CH. VALENTINE OF REDGRAVE

Photograph by Coe, Norwich.

In supplement to Mr. Joachim's valuable
remarks on this breed it may be noted
that among the early importations of the
Great Dane into England were Lady
Bismarck and Libertas, the latter a grand
bitch who had several good litters by her
kennel mate, Imperium, who distinguished
himself at Dublin and at the Crystal Palace.
Herr Gustav Lang, of Stuttgart, Herr
R. von Schmeideberg, editor of Der Hund,
and Herr Bamberger, were the principal
authorities on the breed in Germany; and
the chief owners in England were Mr.

the finest specimen of the Great Dane ever
seen in this country was her daughter
Champion Vendetta, whose sire was Harras.
Bred by Herr Bamberger. Vendetta was
born August 2ist, 1884, and imported
while still young, becoming the property
of Mrs. Reginald Herbert, who afterwards
sold her to Mr. Craven. Although in all
large breeds the female is, as a rule, notice-
ably smaller than the male, Vendetta was
in no sense inferior to such mighty dogs
as Hannibal and Champion Colonia Bosco.
She was tall, with great substance and

THE GREAT DANE.

power, and had the bold, frowning ex-
pression and noble, commanding look which
seems to have been softened out from the
more recent Danes. Her height was 32^
inches at the shoulder, and her weight
144 Ibs. Thus she was considerably taller
and heavier than most specimens of her
breed.

Mr. Robert Leadbetter, who has already
been mentioned in connection with the
breeding of Mastiffs, is equally well known
as an owner and successful breeder of Great
Danes ; and another
enthusiast is Miss
Evelyn MackayScott,
of Erith, the owner
of Prince Florizel, and
breeder of Hannibal
of Rosedale and the
late Chance of Rose-
dale. Hannibal is
probably the largest
Great Dane living at
the present time in
Europe, and cer-
tainly in England.
His height is 34
inches. But Chance,
who was a splendid
light brindle, was
even taller than his
half-brother, for he
stood fully 35 inches
at the shoulder, and
was perhaps the tall-
est dog of any breed
and at any time
whose measurements
have been recorded.
His proportions were
entirely in harmony
with his remarkable
height, for he was a
dog of enormous bone
and substance, with wonderful depth of
brisket. He had an admirably typical head,
with a good square muzzle and level jaw.
His expression was of the true Dane char-
acter, and his action was majestic.

Of recent years women have been promi-
nent among the owners and breeders who

have striven to keep perfect and to popularise
the Great Dane, and none has done more in
this direction than Mrs. H. Horsfall, whose
kennels at Mornington Manor, in Norfolk,
have sent forth many redoubtable champions.
There are, indeed, very few superlative Great
Danes nowadays who do not owe some re-
lationship to the renowned Redgrave strain.
The following Great Danes have gained
championship honours during the past five
years. DOGS : Roger of Eccleshall, Viceroy
of Redgrave, Viking of Redgrave, Lord

MESSRS. W. H. BOYES AND H. SCHMIDT'S
BY CH. VICEROY— -LIBETT VAN DE PRINS.
Photograph by T. Fall.

HANNIBAL OF ROSEDALE

Deedless, Lord Ronald of Redgrave, Thor
of Redgrave, Loris of Redgrave, Vanguard
of Redgrave, Vrelst of Redgrave. BITCHES :
Lady Topper, Lot of Redgrave, Victory of
Redgrave, Valentine of Redgrave, Superba
of Stapleton, Viola of Redgrave, Rosamund
of Stapleton.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE DALMATIAN, OR COACH DOG.

BY F. C. HIGXETT.

"Spotted like the leopard, I

Live my days at Dobbin's heels.
Let the hastening pack go by,
With tootling horn and bellowing cry ;
I am content between the wheels."

" THE SPOTTED DOG."

BEWICK'S DALMATIAN (1790).

OF the antecedents of the Dalmatian
it is extremely hard to speak with
certainty, but it appears that the
breed has altered very little since it was
first illustrated in Bewick's book on nat-
ural history, in which there appears an
engraving of a dog who, but for his dis-
graceful tail carriage, would be able to
hold his own in high - class competition
in the present day, and whose markings
are sufficiently well distributed to satisfy
the most exacting of judges. Indeed,
the almost geometrical exactness with
which the spots are represented by Bewick
suggests the inference that imagination
greatly assisted Nature in producing what
he thought ought to be. The famous en-
graver's ideal, however exaggerated, is at
the same time a standard worth breeding
up to in that most important feature of this
dog, the brilliance and regularity of his
markings.

In former times it was the custom to
transform the ears of the Dalmatian by
cropping, and in many cases the whole flap

of the ear was entirely removed, exposing
the cavity ; but this barbarous and utterly
useless practice rightly fell into disrepute,
and the dog now appears as Nature in-
tended him to be — a smart, well-built,
aristocratic-looking animal, in shape and
size resembling a Pointer ; in colour pure
white, sprinkled with black or brown
spots.

Before the Kennel Club found it necessary
to insist upon a precise definition of each
breed, the dog was known as the Coach Dog,
a name appropriately derived from his
fondness for following a carriage, for living
in and about the stable, and for accom-
panying his master's horses at exercise.
As an adjunct to the carriage he is pecu-
liarly suitable, for in fine weather he will
follow between the wheels for long dis-
tances without showing fatigue, keeping
easy pace with the best horses. Then,
again, being perfectly smooth and short
in coat, and at the same time possessed of
sufficient size and pluck to command re-
spect on the part of intruders, he can in wet
weather adorn the inside of the vehicle
without inconvenience to other occupants.
He appears almost to prefer equine to
human companionship, and he is as fond of
being among horses as the Collie is of being
in the midst of sheep. Yet he is of friendly
disposition, and it must be insisted that
he is by no means so destitute of intelligence
as he is often represented to be. On the
contrary, he is capable of being trained
into remarkable cleverness, as circus pro-
prietors have discovered.

THE DALMATIAN.

The Dalmatian has another trait in his have been taken to train them systematic-
character which is in his favour, for, although ally for gun-work.

not classed among sporting breeds, he is So far as can be ascertained, the first of
decidedly useful as a sporting dog, and the variety which appeared in the show
from his similarity in shape and build to ring was Mr. James Fawdry's Captain, in

1873. At that period they were looked
upon as a novelty, and, though the gene-
rosity and influence of a few admirers
ensured sepnrate classes being provided
for the breed at the leading shows, it did
not necessitate the production of such per-
fect specimens as those which a few years
afterwards won prizes. At the first they
were more popular in the North of England
than in any other part of Great Britain.
It was at Kirkby Lonsdale that Dr. James's
Spotted Dick was bred, and an early ex-
ploiter of the breed who made his dogs
famous was Mr. Newby Wilson, of Lake-
side, Windermere. He was indebted to Mr.
Hugo Droesse, of London, for the founda-
tion of his stud, inasmuch as it was from
Mr. Droesse that he purchased Ch. Acrobat
and Ch. Berolina. At a later date the famed
Coming Still and Prince IV. were secured
from the same kennel, the latter dog being-
the progenitor of most of the best liver-

MR. w. B. HERMAN'S CH. FONTLEROY

BY PRINCE IV. FLIRT.

a small-sized Pointer, he is well qualified
to undergo the fatigue of a hard day's
shooting. Although he is not quite so
keen-scented nor so staunch as the Pointer,
he yet has many of the same attributes, and
when trained — which is, un-
fortunately, all too rare an
occurrence — he is of valu-
able service in the field.
Experience has proved, how-
ever, that he prefers fea-
thered to ground game, or,
at least , that he seems to
find and take more notice
of partridges and pheasants
than of hares.

The earliest authorities
agree that this breed was
first introduced from Dal-
matia, and it has been
confidently asserted that he
was brought into this coun-
try purely on account of
his sporting proclivities. Of
late years, however, these
dogs have so far degenerated as to be spotted specimens that have attained noto-
looked upon simply as companions, or as riety as prize-winners down to the present
exhibition dogs, for only very occasion- day.
ally can it be found that any pains Probably there was never a more sensa-

MR. w. PROCTOR'S BALETTE BY CH. LORD QUEX — PAMELA.

Photograph by Hignett and Son, Lostock.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

tional disposal of a noted kennel than that
which was witnessed when Mr. Newby
Wilson relinquished his interest in this breed,
for both Acrobat and Berolina were bought
by Mr. E. T. Parker, of Bristol, for less than
ten pounds each. To-day such specimens
would realise at least eight or ten times
the amount. Mr. Parker's opinion of the
merits of these dogs turned out to be very

MRS. F. w. BEDWELUS RUGBY BUCKSHOT

BY JACK HYTHE ROSE.

BRED BY DR. MURDOCH.

correct, for Ch. Acrobat has done more
than any other individual dog to bring
the Dalmatian to its present state of
perfection, such celebrated champions as
Moujik, Primrose, Defender, Challenger,
and Ribblesdale Beauty owning him as
their sire.

Among the principal exhibitors no one
has had a longer or more successful career
than Mrs. J. C. Preston, of Ellel, near
Lancaster, who has not only won more
prizes than any other exhibitor of Dal-
matians, but has also obtained the highest
prices which have been paid for good speci-
mens, which is not surprising when it is
known that Mrs. Preston relied on such
famous stock as that of Champions Moujik,
Primrose, Defender, Pearlette, and Lord
Quex, and the remarkably good-coloured
liver-spotted dog, Ch. President, who, with

Pearlette, was sold to Mr. Macklay, of New
York, quite recently at a figure which
constituted a record for the variety.

In his day no Dalmatian of his colour
could approach Mr. Herman's Ch. Fontleroy,
and it is questionable whether any of the
variety has been quite so distinguished
for the uniformity of the size and
very even distribution of his markings,
which are such essential attributes of the
perfect Dalmatian. Mrs. Bedwell has also
done much towards making the breed
popular, and has consistently proffered
unstinted support to such show societies
as are willing to give anything like a reason-
able classification. Mrs. Bedwell owns many
notable examples, including Champions
Rugby Bridget and Rugby Brunette, all of
them being known by the " Rugby " prefix.
Mr. and Mrs. Braithwaite, of Warton, Carn-
forth, Dr. Wheeler-O'Bryen, and Mr. J.
Dawson, of Preston — who possesses Superba
and Partington, two famous winners — are
also among the eminent owners and breeders
who have succeeded in maintaining and
improving the quality of the Dalmatian.
Probably no owner has contributed more to
the revival of public interest in the breed
than the President of the North of England
Club, Mr. William Proctor, of Sale, Cheshire.
He has, during the last five or six years,
exhibited fearlessly, is one of the most
popular dog judges, and is at present the
owner of what may be considered the
best bitch that ever was benched — Ch.
Balette, who within eighteen months has
won a hundred First prizes without having
once suffered defeat.

This breed never attained such a hold
on the favour of the public as it did when
Mr. William Whittaker, of Bolton, was the
Honorary Secretary of the parent club,
for neither before nor since have so many
entries been recorded at the shows. Unfor-
tunately the state of his health demanded
his retirement from active participation
in what was to him a congenial pastime
as well as a source of great benefit to others ;
but this misfortune could not entirely
deter him from taking an interest in the
spotted dog, for he still has one or two

THE DALMATIAN.

MR. j. c. PRESTON'S CH. DEFENDER

BY CH. ACROBAT TEXAM.

Photograph by Hignett ami Son, Lostock.

about him from which he breeds to supply
those who are younger and more active,
and can therefore stand the hustle of
making long railway journeys to attend
exhibitions.

In appearance the Dalmatian should be
very similar to a Pointer save and except
in head and marking. Still, though not so
long in muzzle nor so pen-
dulous in lip as a Pointer,
there should be no coarse-
ness or common look about
the skull, a fault which is
much too prevalent. Then,
again, some judges do not
attach sufficient importance
to the eyelids, or rather
sears, which should invari-
ably be edged round with
black or brown. Those
which are flesh-coloured in
this particular should be
discarded, however good
they may be in other re-
spects. The density and
pureness of colour, in both
blacks and browns, is of
great importance, but should
not be permitted to out-
weigh the evenness of the

distribution of spots on the
body ; no black patches, or
even mingling of the spots,
should meet with favour,
any more than a ring-tail
or a clumsy-looking, heavy-
shouldered dog should com-
mand attention.

The darker - spotted va-
riety usually prevails in
a cross between the two
colours, the offspring very
seldom having the liver-
coloured markings. The un-
initiated may be informed
that Dalmatian puppies are
always born pure white.
The clearer and whiter they are the better
they are likely to be. There should not
be the shadow of a mark or spot on them.
When about a fortnight old, however,
they generally develop a dark ridge on the
belly, and the spots will then begin to
show themselves ; first about the neck and
ears, and afterwards along the back, until
at about the sixteenth day the markings
are distinct over the body, excepting only
the tail, which frequently remains white
for a few weeks longer.

MRS. BEDWELL'S CH. RUGBY BRUNETTE.

Photograph by Russell.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

The standard of points as laid down by the
leading club is sufficiently explicit to be
easily understood, and is as follows :

i. General Appearance. — The Dalmatian should
represent a strong, muscular, and active dog,
symmetrical in outline, and free from coarseness
and lumber, capable of great endurance combined
with a fair amount of speed.

variety should be black, in the liver-spotted
variety brown — never flesh-colour in either.

6. Ears. — The ears should be set on rather high,
of moderate size, rather wide at the base, and
gradually tapering to a round point. They should
be carried close to the head, be thin and fine in
texture, and always spotted — the more profusely
the better.

7. Nose. — The nose in the black-spotted variety

CH. RUGBY BRIDGET BY CH. FONTLEROY MORECAMBE ROSE.

BRED BY MRS. H. WILSON BEDWELL,
Photograph by Heminins, Swindon.

2. Head. — The head should be of a fair length ;
the skull flat, rather broad between the ears, and
moderately well defined at the temples — i.e.
exhibiting a moderate amount of stop and not in
one straight line from the nose to the occiput
bone as required in a Bull terrier. It should be
entirely free from wrinkle.

3. Muzzle. — The muzzle should be long and
powerful ; the lips clean, fitting the jaws
moderately close.

4. Eyes. — The eyes should be set moderately
well apart, and of medium size, round, bright, and
sparkling, with an intelligent expression, their
colour greatly depending on the markings of the
dog. In the black spotted variety the eyes should
be dark (black or dark brown), in the liver-spotted
variety they should be light (yellow or light brown).

5. The Rim round the Eyes in the black-spotted

should always be black, in the liver-spotted
variety always brown.

8. Neck and Shoulders. — The neck should be
fairly long, nicely arched, light and tapering, and
entirely free from throatiness. The shoulders
should be moderately oblique, clean, and muscu-
lar, denoting speed.

9. Body, Back, Chest, and Loins. — The chest
should not be too wide, but very deep and
capacious, ribs moderately well sprung, never
rounded like barrel hoops (which would indicate
want of speed), the back powerful, loin strong,
muscular, and slightly arched.

10. Legs and Feet. — The legs and feet are of
great importance. The fore-legs should be perfectly
straight, strong, and heavy in bone ; elbows close
to the body ; fore-feet round, compact with well-
arched toes (cat-footed), and round, tough, elastic

THE DALMATIAN.

pads. In the hind legs the muscles should be
clean, though well-defined ; the hocks well let
down.

11. Nails. — The nails in the black - spotted
variety should be black and white, in the liver-
spotted variety brown and white.

12. Tail. — The tail should not be too long, strong
at the insertion, and gradually tapering towards
the end, free from coarseness. It should not be
inserted too low down, but carried with a slight
curve upwards, and never curled. It should be
spotted, the more profusely the better.

13. Coat. — The coat should be short, hard, dense
and fine, sleek and glossy in appearance, but neither
woolly nor silky.

14. Colour and Markings. — These are most im-
portant points. The ground colour in both varieties
should be pure white, very decided, and not inter-
mixed. The colour of the spots of the black-
spotted variety should be black, the deeper and
richer the black the better ; in the liver-spotted

variety they should be brown. The spots should
not intermingle, but be as round and well-defined
as possible, the more distinct the better ; in size
they should be from that of a sixpence to a florin.
The spots on head, face, ears, legs, tail, and ex-
tremities to be smaller than those on the body.
15. Weight. — Dogs, 55 Ibs. ; bitches, 50 Ibs.

Standard of Excellence.

Head and eyes 10

Ears 5

Neck and shoulders 10

Body, back, chest, and loins . . 10

Legs and feet 15

Coat 5

Colour and markings .... 30

Tail 5

Size and symmetry, etc. . . . 10

Total . . 100

RUGBY BESS O' THE BARN

BY RUGBY BUCKSHOT CH. RUGBY BRUNETTE.

BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. H. WILSON BEDWELL.

&• 'm

CLIPPING DAV IN YARROW.
Photograph by Edwards, Selkirk.

CHAPTER IX.
THE COLLIE.

BY JAMES C. DALGLIESH.

" But should you, while wandering in the wild sheepland, happen on moor or in market upon
a very perfect gentle knight clothed in dark grey habit, splashed here and there with rays of moon ;
free by right divine of the guild of gentlemen, strenuous as a prince, lithe as a rowan, graceful
as a girl, with high king carriage, motions and manners of a fairy queen ; should he have a noble
breadth of brow, an air of still strength born of right confidence, all unassuming ; last and most
unfailing test of all, should you look into two snowcloud eyes, calm, wistful, inscrutable, their
soft depths clothed on with eternal sadness — yearning, as is said, for the soul that is not
theirs — know then that you look upon one of the line of the most illustrious sheepdogs of the
North."—" OWD BOB."

I. The Working Collie. — The foregoing
quotation from Alfred Olliphant's de-
lightful fictional biography of Bob, son
of Battle, refers more particularly to the
grey Sheepdog of Kenmuir, but it is a
description which may be applied in general
to all the dogs of the Collie strain that
follow their active lives among the fells
and dales and on the wind-swept hillsides
of the North. The townsman who knows
the shepherd's dog only as he is to be
seen, out of his true element, threading

his confined way through crowded streets
where sheep are not, can have small appre-
ciation of his wisdom and his sterling
worth. To know him properly, one needs
to see him at work in a country where
sheep abound, to watch him adroitly round-
ing up his scattered charges on a wide-
stretching moorland, gathering the wander-
ing wethers into close order and driving
them before him in unbroken company
to the fold ; handling the stubborn pack
in a narrow lane, running lightly over the

THE COLLIE.

woolly floor to whisper a stern command
in the ear of some patriarch of the flock ;
or holding them in the corner of a field,
immobile under the spell of his vigilant
eye. He is at his best as a worker, con-
scious of the responsibility reposed in him ;
a marvel of generalship, gentle, judicious,
slow to anger, quick to action ; the price-
less helpmeet of his master, of whom he
is the business half, sharing ambitions,
perils, sorrows, joys, sun and snow — the
most useful member of all the tribe of
dogs.

Few dogs possess the fertile, resourceful
brain of the Collie. He can be trained to
perform the duties of other breeds. He
makes an excellent sporting dog, and can
be taught to do the work of the Pointer
and the Setter, as well as that of the Water
Spaniel and the Retriever. He is clever
at hunting, having an excellent nose, is a
good vermin-killer, and a most faithful
watch, guard, and companion. I have seen
many companies of performing dogs, and
one of the very best of them was a Collie.
Major Richardson, who during the past ten
years has been successful in training dogs
to ambulance work on the field of battle,
has carefully tested the abilities of various
breeds in discovering wounded soldiers,
and he gives to the Collie the decided
preference.

It is, however, as an assistant to the
flock-master, the farmer, the butcher, and
the drover that the Collie takes his most
appropriate place in every-day life. The
shepherd on his daily rounds, travelling
over miles of moorland, could not well
accomplish his task without his Collie's
skilful aid. One such dog, knowing what
is expected of him, can do work which
would otherwise require the combined efforts
of a score of men. James Hogg, the
Ettrick Shepherd, declared that without
the shepherd's dog the whole of the moun-
tainous land of Scotland would not be
worth a sixpence, and that it would require
more hands to manage a flock of sheep,
gather them from the hills, force them into
houses and folds, and drive them to markets
than the profits of the whole stock would

be capable of maintaining ; and the state-
ment is not wide of the truth.

I have gone the rounds with the shep-
herds on the high hills of Yarrow, and
can personally testify to the amount of
work entrusted to the dogs. Begin the
day's labours on a large hirsel ; picture
the shepherd winding his way along the
narrow bridle track up the hillside, his
dog busy all the time gathering the sheep
from the distant ravines and crags, bringing
them into sight from beyond intervening
knolls and shoulders ; consider the vast
mileage that the dog covers in his bounding
pace, the difficult road that he travels over
rough heather, sharp rocks, and marshy
hollows ! The shepherd tramps miles, per-
haps, but on a beaten track, while his Collie,
taking a wider range, is compelled to gallop
at high speed in order finally to reach the
hilltop at the same time as his master
and continue the industrious search on
the farther side. It is a hard day's work
for any dog : the hardest that the canine
race is expected to perform. Even in the
lowland sheep farms, where the flocks are
easily handled, and where there are no
awkward jumps across dangerous chasms,
there are still big days for the dogs — the
dipping, clipping, and weaning days, when
the parks near the steadings are white
with their bleating crowds needing to be
carefully marshalled ; for the Collie well
knows the trouble that will follow if one
of the fleet-footed sheep should break away,
and, whether standing or resting, he never
takes his watchful eyes off his charge.

The pastoral life of the shepherd and his
dog is a healthy one, not devoid of pleasures.
But take a wintry day on the rain-swept
hills, or a snowstorm on the Grampians, the
Cheviots or the Lammermoors ; think of
the memorable storm in the South of Scot-
land on January 24th, 1794, when nineteen
shepherds and five-and-forty dogs perished
in the execution of their duty! It is at
such times that the Collie meets hardship
and peril with the heroism of a true soldier.

To the lover -of dogs there can be no
pleasure more keen than that of spending
a holiday on a sheep farm. Recently I

IOO

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

enjoyed such an experience on the farm of
Mr. Mitchell, of Henderland, purely a sheep
farm, carrying a hundred score of black-
faced sheep. Here three shepherds were
employed, each having two dogs, usually
a good one and a bad one, or say a moderate
one. The photograph on page 98 was
taken on a clipping day. The best of the
four dogs is the one standing — Tweed, a

MR. JAMES SCOTT'S KEP,

ONE OF THE MOST PERFECT WORKING

COLLIES IN SCOTLAND.

Photograph by Monk, Preston.

descendant of the famous breed kept by
the Ettrick Shepherd. Tweed is a dark,
fox-coloured sable with a sensible head, and,
like many of his kind, with one white or
merle eye and the other hazel. Bess, the
black and white lying in the centre, is of
good stamp and a determined worker,
but o" strange temperament. All four are
smooth Collies and in the pink of condition.
It is a pleasure to see how quickly these
dogs can climb their way up the heathery
hillside, and to note, when they are beyond
the sound of call or whistle, how they will
watch with eagerness for the semaphore
signal given by the shepherd's directing
hand. A Collie standing on an eminence
watching the sheep is one of the most
picturesque of figures.

Burns, like his fellow-poet James Hogg,
knew the qualities of a good Collie. No
better description is given in a few words
than that which he wrote in " The Twa
Dogs' :

" He was a gash an' faithfu' tyke
As ever lap a sheugh or dyke.
His honest, sonsie, baws'nt face,
Ay gat him friends in ilka place ;
His breast was white, his touzie back
Weel clad wi' coat o' glossy black ;
His gawcie tail, wi' upward curl,
Hung o'er his hurdies wi' a swirl."

Little is known with certainty of the
origin of the Collie, but his cunning and
his outward appearance would seem to
indicate a relationship with the wild dog.
Buffon was of opinion that he was the
true dog of nature, the stock and model
of the whole canine species. He considered
the Sheepdog superior in instinct and
intelligence to all other breeds, and that,
with a character in which education has
comparatively little share, he is the only
animal born perfectly trained for the ser-
vice of man. Certainly no dog shows in
the expression of his face more kindness,
more sagacity, or more alert eagerness.
Peculiarly shy in disposition, the Collie
is slow to make friends with strangers ;
but once he gains confidence under proper
treatment, his attachment surpasses that
of any other animal. He is thoroughly
devoted to his master, and happiest when
engaged in helping him among the sheep ;
work in which he is most painstaking and
honest.

It has often been stated that the Collie
is a treacherous dog. He is nothing of
the kind, or I have never found him so.
On the contrary, he is, in my opinion, of
all dogs the most faithful. It may be
said of him, however, that he is disposed
to concentrate his affections upon one
person rather than to lavish it upon many.

One of the most handsome and sagacious
Collies I ever saw was a black, tan and
white one belonging to a Cumberland pig
dealer. This dog was bred out of an old
black and white working bitch by a well-
bred black, tan and white sire of the
old Ch. Ringleader stamp. He stood
26 inches at the shoulder, had always a
beautiful jet black coat with a heavy
mane, and, though weighing over a hundred-
weight, was most active on his legs. He

THE COLLIE.

101

knew well how to tackle the most obstinate
pig in the unfamiliar drove on the way
from auction market to railway train, and
was an adept at trucking them. He did
not handle them too roughly ; one or two
barks at the ear of a pig was enough, and
although he had the habit of mouthing them
on the hocks and about the hind quarters,
he seldom drew blood. He was altogether
a strikingly commanding dog in appearance,
whether driving the pigs or boldly walk-
ing up the street at his master's heels. He
never fell into an unbeautiful attitude ; there
was something pleasing in his expression
that drew the eye to him repeatedly.

Another dog I often watched at his work
belonged to a shepherd named Burns, who
lived near Selkirk. He was a small, black,
smooth-coated Collie, like a cat in move-
ments, a regular clever little fellow, weigh-
ing no more than 40 Ibs. On one occasion,
when returning from a lamb sale and
changing trains at Galashiels, Burns thought
he would sample the whisky, and missed
his connection. The Galawater blend had
such an effect upon him that he subsided
on a doorstep and fell fast asleep. The
police were in the act of removing him
when the little black dog beside him flew
at them so furiously that they dared not
lay a hand on him. On another occasion
Burns was at a sale in Edinburgh, and again
tried the whisky. He was overcome with
sleep in Princes Street near the Scott monu-
ment, and, dropping suddenly, was caught
by the neck of his coat on one of the iron
railings, where he remained hanging. The
passers-by attempted to release him, but
the dog would allow no one to touch him.
So furious did he become that hot irons
had to be held at him before the shepherd
could be rescued from his awkward position.

Yet another shepherd I knew lived near
Langholm. He had a sable and white
Collie named Moss, one of the most sullen-
dispositioned dogs I ever encountered, but
one of the most faithful. The shepherd
never had need to call him, but directed
him by a simple movement of the hand.
Returning from Carlisle market on one
occasion, this shepherd, who was the worse

for iiquor, quarrelled with his fellow passen-
gers in the railway carriage, about ten
miles from Langholm. Moss, to the sur-
prise of the travellers, came out from
beneath the seat just in time to see his
master get a severe blow in the face. The
dog turned upon the assailant in so deter-
mined a manner that he had to be pulled
off by the tail while the carriage door was
opened, and he was flung out. Faithful
Moss was none the worse for the adventure,
however, and was home at the farm before
his master. He was a well-made, good-
coated dog, showing much of the prize
Collie in appearance, and one of the clever-
est sheepdogs on the Border. I always
admired his class of coat. It was the best
in texture I ever handled, and when full
was like the thatch of a cottage, perfectly
rain-proof, as a Collie's coat should be.

One of the most perfect working Collies
in Scotland to-day is Kep, the property of
James Scott, of Troneyhill, Hawick. He is
only a small dog, but most trusty when
given the charge of sheep, and has won
many competitions on the trial field. As
a companion he is gentle and quiet, and
he is a perfect house-dog. Strange to say,
he will not look at a rabbit or hare which
may rise in front of him when he is duti-
fully herding the sheep, but a more alert
gun dog and retriever it would be hard to
find. When his master lifts the gun Kep
is in his element, and not many wounded
rabbits are allowed to reach their burrows
after the shot is fired. Kep is of the black
and white type, which is the most popular
among the shepherds of Scotland. At the
shows this type of dog is invariably at the
top of the class. He is considered the
most tractable, and is certainly the most
agile.

Second to this type in favour is the
smooth-coated variety, a very hardy, use-
ful dog, well adapted for hill work and
usually very fleet of foot. He is not so
sweet in temper as the black and white,
and is slow to make friends. In the Ettrick
and Yarrow district I find the smooth
a. popular sheepdog. The shepherds main-
tain that he climbs the hills more swiftly

IO2

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

MR. J. DALGLIESH'S BEARDED COLLIE

ELLWYN CARRIE.

than the rough, and in the heavy snow- and rocky ground, active in movement,
storms his clean, unfeathered legs do not and as sure-footed as the wild goat,
collect and carry the snow. He has a He can endure cold and wet without dis-
comfort, and can live on the Highland
hills when others less sturdy would suc-
cumb. As an outdoor dog he is less sub-
ject to rheumatism than many. His heavy
build, powerful limbs, thick, short neck,
heavy shoulders, and thick skin are character-
istics of all animals inhabiting mountainous
countries, and there is a rugged grandeur
about him comparable with that of the
Scottish Deerhound and the Otterhound,
from which he may be a cross.

In " The Sportsman's Cabinet," 1803, there
is an illustration of an English Sheepdog
which would pass for the Highland Collie,
and one is tempted to believe that there
is some relationship between the two.
Peeblesshire is regarded as the true home
of the Beardie, and Sir Walter Thorburn
and other patrons of the breed have for

fuller coat than the show specimens usually long contributed prizes at the annual
carry, but he has the same type of head, pastoral show in that county for the best
eye, and ears, only not so well developed. bearded dogs owned by shepherds. As
Then there is the Scottish bearded, or one who has had the honour of judging
Highland, Collie, less popular still with at this fixture, I can say that better filled
the flock-master, a hardy-looking dog in classes cannot be found anywhere. In the
outward style, but soft in temperament, standard adopted for judging the breed,
and many of them make better cattle than many points are given for good legs and
sheep dogs. This dog and the Old English feet, bone, body, and coat, while head and
Sheepdog are much alike
ip appearance, but that
the bearded is a more racy
animal, with a head resem-
bling that of the Dandie
Dinmont rather than the
square head of the Bob-
tail. The strong - limbed
bearded Collie is capable
of getting through a good
day's work, but is not so
steady nor so wise as the
old - fashioned black and
white, or even the smooth-
coated variety. He is a
favourite with the butcher
and drover who have some-
times a herd of trouble-
some cattle to handle, and
he is well suited to rough

LORD ARTHUR CECIL'S BEARDED COLLIE BEN.
Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

THE COLLIE.

103

ears are not of great importance. Move-
ment, size, and general appearance have
much weight. The colour is varied in this
breed. Cream-coloured specimens are not
uncommon, and snow white with orange or
black markings may often be seen, but the
popular colour is grizzly grey. Unfortu-
nately the coats of many are far too soft
and the undercoat is frequently absent.

become frequent fixtures among shepherds
and farmers within recent years. The mode
of arranging these competitions is this : —
Three sheep are let out of a large bught
or pen in the south of the field, the dog
and his master are standing about the
north of the field ; the dog has to bring
the sheep up the east side, round a small
pen at the ~north end, drive them down

MR. SIMON RUTHERFORD'S JIM "WEARING" THE SINGLE SHEEP,
AT WHICH WORK HE IS AN ARTIST.

Photograph by Murray, Hawicb.

It has been said that the Beardie is not
easily induced to become a poacher, and
that he will pay no attention to game
when on duty. But this I find is not the
case. He soon learns to lift a hare or a
rabbit, and when he starts hunting on his
own responsibility he becomes so keen
that in many cases he will do little else.

Ellwyn Garrie, whose portrait is here
given, is a winner of first prizes at import-
ant shows. He was out of coat when the
photograph was taken, and therefore does
not receive the justice he deserves. He
was bred in the classic vale of Yarrow,
by Adam Scott, the village blacksmith.
His sire was Genty and his dam Moss Rose,
both alike good Sheepdogs bred by Mr.
Horsburgh, a famous Peeblesshire breeder.

II. — Sheepdog Trials. — Working trials
to test the skill of the Sheepdog have

the west side, where a post is placed about
twenty yards from the dyke or hedge on
the south side, and he must drive the sheep
round this post, then bring them up the
course and force them into the pen at the
north side. A^ter they are let out of the
pen they have to be shedded or separated,
and one of the three sheep has to be kept
for a time from joining the others, who
usually make quickly back to the south
gate, through which they entered the field.
The test work is really driving, penning,
and shedding. Now almost any dog can
make a shape at moving or driving the
sheep, but many of them do this work
in a very rough manner, and instead of
driving them at a steady pace, they come
on them so violently and keep at them
so keenly that the sheep are for a while
kept at full gallop, then standing still,

104

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

scattered about, then again away at the
pen. This style of driving is not to be
commended ; the sheep should be driven
steadily all the time, never at full gallop,
but at an even, trotting pace and without
excitement.

Very often the good driving dog becomes
excited when nearing the pen ; he moves
about more smartly ; his patience, which
has stood him in good stead all round the
course, is finished, and he makes a desperate
effort to pen the lot, with the result that
two will break away and one only is forced
into the pen. By this time the sheep are
excited ; he has lost command, puts on
a number of bad turns, but ultimately pens

MR. T. H. STRETCH'S PARBOLD PAGANINI

BY PARBOLD PIERROT PARBOLD PLEASANCE.

BRED BY MR. H. AINSCOUGH.

Photograph by Wragg, Ormskirk.

them. The excitement is still on at the
shedding test ; the sheep refuse to separate,
and in wearing the single sheep the dog
is so keen and excited that again he gets
too near and tries to rush his opponent,

who, almost exhausted, ultimately succeeds
in rejoining her companions.

The difficulty is to get a dog so well
trained that not only in driving will he
use his good sense, but also at the penning
and shedding, where the most skilful turns
are required, will he continue to use his
judgment, and thus act from start to
finish in a steady and determined manner.
The judges also take into consideration
the style with which the dog goes through
the work, whether smartly, cheerfully, and
gently, or roughly and indifferently ; and
how long he takes to do it

Many will say there is a good amount
of luck at trials. I have seen this the case
but seldom. For exam-
ple, some dogs get sheep
of wilder temperament
than others to work
with, but while a slight
mistake will throw out
a first-class dog, I al-
ways contend that a
good dog makes his own
luck at a working trial.
You can almost tell the
winner by the style in
which he leaves his
master, comes round on
the sheep, takes posses-
sion of them without
the least excitement, and
has the good sense not
to vex them on the
course, nor yet at the
pen.

In general the excel-
ling competitors at work-
ing trials are the rough-
coated black and white
Collies. The smooth-
coated variety and the Beardie are less fre-
quent winners. I am sorry to say that the
handsome and distinguished gentlemen of
the Ch. Wishaw Leader type are seldom
seen on the trial field, although formerly
such a dog as Ch. Ormskirk Charlie might
be successfully entered with others equally
well bred from the kennels of that good
trainer and fancier, Mr. Piggin, of Long

THE COLLIE.

105

Eaton. A good working Collie, however, is
not always robed in elegance, and I have
seen them run well in all shapes. What is
desirable is that the shepherd and farmer
should fix a standard of points, and breed
as near as possible to that
standard, as the keepers of
the show Collie breed to an
acknowledged type of per-
fection. It is to be regretted
that pedigrees are commonly
ignored among owners of
the Sheepdog. Of course,
a good pedigree is of no
immediate value to a bad
working dog. I once heard
an Irish exhibitor say to a
judge, " You have not looked
at my dog's pedigree." The
judge examined the formid-
able document and nodded.
" Yes," he remarked, " and
the next time you come to
a show, take my advice and
bring the pedigree, but leave
the dog at home." Never-
theless, from a bad worker
of good descent many an
efficient worker might be
produced by proper mating,
and those of us skilled in the breeding of
Collies know the importance of a well-con-
sidered process of selection from unsullied
strains.

I should like to see the shepherd's dog
so certified by pedigree that after a reason-
able number of wins on the trial field he
might be entitled to a free entry in the
Stud Book. This would give him an advan-
tage in the event of his being exported.
At present, were I to pay five pounds for
a working Collie and take him to the
United States, I should be forced to pay
duty at the rate of 20 per cent, to the
American Government before I could land
the dog ; whereas, if he were registered
in the Stud Book of the Kennel Club with
a pedigree of three generations, he would
be entitled to a consular certificate per-
mitting him to land free of cost.

It is a pity that the hard-working dog

of the shepherd does not receive the atten-
tion in the way of feeding and grooming
that is bestowed on the ornamental show
dog. He is too often neglected in these
particulars. Notwithstanding this neglect,

MR. W. E. MASON'S CH. SOUTH PORT STUDENT

BY PARBOLD PROFESSOR PARBOLD PLEASANCE.

BRED BY MR. H. AINSCOUGH.

however, the average life of the working
dog is longer by a year or two than that
of his more beautiful cousin. Pampering
and artificial living are not to be encour-
aged ; but, on the other hand, neglect has
the same effect of shortening the span of
life, and bad feeding and inattention to
cleanliness provoke the skin diseases which
are far too prevalent. If the rough-coated
working Collie were as regularly groomed
and as carefully kept as the show dog,
he would become more useful, and lead
a happier life. It is unfair to him that
he should be allowed continually to scratch
himself and be seen with his coat matted,
dirty, and unkempt. The shepherd should
give the same interest and care to his
Collie as the ploughman bestows upon his
horse.

III. The Show Collie. — There is not
a more graceful and physically beautiful

1.1

io6

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

dog to be seen than the show Collie of the largely induced by the many Collie clubs
present period. Produced from the old now in existence not only in the United
working type, he is now practically a dis- Kingdom and America, but also in South
tinct breed. His qualities in the field Africa and Germany, by whom the stand-
are not often tested, but he is a much ards of points have been perfected. Type
more handsome and attractive animal, has been enhanced, the head with the small

MR. R. A. TAITS CH. WISHAW LEADER

BY ORMSKIRK OLYMPIAN HARTWOOD LADY.

Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

and his comeliness will always win for
him many admiring friends. The improve-
ments in his style and appearance have
been alleged to be due to an admixture
with Gordon Setter blood. In the early
years of exhibitions he showed the shorter
head, heavy ears, and much of the black and
tan colouring which might seem to justify
such a supposition ; but there is no evidence
that the cross was ever purposely sought.
Gradually the colour was lightened to sable
and a mingling of black, white, and tan
came into favour. The shape of the head
was also improved. These improvements
in beauty of form and colour have been

ornamental ears that now prevail is more
classical ; and scientific cultivation and
careful selection of typical breeding stock
have achieved what may be considered the
superlative degree of quality, without ap-
preciable loss of stamina, size or substance.
Great difference as to the scale of points
still exists even among English breeders.
Some would allow fifty points for head and
ears, others would give only thirty. If
the ornamental Collie is to remain a Sheep-
dog, fifty points out of the hundred are
too many to allow for head properties.
Consideration should be given to legs, feet,
bone, body, coat, and general symmetry.

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THE COLLIE.

107

A good head is all very well, but the frame-
work on which the head is supported must
be sound ; otherwise little work can be
accomplished. Of course, the dog bred for
show purposes is seldom asked to perform
work in the pastures. What is aimed at
is something beautiful ; a head that will
cause the observer to linger in admiration.

Twenty years ago, when Collies were
becoming fashionable, the rich sable coat
with long flowing white mane was in
highest request. In 1888 Ch. Metchley
Wonder captivated his admirers by these
rich qualities. He was the first Collie for
which a very high purchase price was paid,
Mr. Sam Boddington having sold him to
Mr. A. H. Megson, of Manchester, for
£530. High prices then became frequent.
Mr. Megson paid as much as £1,300, with
another dog valued at £300, to Mr. Tom
Stretch for Ormskirk Emerald. Sixteen
hundred pounds is a very respectable sum
to pay for a Collie dog. Considering that
one might buy the freehold of a villa
for the money, it seems extravagant ;
but I believe the investment was a profit-
able one to Mr. Megson. No Collie has
had a longer or more brilliant career than
Emerald, and although he was not esteemed
as a successful sire, yet he was certainly
the greatest favourite among our show
dogs of recent years. I have never met
with one to equal him ; he added up on
points better than any I have known.
He had a well balanced head, with the
sweet Collie look on his face, and while
he was at times of sour disposition he
compelled everyone who saw him to acknow-
ledge his perfect grace and beauty.

Mr. Megson has owned many other good
specimens of the breed, both rough and
smooth. In the same year that he bought
Metchley Wonder, he gave £350 for a ten-
months' puppy, Caractacus. Sable and white
is his favourite combination of colour, a
fancy which was shared some years ago
by the American buyers, who would have
nothing else. Black, tan, and white be-
came more popular in England, and while
there is now a good market for these in
the United States the sable and white

remains the favourite of the American
buyers and breeders.

Good coated dogs are less plentiful to-
day than they were twenty years ago.
Square shaped bodies and sound limbs are
also less frequently seen. A Collie should
resemble a Clydesdale or Hackney horse
in appearance rather than a thoroughbred.
Compact, well coupled bodies are greatly
wanted. Among our present-day champions
I see narrow fronts, straight hocks, and
legs wrongly placed. Narrow-fronted horses
are usually swift, but one that is to do
a big day's work and finish his journey
without breaking his knees must have a
leg placed on every corner of his body.
I have always applied the same principles
in judging dogs as in judging horses. For
the Collie or Sheepdog, like the horse, is
wanted for work, and it is of the greatest
importance that he should stand well on
his legs.

When a judge enters a ring with twenty
or more Collies round him, he cannot
avoid first looking at the head. I quite
agree that head is of great importance ;
but when he moves the exhibits round
the ring he will soon find many a sweet
head, good body, and coat placed upon
unsound limbs. The legs should be straight
and strong in front, moderately fleshy in
the fore-arm, and the quality of bone not
the round Foxhound style, but fairly flat.
The hind legs ought also to be strong, with
the hocks well bent and placed stra'ght
below the body. A great objection in
many of our show dogs is the turned-out
stifle, which mars the movement and gives
an appearance of unsoundness. Sound feet,
as in the horse, are of great importance.
Nothing looks worse than a flat, open
footed dog, of whatever breed. The Collie's
foot should be like that of the Greyhound,
well padded, oval in shape, the toes close
together, and nicely arched up. I do not
consider twenty points out of the hundred
too much for legs and feet.

I have likened the perfectly coated Collie
to a well-thatched cottage. But it is a
fact that a rain-proof coated Collie is as
uncommon as a rain-proof thatch. The

io8

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

quality of coat has changed since the
days of Ch. Rightaway, Balgreggie Hope
and Charlemagne. The texture is now
too soft and the undercoat not suffi-
ciently dense, if present at all. The coat
should be wiry or harsh to the touch, and

MR. H. AINSCOUGH'S CH. PARBOLD PICCOLO BY

WELLESBOURNE CONQUEROR PARBOLD PINAFORE.

Photograph by Hignell and Son, Lostock,

the undercoat furry and so close that the
skin cannot easily be discovered. Many
present-day dogs are fairly well covered
over the neck and chest, but light in coat
over the loin and behind, giving a badly
balanced appearance.

As I have indicated, there has been a
decided improvement in head. The skull
is longer and finer, the eyes are less light
and prominent, the ears better placed,
and altogether the expression is more
generally pleasing than it was in some of
our bygone celebrities with their sour looks,
apple-shaped skulls, and heavy, thick ears
that hung over their faces.

The best Collie of modern times was un-
doubtedly Ch. Squire of Tytton, recently
sold to America for £1,250. A golden sable

with quality, nice size, and profuse coat, he
had an unbeaten record in this country : a
record which seems likely to be repeated by
his beautiful daughter, Princess of Tytton,
who so much resembles him.

Another of our best and most typical
rough Collies is Ch. Wishaw Leader. This
beautiful dog was bred by Mr. James
Shields, of West Calder, and after making a
sensational debut in the hands of his breeder
passed into the possession of Mr. Robert
Tait, of Wishaw, who has recently sold
him to America. Wishaw Leader, who
has had a most distinguished show career,
is a well-made black, tan, and white,
with an enormous coat and beautiful flow-
ing white mane, and is one of the most
active movers, displaying quality all through,
and yet having plenty of substance. He
has that desirable distinction of type which
is so often lacking in our long-headed
Collies. Ormskirk Emerald's head was of
good length and well balanced, the skull
sufficiently flat ; his eye was almond-shaped
and dark-brown in colour, his expression
keen and wise, entirely free from the soft
look which we see on many of the faces
to-day. Historical examples of the show
Collie have also been seen in Champions
Christopher, Anfield Model, Sappho of
Tytton, Parbold Piccolo, and Woodmans-
terne Tartan.

In the days of the heavy coated Collies
there was less trimming than is now re-
sorted to. I see many heads made to look
longer than they really are by the plucking
of hair from the cheeks and around the
ears, which gives the dog a smarter out-
look and an apparently longer head, but
not more of the Collie character.

Some years ago the question was dis-
cussed in the canine press, " Are Collies on
the wane ? " Many experts differed in
opinion, but the question need no longer
be asked, for most of us are certain that
the breed has been prospering for many
years past. Recent exhibitions have given
ample proof that this is the case both in
numbers and in quality, and the working
Collie is stronger in number to-day than
ever, notwithstanding that many of our best

THE COLLIE.

log

specimens have left these shores for other and especially in the northern counties,

lands. Some of the finest stock of the times Mr. John Bell, of Stanhope, Durham, has

have been exported to the kennels of such produced many admirable examples, among

connoisseurs as Mr. Pierpont Morgan and the best being Village Boy and Village Girl.

Mr. Samuel Untermyer, in the United Many breeders, in order to perpetuate the

States, while South Africa has claimed Collie type and eliminate the Greyhound

some excellent examples of the breed.

character, have used rough-coated dogs in

Five years ago no one held a better their breeding operations, and often with
stock of brood bitches than Mr. James marked success; although the result often
Agnew, of Old Hall, Newton Stewart, and brings forward the fault of a too heavy coat,
few produced a finer array of
prize-winners. Unfortunately
for the fancy, however, Mr.
Agnew, who is a busy husband-
man, has, like many others,
given up breeding, and it is
to be regretted that, while our
old breeders are retiring, their
vacant places are not being
filled. It is a satisfaction,
though, to note that we have
still such eminent Collie en-
thusiasts as the Rev. Hans
Hamilton, Mr. T. Stretch, Mr.
Hugo Ainscough, Mr. H. E.
Packwood, Mr. W. T. Horry,
and Mr. R. Tait, all of whom
ire prominent breeders, judges,
and exhibitors.

Neither can the charge oc
neg'ect be made against the
admirers of the smooth Collie

which has gained in popularity quite as The smooth Collie is a very clever dog
certainly as his more amply attired rela- in most ways, but of little practical use
tive. Originally, the smooth Collie was a as a worker among sheep. An odd one
dog produced by mating the old-fashioned may indeed be able to go round and
b'ack and white with the Greyhound, bring in a flock, but, taking them gener-
But the Greyhound type, which was form- ally, they are not workers. They can
erly very marked, can scarcely be discerned graduate as professional hunting dogs, having
amongst the prize-winners of to-day. Still, speed, and few dogs of any breed can
it is not 'nfrequent that a throw-back is capture a rabbit or a hare more scientifically,
discovered in a litter producing perhaps a In colour, the merle predominates. Many
slate-coloured, a pure white, or a jet black of the blue merle have a merle or wall eye,
individual, or that an otherwise perfect and in judging the smooths on exhibition,
smooth Collie shou'd have the heavy ears I give preference to a wall-eyed one, pro-

MR. A. H. MEGSON-S CH. ORMSKIRK EMERALD

BY HEATHER RALPH — AUGHTON BESSIE.
BRED BY MR. W. P. BARNES.

or the eye of a Greyhound.

vided other points are equal.

At one time this breed of dog was much The best dog of the breed at the present

cultivated in Scotland by Mr. George day is without a doubt Eastwood Eminent.

Paterson, of Dundee, but nowadays the He made his first appearance when very

breeding of smooths is almost wholly con- young at the Collie Club show held at

fined to the English side of the Border, Southport in the spring of 1906, and has

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

since taken championship honours. A very
stylish dog is he, carrying himself with
perfect grace and freedom. His legs and

be good for years to come. Another brace
of excellent smooth Collies are Champions
Babette of Moreton and Irthlingborough

Village Lass, both
owned by Sir Claud
Alexander, who, with
Lady Alexander, di-
vides an energetic
interest between the
smooth Collie and
the Skye Terrier.

The following is
the accepted de-
scription of the Per-
fect Collie.

i. The Skull should
be flat, moderately
wide between the ears,
and gradually tapering
towards the eyes. There
should only be a slight
depression at stop. The
width oi skull neces-
sarily depends upon

CH. EASTWOOD EMINENT

BY CH. CANUTE PERFEC-
TION CH. QUALITY OF

DUNKIRK.

BRED BY MR. R. G. HOWSON

feet are all that the
most exacting judge
could desire. He owns
a hard, close, short
coat, and a good under-
coat ; his neck and
shoulders are well
placed, and like his
illustrious sire, Ch.
Canute Perfection, he
has a typical Collie
head. His dam, Ch.
Quality of Dunkirk, is
also a bitch of rare
distinction, blue merle
in colour and very
typical in head quali-
ties. So Eastwood Eminent is aristocrat- combined length of skull and muzzle, and the
ically bred, and he looks like one who will the whole must be considered in connection with

MR. R. G. HOWSONS CH. QUALITY OF DUNKIRK

BY WINKLEY PILOT CANUTE FASCINATION.

Photographs by Baker, Birmingham.

THE COLLIE.

the size of the dog.
full or prominent.

The check should not be

14. Colour in the Collie is immaterial.

15. In General Character he is a lithe active dog,

2. The Muzzle should be of fair length, tapering his deep chest showing lung power, his neck

to the nose, and must not show weakness or
be snipy or lippy. Whatever the colour of
the dog may be, the nose must be black.

strength, his sloping shoulders and well bent
hocks indicating speed, and his expression high
intelligence. He should be a fair length on

3. The Teeth should be of good size, sound the leg, giving him more of a racy than a

and level ; very slight unevenness is permissible.

4. The Jaws. — Clean cut and powerful.

5. The Eyes are a very important feature,

cloddy appearance In a few words, a Collie
should show endurance, activity, and intelli-
gence, with free and true action. In height

and give expression to the dog ; they should dogs should be 22 ins. to 24 ins. at the shoul-

be of medium size, set somewhat obliquely,
of almond shape, and of a brown colour ex-
cept in the case of merles, when the eyes are
frequently (one or both) blue and white or china ;
expression full of intelligence,
with a quick alert look when
listening.

6. The Ears should be small
and moderately wide at the base,
and placed not too close together
but on the top of the skull and
not on the side of the head. When
in repose they should be usually
carried thrown back, but when
on the alert brought forward and
carried semi - erect, with tips
slightly drooping in attitude of
listening.

7. The Neck should be mus-
cular, powerful and of fair length,
and somewhat arched.

8. The Body should be strong,
with well sprung ribs, chest deep,
fairly broad behind the shoulders,
which should be sloped, loins very
powerful. The dog should be
straight in front.

9. The Fore - Legs should be
straight and muscular, neither
in nor out at elbows, with a
fair amount of bone ; the fore-
arm somewhat fleshy, the pas-
terns showing flexibility without
weakness.

10. The Hind-Legs should be

muscular at the thighs, clean and sinewy below
the hocks, with well bent stifles.

11. The Feet should be oval in shape, soles
well padded, and the toes arched and close to-
gether. The hind feet less arched, the hocks well
let down and powerful.

ders, bitches 2t> ins. to 22 ins. The weight

for dogs is 45 to 65 Ibs. bitches 40 to
55 Ibs.

1 6. The Smooth Collie only differs from the

CH. BABETTE OF MORETON AND

CH. IRTHLINGBOROUGH VILLAGE LASS.

PROPERTY OF LADY ALEXANDER OF BALLOCHIYIYLE.

Photograph by Russdl.

rough in its coat, which should be hard, dense and
quite smooth.

17. The Main Faults to be avoided are a
domed skull, high peaked occipital bone, heavy,
pendulous or pricked ears, weak jaws, snipy
muzzle, full staring or light eyes, crooked legs,

12. The Brush should be moderately long, large, flat or hare feet, curly or soft coat, cow

carried low when the dog is quiet, with a slight
upward " swirl " at the end, and may be gaily
carried when the dog is excited, but not over the
back.

13. The Coat should be very dense, the outer
coat harsh to the touch, the inner or under
coat soft, furry, and very close, so close as almost
to hide the skin. The mane and frill should
be very abundant, the mask or face smooth, as
also the ears at the tips, but they should carry
more hair towards the base ; the fore-legs well
feathered, the hind-legs above the hocks profusely
so ; but below the hocks fairly smooth, although
all heavily coated Collies are liable to grow a slight
feathering. Hair on the brush very profuse.

hocks, and brush twisted or carried right over the
back, under or overshot mouth.

Scale of Points.

Head and expression .... 15

Ears 10

Neck and shoulders 10

Legs and feet 15

Hind quarters 10

Back and loins
Brush .
Coat with frill
Size ....

Total

IOO

112

CHAPTER X.
THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG.

BY AUBREY HOPWOOD.

" My ' friend,' replies Gawaine, the ever bland,

' I took thy lesson, in return take mine ;
All human ties, alas ! are ropes of sand,
My lot to-day, to-morrow may be thine ;
But never yet the dog our bounty fed
Betrayed the kindness, or forgot the bread.' "

— BULWER LYTTON.

INTELLIGENT and picturesque, work-
manlike and affectionate, the Old
English Sheepdog combines, in his
shaggy person, the attributes at once of a
drover's drudge and of an ideal companion.
Although the modern dog is seen less often
than of old performing his legitimate duties
as a shepherd dog, there is no ground
whatever for supposing that he is a whit
less sagacious than the mongrels which
have largely supplanted him. The instincts
of the race remain unchanged ; but the
mongrel certainly comes cheaper.

Carefully handled in his youth, the
bob-tail is unequalled as a stock dog, and I
have seen him equally at home and efficient
in charge of sheep, of cattle, and of New
Forest ponies. Within my recent experi-
ence, a youngster of the most aristocratic
parentage, scion of a race of modern prize-
winners, passed into the hands of a drover,
owing to a malformed jaw which marred
his winning chances. His new master
promptly placed him in charge of a small
herd of dairy cows, and the youngster took
to his job with the keenest relish. Long
before he was out of his puppyhood, he
could be trusted to go out and collect his
charges, to bring them back to the cow-
house, and to place each separate animal in
her allotted stall. On no account what-
ever would he suffer any change in their
positions, and, his task patiently accom-
plished, he was accustomed to lie down

behind their stalls and keep them in their
places until relieved of duty.

So deep-rooted is the natural herding
instinct of the breed that it is a thousand
pities that the modern shepherd so fre-
quently puts up with an inferior animal in
place of the genuine article.

Nor is it as a shepherd dog alone that the
bob-tail shines in the field. His qualifica-
tions as a sporting dog are excellent, and he
makes a capital retriever, being usually
under excellent control, generally light-
mouthed, and taking very readily to water.
His natural inclination to remain at his
master's heel and his exceptional sagacity
and quickness of perception will speedily
develop him, in a sportsman's hands, into
a first-rate dog to shoot over.

These points in his favour should never
be lost sight of, because his increasing popu-
larity on the show bench is apt to mislead
many of his admirers into the belief that he
is an ornamental rather than a utility dog.
Nothing could be further from the fact.
Nevertheless, he has few equals as a house
dog, being naturally cleanly in his habits,
affectionate in his disposition, an admirable
watch, and an extraordinarily adaptable
companion.

As to his origin, there is considerable
conflict of opinion, owing to the natural
difficulty of tracing him back to that period
when the dog-fancier, as he nourishes to-day,
was all unknown, and the voluminous

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG.

records of a watchful Kennel Club were still
undreamed of. From time immemorial
a Sheepdog, of one kind or another, has
presided over the welfare of flocks and
herds in every land. Probably, in an age
less peaceable than ours, this canine guardian
was called upon, in addition to his other
duties, to protect his charges from wolves
and bears and other marauders. In that
case it is very possible that the early pro-
genitors of the breed were built upon a
larger and more massive scale than is the
Sheepdog of to-day.

The herd dogs of foreign countries, such
as the Calabrian of the Pyrenees, the Hima-
layan drover's dog, and the Russian Owt-
chah, are all of them massive and powerful
animals, far larger and fiercer than our own,
though each of them has many points in
common with the English bob-tail ; and it
is quite possible that all of them may trace
their origin, at some remote period, to the
same ancestral strain. Indeed, it is quite
open to argument that the founders of our
breed, as it exists to-day, were imported
into England at some far-off date when the
duties of a Sheepdog demanded of him
fighting qualities no longer necessary.

Notably in the case of the Owtchah, or
Russian Sheepdog, is there evidence of
this common origin, and an interesting com-
munication in this connection has reached
me recently from the President of the New-
foundland Club.

" I remember," he writes, " that about the
year 1857 a police-sergeant at Kirkham re-
ceived a present of a so-called Russian terrier.
This dog, which was a constant playmate
of mine, was, of course, no terrier at all.
To all intents and purposes, he was a very
fine Sheepdog indeed, with all his tail on,
big and blocky, with massive bone and full,
correct coat, white with merle markings,
strong, active, and good-natured, in general
conduct staid and dignified."

Evidently, in his leading characteristics,
this animal had very much in common
with our own.

Turning now from matters of possibility
to those of fact, we come to the first authen-
ticated picture of a Sheepdog with which

I am acquainted, painted by Gainsborough,
and engraved by John Dixon as long ago
as 1771. The original, which is in the
possession of the Buccleuch family, is a
portrait of the third Duke, with his arms
clasped about the neck of an extremely
typical specimen of the breed. Exhibited

HENRY, THIRD DUKE OF BUCCLEUCH WITH
AN OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG.

FROM THE MEZZOTINT BY J. DIXON, AFTER T. GAINSBOROUGH, R.A.

some years ago at the South Kensington
Museum, the picture was officially described
as a portrait of " Henry, Duke of Buccleuch,
with Sheepdog."

An American writer on canine matters,
who recently treated of the breed with
somewhat scant courtesy, claims to have
proved, by means of photographs and
measurements, that the dog in question
was not a Sheepdog at all, but simply a
rough terrier. To test the matter fairly,
I had myself photographed in a similar
pose with a well-known prize-winner from
my kennel. The result was satisfactory
beyond dispute, for the relative proportions
of man and dog came out exactly. I don't
look in the least like the Duke, but the

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

likeness between the two animals depicted
is really startling.

And though I am not sanguine enough
to suppose that my American critic is open
to conviction, I submit that his attempt
to make a terrier of a Sheepdog, by means
of measurements, is scarcely less futile
than to argue, on the same grounds, that
the animal's owner was not really a Duke !

Gainsborough, one imagines, knew his

century, one finds conclusive evidence that
the breed was very fairly represented
in many parts of England, notably in
Suffolk, Hampshire, and Dorsetshire, and
also in Wales. Youatt writes of it in 1845,
Richardson in 1847, and " Stonehenge "
in 1859. Their descriptions vary a little,
though the leading characteristics are much
the same, but each writer specially notes the
exceptional sagacity of the breed.

THE SHEPHERD'S DOG.

From "The Sportsman's Cabinet" (ifoa). By P. Reinagle, R.A.

business, and painted what he saw, and I pin
my faith to his picture of 1771 as the earliest
likeness extant of an Old English Sheepdog.

A hundred and thirty-five years ago,
then, our bob-tail flourished, to all outward
appearance, exactly as he does to-day.
And surely, in that pregnant interval, few
breeds have changed so little.

Some thirty years later there was pub-
lished, in "The Sportsman's Cabinet," the
reproduction of a painting by Philip
Reinagle of a Shepherd's Dog. This was a
far less typical animal than Gainsborough's,
long-backed and bushy-tailed, apparently
wall-eyed, and closely resembling the Hima-
layan dog.

Thereafter, throughout the nineteenth

The dog was well known in Scotland, too,
under the title of the Bearded Collie, for
there is little doubt that this last is merely
a variant of the breed. He differs, in point
of fact, chiefly by reason of possessing a tail,
the amputation of which is a recognised
custom in England.

With regard to this custom, it is said
that the drovers originated it. Their dogs,
kept for working purposes, were immune
from taxation, and they adopted this method
of distinguishing the animals thus exempted.
It has been argued, by disciples of the
Darwinian theory of inherited effects from
continued mutilations, that a long process
of breeding from tailless animals has resulted
in producing puppies naturally bob-tailed,

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG.

and it is difficult, on any other hypothesis,
to account for the fact that many puppies are
so born. It is certainly a fact that one or
two natural bob-tails are frequently found
in a litter of which the remainder are duly
furnished with well-developed tails. And
it is interesting to note that the proportion is

in the bob-tail's welfare, and attempts were
made to bring him into prominence. In
1873 his admirers succeeded in obtaining
for him a separate classification at a recog-
nised show, and at the Curzon Hall, at
Birmingham, in that year three temerarious
competitors appeared to undergo the ordeal

GROUP OF MRS. PHILIP RUNCIMAN'S SHEEPDOGS,

CH. BEAT THE BAND, CRESSWELL RAGS, CRESSWELL LASSIE, CRESSWELL SUNNY JIM.

Fhotogarph by Jones and Son, Surbiton.

much higher in some strains than in others,
and that a few stud dogs consistently sire
bob-tailed puppies in almost every litter.

From careful consideration of the weight
of evidence, it seems unlikely that the breed
was originally a tailless one, but the modern
custom undoubtedly accentuates its pic-
turesqueness by bringing into special prom-
inence the rounded shaggy quarters and
the characteristic bear-like gait which dis-
tinguish the Old English Sheepdog.

Somewhere about the 'sixties there would
appear to have been a revival of interest

of expert judgment. It was an unpromising
beginning, for Mr. M. B. Wynn, who officiated
found their quality so inferior that he con-
tented himself with awarding a second prize.

But from this small beginning important
results were to spring, and the Old English
Sheepdog has made great strides in popu-
larity since then. At Clerkenwell, in 1905,
the entries in his classes reached a total of
over one hundred, and there was no gain-
saying the quality.

This satisfactory result is due in no small
measure to the initiative of the Old English

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Sheepdog Club, a society founded in 1888,
with the avowed intention of promoting the
breeding of the old-fashioned English Sheep-
dog, and of giving prizes at various shows
held under Kennel Club Rules.

The pioneers of this movement, so far as
history records their names, were Dr.
Edwardes-Ker, an enthusiast both in theory
and in practice, from whose caustic pen dis-
sentients were wont to suffer periodical
castigation ; Mr. W. G. Weager, who has
held office in the club for some twenty
years ; Mrs. Mayhew, who capably held
her own amongst her fellow-members of the
sterner sex ; Mr. Freeman Lloyd, who wrote
an interesting pamphlet on the breed in 1889;
and Messrs. J. Thomas and Parry Thomas.

Theirs can have been no easy task at the
outset, for it devolved upon them to lay
down, in a succinct and practical form,
leading principles for the guidance of future
enthusiasts. Each of them owned one or two
good animals, which each, no doubt, con-
sidered— if one may generalise from a wide
experience of exhibitors — to be a little
better than those of anybody else.

To reconcile conflicting opinions, and to
evolve a practical working standard, can have
been no easy matter, and the recorded
minutes of their meetings, could one but
unearth them, should furnish entertaining
reading. Their original definitions, no doubt,
have been amended and edited from time to
time, as occasion has required, but the result,
as published by the club to-day, does them
infinite credit. It runs thus :

1. Skull. — Capacious, and rather squarely
formed, giving plenty of room for brain power.
The parts over the eyes should be well arched
and the whole well covered with hair.

2. Jaw. — Fairly long, strong, square and
truncated ; the stop should be denned to avoid
a Deerhound face.

The attention of judges is particularly called
to the above properties, as a long, narrow
head is a deformity.

3. Eyes. — Vary according to the colour of
the dog, but dark or wall eyes are to be preferred.

4. Nose. — Always black, large, and capacious.
5- Teeth. — Strong and large, evenly placed,

and level in opposition.

6. Ears. — Small, and carried flat to side of head,
coated moderately.

7. Legs. — The forelegs should be dead straight,
with plenty of bone, removing the body a medium
height from the ground, without approaching
legginess ; well coated all round.

8. Feet. — Small ; round, toes well arched and
pads thick and hard.

9. Tail. — Puppies requiring docking must have
an appendage left of one and a half to two inches
and the operation performed when not older than
four days.

10. Neck and Shoulders. — The neck should be
fairly long, arched gracefully, and well coated
with hair ; the shoulders sloping and narrow at
the points, the dog standing lower at the shoulder
than at the loin.

11. Body. — Rather short and very compact,
ribs well sprung, and brisket deep and capacious.
The loin should be very stout and gently arched,
while the hindquarters should be round and mus-
cular, and with well let down hocks, and the hams
densely coated with a thick long jacket in excess
of any other part.

12. Coat. — Profuse, and of good hard texture,
not straight but shaggy and free from curl. The
undercoat should be a waterproof pile, when not
removed by grooming or season.

13. Colour. — Any shade of grey, grizzle, blue or
blue-merled, with or without white markings, or
in reverse ; any shade of brown or sable to be
considered distinctly objectionable and not to be
encouraged.

14. Height. — Twenty-two inches and upwards
for dogs, slightly less for bitches. Type, character,
and symmetry are of the greatest importance,
and on no account to be sacrificed to size
alone.

15. General Appearance. — A strong, compact-
looking dog of great symmetry, absolutely free
from legginess, profusely coated all over, very
elastic in its gallop, but in walking or trotting
he has a characteristic ambling or pacing move-
ment, and his bark should be loud, with a peculiar
pot casse ring in it. Taking him all round, he is a
thick-set, muscular, able-bodied dog, with a most
intelligent expression, free from all Poodle or
Deerhound character.

Scale of Points.

Head 5

Eye 5

Colour 10

Ears

Body, loins, and hindquarters .

Jaw

Nose

Teeth

Legs

Neck and shoulders ....
Coat

Total .

10
10
15

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG.

117

This description is so comprehensive
and so lucid withal, that the novice may
well be left to build up from it an excellent
mental picture of the perfect dog. Better
still, he may compare his own dogs with it,
point by point, and learn exactly where,
and how, they fall short of perfection.
For his further guidance it may be well
to run over the items seriatim, in view of
those periodical discussions which in-
evitably crop up from time to time in the
history of every popular breed.

Taking the head as our starting-point,
we may include in it the items of skull,
jaw, eyes, ears, nose and teeth, and note
that this portion of the dog's anatomy is
worth no less than thirty-five per cent, of
the possible points, and that it is conse-
quently a most important factor in deter-
mining his value.

Capacious and rather squarely formed, is
an excellent definition of the shaggy skull,
for any tendency towards a dome-shaped
formation is strongly to be deprecated.
The square jaw and well-defined stop are
specially to be insisted upon, seeing that
undue length before the eyes and a ten-
dency to snipiness of muzzle are growing
evils, incident on the attempt to breed
dogs of exceptional size.

The colour of the eyes, in dark-coated
dogs, should be the deepest shade of brown
obtainable ; a light yellow eye detracts
enormously from the animal's typical ex-
pression. But in grey or merle dogs, wall
or china eyes are very attractive, whether
they appear singly, with a brown one, or
in pairs. The setting of the eyes, too, is
important ; if placed too close together
they present a somewhat sinister or sly
appearance, by which the bob-tail's open,
honest countenance is seriously marred.

The large, black, capacious nose is most
desirable, many a light-coloured dog being
handicapped by a white-flecked or so-called
butterfly nose.

The teeth, too, snould be exactly as
described. If the lower set project, the
dog is liable to be stigmatised undershot ;
if the upper set protrude, he will be dubbed
pig-jawed.

The ears, again, have much to say with
regard to determining the value of any
head. Small, and set on close, they im-
prove its appearance immensely ; but if
placed too high, inclined to cock, or thick
and coarse in fibre, they spoil it propor-
tionately.

A perfect head, it will thus be readily
seen, is especially difficult of attainment.

Legs and feet count for ten points, and
the desideratum here is plenty of strong
flat bone in the former, coupled with small-
ness and compactness of pads in the latter.
The dog must stand straight and true upon
them, but lightly poised withal, free from
suspicion of weakness at the pastern joints.
In full coat, the line from shoulder to toe,
as you face him, should be dead straight ;
and the legs, at their junction with the
shoulders, not more than a hand's breadth
apart.

The allowance of one and a half inches for
the puppy's docked tail appears to me too
liberal, and, generally speaking, it will be
found that the shorter the stump, the better.

Neck and shoulders are items of very great
importance, in which the majority of modern
large-sized dogs conspicuously fail. A clean
neck, with plenty of length, well placed upon
a pair of shoulders nicely sloped and in-
clining to narrowness at the points, has a
wonderful effect in securing perfect body
balance, and this is almost invariably
found in conjunction with good legs and feet.
A coarse, heavy-shouldered dog is down on
his pasterns nine times out of ten, and the
tenth stands too wide apart in front. On
the other hand, a clean-shouldered animal
is generally found standing soundly and
lightly on his feet.

We come now to the body, which counts,
including loins and hindquarters, for twenty
points. It must be short and compact,
with a deep brisket and well-sprung ribs,
stout in loin, muscular in hindquarters,
and lower at the shoulder than the rump.
The hocks, which must be well-defined,
should be set on low. The height from the
shoulder to the ground should be as nearly
as possible the length from the shoulder
to the docked stump.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

The proper texture of the coat almost dog may be fairly dubbed too light or too
defies verbal description ; it must be seen dark in colour if his coat contains no shade
and felt to be properly appreciated. In of black or brown or sable. The ten points
point of fact, the dog has two distinct coats ; here allotted are largely left to the judge's
a thick softish undercoat next his body ; fancy, and an attractive blending of rich

blue with white mark-
ings sometimes carries
even more weight than
it legitimately de-
serves.

Height is a crucial
question which has led
to much controversy.
Some years ago the at-
tempt to gain additional
bone and substance led
to the breeding of many
large-sized animals, who
gained these desirable
adjuncts at the expense
of general symmetry.

Breeders, in securing
size, frequently lost com-
pactness, and the prize-
lists for a season included
animals too long in the
back, too slack in the
loin, and too high off
the ground.

It is a difficult ques-
tion to settle by actual
measurement, as I know to my cost. For
once, in my novitiate, misled by a menda-
cious tape, I held that " somewhere about
twenty-six or twenty-seven inches we should
touch the limit." A good judge pointed out
my mistake, and added that if I ever saw a
dog of twenty-seven inches I should admit
it. I have seen one since, and I retract !
Generally speaking, a shoulder height
of twenty-four inches is big enough for any-
thing, and if these twenty-four inches be
combined with lightness and activity, a
compact, well-rounded body and a short
back, plenty of bone and substance, a
clean neck and shoulders, and good legs
and feet, their owner will take a lot of
beating.

Under the heading General Appearance
comes the important item of the Sheepdog's
action, and it is unfortunate that no specific

MRS. SIDNEY CHARTER'S CH. BRENTWOOD COUNTRY GIRL

BY ROSEBERY- QUEEN MASIE. BRED BY MR. H. DICKSON.

Photograph by Herrctt, Brcntwood.

a crisp, harsh, shaggy one outside. It
must not lie down flat, and yet it must not
curl. In appearance it must convey an
impression of growing profusely in several
different directions ; to the touch it must be
harsh of texture, crackling crisply when
rubbed between the- thumb and finger. A
frequent fault of the modern show dog is
his softness in this respect, in no small
measure due to a tendency towards over-
grooming.

Colour, largely a matter of taste, may
best be negatively dealt with. A bob-tail
must not be sable, nor brown, nor black.
Any of these colours is distinctly objec-
tionable, whereas any shade of blue, grey,
grizzle or blue-merle is correct. Much
depends here upon a judge's individual
taste. One man may prefer the light grey or
the merle, another the dark blue ; but no

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG.

allowance has been made for it in the scale
of points. Granting the great difficulty of
properly appraising action in the small and
overcrowded rings which the exigencies of
space impose upon our judges, it is doubt-
ful whether sufficient importance is generally
attached to what should be a very leading
feature in the judging of a working dog.

In his slow action a bob-tail should move
like a bear, working the fore and hind leg
on either side simultaneously, with a curious,
indescribable shuffle of the hind quarters,
which work from loin to toe with every
lengthy stride. Free to move at speed, he
should be an active, tireless galloper, cover-
ing the ground at a pace quite unsuspected
in an animal of his build, and travelling with
wonderfully little apparent effort.

So much for the outward appearance of
the ideal bob-tail. Con-
sidering the multitude of
details which must be
combined to produce
such perfection, it will
be admitted that the
breeder who attains to
the front rank has ac-
complished a task by no
means easy.

Turning now to the
questions of care and
kennel management, we
may omit such general
rules as apply to every
breed, and concern our-
selves rather with such
simple hints as shall
serve the novice in deal-
ing with the Old English
Sheepdog.

To start with the
puppy, it is obvious that
where bone and sub-
stance are matters of
special desirability, it is
essential to build up in the infant what is
to be expected of the adult. For this
reason it is a great mistake to allow the
dam to bring up too many by herself. To
about six or seven she can do justice, but
a healthy bitch not infrequently gives birth

to a dozen or more. Under such circum-
stances the services of a foster-mother are
a cheap investment. By dividing the .litter
the weaklings may be given a fair chance
in the struggle for existence, otherwise they
receive scant consideration from their
stronger brethren.

At three or four days old the tails should
be removed, as near the rump as possible.
The operation is easy to perform, and if
done with a sharp, clean instrument there
is no danger of after ill effects.

If the mother be kept on a very liberal
diet, it will usually be found that she will
do all that is necessary for her family's
welfare for the first three weeks, by which
time the pups have increased prodigiously
in size.

They are then old enough to learn to lap

MR. H. DICKSON'S
BY STYLISH BOY—
Photograph by T. Fall.

CH. HANDSOME BOY

-DOLLY DAYDREAM.

for themselves, an accomplishment which
they very speedily acquire. Beginning with
fresh cow's milk for a week, their diet
may be gradually increased to Mellin's or
Benger's food, and later to gruel and Quaker
Oats, their steadily increasing appetites

120

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

being catered for by the simple exercise
of commonsen.se. Feed them little and
often, about five times a day, and encourage
them to move about as much as possible ;
and see that they never go hungry, without
allowing them to gorge. Let them play
until they tire, and sleep until they hunger
again, and they will be found to thrive and
grow with surprising rapidity.

At six weeks old they can fend for them-
selves, and shortly afterwards additions
may be made to their diet in the shape of
paunches, carefully cleaned and cooked,
and Spratt's Puppy Rodnim. A plentiful
supply of fresh milk is still essential.

Gradually the number of their meals
may be decreased, first to four a day, and
later on to three, until at six months old
they verge on adolescence, and may be
placed upon the rations of the adult dog,
two meals a day.

Meanwhile, the more fresh air and sun-
shine, exercise, and freedom they receive,
the better will they prosper, but care must
be taken that they are never allowed to
get wet. Their sleeping - place especially
must be thoroughly dry, well ventilated,
and scrupulously clean.

As to the adult dog, his needs are three :
he must be well fed, well housed, and well
exercised. Two meals a day suffice him,
but he likes variety, and the more his fare
can be diversified the better will he do
justice to it. Biscuits, Rodnim, Flako,
meat, vegetables, paunches, and sheep's
heads, with an occasional big bone to gnaw,
provide unlimited change, and the particular
tastes of individuals should be learned and
catered for. As one dog's meat is another
dog's poison, it is absurd to suppose that
one special brand of biscuit is the sole
requirement of any one breed, or of every
individual of that breed. Diversify the
food as much as possible ; the dogs will do
the rest.

As to the bob-tail's kennel, there is no
need whatever for a high-priced fancy
structure. Any weatherproof building will
do, provided it be well ventilated and free
from draughts. In very cold weather a
bed of clean wheat straw is desirable, in

summer the bare boards are best. In all
weathers cleanliness is an absolute essential,
and a liberal supply of fresh water should
be always available.

With regard to exercise, the desideratum
is freedom, absolute freedom. So long as
he can wander loose, a bob-tail will put up
with a very small yard or garden quite con-
tentedly, but he should never be chained
if this can possibly be avoided. He resents
it as an undeserved indignity, and not infre-
quently it spoils his temper. In the matter
of exercise, as in all else, individuals differ
widely. Some require, and enjoy, much
more active exertion than others, and are
never happier than when following a trap
or bicycle ; some prefer a long slow walk
at their master's heel. Their tastes must
necessarily be adapted to their circumstances,
but the main essential is absolute freedom.

Grooming is an important detail in a
breed whose picturesqueness depends so
largely on the profuseness of their shaggy
coats, but there is a general tendency to
overdo it. A good stiff pair of dandy
brushes give the best results, but the coats
must not be allowed to mat or tangle,
which they have a tendency to do if not
properly attended to. Mats and tangles,
if taken in time, can generally be teased
out with the fingers, and it is the greatest
mistake to try and drag them out with
combs. These last should be used as
little as possible, and only with the great-
est care when necessary at all. An over-
groomed bob-tail loses half his natural
charm. Far preferable is a muddy, matted,
rough-and-tumble-looking customer, with
his coat as Nature left it.

Between the two, however, lies the golden
mean, which nothing but long practice can
secure — a sound, harsh coat, devoid of
mats, and free from all suspicion of the
barber's shop

Seeing that the Mecca of most good dogs
—in this or any other breed — is often-
times the show-ring, it may be well to
devote a few remarks to the preparation of
the bob-tail for exhibition. It is not my
purpose here to consider the ethics of
exhibiting, or to discuss the much-debated

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG.

121

question as to whether the practice of dog-
showing tends to the improvement or de-
terioration of the breed. Much has been
said on both sides in the past ; much more,
no doubt, will be duly set forth in the
future.

But it is obvious that, if an owner elect
to show his dogs at all, he will do so with
the intention of winning if he can ; and,
in order to win under modern conditions, he
must put his dog into the ring
in the best form possible.

At the outset, he will save
himself a lot of disappoint-
ment and expense if he de-
termine never to exhibit an
animal unless it be at its best.
If out of coat, or poor in flesh
and condition, he may easily
find himself beaten by an in-
ferior animal at the top of its
form. This is disheartening to
the beginner, and might easily
be avoided by the exercise of
a little patience.

Let the owner see to it, then,
that the dog is at his best be-
fore entering him. Probably
he needs a bath ; if so, it
should be given three or four
days before the show.

A plentiful application of
soap and lukewarm water cer-
tainly enhances the animal's
appearance enormously, but it
has an unfortunate tendency
temporarily to soften the tex-
ture of the coat, which will
take a day or two to resume its natural
condition. After being thoroughly rough
dried, the dog must be brushed up with
stiff brushes, and the operation must always
be performed against the grain — that is to
say, upwards, and from tail to head.

White hairs on head or legs and chest are
apt to become discoloured with mud, or
sand, or stains of travel, and it is per-
missible in such cases to clean them with
whitening, which must subsequently be
thoroughly brushed out again.

This use of whitening, solely for cleansing

purposes, is specifically allowed by Kennel
Club regulations, always provided that no
trace of it is permitted to remain on any
portion of the dog at the time of exhibition.
In recent times a foolish practice arose
amongst a few exhibitors of covering their
dogs with powder or whitening, and lead-
ing them into the ring in this condition.
Apart from the fact that the animals should
have been disqualified, the spectacle of a

MRS. SIDNEY CHARTER'S SHEPTON HERO

BY LORD CEDRIC AVALON LASS.

BRED BY MESSRS. TILLEY BROTHERS.
Photograph by T. Reveley, Wantage.

powdered bob-tail was ludicrous and dis-
tressing. Fortunately the good sense of the
majority speedily recognised this, and the
practice soon died out ; one hopes for ever.
Once thoroughly cleaned and brushed,
the dog should be shown in his natural con-
dition, and on no consideration whatever
should any attempt at trimming, plucking,
or removing live coat be countenanced.
Any such practice, if detected, should bring
its just reward in a sentence of disqualifica-
tion, and it should be the pride of every
exhibitor to keep the breed free from any

122

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

possible accusation of undue preparation
for show.

To sum up the position of the Old
English Sheepdog in the canine world
to-day, I think there can be little doubt
that within the last decade the tendency

MR. AUBREY NORWOOD'S CH. RAGGED MAN

BY CH. CUPID'S DART CH. FAIRWEATHER.

BRED BY MRS. FARE FOSSE.

of the breed has been towards improvement.
Generally speaking, the all-round quality
is higher, the classification is much more
liberal, and the entries are far more numerous
than they were ten years ago. In fact, there
is a larger proportion of good dogs before the
public than at any previous time in the his-
tory of the breed. This is a healthy sign.
But with increasing popularity, and en-
hanced competition, there are symptoms
of inevitable dangers which often follow
in their train.

The attempt to attain great size, already
alluded to, has had its ill-effects. Big
dogs, in many instances, have gained their
additional substance at the expense of true
type, and of the real Old English charac-
teristics. Heavy shoulders, undue length of

fore face, and snipiness of muzzle, are on
the increase.

In the matter of coat, too, the average
of excellence is none too high, and the
desirable harshness of texture is compara-
tively rare. To some extent, no doubt,
this is attributable to
over-grooming ; but a
harsh coat, like every
other attribute, can un-
questionably be bred, if
the breeder knows the
way to go about it.

That is the point to
which exhibitors should
devote themselves. In-
stead of running after
a popular prize-winner,
and securing his ser-
vices regardless of the
ascertained laws of he-
redity, they should
strive, by a study of
the science of breeding
for results, to eradicate
faults by judicious se-
lection instead of aggra-
vating them.

Good as our modern
bob-tails are, the points
in which they may well
be improved appear to
me to be these : Com-
pactness of body and shortness of back,
clean shoulders, harshness of coat, strength
of jaw and fore face.

With our judges, of course, lies the
ultimate remedy, for the improvement or
deterioration of a breed rests to a very
great extent in the hands of those who
judge it. So many of us are equal to
criticising another man's verdicts ; so few
of us, alas ! are competent to improve on
them.

There is scope in this direction for the
energies of the Old English Sheepdog Club,
who have done so much already for the
improvement of the breed.

Of those whose names are household words
in the bob-tail fancy, the space at my dis-
posal only admits of the inclusion of a few.

THE OLD ENGLISH SHEEPDOG.

123

A leading place must certainly be ascribed
to Dr. Edwardes-Ker, whose terse and
vigorous contributions to the literature of
the breed remain full of force and common-
sense at the present day, and whose memory
is still kept green by the descendants of the
Champions Sir Ethelwolf and Sir Caven-
dish, of Dame Ruth, Dame Elizabeth, and
many more. He and his contemporary, Dr.
Locke, another enthusiastic breeder, have
gone to join the great majority.

Mr. Fred Wilmot, though he belongs to a
younger generation, is another old-timer,
and remains as good a judge as any man
need be. A stickler for the good old-
fashioned type, he has his fixed ideal, and
he knows how to breed it.

Mr. H. Dickson, too, has served a long
apprenticeship, and is still well to the fore
as exhibitor and judge. Few modern
owners have a lengthier experience of the
breed.

The Brothers Tilley, in more recent times,
have come to the front with the largest
kennel of bob-tails in England, and have
extended the cult across the Atlantic by
exporting to America such well-known

Champions as Dolly Grey and Bouncing
Lass.

In Mrs. Mayhew's footsteps have followed
many ladies, and their success as breeders
and exhibitors of late years is very striking.

Mrs. Fare Fosse, with three home-bred
Champions to her credit, heads the list ;
and of more recent enthusiasts Mrs. Rivers,
Mrs. Charter, and Mrs. Runciman have
upheld the record for the gentler sex.

Other names of note are those of Dr.
MacGill, Messrs. Butterworth, Stephens,
Travis, and Woodiwiss.

The Old English Sheepdog Club, whose
honorary officials include such well-known
owners as Messrs. Weager, Shout and
Ullman, is approaching its twentieth year
of activity, and offers valuable prizes for
competition at its annual show. These in-
clude a silver cup for the best dog, another
for the best bitch, and a twenty-five
guinea challenge cup for the best novice.
The liberal classification embraces a Breeders'
Produce Stakes, open to all comers, and the
Club, in addition, supports all the leading
shows, by the presentation of special prizes
and silver medals.

MRS. PHILIP RUNCIMAN'S CH. BEAT THE BAND

BY STYLISH BOY DOLLY DAYDREAM.

BRED BY MRS. F. TRAVIS.
Photogiaph by Jones anil Son, Surbiton.

124

A TEAM OF MRS. B F. MOORE'S CHOW CHOWS.

1. HILDEWELL POOH-BAH. 2. CHIMMO. 3. MANDARIN.
4 HILDEWELL TAO MU. 6. HILDEWELL AD HOK.

Photograph by Ross, Whitby.

CHAPTER XL
THE CHOW CHOW.

BY MRS. B. F. MOORE.

/ boast not of his kin, nor of my reed

(Though of my reed and him I well may boast),
Yet if you will adventure that some meed
Shall be to him that is in action most,
As for a collar of shrill sounding bells,
My dog shall strive with yours, or any's else."

—BROWNE'S ECLOGUES.

THE Chow Chow is a dog of great
versatility. He is a born sportsman
and loves an open-air life — a war-
rior, always ready to accept battle, but
seldom provoking it. He has a way of
his own with tramps, and seldom fails
to induce them to continue their travels.
Yet withal he is tender-hearted, a friend
of children, an ideal companion, and often
has a clever gift for parlour tricks. In
China, his fatherland, he is esteemed for
another quality — his excellence as a sub-
stitute for roast mutton.

Though in his own country he is re-
garded as plebeian, just a common cur, he

is by no means a mongrel. That he is of
ancient lineage is proved by the fact that
he always breeds true to type. He yields
to the Pekingese Spaniel the claim to be
the Royal dog of China, yet his blood
must be of the bluest. If you doubt it,
look at his tongue.

My own special Chow is one of my best
friends. In the household he has an estab-
lished position, which he maintains with
great dignity. He comes and goes when
he likes and where he likes ; he is respected
throughout the neighbourhood, and is known
as " Gentleman Chow," a title which he fully
deserves. During the eight years of our

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THE CHOW CHOW.

125

friendship he has never given me cause
to suspect that there is truth in the libel

nonsense " look which deters strangers

from undue familiarity, though to friends

his expression is kindness itself.

Though the Chow has many perfec-
tions, the perfect Chow has not yet
arrived. He nearly came with Ch.
Chow VIII. — long since dead, alas ! —
and with Ch. Fu Chow, the best Chow
now living, his light coloured eyes being
his only defect. With many judges,
however, this dog's black coat handi-
caps him sadly in competition with his
red brethren.

I consider Chow VIII. the best and
most typical dog ever benched, not-
withstanding his somewhat round eyes.
Almond eyes are of course correct in
Chinamen.

Ch. Red Craze owns the head
which is perfect. The illustration (on
p. 126) from an oil painting by Miss
Monica Gray shows the correct ear-
carriage and broad muzzle, but does
not quite reproduce the scowl and
which accuses his kind of a penchant for characteristic expression of a good Chow.

PREMIER CH. CHOW VIM.

Photograph by Ruddock, Newcastle.

sheep-slaying.

In my kennels I have several other dogs
of the same fine race, all of
whom, I feel sure, have the
same good instincts and in-
nate gentility, but the routine
and discipline of kennel life
allow them little opportunity
for the cultivation of their
natural gifts.

Outwardly, the Chow
worthily embodies the kind,
faithful heart and the brave
spirit within. His compact
body (weighing 40 Ibs. or
more), with the beautiful
fur coat and ruff, the plume
tail turned over on his back
and almost meeting his neck-
ruff, the strong, straight legs
and neat, catlike feet, gives
an impression of symmetry,
power, and alertness. His
handsome face wears a
" scowl." This is the tech-
nical term for the " no

Another point of view is given in the
photograph reproduced on the same page.

MRS. W. M. DOUGLAS-SCOTT'S CH. FU CHOW

BY CH. BLUE BLOOD CHINA'S PRIDE.

BRED BY MISS ELLA FiSHBOURNE.

Photograph by T. Fall.

126

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

It will be noticed that the dogs in the
photographed group at the head of this
chapter appear to carry their ears too close

HEAD OF CH. RED CRAZE.

From a Painting by Monica Gray.

together. This is due to the concentration
of their thoughts upon a rabbit held be-
hind the camera. They also have a look
of levity, far different from the aspect of
sober dignity which they affect in calmer
moments. But they are all
good. The three larger
animals are young dogs
which have already distin-
guished themselves in the
show-ring.

The two ladies are
seated. The blonde, with
her short, cobby body,
good bone and massive
head, would be faultless
but for her colour, which
she must have inherited
from some remote ancestor.
Her parents are Ch. Shy-
lock and Fenalik, both
exceptionally good coloured
ones.

Modern judges will not
look twice at a light or
parti-coloured dog, and I
fear that if even Ch.
Chow VIII. could revisit
the scenes of his by-
gone triumphs, his beautiful light mark-
ings would prove a fatal bar to his suc-
cess. The judges would be quite wrong,

but if you want a dog for show you must
be sure to get a good whole-coloured dark
red. If, on the other hand, you have a
Chow as a companion and friend, do not
be at all troubled if his ruff, yoke, culottes
and tail are white or cream-coloured.
These are natural, correct and typical marks,
though present-day fanciers are trying
to " improve " them away.

The other bitch in the group is own sister
to Ch. Red Craze, and, like him, is a credit
to Shylock, their sire. She refused to pose,
so she does not improve the group as she
ought. I have added a list of points as
drawn up by the Chow Chow Club some
years ago. The points are fairly right, but
the tongue of a live Chow is never black.
It should be blue, such a colour as might
result from a diet of bilberries.

Points of the Chow Chow.

1. Head. — Skull flat and broad, with little
stop, well filled out under the eyes.

2. Muzzle. — Moderate in length, and broad

MRS. SCARAMANGA'S CH. RED CRAZE

BY CH. SHYLOCK DUCHESSE. BRED BY MR. SAWTELL

Photograph by T. Fall.

from the eyes to the point (not pointed at the end
like a fox).

3. Nose. — Black, large and wide. (In cream

THE CHOW CHOW.

127

or light-coloured specimens, a pink nose is allow-
able.)

4. Tongue. — -Black.

5. Eyes. — Dark and small. (In a blue dog
light colour is permissible.)

6. Ears. — Small, pointed, and carried stiffly
erect. They should be placed well forward over
the eyes, which gives the dog the peculiar charac-
teristic expression of the breed — viz. a sort of
scowl.

7. Teeth. — Strong and level.

8. Neck. — Strong, full, set well on the shoulders,
and slightly arched.

9. Shoulders. — Muscular and sloping.

10. Chest. — Broad and deep.

11. Back. — Short, straight, and strong.

12. Loins. — Powerful.

13. Tail. — Curled tightly over the back.

14. Forelegs. — Perfectly straight, of moderate
length, and with great bone.

15. Hindlegs. — Same as forelegs, muscular and
with hocks well let down.

16. Feet. — Small, round and catlike, stand-
ing well on the toes.

17. Coat. — Abundant, dense, straight, and

rather coarse in texture, with a soft woolly under-
coat.

18. Colour. — Whole-coloured black, red, yel-
low, blue, white, etc., not in patches (the under
part of tail and back of thighs frequently of a
lighter colour).

19. General Appearance. — A lively, compact,
short coupled dog, well-knit in frame, with tail
curled well over the back.

20. Disqualifying Points. — Drop ears, red
tongue, tail not curled over back, white spots on
coat, and red nose, except in yellow or white
specimens.

N.B. — Smooth Chows are governed by the
same scale of points, except that the coat is
smooth.

So far as I am aware, there is no numerical
scale of points for Chow Chows.

As to the weight, bitches scale about
30 Ibs., but dogs are heavier. Ch. Shylock
weighed 47! Ibs., and Red Craze 38 Ibs.,
when in my hands.

THE HON. MRS. MACLAREN MORRISON'S SMOOTH CHOW FASON
BRED BY MRS. HARRY RAWSON.
Photograph by Clarke, Think.

128

MISS R. ARMITAGE'S TEAM OF TOY WHITE POODLES.
Photograph by N. S. Kay, Manchester.

CHAPTER XII.
THE POODLE.

BY LEONARD W. CROUCH, LL.B.

"A Poodle once towed me along,
But always we came to one harbour ;
To keep his curls smart,
And shave his hind part,
He constantly called on a barber."

— TOM HOOD.

r I AHE Poodle is commonly acknow-
ledged to be the most wisely in-
telligent of all members of the
canine race. He is a scholar and a gentle-
man ; but, in spite of his claims of long
descent and his extraordinary natural clever-
ness, he has never been widely popular
in this country as the Collie and the Fox-
terrier are popular. There is a general
belief that he is a fop, whose time is largely
occupied in personal embellishment, and
that he requires a great deal of individual
attention in the matter of his toilet. It may
be true that to keep him in exhibition order
and perfect cleanliness his owner has need

to devote more consideration to him than
is necessary in the case of many breeds;
but in other respects he gives very little
trouble, and all who are attached to him
are consistent in their opinion that there
is no dog so intensely interesting and respon-
sive as a companion. His qualities of mind
and his acute powers of reasoning are indeed
so great that there is something almost
human in his attractiveness and his devotion.
His aptitude in learning is never denied,
and many are the stories told of his mar-
vellous talent and versatility.

Not merely as a showman's dog has
he distinguished himself. He is something

THE POODLE.

129

more than a mountebank of the booths,
trained to walk the tight rope and stand
on his head. He is an adept at performing
tricks, but it is his alertness of brain that
places him apart from other animals. There
is the example of the famous Munito, who
in 1818 perplexed the Parisians by his clever-
ness with playing cards and his intricate

to the Customs officers. On the Continent
Poodles of the larger kind are often used
for draught work.

There can be little doubt that the breed
originated in Germany, where it is known
as the Pudel, and classed as the Cams
familiaris Aquaticus. In form and coat he
would seem to be closely related to the old

GROUP OF MRS. L. W. CROUCH'S POODLES,

ORCHARD TOMMY TUCKER. ORCHARD SALLY, CH. L'ENFANT PRODIGUE,
CH. ORCHARD ADMIRAL, AND LADY GODIVA.

Photograph by T. Fall.

arithmetical calculations. Paris was for-
merly the home of most of the learned
Poodles, and one remembers the instance of
the Poodle of the Pont Neuf, who had the
habit of dirtying the boots of the passers-by
in order that his master — a shoeblack
stationed half-way across the bridge — might
enjoy the profit of cleaning them. In Bel-
gium Poodles were systematically trained
to smuggle valuable lace, which was wound
round their shaven bodies and covered
with a false skin. These dogs were schooled
to a dislike of all men in uniform, and conse-
quently on their journey between Mechlin
and the coast they always gave a wide berth

Water-dog, and the resemblance between a
brown Poodle and an Irish Water Spaniel
is remarkable. The Poodle is no longer
regarded as a sporting dog, but at one period
he was trained to retrieve waterfowl, and he
still on occasion displays an eager fondness
for the water ; but this habit is not en-
couraged by owners, who know the labour
involved in keeping in order the Poodle's
profuse coat.

Throughout Europe and in the United
States — wherever these dogs are kept — it is
usual to clip the coat on the face, the legs,
and the hinder part of the body, leaving
tufts of hair on the thighs and a ring of

13°

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

hair on the pasterns. The origin and pur-
pose of the custom are not apparent, but
now that Poodles are almost always kept
as house dogs, this mode of ornamentation
at least commends itself by reducing the

MRS. L. w. CROUCH'S PERFECTION

BY CH. THE JOKER CORA.

Photograph by T. Fall.

labour of daily grooming if the coat is to be
maintained in good condition and the dog
to be a pleasant associate.

As far back in history as the breed can be
definitely traced clipping seems to have been
customary. Poodles are so presented in
various illuminated manuscripts of the six-
teenth century, and notably in one illus-
trating an episode in the life of Margaret of
York, the third wife of Charles the Bold
of Burgundy. In another painting depict-
ing a family group of Maximilian of Austria
and his wife and child (" The Abridged
Chronicles of Burgundy ") there is the
portrait of a shaven dog which, allowing
for the artistic shortcomings of the period,
closely resembles the Poodle of to-day.
Again, in Martin de Vos's picture of " Tobit
and his Dog," which also dates from the
sixteenth century, the faithful animal is an
unmistakable Poodle ; while in two of the
series of paintings of the story of Patient
Griselda, by Pinturicchio (1454-1513), in
the National Gallery, a small shaven Poodle
is conspicuous among the spectators of the

hapless lady's misfortunes. The well-known
painting by J. Stein (1636-78) of " The Danc-
ing Dog " depicts a white Poodle on its hind
legs, clipped at the quarters, with tufts of
hair on the thighs and a ring about the
tail.

Widely distributed throughout Europe,
the Poodle differs in form and colour in the
various countries. In Russia and Eastern
Germany he is usually black, and the Russian
variety is particularly lithe and agile. In
Central Germany, where there is also a
" sheep " Poodle, he is somewhat uncouth
and thick-set, with sturdy limbs and a short
muzzle. The dejected and overworked
Poodles one sees drawing milk-carts in the
streets of Brussels and Antwerp are com-
monly a dirty white or yellowish brown,
and exceedingly muscular ; very different
from the more slender kind so frequently
met with on the boulevards of Paris or
perched impertinently and grotesquely
trimmed in the carriages on the Champs
Elysees. The small French variety, known
as the Barbet, seldom weighs more than
twenty pounds, and a good example is seen

MRS. GRAVES' "THE RUNAWAY GIRL"

BY CANNON HILL BEAUTY PRINCESS OLGA

Photograph by Russell.

in Miss Armitage's imported bitch, Chaseley
Jose. The toy Poodle was very popular in
France in the reign of Louis XVI., and is
often represented in fashion plates of the
period, always shaven and shorn. Mr.

THE POODLE.

T. Heath Joyce, who has investigated the
history of the breed, states that the Poodle
was first introduced into Great Britain
during the Continental wars at the begin-
ning of the nineteenth century. For a long
period he was held in contempt as a mere
trick dog and the companion of mounte-
banks, who were believed to train him with
cruelty ; but in recent years his great
natural intelligence and apt-
ness in learning have won
for him a due appreciation,
while the remarkable charac-
teristics of his coat have
placed him as an interesting
individual in a class apart
from all other dogs.

The profuse and long coat
of this dog has the peculi-
arity that if not kept con-
stantly brushed out it twists
up into little cords which
increase in length as the
new hair grows and clings
about it. The unshed old
hair and the new growth
entwined together thus be-
come distinct rope-like cords.
Eventually, if these cords
are not cut short, or acci-
dentally torn off, they drag
along the ground, and so
prevent the poor animal
from moving with any degree of comfort or
freedom. Some few owners, who admire
and cultivate these long cords, keep them
tied up in bundles on the dog's back, but
so unnatural and unsightly a method of
burdening the animal is not to be com-
mended.

Corded Poodles are very showy, and
from the remarkable appearance of the
coat, attract a great deal of public atten-
tion when exhibited at shows ; but they have
lost popularity among most fanciers, and
have become few in number owing to the
obvious fact that it is impossible to make
pets of them or keep them in the house.
The reason of this is that the coat must, from
time to time, be oiled in order to keep the
cords supple and prevent them from snap-

ping, and, of course, as their coats cannot
be brushed, the only way of keeping the
dog clean is to wash him, which with a corded
Poodle is a lengthy and laborious process.
Further, the coat takes hours to dry, and
unless the newly washed dog be kept in
a warm room he is very liable to catch
cold. The result is, that the coats of
corded Poodles are almost invariably dirty,

MRS. w. BOWERS' CH. CANNON HILL BEAUTY

BY THE DIE GRACE DARLING.

BRED BY MADAME DAGOIS.

and somewhat smelly. The exhibition
of this variety has also been much dis-
couraged by the action of the Kennel Club in
disqualifying, on the objection of an ex-
hibitor, all the corded Poodles at one show
(except those of the objector) on the ground
that their coats were oiled.

This rule of the Kennel Club involves
the necessity of every trace of oil being care-
fully removed every time a corded Poodle
is exhibited at a show, and consequently the
variety is becoming less and less popular.
At one time it was suggested that cordeds
and non-cordeds were two distinct breeds,
but it is now generally accepted that the
coat of every well-bred Poodle will, if allowed,
develop cords.

Curly Poodles, on the other hand, have

132

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

advanced considerably in favour. Their
coats should be kept regularly brushed and
combed and, if washed occasionally, they
will always be smart and clean, and pleasant
companions in the house.

The four colours usually considered cor-
rect are black, white, brown, and blue.
Curiously enough, my experience is that

MRS. L. w. CROUCH'S CH. ORCHARD ADMIRAL
BY CH. THE JOKER LADY GODIVA.

Photograph by T. Fall.

white Poodles are the most intelligent, and
it is certain that professional trainers of
performing dogs prefer the white variety.
The black come next in the order of intelli-
gence, and easily surpass the brown and blue,
which, in my opinion, are somewhat lacking
in true Poodle character.

No strict lines are drawn as regards brown,
and all shades ranging from cream to dark
brown are classed as brown. Mrs. Robert
Long a few years ago startled her fellow-
enthusiasts by exhibiting some parti-coloured
specimens ; but they were regarded as freaks,
and did not become popular.

The points to be looked for in choosing
a Poodle are, that he should be a lively,
active dog, with a long, fine head, a dark
oval eye, with a bright alert expression,
short in the back, not leggy, but by no

means low on the ground, with a good loin,
carrying his tail well up ; the coat should
be profuse, all one colour, very curly, and
rather wiry to the touch.

If you buy a Poodle puppy you will
find it like other intelligent and active young-
sters, full of mischief. The first Poodle
with which I was intimately acquainted
was a bitch puppy nearly a year old. Her
education had been sadly neglected, and as
soon as she felt herself at home in the house
she devoted her leisure time to pulling out
the fibre of cocoanut mats, tearing off the
frills of curtains, eating the tops of boots,
stripping covers from umbrellas, and engag-
ing in other similar expedients for dispelling
ennui. I am sure that a naughtier puppy
never breathed (she howled all the first
night because she was placed in the stable) ;
but within a few months her manners
became perfect, and she afterwards at-
tained fame as Ch. The Black Coquette, the
foundress of the Orchard Kennel.

The great secret in training a Poodle is
first to gain his affection. With firmness,
kindness, and perseverance, you can then
teach him almost anything.

The most lively and excitable dogs are
usually the easiest to train, and it is my
experience that the white Poodle excels
in quickness of apprehension and obedience.
It is advantageous to teach your dog when
you give him his meal of biscuit, letting him
have the food piece by piece as a reward
when each trick is duly performed. Never
attempt to teach him two new tricks at a time,
and when instructing him in a new trick
let him always go through his old ones first.
Make it an invariable rule never to be beaten
by him. If — as frequently is the case with
young dogs — he declines to perform a trick,
do not pass it over or allow him to substitute
another he likes better ; but, when you see
he obstinately refuses, punish him by putting
away the coveted food for an hour or two.
If he once sees he can tire you out you will
have no further authority over him, while if
you are firm he will not hold out against you
long. It is a bad plan to make a dog repeat
too frequently a trick which he obviously
dislikes, and insistence on your part may do

THE POODLE.

133

great harm. The Poodle is exceptionally
sensitive, and is far more efficiently taught
when treated as a sensible being rather
than as a mere quadrupedal automaton.
He will learn twice as quickly if his master
can make him understand the reason for per-
forming a task. The whip is of little use
when a lesson is to be taught, as the dog will
probably associate his tasks with a thrashing
and go through them in that unwilling,
cowed, tail-between-legs fashion which too
often betrays the unthinking hastiness of
the master, and is the chief reason why
the Poodle has sometimes been regarded as
a spiritless coward.

The Poodle bitch makes a good mother,
rarely giving trouble in whelping, and the
puppies are not difficult to rear. Their
chief dangers are gastritis and congestion
of the lungs, which can be avoided with
careful treatment. It should be remembered
that the dense coat of the Poodle takes a
long time to dry after being wetted, and
that if the dog has been out in the rain,
and got his coat soaked, or if he has been

MRS. L. w. CROUCH'S ORCHARD WHITE BOY.

PEDIGREE UNKNOWN.

washed or allowed to jump in a pond, you
must take care not to leave him in a
cold place or to lie inactive before he is
perfectly dry.

Most Poodles are kept in the house or in

enclosed kennels well protected from draught
and moisture, and there is no difficulty in so
keeping them, as they are naturally obedient
and easily taught to be clean in the house
and to be regular in their habits.

MISS R. ARMITAGE'S FRENCH TOY POODLE

CHASELEY JOSE.

IMPORTED. PEDIGREE NOT KNOWN.

Photograph by Ru'sell.

The coat of a curly Poodle should be kept
fleecy and free from tangle by being periodi-
cally combed and brushed. The grooming
keeps the skin clean and healthy, and fre-
quent washing, even for a white dog, is
not necessary. The dog will, of course,
require clipping from time to time. In
Paris at present it is the fashion to clip the
greater part of the body and hind-quarters,
but the English Poodle Club recommends
that the coat be left on as far down the
body as the last rib, and it is also customary
with us to leave a good deal of coat on the
hind-quarters. An idea of the general style
of clipping in England may be gained from
the illustration of Orchard White Boy.

Probably the best-known Poodle of his
day in this country was Ch. The Model,
a black corded dog belonging to Mr. H. A.
Dagois, who imported him from the Con-
tinent. Model was a medium-sized dog, very
well proportioned, and with a beautifully
moulded head and dark, expressive eyes,
and I believe was only once beaten in the
show ring. He died some few years ago

134

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

at a ripe old age, but a great many of the
best-known Poodles of the present day
claim relationship to him. One of his
most famous descendants was Ch. The
Joker, also black corded, who was very
successful at exhibitions, and died only
recently. Another very handsome dog was
Ch. Vladimir, again a black corded, belong-
ing to Miss Houlgrave.

Since 1905 the curly Poodles have very
much improved, and the best specimens
of the breed are now to be found in their
ranks. Ch. Orchard Admiral, the property
of Mrs. Crouch, a son of Ch. The Joker and
Lady Godiva, is probably the best specimen
living ; one of his litter brothers, Orchard
Minstrel, emigrated to the United States,
and has earned his title as Champion in
that country. White Poodles, of which
Mrs. Crouch's Orchard White Boy is a
notable specimen, ought to be more widely
kept than they are, but it must be admitted
that the task of keeping a full-sized white
Poodle's coat clean in a town is no light one.

Toy white Poodles, consequently, are
very popular. The toy variety should not
exceed fifteen inches in height at the shoulder,
and in all respects should be a miniature
of the full-sized dog, with the same points.

Points of the Perfect Poodle.

1. General Appearance. — -That of a .very
active, intelligent, and elegant-looking dog, well
built, and carrying himself very proudly.

2. Head. — -Long, straight, and fine, the skull
not broad, with a slight peak at the back.

3. Muzzle. — Long (but not snipy) and strong
— not full in cheek ; teeth white, strong, and level ;
gums black, lips black and not showing lippiness.

4. Eyes. — Almond shaped, very dark, full of
fire and intelligence.

5. Nose. — Black and sharp.

6. Ears. — The leather long and wide, low
set on, hanging close to the face.

7. Neck. — Well proportioned and strong, to
admit of the head being carried high and with
dignity.

8. Shoulders. — -Strong and muscular, sloping
well to the back.

9. Chest. — -Deep and moderately wide.

10. Back. — Short, strong, and slightly hol-
lowed, the loins broad and muscular, the ribs
well sprung and braced up.

11. Feet. — Rather small, and of good shape,
the toes well arched, pads thick and hard.

12. Legs. — Fore legs set straight from shoulder,
with plenty of bone and muscle. Hind legs
very muscular and well bent, with the hocks
well let down.

13. Tail. — Set on rather high, well carried,
never curled or carried over back.

14. Coat. — Very profuse, and of good hard
texture ; if corded, hanging in tight, even cords ;
if non-corded, very thick and strong, of even length,
the curls close and thick, without knots or cords.

15. Colours. —All black, all white, all red,
all blue.

The White Poodle should have dark eyes,
black or very dark liver nose, lips, and toe-nails.

The Red Poodle should have dark amber eyes,
dark liver nose, lips, and toe-nails.

The Blue Poodle should be of even colour, and
have dark eyes, lips, and toe-nails.

All the other points of White, Red, and Blue
Poodles should be the same as the perfect Black
Poodle.

N.B. — It is strongly recommended that only
one-third of the body be clipped or shaved, and
that the hair on the forehead be left on.

Value of Points.

General appearance and movement . 1 5

Head and ears 15

Eyes and expression 10

Neck and shoulders 10

Shape of body, loin, back, and car-
riage of stern 15

Legs and feet 10

Coat, colour and texture of coat . 15

Bone, muscle, and condition . . 10

100

MISS M. Y. NEWALL'S TEAM OF BLACK POODLES.

135

CHAPTER XIII.
THE SCHIPPERKE.

BY E. B. JOACHIM.

I watch the door, I watch the gate :
I am watching early, watching late,
Your doggie still — / watch and wait."

— GERALD MASSEY.

THE Schipperke may fitly be described
as the Paul Pry of canine society. His
insatiate inquisitiveness induces him to
poke his nose into everything ; every strange
object excites his curiosity, and he will, if
possible, look behind it ; the slightest noise
arouses his attention, and he wants to
investigate its cause. There is no end
to his liveliness, but he moves about with
almost catlike agility without upsetting any
objects in a room, and when he hops he has
a curious way of catching up his hind legs.
The Schipperke's disposition is most affec-
tionate, tinged with a good deal of jealousy,
and even when made one of the household he
generally attaches himself more particularly
to one person, whom he " owns," and whose
protection he deems his special duty.

These qualities endear the Schipperke as a
canine companion, with a quaint and lovable
character ; and he is also a capital vermin
dog. When properly entered he cannot
be surpassed as a "ratter."

Schipperkes have always been kept as
watch-dogs on the Flemish canal barges,
and that, no doubt, is the origin of the
name, which is the Flemish for " Little
Skipper," the syllable " ke " forming the
diminutive of "schipper"; the "sen"
is pronounced as in "school."

The respectable antiquity of this dog is
proved by the result of the researches Mr.
Van der Snickt and Mr. Van Buggenhoudt
made in the archives of Flemish towns,
which contain records of the breed going
back in pure type over a hundred years.

The first Schipperke which appeared at
a show in this country was Mr. Berrie's
Flo. This was, however, such a mediocre

specimen that it did not appeal to the taste
of the English dog-loving public. In 1888
Dr. Seelig brought over Skip, Drieske, and
Mia. The first-named was purchased by

MRS. E. APPLEBEE'S FIRWOOD FROLIC

BY CH. EL CAPITAN MAISIE.

Photograph by Russell.

Mr. E. B. Joachim, and the two others by
Mr. G. R. Krehl. Later on Mr. Joachim
became the owner of Mr. Green's Shtoots,
and bought Fritz of Spa in Belgium, and
these dogs formed the nucleus of the two
kennels which laid the foundation of the
breed in England.

It was probably the introduction of the
Schipperke to England that induced Belgian
owners to pay greater attention to careful
breeding, and a club was started in 1888
in Brussels, whose members, after " long
and earnest consideration," settled a descrip-
tion and standard of points for the breed.

136

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Not long afterwards the Schipperke Club
(England) was inaugurated, and drew up
the following standard of points, which was
adopted in December, 1890, and differed
only very slightly from the one acknowledged
by the Belgian society.

Standard of Points of the Schipperke Club,

England.

i. Head. — Foxy in type : skull should not be
round, but broad, and with little stop. The
muzzle should be moderate in length, fine but not
weak, should be well filled out under the eyes.

12. Hind-legs. — Strong, muscular, hocks well let
down.

13. Feet. — Small, catlike, and standing well on
the toes.

14. Nails.— Black.

15. Hind-quarters. — Fine compared to the fore-
parts, muscular and well-developed thighs, tailless,
rump well rounded.

16. Coat. — Black, abundant, dense, and harsh,
smooth on the head, ears and legs, lying close on
the back and sides, but erect and thick round the
neck, forming a mane and frill, and well feathered
on back of thighs.

17. Weight. — About twelve pounds.

MRS. CROSFIELD'S BRACE OF SCHIPPERKES

CH. ESME OF GRETA AND CH. JOY OF GRETA.

2. Nose. — Black and small.

3. Eyes. — Dark brown, small, more oval than
round, and not full ; bright, and full of expression.

4. Ears. — Shape : Of moderate length, not too
broad at the base, tapering to a point. Car-
riage : Stiffly erect, and when in that position the
inside edge to form as near as possible a right
angle with the skull and strong enough not
to be bent otherwise than lengthways.

5. Teeth.— Strong and level.

6. Neck. — Strong and full, rather short, set
broad on the shoulders and slightly arched.

7. Shoulders. — Muscular and sloping.

8. Chest. — Broad and deep in brisket.

9. Back. — Short, straight, and strong.

10. Loins. —Powerful, well drawn up from the
brisket.

11. Fore-legs. — Perfectly straight, well under
the body, with bone in proportion to the body.

1 8. General Appearance. — A small cobby animal
with sharp expression, intensely lively, present-
ing the appearance of being always on the alert.

19. Disqualifying Points. — Drop, or semi-erect
ears.

20. Faults. — White hairs are objected to, but
are not disqualifying.

Relative Value of Points.

Head, nose, eyes, teeth .

Ears

Neck, shoulders, chest

Back, loins

Fore-legs

Hind-legs

Feet

Hind-quarters

Coat and colour

General appearance ....

20
10
10

5
5
5
5
10

20
10

Total ,100

THE SCHIPPERKE.

137

In August, 1894, the president, Mr. G. R.
Krehl, as well as other leading members of
the Schipperke Club (England), resigned
and formed a new club under the title of
the St. Hubert Schipperke Club, which was
named after St. Hubert, a dog Mr. Krehl
imported, and which was afterwards pur-
chased by the club as a desirable sire to
improve the breed in England, but the
great expectations in that direction were
hardly realised. The rupture happened so
long ago that one can now relate its in-
ward history without giving offence or
incurring any danger of renewing hostilities.
There is no doubt that it originated in a
personal difference between Mr. G. R. Krehl
and Mr. J. N. Woodiwiss, who was vice-
president of the Schipperke Club (England),
but the formation of the new club was
facilitated by the opinion some fanciers held
at the time that there was a danger of losing
in England the Belgian type of the breed,
and the St. Hubert Schipperke Club adopted
the Belgian Club's standard of points as
closely as a translation consistent with
terms understood by English fanciers would
allow.

That there was no danger of altering the
true type by breeding Schipperkes in accord-
ance with the description of the Schipperke
Club (England), will be seen by comparing
it with that of the St. Hubert Schipperke
Club, as in all essential points both are alike.

Standard of Points of the St. Hubert Schipperke

Club.

1. Character and General Appearance. — The

Schipperke is an excellent and faithful little
watchdog, who does not readily make friends with
strangers. He is very active, always on the alert,
and very courageous in defending objects left in his
charge, but also gentle with children. A character-
istic peculiarity of the breed is their exceeding in-
quisitiveness and lively interest in everything going
on about them, their excitement being expressed by
sharp barks and the bristling mane. They are
game and good vermin dogs.

2. Colour. — Self-coloured ; black.

3. Head. — Foxy.

4. Nose. — Small.

5. Eye. — Dark brown, small, oval rather than
round, neither deep set nor prominent, lively and
keen.

6. Ears. — Quite erect, small, triangular, and set

on high. Of sufficient substance that they cannot
be folded otherwise than lengthways, and very
mobile.

7. Teeth. — Very white, strong and quite level.

8. Neck. — Strong, full, and carried upright.

9. Shoulders. — Sloping, and with easy action.

10. Chest. — Broad in front and well let down.

11. Back. — Straight, but supple.

12. Loins. — Broad and powerful.

13. Forelegs. — Quite straight, fine, and well
under the body.

14. Feet. — Small, round, and well-knuckled up,
nails straight, strong, and short.

15. Thighs. — Powerful, very muscular, and
hocks well let down.

1 6. Body. — Short and thick set, the ribs well
sprung, rather drawn up in loin.

17. Tail. — Absent.

18. Coat. — Dense and harsh, smooth on the ears,
short on the head, the front of the fore-legs, and
the hocks, and also rather short on the body, but
profuse round the neck, commencing from behind
the ears, forming a mane and a frill on the chest.
This longer coat looses itself between the fore-legs.
The backs of the thighs are feathered, forming the
" culotte," the fringe of which is turned inwards.

19. Weight. — Maximum for the small size
twelve pounds, and for the large size twenty
pounds.

20. Faults. — A light-coloured eye. Ears semi-
erect, too long or rounded. Head narrow and
elongated, or too short. Coat sparse, wavy, or
silky. Absence of the mane and " culotte." Coat
too long, and white spots. Undershot.

Relative Value of Points.
Head, nose, eyes, and teeth .

Ears

Neck, shoulders, and chest .
Back and loins

Fore-legs 5

Hind-legs 5

Feet 5

Hindquarters 10

Coat and colour 30

Total

100

To this were added the following supple-
mentary notes from the pen of Mr. G. R.
Krehl, which contain some very good advice.

" A lethargic air is detrimental, as the
restless temperament of the Schipperke con-
tributes greatly to the breed's ' character.'
When in full coat, the dog should be black
entirely, but when it is changing the coat
will sometimes present a rusty appearance.
This brown tinge, which, under the circum-
stances, is natural, must not be confounded

138

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

with the brindled colour sometimes to be
found on badly-bred specimens. When the
self-coloured black Schipperke is ' off
colour,' there is a woolly look about the
coat. The mane (criniere) and thigh-breech-

MISS L. A. LUPTON'S RED SCHIPPERKE RUFUS

BY FIRWOOD FILBERT ZAMPA

BRED BY MRS. DEANE WILLIS.
Photograph by T. Fall.

ing (culotte) are of the greatest importance ;
the first-mentioned imparting a leonine
aspect to the little Schipperkes. This mane
is composed of long harsh hairs growing
through an undercoat so abundant and
dense as to support them from the thick
neck — this gives the mane a full appearance.
As the Belgian standard states, the mane
should ' commence behind the ears,' and
it should finish a little below the shoulder
points. On dogs that have a good mane,
such as Champions Hubert and Frans, and
Exter Menne, it is easy to see where the
mane stops and the ordinary body-coat
continues ; the mane appearing to fall
over the body-coat. The coat on the back
and sides is often not so coarse in texture
as the mane, but it generally becomes a
little harsher just over the hips and on the
' breeches.' The literal description of
the texture of the coat in the Belgian
standard is resistant au toucher, which may
be freely translated, ' harsh,' but it does

not mean wiry. The French expression
precludes the hairs being woolly or fluffy,
and if the Belgian breeders had desired to
say that they required more than harshness
they had the phrase handy, ' poil dur,'
which is 'hard coat.' Therefore, the pin-
wire hair, or cocoa-nut matting texture of
coat which is sought after in some terrier
varieties would not be correct for a Schip-
perke, whose coat should be, not soft, but
' resistant au toucher.'' The culotte or thigh-
breeching is as characteristic and essential
as the mane, and the Belgian standard
includes among ' faults ' the absence of
both or either. This question of coat is
deserving of considerable attention, as it is
necessary to avoid the long coat all over
the body of the Pomeranian and the wiry
coat of the Welsh Terrier. These are the
Scylla and Charybdis through which the
barge dogs have to steer their way, as it
would be equally fatal to be cast on the
hard rock of the wire-hair as to get lost in
the Pomeranian whirlpool. If, with the
delusive hope of obtaining the mane, a
Pomeranian cross were resorted to, the ex-
periment would be exposed by the resulting
long coat all over the body, instead of the
full mane falling over a short coat on the
back. In the points it will be observed
thirty have been allotted to ' coat and
colour,' these being deemed of equal im-
portance with ' head and ears,' and just
as distinctive of the breed. Judging by
points should never be adopted, as their
only object is to explain to the novice the
relative values. A white spot is included
among the faults, but a few straggling white
hairs are tolerable. The one word ' foxey '
serves to describe the head, and the skull
must be wide and flat like other varieties
of prick-eared canicice, such as the Collie,
Pomeranian, Arctic dogs, etc. An under-
shot jaw is an intolerable blemish. The
word ' full ' applied to the neck requires
it to be thick and suggestive of virility.
The neck of the female is seldom so full
as the male's, nor do the bitches carry as
much mane as the dogs. The back of the
Schipperke is described as straight, but it
should round off at the rump, which should

THE SCHIPPERKE.

139

be rotund and full, guinea-pig-like. The
continued straight line of a terrier's back
is not desirable, but it will frequently be
found in specimens that have been docked.
The 'tailless breed' theory is a myth:
none of the canida were originally tailless,
but the regular removal of the stern for
generations will cause any breed that is
so operated upon to give birth to tailless
pups. This has been the case with Schip-
perkes. It is said that a docked dog can
be told from one that has been born tailless
in this way ; when the docked animal is
pleased, a slight movement at the end of the
spine where the tail was cut off is discernible,
but the naturally tailless dog sways the
whole of its hindquarters. The Belgian
standard requires the legs to be ' fine,' and
not have much bone. The bone of a terrier
is only met with in coarse Schipperkes.
As to size, it need only be noted that the
maximum of the small size, viz., 12 Ibs., is
that generally preferred in England, as
well as in Belgium. Further, it is only
necessary to remark that the Schipperke is a
dog of quality, of distinct characteristics,
cobby in appearance, not long in the back,
nor high on the leg ; the muzzle must not
be weak and thin, nor short and blunt ; and,
finally, he is not a prick-eared, black wire-
haired terrier."

The popularity of the Schipperke in-
creased so much in this country that not
only did the two original clubs prosper, but
it was considered expedient to form the
Northern Schipperke Club, which was
founded in 1905, and is also doing excellent
work.

The Schipperke's tail, or rather its absence,
has been the cause of much discussion, and
at one time gave rise to considerable acri-
monious feeling amongst fanciers. On the
introduction of this dog into Great Britain it
arrived from abroad with the reputation of
being a tailless breed, but whether Belgian
owners accidentally conveyed that impres-
sion or did it purposely to give the breed an
additional distinction is difficult to say.
Anyhow the Schipperke is no more " tail-
less " than the old English Sheepdog.

That is to say a larger number of individuals
are born without any caudal appendage or
only a stump of a tail than in any other
variety of dogs.

The present writer was the first to draw
attention to the — to say the least of it — -
undesirable operation which has to be per-
formed in order to give a Schipperke with
a tail the appearance of having been born
tailless, and the deception thereby practised
on the public. This resulted in a meeting
of representatives of the Schipperke Club
with a specially appointed sub-committee of
the Kennel Club at which it was agreed upon
to substitute and add to the description
dealing with the tail the following words : —

" Tail if not naturally absent may be
docked, and a stump of 2 inches is not
objected to, but ' carving or gouging out '
is not permissible and shall disqualify."

At various times it has been attempted
to introduce Schipperkes other than black.

MRS. DEANE WILLIS'S

CH. BARTON FOX.

In 1892 Mr. W. R. Temple proposed in
the Schipperke Club (England) the admis-
sion of chocolate colour to the standard of
points, but it was rejected. However, at
some recent shows classes for " other
coloured " Schipperkes have been given,
and some very typical specimens of attrac-
tive shades of red and fawn have been ex-
hibited.

140

SECTION II.

HOUNDS, GUN DOGS, AND OTHER SPORTING

BREEDS.

CHAPTER XIV.
THE BLOODHOUND.

BY HOWARD HANDLEY SPICER.

" And hark ! and hark ! the deep-mouthed bark

Comes nigher still, and nigher !
Bursts on the path a dark Bloodhound,
His tawny muzzle tracked the ground,
And his red eye shot fire."

— "THE LAY OF THE LAST MINSTREL."

THE Bloodhound was much used in
olden times in hunting and in the
pursuit of fugitives ; two services for
which his remarkable acuteness of smell, his
ability to keep to the particular scent on
which he is first laid, and the intelligence
and pertinacity with which he follows up
the trail, admirably fit him. The use and
employment of these dogs date back into
remote antiquity. We have it on the
authority of Strabo that they were used
against the Gauls, and we have certain
knowledge that they were employed not
only in the frequent feuds of the Scottish
clans, and in the continuous border forays
of those days, but also during the ever-
recurring hostilities between England and
Scotland.

Wallace and Bruce were frequently in
danger from the Sleuth-hound, as it was
then called, and many thrilling tales are
told of their repeated escapes, and the
" wily turns " by which the hound was
thrown off the scent. Barbour tells how
on one occasion the King waded a bow-
shot down a brook and climbed a tree which
overhung the water. The poet well de-
scribes " the wavering of the Sleuth-hound
to and fra," when it was thrown off the

scent by the King's stratagem. Blind Harry
the Minstrel describes how Wallace, after
being worsted in a short skirmish, sought
safety in flight, closely pursued by the
English with a Border Bloodhound :

" In Gelderland, there was that bratchet bred,
Siker of scent to follow them that fled :
So was she used in Eske and Liddlesdail,
While she gat blood no fleeing might avail."

To spill blood was the sure way to end the
pursuit. The poet states that on this occa-
sion Wallace was accompanied by an Irish-
man named Fawden or Fadzean, who after
a while refused to proceed farther on the
plea of fatigue. It was in vain that Wallace
endeavoured to urge him on. Promises
and threats were alike useless ; carry
him he could not ; to leave him to betray
his whereabouts was equally impossible ;
so, yielding to the necessity of his hazardous
condition, he struck off the fellow's head.
Later, when the pursuers reached the scene
of the tragedy, they found their dog by the
dead body.

" The sleuth stopped at Fawden, still she

stood,

Nor farther would fra time she fund the
blood."

THE BLOODHOUND.

141

Indeed, the very name of the dog calls up
visions of feudal castles, with their trains
of knights and warriors and all the stirring
panorama of these brave days of old, when
the only tenure of life, property, or goods
was by the strong hand. In the stories
of Border forays, the Bloodhound constantly

St. Huberts, are supposed to have been
brought by pilgrims from the Holy Land.
Another larger breed, also known by the
same name, were pure white, and another
kind were greyish-red. The dogs of the
present day are probably a blend of all these
varieties.

HUNTSMEN ROASTING A WILD BOAR.

From a French Tapestry of the Fifteenth Century. Showing Bloodhounds a/ the period, and, also,
in the background, a Hunting Dog in Armour.

appears in pursuit of enemies and " fol-
lowing gear," and great was the renown of
him who

" By wily turns and desperate bounds,
Had baffled Percy's best bloodhounds."

This feudal dog is frequently pictured by
the poet in his ballads and romances, ana
in "The Lady of the Lake" we find the
breed again mentioned :

" Two dogs of black St. Hubert's breed,
Unmatched for courage, breath, and speed,
Fast on his flying traces came,
And all but won the desperate game :
For scarce a spear's length from his haunch
Vindictive toiled the bloodhounds staunch."

These famous black Bloodhounds, called

During the French Wars of Henry VIII.
Bloodhounds were regularly employed, as
they were also by the Spaniards in Mexico
and Peru. In the days of Queen Elizabeth,
it is said, eight hundred Bloodhounds
accompanied the forces of the Earl of Essex
in suppressing the Irish Rebellion. In
later times they became the terror of the
deer stealer and the cattle lifter, and for
this purpose were maintained by the Earls of
Buccleuch on their Border estates till late in
the eighteenth century. So skilful were they
that when one of them got fairly on the
track of a fugitive his escape was all but
impossible.

The Bloodhound, from the nobler pur-
suit of heroes and knights, came in later
years to perform the work of the more

142

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

modern detective ; but in this also his
services were in time superseded by the
justice's warrant and the police officer. We
find it recorded about 1805, however, that
" the Thrapston Association for the Pre-
vention of Felons in Northamptonshire
have provided and trained a Bloodhound
for the detection of sheep-stealers."

To demonstrate the capabilities of the
dog, a day was appointed for the public
trial. The man he was intended to hunt
started in the presence of a great crowd of
people about ten o'clock in the morning.
An hour later the dog was slipped, and
after a chase of an hour and a half with a
very indifferent scent, the hound ran up
to the tree in which he had taken refuge,
at a distance of fifteen miles from the
place of starting, "to the admiration and
perfect satisfaction," to quote the words
of a contemporary account, " of the very
great number assembled upon the occa-
sion."

The Cuban Bloodhound, formerly em-
ployed in tracking runaway slaves in
Jamaica and the slave-holding states of
America, is of Spanish descent, and differs
largely from the true Bloodhound. It is
believed to be a descendant of the Mastiff,
crossed perhaps with the Bulldog, and is
inferior to the true Bloodhound in every
respect save that of ferocity. It has been
described as equal to the Mastiff in bulk,
to the Bulldog in courage, to the Blood-
hound in scent, and to the Greyhound in
agility.

The reputation it obtained for sagacity
and fierceness in the capture of runaway
slaves, and the cruelties attributed to it
in connection with the suppression of the
various negro risings, especially that of
the Maroons, have given the animal an
evil repute, which more probably should
attach to those who made the animal's
courage and sagacity a means for the gratifi-
cation of their own revolting cruelty of
disposition. It has been justly remarked
that if entire credence be given to the de-
scription that was transmitted through
the country of this extraordinary animal,
it might be supposed that the Spaniards

had obtained the ancient and genuine breed
of Cerberus himself.

From all accounts their appearance was
so terrifying that on their arrival at Mon-
tego Bay, the people, we are told, shut
themselves in their houses lest the animals
should break away from their keepers as
they passed through the streets. " The
doors were shut, not a negro ventured to
stir out, as the muzzled dogs, ferociously
making at every object and dragging for-
ward their keepers, who with difficulty
held them in with heavy, rattling chains,
proceeded onward." Shortly afterwards
General Walpole, the Commander-in-Chief,
ordered the dogs to parade before him-
The scene which followed is thus de-
scribed : —

" The Spaniards appeared at the end
of a gentle acclivity, drawn out in line
containing upwards of forty men with their
dogs in front, unmuzzled and held by
cotton ropes. On receiving the command
to fire, the men discharged their weapons
and advanced as upon a real attack. This
was intended to ascertain what effect would
be produced on the dogs if engaged under
a fire of the Maroons. The volley was no
sooner discharged than the dogs rushed
forward with the greatest fury, amid the
shouts of the Spaniards, who were dragged
along by them with irresistible force.
Some of the dogs, maddened by the shout
of attack while held back by the ropes,
seized the stocks of the guns in the hands
of their keepers, and tore pieces out of
them. Their impetuosity was so great
that they were with difficulty stopped
before they reached the General, who found
it necessary to get quickly into his car-
riage, and, if the most strenuous exertions
had not been made to stop them, they
would most certainly have seized upon his
horses."

The i-mpression created by this display
had immediate consequences and far-reach-
ing effects. On January i4th General Wal-
pole advanced, with his Spanish dogs in
the rear. Their fame, however, had reached
the Maroons, and the force had penetrated
but a short distance into the woods, when

THE BLOODHOUND.

143

a deputation arrived from the insurgents
begging for mercy, and soon after between
two and three hundred of them surren-
dered, on no other condition than a promise
of their lives.

" It is pleasing to observe," remarks
the historian, " that after the dogs arrived
in the island not a drop of blood was spilt."

Coming again to this country, we find
the Bloodhound used from time to time
in pursuit of poachers and criminals, and

prisons has been offered a working hound
for nothing, the authorities have refused
to consider the question or give the hound
a trial.

The following account of the Bloodhound
trials held in the district of West Wycombe,
written by the late Mr. G. R. Krehl, editor
of The Illustrated Kennel News, gives one
a good idea of such a meeting : —

" It was a foggy morning, but about 10.30
o'clock the fog lifted, and the runner went to

BLAZER RUNNING DOWN HIS QUARRY IN A
TRIAL OF TRACKING ON A THREE-MILE SCENT.

in many instances the game recovered
and the man arrested.

Unfortunately, in country districts one
often finds a great deal of prejudice exist-
ing against the Bloodhound. To the writer's
personal knowledge, in one Sussex village
the yokek firmly believe that Bloodhounds
would attack, probably devour, any chil-
dren that came in their way, and that once
having smelt blood they were no more
to be trusted than an escaped tiger. One
owner, during his first six months' resi-
dence, had continually to be on the look-
out for poisoned meat. Perhaps it is only
fair to say that this myth was not con-
tradicted but encouraged by a large circle
of poachers living in the neighbourhood.

There is no doubt that the police in
country districts, and at our convict prisons,
could use Bloodhounds to advantage ; but
public sentiment is decidedly against the
idea, and although one of his Majesty's

lay the first trail. Almost the entire line could
be followed without the use of glasses. It was
an ideal course on the far side of Radnage
Valley, and from a I4o-acre field most of the
run could be seen without leaving the farm
wagon, which formed a good grand stand.
According to the conditions of the trials, a line
of three miles on scent at least an hour cold
had to be run, and the hounds were hunted
singly, Mrs. Litkie, winning the toss, electing
to run Rufus first. By this time the sun was
high, and it was blazing hot ; and, as there was
no shade on the side of the valley selected for
the run, scent was not expected to be very
good. Collett worked the hound, Mr. Edgar
Farman (mounted) following as judge. For a
start Rufus cast very prettily, and, having
gained the line, gave tongue and went up the
hill at a fair pace. Gibbs, it ought to be ex-
plained, had mapped out the course with flags,
so that we could see how the line was kept to.
Halfway up the line the hound was at fault,
but only momentarily, and, casting rather
wide, he was speedily on terms again, and went

144

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

off to the left, hunting in the most approved
fashion and at a good pace. The ground here
is all arable land ; but on reaching roots on
the crest of the hill, scent was better, and the
hound very quickly came into the open again,
but was at fault on a strip of plough. Not far

MR. C. E. HOLFORD'S CH. REGENT,
SON OF COLONEL COWEN'S DRUID.
Reproduced from a Drawing on Wood by Geirgc Earl.

away a group of villagers were watching the
sport, and close to the line a woman was stand-
ing ; but Rufus paid no heed to either, and
went on hunting every inch of the line until
reaching the outside boundary, clearly denned
by one of Gibbs' white flags. Here he came
to - his first serious check, being out of view
for some minutes in a wood. On coming into
sight he ran heel for a distance ; but, en-
couraged by Collett, he at length regained the
line, and rattling down into the valley, where
scent was warmer than on the higher ground,
he ran into his quarry in exactly one hour
and ten minutes — really an excellent per-
formance.

" On the second day scenting conditions
seemed perfect ; but, judging by the way
Blazer shaped on being unleashed, the ground
was holding scent no better than was the case
yesterday. Casting round in pretty style, he
was quickly on the line, and by slow hunting
he reached the point at which Rufus was first
at fault on the previous day in twenty minutes
— capital time, everything taken into con-
sideration. The light plough proved no ob-
stacle to Blazer, and, keeping up a nice pace.

but hunting perfectly mute, he reached the
place where the Radnage villagers were as-
sembled. He passed these without the least
hesitancy, but met a much greater check in the
shape of a flock of sheep, which had fouled
the ground after the runner had passed. This
was awkward, and for
a time the obstacle
seemed a fatal one ;
but, allowed plenty of
liberty, Blazer took up
a line and carried it
to the end, making a
beautiful point by round-
ing a flag very closely,
and running down his
quarry in fifty minutes
— really a capital per-
formance. It was rather
curious, by the way, that,
like Rufus, who ran prac-
tically the same time on
the previous day, Blazer
went on a voyage of dis-
covery into the coppice
to the right of the turn-
ing flag. We would have
given a trifle to have had
time to make personal

investigations into that coppice. There was
apparently something attractive to the Blood-
hounds."

Half a century ago the Bloodhound was
so little esteemed in this country that the
breed was confined to the kennels of a very
few owners ; but the institution of dog
shows induced these owners to bring their
hounds into public exhibition, when it
was seen that, like the Mastiff, the Blood-
hound claimed the advantage of having
many venerable ancestral trees to branch
from. At the first Birmingham show, in
1860, Lord Bagot brought out a team from
a strain which had been in his lordship's
family for two centuries, and at the same
exhibition there was entered probably one
of the best Bloodhounds ever seen, in Mr.
T. A. Jenning's Druid. Known now as
"Old" Druid, this dog was got by Lord
Faversham's Raglan out of Baron Roths-
child's historic bitch Fur}', and his blood
goes down in collateral veins through Mr.
L. G. Morrel's Margrave, Prince Albert

146

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Solm's Druid, and Mr. Edwin Brough's
Napier into the pedigrees of many of the
celebrated hounds of the present day.

" Druid " was a name given with per-
plexing frequency to Bloodhounds during
the succeeding decade, and Mr. Jenning's
dog, who was exported into France when

CAPT. j. w. CLAYTON'S FAMOUS LUATH XI.

BY LUATH X. BRAN VIM.

BRED BY THE REV. G. STRATON IN 1874.

From a Drawing by C. Burton Barber.

just in his prime, is not to be confounded
with Colonel Cowen's Druid, a champion of
champions, bred in 1862, who was even
more remarkable as a sire than his earlier
namesake. With the exception of Leo
and Major, Old Druid had no son of suffi-
cient character to continue his reputation.
Colonel Cowen's hound, on the other hand,
had among his immediate progeny such
famous representatives of the breed as
Draco, Dingle, Dauntless, Hilda, Daphne,
Mr. Wright's Druid, and Mr. C. E. Holford's
Regent. Of these the last-named was the
most notable, as, like his sire, Regent took
first prizes year after year at both Bir-
mingham and the Crystal Palace. The Rev.
Thomas Pearce, a very good judge of the
breed, considered him absolutely faultless.

Another famous Druid — grandsire of
Colonel Cowen's hound of the name— was
owned by the Hon. Grantley Berkeley.
This typical dog was unsurpassed in his time,
and his talent in following a line of scent
was astonishing. His only blemish was one
of character ; for, although usually as good-
tempered as most of the breed are, he was
easily aroused to uncontrollable fits of
savage anger.

Her late Majesty Queen Victoria at
various times possessed one or more fine
specimens of the Bloodhound, procured for
her by Sir Edwin Landseer, and a capital
hound from the Home Park Kennels at
Windsor was exhibited at the London Show
in 1869, the judge on the occasion being
the Rev. Thomas Pearce, afterwards known.
as " Idstone." Landseer was especially
fond of painting the majestic Bloodhound,
and he usually selected good models for
his studies. The model for the hound in
his well-known picture, " Dignity and Im-
pudence," was Grafton, who was a collateral
relative of Captain J. W. Clayton's cele-
brated Luath XI.

This last-named dog, bred by the Rev.
G. Straton in 1874, by Luath X. out of
Bran VIII., is more particularly remem-
bered for his magnificent and noble head.
In colour he was a pale tan. His legs were
not of the best and straightest, and he was
unfortunate in having a Dudley nose.
These faults handicapped him severely in
competition with such a well-shaped speci-
men as his contemporary Don (owned by
Mrs. Humphries) ; but he was most suc-
cessful at stud, and his grandly developed
head characteristics were transmitted with
unvarying certainty to his offspring. His
mating with Mr. E. Bird's Juno II. pro-
duced Tarquin, thought by many to have
been the most perfect Bloodhound puppy
ever seen. Unfortunately, Tarquin died
before his promise could be realised. A
more memorable litter was bred from
Luath to Mr. Nichols' Restless, a grand-
daughter of Mr. Ray's Roswell. It com-
prised Napier, Nimrod, Diana, and Lawyer,
besides Belladonna and Mr. Brough's Bravo ;
all winners at first class shows.

THE BLOODHOUND.

147

Brough is still a keen spectator at the ring
side, and promises one day again to get
together a kennel. The entries at shows
and field trials indicate that the breed is
not making the progress that one could
wish, and it is hoped that before long he
may fulfil his promise.

Mrs. G. A. Oliphant, of Shrewton,
Wilts, whose kennels include Ch. Chatley

Mr. Reynold Ray's Roswell, a dog of
faultless quality, was of unrecorded pedi-
gree ; but he became the progenitor of many
champions who have continued the merit
of his strain in a more marked degree than
is the case with almost any other Blood-
hound sire in the stud book.

Four superlative Bloodhounds of the past
stand out in unmistakable eminence as
the founders of recog-
nised strains. They are
Mr. Jenning's O d Druid,
Colonel Cowen's Druid,
Mr. Reynold Ray's Ros-
well, and Captain Clay-
ton's Luath XI. ; and the
owner of a Bloodhound
which can be traced back
in direct line of descent
to any one of these four
patriarchs may pride
himself upon possessing
a dog of unimpeachable
pedigree.

Among breeders within
recent years Mr. Edwin
Brough, of Scarborough,
is to be regarded as the
most experienced and suc-
cessful. No record of the
breed would be complete
without some acknowledg-
ment of the great services he has rendered to Blazer and Chatley Beaufort, has of late
it. Bloodhounds of the correct type would years been a keen supporter of the breed,
to-day have been very few and far between Mrs. Oliphant, who is the president of the
if it had not been for his enthusiasm and ladies' branch of the Kennel Club, is a
patient breeding. Reference has already great believer in hounds being workers
been made to the kennel of Mr. Nichols, first and show hounds second, and her
and it was just as Mr. Nichols was giving large kennels have produced many hounds
up the breed that Mr. Brough came into it. of a robust type and of good size and
During several years Mr. Brough bred and quality. There is no doubt that as far
produced many hounds, which all bore as hunting is concerned at the present
the stamp of his ideal, and there is no moment this kennel stands easily first,
doubt that for all-round quality his kennel But admirable Bloodhounds have also
stands first in the history of the Blood- given distinction to the kennels of Mr.
hound. His most successful cross was, per- S. H. Mangin, Dr. Sidney Turner, Mr.
haps, Beckford and Bianca, and one has Mark Beaufoy, Mr. F. W. Cousens, Mr.
only to mention such hounds as Burgundy, A. O. Mudie, Lord Decies, Mr. Hood
Babbo, Benedicta, and Bardolph to recall Wright, Mr. A. Croxton Smith, Dr. C. C.
the finest team of Bloodhounds that has Garfit, Dr. Semmence, and Mrs. C. Ashton
ever been benched. Fortunately, Mr. Cross, to mention only a few owners and

MR. s. H. MANGIN'S CH. HORDLE HERCULES.

BY MARCUS HORDLE DIANA

148

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

breeders who have given attention to this
noble race of dog. Mr. Mangin was the
breeder of Ch. Hordle Hercules, a dog
of distinguished quality, and his prefix
is familiar to all admirers of the Blood-
hound. Hercules was the sire of the Cham-
pion bitch, Mirables Mischief, and many
another worthy representative of the breed.
The Duchess of Dunsborough, another

as with philosophic thought, his flews deep
and square, his dewlap loosely hanging,
his whole expression that of an ancient
sphinx. He is surprisingly active and of
enduring strength. At tracking the clean
boot he justifies the reputation of his keen-
scented breed, and his hardy constitution
makes him impervious to all physical ills.
Probably he gets his hardiness from Wei-

MR. ROBERT PRATTS HIPPOLYTA

BY CH. PANTHER BRINDLESS. BRED BY MR. CHATAIN.

bitch who won championship honours, was
also of Mr. Mangin's breeding. Mr. Croxton
Smith has the distinction of having bred,
amongst many other excellent hounds,
Ch. Hengist, now the treasured property
of Dr. C. C. Garfit, of Kirby Muxloe.

Hengist is a magnificent upstanding
black-and-tan hound, twenty-seven inches
in height at the shoulder, with legs like
oak saplings for strength and firmness of
bone and muscle and sinew. His head is
significant of all that is aimed at in Blood-
hound type, high peaked and ponderous,
with low-set ears pendulous as a chancel-
lor's wig, his sombre, inscrutable eyes look-
ing out from their cavernous depths in
sage contemplation, his forehead furrowed

fare, his dam, whose own dam, Ch.
What's Wanted, was a result of Mr. Mark
Beaufoy's outcross through Babylone, a
French hound derived from crossing a
Bloodhound with a Vendee and again cross-
ing with a St. Hubert. On his sire Pan-
ther's side Hengist is descended directly
from Mr. Ray's Roswell, and he hits back
to the famous Luath XI. — Restless litter.
Restless herself was great-granddaughter
of Mr. Cowen's Druid ; while Juno, who
also is in Hengist's pedigree, was four
generations removed from Mr. Jenning's
Old Druid. Dr. Garfit's dog can therefore
be traced back in descent from all four of
the great Bloodhounds of the past, who are
recognised as the founders of the best strains.

THE BLOODHOUND.

149

In dealing with the rearing and breeding
of Bloodhounds, we will imagine that the
beginner selects a couple of puppies from
different strains with which to start his

but all young animals do far better when
they are kept reasonably warm. If they
are always shivering and cold, they will not
grow and do not enjoy those dead sleeps
which overtake an active puppy after he
has been running about for some hours.

A dry, light soil is the best on which to
rear puppies. When no paddock is avail-
able, or is only to be had on clay soil,
during the winter a good big stable yard or
the run of the garden is the best thing
for pups. Many gardeners object, but in
the winter there are parts of the garden
which (if one has not a big enough yard)
will not be very much damaged by the

DR. C. C. GARFIT'S CH. HENGIST

BY CH. PANTHER WELFARE.

BRED BY MR. A CROXTON SMITH.

kennels. Before getting his puppies home
he will naturally provide accommodation
for them, and nothing is better than a
good airy loose box or stall, with a bench
raised some inches above the floor and
with a good board in front of it to keep
off the floor draught. Of course, if this is
not possible, Spratt or some other well-
known maker will supply a good house
with windows and ventilation for about
£10, in which case, instead of the bench,
I would recommend a sort of low box on
four feet, which can be easily moved and
in which the puppy can jump easily and
lie snugly out of all draughts ; but this
should not be too high, so that there is
no strain or jar on his front legs as he jumps
in and out.

One does not want to coddle puppies,

CH. CHATLEY BEAUFORT

BY CH. CHATLEY BLAZER CHATLEY FRIVOL.

BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. G. A. OLIPHANT,
SHREWTON, WILTS.

gambols of a two months' old puppy. The
exercise a pup gets at play with another
dog is the very best he can have.

Regular exercise is not necessary until

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

the dog is at least six months old. Per-
haps the stableman or gardener will let
the puppy run about with him during the
day, or trot behind him when he goes to
his meals if he does not live far away.
This form of exercise will bring on a puppy
as well as anything.

When a puppy is from six to eight weeks
old he should have four good meals a day.
Brown bread and milk in the morning, some
chopped meat about noon, rodnim about
four o'clock, and chopped raw or cooked
meat again at night. Little and often is
a good rule with Bloodhounds. Where
size is required, raw meat should certainly
form half the puppy's diet. Added to
this, if you wish to do everything to bring
your puppy on well, chemical food and
cod-liver 'oil — a tablespoonful every day —
will do a lot to help him on, especially as
regards bone.

W'hen the puppy is six months old this
diet can be reduced to three meals a day,
omitting the bread and milk, and directly
his teeth are strong enough let him have
broken dogs' biscuits and sometimes a
good bone with a little meat on it in place
of one of the meat meals. At ten months
old, three Spratt's biscuits at twelve o'clock,
and i^ Ib. of raw or cooked meat with a
little rodnim mixed in (if bulk is wanted)
about seven o'clock should be sufficient.

The dog should be groomed every day —
first with a dandy brush to get any mud
off, then with a hand-glove, and finally
run over with a wash-leather. The eyes
should be sponged and the ears constantly
looked at, and if any sign of canker or ear
trouble appears inside the ear, powdered
boracic acid should be dredged into the
ear.

Seven out of ten Bloodhounds fall victims
to distemper, and great care should be
taken to deal with it from the very first.
A piece of blanket should be taken, two
holes made in it, the front feet placed in
the holes, and then the blanket should be
drawn round the chest and over the back
and ribs and sewn up tightly, and the
patient put in a room temperature of 60°
with plenty of fresh air.

As a rule, there is not much danger of
infection, except after shows, and those
who go in for showing should certainly
wash their dogs' flews and nostrils out well
with disinfectant and water, and as a pre-
cautionary measure give them about three
Pearson's antiseptic capsules twice a day
during the show and for some time after-
wards. When the dogs return from the
show they should be given a dose of salts
with their food.

If a puppy is intended for the show ring,
as soon as he begins to go on a lead he should
be taught to stand properly. If he is
allowed to grow up without having learned
this, it will be difficult to make him show
well unless he is what is termed " a natural
shower," but so many Bloodhounds are
shy that this is exceptional.

When puppies are six months old they
should begin to have short lessons in track-
ing. Someone they know should run on,
say across a field, perhaps hiding behind
a fence some two or three hundred yards
away, and then the puppies should be al-
lowed to follow him. Then when they come
up to him a fuss should be made of them,
and they should be given a small piece of
meat. The distance can be increased in a
day or two, and the runner can leave little
sticks with pieces of paper in the top along
his line, so that the puppies can be made to
work the proper track. If a puppy is tired,
or does not seem keen, take him home and
bring him out another day ; it is no good
trying to make him work when he feels
disinclined.

In the writer's opinion, every show hound
should also be a working hound ; but for
the show ring road exercise is necessary to
bring the hound well up on his feet, and a
judicious combination of road exercise and
field work is advisable.

The description of a perfect type of dog,
as defined by the Association of Bloodhound
Breeders, is as follows : —

i. General Character. — The Bloodhound pos-
sesses, in a most marked degree, every point and
characteristic of those dogs which hunt together
by scent (Sagaces). He is very powerful and
stands over more ground than is usual with

THE BLOODHOUND.

hounds of other breeds. The skin is thin to the
touch and extremely loose, this being more espe-
cially noticeable about the head and neck, where
it hangs in deep folds.

2. Height. — The mean average height of adult
dogs is 26 inches and of adult bitches 24 inches.
Dogs usually vary from 25 inches to 27 inches
and bitches from 23 inches to 25 inches ; but in
either case the greater height is to be preferred,
provided that character and quality arc also
combined.

3. Weight. — The mean average weight of adult
dogs in fair condition is 90 pounds and of adult
bitches 80 pounds. Dogs attain the weight of
no pounds, bitches 100 pounds. The greater
weights are to be preferred, provided (as in the
case of height) that quality and proportion are
also combined.

4. Expression. — The expression is noble and
dignified and characterised by solemnity, wisdom
and power.

5. Temperament. — In temperament he is ex-
tremely affectionate, quarrelsome neither with
companions nor with other dogs. His nature is
somewhat shy, and equally sensitive to kindness
or correction by his master.

6. Head. — The head is narrow in proportion to
its ength and long in proportion to the body,
tapering but slightly from the temples to the end
of the muzzle thus (when viewed from above and
in front) having the appearance of being flattened
at the sides and of being nearly equal in width
throughout its entire length. In profile the
upper outline of the skull is nearly in the same
plane as that of the foreface. The length from
end of nose to stop (midway between the eyes)
should be not less than that from stop to back
of occipital protuberance (peak). The entire
length of head rom the posterior part of the
occipital protuberance to the end of the muzzle
should be 12 inches, or more, in dogs, and n
inches, or more, in bitches.

7. Skull. — The skull is long and narrow, with
the occipital peak very pronounced. The brows
are not prominent, although, owing to the deep-set
eyes, they may have that appearance.

8. Foreface. — The foreface is long, deep, and of
even width throughout, with square outline when
seen in profile.

9. Eyes. — The eyes are deeply sunk in the orbits,
the lids assuming a lozenge or diamond shape, in
consequence of the lower lids being dragged down
and everted by the heavy flews. The eyes cor-
respond with the general tone of colour of the
animal, varying from deep hazel to yellow. The
hazel colour is, however, to be preferred, although
very seldom seen in red-and-tan hounds.

10. Ears. — The ears are thin and soft to the
touch, extremely long, set very low, and fall in
graceful folds, the lower parts curling inwards
and backwards.

11. Wrinkle. — The head is furnished with an
amount of loose skin which in nearly every
position appears superabundant, but more par-
ticularly so when the head is carried low ; the
skin then falls into loose, pendulous ridges and
folds, especially over the forehead and sides of
the face.

12. Nostrils. — The nostrils are large and open.

13. Lips, Flews, and Dewlap. — In front
the lips fall squarely, making a right-angle with
the upper line of the foreface, whilst behind they
form deep, hanging flews, and, being continued
into the pendent folds of loose skin about the
neck, constitute the dewlap, which is very pro-
nounced. These characters are found, though
in a less degree, in the bitch.

THE SLEEPING BLOODHOUND.

From the Painting by Sir E. Landseer, R.A.,
in the National Gallery.

14. Neck, Shoulders, and Chest. — The neck
is long, the shoulders muscular and well sloped
backwards ; the ribs are well sprung, and the
chest well let down between the forelegs, forming
a deep keel.

15. Legs and Feet. — The forelegs are straight
and large in bone, with elbows squarely set ;
the feet strong and well knuckled up ; the thighs
and second thighs (gaskins) are very muscular ;
the hocks well bent and let down and squarely
set.

16. Back and Loins. — The back and loins are
strong, the latter deep and slightly arched.

17. Stern. — The stern is long and tapering and
set on rather high, with a moderate amount of
hair underneath.

18. Gait. — The gait is elastic, swinging, and
free — the stern being carried high, but not too
much curled over the back.

19. Colour. — The colours are black-and-tan,
red-and-tan, and tawny — the darker colours
being sometimes interspersed with lighter or
badger-coloured hair and sometimes flecked with
white. A small amount of white is permissible on
chest, feet, and tip of stern.

152

THE LATE DUKE OF HAMILTON'S PACK OF OTTERHOUNDS.
Photograph by C. Reid, Wisliaw.

CHAPTER XIV.
THE OTTERHOUND.

BY GEORGE S. LOWE.

'My hounds are bred out of the Spartan kind,
So flew'd, so sanded ; and their heads are

hung

With ears that sweep away the morning dew ;
Crook-knee'd, and dew-lapp'd like Thessalian

bulls ;

THE Otterhound is a descendant of the
old Southern Hound, and there is
reason to believe that all hounds
hunting their quarry by nose had a similar
source. Why the breed was first called
the Southern Hound, or when his use
became practical in Great Britain, must
be subjects of conjecture ; but that there
was a hound good enough to hold a line
for many hours is accredited in history
that goes very far back into past cen-
turies. The hound required three centu-
ries ago even was all the better esteemed
for being slow and unswerving on a line
of scent, and in many parts of the King-
dom, up to within half that period, the
so-called Southern Hound had been especi-
ally employed. In Devonshire and Wales
the last sign of him in his purity was perhaps

Slow in pursuit, but match' d in month like

bells,

Each under each. A cry more tuneable
Was never halloo'd to, nor cheer'd with horn,
In Crete, in Sparta, nor in Thessaly :
Judge, when you hear."

— " A MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM."

when Captain Hopwood hunted a small pack
of hounds very similar in character on the
fitch or pole-cat ; the modus operandi being
to find the foraging grounds of the animal,
and then on a line that might be two days
old hunt him to his lair, often enough ten
or twelve miles off.

When this sort of hunting disappeared,
and improved ideas of fox-hunting came
into vogue, there was nothing left for the
Southern Hound to do but to hunt the
otter. He may have done this before at
various periods, but history rather tends
to show that otter-hunting was originally
associated with a mixed pack, and some
of Sir Walter Scott's pages seem to
indicate that the Dandie Dinmont and
kindred Scottish terriers had a good
deal to do with the sport. It is more

THE OTTERHOUND.

153

than probable that the rough-coated terrier the river, and fish down and back. He is
is identical with the now recognised Otter- then more accessible, and it is under such

hound as an offshoot of the Southern Hound ;
but be that as it may, there has been a

conditions that the best sport is obtained.
But still these animals are wrapt in won-

special breed of Otterhound for the last drous mystery. The Rev. C. Davies, who
eighty years, very carefully bred and gradu- wrote in The New Sporting Magazine under
ally much improved in point of appear- the nomme de guerre of " Gelert," in giving
ance. They are beautiful hounds to-day, his experience of South Devon otter-hunt-
with heads as typical as those of Blood- ing early in the 'forties, relates that he
hounds, legs and feet
that would do for Fox-
hounds, a unique coat
of their own, and they
are exactly suitable for
hunting the otter, as
everyone knows who
has had the enjoyment
of a day's sport on
river or brook.

The very existence of
the otter is a mystery.
He seldom allows him-
self to be seen. There
is a cunning about the
animal that induces
him to live far away
from the haunts of
man, and to occupy
two totally different
points of vantage, as
it were, in as many
hours. He may live in
a burrow on a cliff

by the sea, and his fishing exploits may quite astonished old resident farmers when
extend seven or eight miles up a river, he first commenced hunting near their
generally in the hours nearest midnight, homesteads. They asked him what he
A stream in South Devon defied whole was doing. He replied that he was " otter-
generations of otter hunters, or perhaps, hunting," and they laughed, and told
more properly speaking, the otters did. No him they had never heard of such an
matter how early in the morning the hunt animal ; and yet he must have killed over
was started, there would be a hot trail up fifty in the next five years within a mile of
stream, hounds throwing their tongues them, and of course otters had always
and dashing from bank to bank, through been there. It was the reverend gentle-
pools, over clitters of rocks, and often man's surmise, therefore, that the otter in-
landing on meadow-side ; but there would habits nearly every river in Great Britain,
be no otter, and then the hunt would turn but that there is no knowing his where-
and hounds would revel on a burning scent abouts until he is regularly hunted .
down stream, the quarry meanwhile sleep- There are different opinions on the sub-
ing in his sea-girt holt perfectly safe from ject as to how the otter should be hunted,
any interference. Then, again, the otter and the kind of hound best suited for
may live on the moorside at the head of the sport. Mr. Davies leant towards the

THE SOUTHERN HOUND (1803).

From " The Sportsman's Cabinet." By P. Reinagle, R.A.

154

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

modern Foxhound, and he had many dis-
ciples holding the same views. They be-
lieved in the dash of the Foxhound to
keep the otter moving as soon as he was
dislodged from his holt, and it is certainly
very grand to see a pack of Foxhounds
swimming at really a great pace up stream
and to hear their voices fairly echo amid
the petty roar of waterfall or the bubbling
of rapid stream. It is sport that can never
be forgotten. Such was shown by Mr.

MR. J. C. CARRICK'S SWIMMER

BY LUCIFER COUNTESS.

From a Painting by George Earl.

Davies, and later by Mr. Trelawny's hounds,
the latter being the Master of the Dartmoor
country at the time ; and in the summer
he hunted otter with fourteen or fifteen
couples of his Foxhounds, and about one
couple of rough Otterhounds (Cardigan
being a notable one), and of course two or
three terriers. The old squire would never
admit, however, that the regular Otter-
hound was as good as the Foxhound, which
he would argue was better in every part
of a hunt than Cardigan. Others differ
partially from this view, and consider that
Foxhounds will miss a good many otters
in their over-anxiety to get forward.

The Otterhound proper is very steady
and methodical ; he feels for a trail on
boulder or rock, and if he touches it he

will throw his tongue just once or twice.
The scent may be one or two days old ; but
if fresher he repeats his own challenge,
becomes full of intent, moves a little up
stream, crosses the river, back again per-
haps, tells by his manner that the quarry
is about ; and if the hound is a good one,
and he is not hurried, he is sure to find,
although it may be three or four miles from
the starting point. Foxhounds might miss
all this. The Otterhound, again, is the far
better marker. The otter may be in some
drain a couple of hundred yards away from
the river, and his outlet may be at the
root of some old trees washed by the con-
stant flow into a deep refuge under water
to the depth of possibly four or five feet.
Foxhounds may flash over such a holt,
but the experienced Otterhound is always
on the look-out for such places. He steadies
himself as he swims that way, turns his
head to the bank, is not quite sure, so lifts
himself to the trunk of the tree bending
down to the water. The otter has landed
there in the night, and a voice like thunder
says so. It is a find. The pack will be
all there now, and the notes of delight,
becoming savage, concern the otter so far
that he will generally shift his quarters
at this stage without the aid of the terrier.
The tell-tale chain of bubbles is then sqen,
or the animal coming up to vent, and then
the hunt is in all its fullest excitement. He
may beat them, by slipping down stream,
or into very deep water ; but, with good
hounds and the right sort of men as the
hunters, the odds are against the otter.

There was one point upon which Squire
Trelawny was very particular, and that was
that the otter was not to be touched in any
way, but left entirely to the hounds. If
it came to his ears that one had been hit
by a pole, nothing could well exceed his
anger ; and this was in contrast to the old-
fashioned ways of Scotland, of which there
are pictures of the otter being held up on a
barbed spear.

The Dartmoor was always a very fair
hunt, and it is so now, although for many
years since detached from the fox-hunting
establishment. It was in the hands at

THE OTTERHOUND.

155

first of the late Mr. Gage Hodge, of Glaze-
brook House, and afterwards of Major
Green and Mr. A. Pitman.

There were three other otter hunts in
Devonshire, notably Mr. Cheriton's, Mr.
Newton's, and Mr. Collier's. Mr. Cheriton
hunted the pure-bred rough Otterhounds,
and had some very good-looking ones. He
started hunting the North Devon rivers
about the year 1850, and continued to do
so until early in the
'seventies ; but the pack
still retains his name,
and has now for its
Master Mr. Arthur
Blake Heineman. A
late return gives from
ten to fifteen couples
of hounds ; about half
pure Otterhounds and
half Foxhounds. Mr.
Newton's hunt became
the Tetcot after that
gentleman retired ;
while on Major Green's
retirement in 1902 the
Dartmoor went into
committee, and is so
managed at present
under the Mastership of
Mr, A. J. Pitman, of the
Manor House, Huish.

The greatest otter
hunter of the last
century may have been the Hon. Geoffrey
Hill, a younger brother of the late Lord
Hill. A powerful athlete of over six feet,
Major Hill was an ideal sportsman in ap-
pearance, and he was noted for the long
distances he would travel on foot with his
hounds. They were mostly of the pure
rough sort, not very big ; the dogs he
reckoned at about 23^ inches, bitches 22 :
beautiful Bloodhound type of heads, coats
of thick, hard hair, big in ribs and bones,
and good legs and feet. In seeing them at
a meet it was noticeable that some were
much shorter in their coats than others —
not shorter, however, than the coat of an
Irish Terrier. Possibly these may have
been cross-bred. Something, however,

must be allowed for the exposure and hard
work that falls to the lot of an Otterhound
in respect to coat. The Hon. Geoffrey
Hill's hounds were in perfect command :
a wave -of- his hand was enough to bring
them all to any point he wanted, and he
was remarkably quiet. This may be essen-
tial, as the otter is particularly wary and
very easily disturbed.

It was a narrow, but deep brook, and

CHAMPION TEAM OF THE DUMFRIESSHIRE OTTERHOUNDS,
WITH MR. WILSON DAVIDSON, HON. HUNTSMAN.

hounds flew from side to side. They did
not appear to miss an inch of ground ;
everything was examined, and that an
otter could be missed seemed impossible.
Presently, as two streams met, there was
a waving of sterns, a voice giving forth, and
then another to swell into a big chorus in
a few minutes, and the trail was found.
They still hunted steadily. The otter might
move now at any second ; but there was
no certainty that he would, and the hounds
were hanging on his trail, probably twelve
hours old, as if glued to him. Major Hill
said very little to them, but his experienced
eye saw where the real scene of action lay :
a bit of a swamp, where several streams
united, and down in a gorge under some

156

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

trees where some deep back-water had col-
lected, looked the ideal place for an otter's
holt. A hollow below proved that the
wily one had slipped through ; but the
hounds forced him back to the holt, and
each stream was tried in turn, but his re-
lentless followers showed him no mercy,
and in three parts of an hour from the time
he left the holt they pulled him down,
a big dog otter.

Major Hill seldom exhibited his hounds.
They were seen now and then at Birming-
ham ; but, hunting as hard as they did
through Shropshire, Staffordshire, Cheshire,
and into Wales, where they got their best
water, there was not much time for show-
ing. Their famous Master has been dead
now many years, but his pack is still going,
and shows great sport as the Hawkstone
under the Mastership of Mr. H. P. Wardell,
the kennels being at Ludlow Racecourse,
Bromfield.

The leading pack in the Kingdom for
the last sixty years, at any rate, has been
the Carlisle when in the hands of Mr. J. C.
Carrick, who was famous both for the sport
he showed and for his breed of Otter-
hound, so well represented at all the im-
portant shows. Such ' hounds as Lottery,
first at Birmingham some years back, and
Lucifer were very typical specimens ; but
of late years the entries of Otterhounds
have not been very numerous at the great
exhibitions, and this can well be explained
by the fact that they are wanted in greater
numbers for active service, there being
many more packs than formerly — in all,
twenty-one for the United Kingdom. Be-
sides those already mentioned, there are,
for instance, the Bucks, which hunt three
days a week from Newport Pagnell on the
rivers Ouse, Nene, Welland, Lovall, and
Gleb ; Mr. T. Wilkinson's, at Darlington ;
and the West Cumberland at Cockermouth.
In Ireland there is the Brookfield, with its
headquarters in County Cork ; while in
Wales there are the Pembroke and Carmar-
then, the Rug, the Ynysfor, and Mr. Buck-
ley's.

The Crowhurst Otter Hunt hunts most
of- the rivers in Sussex with sixteen couples

of hounds, including seven couples of pure
Otterhounds. The " Master " last season
was Mrs. Walter Cheesman. The Essex
have, appropriately enough, their kennels
at Water House Farm, Chelmsford. They
hunt three days a week on the rivers of
Essex and West Suffolk, with a pack of
about eight couples of pure Otterhounds and
a like number of Foxhounds. L. Rose, Esq.,
is the Master, and he hunts them him-
self. The Culmstock, with kennels now
at Ilminster, is a very old hunt, established
and maintained for over fifty years by Mr.
William P. Collier, who hunted his own
hounds, and showed great sport on the
rivers in Somersetshire and North and
East Devon. The Master at the present
time is J. H. Wyley, Esq., and he carries
the horn himself. Mr. Hastings Clay hunts
a pack from Chepstow, and shows a good
deal of sport on many of the Welsh rivers,
as also in Gloucestershire and Hereford-
shire. Otter-hunting, really introduced into
the New Forest by the Hon. Grantley
Berkeley, is now continued in that district
very successfully by Mr. Courtney Tracey,
with about fifteen couples of pure and
crossed hounds. The Northern Counties
Hunt was established as recently as 1903,
and up to the present the hounds have been
drafts from the Culmstock, Hawkstone,
Dumfriesshire, Mr. Thomas Robson's, and
the Morpeth. They hunt the rivers over a
very wide country, as they find their sport
on the Tweed and the Tyne in Northumber-
land and go down to the Swale at Middle-
ham, Yorkshire. Other packs have hunted
these rivers in the past, such as those be-
longing to the well-known Mr. John Gallon,
Major Browne — the great buyer of the Pol-
timore Foxhounds — and Mr. T. L. Wilkin-
son ; but they were not called the Northern
Counties. They are now under the Master-
ship of F. P. Barnett, Esq., of Whalton,
Newcastle-on-Tyne .

Another pack to hunt other Yorkshire
waters, mostly in the West Riding districts,
is the Wharfdale, with kennels at Adding-
ton. The present hunt was only estab-
lished in 1905, but there had been a Wharf-
dale Otter Hunt Club, who invited certain

157

158

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

hunts to their rivers. Now the whole
country is taken up, and that also which
was formerly hunted by the famous Kendal
Otterhounds. The pack at present com-
prises twenty couples. Mr. W. Thompson,
is the Master, and they hunt three days a
week.

The two packs that appear to be most
staunchly attached to the pure Otterhound
are the Dumfriesshire and the East of
Scotland. The former of these admits
of nothing but sixteen couples of pure-
bred Otterhounds. The hunt was estab-
lished in 1889, but not with such hounds
as are kennelled now by J. B. Bell Irvine,
Esq., of Bankside, Lockerbie. They hunt
all the rivers in the South of Scotland as
far as those of Ayrshire, and by all accounts
show excellent sport. It is evident that
the Dumfriesshire, as hunted now by the
very well-known sportsman, Mr. Wilson
Davidson, are the typical Otterhounds
shown between 1870 and 1880, by Mr.
J. C. Carrick, the Hon. Geoffrey Hill, Mr.
W. Tattersall, Mr. C. S. Coulson, and Mr.
Forster. Mr. J. C. Carrick had three very
good hounds in the 'seventies, called
Booser, Stanley, and the bitch Charmer.
The two last were immensely admired when
they took first prizes in their respective
classes at Birmingham in 1876. In the
following year there were good classes at
the Alexandra Palace, when one of Mr.
Carrick's called Royal won. The mantle
of Mr. J. C. Carrick has probably fallen on
the Dumfriesshire, as in October, 1906, at
the Crystal Palace show, the entries were
confined to the kennel in question with one
exception— Mr. J. H. Stocker's Dauntless
Lady. The Dumfriesshire had two couples
entered in the dog class — namely, Thun-
derer, Stormer, Bruiser, and Bachelor, all
home-bred examples, and likewise the two
bitches Thrifty and Darling, the first by
Stanley out of Truthful, the other by the
same sire out of Doubtful. The portrait
on p. 154 is that of Swimmer, shown some
years back by Mr. J. C. Carrick at Birming-
ham : the exact type of what the true-
bred Otterhound should be. It is from an
oil painting by George Earl.

The East of Scotland is a pack boasting
of eleven couples of rough Otterhounds
which was established in 1904. They hunt
some of the rivers formerly belonging to
the Dumfriesshire, or at least they were
invited by the East Lothian Otter Hunt
Club, which, with the half of the Berwick-
shire, started the East of Scotland pack.
They hunt on no fixed days. The Master
is W. M. Saunderson, Esq., of Crammond
Bridge, Midlothian.

Enough has been said to show that the
sport of otter-hunting is decidedly increas-
ing, as there have been several hunts started
within the last four years. There can well
be many more, as, according to the opinion
already quoted of that excellent authority,
the late Rev. " Otter " Davies, as he was
always called, there are otters on every
river ; but, owing to the nocturnal and
mysterious habits of the animals, their
whereabouts or existence is seldom known,
or even suspected. Hunting them is a very
beautiful sport, and the question arises
as to whether the pure Otterhounds should
not be more generally used than they are
at present. It is often asserted that their
continued exposure to water has caused a
good deal of rheumatism in the breed,
that they show age sooner than others,
and that the puppies are difficult to rear.
There are, however, many advantages in
having a pure breed, and there is much to
say for the perfect work of the Otterhound
The scent of the otter is possibly the sweet-
est of all trails left by animals. One can-
not understand how it is that an animal
swimming two or three feet from the bottom
of a river bed and the same from the sur-
face should leave a clean line of burning
scent that may remain for twelve or eighteen
hours. The supposition must be that the
scent from the animal at first descends and
is then always rising. At any rate, the
oldest Foxhound or Harrier that has never
touched otter is at once in ravishing excite-
ment on it, and all dogs will hunt it. The
terrier is never keener than when he hits
on such a line.

The Foxhound, so wonderful in his for-
ward dash, may have too much of it for

THE OTTERHOUND.

159

otter-hunting. The otter is so wary. His
holt can very well be passed, his delicious
scent may be over-run ; but the pure-
bred Otterhound is equal to all occasions.
He is terribly certain on the trail when he
finds it. Nothing can throw him off it,
and when his deep note swells into a sort
of savage howl, as he lifts his head towards
the roots of some old pollard, there is a
meaning in it — no mistake has been made.
In every part of a run it is
the same ; the otter dodges
up stream and down, lands
for a moment, returns to his
holt ; but his adversaries are
always with him, and as one
sees their steady work the
impression becomes stronger
and stronger that for the real
sport of otter-hunting there is
nothing as good as the pure-
bred Otterhound. There is
something so dignified and
noble about the hound of
unsullied strain that if you
once see a good one you will
not soon forget him. He is
a large hound, as he well
needs to be, for the " var-
mint " who is his customary
quarry is the wildest, most
vicious, and, for its size, the most power-
ful of all British wild animals, the in-
veterate poacher of our salmon streams,
and consequently to be mercilessly slaugh-
tered, although always in sporting fashion.
To be equal to such prey, the hound must
have a Bulldog's courage, a Newfoundland's
strength in water, a Pointer's nose, a
Retriever's sagacity, the stamina of the
Foxhound, the patience of a Beagle, the
intelligence of a Collie.

THE PERFECT OTTERHOUND.

i. Head. — The head, which has been described
as something between that of a Bloodhound and
that of a Foxhound, is more hard and rugged

than either. With a narrow forehead, ascending
to a moderate peak.

2. Ears. — The ears are long and sweeping, but
not feathered down to the tips, set low and lying
flat to the cheeks.

3. Eyesr^The eyes are large, dark and deeply
set, having a peculiarly thoughtful expression.
They show a considerable amount of the haw.

4. Nose. — The nose is large and well developed,
the nostrils expanding.

5. Muzzle. — The muzzle well protected with
wiry hair. The jaw very powerful with deep flews.

DOG HOUNDS OF THE DUMFRIESSHIRE OTTER HUNT,

INCLUDING THUNDER AND SPANKER,

ATTENDED BY THE WHIP'S DAUGHTER.

6. Neck. — The neck is strong and muscular,
but rather long. The dewlap is loose and folded.

7. Chest. — The chest, deep and capacious, but
not too wide.

8. Back. — The back is strong, wide and arched.

9. Shoulders. — The shoulders ought to be slop-
ing, the arms and thighs substantial and muscular.

10. Feet. — -The feet, fairly large and spreading,
with firm pads and strong nails to resist sharp
rocks.

11. Stern. — The stern when the hound is at
work is carried gaily, like that of a rough Welsh
Harrier. It is thick and well covered, to serve
as a rudder.

12. Coat. — The coat is wiry, hard, long and
close at the roots, impervious to water.

13. Colour. — Grey, or buff, or yellowish, or
black, or rufus red, mixed with black or grey.

14. Height.— 22 to 24 inches.

i6o

CHAPTER XV.
THE IRISH WOLFHOUND.

BY FREDK GRESHAM.

" An eye of sloe, with ear not low,
With horse's breast, with depth of chest,
With breadth of loin, and curve in groin,
And nape set far behind the head —
Such were the dogs that Fingal bred."

— TRANSLATED FROM THE IRISH.

IT is now some eight and twenty years
since an important controversy was
carried on in the columns of The Live
Stock Journal on the nature and history of
the great Irish Wolfhound. The chief dis-

THE IRISH WOLFHOUND (1803).

From " The Sportsman's Cabinet" By P. Reinagle, R.A.

putants in the discussion were Captain G. A.
Graham, of Dursley, Mr. G. W. Hickman, Mr.
F. Adcock, and the Rev. M. B. Wynn, and
the main point at issue was whether the dog
then imperfectly known as the Irish Wolf-

dog was a true descendant of the ancient
Canis graius Hibernicus, or whether it was
a mere manufactured mongrel, owing its
origin to an admixture of the Great Dane
and the dog of the Pyrenees, modified and
brought to type by a
cross with the Highland
Deerhound. It was not
doubted — indeed, his-
tory and tradition
clearly attested — that
there had existed in
early times in Ireland
a very large and rugged
hound of Greyhound
form, whose vocation it
was to hunt the wolf,
the red deer, and the
fox. It was assuredly
known to the Romans,
and there can be little
doubt that the huge
dog Samr, which Jarl
Gunnar got from the
Irish king Myrkiarton
in the tenth century
and took back with
him to Norway, was
one of this breed. But
it was supposed by
many to have become
extinct soon after the

disappearance of the last wolf in Ireland,
and it was the endeavour of Captain Graham
to demonstrate that specimens, although
admittedly degenerate, were still to be
found, and that they were capable of being

THE IRISH WOLFHOUND.

161

restored to a semblance of the original
type.

At the time when he entered into the
controversy, Captain Graham had been
actively interesting himself for something
like a score of years in the resuscitation

rough material the majestic breed that
holds so prominent a position to-day.

There is little to be gathered from ancient
writings concerning the size and appear-
ance of the Irish Wolfhounds in early times.
Exaggerated figures are given as to height

of the breed, and his patience had been and weight ; but all authorities agree that

MRS. PERCY SHEWELL'S CH. COTSWCLD

BY CH. O'LEARY PRINCESS PATRICIA OF CONNAUGHT.

Photograph by Holloway, Cheltenham.

well rewarded. By the year 1881 the Irish
Wolfhound had been practically restored,
although it has taken close upon a quarter
of a century to produce the magnificent
champions Cotswold and Cotswold Patricia,
which are such brilliant examples of the
modern breed — a brace of Wolfhounds who
bear living testimony to the vast amount
of energy and perseverance which Captain
Graham and his enthusiastic colleague Major
Gamier have displayed in evolving from

they were impressively large and imposing
dogs, and that they were regarded as the
giants of the canine race. Oliver Goldsmith,
himself an Irishman and also a student
of natural history, wrote of dogs in 1770
or thereabout : —

" The last variety, and the most wonder-
ful of all that I shall mention, is the Great
Irish Wolfdog, that may be considered as
the first of the canine species. He is ex-
tremely beautiful and majestic in appear-

I&2

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

ance, being the greatest of the dog kind
to be seen in the world. The largest of
those I have seen— and I have seen about
a dozen — was about four feet high, or as
tall as a calf of a year old. He was made
extremely like a Greyhound, but more
robust, and inclining to the figure of the
French Matin or the Great Dane."

Goldsmith, however, was more elegant
as a writer than accurate as an observer,
and it is not probable that the tallest of
the Wolfdogs that he or any of his country-
men ever saw stood over thirty-five inches
at the shoulder. A better judge of dogs
than the gentle and credulous author of
" The Vicar of Wakefield " was the com-
piler of the " Sportsman's Cabinet," pub-
lished in 1803, who wrote : —

" The dogs of Greece, Denmark, Tartary,
md Ireland are the largest and strongest
of their species. The Irish Greyhound is
of very ancient race, and is still to be found
in some remote parts of that kingdom,
though they are said to be reduced even
in their original climate. They are much
larger than the Mastiff ; exceedingly fero-
cious when engaged."

In the same work a very spirited repre-
sentation is given of this hound, engraved
after a drawing by Philip Reinagle, R.A. (see
p. 160). Although in some slight respects
faulty, the illustration conveys an admirable
impression of what the dog was like a hun-
dred years ago — an immense rough-coated
animal of great power, closely resembling
the Highland Deerhound, but evidently
then, as now, considerably larger in build.

It seems extraordinary that so little should
have been accurately known and recorded
of a dog which at one time must have been
a familiar figure in the halls of the Irish
kings. It was no mere mythical animal
like the heraldic griffin, but an actual
sporting dog which was accepted as a
national emblem of the Emerald Isle, asso-
ciated with the harp and the shamrock.
Proof of its recognised nobility is shown
in the circumstance that Irish Wolfhounds
were formerly depicted as supporters of
the armorial bearings of the Hibernian
kings. They were usually collared Or, with

the appropriate motto, " Gentle when
stroked, fierce when provoked."

In the Dublin Museum there is pre-
served the skull of one of the old Irish
Wolfhounds, but this is of little help to
those who would inquire into the nature
and character of the original hound. It
is short and round, and could not possibly
have been taken from any but a medium-
sized dog. Contributory evidence as to
the size of the Wolfdog is perhaps better
sought by considering the size of its quarry.
The Irish wolf was probably no larger than
the wolf of any other country ; but it is
certain that the hound was a contemporary
of the extinct Irish Elk (Mcgaceros hiber-
nicus), and that this immense animal was
commonly hunted by these dogs. Skeletons
of the Irish Elk are to be seen in most
museums. It stood about six feet high
at the shoulder, and the antlers often
measure from ten to eleven feet from tip
to tip, with a weight of eighty pounds.*
Such an animal would require a very power-
ful hound indeed to pull it down, and we
may therefore assume that the original Irish
Wolfdog was no pigmy.

It is interesting to note that the Irish
Wolfhound was legislated for in the days
of Cromwell. A declaration against the
transporting of " Wolfedogges " dated Kil-
kenny, April 27th, 1652, reads as follows : —

" Forasmuch as we are credibly informed
that wolves do much increase and destroy
many cattle in several parts of this dominion,
and that some of the enemy's party who
have laid down their arms and have liberty
to go beyond the seas, and others do at-
tempt to carry away several such great
dogges as are commonly called Wolfe
Dogges, whereby the breed of them which
are useful for destroying wolves would, if
not prevented, speedily suffer decay, these
are therefore to prohibit all persons what-
soever from exporting any of the said dogges
out of this dominion."

As regards the origin of the Irish Wolf-

* My friend Mrs. Clement K. Shorter possesses
a well-preserved skull of an elk, dug up from a
bog in Ireland. The stretch of the antlers \»
8 fset 2 inches from tip to tip. — ED.

THE IRISH WOLFHOUND.

163

hound, more than one theory is advanced.
By some authorities it is suggested that it
was the dog which we now know as the
Great Dane. Others hold that as there
were rough-coated Greyhounds in Ireland,
it is this dog, under another name, which
is now accepted. But probably Captain
Graham is nearer the truth when he gives
the opinion that the Irish hound that was
kept to hunt wolves has never become
extinct at all, but is now represented in

and they appeared to have very much
deteriorated in bone and substance. Sir
J. Power, of Kilfane, was responsible for
one line, Mr. Baker, of Ballytobin, for
anotherrand Mr. Mahoney, of Dromore, for
the remaining strain. From bitches ob-
tained from two of these kennels, Captain
Graham, by crossing them with the Great
Dane and Scottish Deerhound, achieved
the first step towards producing the animal
that he desired. Later on the Russian

MR. I. W. EVERETT'S BLACK AND TAN WOLFHOUND FELIXSTOWE YIRRA
BY KILCULLEN KITTY ASTORE.

the Scottish Deerhound, only altered a
little in size and strength to suit the easier
work required of it — that of hunting the
deer. This is the more probable, as the
fact remains that the chief factor in the
resuscitation of the Irish Wolfhound has
been the Scottish Deerhound.

The result of Captain Graham's investiga-
tions when seeking for animals bearing some
relationship to the original Irish Wolfe
Dogge was that three strains were to be
found in Ireland, but none of the repre-
sentatives at that time were anything like
so large as those mentioned in early writings,

Wolfhound Koratai, better known as the
Borzoi, who was an exceedingly large hound,
was introduced, as also were one or two
other large breeds of dogs.

The intermixture of these canine giants,
however, was not at first very satisfactory,
as although plenty of bone was obtained,
many were most ungainly in appearance
and ill-shaped animals that had very little
about them to attract attention. Captain
Graham, however, stuck to his work, and
very soon the specimens that he brought
forward began to show a fixity of type
both in head and in general outline. Brian

164

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

was one of his best dogs, but he was not
very large, as he only stood just over thirty
inches at the shoulder. Banshee and Fin-
tragh were others, but probably the best
of Captain Graham's kennel was the bitch
Sheelah. It was not, however, until to-
wards the end of the past century that

to keep his name green ; the best probably
being Mr. Hall's Ch. Gareth.

Mr. F. M. Birtill in the following year
produced Wargrave and Ballyhooley in
one litter ; these two, who were sired by
Brian II., also becoming the parents of
excellent offspring. Wargrave was sent

MR. A. a HALL'S CH. GARETH

BY CH. DERMOT ASTORE TYNAGH.

the most perfect dogs were bred. These
included O'Leary, the property of Mr.
Crisp, of Playford Hall. O'Leary is re-
sponsible for many of the best dogs of
the present day, and was the sire of Mrs.
Percy Shewell's Ch. Cotswold and the same
lady's Kilcullen, besides several other high-
class prize-winners. Then Captain Graham
bred Dermot Astore in 1896, and sold him
to Mrs. Williams, of Llanllowell Rectory,
near Usk. This dog carried all before him
for some time, but was never quite such a
typical dog as O'Leary. He has, however,
left many good dogs and bitches behind him

by his breeder to a show at Gloucester
when about a year old, and was entered in
the catalogue to be sold for £25 ; he was
nearly defeating Dermot Astore, was claimed
by more than one would-be buyer, and was
consequently put up to auction, when he
was bought by Mr. Hood Wright for forty-
five guineas. Later on he became the
property of Mrs. Williams, who held a
strong hand at that time. Wargrave soon
became a champion, and when eighteen
months old bred Ch. Artara, who was prob-
ably the best Irish Wolfhound bitch that
has ever been bred. WThen shown in con-

THE IRISH WOLFHOUND.

dition, Artara could beat all the dogs. Ch.
VVargrave was also the sire of Wolf Tone,

the selection of Captain Graham and two
other judges. This dog, which has been re-

who has done an immense amount of good named Brian Boru, is still hearty and well,
to his breed. He was bred by the late and was at his post on St. Patrick's Day,

1907, when the shamrock that had been
sent by Her Majesty Queen Alexandra was
handed to the men.

Mrs. Gerard owned one of the largest
kennels of Irish Wolfhounds in England,
and amongst her many good dogs and
bitches was Cheevra, who was a wonderful
brood bitch, and included amongst her
stock were several that worked their way
up to championship honours ; she was the
dam of Rajah of Kidnal.

Besides Ballyhooley, Mr. W. Williams
owned a good dog in Finn by Brian II.
Finn produced Miss Packe's Wickham La-
vengro, a black and tan dog that has won
several prizes. Some judges are opposed

HEAD OF FELIXSTOWE YIRRA.

Mr. Herbert Compton, who always had a
very high opinion of him. Like his sire
Wargrave, Wolf Tone has excellent legs
and feet, and now that the dog belongs to
Mrs. Shewell, the stock that he produces
are all remarkable for their good limbs,
and he has had a great deal to do with
abolishing the straight hocks which were
such an eyesore with many of the older
hounds. Amongst the best of his off-
spring is Ch. Cotswold Patricia, the hand-
some animal who forms one of the illus-
trations in this chapter (p. 166). Bally-
hooley, the litter brother of Wargrave,
went into the hands of Mr. W. Williams,
who did very well with him.

In 1900 Mr. Crisp bred Kilcullen from
O'Leary, this dog winning the champion-
ship at the Kennel Club Show at the Crystal
Palace in 1902 under Captain Graham.
This was the year the Irish Wolfhound
Club presented the hound Rajah of Kidnal
as a regimental pet to the newly formed
Irish Guards, and the present Lord Powers-
court went to the Crystal Palace with a
non-commissioned officer to receive the dog.

Rajah of Kidnal, who was bred and ex-
hibited by Mrs. A. Gerard, of Malpas, was

HEAD OF CH. COTSWOLD.

to giving prizes to Irish Wolfhounds of
this colour, but Captain Graham does not
object to it. Finn was a very heavy dog,
and weighed 148 Ibs.

A hound that has been of great benefit

i66

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

to the breed in Ireland is Ch. Marquis of
Donegal. He is the property of Mr. Martin,
and I believe I am correct in saying that
he is an own brother to Dermot Astore.
Mr. Martin has had several other high-
class specimens, of which Connaught was
one of the best.

Amongst the bitches that have been in-

most promising young dog in Felixstowe
Yirra, a son of Kilcullen and Kitty Astore,
with which he was second to Mrs. ShewelPs
Ch. Cotswold, who is undoubtedly the
grandest Irish Wolfhound ever bred, and
has so far had an unbeaten record. In
height Ch. Cotswold stands 34^ inches.
At the same show Miss Clifford, of Ryde,

MRS. P. SHEWELLS CH. COTSWOLD PATRICIA

BY WOLF TONE PRINCESS PATRICIA OF CONNAUGHT.

strumental in building up tne breed to its
present high state of excellence is Princess
Patricia of Connaught, who is by Dermot
Astore out of Cheevra, and is the dam
of Ch. Cotswold Patricia. She is one of
the tallest of her race, her height being
33 inches ; another bitch that measures
the same number of inches at the shoulder
being Dr. Pitts-Tucker's Juno of the Fen,
a daughter of Ch. Wargrave, who has had
several prizes placed to her credit.

Mr. Everett, of Felixstowe, is now one
of the most successful breeders. He ex-
hibited at the last Kennel Club show a

exhibited a good hound in Wildcroft,
another of Dermot Astore's sons, and other
supporters of the breed are Lady Kathleen
Pilkington, Mr. T. Hamilton Adams, Mr.
G. H. Thurston, Mr. Bailey, Mrs. F. Mar-
shall, Mr. J. L. T. Dobbin, and Miss Ethel
McCheane.

The following is the description of the
variety as drawn up by the Club : —

I. General Appearance. — The Irish Wolfhound
should not be quite so heavy or massive as the
Great Dane, but more so than the Deerhound,
which in general type he should otherwise resemble.
Of great size and commanding appearance, very

THE IRISH WOLFHOUND.

167

muscular, strongly though gracefully built: move-
ments easy and active ; head and neck carried
high ; the tail carried with an upward sweep,
with a slight curve towards the extremity. The
minimum height and weight of dogs should be
31 inches and 120 pounds, of bitches 28 inches
and 90 pounds. Anything below this should
be debarred from competition. Great size, includ-
ing height at shoulder and proportionate length
of body, is the desideratum to be aimed at, and
it is desired firmly to establish a race that shall
average from 32 inches to 34 inches in dogs,
showing the requisite power, activity, courage,
and symmetry.

2. Head. — Long, the frontal bones of the fore-
head very slightly raised and very little indenta-
tion between the eyes. Skull not too broad ;
muzzle long and moderately pointed ; ears small
and Greyhound-like in carriage.

3. Neck. — Rather long, very strong and mus-
cular, well arched, without dewlap and loose skin
about the throat.

4. Chest. — Very deep, breast w:de.

5. Back. — Rather Ion j than short. Lo'.ns arched.

6. Tail. — Long and slightly curved, of moderate
thickness, and well covered with hair.

7. Belly. — Well drawn up.

8. Forequarters. — Shoulders muscular, giving
breadth of chest, set sloping, elbows well under,
neither turned inwards nor outwards. Leg — Fore-
arm muscular and the whole leg strong and quite
straight.

9. Hindquarters. — Muscular thighs, and second
thigh long and strong as in the Greyhound, and
hocks well let down and turning neither in nor
out.

10. Feet. — Moderately large and round, neither
turned inwards nor outwards ; toes well arched
and closed, nails very strong and curved.

11. Hair.— Rough and hard on body, legs, and
head ; especially wiry and long over eyes and
under jaw.

12. Colour and Markings. — The recognised
colours are grey, brindle, red, black, pure white,
fawn, or any colour that appears in the Deer-
hound.

Faults. — Too light or heavy in head, too highly
arched frontal bone, large ears and hanging
flat to the face ; short neck ; full dewlap ; too
narrow or too broad a chest ; sunken and hollow
or quite level back ; bent forelegs ; overbent
fetlocks ; twisted feet ; spreading toes ; too curly
a tail ; weak hindquarters, cow hocks, and a
general want of muscle ; too short in body.

BRIAN BORU: THE IRISH GUARDS' WOLFHOUND.

Photograph by Pictorial Agency.

1 68

CHAPTER XVI.
THE DEERHOUND.

BY ROBERT LEIGHTON.

"A chieftain's, in good truth, this dog was once.
And if in form and action he remained
What he then was when first Odysseus left,
His swiftness and his strength would well have roused
Thy wonder at his hunting : never game
Escaped him in the thickest woodland glade :
Whatever he might follow, by their trail
He knew them all most thoroughly."

— CORDREY'S " ODYSSEY."

THE Deerhound is one of the most
decorative of dogs, impressively
stately and picturesque wherever he
is seen, whether it be amid the surround-
ings of the baronial hall, reclining at luxu-
rious length before the open hearth in the
fitful light of the log fire that flickers on
polished armour and tarnished tapestry ;
out in the open, straining at the leash as he
scents the dewy air, or gracefully bounding
over the purple of his native hills. Grace
and majesty are in his every movement and
attitude, and even to the most prosaic mind
there is about him the inseparable glamour
of feudal romance and poetry. He is at his
best alert in the excitement of the chase ;
but all too rare now is the inspiring sight
that once was common among the mountains
of Morven and the glens of Argyll of the
deep-voiced hound speeding in pursuit of his
antlered prey, racing him at full stretch
along the mountain's ridge, or baying him
at last in the fastness of darksome corrie or
deep ravine. Gone are the good romantic
days of stalking, beloved by Scrope. The
Highlands have lost their loneliness, and
the inventions of the modern gunsmith have
robbed one of the grandest of hunting dogs
of his glory, relegating him to the life of a
pedestrian pet, whose highest dignity is
the winning of a pecuniary prize under
Kennel Club rules.

Historians of the Deerhound associate
him with the original Irish Wolfdog, of

whom he is obviously a close relative, and
it is sure that when the wolf still lingered
in the land it was the frequent quarry of
the Highland as of the Hibernian hound.
Legend has it that Prince Ossian, son of
Fingal, King of Morven, hunted the wolf
with the grey, long-bounding dogs. " Swift-
footed Luath " and " White-breasted Bran "
are among the names of Ossian's hounds.
I am disposed to affirm that the old Irish
Wolfhound and the Highland Deerhound
are not only intimately allied in form and
nature, but that they are two strains of an
identical breed, altered only in size by
circumstance and environment. There are
reasons for the supposition that they were
originally of one family. During the period
of the Danish dominion over the Hebrides,
the sport-loving Scandinavians held such
constant communication between Scotland
and Ireland that it is to be presumed they
commonly interbred the hounds of both
countries.

Nor was the process confined to one
channel of intercourse. In the southern
parts of the main island, and particularly in
Wessex, there existed in ancient times a
rough-coated Gazehound of analogous type,
which possibly drifted over the border to
become more rugged and sturdy under the
influence of a rigorous climate. The dogs
of Great Britain have never for long remained
strictly local in type and character. Civil
wars, the courtesies of friendly kings, and

THE DEERHOUND.

169

extensive hunting expeditions have all had
their effect in the work of distribution.
King Arthur and his noble knights of the
Round Table — all of them imbued with
enthusiasm for the chase — were experts in
the knowledge of hunting dogs, and they
took their hounds with them wherever they

distinct from its now larger Irish relative,
it was recognised as a native dog in Scotland
in very early times, and it was distinguished
as being superior in strength and beauty to
the hounds of the Picts. Stewart in his
" Buik of the Cronicles of Scotland " *
quaintly records that

SCENE AT ABBOTSFORD.

SIR WALTER SCOTT'S MAIDA AND TORRUM.

FROM THE PAINTINQ BY SIR EDWIN LANDSEER, R.A.

went. It is difficult, even with the help of
illuminated manuscripts and the records of
contemporary scribes, to determine the
particular breeds most in vogue ; but King
Arthur's Cavall and the yet more famous
Hodain were almost certainly of a rough
Greyhound type. Hodain himself — the
hound who shared the love potion with Sir
Tristram and Iseult — was brought by the
knight of Lyonesse over from Ireland, a
gift from King Anguish of that land, and
was presumably of the breed we are now*
considering. There is nothing more prob-
able than that in the days of chivalry hounds
were numbered among the presents given
by king to king.

Whatever the source of the Highland
Deerhound, and at whatever period it became

" The Pictis houndis were nocht of sic speed
As Scottis houndis, nor yet sae gude at need,
Nor in sic game they were nocht half sae

gude,
Nor of sic pleasure, nor sic pulchritude."

The reference is included in the description
of a battle fought on account of a Deer-
hound. The hound's name is not given,
but he is said to have excelled all others
" sae far as into licht the moon does near
a star." He was the property of a Scots
king who had been enjoying a great hunting

* This was a metrical version of Hector Boece's
History, which was written in Latin and pub-
lished in Paris in 1526-7. The translation was
made in 1531 by command of Margaret, Queen
of James the Fourth.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

CH. TALISMAN BY CH. ST. ROMAN'S RANGER — CH. CRAIGIE.

BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. H. ARMSTRONG.

Photograph by Russell.

in the Grampians among the Picts, who
coveted the dog. To console them the king
made them a gift of a pair of his hounds,
but, not wholly content, they stole his
favourite. The thieves were pursued, and
a bloody battle followed, in which sixty
good Scots and a hundred Picts were slain,
before the dog was restored to his rightful
owner.

From that time onward, Scottish nobles
cherished their strains of Deerhound, seeking
glorious sport in the Highland forests. In
Pitscottie's "History of Scotland" (1528)
it is said that " the King desired all gentle-
men that had dogges that war guid to bring
theme to hunt in the saides boundis quhilk
the most pairt of the noblemen of the High-
lands did, such as the Earles of Huntlie,
Argyle, and Athole, who brought their
Deerhoundes with theme and hunted with
his majestic. " The red deer belonged by
inexorable law to the kings of Scotland,
and great drives, which often lasted for
several days, were made to round up the
herds into given neighbourhoods for the
pleasure of the court, as in the reign of

Queen Mary. But the
organised coursing of
deer by courtiers ceased
during the Stuart
troubles, and was left
to servants, the pursuit
of men being regarded
as more suitable for the
occupation of a gentle-
man.

At the time when Dr.
Johnson made his tour
in the Hebrides, deer
hunting was still mainly
in the hands of retain-
ers, who thus replen-
ished their chief's larder.
"The stags of the
mountains are less than
those of our parks and
forests," wrote Johnson,
with reference to sport
in the Isle of Skye.
"The deer are not
driven with horns and
hounds. A sportsman, with his gun in his
hand, watches the animal, and when he
has wounded him, traces him by the blood.
They have a race of brindled Greyhounds,
larger and stronger than those with which
we course hares, and these are the only dogs
used by them for the chase." Bos well
mentions that Mr. Grant, of Glenmoriston,
permitted any stranger to range his forest
after deer, in the belief that nobody could
do them any injury. The stag was valued
only for the amount of venison it might
yield. The abandonment of the sport and
the gradual disappearance of the boar and
the wolf naturally caused the Deerhound to
decline both in number and in size and
strength, and by the end of the eighteenth
century the breed had become scarce.

The revival of deerstalking dates back
hardly further than a hundred years. It
reached its greatest popularity in the High-
lands at the time when the late Queen and
Prince Albert were in residence at Balmoral.
Solomon, Hector, and Bran were among the
Balmoral hounds. Bran was an especially
fine animal — one of the best of his time,

THE DEERHOUND.

171

standing over thirty inches in height. It wounded stag at bay. In the former

was at this period that Sir Edwin Landseer 'case a hound of superior strength, speed,

was industriously transferring to canvas his and courage was required. So soon as

admiration of the typical Deerhound. Sir the herd were in sight, the hunters, getting

Walter Scott had already done much to as near as they could, slipped the hounds

preserve public interest in the breed, both and the race began. On the roughest

by his writings and by the fact that he kept ground the strong-legged, hard-footed dogs

many of these dogs at Abbotsford ; but it
is saddening to note that although his
Torrum was the son of a true Glengarry sire,

could hold their own, while on the flat they
overhauled their quarry. They stuck
staunchly to the chase, and when within

yet his famous Maida was a mongrel by a seizing distance would sometimes spring

Pyrenean Wolfdog. Notwithstanding the at the leg in order to confuse and encumber

sinister bend, however, Maida was a mag- the stag until there came a better oppor-

nificent animal, partaking of the appearance tunity of springing at the neck. If the stag

of his Deerhound dam, but having height stood at bay, woe betide the hound whose

and power from his sire. The cross was of courage led him to make a frontal attack ; for

benefit to the breed, and from Maida many he would surely pay for his valour with his

of our best modern Deerhounds are de-
scended. Washington Irving described him
as a giant in iron grey. Landseer's portrait

life or sustain terrible injuries. If, however,
the attack was made from behind, the hunter
would generally come up to find the deer

of him (p. 169) shows him to have been a dead, while the hounds were unharmed.

white dog with a grey saddle mingled with
black, extending into patches on the thighs.
He had a white blaze up the face, and a
white muzzle and collar, and his dark ears
seem to have been cropped. The com-
panion hound sitting behind him in the
picture is of better type.

Scrope's neglected
but delightful book
on deerstalking was
written when the
sport was at its
zenith, and it con-
tains fascinating de-
scriptions of the
glories of pursuing
the red deer in the
wilds of the forest of
Atholl, and of the
performances of such
hounds as Tarff and
Derig and Schuloch.

The Deerhounds
were used in two
ways. In the one
case they coursed the
deer from first to last
without the aid of
man. In the other,
they held the

Their duty was not to kill their victim but
to keep him at bay until the hunters arrived.
Two historic feats of strength and en-
durance illustrate the tenacity of the Deer-
hound at work. A brace of half-bred dogs,
named Percy and Douglas, the property of
Mr. Scrope, kept a stag at bay from Saturday

CH. BLAIR ATHOL BY CH. SELWOOD DHOURAN — KATRINE.

BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. W. C. GREW.

172

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

night to Monday morning ; and the pure
bred Bran by himself pulled down two un-
wounded stags, one carrying ten and the
other eleven tines. These, of course, are
record performances, but they demonstrate
the possibilities of the Deerhound when
trained to his natural sport..

In Scrope's time driving was commonly
resorted to in the extensive forests, but
nowadays when forests are sub-divided
into limited shootings the deer are seldom
moved from their home preserves, whilst
with the use of improved telescopes and the
small-bore rifle, stalking has gone out of
fashion. With guns having a muzzle velocity
of 2,500 feet per second, it is no longer
necessary for sportsmen stealthily to stalk
their game to come within easy range, and
as for dogs, they have become so doubtful
an appendage to, the chase that we have
an experienced deerstalker like Cameron
of Lochiel soberly putting the question :
" Ought dogs to be used in a forest at
all ? " *

Obviously they ought still to be of use
in enabling the sportsman to secure his
wounded deer, which may not be crippled
beyond the possibility of successful flight.
Admitting that dogs are thus helpful in
tracking, Cameron of Lochiel discusses the
question as to the breed best adapted for
this sport, and, with all a Highlander's love
for the Deerhound, he yet reluctantly
decides that these magnificent dogs are not
by any means the most suitable. " For
use on the hill," he adds, " nothing beats the
Collie. He is possessed of instinct — one
may almost call it sense — in a higher degree
than any other breed, and he is more
tractable — he will run by sight or by scent,
loose or on a cord ; he will keep close to his
master, requiring no gillie to lead him ; he
can be taught to lie down, and will even
learn to crawl when necessary ; and at any
rate his motions are those of an animal
who knows that he is trying to approach a
prey unobserved. But the chief merit in
a Collie over all other dogs for following a

" The Red Deer." Fur and Feather Series
(Longman and Co., 1896).

wounded deer consists in his wonderful
faculty for distinguishing between the track
of a wounded and that of a cold stag."

Primarily and essentially the Deerhound
belongs to the order Agaseus, hunting by
sight and not by scent, and although he
may indeed occasionally put his nose to
the ground, yet his powers of scent are not
remarkable. His vocation, therefore, has
undergone a change, and it was recently
ascertained that of sixty deer forests there
were only six upon which Deerhounds were
kept for sporting purposes.

Happily the Deerhound has suffered no
decline in the favour bestowed upon him
for his own sake. The contrary is rather
the case, and he is still an aristocrat among
dogs, valued for his good looks, the symmetry
of his form, his grace and elegance, and
even more so for his faithful and affectionate
nature. Sir Walter Scott declared that he
was " a most perfect creature of heaven,"
and when one sees him represented in so
beautiful a specimen of his noble race as
St. Ronan's Rhyme, for example, or Talis-
man, or Ayrshire, one is tempted to echo
this high praise.

In recent years the Deerhound has been
fashionable at exhibitions of dogs, and
although the number brought into com-
petition is never very great, yet it is always
apparent that the true type is being steadily
preserved and that in many respects decided
improvements are achieved. The oldest
strain is probably that of Chesthill, on
Loch Tay, established by the Menzies over
a hundred years ago. It is no longer kept
in its integrity by the Menzies family, but
Mr. R. Hood Wright, whose name must
always be intimately associated with this
breed, came into possession of some of the
strain, and bred from them to a considerable
extent. Mr. G. W. Hickman, of Selly Hill,
made similar efforts, his Morni and Garry
being of true Chesthill descent. Cameron
of Lochiel had also a venerable strain, of
which his Torrum, exhibited at Birmingham
in 1869, was a notable example. Other
strains which have entered largely into
our present day Deerhounds are those of
Morrison of Glenelg, McNeil of Colonsay,

173

m S.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

and Bateson of Cambusmere ; the last
mentioned providing the originals of some
of the paintings by Landseer, who con-
sidered them the finest Deerhounds he had
ever seen. The Marquis of Breadalbane
also owned a famous strain on the Black
Mount Forest, as did Lord Campbell of
Glendarule. The hounds kept at Windsor
were usually of splendid type. Three of
these, including the magnificent dog Keildar

grand specimen of his race, strong framed,
with plenty of hair of a blue brindle colour.
Captain Graham's own dog Keildar, who
had been trained for deerstalking in Windsor
Park, was perhaps one of the most elegant
and aristocratic-looking Deerhounds ever
seen. His full height was 30 inches, girth
33^ inches, and weight, 95 Ibs., his colour
bluish fawn, slightly brindled, the muzzle
and ears being blue. His nearest competitor

HEAD OF CH. BLAIR ATHOL.

and his sister Hag, came nto the hands of
Captain G. A. Graham, of Dursley, who is
still one of our greatest authorities on the
Deerhound.

Five - and - twenty years ago Captain
Graham drew up a list of the most notable
dogs of the last century. Among these
were Sir St. George Gore's Gruim (1843-44),
Black Bran (1850-51) ; the Marquis of
Breadalbane's King of the Forest, said to
stand 33 inches high ; Mr. Beasley's Alder
(1863-67), bred by Sir John McNeil of
Colonsay ; Mr. Donald Cameron's Torrum
(1869), and his two sons Monzie and Young
Torrum ; and Mr. Dadley's Hector, who
was probably the best-bred dog living in
the early 'eighties. Torrum, however, ap-
pears to have been the most successful of
these dogs at stud. He was an exceedingly

for perfection was, after Hector, probably
Mr. Hood Wright's Bevis, a darkish red
brown brindle of about 29 inches. Mr.
Wright was the breeder of Champion Sel-
wood Morven, who was the celebrity of his
race about 1897, and who became the
property of Mr. Harry Rawson, of Joppa
House, Midlothian. This stately dog was a
dark heather brindle, standing 32! inches
at the shoulder, with a chest girth of 34^
inches.

A few years ago breeders were inclined
to mar the beauty of the Deerhound by a
too anxious endeavour to obtain great size
rather than to preserve the genuine type ;
but this error has been sufficiently corrected,
with the result that symmetry and elegance
conjoined with the desired attributes of
speed are not sacrificed. The qualities

THE DEERHOUND.

aimed at now are a height of something
less than 30 inches, and a weight not
greater than 105 Ibs., with straight fore-legs
and short, cat-like feet, a deep chest, with
broad, powerful loins, slightly arched, and
strength of hind-quarters, with well-bent
stifles, and the hocks well let down. Straight
stifles are objectionable, giving a stilty
appearance. Thick shoulders are equally a
blemish to be avoided, as also a too great
heaviness of bone. The following is the
accepted standard of merit.

THE PERFECT DEERHOUND.

1. Head. — The head should be broadest at the
ears, tapering slightly to the eyes, with the muzzle
tapering more decidedly to the nose. The muzzle
should be pointed, but the teeth and lips level.
The head should be long, the skull flat rather
than round, with a very slight rise over the eyes,
but with nothing approaching a stop. The skull
should be coated with moderately long hair,
which is softer than the rest of the coat. The
nose should be black (though in some blue-fawns
the colour is blue), and slightly aquiline. In the
lighter-coloured dogs a black muzzle is preferred.
There should be a good moustache of rather
silky hair, and a fair beard.

2. Ears. — The ears should be set on high,
and, in repose, folded back like the Greyhound's,
though raised above the head in excitement
without losing the fold, and even, in some cases,
semi-erect. A prick ear is bad. A big, thick
ear, hanging flat to the head, or heavily coated
with long hair, is the worst of faults. The ear
should be soft, glossy, and like a mouse's coat
to the touch, and the smaller it is the better.
It should have no long coat or long fringe,
but there is often a silky, silvery coat on the
body of the ear and the tip. Whatever the
general colour, the ears should be black or dark-
coloured.

3. Neck and Shoulders. — The neck should be
long — that is, of the length that befits the Grey-
hound character of the dog. An over-long neck
is not necessary, nor desirable, for the dog is
not required to stoop to his work like a Grey-
hound, and it must be remembered that the
mane, which every good specimen should have,
detracts from the apparent length of neck.
Moreover, a Deerhound requires a very strong
neck to hold a stag. The nape of the neck
should be very prominent where the head is set
on, and the throat should be clean-cut at the
angle and prominent. The shoulders should be
well sloped, the blades well back, with not too
much width between them. Loaded and straight
shoulders are very bad faults.

4. Stern. — Stern should be tolerably long,
tapering, and reaching to within ij inches of
the ground, and about ij inches below the hocks.
When the dog is still, dropped perfectly straight
down, or curved. When in motion it should
be curved- when excited, in no case to be lifted
out of the line of the back. It should be well
covered with hair, on the inside thick and wiry,
underside longer, and towards the end a slight
fringe is not objectionable. A curl or ring tail
is very undesirable.

5. Eyes. — The eyes should be dark : generally
they are dark brown or hazel. A very light
eye is not liked. The eye is moderately full,
with a soft look in repose, but a keen, far-away
gaze when the dog is roused. The rims of the
eyelids should be black.

6. Body. — The body and general formation
is that of a Greyhound of larger size and bone.
Chest deep rather than broad, but not too narrow
and flat-sided. The loin well arched and droop-
ing to the tail. A straight back is not desirable,
this formation being unsuitable for going up-
hill, and very unsightly.

7. Legs and Feet. — The legs should be broad
and flat, a good broad forearm and elbow being
desirable. Fore-legs, of course, as straight as
possible. Feet close and compact, with well-
arched toes. The hind-quarters drooping, and
as broad and powerful as possible, the hips
being set wide apart. The hind-legs should be
well bent at the stifle, with great length from
the hip to the hock, which should be broad and
flat. Cow hocks, weak pasterns, straight stifles,
and splay feet are very bad faults.

8. Coat. — The hair on the body, neck, and
quarters should be harsh and wiry, and about
3 inches or 4 inches long ; that on the head,
breast, and belly is much softer. There should
be a slight hairy fringe on the inside of the fore-
and hind-legs, but nothing approaching to the
feathering of a Collie. The Deerhound should
be a shaggy dog, but not over coated. A woolly
coat is bad. Some good strains have a slight
mixture of silky coat with the hard, which is
preferable to a woolly coat, but the proper
covering is a thick, close-lying, ragged coat,
harsh or crisp to the touch.

9. Colour. — Colour is much a matter of fancy.
But there is no manner of doubt that the dark
blue-grey is the most preferred. Next come
the darker and lighter greys or brindles, the
darkest being generally preferred. Yellow and
sandy-red or red-fawn, especially with black
points — i.e., ears and muzzle — are also in equal
estimation, this being the colour of the oldest
known strains, the McNeil and the Chesthill
Menzies. White is condemned by all the old
authorities, but a white chest and white toes,
occurring as they do in a great many of the
darkest-coloured dogs, are not so greatly objected

i76

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

to, but the less the better, as the Deerhound
is a self-coloured dog. A white blaze on the
head or a white collar should entirely disqualify.
In other cases, though passable, yet an attempt
should be made to get rid of white markings.
The less white the better, but a slight white tip
to the stern occurs hi the best strains.

10. Height of Dogs. — From 28 inches to 30
inches, or even more if there be symmetry
•without coarseness, which, however, is rare.

11. Height of Bitches. — From 26 inches up-
wards. There can be no objection to a bitch
being large, unless she is too coarse, as even at her
greatest height she does not approach that of
the dog, and, therefore, could not well be
too big for work, as over-big dogs are. Besides,
a big bitch is good for breeding and keeping up
the size.

12. Weight. — From 85 pounds to 105 pounds
in dogs ; from 65 pounds to 80 pounds in bitches.

Among the more prominent owners of
Deerhounds at the present time are Mrs.
H. Armstrong, of Jesmond, near Newcastle ;
Mrs. W. C. Grew, of Knowle, Warwickshire ;
Mrs. Janvrin Dickson, of Bushey Heath ;
Mr. Harry Rawson, of Joppa ; and Mr. H.
McLauchlin, of Dublin. Mrs. Armstrong
is the breeder of a beautiful dog hound in
Ch. Talisman, and of two typically good
bitches in Fair Maid of Perth and Bride of
Lammermoor. Mrs. Grew counts as her
" friends " many admirable specimens, among
them being Ch. Blair Athol, Ayrshire,
Kenilworth, and Ferraline. Ayrshire is con-
sidered by some judges to be the most
perfect Deerhound of his sex exhibited for
some time past. He is somewhat large,
perhaps, but he is throughout a hound of
excellent quality and character, having a
most typical head, with lovely eyes and
expression, perfect front feet and hind-
quarters. Other judges would give the
palm to Mr. Harry Rawson's Ch. St. Ronan's
Ranger, who is certainly difficult to excel
in all the characteristics most desirable in
the breed.

Mr. Harry Rawson inherits an active
interest in the Deerhound. From his boy-
hood he has been associated with one of
the most successful kennels of the breed in
the kingdom ; and the St. Ronan's prefix
is to be found in the pedigrees of many of
the best Deerhounds in the Stud Book.
To him belongs the honour of having bred

what is acknowledged to be not only the-
least assailable of her distinguished breed now
living, but possibly the most flawless Deer-
hound of any time in Ch. St. Ronan's Rhyme.
In the attempt to accord to this remarkable
bitch the position which is her due, one can
only refer to her achievements. One assumes
that, if anywhere, the best dogs in the king-
dom are to be seen at the show held annually
by the Kennel Club at the Crystal Palace,
and that the chosen judges on these occa-
sions are unbiassed and unimpeachable.
A customary event at this show is that of
the general competition among dogs having
full championship honours in their respective
breeds, and the winning dog thus becomes
veritably a champion of champions. It is
the severest test of merit and breeding to
which a dog is ever submitted. St. Ronan's
Rhyme went through the ordeal in Octo-
ber, 1906, and she met with conspicuous
success.

This triumph of St. Ronan's Rhyme
was repeated a few days afterwards at the
Edinburgh show of the Scottish Kennel .
Club, under different judges, when again
she was awarded the laurel bestowed upon
the best dog in the show.

Some forty or fifty years ago the Deer-
hound seems to have been in danger of
degeneration, and to have declined in size
and stamina, and there is no doubt that the
various out-crosses which were tried at that
time have been of permanent profit to the
breed. Sir Walter Scott's Maida was, as
we have seen, the offspring of a Glengarry
dam and a Pyrenean sire, who was probably
responsible for the admixture of white in
Maida's coat, and for the white markings
which even to this day are occasionally
revealed. But the sturdy dog of the
Pyrenees contributed materially to the
strength of the Deerhound, and all other
traces of his different type and character-
istics disappeared in three generations. So,
too, the cross from the Russian Borzoi,
which was judiciously used half a century
ago, imparted to the Deerhound a degree of
quality, and a certain bloodlike look, with
regained symmetry of shape and grace of
action, which the breed was fast losing.

THE DEERHOUND.

177

For the following additional notes on the
Deerhound I am indebted to Mrs. H.
Armstrong.

" Though fast disappearing from the annals
of hunting, the Deerhound is a great favourite
to-day as a household pet and personal

after the style of the Royal beast, the
lion, who appears to look over the heads,
or actually through the bodies, of his ad-
miring visitors at the Zoo, into the back
of beyend.

" Unfortunately, the Deerhound is to-day

THE CHAMPION OF CHAMPIONS ST. RONAN'S RHYME

(BORN FEBRUARY 23RD, 1903) BY ST RONAN'S RANGER GINAGACH.

THIS BEAUTIFUL BITCH, THE PROPERTY OF HER BREEDER, HARRY RA HSOU, ESQ., OF JOPPA HOUSE,

MIDLOTHIAN, is PROBABLY THE MOST PERFECT DOG. OF ANY BREED AT PRESENT LIVING.
Photograph by Russell.

companion, and well worthy is he of his
place ; for not only is he wondrous gentle
for his great size, but he is faithful, sensible,
and quiet. The latter quality, indeed, may
almost be described as a fault, for except
for his formidable size and appearance,
which strikes terror into the hearts of
evildoers, he cannot be said to be a good
watch, inasmuch as he will either welcome
all comers as personal friends, or he will
of his dignity and stateliness overlook
the approach of strangers, something

a most delicate and difficult dog to rear.
Perhaps this is due to the extraordinary
amount of inbreeding which has been so
largely resorted to in this race. In order,
probably, to keep the type and character,
as also the pure lineage, we have the same
names occurring over and over again in
the same pedigree, and of those of the present
day none appears more often or more surely
than that of Ch. Swift — a hound bred by
Mr. Singer, of Frome, Somerset, and who
in turn is by Ch. Athole, the property of

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

CH. TALISMAN, BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR AND FAIR MAID OF PERTH.

BRED AND OWNED BY MRS. H. ARMSTRONG.

Photograph by Russell.

Mr. Goulter, from a very famous bitch,
Hedwig. Swift is described as a red brindle,
30^ inches at the shoulder, and possessing
in a marked degree, those most desirable
points, size and quality. Before him
again we have Ch. Fingall II., another
ancestral dignitary. He is described as
being the most noted Deerhound of his day.
He was not only an excellent dog at the
deer, but a winner of more first prizes than
any Deerhound then living. He was a very
dark blue in colour.

" Another celebrated hound was Ch. Sel-
wood Dhouran, by Ch. Swift. This was an im-
mense dog, said by his owner, Mr. R. Hood
Wright, to weigh over 100 Ibs., and to stand
31 inches at the shoulder. Ch. Selwood
Morven, also bred by Mr. Hood Wright,
was another enormous hound, standing
32-| inches at the shoulder, while in girth
he measured 34^ inches. Many of the old
breeders assert that this is too large, and
that the present day craze for size is not in
accordance with what used to be considered
correct in the old days of exhibiting and
hunting. For instance in 1859 the repre-
sentative dog chosen by " Stonehenge,"

viz. : Buscar, was 28 inches, and in 1872
the following hounds measured : —

Dogs.

Inches.

Bitches.

Inches.

Charlie

• 274

Braie

... 27

Arran

• 29!

Luffra .

... 26

Colin .

. 28

Hilda .

... 26

Morna

; 3o

Meg

... 26

Torrum

• 30

Bertha .

... 26

Bruce .

. 28

Juno

... 26

Oscar .

. 28

Hylda .

... 29

Young Torrum

• 3oi

Brenda .

... 28

Bismarck .

. 28

Oscar .

. 28

Warrior .

. 28

Young Warrior

. 28

Roswell

. 28

Aitkin

. 28

" So that four out of fourteen dogs were
over 28 inches high, and three out of
eight bitches over 26 inches.

" Personally, I think a dog of 30 inches a
very fair size, and it is unnecessary to strive
after anything taller, for about this height
we generally get the better type, character
and quality, while dogs taller than this have
a tendency to appear coarse and heavy at

THE DEERHOUND.

179

the shoulders, and lean too much to the Irish
Wolfhound ; but there is little doubt that
size will always be a subject of discussion
amongst Deerhound breeders, although, in
the standard of points, as laid down by the
Club, dogs are given as from 28 inches to
30 inches, and bitches from 26 inches
upwards.

" In conclusion, let me add that I think
' once a Deerhound lover, always a Deer-
hound lover,' for there is something about
the breed which is particularly attractive ;
they are no fools, if brought up sensibly,
and they are obedient, while, for all they
are so large, it is astonishing what little

room they occupy : they have a happy
knack of curling themselves up into wonder-
fully small compass, and lying out of the
way. They do not require a very great
amount oi food, and are readily and easily
exercised, as, if let loose in some field or
other convenient place, they soon gallop
themselves tired. They are as a rule
excellent followers, either in town or country,
keeping close to heel and walking in a digni-
fied manner ; while, on the approach of a
strange dog, a slight raising of the head and
tail is generally all the notice they deign to
give that they have even seen the passing
canine."

CHAMPION TEAM OF MR. HARRY RAWSON'S DEERHOUNDS,

REGIUS, RHYME, RODERICK, AND RANGER.

i8o

CHAPTER XVII.

THE BORZOI, OR RUSSIAN WOLFHOUND.
BY MAJOR BORMAN.

" ' The lady's hound, restore the hound, Sir Knight.'
'The hound,' said Gawaine, much relieved; 'what hound?'

And then perceived he that the dog he fed,
With grateful steps the kindly guest had found,

And there stood faithful. ' Friend' Sir Gawaine said,
• ' What's just is just ! the dog must have his due,
The dame had hers, to choose between the two.' '

— BULWER LYTTON.

OF the many foreign varieties of the
dog that have been introduced into
this country within recent years,
there is not one among the larger breeds
that has made greater headway in the
public favour than the Borzoi, or Russian
Wolfhound.* Nor is this to be wondered
at. The most graceful and elegant of all
breeds, combining symmetry with strength,
the wearer of a lovely silky coat that a
toy dog might envy, the length of head,
possessed by no other breed — all go to
make the Borzoi the favourite he has
become.

He is essentially what our American
cousins would call a " spectacular " dog.
Given, for example, the best team of
terriers and a fifth-rate team of Borzois,
which attracts the more attention and
admiration from the man in the street ?
Which does he turn again to look at ?
Not the terriers ! Add to this that the
Borzoi makes a capital house dog, is, as a
rule, affectionate and a good companion,
it is not, I repeat, to be wondered at that
he has attained the dignified position in
the canine world which he now holds.

In his native country the Borzoi is em-
ployed, as his English name implies, in
hunting the wolf and also smaller game,
including foxes and hares.

* Although commonly known as the Russian
Wolfhound, this dog belongs of course to the Grey-
hound family, Levrier, running dog.

Several methods of hunting the larger
game are adopted, one form being as follows.
Wolves being reported to be present in the
neighbourhood, the hunters set out on
horseback, each holding in his left hand a
leash of three Borzois, as nearly matched
as possible in size, speed, and colour.
Arrived at the scene of action, the chief
huntsman stations the hunters at separate
points every hundred yards or so round
the wood. A pack of hounds is sent in
to draw the quarry, and on the wolves
breaking cover the nearest hunter slips
his dogs. These endeavour to seize their
prey by the neck, where they hold him until
the hunter arrives, throws himself from
his horse, and with his knife puts an end
to the fray.

Another method is to advance across
the open country at intervals of about
two hundred yards, slipping the dogs at
any game they may put up.

Trials are also held in Russia. These
take place in a large railed enclosure, the
wolves being brought in carts similar to
our deer carts. In this case a brace of
dogs is loosed on the wolf. The whole
merit of the course is when the hounds
can overtake the wolf and pin him to the
ground, so that the keepers can secure
him alive. It follows, therefore, that in
this case also the hounds must be of equal
speed, so that they reach the wolf simulta-
neously ; one dog would, of course, be
unable to hold him.

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182

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Naturally, the dogs have to be trained
to the work, for which purpose the best
wolves are taken alive and sent to the
kennels, where the young dogs are taught
to pin him in such a manner that he cannot
turn and use his teeth. I know of no

MRS. E. L. BORMAN'S CH. KIEFF BY FEDIA INA.

Photograph by T. Fall.

reason why the Borzoi should not be used
for coursing in this country. I have owned
several that have been excellent at hares
and rabbits.

One of the first examples of the breed
exhibited in England was owned by Messrs.
Hill and Ashton, of Sheffield, about 1880,
at which time good specimens were imported
by the Rev. J. C. Macdona and Lady
Emily Peel, whose Sandringham and Czar
excited general admiration. It was then
known as the Siberian Wolfhound. Some
years later the Duchess of Newcastle ob-
tained several fine dogs, and from this stock
Her Grace founded the kennel which has
since become so famous. Later still, Queen
Alexandra received from the Czar a gift
of a leash of these stately hounds, one of
them being Alex, who quickly achieved
honoors as a champion.

The breed has become as fashionable

in the United States as in Great Britain,
and some excellent specimens are to be
seen at the annual shows at Madison
Square Gardens.

To take the points of the breed in de-
tail, the description of the perfect Borzoi

is as follows : —

i. Head. — This
should be long and
lean. It is. how-
ever, not only es-
sential for the head
to be long, but it
must also be what
is termed "well
balanced," and the
length, from the tip
of the nose to the
eyes, must be the
same as from the
eyes to the occiput.
A dog may have a
long head, but the
length may be all
in front of the eyes.
The heads of this
breed have greatly
improved the last
few years ; fewer
" apple-headed "
specimens, and
more of the d e-
sired triangular
heads being seen.

The skull should be flat and narrow, the stop
not perceptible, the muzzle long and tapering.
Too much stress cannot be laid on the im-
portance of the head being well filled up
before the eyes. The head, from forehead to
nose, should be so fine that the direction of the
bones and principal veins can be seen clearly,
and in profile should appear rather Roman nosed.
Bitches should be even narrower in head than
dogs. A perfect head is shown on p. 185.

2. Eyes. — These should be dark, expressive,
almond shaped, and not too far apart.

3. Ears. — Like those of a Greyhound, small,
thin, and placed well back on the head, with the
tips, when thrown back, almost touching behind
the occiput. It is not a fault if the dog can
raise his ears erect when excited or looking
after game, although some English judges dislike
this frequent characteristic.

4. Neck. — The head should be carried some-
what low, with the neck continuing the line of the
back.

5. Shoulders. — Clean and sloping well back,
i.e. the shoulder blades should almost touch
one another.

THE BORZOI.

183

6. Chest. — Deep and somewhat narrow. It
must be capacious, but the capacity must be
got from depth, and not from " barrel " ribs — a bad
fault in a running hound.

7. Back. — Rather bony, and free from any
cavity in the spinal column, the arch in the back
being more marked in the dog than in the bitch.

8. Loins. — Broad and very powerful, showing
plenty of muscular development.

9. Thighs. — Long and well developed, with
good second thigh. The muscle in the Borzoi is
longer than in the Greyhound.

10. Ribs. — Slightly sprung, very deep, reaching
to the elbow.

11. Fore-legs. — Lean and straight. Seen from
the front they should be narrow and from the
side broad at the shoulder and narrowing gradu-
ally down to the foot, the bone appearing flat
and not round as in the Foxhound.

14. Coat. — Long, silky, not woolly ; either flat,
wavy, or curly. On the head, ears, and front
legs it should be short and smooth ; on the neck
the frill should be profuse and rather curly ;
on the chest and the rest of the body, the tail and
hind quarters-, it should be long ; the fore-legs being
well feathered.

15. Tail. — Long, well feathered, and not gaily
carried. It should be carried well down, almost
touching the ground.

16. Height. — Dogs from 29 inches upwards at
shoulder, bitches from 27 inches upwards.
(Originally 27 inches and 26 inches. Altered at
a general meeting of the Borzoi Club, held
February, 1906.)

17. Faults. — Head short and thick ; too much
stop ; parti-coloured nose ; eyes too wide apart ;
heavy ears ; heavy shoulders ; wide chest ;
" barrel " ribbed ; dew-claws ; elbows turned out ;

MRS. AiTCHESON'S CH. STRAWBERRY KING.

BY CH. KIEFF MAID OF HONOUR.

12. Hind Legs. — The least thing under the
body when standing still, not straight, and the
stifle slightly bent. They should, of course,
be straight as regards each other, and not " cow-
hocked," but straight hind legs imply a want of
speed.

13. Feet. — Like those of the Deerhound, rather
long. The toes close together and well arched.

wide behind. Also light eyes and over or under-
shot jaws.

1 8. Colour. — The Club standard makes no men-
tion of colour. White, of course, should pre-
dominate ; fawn, lemon, orange, brindle, blue,
slate and black markings are met with. Too
much of the latter, or black and tan markings, are
disliked. Whole coloured dogs are also seen.

1 84

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

The foregoing description embodies the
standard of points as laid down and adopted
by the Borzoi Club, but I have interpolated
some remarks for the further guidance of
the novice.

The Borzoi Club was founded in 1892,
and now consists of about fifty members,
with the Duke and Duchess of Newcastle
as joint-presidents. It does much good
work for the breed, guaranteeing classes
at shows, where otherwise few or none
would be given, encouraging the breeding
of high-class Borzois by offering its valu-
able challenge cups and other special prizes,
and generally looking after the interests
of the breed.*

Although the Club standard of height
has been raised from 27 and 26 inches
to 29 and 27 inches for dogs and bitches
respectively, it must be borne in mind
that the best dogs of to-day far exceed
these measurements, and, unless exception-
ally good in other points, a dog of 29 inches
at shoulder would stand little or no chance
in the showing under the majority of English
judges ; indeed, bitches of 29 to 30 inches
are by no means uncommon, as will be
seen by glancing at the following measure-
ments of some of the leading champions
of recent years.

Ch. Velsk (dog) :

Height at shoulder . . . . 31 J ins.

Length of head ..... 12^ ins.

Girth of chest ..... 35^ ins.
Ch. Tatiana (bitch) :

Height at shoulder .... joj- ins.

Length of head ..... 12 ins.

Girth of chest ..... 35^ ins.
Ch. Statesman (dog) :

Height at shoulder . . . . 3 if. ins.

Length of head ..... 12^ ins.

Girth of chest ." . . . . 35 J ins.
Ch. Kieff (dog) :

Height at shoulder . . . . 33 ins.

Head ........

Girth ........

Ch. Miss Piostri (bitch) :

Height at shoulder . . . . 31 ins.

Head ........ u£ ins.

Girth ........ 34! ins.

* The Hon. Sec. is Major Borman, Billericay, Essex,
who will at all times be pleased to furnish any lady or
gentleman desiring to join with full particulars.

I2j ins.
35 ins.

The above, of course, all combine quality
with size ; mere size in itself is nothing to
go by. A list of Borzois entitled to the
coveted prefix of " Champion " at the
present day (1907) may be of interest.

Clumber Kennels (Her Grace the Duchess
of Newcastle's) — DOGS : Ivan Turgeneff,
Velsk, Votrio, Vassal. BITCHES : Sunbeam,
Theodora, Tatiana.

Ramsden Kennels (Mrs. Borman's) —
DOGS: Kieff, Ramsden, Ranger, States-
man. BITCH: Miss Piostri.

Padiham Kennels (Mr. Murphy's) — DOG
Padiham Nordia.

Mrs. Aitcheson's Kennels — DOG : Straw-
berry King. BITCH : Votrio Vikhra.

Mrs. May's Kennel — DOG : Berris.

There are, however, a few others that have
won one or two challenge prizes, and who,
ere this appears in print, may rank with
the elite of their breed.

The above measurements, together with
the accompanying photographs, should be
sufficient guide to an intending purchaser
of Borzois, who must, however, remember
that they are given only as a guide, and
that he must not expect quite such ex-
cellence, unless prepared to dip very deeply
into his pocket.

Not many of us can afford to start at
the top of the tree, and, except for the
favoured few to whom money is no object,
and who can buy ready-made champions,
there is no better way of starting a kennel
than to purchase a really good bitch, one,
say, capable of winning at ah1 but the
more important shows. She must be of
good pedigree, strong, and healthy ; such
an one ought to be obtained for £15 up-
wards. Mate her to the best dog whose
blood " nicks " suitably with hers, but
do not waste time and money breeding
from fourth-rate stud dogs, for if you do
it is certain you will only meet with dis-
appointment. You may save a guinea
or two on the stud fee, but you will find
you will have no sale for the progeny of
unknown dogs ; whereas strong, healthy
puppies by a well-known sire will always
command a ready market. On the other
hand, if you have had little or no experi-

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THE BORZOI.

185

ence of dogs, you may possibly prefer to pal items to be considered if you intend
start with a puppy. If so, my advice is to rear him well ; firstly, his diet must be
to place yourself in the hands of a breeder varied ; secondly, the pup must have un-
with a reputation at stake (unless you limited exercise, and never be kept on
have a friend who understands the breed), the chain ; thirdly, internal parasites must
It is a fact that even a " cast off " from a be kept in check. For young puppies the
good strain that has been bred for certain writer — who has tried nearly every ad-
points for years is more likely to turn out vertised remedy — has found nothing to

equal

a better dog than a pup whose dam has
been mated " haphazard " to
some dog who may or may not
have been a good one. Big
kennels also generally possess the
best bitches and breed from them,
and the bitch is quite as import-
ant a factor as the sire. If, how-
ever, you prefer to rely on your
own judgment, and wish to choose
a puppy yourself from a litter,
select the one with the longest
head, biggest bone, smallest ears,
and longest tail, or as many of
these qualities as you can find
combined in one individual. Coat
is a secondary matter in quite a
young pup ; here one should be
guided by the coat of the sire
and dam. Still, choose a pup
with a heavy coat, if possible,
although when this puppy coat
is cast, the dog may not grow so
good a one as some of the litter
who in early life were smoother.
As regards size, a Borzoi pup
of three months should measure
about 19 inches at the shoulder, at six
months about 25 inches, and at nine
months from 27 to 29 inches. After ten
or twelve months, growth is very slow,

Ruby " Worm Cure ; it is most

MRS. BORMAN'S PIOSTRI

BY WINDLE EARL ALSTON QUEEN.

BRED BY MR. SIDNEY TURNER.
Photograph by W. H. Strick.

and does not distress the

efficacious,
patient.

Food should be given at regular intervals
— not less frequently than five times a day
although some continue adding to their to newly weaned puppies — and may con-
height until they are a year and a half sist of porridge, bread and milk, raw meat

minced fine, and any table scraps, with
plenty of new milk. Well-boiled paunch
is also greatly appreciated, and, being

old. They will, of course, increase in
girth of chest and develop muscle until
two years old ; a Borzoi may be con-
sidered in its prime at from three to four easily digested, may be given freely,
years of age. As regards price, from £5
to £10 is not too much to pay for a really

One important part of the puppy's
education that must by no means be
good pup of about eight to ten weeks neglected is to accustom him to go on
old ; if you pay less you will probably the collar and lead. Borzoi pups are,
get only a second-rate one. Having pur- as a rule, extremely nervous, and it requires
chased your puppy, there aie three princi- great patience in some cases to train them

i86

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

to the lead. Short lessons should be given
when about four months old. If you can
induce the puppy to think it is a new
game, well and good — he will take to it
naturally ; but once he looks upon it as
something to be dreaded, it means hours
of patient work to break him in.
If you decide on commencing with a

but to rear them well they should not be
allowed to suckle more than five — or, if
a strong, big bitch, six — pups. If the
litter is larger, it is better to destroy the
remainder, or use a foster mother.

One great advantage the breed has over
many others is the absolutely natural state
in which the dogs may be shown. No

MRS. BORMAN'S TYPICAL BITCH CH. MISS PIOSTRI
BY PIOSTRI PRINCESS RUBIKOFF.

brood bitch, see that she is dosed for worms
before visiting the dog ; that she is in good
hard condition — not fat, however ; and,
if possible, accompany her yourself and
see her mated. For the first week rather
less than her usual quantity of food should
be given ; afterwards feed as her appetite
dictates, but do not let her get too fat,
or she may have a bad time when whelping.
For two days before the puppies are due
give sloppy but nourishing diet, and this
should be continued, given slightly warm,
for four or five days after the pups are born.
Borzois as a rule make excellent mothers,

" trimming " is required. A good bath a
day or two before the show is all that is
necessary, for which purpose nothing is
better than rain water ; a little liquid
ammonia in it helps to remove the dirt.

Whatever they may be in their native
land — and the first imported specimens
were perhaps rather uncertain in temper —
the Borzoi, as we know him in this country,
is affectionate, devoted to his owner, friendly
with his kennel companions — I have had
as many as twenty all running loose to-
gether, and kennel fights are practically
unknown — and he makes a capital house

THE BORZOI.

187

dog. As a lady's companion he is hard to
beat ; indeed, a glance at any show cata-
logue will prove that the majority of
Borzois are owned by the gentle sex.
No one need be deterred from keeping a
Borzoi by a remark the writer has heard
hundreds of times at shows : " Those
dogs are so delicate." This is not the
case. Once over distemper troubles — and
the breed certainly does suffer badly if
it contracts the disease — the Borzoi is as
hardy as most breeds, if not hardier. Given
a good dry kennel and plenty of straw,
no weather is too cold for them ; in fact,
all my own dogs live in cold kennels with
open doors the entire winter. Damp, of
course, must be avoided, but this applies
equally to other breeds.

The adult hound, like the puppy, should
never be kept on chain ; a kennel with a
railed-in run should be provided, or a
loose box makes a capital place for those

kept out of doors, otherwise no different
treatment is required from that of other
large breeds. A dry biscuit in the morning,
a good feed at night — most Borzois are,
for their~size, comparatively small eaters —
a good grooming daily with an ordinary
dandy brush, and plenty of exercise, should
suffice to keep any Borzoi in excellent con-
dition. A few minutes expended on the
dog's coat daily saves much trouble in the
long run ; a Borzoi " pays " for a little
attention. His beautiful coat shines ; the
feathering keeps free from mats, the skin
is clean and healthy, and a bath is un-
necessary except before shows. One word
more : feed, groom, and exercise your
purchase yourself, at all events until he
thoroughly knows you are his master. A
dog arriving at a new home, petted and
ordered about by all the inmates of the
house, often ends by rendering obedience
to none.

GROUP OF MRS. BORMAN'S BORZOIS.

1 88

TYPES OF GREYHOUNDS OF THE FIFTH CENTURY B.C.
From Gnek terra-cotta vases in The British Museum.

CHAPTER XVIII.
THE GREYHOUND.

' BY FREDK' GRESHAM.

" Let us swear

That you are worth your breeding ; which I doubt not ;
For there is none of you so mean and base,
That hath not noble lustre in your eyes.
I see you stand like Greyhounds in the slips,
Straining upon the start. The game's afoot."

— KING HENRY V.

THE Greyhound is the oldest and most
conservative of all dogs, and his
type has altered singularly little
during the seven thousand years in which
he is known to have been cherished for his
speed, and kept by men for running down
the gazelle or coursing the hare. The
earliest references to him are far back in
the primitive ages, long before he was
beautifully depicted by Assyrian artists,
straining at the leash or racing after his
prey across the desert sands. The Egyptians
loved him and appreciated him centuries
before the pyramids were built.* In those

* A recent American writer on the dog makes
a point of his discovery of " a beautifully modelled
dog of Greyhound type from an Egyptian tomb"
preserved in the Metropolitan Museum, New York.
We have scores of such beautiful models in the
British Museum ; they are not the models of
Greyhounds, however, but of the sacred Jackal
of Anubis. This Jackal figure is of frequent
occurrence in Egyptian monuments, and is almost
invariably represented in the couchant position.

days he wore a feathered tail, and his ears
were heavy with a silken fringe of hair.
His type was that of the modern Arabian
Slughi, who is the direct and unaltered
descendant of the ancient hound. The
glorious King Solomon referred to him
(Proverbs xxx. 31) as being one of the
four things which " go well and are comely
in going — a lion, which is strongest among
beasts, and turneth not away from any ; a
Greyhound ; an he goat also ; and a king
against whom there is no rising up."

That the Greyhound is " comely in
going," as well as in repose, was recognised
very early by the Greeks, whose artists
were fond of introducing this graceful
animal as an ornament in their decorative
workmanship. In their metal work, their
carvings in ivory and stone, and more
particularly as parts in the designs on their
terra-cotta oil bottles, wine coolers, and
other vases, the Greyhound is frequently to
be seen, sometimes following the hare, and

THE GREYHOUND.

189

usually in remarkably characteristic atti-
tudes, as in the third dog in the panel at the
head of this chapter, which is copied from
a wine jug of 500 B.C. This is the dog of
Cheiron the Centaur, fawning in front of

the fifteenth century, and Albert Diirer, in
the same period, introduced a beautifully
typical Greyhound in his pictorial interpre-
tation of the somewhat similar subject,
" The Visinn of St. Hubert." The hound

Peleus and the infant Achilles. Usually in Van Dyck's portrait of Philippe Le Roy,

THE VISION OF ST EUSTACE.

FROM THE PAINTING BY VITTOBE PISANO IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY.

these Greek Greyhounds are represented
with prick ears, but occasionally the true
rose ear is shown, and in the British Museum
there is a bronze lamp of the fourth century
B.C., made in the form of a Greyhound's
head, which might have been modelled by
Elkington from Fullerton or Long Span.
The lip of the lamp is fashioned in the form
of a hare, held in the hound's mouth, thus
proving that the hare was the recognised
quarry.

The Greyhound enters largely into more
modern European art. There is an admir-
able leash of these dogs in Vittore Pisano's
" Vision of St. Eustace," painted early in

now in the Wallace collection, is black
with white markings, very much resembling
Master McGrath. All these examples give
eloquent proof of the conservation of the
Greyhound type.

From the earliest history of the breed
the Greyhound has been considered the
highest type of the canine race ; he has
been the favourite of Emperors and Kings.
Xenophon and Herodotus extolled his high
qualities in prose, and Ovid in verse, though
there appears to be some doubt as to whether
or not Xenophon in his treatise on hunting,
when speaking of coursing, alluded to dogs
hunting the hare by scent or by sight, but

i go

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

THE VISION OF ST. HUBERT.

PAINTED BY ALBERT DURER EARLY IN THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.

(The Greyhound in front of the horse should be particularly studied.)

a good idea of a course is given in the lines
of Ovid, translated by Dryden.

" As when the impatient Greyhound, slipped

from far,
Bounds o'er the glade to course the fearful

hare,

She in her speed does all her safety lie,
And he \vith double speed pursues his prey,
O'erruns her at the sitting turn ; but licks
His chaps in vain ; yet blows upon the flix,
She seeks the shelter which the neighbouring

'covert gives,
And, gaining it, she doubts if yet she lives."

All writings in connection with Greyhounds
point to the high estimation in which the
dog has always been held. Dr. Caius,
when referring to the name, says " The Grey-
hound hath his name of this word gre ;
which word soundeth gradus in Latin, in
Englishe degree, because among all dogges

these are the most principall,
occupying the chiefest place, and
being simply and absolutely the
best of the gentle kinde of
Houndes."

It was not, however, until the
reign of Queen Elizabeth that
coursing in England was con-
ducted under established rules.
These were drawn up by the
then Duke of Norfolk. The sport
quickly grew in favour, and con-
tinued to increase in popularity
until the first coursing club was
established at Swaffham in 1776.
Then in 1780 the Ashdown Park
Meeting came into existence, and
for several years was quite at
the top of the tree. The New-
market Meeting in 1805 was the
next fixture that was inaugu-
rated, and this now remains
with the champion stakes as its
most important event. After-
wards came the Amesbury Meet-
ing in 1822, but Amesbury, like
Ashdown, although for many
years one of the most celebrated
institutions of the description, has
fallen from its high estate. Three
years later came the Altcar Club. But it
was not until eleven years after this period
that the Waterloo Cup was instituted (in
1836), to win which is the highest ambition
of followers of the leash.

At the present time the run for the Water-
loo Cup, which at the commencement was an
eight dog stake, is composed of sixty-four
nominations, the entry fee for which is £25.
The winner takes £500, and the cup, value
£100, presented by the Earl of Sefton, the
runner up £200, the third and fourth £50
each, four dogs £36 each, eight dogs £20 each,
and sixteen dogs £10 each. The thirty-two
dogs beaten in the first round of the Cup
compete for the Waterloo Purse, value £215,
and the sixteen dogs run out in the second
round for the Waterloo Plate, value £145.
The winner in each case taking £75, and
the runner up £30, the remainder being
divided amongst the most forward runners

THE GREYHOUND.

igi

in the respective stakes. The Waterloo
Cup holds the same position in coursing
circles as the Derby does in horse racing.

The National Coursing Club was estab-
lished in 1858, when a stud book was com-
menced, and a code of laws drawn up for
the regulation of coursing meetings. This
is recognised in Australia and other parts of
the world where coursing meetings are held.
The Stud Book, of which Mr. W. F. Lamonby
is the keeper, contains particulars of all
the best-known Greyhounds in the United
Kingdom, and a dog is not allowed to
compete at any of the large meetings held
under Coursing Club Rules unless it has
been duly entered with its pedigree com-
plete. In fact, the National Coursing Club
is more particular in connection with the
pedigrees of Greyhounds being correctly
given, than the Kennel Club is about dogs
that are exhibited ; and that is saying a
great deal, for whereas the latter allows a
dog to be registered whose pedigree is un-
known, a Greyhound without a pedigree is
not allowed to compete at all. The National
Coursing Club is conducted on somewhat the
same lines as the American Kennel Club,
the council being partly composed of repre-
sentatives from the less important clubs,
provided the latter are of more than one
year's standing, and have more than twenty
members. It holds the same position in
coursing matters as the Jockey Club does
in racing. It is, in fact, the supreme au-
thority on all matters connected with
coursing. All disputes are arbitrated upon
by the Council, which has power to disqualify
any person who has disregarded the rules
or dog about which there is any suspicion.

For the benefit of the uninitiated in cours-
ing lore I give the value of the points when
a brace of Greyhounds leaves the slips :

Speed is necessarily the important point,
for although stakes are sometimes won by
Greyhounds that are not remarkable for
great pace, but are clever workers, and have
plenty of stamina, the fastest dogs are those
that get more often to the end of the stake.
The points that are allowed for the " run
up " may be one, two, or three, according
to the length of the lead, and the conditions

upon which it is obtained. The " run up "
which is followed by a " turn " or " wrench "
may give a Greyhound five points to start
with. _The "go-bye " is valued at two points,
or three if it is on the outer side. The
" turn " at one point is when the hare,
being pressed by the leading dogs, turns at
a right angle from the line that she is
running. The " wrench," valued at half a
point, is when the hare only bends from the
line that is being taken. If, however, the
hare alters its course without being pressed
nothing is allowed. The " trip," for which
one point is allowed, is an unsuccessful
effort to kill, the hare being thrown off its
legs or flecked by the Greyhound in the
attempt. Then there is the " kill," value

PHILIPPE LE ROY.

FROM THE PAINTING BY VAN DYCK IN THE WALLACE COLLECTION.

Photograph by Manscll, Oxford Street.

IQ2

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

two points, if the Greyhound accomplishes
his object without any assistance from his
opponent. If, however, the other dog causes
the hare to turn to the one that kills, or
in any other way is instrumental in
effecting the kill, only one point may be
given.

The advantage of great speed is further
demonstrated by the fact that if a dog after
gaining the first six points is still in pos-
session of the hare he is allowed double

goes off the line in pursuit of the hare, no
points afterwards made by him are scored,
and if the points that he has made up to
this time are the same as those of his
opponent, he shall lose the course ; but should
one or both dogs stop with the hare in view
through being unable to get after her, the
course shall be decided on the points gained
by each dog during the whole course.
Should a dog refuse to fence when his
opponent has got over, any points subse-

CZARINA AND MARIA.

DRAWN BY SAWREY GILPIN. ENGRAVED BY j. SCOTT (1801).

points for all he afterwards does before his
opponent begins to score, or what is more
often spoken of as " gets in." Accidents
sometimes occur from a fall, or in some other
way, during a course, but no points are
allowed unless it is proved that the fall
or accident has occurred from the owner (or
his servant) of the competing dog having
ridden over the injured animal. Then, though
the course may have been given against
the latter, he will be declared the winner, or
his owner shall have the option of allowing
the opposing dog to remain in the stake,
when he will be entitled to take half its
winnings.

In addition to the foregoing there are
certain negative points. If a Greyhound
refuses to follow the hare at which it is
slipped it will lose the course. When a dog

quently made by him are not to be scored,
but if he tries to get over or becomes hung
up or foiled by being held in a meuse, the
course will then end, and if the points are
equal the dog that has fenced the better
will be given the course.

It is only the open meetings that have
so far been alluded to, but some twenty
years ago enclosed coursing meetings were
introduced at Gosforth Park, Newcastle-on
Tyne, Kempton Park, near London, and
Haydock Park, near Liverpool. These were
popular for a short time, but they had not
the ring of the true metal, and nearly all
of them have disappeared. The chief stake
at the Kempton Park Meeting was worth a
thousand pounds, and big prize money was
offered at all the principal meetings.

The mode adopted at these enclosed

THE GREYHOUND.

193

meetings was to have a small covert at
either end of a large grass enclosure about
half a mile distant from each other, and
wired round with only one outlet ; the hares,
which had been previously turned down in
these coverts, were driven into one of them
the day before the coursing event was to
take place, and when the stake was run

Like horses, Greyhounds run in all forms,
and there is no doubt that a really good big
one will always have an advantage over the
little fines ; but it is so difficult to find the
former, and most of the chief winners of the
Waterloo Cup have been comparatively
small. Coomassie was the smallest Grey-
hound that ever won the blue ribbon of

COL. NORTH'S SIMONIAN AND FULLERTON.

FROM AN ENGRAVING BY R. WALLACE HESTER, AFTER THE PAINTING BY HARRINGTON BIRD.

By permission of the Trustees of the late F, C. McQueen, owners of the Copyright.

they were driven one at a time through
the aperture, the dogs being in the slips
outside. A fairly fast hare would generally
manage to reach the opposite goals ; some-
times, without being turned or wrenched.
The only time that I was ever present at
one of these meetings was at Kempton Park,
and then the company sat in the Grand
Stand to watch the proceedings. This was
a tame style of sport compared with some
of the big open meetings where wild hares
that know the country are coursed.

Various opinions have been advanced as
to the best size and weight for a Greyhound.

the leash ; she drew the scale at 42 Ibs.,
and was credited with the win of the Cup
on two occasions. Bab at the Bowster,
who is considered by many good judges to
have been the best bitch that ever ran, was
2 Ibs. more ; she won the Cup once, and
many other stakes, as she was run all over
the country and was not kept for the big
event. Master McGrath was a small dog,
and only weighed 53 Ibs., but he won the
Waterloo Cup three times. Fuller ton, who
was a much bigger dog, and was four times
declared the winner of the Cup, was 56
Ibs. in weight.

194

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

There are very few Greyhounds that have
won the Waterloo Cup more than once, but
Cerito, whose portrait appears in the group

LORD LURGAN'S MASTER McGRATH.

THRICE WINNER OF THE WATERLOO CUP.
FROM THE PAINTING BY GEORGE EARL.

on the opposite page, was credited with it
three times, namely, in 1850, 1852, and 1853,
when it was a thirty-two dog stake. Cana-
radzo, Bit of Fashion, Miss Glendine,
Herschel, Thoughtless Beauty, and Fabulous
Fortune, are probably some of the best Grey-
hounds that ever ran besides those already
alluded to. Bit of Fashion was the dam of
Fuller ton, who shares with Master McGrath
the reputation of being the two best Grey-
hounds that ever ran. But Master
McGrath came first ; he was the
property of Lord Lurgan, and was
wonderfully quick to his hare, and
when there made good use of
his teeth. It was these qualifi-
cations which helped him so
greatly in his courses, as he had
short spins which took but little
out of him. No Greyhound prob-
ably has had so many honours
heaped upon him as Master
McGrath, as at the command of
the late Queen Victoria he was
taken to Windsor Castle, there
to be introduced to Her Majesty.
During his remarkable career in
public he won thirty-six courses
out of thirty-seven, the only time
that he was defeated being in

1870 at his third attempt to win the
Waterloo Cup, and the flag went up in
favour of Mr. Trevor's Lady Lyons. He,
however, retrieved his good fortune the
following year, when he again ran through
the stake.

Fullerton, who, when he won all his
honours, was the property of Colonel North,
was bred by Mr. James Dent in Northumber-
land. Colonel North gave 850 guineas for
him, which was then stated to be the highest
price ever paid for a Greyhound. He ran
five times altogether for the Waterloo Cup,
and was declared the winner on four occa-
sions. The first time was in 1889, when lie
divided with his kennel companion Trough-
end. Then he won the Cup outright the three
following years. In 1893, however, after
having been put to the stud, at which he
proved a failure, he was again trained for the
Cup, but age had begun to tell its tale, and
after winning one course he was beaten by
Mr. Keating's Full Captain, in the second.
This was one of the two occasions upon
which out of thirty-three courses he failed
to raise the flag. On the other he was
beaten by Mr. Gladstone's Greengage, when
running the deciding course at Haydock
Park.

It was a great disappointment to Colonel
North that Fullerton proved useless for

SIR R. W. BUCHANAN-JARDINE'S LONG SPAN

BY PATELEY BRIDGE FOREST FAIRY.

WINNER OF THE WATERLOO CUP, 1907.
Photograph by W. H. Paglt, Liverpool.

ig6

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

stud purposes, as at a fee of forty guineas
his list was quickly filled. After his last
defeat in the Waterloo Cup, he retired into
private life at Eltham, where he remained
till the death of Colonel North, when he
was sent back to his old home in Northum-
berland, as a gift to Mr. Dent. On his
death, Fullerton was presented to the

Member's Cup, when he easily led and
defeated Flag of the Free ; he was then
again drawn. Amongst the six dogs that
he defeated in the Waterloo Cup was Hop-
rend, the winner of the Cup in the previous
year. He is a good-looking dog with great
muscular development behind. He is by
Pateley Bridge out of Forest Fairy, the

A HANDFUL.

THE LATE SIR WILLIAM ANSTRUTHER'S GREYHOUNDS.

Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

Natural History Museum, where he may
be seen, beautifully mounted by Mr. Ward.
The hero of the present time, however, is
Sir R. W. Buchanan- Jardine's celebrated
puppy Long Span, who ran so brilliantly
through the Waterloo Cup in February, 1907.
Previously to this he had run only one course
in public, and his trainer had experienced
great difficulty in getting him fit, owing to
the weather in Scotland having been so
severe. It is stated that Long Span not
having been sold at the Barbican when the
litter came under the hammer was after-
wards purchased by his present owner for
ninety guineas. Long Span was entered at
the first Altcar Club meeting, and, being
slightly amiss, he was drawn, but at the
second meeting he ran one course in the

former out of Thoughtless Beauty, the
latter by Under the Globe, both of whom
have been high class performers on the leash.
It appears like descending from the
sublime to the ridiculous to mention the
Greyhound as a show dog, after the many
brilliant performances that have been re-
corded of him in the leash, but there are
many dogs elegant in outline with fine
muscular development that are to be seen
in the judging ring. Mr. George Raper's
Roasting Hot is one of the most prom-
inent winners of the day ; he is a fawn and
white, as handsome as a peacock and,
moreover, is a good dog in the field. On
one occasion after competing successfully
at the Kennel Club Show at the Crystal
Palace, he was taken to a coursing meeting

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THE GREYHOUND.

197

where he won the stake in which he was
entered. A brace of very beautiful bitches
are Mr. F. Eyer's Dorset Girl and Miss W.
Eaton's Okeford Queen.

Although, as a rule, the most consistent
winners in the leash have not been noted
for their good looks, there have been ex-
ceptions in which the opposite has been
the case. Fullerton was a good-looking
dog, if not quite up to the form required in
the show ring. Mr. Harding Cox has had
several specimens that could run well and
win prizes as show dogs, and the same may
be said of Miss Maud May's fine kennel of
Greyhounds in the North of England. In
the South of England Mrs. A. Dewe keeps
a number of longtails that when not winning
prizes at the Crystal Palace and elsewhere
are running at Plumpton and other meetings
in Sussex.

The following is the standard by which
Greyhounds should be judged.

1. Head. — Long and narrow, slightly wider
in skull, allowing for plenty of brain room ; lips
tight, without any flew, and eyes bright and in-
telligent and dark in colour.

2. Ears.=— Small and fine in texture, and semi-
pricked.

3. Teeth.— Very strong and level, and not
decayed or cankered.

4. Neck. — Lengthy, without any throatiness,
but muscular.

5. Shoulders. — Placed well back in the body,
and fairly muscular, without being loaded.

6. Forelegs. — Perfectly straight, set well into
the shoulders, with strong pasterns and toes set
well up and close together.

7. Body. — Chest very deep, with fairly well-
sprung ribs ; muscular back and loins, and well cu t
up in the flanks.

8. Hindquarters. — Wide and well let down,
with hocks well bent and close to the ground, with
very muscular haunches, showing great propelling
power, and tail long and fine and tapering with a
slight upward curve.

9. Coat. — Fairly fine in texture.

10. Weight. — The ideal weight of a dog is from
60 pounds to 65 pounds, of a bitch from 55 pounds
to 60 pounds.

FULLERTON,

AS HE NOW IS IN THE NATURAL
HISTORY MUSEUM, SOUTH KENSINGTON.

ig8

WHIPPET RACING: WEIGHING IN.

CH. SHIRLEY SIREN.

CHAPTER XIX.
THE WHIPPET.

BY F. C. HIGNETT.

" We slipped our dogs, and last my Lelaps too,
When none of all the mortal race would do :
He long before was struggling from my hands,
And, ere we could unloose him, broke his bands,
That minute where he was, we could not find,
And only saw the dust he left behind."

TATE'S " OVID."

OR elegance of
style, cleanli-
ness of habit,
and graceful move-
ment, few dogs can
equal the Whippet,
for which reason his
popularity as a com-
panion has increased

very greatly within the past decade. No
more affectionate creature is to be found,

yet he possesses considerable determination
and pluck, and on occasion will defend
himself in his own way.

Too fragile in his anatomy for fighting,
in the ordinary sense of the word, when
molested, he will " snap " at his opponent
with such celerity as to take even the most
watchful by surprise ; while his strength of
jaw, combined with its comparatively great
length, enables him to inflict severe punish-
ment at the first grab. It was probably

THE WHIPPET.

199

owing to this habit, which is common to
all Whippets, that they were originally
known as Snap-Dogs.

The Whippet existed as a separate breed
long before dog shows were thought of,
and at a time when records of pedigrees
were not officially preserved ; but it is very
certain that the Greyhound had a share in
his genealogical history, for not only should
his appearance be precisely that of a Grey-
hound in miniature, but the purpose for
which he was bred is very similar to that
for which his larger prototype is still used,
the only difference being that rabbits were
coursed by Whippets, and hares by Grey-
hounds.

This sport has been mainly confined to
the working classes, the colliers of Lanca-
shire, Yorkshire, Durham, and Northumber-
land being particularly devoted to it. The
manner in which it was formerly carried
out was not in keeping with modern ideas, as
the quarry was not hunted up anywhere
near its accustomed haunts, but was first
caught by the aid of nets, and when required
was turned down in an enclosed space in
front of a couple of dogs, who were in charge
of an official slipper. The march of civi-
lisation, however, put a stop to what was
nothing more nor less than cruelty, for the
rabbit had no possible means of escape,
to say nothing of its terrified state when
let loose, consequent on its previous im-
prisonment. The intervention of the au-
thorities brought about a change, which,
though a great improvement from a moral
point of view, has its drawbacks, for the
present manner of Whippet racing cannot
be called coursing, since it does not test the
turning capabilities of the dogs engaged ;
neither do the competitions take place over
grass land, but on cinder tracks, very similar
to those favoured by professional pedestrians,
but always perfectly straight. The official
slipper is dispensed with, instead of whom
the owner of each competitor engages the
services of an experienced person to start
the dog on its journey at a signal given by
the firing of a pistol. As a rule the contests
are handicaps, the starting point of each
competitor being regulated by its weight ;

but the winners of previous important
events are penalised in addition, according
to their presumed merit, by having a certain
number of yards deducted from the start
to which weight alone would otherwise
have entitled them. Amongst Whippet
racers the individual who can release a
Whippet in a satisfactory manner is con-
sidered to be quite a professor.

In all events of importance the number
of competitors necessitates the decisions
being arrived at piecemeal, so to speak,
some four or five dogs running together in
heats. Each dog is taken to its stipulated
mark according to the handicap, and there
laid hold of by the nape of the neck and
hind quarters ; the real starter stands
behind the lot, and after warning all to be
ready, discharges a pistol, upon which each
attendant swings his dog as far forward as
he can possibly throw him, but always
making sure that he alights on his feet.
The distance covered in the race is generally
200 yards, minus the starts allotted, and
some idea of the speed at which these very
active little animals can travel may be
gleaned from the fact that the full distance
has been covered in rather under 12 seconds.

In order to induce each dog to do its
best, the owner, or more probably the trainer
— for the same pains are taken to prepare
these dogs for their engagements as are
bestowed upon Greyhounds — stands beyond
the winning post, which, by the way, is no
post at all, but a white mark across the track,
and frantically waves a towel or very stout
rag. Accompanied by a babel of noise, the
race is started, and in less time than it takes
to write it the competitors reach the goal,
one and all as they finish taking a flying
leap at their trainer's towel, to which they
hold on with such tenacity that they are
swung round in the air. The speed at which
they are travelling makes this movement
necessary in many cases to enable the dog to
avoid accident, particularly where the space
beyond the winning mark is limited. The
judge's position is, of course, at the end of
the line. For racing purposes there is a
wide margin of size allowed to the dogs,
anything from 8 Ibs. to 23 Ibs., or even more,

2OO

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

being eligible ; but in view of the handicap
terms those dogs which possess speed, and
scale 9 to 12 Ibs. amongst the light-weights,
and over 17 Ibs. in the heavy ones, are con-
sidered to have the best chance.

About a dozen years ago an effort was made
to give the sport a little more tone. Several
ladies and gentlemen of influence were
induced to give their patronage and prac-
tical support to races which were run in

the south of
England, a
favourable
opportunity
occurring in
connection
with the show
of the Ladies'
Kennel Asso-
ciation, which
was held in
the Ranelagh
Club grounds
at Barn Elms.
The difficulty
of disassoci-
ating such

MAKING READY: RUNNERS-UP
MAKING THEIR DOGS TAKE
NOTICE OF THE RAGS
WHICH ARE TO BE WAVED
AT THE WINNING LINE.

When rabbit-
coursing was more
in vogue it was the
custom to arrange
the handicaps ac-
cording to the
height of the com-
petitors at the
shoulder, and not
by weight.

Whippet racing
in some form or
other has existed
much longer than
the generality of

the present day fanciers imagine, for this
writer can rely on his memory for at least
half a century, and even so long ago the
patriarchs of the period were prone to
recount the wonderful deeds performed by
famous Whippets of yet earlier years.

READY! WAITING FOR THE PISTOL SHOT.

WHIPPET RACING.

competitions from the squabbling and com-
monplace surroundings which were prevalent
proved too much for the endurance of those
who had undertaken the responsibility,
and no headway was made, although
Royalty gave its patronage to the event,

THE WHIPPET.

201

King Edward and Queen Alexandra (then
the Prince and Princess of Wales) being
present. There is no diminution in the
popularity of the sport, however, in the
northern shires ; rather is it on the increase.
The principal handicaps attract not only a
large number of entries, but also a big con-
course of spectators, who, for the most part,
take more than a passing interest in the
success or defeat of the dog or dogs which
may commend themselves to their ideas at
the moment, for nearly all are financially
interested one way or another.

Probably there is no locality where the
pastime has maintained such a firm hold
as in and around Oldham, one of the most
famous tracks in the world being at Higgin-
shaw, where not infrequently three hundred
dogs are entered in one handicap. The
Borough grounds at Oldham and the Welling-
ton grounds at Bury are also noted centres
for races. It is a remarkable but well recog-
nised fact that bitches are faster than dogs,
and in consequence the terms upon which
they are handicapped are varied. The
general custom is to allow a dog 2^ to 3
yards advantage for every pound difference
in weight between it and the gentle sex.

One of the fastest dogs that ever ran was
Collier Lad, but he was almost a Greyhound
as regards size. Whitefoot, whose owner
challenged the world, and was considered
to be quite unbeatable, was a Whippet in
every sense of the word, and was a nice
medium weight, though probably Capple-
bank's time of nj seconds stands alone ;
it must be noted, however, that his record
was made on the Wellington grounds at
Bury, where the course is slightly downhill.
The best of the present-day racing dogs
are Polly fro' Astley (15 Ibs.) and Dinah
(nilbs.), and of those which promise well
for the future, Eva, whose weight is only
g| Ibs., is most prominent, as may be
gauged from the fact that she is at the
time of writing entered in a handicap
commanding three hundred entries, in which
heavier dogs are given a longer start.

The training of Whippets is by no means
easy work, and is more expensive than most
people imagine. To begin with, the very

choicest food is deemed absolutely necessary,
in fact a Whippet undergoing preparation
for an important race is provided with the
most wholesome fare. Choice mutton-chops,
beef-steaks and similar dainties comprise
their daily portion. Of course exercise is
a necessity, but it is not considered good
policy to allow a dog in training to gambol
about either on the roads or in the fields.
Indeed, all dogs which are undergoing pre-
paration for a race are practically deprived
of their freedom, in lieu of which they are
walked along hard roads, secured by a lead ;
and for fear of their picking up the least bit
of refuse each is securely muzzled by a box-
like leather arrangement which completely
envelops the jaws, but which is freely per-
forated to permit proper breathing. Any
distance between six and a dozen miles
a day, according to the stamina and con-
dition of the dog, is supposed to be the proper
amount of exercise, and scales are brought
into use every few days to gauge the effect
which is being produced. In addition to
this private trials are necessary in the
presence of someone who is accustomed to
timing races by the aid of a stop-watch — a
by no means easy task, considering that a
slight particle of a second means so many
yards, and the average speed working out at
about 1 6 yards per second — nearly twice as
fast as the fastest pedestrian sprinter, and
altogether beyond the power of the fleetest
racehorse.

Formerly there were two varieties of
Whippet, long and short coated, but the
former is rarely met with nowadays, either
at the exhibitions or on the running track ;
in fact, a long-coated dog, however good it
might be as regards anatomy, would have
a poor chance of winning a prize at a show,
for its shaggy appearance would most likely
hide the graceful outline which is a much
admired and characteristic feature.

Of course the handicapper is a most im-
portant personage, and it is very creditable
that amongst surroundings where temptation
is so profuse, and could be embraced almost
with impunity, men are still at work who
have retained the confidence of the public
for over thirty years. Such a one is Mr.

2O2

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Ralph Harper, of Kearsley, a mining hamlet
situated half-way between Manchester and
Bolton. Probably no man living is so
thoroughly acquainted with Whippet racing
as he, in fact, it is pretty generally conceded
that he has forgotten more about the sport
than most others know. Another trust-
worthy handicapper is Mr. Large, of Wolver-
hampton, whose bitch Nance is at the present

MR. J. J. HOLGATE'S SHIRLEY DIXIE
BY SHIRLEY BANNER SHIRLEY DAISY.

time playing an important part in big events ;
while Mr. Joe Chadwick, of Higginshaw,
frequently takes charge of the very largest
meetings with credit to himself and to the
satisfaction of all interested.

Reference has been made to the attendant
who releases the dog for a race. He is
officially termed a "slipper" ; and so much
depends upon his efforts, that his ability
has to be taken into account by the handi-
capper, as will be seen by the following
rules, which, though somewhat quaintly
worded, can be easily understood, and are
still in force :—

i. — Any slipper not having slipped three
winners in 1905 will be allowed one yard ; or
four winners half a yard, and one yard in the
final, or second day all through, providing he
claims and names his dog, before the first heat is
run, to the referee ; but must slip the dog all
through till beaten.

2. — If a slipper claims allowance and
the dog is beaten first time through, he can claim
the same for second and final rounds (of course,
for such dogs as he may then be engaged to slip).

3. — If with the one yard allowance a
slipper's dog wins, he is entitled to half a yard
and one yard in the final after till he has slipped
three more winners.

4. — No owner will be allowed to change
slipper after claiming, for one slipper must slip
the same dog all through till he is beaten, or
the dog will be disqualified.

5. — If two dogs are handicapped off a
mark, and one claims the allowance, that dog
shall start on the left hand side.

It does not follow that the best-looking
Whippet is the best racer, otherwise many
of the champion show dogs would never
have seen a judging ring in a show, for the
majority of them have been disposed of by
their breeders because they were not quite
fleet enough to win races. The value of
such Whippets as, in the opinion of experts,
are quite qualified to win prizes has very
much improved of late years, partly be-
cause classes are liberally provided for them
at all the shows of importance, but primarily
because a few remarkably fine specimens
had the good fortune to go into the possession
of exhibitors who had the opportunity to
attend a large number of shows, in which
they figured successfully in variety classes.
Of these some of the most noted have been
shown by Mr. F. H. Bottomley, whose
prefix " Manorley " is well known. Another
good one is Ch. Southboro Seniority, now
the property of Mr. L. Crabtree, though she
has probably seen her best days ; Mr. H. H.
Taylor's Fleetfoot, too, though not a cham-
pion, has deservedly won scores of prizes ;
while a comparatively new aspirant to fame
in this direction is Mr. W. Proctor, who has
recently bought several good specimens of
the breed, amongst which Lottie Hampton
has made a decisive mark already by winning
at some dozen or more shows. These
owners, with Mr. W. Proudlove, are the
more prominent northern exhibitors, but
Mr. J. J. Holgate must not be overlooked,
for he invariably brings out something
better than ordinary at the championship
shows. The late Mr. A. Lamotte, one of

THE WHIPPET.

203

MR. ALBERT LAMOTTE'S SHIRLEY WAN

DERER BV CH. ENTERPRISE SPRING

HILL FRIVOLITY.

the unfortunate victims of the wreck of the ss. Berlin at the
Hook of Holland, is also to be remembered in connection with
an excellent kennel of Whippets.

The Whippet Club, which was inaugurated a few years ago,
has also been a great factor in aiding to popularise the breed,
for by its influence and support it has been demonstrated that,
given a fair number of classes, owners are not afraid to make
long journeys with their dogs in order to participate in the
honours of the show ring.

Colour in the Whippet is absolutely of no importance to a
good judge, though possibly what is known as the peach fawn

MR. W. PROCTOR'S
CH. MANORLEY MODE
BY JACK FANNY.

MR. W. PROCTORS

LOTTIE HAMPTON

BY MAGELS PADY BELL

Photograph by Hignett and Sen, Lostock.

1'hotogmph by Hignett ami Son, Lostock.

204

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

is the favourite among amateur fanciers.
Red fawns, blue or slate coloured, black,
brindled of various shades, and these colours
intermingled with white, are most to be met
with, however. In some quarters the idea
is prevalent that Whippets are delicate in
their constitution, but this is a popular error.
Probably their disinclination to go out of
doors on their own initiative when the
weather is cold and wet may account for the
opinion, but given the opportunity to roam
about a house the Whippet will find a com-
fortable place, and will rarely ail anything.
In scores of houses Whippets go to bed
with the children, and are so clean that even
scrupulous housewives take no objection to
their rinding their way under the clothes to
the foot of the bed, thereby securing their
own protection and serving as an excellent
footwarmer in the winter months.

Probably in no other breed, except the
Greyhound, do judges attach so little im-
portance to the shape of the head ; so
long as the jaws are fairly long and the
colour of the eyes somewhat in keeping
with that of the body, very little else is
looked for in front of the ears. As in the
case of racing competitors, really good dogs
for show purposes are much more difficult
to find than bitches. The best of the males
are not so classical in outline as the
females, though some of them are as good
in legs and feet — points which are of the
greatest importance. Though it is not
quite in accordance with the standard laid
down by the club, it will be found that most
judges favour dogs which are about 17 Ibs.
weight, and bitches which are between 15 Ibs.
and 16 Ibs., the 20 Ibs. mentioned in the

standard of points, without variation for
sex, being considered altogether too heavy.
Appearances are sometimes deceptive, but
these dogs are rarely weighed for exhibition
purposes, the trained eye of the judge being
sufficient guide to the size of the competitors
according to his partiality for middle-size,
big, or little animals.

The South Durham and Yorkshire Show
at Darlington has the credit for first intro-
ducing classes for Whippets into the prize
list. Previous to this it had not long been
generally recognised as a distinct breed, and
it is within the last twenty years that the
Kennel Club has placed the breed on its
recognised list.

The following is the standard of points
adopted by the Whippet Club :—

1. Head. — Long and lean, rather wide between
the eyes and flat on the top ; the jaw powerful
yet cleanly cut ; the teeth level and white.

2. Eyes. — Bright and fiery.

3. Ears. — Small, fine in texture and rose
shape.

4. Neck. — Long and muscular, elegantly arched
and free from throatiness.

5. Shoulders. — Oblique and muscular.

6. Chest. — Deep and capacious.

7. Back. — Broad and square, rather long and
slightly arched over the loin, which should be
strong and powerful.

8. Fore-legs. — Rather long, well set under the
dog, possessing a fair amount of bone.

9. Hind Quarters. — Strong and broad across
stifles, well bent thighs, broad and muscular ;
hocks well let down.

10. Feet. — Round, well split up, with strong
soles.

11. Coat. — Fine and close.

12. Colour. — Black, red, white, brindle, fawn,
blue, and the various mixtures of each.

13. Weight. — Twenty pounds.

205

CHAPTER XX.
THE FOXHOUND, THE STAGHOUND, AND THE WELSH HOUND.

BY G. S. LOWE.

1 Yes, I ken John Peel, and Ruby too,
Ranter and Royal and Bellman as true ;
From the drag to the chase, from the chase to

a view,
From a view to the death in the morning.

^T^HE flight of society to the shires in
the autumn is substantial proof of
what fox-hunting is to the country.

Some years have elapsed since it was

estimated that nine million pounds are

spent every year on hunting. This sum

appears to be prodigious, and so, indeed,

it is, if only applied to

kennel establishments.

There are 204 packs of

hounds in the United

Kingdom, of which

some could show an

annual expenditure of

£10,000, and many over

£4,000. This is, how-
ever, but the small side

of total costs, as many

thousands of studs of

hunters are maintained,

representing an enorm-
ous amount of money,

with veritable armies of

employees, mansions of

palatial proportions in

nearly every quarter of

England, Ireland, and

Scotland, and a trade

thereby in provincial

towns that must be of

considerable magnitude.

A morning view of Mel-
ton is quite suggestive

of this computation of

nine millions.

Twas the soimd of his horn called me from my

bed,

And the cry of his hounds has oft-times led,
For Peel's view-hollo would awaken the dead
Or a fox from his lair in the morning."

JOHN WOODCOCK GRAVES (circ. 1825).

It may be regarded as somewhat extra-
ordinary that persons of high social position
should devote such a large proportion of
their lives and interests to hunting and to
the culture of hounds, but it must be said
that much of England's greatness is due
to the power of the Foxhound. The daring

THE DEATH OF THE FOX.
FROM THE ENGRAVING BY P. C. CANOT,

AFTER THE PAINTING BY J. WOOTTON (177O)

206

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

deeds under the greatest difficulties in
the Peninsular War ; the important con-
quests all over the globe with mere handfuls
of men, and the hardihood of our Colonists
came about after the hard riding era had
commenced. The Iron Duke always HI-

RE-TURNING FROM THE CHASE.

PROM THE ENGRAVING BY P. C. CANOT,

AFTER THE PAINTING BY J. WOOTTON (1770).

sisted that his best officers were the first
flight men of Leicestershire and Lincolnshire,
and he gave it as his opinion that Assheton
Smith would have been the greatest cavalry
general in the world. Then, again, the
horses were improved by Hugo Meynell's
discovery of the forward dash of the Fox-
hound and the development of the system
of following hounds at high pressure. The
horses were as much elated by the voice
of the hound in full cry as the men, and
the courageous jumping of high fences that
could not have been taken in cool blood
stamped the character of the English hunter
and made him the utility horse for all

nations. Our respect for the Foxhound,
and the inspiriting cry of " Tally-ho ! "
have had a tremendous influence upon the
virility of our national life.

There is plenty of proof that Foxhounds
were the very first of the canine races in
Great Britain to come
under the domination
of scientific breeding.
There had been hounds
of more ancient origin,
such as the Southern
Hound and the Blood-
hound ; but something
different was wanted to-
wards the end of the
seventeenth century to
hunt the wild deer that
had become somewhat
scattered after Crom-
well's civil war. The
demand was conse-
quently for a quicker
hound than those
hitherto known, and
people devoted to the
chase began to breed
it. Whether there were
crosses at first re-
mains in dispute, but
there is more proba-
bility that the policy
adopted was one of se-
lection ; those exception-
ally fast were bred with
the same, until the slow,
steady line hunter was improved out of
his very character and shape. At any
rate, there are proofs that in 1710 hounds
were to be found in packs, carefully bred,
and that at that time some of the hunts in
question devoted attention to the fox. In
his description of the De Coverley Hunt,
in 1711, Addison writes that Sir Roger's
stable doors were patched with noses that
belonged to foxes of the knight's own
hunting down. After this period the in-
terest in hound breeding must have become
very keen, as Somerville, who was born in
1699, and died in 1742, wrote much in the
years between 1725-30 on the shape and

THE FOXHOUND.

207

breeding of hounds, and of their deeds in fifty such breeders, including the fifth
the field with the fox as their quarry. Duke of Beaufort, Lord Lincoln, Lord

The first known kennel
of all was at Wardour
Castle, and was said to
have been established in
1696 ; but more reliable
is the date of the
Brocklesby, commenced
in 1713. The first record
of a pack of hounds being
sold was in 1730, when a
Mr. Fownes sold his pack
to a Mr. Bowles. The
latter gentleman showed
great sport with them in
Yorkshire. At that time

COL. THORNTON'S FAMOUS BITCH HOUND MERKIN (1794),
CHALLENGED TO RUN ANY HOUND OF THE YEAR

Lord Hertford began to
hunt the Cotswold coun-
try, in Gloucestershire,
and was the first to draw
coverts for fox in the
modern style. Very soon after this it be-
came the fashion of the day to breed
hounds. Many of the nobility and large
landowners devoted much ol their time
and money to it, and would take long
journeys to get fresh blood. It was the
rule to breed hounds on the most scien-
tific principles, and by 1750 there were

FOR 10,000 GUINEAS.

DRAWN BY SAWREY GILPIN, ENGRAVED BY 0. SCOTT.

TYPICAL FOXHOUNDS OF A HUNDRED YEARS AGO.
From " The Sportsman's Cabinet " (1803). By P. Reinagte, R A.

Stamford, Lord Percival, Lord Granby,
Lord Ludlow, Lord Vernon, Lord Carlisle,
Lord Mexbro, Sir Walter Vavasour, Sir
Roland Winns, Mr. Noel, Mr. Stanhope,
Mr. Meynell, Mr. Barry, and Mr. Charles
Pelham. The last-named gentleman, after-
ward the first Lord Yarborough, was per-
haps the most indefatigable of all, as he
was the first to start
the system of walking
puppies amongst his
tenantry, on the
Brocklesby estates, and
of keeping lists of
hound pedigrees and
ages. By 1760 all the
above-named noblemen
and gentlemen had
been breeding from
each other's kennels.
The hounds were regis-
tered, as can be seen
now in Lord Middle-
ton's private kennel
stud book, through
which his lordship can
trace the pedigrees of
his present pack for a
hundred and sixty years

208

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

to hounds that were entered in 1760, got by
Raytor, son of Merryman and grandson of
Lord Granby's Ranter. Another pedigree
was that of Ruby, who is credited with a
numerous progeny, as she was by Raytor out
of Mr. Stapleton's Cruel by Sailor, a son of
Lord Granby's Sailor by Mr. Noel's Victor.
This shows well how seriously Foxhound
breeding was gone into before the middle
of the eighteenth century. Portraits prove

MR. CHAS. RADCLIFFE'S GAINER (1872).
FROM A DRAWING ON WOOD BY GEORGE EARL.

also that a hound approaching very
closely to those of modern times had been
produced at this early period. By such
evidence the Foxhound had outstripped the
Harrier in size by nearly five inches, as
the latter does not appear to have been
more than eighteen inches, and the early
Foxhound would have been twenty-three
inches. Then the heavy shoulder, the dew-
lap, and jowl of the Southern Hound had
been got rid of, and the coat had been
somewhat altered. The old school of
breeders had evidently determined upon
great speed and the ability to stay, through
the medium of deep ribs, heart room, wide
loins, length of quarter, quality of bone,
straightness of foreleg, and round strong
feet ; the slack Joined, loosely built, and
splayfooted hound of former generations
had been left behind. To such perfection,

indeed, had the Foxhound attained, that
long before the close of the eighteenth
century sportsmen were clamouring as to
what a Foxhound could do. It had been
proved over and over again that he could
run a fox for four hours at such a pace as
to bring horses to a complete standstill ;
and so far as people could judge, nothing
could tire him. The deeds of the Fox-
hound became the talk of the sporting
world ; and so followed the
matches, the great one in par-
ticular being between Mr. Barry,
the first Master of the Cheshire,
and Mr. Hugo Meynell, the real
founder of the Quorn. The
former gentleman wagered five
hundred guineas on his couple
Blue Cap and Wanton against
Mr. Meynell's Richmond and a
bitch, whose name has never
transpired, to run a drag over
the four-mile Beacon course at
Newmarket. Sixty horsemen
rode in the trial, but only
twelve completed the course,
and the Cheshire hounds won
by a hundred yards in the won-
derful time of eight minutes
and twenty seconds. There was
after this loud talk of match-
ing hounds. Colonel Thornton offered to
match his bitch Merkin to beat any other
over five miles, and to give two hundred
yards start, for ten thousand guineas a side,
but fortunately for the good of fox-hunting
and the Foxhound, such matches ended in
talk, or there might have been Foxhound
race meetings.

With so much prominence given to the
Foxhound in the comparatively short period
of forty or fifty years, it is no wonder that
individual hounds became very celebrated
in almost every part of the country. Mr.
Pelham's Rockwood Tickler and Bumper
were names well known in Yorkshire, and
Lord Ludlow's Powerful and Growler were
talked of both in Lincolnshire and Warwick-
shire. From the first, indeed, it appeared
that certain hounds were very much better
than others, and old huntsmen have gener-

THE FOXHOUND.

209

ally declared for one which was in the whole
length of their careers (sometimes extending
to fifty years) immeasurably superior to
all others they had hunted. Harry Ayris,
who was for just half a century with Lord
FitzHardinge, declared to the day of his
death that nothing had equalled Crom-
well ; Osbaldeston said the same of Furrier,
and Frank Gillard, who is still alive, never
falters from the opinion that Weathergage
was quite by himself as the best hound he
ever hunted. The Foxhound Kennel Stud
Book abounds in the strongest proofs that
hereditary merit in their work has been
transmitted from these wonderful hounds,
and they really make the history of the
Foxhound.

The first celebrity to have had a traditional
repute brought down in print to present
times was Mr. Corbet's Trojan. This gentle-
man had kept Harriers for some years before
he thought of becoming a Master of Fox-
hounds, and he commissioned his brother,
Colonel Andrew Corbet, to buy for him
a pack of Harriers that were advertised
to be sold at Tattersall's. Amongst these
was a bitch called Tidings, evidently a
dwarf Foxhound, and she proved so good
in her work that when Mr. Corbet re-sold
the pack he retained her, and she was sent
to Lord Spencer's (the Pytchley) Tomboy.
In due course she had a litter that contained
Trojan, who was almost drafted, as he
would not look at a hare. Mr. Corbet,
however, began to hunt fox from Sundorne
shortly afterwards, and Trojan at his own
noble game entered naturally. He was
supposed to have been the best Foxhound
ever seen, that he could not do wrong,
could put the pack right on the coldest
scent, could jump walls that no other
hound would attempt, and then by him-
self would run a fox for miles to earth,
before the rest of the pack had joined him.
He lived from 1780 to 1789, and in eight
seasons he was never lame or missed a
day, and was always the leading hound. So
much was he talked of that a great many
kennels bred from him, and Mr. Corbet's
famous pack that he sold to Lord Middle-
ton for 1,500 sovereigns was nearly all by

Trojan. A famous toast in Shropshire and
Warwickshire for years afterwards was ;
" Here's to the Trojans."

Another noble example of the Foxhound
was Lord Middleton's Vanguard, got by
a hound called Vaulter, that Lord Middleton
(the sixth baron) got from Lord Vernon
out of Traffic, a great grand-daughter of
the famous Trojan. Lord Middleton, who
hunted his own hounds and was very
liberal in giving them away, would never
part with Vanguard, declaring that no
man could possess two such hounds in a
lifetime, and that he was much too good
to give away. Vanguard's time was from
1815 until 1823, and his portrait was taken
by Fearnley, who also painted a picture,
now at Birdsal, of Vanguard running a
fox to ground. ' There is a line of ancestry
from Vanguard to the Oakley Driver, whose
blood is in almost every kennel list in
England.

Next to Vanguard would come the
Osbaldeston Furrier, quite the greatest
in Foxhound heraldry for the last eighty-
seven years, as he was whelped in 1820.
Bred at Belvoir by Saladin out of Fallacy
by Lord Lonsdale's Wonder out of Frantic,
he was purchased by Osbaldeston, of Goosey,
the Belvoir huntsman, as an unentered
puppy, the probable reason for his being
drafted was on account of his colour-
black and white with a little tan on his
head ; and it is said that he was none too
straight. He was, however, a wonder in
the field when Osbaldeston hunted the
Quorn. He was exactly the hound his
master wanted, as he would get to the
head of the pack at once, and lead at such
a pace that few horses could live with them.
It was then that Osbaldeston would turn
round and say, " Now, gentlemen, catch
them if you can." Socrates is said to have
sworn by his dog, and to the day of his
death Osbaldeston certainly swore by
Furrier, and the very name would make
the little old man, close on eighty, start
when talking seriously or playing a game
of billiards. When he took the Pytchley
country more than half his pack were by
Furrier or that dog's sons, and he once

210

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

took out a whole pack of twenty-one
couples of Furriers. The old hound and
his sons Ranter, Castor, Random, Falstaff,
Ferryman, and Sir Tatton Sykes' Furrier
were bred from immensely by other kennels,
and to-day it would be no uncommon thing
to find a hound with forty crosses of Furrier
in him.

The fourth in greatness next to Furrier
might be Lord Henry Bentinck's Contest
by Comus, son of Mr. Foljambe's Herald
by the Osbaldeston Ranter, son of Furrier.
Mr. Foljambe had two brothers, Herald
and Harbinger, by Ranter out of Harpy
by Herald, a son of the Belvoir Saladin (the
sire of Furrier), and they almost made
the Grove pack. Lord Henry Bentinck's
Contest, however, had much to do in
spreading the sort, and he must have been
a very exceptional hound, as Lord Henry
was never emotional. He would have the
best, discarding anything the least faulty.
In his diary he speaks of Contest more than
once as a very remarkable hound, and he
also refers to him as a wonderful jumper.
He lent him to some of his old friends,
such as the Duke of Beaufort and Sir
Richard Sutton, and it was during his stay
at Badminton that he was used very success-
fully by Harry Ayris with a bitch called
Crazy by the Warwickshire Tarquin out of
Charity. One of the litter so obtained was
Cromwell, who came after his grand-sire
Tarquin in being a grey pied. For seven
seasons he was far and away the best hound
in Lord FitzHardinge's kennel. He, too,
could not possibly do wrong, so Harry
Ayris used to say, and the old man would
go almost into tears as, when quite past
duties in the hunting field, and resting a
gouty foot on the skin of Cromwell, he
would never tire in recounting the great
days he had seen with him. Contest gained
much honour, too, in the kennels of Sir
Richard Sutton, as there he was the sire
of Dryden, thought by some huntsmen to
have been the best hound ever seen in
Leicestershire, and never to be forgotten
in pedigrees, as he was the sire of Destitute
the dam of the Belvoir Senator.

The Grove — or, rather, Lord Galway's —

Barrister was a very remarkable hound.
Jack Morgan, his huntsman, thought him
one of the best he had ever hunted, and
inheriting as he did all Mr. Foljambe's old
sorts, and hitting three times to Ranter
the son of the Osbaldeston Furrier, it was
no wonder that Lord Galway maintained
the great prestige of the Grove in a measure
through Barrister. The Drake Duster was
another hound held in the highest esteem
by breeders, and this was probably due to
the fact that both Mr. Drake and his son
Mr. Tom Drake, junior, thought him un-
deniably good in every part of a ruu, and
their judgment was greatly respected. Duster
went back to Mr. J. M. Warde's sorts, as
he was by Bachelor son of Regent, son of
Mr. Warde's Rascal, and in three or four
other lines he hit to Mr. Warde's. It
is sixty-three years since Duster was
entered and yet the mention of the Drake
family is the mention of Duster. Such is
the power of the Foxhound.

Senator must always be regarded as
one of Belvoir's chief landmarks, and he
inherited the blood of nearly all the hounds
mentioned above. He had plenty of Furrier
in him ; his dam Destitute was by Sir
Richard Sutton's Dryden son of Lord
Henry Bentinck's Contest, and his grand-
dam's sire was by the Drake Duster. He
was therefore a combination of the great
ones, and no hound ever put more character
into his progeny. He was a good honest
hound, a rare finder, and would run with
his hackles up right to the front and drive
hard to the death. Then he was a demon,
would fight another hound in his terrible
passion for blood, and no run could tire
him.

Huntsmen will say that the Senators
were all like this. There was Lord Polti-
more's W'oldsman of that strain, and his
son the Bicester Whipster, after him—
devils incarnate as they were called, and
at a kill the whips, if they could get at
them, would always couple them up to
avoid mischief. But Senator left his mark
at Belvoir and elsewhere in regard to a
commanding carriage and colour. The
exquisite Belvoir tan, and just half the

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THE FOXHOUND.

211

stern white as a wonderful setting off,
came down from Senator. His head was
set up, and now adorns a wall in Belvoir
Castle, and, by-the-bye, the head of Cromwell
occupies a similar panel at Berkeley Castle.
The celebrity, famous in every quarter
where hounds are talked about, was the
Belvoir Weathergage, entered in 1876. He
strained from Senator on his dam's side as

ments, and mated him with Susan by
Stormer, a grandson of the Drake Duster.
The produce, numbering two and a
half couples, included two very hand-
some dog-hounds Warrior and Woodman,
and the former in due course was the
sire of Weathergage, always regarded by
Gillard as the best hound ever known. He
would find nine foxes out of ten, was never

LORD COVENTRY'S RAMBLER (ENTERED 1S73) AND MARKSMAN (ENTERED 1874).
FHOM THE PAINTINQ BY C. LUTYENS.

she was by Rambler, son of Senator, but
his breeding was much brought about
for other qualities. When Frank Gillard
went on as huntsman in 1867, he became
aware that the Singers, Senators, and
Rallywoods had plenty of drive, but when
revelling on the most exquisite line almost
tied to their fox, they said very little about
it. There was one with a beautiful voice
like a bell, and he used him. This was
Wonder by Chanticleer out of Willing,
by the Brocklesby Rallywood, who in-
herited the blood of the Osbaldeston
Furrier. There was one objection, as he
was swine chapped, but Gillard forgave
him this on account of his vocal attain-

known to make a mistake in any part of
a run, driving in front, ready to put the
pack right in a minute, and as desperate
as a Senator at a kill. He was quite a
huntsman's friend, as to see what Weather-
gage was doing revealed the whole story.
He was not notable for extraordinary good
looks, and might have been included in
the second draft if he had not done some
exceedingly good work as a puppy.
His stock were better-looking than him-
self. Frank Gillard has always said that
the best hound he ever saw in a field was
Weathergage, but the best -looking Fox-
hound in the world he always reckoned to
be Gambler, son of Weathergage.

212

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

In showing how certain individual
hounds excel their comrades, in as great a
degree as is seen in the noble race of man
where generals, statesmen, and poets flutter
as it were, over the common herd, there
are many instances to be cited. The opinion

hound to disentangle a difficulty, that it
was delightful to see him in the field. He
came down in pedigree from the very per-
fect order as he was got by Lord Fitz-
Hardinge's Collier out of Ransom by
Lord Henry Bentinck's Regulus, and

A CHECK.

FROM THE PAINTING BY FRANK P. FREYBURQ.

of Mr. E. P. Rawnsley, noted as perhaps
the greatest of amateur huntsmen, is that
after hunting hounds for twenty-five years,
he could only recall three that were abso-
lutely perfect ; these were Baronet by
the South Notts Decorate, Bachelor by the
Quorn Warrior, and Freeman by the Bel-
voir Weathergage. He leaned most to the
last-named of the trio, perhaps because
his work was the exact counterpart of his
sire. " He could not do wrong," Mr.
Rawnsley said affectionately of him, " and
he could always put us right." The Earl
of Coventry had the same belief in Rambler,
who was so perfect, so true, and such a

Collier was by Prompter out of Costly by
Chieftain out of Cynthia by Cromwell.
Like the Belvoir Weathergage, there is
scarcely a kennel in England now that
cannot claim as an ancestor Lord Coventry's
Rambler.

There have been many more great hounds ;
the late Tom Firr would have had some-
thing to say about his Alfred ; Mr. Batt
Miller of the V.W.H. would dispute high
prestige for Harlequin, Lord Bathurst for
Crusty, who hunted for twelve seasons ;
the whole of the Grafton Hunt for Wood-
man, who was also a twelve-season hunter ;
and the late John Walker for the Wynnstay

THE FOXHOUND.

213

Royal. But there must be the greatest of
the great. I think I shall be correct in
naming the following hounds as the twelve
best England has ever seen : —

Mr. Corbet's Trojan (1780), by the
Pytchley Tomboy out of Tidings.

Lord Middleton's Vanguard (1815), by
Lord Vernon's Vaulter out of Traffic.

Mr. Osbaldeston's Furrier (1820), by
Belvoir Saladin out of Fallacy.

Lord Henry Bentinck's Contest (1848),
by Comus out of Sanguine.

Lord FitzHardinge's Cromwell (1855), by
Contest out of Crazy.

Mr. Drake's Duster (1844), by Bachelor
out of Destitute.

Sir Richard Sutton's Dryden (1849), by
Contest out of Daphne.

The Duke of Rutland's Senator (1862), by
Singer out of Destitute.

The Duke of Rutland's Weathergage
(1874), by. Warrior out of Royalty.

The Earl of Coventry's Rambler (1874),
by Lord FitzHardinge's Collier out of
Ransom.

Mr. E. P. Rawnsley's Freeman (1884), by
Belvoir Weathergage out of Freedom.

The Grafton Woodman (1892), by Wonder
out of Durable.

Breeding Foxhounds is one of the most
fascinating of all the pleasures of animal
culture, as the above list, so full of extreme
merit, can be traced for nearly a hundred
and thirty years from Trojan to Vanguard,
and the Oakley Driver, the great-great-
grandsire of Durable, the dam of the
Grafton Woodman. Then the many
branches to the Osbaldeston Furrier, the
share of Lord Henry Bentinck's Contest
through Dryden, and also the Drake Duster
in the Belvoir Senator, and so on to Weather-
gage, the sire of Why-not the sire of Work-
man the sire of Wonder the sire of the above-
named Grafton Woodman. The truth is that
Frank Gillard and Frank Beers, the Grafton
huntsmen, were great friends and allies,
and when the former had found quite a
precious gem in the shape of a Foxhound,
he imparted the fact to Beers, who conse-
quently used Weathergage in his second
season to the ultimate benefit of a great

many packs as traced through Why-not,
Workman, Wonder, and Woodman, and con-
tinued to some extraordinary families for
work, notably the V.W.H. (Mr. Batt Miller's)
Worcester, and the Puckeridge (Mr. E.
Barclay's) Councillor. It was in this way
that the old school of sportsmen bred
Foxhounds. Men such as Mr. G. S. Fol-
jambe, Captain Percy Williams, Mr. Oakley,
Mr. Nicholas Parry, Lord Portsmouth, Mr.
Robert Arkwright, and Mr. George Lane
Fox. What a debt is due to them from
the hunting world ! There is, however, a
present generation to continue the good
work. None are keener, or can love Fox-
hounds more, than the Duke of Beaufort,
Lord Harrington, Lord Middleton, Lord
Bathurst, Mr. Batt Miller, Mr. Edward
Barclay, Mr. J. C. Monro, Mr. Gerald
Hardy, or Mr. Fernie. They breed on the
lines that have been made famous, and they
have brought the Foxhound to a greater
pitch of perfection than ever.

THE VALUE OF THE FOXHOUND.

It cannot be said that the prices paid
for Foxhounds in very recent times have
greatly exceeded those of the past. In
1790 Colonel Thornton sold Merkin for
four hogsheads of claret, and the seller
to have two couples of the whelps. Then
in 1808 Mr. John Warde sold a pack of
hounds to Lord Althorpe for 1,000 guineas,
and the same gentleman sold another pack
for the same sum a few years later. In
1838 Lord Suffield offered 3,000 guineas for
Mr. Lambton's pack, and afterwards sold
it to Sir Matthew White Ridley for 2,500.
In 1834 Osbaldeston sold ten couples of
bitches, all descendants of Furrier, for
2,000 sovereigns or £100 a hound — a record
that was almost eclipsed at the sale of
Lord Poltimore's hounds in 1870, when
twenty-two couples of dog-hounds sold for
3,365 guineas.

Of late years there has been the sale of
the Quorn for, it was said, £3,000, and the
late Lord Willoughby de Broke valued the
North Warwickshire for the county to
purchase at £2,500. In 1903 the Ather-
stone was valued by Mr. Rawlence, the

214

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

well-known representative of Tattersall's,
at £3,500, or something like £50 a hound,
and that has been considered very cheap.
If, therefore, modern prices have not greatly
exceeded those of the far past, there has
not been any particular diminution, and
there is no doubt about it that if certain
packs could be purchased the prices would
far exceed anything ever reached before.
It has been stated on pretty good authority
that certain American gentlemen would
give £10,000 for either the Belvoir or the
Warwickshire, and a suggestion of this
was given less than two years ago, when,
after Ben Capel had been taking two
sportsmen • from America through the
Belvoir kennels, a couple of bitches in
whelp, that had been running about in
the park, came up to them, and were so
greatly admired that one of the visitors
said to Capel, " You can tell your master
I will give him 500 sovereigns for those
two bitches."

With prices on such a high scale, it is
really wonderful that the drafts are sold
at such low figures. For years it was the
custom to sell young drafts, the rough
with the smooth, for three guineas a couple,
and for old drafts the same, with five or
six guineas for second drafts. It is equally
wonderful, too, that those possessing judg-
ment and an eye to a hound may form a
very good pack in that way. The late
Mr. Henry Ashton, Master of the North
Warwickshire, took the view of buying
old draft bitches from good packs like the
Belvoir, Lord Galway's, the Brocklesby,
Lord Harrington's, and the Rufford, as it
seemed reasonable that they would not
have been kept four or five seasons in such
kennels unless they had been uncommonly
good. These he mated carefully to the
crack sires of the day, such as Gambler,
Gordon, and Galliard, and in six years
he made the pack that the late Lord
Willoughby de Broke valued at £2,500.
This requires great judgment, however,
for, as shown in these pages, there are
Foxhounds and Foxhounds, and in breed-
ing it does not do to accept conclusions
too quickly. The old breeders were very

particular in regard to the sources from
which they drew fresh blood. Mr. Lane
Fox, for instance, would only touch four
or five kennels, no hearsay, or extra-
ordinary beauty of form had the slightest
effect on him. He would never use a sire
unless he had seen him in his work, and a
good thick gorse covert was one of his
favourite scenes for a trial of ability.
Those who can be led away by what other
people say will never make a pack of
Foxhounds. They would spoil one, for
that is not a difficult operation. As the
late Lord Portsmouth used to say, " It
takes a good man fifteen years to make
a pack of Foxhounds, and it takes a bad
one three years to spoil one."

Much has been done of late years for
breeders of hounds and buyers by the
Messrs. Tattersall's Rugby sales, always
so ably conducted by Mr. J. R. Rawlence.
A pack can be easily made from amongst
those coming under that gentleman's ros-
trum.

THE PETERBOROUGH SHOWS.

The hound shows were commenced very
nearly as early as the dog shows. It
was in 1860 that one was held at Yarm,
which was followed by a more important
one the next year at Middlesbrough.
From that time they became closely asso-
ciated with the Great Yorkshire Agricul-
tural Society under Mr. Tom Parrington,
and famous gatherings of the hunting world
were seen at York, Malton, Redcar, Harro-
gate, Beverley, Hull, Doncaster, Leeds, and
Driffield. Everyone talked of the York-
shire hound shows and of Tom Parrington,
who is still alive to tell the stories. Con-
templating retirement from the manager-
ship of the Great Yorkshire, he trans-
ferred the hound show to Peterborough in
1877, and in the interim it has become a
very great national institution. Masters of
hounds send representatives there from
every part of the kingdom, and the annual
show in July brings more hunting people
together than any other fixture of the
summer season. That the shows have
helped hound-breeding there can be no

THE FOXHOUND.

215

question whatever. The fact that from as able as ever, but the drawbacks to good
the very first they were both countenanced sport are more numerous now than they
and supported by such great sportsmen used to be. The noble hound will always

as the Duke of Beaufort, Lord Willoughby
de Broke, and Mr. Robert Arkwright, was

be good_enpugh, and ever and anon this is
shown by a run of the Great Wood order, to

every hound will be up. There has been

a certain guarantee that the policy of the hunt over five-and-twenty to thirty miles
show ring was correct and sound. Lord at a pace to settle all the horses, and yet
Willoughby de Broke gave the greatest
evidence of all this, as
in twenty-five years he
made the Warwickshire
to be as nearly as pos-
sible equal to the Bel-
voir, and he never missed
showing. He used such
champions as the Quorn
Alfred, the Fitzwilliam
Richmond, the Pytchley
Prompter, and others
seen on the Peter-
borough flags. Then
his lordship's own prize-
takers, Hermit, Wild-
boy, Furrier, Trampler,
Sampson, and many
more had the patronage
of the kingdom through
their good looks at
Peterborough. Lord
Willoughby's quiet re-
buke to a would - be
fault-finder that he was
not at all likely to
breed from or even to keep a faulty
hound was quite enough to show that only

OLD BERKELEY FOXHOUNDS GEOFFREY AND HAWKER.
PROPERTY OF ROBERT LEADBETTER, ESQ., M.F.H.

Photograph by Russell and Sons.

a slight tendency to increase size of late
years. The Belvoir dog-hound is within

the best were good enough for his lord- very little of 24 inches instead of

ship. Splendidly managed by a strong
committee and most able secretary, Mr.
John Smart, who has held the post for
twenty-seven years, the Peterborough shows

the standard of twenty years ago, and this
increase has become very general. In
elegance of form nothing has been lost, and
there can be no other to possess beauty

afford excellent opportunities for seeing combined with power and the essential

the best hounds and for breeders to com-
pare notes as to what they are breeding
themselves, and how other people are

points for pace and endurance in the same
degree as a Foxhound.

William Somerville's poetical description,

breeding. At any rate, Foxhounds have written in 1735, still applies to the perfect
very much improved in looks during the Foxhound of to-day.

past five-and-twenty years, and unques-

"See there with countenance blithe,

tionably they are quite as good in the field And with a courtly grin; the fawning hound

or better. Whenever hounds have good Salutes thee cowering, his wide opening nose

foxes in front of them, and good hunts- Upwards he curls, and his large sloe-black eyes

men to assist or watch over them, they are Melt in soft blandishments, and humble joy !

2l6

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

His glossy skin, or yellow-pied, or blue,
In lights or shades by Nature's pencil drawn,
Reflects the various tints : his ears and legs
Flecked here and there, in gay enamelled pride,
Rival the speckled pard ; his rush-grown tail
O'er his broad back bends in an ample arch ;
On shoulders clean, upright, and firm he stands,
His round cat foot, strait hams, and wide-spread

thighs,

And his low dropping chest, confess his speed,
His strength, his wind, or on the steepy hill,
Or far-extended plain ; in every part
So well proportioned that the nicer skill
Of Phidias himself can't blame thy choice.
Of such compose thy pack."

But a more detailed description is neces-
sary for the modern sportsman, and is here
given : —

1. Head. — Somewhat broad, not peaked like
the Bloodhound, but long from the apex to the
frontal bones, eyebrows very prominent, cheeks
cut clean from the eye to the nostril, ears set low
and in their natural condition thin and shapely,
but not large, nose large, jaw strong and level, and
small dewlaps, expression fierce, and with the
best often repellent.

2. Eyes. — Very bright and deeply set, full of
determination, and with a very steady expres-
sion. The look of the Foxhound is very remark-
able.

3. Neck. — Should be perfectly clean, no skin
ruffle whatever, or neck cloth, as huntsmen call
it. The length of neck is of importance both for
stooping and giving an air of majesty.

4. Shoulders. — The blades should be well into
the back, and should slant, otherwise be wide
and strong, to meet the arms, that should be long
and powerful.

5. Legs and Feet. — The bone should be per-
fectly straight from the arm downward, and
descend in the same degree of. size to the ankles,
or, as the saying is, " down to his toes." The
knee should be almost flat and level ; there should
be no curve until coming to the toes, which
should be very strong, round cat-shaped, and
every toe clean set as it were.

6. Fore-ribs and Brisket. — Deep, fine ribs are
very essential, and the brisket should be well
below the elbows.

7. Back and Loins. — Back should be straight.
A hollow back offends the eye much, and a roach
back is worse. The loin wide, back ribs deep
and long, a slight prominence over the croup.

8. Quarters and Hocks. — The quarters cannot
be too long, full showing a second thigh, and
meeting a straight hock low down, the shank
bone short, and meeting shapely feet.

9. Coat. — The coat is hard hair, but short

and smooth, the texture is as stiff as bristles, but
beautifully laid.

10. Colour. — Belvoir tan, which is brown and
black, perfectly intermixed, with white markings
of various shapes and sizes. The white should be
very opaque and clear. Black and white, with
tan markings on head and stifles. Badger pied
— a kind of grey and white. Lemon pied, light
yellow and white. Hare pied, a darker yellow
and white.

11. Stern. — Long and carried gaily, but not
curled ; often half white.

12. Height.— Dogs from 23^ to 24 inches;
bitches from 22 to 22^ inches.

PUPPY WALKING.

The Foxhound is bred at the kennels,
but in many cases belongs to the hunting
country in which his lot is cast ; then he
is walked by a member of the hunt, or
more frequently by a friend of the same,
one who has no objection to his lands being
ridden over. At one time many agreements
of estates included a clause requiring
tenants to keep a Foxhound during certain
months of the year. The obligation is
now merely a social one, but it is almost
equally binding, and it is recognised that
the ladies of the hunt shall assist the
M.F.H. in this manner. Puppies cared for
and reared under individual attention in
comfortable homes, necessarily prosper and
become more healthy and intelligent than
when crowded together in the thronged
kennels. Lovers of dogs who live in the
neighbourhood of a hunt may usually be
allowed to take a puppy into their charge,
and in the early days of May one of the
whips from the kennel may be expected to
drive round to the hall or to the cottage —

" With an innocent bundle of white and tan,
A fat little Foxhound bred to the game,
With a rollicking eye and a league long name,
And he'll play with a cork on the end of a

string,
And walking a puppy will be ' just the thing.' "

Doubtless, the rearing of a Foxhound
puppy is a great responsibility, but it is
also a delight to many who feel that they
are helping in the advancement of a great
national sport, and there is always the
possibility that the particular puppy may
turn out to be a future Cromwell or Furrier

217

218

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

or Rambler. There is but one sad side to
the pleasure, and that is that the affections
lavished upon the maturing visitor are bound
very soon to receive the shock of necessary
severance. Young Foxhounds are not less
mischievous than the puppies of other
breeds, but neither are they less winning,
and when the time comes for the sturdy

stones, sharing his bread and cheese at
noon, and certain of a good supper at night.
She proved the best of the bitch entry,
and the cup went to the stone-breaker.
Lord Middleton kindly thought that a
five-pound note would be more acceptable
than the cup, and so sent that proposal.
" Na, na," said the road-maker, " I might

FOXHOUND PUPPIES OF THE LANARK AND RENFREW HUNT.
Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

youngster to be removed to the kennels
and entered, one forgets his juvenile in-
discretions as

"... the days went by and the bundle grew,
And broke the commandments and stole and

slew,

And covered the lawn with a varied loot,
Of fowl and feather and bone and bpot ;
And scratched in the garden a hundred holes,
And wearied our bodies and damned our souls."

And his departure is not seldom accom-
panied by a surreptitious tear.

In the times of Assheton Smith, and even
in those of Lord Henry Bentinck, the puppy
walking was all done for honour and glory,
but of late years three or four silver cups
are presented to those rearing the best.
This new development has added to the
spirit of the cause. A couple or three years
back a puppy was taken by an old stone-
breaker in Lord Middleton's hunt. The
little thing in her small days would lie
upon his coat all day on a near heap of

spend the money, but the coup I'll keep in
memory of her."

This is the English view in all classes
towards the Foxhound, and he is no ordinary
animal to be the national favourite. He
has been brought to wonderful perfection
in beauty and frame, he is quite untire-
able ; foxes may run for miles through
parishes and almost counties, to bring
horses to every kind of grief and distress,
but the hounds will not be beaten. They
will be always showing the same dash over
plough or pasture, ridge or furrow, and
leave every kind of fence behind them, amid
a music of their own which is charming.

THE STAGHOUND.

THERE is very little purpose in saying much
about the old Staghound. He practically
ceased to exist some sixty or seventy years
ago. A writer under the nom de guerre of
" Shamrock " in the New Sporting Maga-
zine of April, 1840, asserted that the Massy-

THE STAGHOUND.

219

buck hounds was a crack pack in the Baron Rothschild's hunt, established in
'thirties, and he describes their breeding as the Vale of Aylesbury late in the 'thirties,
a cross of the Irish Wolfhound and the was made up entirely of Foxhounds from
Irish Bloodhound, whatever that was, a the very beginning. They were bred by
Spanish dark red Bloodhound, and last of the Baron, and walked by his tenantry and
all with the large English Bull-dog, friends in the Vale. Old Fred Cox, who
Dreadful mongrels, therefore, and as a was nearly fifty years in the service of
matter of course they
did not last long.

There was an old
Staghound breed in the
Royal kennels at Wind-
sor as late as 1820,
and one called Windsor
has been described as
a white hound with a
small spot of yellow
on each ear, and a large
mark of the same
colour on his right
flank. He stood thirty
inches high, and showed
all the points of a lordly
breed, having the full
and kindly eye, heavy
dewlap, immense fore-
quarter, and somewhat
cat hammed. As he
was bred in 1815, he
must have been very
nearly the last of the
old race in the British
Islands. It was shortly
after this date that the
eccentric Colonel
Thornton bought the
whole of the old Royal pack, consisting of the family, had carte-blanche to go where

DOG HOUND ARGUS.

THE PROPERTY OF SIR R. R. WILMOT, BART.

MASTER OF THE BERKS AND BUCKS STAGHOUNDS.

Photograph by Russell and Sons.

forty couples of recognised Staghounds,
and took them to France, and at the same
time the Duke of Richmond gave his

he pleased for blood, and in " Will "
Goodall's time at Belvoir, he was con-
stantly there selecting sires, and dipped

Majesty the King his Goodwood pack, pretty deeply into the Singer and Senator
composed mostly of Foxhounds. Since that blood. He also visited Harry Ayris at
date the Royal Buckhounds were to all Berkeley Castle, and gave patronage to
intents and purposes Foxhounds. Charles Cromwell in 1857-58. He did not forget
Davis, the huntsman for over forty years, to go to Belvoir again in the days of Weather-
bred a few, but he mostly got them from gage, and one of his last hits was getting a
the Leicestershire or the Duke of Beaufort's famous litter by Gambler, a son of Weather-
kennels. Any breed of Staghounds was gage. Whenever Fred Cox heard of a
unknown in Davis's time, and he commenced
as whip to the Royal hunt in 1816, and was

promoted to the post of huntsman in 1824.

good hound he was always after him, pro-
vided he belonged to a crack kennel, as
the old man was very particular about

220

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

strains of blood. On his retirement the
post of Lord de Rothschild's huntsman
was filled by John Boore, who had been
kennel huntsman to Lord Willoughby de
Broke during nearly the whole of the time
his lordship was building up the Warwick-
shire to be worth £10,000. It will be
seen, therefore, that the Rothschild hunt
has been gifted with the greatest advan-
tages in the breeding of a pack of hounds
in Fred Cox's time, and they are said
to have improved since then. In those
days, however, it was a beautiful pack
of hounds. All alike, dogs 23^ inches,
bitches 22 inches, and as sorty in re-
gard to colour as those of Belvoir. The
good the Rothschild hunt has done to
Buckinghamshire cannot be estimated. It
has enriched the county so that it is one
of the most prosperous in the kingdom,
and Lord de Rothschild and Mr. Leopold
de Rothschild are ever the farmers' best
friends. If ever the faddists succeed in the
suppression of hunting the carted deer,
Lord de Rothschild has only to turn his
pack from deer to fox, to equal in quality
the beauties of the Belvoir and the War-
wickshire.

The old Staghounds were at Badminton
before 1750, as seen by pictures in the
possession of the Duke of Beaufort, but
the story of the Silkwood run in the fifth
Duke's time, when hounds by accident
settled on a fox and had a brilliant run
of an hour and a half, decided the question
of Fox versus Deer, and from that time
Foxhounds only have been located in the
famous Gloucestershire kennels. The big
25-inch hound of Badminton, however, has
always been in great request amongst the
patrons of stag-hunting, and for many years
the Devon and Somerset, hunting the wild
red deer, were ever anxious to get the
draft from Badminton. In other countries-
France and Germany especially— the Stag-
hound of the day is really the English
Foxhound.

THE WELSH HOUND.

THE wild mountains of Wales have al-
ways wanted a low scenting hound with

a great deal of tongue and in other re-
spects bearing a similarity to the Fox-
hound. They must be stout, as the
hill foxes give tremendously long runs,
often of three or four hours, and the steep
declines into the valleys are a test indeed
for shoulders. Without plenty of music,
too, they would become lost to the field in
the majority of cases, and those who have
enjoyed runs with them speak rapturously
of the steadiness of Welsh Hounds, their
never-failing cry, and general staunchness.
Some great sportsmen, Colonel Anstruther
Thomson for one, have been so enamoured
with Welsh hunting as to have thought the
hounds superior to English Foxhounds ;
but in this they have been mistaken, as
whenever the experiment has been tried
of bringing hounds from Wales into English
counties they have been found much too
slow, and wanting in drive. Colonel Thom-
son had many hounds of the Gogerddan
blood at one time in the Atherstone, but
they did not do at all for Warwickshire and
Leicestershire.

It is well authenticated that the Llangibby
pack existed as far back as 1750, and for
nearly a hundred years the hounds were
inbred to a sort of their own, but much
resembled the rough Otter-hound, standing
about 23^ inches (the dogs), long and low,
with heads of almost a Bloodhound type,
very strong and bony for their size, coats
very wiry and somewhat rough, and stern
a little shorter than in Foxhounds, but
carried gaily.

That good authority, " Borderer," says
that when Mr. John Lawrence took the
country in 1856, he got a different stamp
of hound with much Harrier blood in them ;
and it is notable that Mr. Lawrence was
Master for fifty years, and lived until he
was ninety-two. He appeared to have
every faith in Welsh Hounds, as when his
friend, Mr. Reginald Herbert, commenced
hunting the Monmouthshire and did not
kill many foxes, he wrote and said :
" My dear fellow you must have Welsh
blood in your pack, I will help you." The
Llangibby had a great name, but what
proportion of the pack was pure Welsh it

THE WELSH HOUND.

221

is hard to say if Mr. Lawrence had Harrier
blood in it in 1856.

Some of the packs in Wales are pure
English Foxhounds, but those that are
known to have at any rate some Welsh
blood in them are the Llangibby, the
Neuadd-Fawr, kept by Mrs. T. H. R.
Hughes — that lady having twenty couples
described as Welsh and first cross of Welsh-
English — but every effort is made to keep
them as Welsh as possible. Then there is
the Ynysfor, the Master of which is Mr.
Evan Bowen Jones of Ynysfor, Penrhyn-
Deudreath. The pack has been in that
gentleman's family for a hundred years,
having been hunted by his great-grandfather
from 1765 to the date of his death at
eighty-five years in 1829. His son then
held the reins of government until 1851, and
a son of the latter again from 1851, when an
uncle carried it on for another twenty-one
years, to be succeeded by the father of the
present Master, whose death took place in
1901. The hounds are of the old Welsh
breed, some rough, some smooth, and
many are of the old black and tan colour.

The Teme Valley pack is cross-bred,
English and Welsh, and the Gelligaer, of

which Mr. David Jones was the recent
Master, was as pure Welsh as that gentle-
man could get them, as he had a strong
belief in the stamina and excellence of
those so bred.

There is no doubt that the breed is still
to be had, but so many Masters of the
Welsh hunts have endeavoured to improve
by the admixture of English blood that it
has made it extremely difficult to breed the
pure ones excepting through continual in-
breeding, which is always fatal. It is said
that the English cross is not to be depended
upon, as sometimes the results of such
alliances have been good working hounds,
with the qualities perceptible from both
sides, and in other cases there has been a
loss of nose and tongue, and no great advant-
age shown in either pace or stamina. Again
also, when a good hound has been obtained,
his progeny has been of no use. Very few
English Masters would venture on such
experiments, and, in fact, they are not
wanted, as there are English Foxhounds
in goodly numbers with nose and tongue
equal to any Welsh Hound, and they are
naturally better to breed true to their own
kind.

THE MONMOUTHSHIRE PACK

222

CHAPTER XXI.

THE HARRIER.
BY THE LADY GIFFORD, M.H.

"And since we have the vaward of the day,
My love shall hear the music of my hounds :
Uncouple in the western valley ; let them go : —
Despatch, I say, and find the forester."

— "MIDSUMMER NIGHT'S DREAM."

Harrier is a distinct breed of
hound used for hunting the hare —
or rather it should be said the Asso-
ciation of Masters of Harriers are doing their

HARRIERS AT WORK.

FROM A FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ILLUMINATED MS. IN THE BIBLIOTHEQUE NATIONALS. PARIS.
REPRODUCED FROM "THE MASTER OF GAME" BY PERMISSION OF w. A. BAILLIE-GROHMAN, ESQ.

utmost to perpetuate this breea ; the Harrier
Stud Book bearing witness thereto : and it
is to be deplored that so many Masters of
Harriers ignore this fact, and are content
to go solely to Foxhound kennels to start
their packs of Harriers, choosing, maybe,
20 inch to 22 inch Foxhounds, and thence-
forth calling them Harriers. And indeed,

if it were not for the Stud Book we should
soon lose the breed of hound that can boast
of possibly greater antiquity than any other.
For did not the cavalry soldier Xenophon
at the age of fifty-four keep
a pack of Harriers, over two
thousand years ago — which he
hunted on foot near Olympia
in Elis ? He has left behind
him a disquisition on hounds
and hunting which any Master
of Harriers would do well to
study ; for it evinces a mar-
vellous mastery of this par-
ticular form of hunting. Be-
ginning with a description of a
good hound, the points of which
are practically the same as we
seek in a good hound of to-day,
Xenophon also enumerates the
faults of a bad hound, point-
ing out most clearly what to
guard against in make and
shape, and afterwards, in the
hunting field, what to look for,
to note, and check. He also
describes minutely the ways of
a hare, and how she should be
hunted, showing most perfect
knowledge of his subject in every particular.
In forming a pack of Harriers, opinions
differ as to what standard of height it is
advisable to aim at. If you want to hunt
your Harriers on foot, 16 inches is quite
big enough — almost too big to run with ;
but if you are riding to them, 20 inches is a
useful height, or even 19 inches. Either

THE HARRIER.

223

is a good workable size, and such hounds
should be able to slip along fast enough for
most people. Choose your hounds with
plenty of bone, but not too clumsy or
heavy ; a round, firm neck, not too short,
with a swan-like curve ; a lean head with
a long muzzle and fairly short ears ;
a broad chest with plenty of lung room,
fore legs like gun barrels, straight and
strong ; hind legs with good thighs and
well let down docks ; feet, round like
cats' feet, and a well-set-on, tapering
stern. Such a make and shape should
see many seasons through, and allow
you to be certain of pace and endur-
ance in your pack.

It is useless to lay down any hard
and fast rule as to colour. It is so
much a matter of individual taste, but
light-coloured hounds are useful in a
kennel in point of enabling you to see
them well in the distance.

Some Masters have a great fancy for
the dark colouring of the old Southern
Hound, but nothing could look much
smarter than a good combination of
Belvoir tan with black and white.
Puppies, as a rule, a week or two
after they are whelped, show a greater
proportion of dark marking than any
other, but this as they grow older soon
alters, and their white marking be-
comes much more conspicuous. Some
particular marking shows itself for
generations. It may be a little forked
white mark on the forehead of a
hound, and if watched for, it will be
seen quite distinctly occurring over and
over again in different members of that
one family. Again, particular traits of
character are seen recurring in a most
curious way, such as the fear of thunder,
or of guns. There is much to be taken
into consideration before starting to breed
your own hounds. The most satisfactory
way of keeping a really good pack together
is to breed your own hounds when you
have got a thoroughly good strain, taking
care to replenish them by occasional drafts
from well-known reliable kennels. And then,
too, every young entry coming into work

provides a fund of interest, and I think
here may be urged the necessity of naming
your hound puppies say at two months old.
They learn their names astonishingly quickly
at this period of their lives, and I am con-
vinced that it saves them in after life much

HUNTING y HARE

HARRIERS.

FROM A SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY PRINT.

of the whip and rating from Hunt servants,
who are seldom sufficiently quiet with
hounds. By learning their own names thus
early in life, they become obedient and
acquire good ways before the fact of being
obedient is any trouble to them ; and there
are not many prettier sights than to watch
a lot of very young puppies answering their
names in turn. It also prevents their being
shy. What is more tiresome than to call a
young hound up to you, and find that he
promptly goes in the opposite direction ?

Let your puppies from their earliest youth
be out of doors all day long, if possible on
grass with a movable wire-netting enclosure,

224

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG

so that the ground can be changed every
few days. Never keep puppies on stale
ground ; and place inside the enclosure or-
dinary big dog kennels to provide shelter
for them. They may begin this out of door
life directly they are weaned, and even
before, if there is sufficient space for the
mothers to be out too ; they should not be
put out until the dew gets off the grass,
but may remain out until sunset in summer.
It is a good plan to have their night
kennel so situated that every time the

LORD HOPETOUN'S WINIFRED AND ARTFUL

Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

puppies are taken to bed and brought out
in the morning they have to pass through
a yard where the grown hounds are ; it
gives the puppies confidence, and takes all
fear away. The earlier they learn kennel
ways the better it will be for them in after
life ; habits of discipline thus early instilled
will never be forgotten. Let them lie on low
hound benches (not boxes) and gradually
heighten these as the puppies grow larger.
They are much more airy and healthy for
them than an enclosed thing like a box.
Be very careful in your choice of walks,
and when you have puppies going out to
walk, make it thoroughly understood that
the first symptom of distemper be reported
to you at once. The life of many a valuable
young hound has been lost through not
taking the proper steps in time. And
so the months pass by, and the time
arrives for them to come back to kennel.

The restraint of this new life must be most
irksome at first, but the young hounds soon
get accustomed to it. Of course fighting
in kennel must be watched for during the
first few weeks. Never check a "song."
It is easy enough to discern between
"chiming" and fighting, and the former
seems to give them vent for their feel-
ings, and to keep them happy and con-
tented. The listener will get joy out of
such singing if he will only listen atten-
tively.

Let us pass on now to the time when
the corn is cut and the harvest is gathered,
for young hounds must now be entered,
and the veterans got to work. Only a
huntsman quite knows the intense pleasure
of seeing hounds busy again as the season
comes round, and it is a splendid sight to see
the puppies copy the old hounds when the
latter are feathering on a line. They will
join in lustily for a few minutes, and then
up go their heads, and they will be " on-
lookers " for awhile. But there are ex-
ceptions to these ordinary tactics of a
beginner, and I can call to mind some few
hounds that began to be workers from the
first day they were out, taking the'r own
initiative, and even once or twice putting
the pack right when at fault. You may be
very certain a huntsman never forgets such
incidents, and that he keeps a tender spot
in his heart for that puppy, and will tell
you with much pride " He was born to it.
He took a line as true as steel on his first
day."

It is wonderful how steady a pack can be
on the opening early morning. What must
it feel like to them to be allowed to go, after
four or five months' inactivity ? But inac-
tivity only in respect to hunting, for they
will have been at exercise with horses along
by-roads soon after sunrise for many weeks
past, getting their feet hard and themselves
generally fit for the dawning of that glorious
autumn morning, with the air laden with
sweet scents.

It is better to get a hare walked up if
possible, because they sit too close at this
time of the year, and are so liable to be
chopped. Let her get well ahead before you

THE HARRIER.

225

LADY GIFFORD'S MARKSMAN.

begin to draw, then take your hounds into
the field, and let them draw up to her form.
They will soon get on her line, and work up
to the form, and then take up the scent again
beyond it and settle down to it well over
the fallow or seed field, or whatever it may
be where you " found," and unless you

happen to be
hunting an
old hare that
knows the
business well,
she will not
stand up very
long before a
vigorous,
eager lot of
keen workers
so early in
the season ;
but you will
have blooded
the puppies,
and by the

time your season opens, say by the middle
or end of October, both hounds and hares
will be fit to " go."

At this time of year the usual difficulty
arises with covert owners. Messages come
from anxious keepers to say " such and such
a covert has not been shot," or, another
" is to be shot next week," and if your
country lies in the middle of some big
shoots the life of a Master of Harriers is a
burden to him until after Christmas. Most
arable land, too, has to be avoided until the
partridges are shot. There is certain to be
a partridge drive coming off the day after
you meet anywhere ! So you feel you must
go off, to draw a piece of rough grass you
know of that may be good for a hare, rather
than the stubble field that was a sure find.
The rough field yields a hare all right, but
she makes straight for the nearest wood, and
just as hounds are settling down well to the
line, they must be whipped off. And thus
many a good run is spoilt. But later on in
the season, hares will go through woods
without dwelling, if they are making a
point, and give hounds a rare gallop.

The North of England is an ideal Harrier

country, Northumberland for choice, with
glorious stretches of moorland carrying a
grand scent. The Southern counties are
too much enclosed, everything feels cramped,
and there are too many people coming out
hunting in large numbers and caring little
or nothing about actual hunting. It is a
pity no rule exists to compel those who
wish to hunt to learn a few simple laws of
how to ride to hounds, before they come out.
Each season finds more people following
hounds who ride so close on the top of
them, over-riding them at every turn, that
all chance of good sport is spoilt.

Of course this applies to all hunting, but
perhaps especially to hare-hunting, as a
hare doubles so quickly, often running back
a few yards over exactly the same ground
that she covered in the first instance ; she
will then strike off a yard or two to right or
left, and go on again. It is easy to see, in
cases of this kind, how puzzling it is for
hounds to pick up the line if they are over-
ridden. Then again, a hare will give a

LADY GIFFORD'S DESPERATE AND
KENNEL MATES.

spring into the air, leaving a good space of
ground untouched. This seems to be in-
tense cunning on her part, and has perforce
the result she evidently means it to have,
viz. scent failing, and hounds completely
baffled for the time. And here is another
mysterious thing about scent : you come
to a gateway, or possibly a place where two
ways meet ; you make up your mind, when
you see hounds stop suddenly and throw
up their heads, that the hare has gone on.

226

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

You try them on. Not a hound will own
to the line. The only thing to be done,
after you have tried north, south, east,
and west of it, is to wait a few moments,
filling up your time by making a big cast,
making the Field stand in one place as
quietly as they can (they will generally talk,
and take off the hounds' attention if possible).
You try the place again where they originally
checked, and nine times out of ten the

A MORNING VISIT.

LADY GIFFORD'S OLD PARK PACK OF HARRIERS.

hounds will run " on " with a burst of
music. Why ? You know that in all prob-
ability this will happen, but has anyone
ever been able satisfactorily to explain
to you the reason ?

There are days in a huntsman's life when
everything seems to go right, when hounds
look to him for help, he gives it, never making
a mistake — he casts them just right, and if
he lifts hounds they hit it off exactly, and he
begins to think he understands scent ; he
has been years at his work and certain
knowledge is coming to him at last ! It is
all going to be plain sailing henceforth.
Is it ? Alas, next hunting-day things do
not go so easily, and he has to own that
scent is still a mystery, and always will be.
Would the fascination of hunting be of the
absorbing interest it always has been —

and still is — if the mystery of scent were
made clear ? I venture to think not.

Harriers have a more difficult task, take
it all round, than Foxhounds ; the reason
being that a hare evidently has less scent
than a fox. For example, see Harriers on
a day when they have been toiling after a
hare with little or no scent, suddenly get on
to the line of a fox. A perfect chorus will
burst forth, and they can run him strongly

and well. Or try
them in covert, on
a very hot day in
spring, when the
old dead leaves lie
thick upon the
ground, dried up
and withered ; even
then they will hunt
a fox quite easily —
where a Foxhound
will find it difficult
to own to the line.
This seems to point
to the fact that the
nose of a Harrier,
from being accus-
tomed to hunt an
animal with a lesser
scent, is more sensi-
tive, so that he can
more easily make

good a line under difficult circumstances.
It is interesting to note, in watching a
pack of hounds working, which individual
hounds to rely on in a tight place. Those
of the Field who come out to ride and
not to hunt, miss so much of interest
by being unobservant. The hounds that
are to be relied on at all times have the
entire confidence of the remainder of the
pack ; they quickly acknowledge the right
of a few to be leaders. Take, for instance,
some period of any ordinary run when they
are at fault for a moment. A single hound
goes a little apart from the others : you
will see his stern waving, his whole body
vibrating, but, at present, not a sound. By
this time the remainder of the pack have all
been trying hard to pick up the line over
various portions of the ground ; the hound

THE HARRIER.

227

by himself has been trying the most unlikely
hedgerows and sides of ditches. Surely he
is wrong ! And you are just going to touch
your horn and blow him in, when he whim-
pers. The whole pack as if by magic lift
their heads ; they listen ! He has spoken.
It is enough. They go to him with a rush —
they never question his right to be trusted.
Hounds are so wise, so loyal. You hear that
glad pouring forth of sound as they settle
down on the line once more, and you sit
down in your saddle and feel you are in for
a good ride.

The sad side of hunting is when your best
hounds grow old, and others fill their places.
Take the case of a hound who has been a
leader for some long time. The days come
when he just cannot be first, and he
knows it. When he realises this, he speaks,
hoping the others will still listen, but an-
other has spoken ahead of him, and they
know that Marksman is no longer their
leader. Pathetic thought ! It came hard
to him at first to give place to others ; he
was always first in everything, in beauty of
form, in perfect breeding, in absolute know-
ledge of the way to hunt a hare under any
circumstances, whether on land or in water ;
for he could hunt a hare in a river like an
Otterhound. In the evening of his life if
the meet was near the kennels, he would
walk out and take up a central position on
ground where he knew they would hunt

— it seemed as if he knew the run of every
hare — and there he would wait and watch
until he heard the voices of his beloved com-
rades coming nearer, and until they swept
past him in full cry. Occasionally the spirit
of the chase entered into him too strongly,
and he would try hard to follow a few yards ;
but he was too feeble to go far. And so he
would sit down again and wait once more for
their coming, and his patience was often
rewarded. He is at rest now, having spent
nearly fifteen years in this world, and no
better hound ever lived.

If they are well looked after, Harriers will
often last eight seasons, and even longer.

See that you have one or two good road
hounds in your pack. They are at all
times invaluable, because a hare is very fond
of running a road if beat, and without a
hound capable of taking a line on a road, you
would fare badly.

I will only mention one thing more, and
that is, that from personal observation I am
inclined to think a hare must rather enjoy
the voice of hounds, because last year a
hare put her two leverets in the kitchen
garden (which is only a few yards away from
my kennels and kennel yard), coming, as is
the custom of hares, back to feed them in the
evening, and remaining in the daytime in
a field behind the kennel. So she heard the
hounds' voices continually, and apparently
preferred being near them.

A MEET OF HARRIERS IN SUSSEX.

228

GROUP OF MR. A GORHAM'S ROUGH-COATED BEAGLES.
Photograph by Russell atid Sons.

CHAPTER XXII.
THE BEAGLE.

BY G. S. LOWE.

" Pour down, like a flood from the hills, brave boys,
On the wings of the wind
The merry beagles fly ;
Dull sorrow lags behind :
Ye shrill echoes reply,
Catch each flying sound, and double our joys."

WM. SOMERVILLE.

r I ^HERE is nothing to surpass the beauty
of the Beagle either to see him on the
flags of his kennel or in unravelling
a difficulty on the line of a dodging hare.
In neatness he is really the little model of
a Foxhound. He is, of course, finer, but
with the length of neck so perfect in the
bigger hound, the little shoulders of the
same pattern, legs and feet the same, and
the typical quarters and second thighs.
Then how quick he is in his casts ! and when
he is fairly on a line, of course he sticks to
it, as the saying is, " like a beagle."

Beagles have been carefully preserved for
a great many years, and in some cases they
have been in families for almost centuries.
In the hereditary hunting establishments
they have been frequently found, as the
medium of amusement and instruction in
hunting for the juvenile members of the

house ; and there can be nothing more likely
to instil the right principles of venery into
the youthful mind than to follow all the
ways of these little hounds. They must not
be hurried at all — just taken into a field and
a wave of the hand is enough to make them
very busy. A hare, rabbit, or whatever it
may be, will not take them off their noses
if breaking away in view, but they hold to
the line in a sort of revelry of enjoyment.
To lift them is impossible, they know their
part so well, and, throwing their tongues
like peals of little bells, they will hunt a
hare to. death by sheer pertinacity. It is
all perfect hunting: not at all like that
of the Dachshund, who dwells round the
form of a hare, and seemingly does not dare
to trust himself. But the little Beagle, with-
out dashing away at all like a Foxhound
— who gets impatient in the enchantment

THE BEAGLE.

229

of his pleasure — hangs on to a line as if
tied to it. The young sportsman may
take all this to account, and learn that it
does not do to excite the hounds. They
must not throw their heads up or they
may overlap the running of their quarry
by a furlong. To do as the Beagle does
is an object lesson.

Dorsetshire used to be the great county
for Beagles. The downs there were exactly
fitted for them, and years ago, when roe-
deer were preserved on the large estates,
Beagles were used to hunt this small breed
of deer. Mr. Cranes' Beagles were noted
at the time, and also those of a Colonel
Harding. It is on record that King George
IV. had a strong partiality for Beagles, and
was wont to see them work on the downs
round about Brighton.

The uses of the Beagle in the early days
of the last century, however, were a good
deal diversified. They were hunted in big
woodlands to drive game to the gun, and
perhaps the ordinary Beagle of from 12
inches to 14 inches was not big enough for
the requirements of the times. It is quite
possible, therefore, that the Beagle was
crossed with the Welsh, Southern or Otter-
hound, to get more size and power, as
there certainly was a Welsh rough-coated
Beagle of good 18 inches, and an almost
identical contemporary that was called
the Essex Beagle. Sixty years ago such
hounds were common enough, but possibly
through the adoption of the more prevalent
plan of beating coverts, and Spaniels being
in more general use, the vocation of the
Beagle in this particular direction died out,
and a big rough-coated Beagle is now very
rarely seen. A very pretty lot of little
rough Beagles were recently shown at
Reigate. They were called the Telscombe,
and exhibited by Mr. A. Gorham.

That a great many of the true order were
bred became very manifest as soon as the
Harrier and Beagle Association was formed,
and more particularly when a section of
the Peterborough Hound Show was reserved
for them. Then they seemed to spring from
every part of the country. In 1896 one
became well acquainted with many packs

that had apparently held aloof from the
dog shows. There was the Cheshire, the
Christ Church (Oxford), Mr. T. Johnson's,
the Royal Rock, the Thorpe Satchville, the
Worcestershire, etc., and of late there have
been many more that are as well known as
packs of Foxhounds. One hears now of the
Chauston, the Halstead Place — very noted
indeed — the Hulton, the Leigh Park, the
Stoke Place, the Edinburgh, the Surbiton,
the Trinity Foot, the Wooddale, Mrs. G. W.
Hilliard's, Mrs. Price's, and Mrs. Turner's
— exhibited at Peterborough in 1906 — and
they were surpassed again at the Crystal
Palace June Show, 1906, which was confined
to Foxhounds, Harriers, and Beagles.

Mr. James Russel, the master of the
Halstead Place pack, showed some beauties
that for type cannot be well excelled.
His dog hound Searcher, under 14 inches
high, is thought the most marvellous
little hound in the world. He has all the
elegance of a Belvoir Foxhound about him,
is quite a picture in colour and markings,
has model legs and feet, and such a carriage
for a little one ! Mr. Russel bred him
himself by his Solomon, out of Gracious, by
Lord Ducie's Trumpeter.

In the unentered class the same kennel
provided the winners in a beautiful couple
of little bitches called Preference and Rosa-
mond, and Mrs. Price, who must also have
a charming pack, gained the reserve with
Careful and Farmer. The Leigh Park pack,
owned by Sir Frederick FitzWygram, was
wonderfully good too, a couple of half-
sisters by the Thorpe Satchville Bellman,
called Dorothy and Haughty, being as hand-
some as pictures, especially Dorothy. They
took first in a class for exhibits that had
not won at Peterborough for three years.
It was a long way to come from Edinburgh
to Peterborough, but still Mr. A. M. Hender-
son was not dismayed by distance or trouble,
and he took second to the above-named
couple with Ringwood and Heedless, both
beauties by sires from well-known kennels.
Ringwood is by the Halstead Place Forager,
and the other by Petting's Bellman.

Mrs. Price's kennel must be one of very
high quality, as that lady showed some

230

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

that could scarcely be surpassed in hound
points and beauty, but merit at the Peter-
borough Show of 1906 was so great as to
make it very difficult to get first prizes.
So one saw the Trinity Foot beating Mrs.
Price's in an unentered class, and there
was no beating the Halstead Place for the
best couple of bitches — Chorus and Rachel
getting a first, perhaps pretty easily. Rachel,

Palace Cup as the best Beagle in the show,
and with his kennel companions helped to
take the cup for the best three couples.
Mrs. Price showed successfully an old
favourite, Fulmen, in the single dog class,
but he is a well-known champion. Sir F.
FitzWygram won with Dorothy against
nineteen competitors, and one that caught
the attention of everyone was a beautiful

GROUP OF THE MARQUIS OF LINLITHGOW'S BEAGLES.
Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaiv.

who was bred by the Chauston, also got the
champion cup as the best bitch in the show-

The Surbiton, of which Mr. A. G. Allen
Turner is the master, must be very good
to have got second in the open class here
with Passion and Nimble. It was a great
show for the President's Cup, for the best
three couples, and here again the Halstead
Place came out first with Searcher and
Statesman (brothers), Ranter and Rachel
(brother and sister), and Chorus and Cobnut.
The three couples might have been taken
as the exact type of what Beagles ought to
be.

The show at the Crystal Palace was
thought even better than at Peterborough,
as there were no fewer than nineteen packs
entered. The Halstead Searcher was, as
usual, to the fore, as he took the Crystal

little lemon pied bitch called Primrose,
exhibited by Mr. E. F. Goff, the master of
the Wooddale, this little lady coming out first
in her class. To make the competition all
the stronger at the Crystal Palace the Marquis
of Linlithgow sent down a beautiful lot
from Scotland, and although his lordship
was not overdone with success right through
the show, a little gem of his called Dutchie
fairly " brought down the house."

What must have struck anyone who saw
these Beagle shows of 1906 at Peterborough
and the Crystal Palace, was the obvious
unanimity of breeders in the matter of
type. There were no outsiders, if one may
use the term ; all were as much like Searcher,
Fulmen, Primrose, Dorothy, and Dutchie
as possible, without being quite their equals,
and this speaks volumes for the breed, as

THE BEAGLE.

231

excepting in long existence, in the hands of
private individuals for their own use and
pleasure, they have not been the medium
of public competitions for many years.
The owners, like the masters of Foxhound
kennels, have never been very partial to
the ordinary dog shows, and so the develop-
ment of the up-to-date Beagle, as seen at
these shows, is somewhat new. It is just
as it should be, though, and if more people
take up " beagling " — to coin a term — it
may not be in the least surprising. They
are very beautiful little hounds, can give a
vast amount of amusement, and, for the
matter of that, healthy exercise. If a stout
runner can keep within fairly easy distance
of a pack of these well-bred little Beagles on
the line of a lively Jack hare, he is in the
sort of condition to be generally envied.

Description of the Beagie.

1. Head. — Fair length, powerful without being
coarse ; skull domed, moderately wide, with an
indication of peak, stop well defined, muzzle not
snipy, and lips well flowed.

2. Nose. — Black, broad, and nostrils well ex-
panded.

3. Eyes. — Brown, dark hazel or hazel, not deep
set nor bulgy, and with a mild expression.

4. Ears. — Long, set on low, fine in texture, and
hanging in a graceful fold close to the cheek.

5. Neck. — Moderately long, slightly arched,
the throat showing some dewlap.

6. Shoulders. — Clean and slightly sloping.

7. Body. — Short between the couplings, well
let down in chest, ribs fairly well sprung and well
ribbed up, with powerful and not tucked-up
loins.

8. Hindquarters. — Very muscular about the
thighs, stifles and hocks well bent, and hocks
well let down.

9. Forelegs. — Quite straight, well under the dog,
of good substance and round in the bone.

10. Feet. — Round, well knuckled up, and
strongly padded.

11. Stern. — Moderate length, set on high, thick
and carried gaily, but not curled over the back.

12. Colour. — Any recognised hound colour.

13. Coat. — Smooth variety : Smooth, very dense
and not too fine or short. Rough variety : Very
dense and wiry.

14. Height. — Not exceeding 16 inches. Pocket
Beagles must not exceed 10 inches.

15. General Appearance. — A compactly-built
hound, without coarseness, conveying the impres-
sion of great stamina and vivacity.

There was until some few years ago in
Ireland a hound known as the Kerry Beagle,
but it seems now to be practically extinct,
although-so recently as 1870 the Scarteen
pack in Tipperary was composed entirely
of this breed. It was described by Richard-
son in 1851 as a fine, tall, dashing hound,
averaging 26 inches in height, with deep
chops, broad pendulous ears, and, when
highly bred, hardly to be distinguished
from an indifferent Bloodhound. The coat
was hard, close and smooth, in colour black
and tan, or blue mottled and tan. Some
were tan and white, or black, tan and
white. They were at one time used for
deer hunting.

Etonians will expect here some reference
to the E.C.H. When we first hear of the
Beagles at Eton they apparently hunted a
drag or an occasional bagged fox ; but the
more legitimate sport of hare hunting has
for many years reigned supreme. There is
always a good pack of about twenty couples
kept in an enclosure known as the Kennels
up in Agar's Plough. A kennelman is paid
to look after them. The puppies are usually
walked by the young sportsmen at their
homes, and a prize is given every winter
half for the best walked Beagle. The
appointment of the Master used to rest
with the Captain of the Boats, but this
custom has fallen into abeyance. He acts
as huntsman and is assisted by three whips.
All four wear brown velveteen coats, and
some seventy boys are allowed to run with
them. There were at one period two packs,
a Colleger and an Oppidan, but they were
amalgamated in 1866, and now any boy
may put his name down to join, his admis-
sion being determined by the Master. The
subscription is thirty shillings, reduced to
fifteen shillings at half-term. The Beagles
run every half-holiday during the Easter
half, and there is usually a good field.
" Beagles " are not always looked upon with
favour by the authorities at Eton, and
attempts have occasionally been made to
stop the sport; but it is well disciplined,
and there is no doubt that it provides an
excellent training for our future Fox-
hunters.

232

POINTERS AT SCHOOL ON THE MOORS.

Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

CHAPTER XXIII.
THE POINTER.

BY G. S. LOWE.

" Sportsman, sir ? " asked Mr. Jingle, abruptly turning to Mr. Winkle.
" A little, sir," replied that gentleman.
" Fine pursuit, sir, fine pursuit. Dogs, sir ? "
" Not just now," said Mr. Winkle.

"Ah! you should keep dogs — fine animals — sagacious creatures — dog of my own once —
Pointer — surprising instinct." PICKWICK PAPERS.

IT has never been made quite clear in
history why the Spaniards had a dog
that was very remarkable for pointing
all kinds of game. They have always been
a pleasure-loving people, certainly, but
more inclined to bull-fighting than field-
craft, and yet as early as 1600 they must
have had a better dog for game-finding
than could have been found in any other
part of the world. Singularly enough, too,
the most esteemed breeds in many countries
can be traced from the same source, such
as the Russian Pointer, the German Pointer,
the French double-nosed Griffon, and, far
more important still, the English Pointer.
A view has been taken that the Spanish

double-nosed Pointer was introduced into
England about two hundred years ago,
when fire-arms were beginning to be popular
for fowling purposes. Setters and Spaniels
had been used to find and drive birds into
nets, but as the Spanish Pointer became
known it was apparently considered that
he alone had the capacity to find game for
the gun. This must have been towards the
end of the seventeenth century, and for the
next fifty years at least something very
slow was wanted to meet the necessities of
the old-fashioned flintlock gun, which
occupied many minutes in loading and
getting into position. Improvements came
by degrees, until they set in very rapidly,

THE POINTER.

233

but probably by 1750, when hunting had than their Pointers. The old Spanish Pointer

had been left behind, and the English dog
of the middle of the last century was a
perfect model for pace, stamina, resolution,
and nerve, if one may call it so. The breed
was exactly adapted to the requirements of
that day, which was not .quite as fast as the
present. Men shot with good Joe Mantons,
did their own loading, and walked to their
dogs, working them right and left by hand

progressed a good deal, and pace was
increased in all pastimes, the old-fashioned
Pointer was voted a nuisance through his
extreme caution and tortoise-like move-
ments.

That excitable sportsman, Colonel Thorn-
ton, had evidently become so impressed,
as in early life he had crossed the Spanish
Pointer with Foxhounds, and he had bred
up to a tolerably ad-
vanced breed for many
years before his estab-
lishment at Thornville
Royal was broken up.

There is evidence,
through portraits, that
Pointers had been alto-
gether changed by the
year 1800, but it is
possible that the breed
then had been con-
tinued by selection
rather than by crossing
for a couple of decades,
perhaps, as it is quite
certain that by 1815
sportsmen were still
dissatisfied with the
want of pace in the
Pointer, and Mr. Edge
of Strelly, the Rev.
Mr. Houlden, a well-
known follower of the Quorn and Atherstone,
Mr. Moore of Appleby, in the Atherstone
country, Sir Tatton Sykes, in his Yorkshire
country, the Earls of Derby and Sefton,
and Sir Richard Sutton were known to have
crossed their Pointers with Foxhounds at
about that time.

It must be remembered that all the above
were staunch Foxhound men, and believed
in little else for stamina, dash, and hunting
aptitude. By 1835 the breeds of all these
noblemen and gentlemen were firmly estab-
lished, and they bred from each other's
kennels. The Strelly, the Appleby, the
Knowsley (Lord Derby's), Lord Sefton's and
Lord Lichfield's were the sources for blood
all through the 'forties and 'fifties, and
nothing could have been more celebrated

3°

THE SPANISH POINTER.

From " The Sportsman's Cabinet" (1803). By P. Reinagle, R.A.

and whistle. The dogs beat their ground
methodically, their heads at the right level
for body scent, and when they came on game,
down they were ; the dog that had got it
pointing, and the other backing or awaiting
developments. There was nothing more
beautiful than the work of a well-bred and
well-broken brace of Pointers, or more
perfect than the way a man got his shots
from them. There was nothing in the
least slow about them, but on the contrary
they went a great pace, seemed to shoot
into the very currents of air for scent, and
yet there was no impatience about them
such as might have been expected from the
Foxhound cross. The truth of it was that
the capacity to concentrate the whole atten-
tion on the object found was so intense as to

234

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

have lessened every other propensity. The
rush of the Foxhound had been absorbed
by the additional force of the Pointer
character. There has been nothing at all
like it in canine culture, and it came out so
wonderfully after men had been shooting in
the above manner for about forty years.

It was nearing the end of this period that
field trials began to occupy the attention of
breeders and sportsmen, and although Setters

SIR RICHARD GARTH'S DRAKE.

THE FIRST POINTER CHAMPION AT FIELD TRIALS.

FROM A PAINTING BY GEORGE EARL.

had been getting into equal repute for the
beauty of their work, there was something
more brilliant about the Pointers at first.
Brockton's Bounce was a magnificent dog,
a winner on the show bench, and of the
first Field Trial in England. He strained
from the Edge of Strelly's sort, and Lord
Henry Bentinck's, and was probably just
seven-eighths Pointer to one of Foxhound,
within a period of forty-five years. That was
the opinion of the late Mr. Sam Price, and
of Mr. Brockton, who is alive now. Newton's
Ranger was another of the early performers,
and he was very staunch and brilliant, but
it was in the next five years that the most
extraordinary Pointer merit was seen, as
quite incomparable was Sir Richard Garth's
Drake, who was just five generations from

the Spanish Pointer, his line reading as a
son of Don, son of Rap, son of Mars, son
of Pallas — Spanish Pointer. In the female
branches, though, in Don, Rap, and Mars,
there was an inbred preponderance of Lord
Sefton's sorts, and they were thought to
have had a somewhat longer probation from
the Foxhound cross than others. The
Seftons were exceedingly inbred to their
own kennel lines. Drake was rather a tall,
gaunt dog, but with immense
depth of girth, long shoulders,
long haunches, and a benevo-
lent, quiet countenance. There
was nothing very attractive
about him when walking about
at Stafford prior to his trial,
but the moment he was down
he seemed to paralyse his op-
ponent, as he went half as
fast again. It was calculated
that he went fifty miles an
hour, and at this tremendous
pace he would stop as if pe-
trified, and the momentum
would cover him with earth
and dust. Quite a sight it
was to watch him on point.
It was perhaps more of a drop
than a point. He could not
transfix himself at the pace he
went, but he was wonderfully
staunch and true. He did not
seem capable of making a mistake, and his
birds were always at about the same distance
from him, to show thereby his extraordinary
nose and confidence. Nothing in his day
could beat him in a field. He got some
good stock, but they were not generally
show form, the bitches by him being mostly
light and small, and his sons a bit high on
the leg. None of them had his pace, but
some were capital performers, such as Sir
Thomas Lennard's Mallard, Mr. George
Pilkington's Tory, Mr. Lloyd Price's Luck
of Edenhall, winner of the Field Trial Derby,
1878 ; Lord Downe's Mars and Bounce, and
Mr. Barclay Field's Riot. When Sir Richard
Garth went to India and sold his kennel
of Pointers at Tattersall's, Mr. Lloyd Price
gave 150 guineas for Drake.

THE POINTER.

235

It is necessary to go a little further back
than Drake to get at the first super-excellence
of the English Pointer as found in the early
part of the last century, and to the honour
of Field Trials it must be mentioned that
all the Pointers of after-note in the field
strained from the dogs that ran in the
inaugural trials of all. This was at Southill
in 1865, when the Pointers were divided into
large and small sizes, the former including
Mr. W. R. Brockton's Bounce and Mr.
W. G. Newton's Ranger, and the latter Mr.
J. H. Whitehouse's Hamlet. In a maximum
of 40 for nose, Bounce and Hamlet were
accredited full marks, Bounce taking the
highest compliment too in pace and range,
and also for temperament. He was, there-
fore, estimated by the judges, the Rev. T.
Pearce and Mr. Walker, of Halifax, to have
been absolutely perfect. Hamlet was the
same, both taking 90 in a hundred, but
Ranger only got 30 for nose, and half marks
for pace. This tallied much with his
character at home, as although a good,
steady, workmanlike dog, he yet was never
quite brilliant, such as Bounce had the
credit of being, and the late Mr. Whitehouse,
a capital sportsman, would always contend
that he never shot over a better than
Hamlet. Bounce was by the Duke of
Newcastle's Bounce, out of Juno ; Hamlet by
Bird's Bob, out of Juno ; Bob by Battock's
Joker, out of the late Joseph Lang's (the
gunmaker of Cockspur Street) Fan, by
Lang's Frank, out of Taylor's Bell, by Lord
Ducie's Duncan, out of Sir Massey Stanley's
Bloom.

It is notable that the pedigrees of the
crack Pointers, so far as they went, always
ended with the distinguished Foxhound
breeders, Lord Ducie being a Master of
Hounds for a good quarter of a century ;
and it was the opinion of Mr. Whitehouse
that the origin of the lemon and white
Pointers — such as Hamlet, who mostly got
his own colour in that hue — was the lemon
pied Foxhound. Mr. Whitehouse held strong
opinions on that point, and often declared
to the writer that if he had been twenty
years old instead of fifty, he should have
tried the cross again,to maintain constitution,

stamina, and bone ; but according to his
calculations it would take thirty years to
get at the results aimed at, and so it was
only practicable as an experiment for a
young life. However, the mid-century
owners and breeders had probably all the
advantages of what a past generation had
done, as there were certainly many wonderful
Pointers in the 'fifties, 'sixties, and 'seventies,
as old men living to-day will freely allow.
They were produced very regularly, too,
in a marvellous type of perfection. Drake
had Newton's Ranger blood in him, as
his dam Doll was by Ranger, and the latter
was by Sir Thomas Whichcote's Ranger.

Another great performer in the early
'seventies was the late Mr. Sam Price's Bang,
got by Coham's Bang, son of Hamlet, out
of Vesta by Brockton's Bounce. Here is an
exact pedigree from the first field trial
performers at Southill, and there was no
Pointer more celebrated both on the bench
and in the field than Price's Ch. Bang as
he was called. He won at the Crystal
Palace more than once, and gained his
championship there. He was first also at
Plymouth, Exeter, and numerous other
shows, and in field trials he won at the
Devon and Cornwall ; and in the same
season at Shrewsbury was second in the
All-Aged Stake to Mr. Beckett's Rector,
and the next day won the Braces with his
son Mike, then a puppy, beating thirteen
other braces of about the best Setters and
Pointers in the kingdom, such as Viscount
Downe's Mark and Drake II., Mr. Purcell
Llewellin's Leda and Laura, the Duke of
Westminster's Noble and Ruth, and Mr.
Barclay Field's Bruce and Rose. This
performance was repeated the next year
over even a better lot, as the great Drake
was in it ; but as his companion was only a
young puppy it was hardly a fair display of
the powers of the old dog, who was then
eight years of age. At any rate, Bang
and Mike would have been accepted as
the best brace of Pointers in the world
at that time. Wonderful, too, they won
the same stake for the third year in succes-
sion. My own remarks on their third
victory were : " Bang and Mike have now

236

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

won the Braces three years in succession,
and they are unquestionably the best brace
of Pointers in the world. Nothing can
exceed the perfection of their work, and
together they are faultless."

Shortly after this Mr. Price sold Mike to
Doctor Salter for a good figure, and refused
400 sovereigns for Bang.

In Devonshire it was considered a treat
to see Mr. Sam Price and his dog Bang
in a morning on partridges : the ground
worked with mathematical precision ; Bang's
decisive point, his staunchness to wait for

• -

progeny, as, of course, he was patronised
from every part of the world. His son Mike
was, if anything, faster than he was, though
not always as sure, and his daughter Bow
Bells was a little charm. To see her cut in
and out of the wind was delightful, and then
her point was as effective as that of her sire.
Bang Bang, who was unlucky not to have
won -the Field Trial Derby for Mr. Fred
Lowe in 1881, was a capital dog, and a
winner of Field Trials in England, Belgium,
and America. He was sold into the latter
country for 140 sovereigns. Young Bang

MR. W. SHEARER CLARK'S CH. LUNESDALE GEORGE.

BY LUNESDALE TED -DRINDRESS. BRED BY MRS. HORNER.

Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

his master as long as the latter pleased, and
his perfect manners as the outside bird fell
and then the other. Mr. Price was an old-
fashioned shot, and to miss a right and left
was rare. With plenty of game about, and the
wind in Bang's favour, the bag was always
a very big one. Bang had some extraordin-
arily good Pointers amongst his numerous

was a very good single-handed dog, but
jealous with another. As a sire he became
famous, as the Field Trial Derby winners,
Priam and Scamp, were by him out of Teal,
by Lord Downe's Mars, son of Drake, her
dam, Lort's Lill by General Prim, son of
Holford, Bang's dam being by Hamlet, so
doubly bred into the first winners at Southill.

THE POINTER.

237

Priam, an extraordinarily good Pointer, was
the sire of Mr. Salter's Paris and Osborn Ale,
Field Trial Derby winner of 1884 and 1885.
Mr. Salter had an exceptionally good little
bitch also in Romp's Baby by Mike, and
altogether the sons and grandsons of Young

bold dogs, but not bold enough for their
sporting owner. His Macgregor, a liver and
white by Sancho, out of Blanche, by Bob,
son of Hamlet, was a very grand dog, and he
won at the Sleaford trials. Rap, a lemon
and white by Hamlet, out of Lort's Sal,

MR. H. SAWTELL'S BRACE OF SHOW AND WORKING POINTER BITCHES

DRAYTON LADY AND CH. CORONATION.

Photograph by Russell and Sons.

Bang were wonderful in keeping up the
traditions of possibly the greatest Pointer
family ever known.

The late Mr. Tom Statter, of Stand Hill,
brought out some capital Pointers of the
Lord Derby and Sefton strains. He ran
Major in the early field trials, and a very
grand liver and white dog he was, by Old
Major out of Garth's Mite, the grand dam of
Drake ; and so when Mr. Statter bred Major
to Sappho by Drake he was inbreeding to
a sort, and the result was Dick, a beautiful
dog that he ran in trials, and afterwards
sold to Mr. Barclay Field for £60. The last-
named gentleman also ran him in trials,
and probably few more brilliant Pointers ever
ranged on a moor than Dick. Mr. F. H.
Whitehouse got some capital descendants
of Hamlet, and they were always very

was another good Pointer, and so was
Priam, by Bob, son of Hamlet. Then there
was Mr. Lloyd Price's Belle, the fastest and
most beautiful bitch on game perhaps ever
seen. She was by Lord Henry Bentinck's
Ranger out of his Grouse, and this perhaps
sounds very like a far-off descent from the
Foxhound, as Lord Henry swore by nothing
else, and his great contemporary, Mr. G. S.
Foljambe, freely admitted that he crossed
the so-called Spanish bred Pointers with the
Foxhound to get what he wanted ; and so
did Sir Richard Sutton. They were possibly
seven or eight generations away before Mr.
Foljambe had to give up shooting through
his affliction of blindness, but that is just
what the hunting men left to blossom out
in magnificence by about the earliest field
trials, 1865. There never were better dogs

238

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

on game than about that time or perhaps
for some twenty-five years before, and they
lasted well into the 'eighties. They were
as hard as nails for work, no day was long
enough for them, and although with beautiful
tempers in regard to breaking, they were like
Bulldogs if stirred up at all. Sir Thomas
Lennard once gave a 'couple of tenants a
day's shooting over Mallard by Drake and

row or avenue of Pointers there is a lack of
boldness of expression in countenance, a
falling off in bone and substance, and
amongst the bitches somewhat the look of
the toy. " What have they been doing with
them ? " was my expression, after looking
at a Kennel Club Show lot for ten minutes.
Of course it is well known that many of the
old breeders have died, and others have

WAITING THE FLIGHT.
Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

Young Bang. They worked splendidly, and,
finding lots of birds, the farmers were
delighted with the sport. Bang, though,
had been getting jealous at the other wiping
his eye, as it is called, once or twice, and in a
patch of potatoes went for his opponent, and
the two fought like tigers, Tom Knowlton,
their excellent breaker, having as much as he
could do to separate them. The question is,
though, has the excellence of the mid-
century been maintained down to date ? are
the modern Pointers for the moor or field
equal to Drake, Champion Bang, Macgregor,
Mr. Barclay Field's Dick, Sir Thomas Len-
nard's Priam, or Mr. Lloyd Price's Belle ?
The show benches give a refutation to that
idea. In a Crystal Palace or Birmingham

given up. Mr. Sam Price has been dead
now for some years, and so have Mr. Thomas
Statter, Mr. Barclay Field, Mr. J. H. White-
house, Mr. Heywood Lonsdale, the Duke of
Westminster, H. Brailsford, and Mr. W.
Lort ; but still there are Mr. Norrish and
Doctor Salter to support the breed, and
the former gentleman had beautiful Pointers.
His Saddle Back charmed me when I had the
honour of awarding him his first prize at
Cruft's . Dog Show at the Agricultural Hall
in one of the strongest classes of Pointers
I ever judged. It is a pity, though, that
Mr. Lloyd Price and Mr. George Pilkington
gave up Pointer breeding, for they bred
for their own moors, and no sportsman
had better dogs. Mr. Lloyd Price became

THE POINTER.

239

famous with Belle, Gre-
cian Bend, Romp, Mend,
Dandy Drake, Luck of
Edenhall, Bow-Bells,
Ruler, and Elias ; and Mr.
George Pilkington equally
so with Tory, Garnet,
Faust, by Lord Sefton's
Sam Fauvel, and Fancy.
Then there was Mr.
Beckett, celebrated for
his good dog Rector, three
times the winner of the
All-Aged stakes at Shrews-
bury ; and Mr. Salter with
quite a world -wide repu-
tation for his Mike Romps, the quickest many more ; but still there should have been
and best of their day. The Americans, no a sufficient supply left to maintain the
doubt, got a good many of the best dogs traditions of the breed.

SOLOMON'S SEAL, WITH SEALINGWAX BACKING.

•SHAMROCK.

LAIRD.

CH. SEABREEZE.

during the 'eighties. They bought Bang Mr. William Arkwright, of Sutton Scars-
Bang, Croxteth, Sensation, and a great dale, Derbyshire, has probably the best

kennel in England at the present
time,* and that gentleman has
written some very useful volumes
on Pointer breeding. He ignores
the Foxhound cross, which I
uphold in the strong conviction
that it was resorted to by the
celebrated sportsmen in the early
periods of the last century,
greatly to the benefit of a future
generation. Mr. Arkwright, how-
ever, discovered and revived an
old breed of the North of Eng-
land that was black, and bred

CH. SEABREEZE.

* The photographs on this page are by Mr. W. Arkwright of his own Pointers at work.

240

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

for a great many years by Mr. Pape,
of Carlisle, and his father before him.
With these Mr. Arkwright has bred to the
best working strains that I have alluded to
in previous pages, with the result that he has
had many good field trial winners. For a

CHAMPIONS LUNESDALE SCEPTRE,
LUNESDALE WAGG, AND
LUNESDALE GEORGE.

BRED BY LIEUT. F. R. HORNER.

good many years now Elias Bishop, of
Newton Abbot, has kept up the old breeds
of Devon Pointers, the Ch. Bangs, the Mikes,
and the Brackenburg Romps, and his have
been amongst the best at the shows and
the field trials during the past few years.
In 1905 he showed a good workmanlike-
looking dog called Denbury Ranger at the
Crystal Palace, and he was rightly awarded
first in more than one class, and at the same
time Bishop had the winner of the Field
Trial class in Fiscal Policy, by Don Pedro.
There are, of course, exceptions to the rule
that many of the modern Pointers do not
carry about them the air of their true business,
as at the last Kennel Club Show there were
three good-looking ones in the Maiden class
in Mr. Charles Drury's Haisthorpe Shot,
Mr. A. J. Mildon's Ruby, and Mr. D. C.
Davie's Ferndale Halburton, and Radium,
that might have been good enough for

anything, and Mr. S. Atkinson's Fullerton,
and Mr. Davie's Ferndale Wagg, were the
sort of dogs to catch the eye of the sports-
man. It was the majority one had to
complain about, and with no entries for
a field trial class, there was certainly a
suggestion that the owners of up-to-date
Pointers do not care much about the ranging
and game-finding properties of their now
favourite breed.

There is a notable departure from this
apparent apathy in regard to field merit,
as the Marquis of Waterford, whose age in
the Peerage is stated to be thirty-two, took
the late Mr. Whitehouse's view nearly ten
years ago, and has bred first-class Pointers
to first-class Foxhounds, and then continued
with the Pointer. His lordship has there-
fore broken the ice in respect to the earlier
generations, and now possesses useful Pointers
of the restored order. In another ten years
he may have the best kennel of Pointers in

MR. w. PROCTOR'S MELKSHAM FIRST CHOICE

BY CH. LUNESDALE WAGG CH. CORONATION.

Photograph by F. C. Hignctt and Son, Lostock.

the world. There may be many more bred
with care from existing strains, as so many
people had Pointers five and twenty years
ago to have made it easy to breed from fresh
blood as required ; but it would appear that

THE POINTER.

241

fewer people keep them now than was the
case a quarter of a century ago, owing to the
advance of quick-shooting, otherwise driving,
and the consequent falling away of the old-
fashioned methods, both for the stubble and
the moor. However, there are many still
who enjoy the work of dogs, and it would
be a sin indeed in the calendar of British
sports if the fine old breed of Pointer were
allowed even to deteriorate. The apparent
danger is that the personal or individual ele-
ment is dying out. In
the 'seventies the names
of Drake, Ch. Bang, or
Garnet were like household
words. People talked of
the great Pointers. They
were spoken of in club
chat or gossip ; written
about ; and the prospects
of the moors were much
associated with the up-to-
date characters of the
Pointers and Setters.
There is very little of
this sort of talk now-a-
days. Guns are more
critically spoken of, and
the closest patterns and
newest inventions are at
any rate more familiar topics. There is, how-
ever, a wide enough world to supply with
first-class Pointers. In England's numerous
colonies it may be much more fitting to shoot
over dogs. It has been tried in South Africa
with marvellous results. Descendants of
Ch. Bang have delighted the lone colonist
on Cape partridge and quails, and Pointers
suit the climate, whereas Setters do not.
The Americans have shown on the other side
of the Atlantic that dogs are indispensable
as the associates of sport. They saw, or
probably read about, the doings of the Setters
and Pointers of the 'sixties and 'seventies,
and they promptly provided themselves with
the best of the stocks. They boast at
present that they have far better examples
of both breeds than can be found in England
— and perhaps that is a correct view.
In the British dominions, however, there
should be plenty of room for the Pointer

and Setter for instance, and settlers can
hardly do better than to take out to
Canada some of the best bred Pointers
from England, not forgetting the strains
mentioned in these pages — the Drakes,
the Hamlets, Price's Ch. Bang, the Mike
Romps, that gave Mr. Salter's kennel
almost world-wide repute, the Seftons, the
Derbys, and Sir Thomas Lennards. The
blood of all can be found—of course diluted,
and perhaps in some instances too much

MR. W. ARKWRIGHT'S BLACK BITCH
BY LORNE FIRST FIDDLE '95.

LEADER

inbred — but there again comes in the science
of breeding and the means of improve-
ment. The Pointer is a noble breed to take
up, as those still in middle life have seen
their extraordinary merit whenever bred
in the right way. There are two breeds that
should, as the saying goes, stay for ever, the
Foxhound and the Pointer. No day's sport
should be too long for either. When a couple
of hours or half a day's work is enough
to steady a Pointer to a trot there is some-
thing decidedly wrong in the pedigree. It
may be the Foxhound that originally gave
the endurance, but surely enough it ought to
be there. Then the pace, the style, the in-
telligence, the intense fondness for sport,
and the working as if by very nature to the
gun, must all be thought of. The late Charles
Littleworth, huntsman to Lord Ports-
mouth's hounds, used to watch Ch. Bang for
half an hour when he saw him at an Exeter

242

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

or Barnstaple show, and say " if any Fox-
hound is made exactly like him in shoulders,
bent ribs, legs, and feet, and quarters, he is
as near perfection as possible." That has
been one reason why I have always judged
Pointers on Foxhound lines. I know there
are certain differences, but the essential
points are very much alike, and taking them
carefully I should give them as follows :—

1. Head. — Should be wide from ear to ear,
long and slanting from the top of the skull to the
setting on of the nose ; cheek bones prominent ;
ears set low and thin in texture, soft and velvety ;
nose broad at the base ; mouth large and jaws
level.

2. Neck. — The neck should be very strong,
but long and slightly arched, meeting shoulders
well knit into the back, which should be straight
and joining a wide loin. There should be great
depth of heart room, very deep brisket, narrow
chest rather than otherwise, shoulders long and
slanting.

3. Legs and Feet. — Should be as nearly like the
Foxhound's as possible. There should be really
no difference, as they must be straight, the knees
big, and the bone should be of goodly size down
to the toes, and the feet should be very round and
cat-shaped.

4. Hind Quarters. — A great feature in the
Pointer is his hind quarters. He cannot well be
too long in the haunch or strong in the stifle, which
should be well bent, and the muscles in the second
thigh of a good Pointer are always remarkable.
The hocks may be straighter than even in a Fox-
hound, as, in pulling up sharp on his point, he

in a great measure throws his weight on them ;
the shank bones below the hock should be short.

5. Colour. — There have been good ones of all
colours. The Derby colours were always liver
and whites for their Pointers and black breasted
reds for their game-cocks. The Seftons were liver
and whites also, and so were the Edges of Strelly,
but mostly heavily ticked. Brockton's Bounce
was so, and so were Ch. Eang, Mike, and Young
Bang. Drake was more of the Derby colour ;
dark liver and white. Mr. Whitehouse's were
mostly lemon and whites, after Hamlet of that
colour, and notable ones of the same hue were
Squire, Bang Bang, and Mr. Whitehouse's Pax and
Priam, all winners of field trials. There have
been several very good black and whites. Mr.
Francis's, afterwards Mr. Salter's, Chang was a
field trial winner of this colour. A still better
one was Mr. S. Becket's Rector, a somewhat
mean little dog to look at, but quite extraordinary
in his work, as he won the Pointer Puppy Stake
at Shrewsbury and the All-Aged Stake three
years in succession. Mr. Salter's Romp family
were quite remarkable in colour- — a white ground,
heavily shot with black in patches and in ticks.
There have never been any better Pointers than
these. There have been, and are, good black
Pointers also.

6. Height and Size. — A big Pointer dog stands
from 24^ inches to 25 inches at the shoulder.
Old Ch. Bang and Young Bang were of the
former height, and the great bitch, Mr. Lloyd
Price's Belle, was 24 inches. For big Pointers
60 pounds is about the weight for dogs and 56
pounds bitches ; smaller size, 54 pounds dogs
and 48 pounds bitches. There have been some
very good ones still smaller.

MR. W. ARKWRIGHT'S CH. SANDBANK.

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243

IN THE LONG GRASS.
Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

CHAPTER XXIV.
THE SETTERS.

BY F. C. HIGNETT.

As in successive Toil the Seasons roll,
So various Pleasures recreate the Soul
The setting Dog, instructed to betray,
Rewards the Fowler with the Feather'd Prey.
Soon as the lab'ring Horse with swelling

Veins,

Hath safely hous'd the Farmer's doubtful Gains,
To sweet Repast th' unwary Partridge flies,
At Ease amidst the scatter' d Harvest lies,
Wand' ring in Plenty, Danger he forgets,
Nor dreads the Slav'ry of entangling Nets.

i. The English Setter. — In some form or
other Setters are to be found wherever
guns are in frequent use and irrespective
of the precise class of work they have to
perform ; but it is generally conceded that
their proper sphere is either on the moors,
when the red grouse are in quest, or on
the stubbles and amongst the root crops,
when September comes in, and the part-
ridge season commences.

Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, is sup-
posed to have been the first person to train
setting dogs in the manner which has been
commonly adopted by his successors. His

The subtle Dog now with sagacious Nose
Scowres through the Field, and snuffs each

Breeze that blows,

Against the Wind he takes his prudent way,
While the strong Gale directs him to the Prey
Now the warm Scent assures the Covey near.
He treads with Caution, and he points with Fear
Then least some Sentry Fowl his Fraud descry,
And bid his Fellows from the Danger fly,
Close to the Ground in Expectation lies,
Till in the snare the fluttering Covey rise.
" RURAL SPORTS," BY JOHN GAY, 1713.

lordship lived in the middle of the sixteenth
century, and was therefore a contemporary
of Dr. Caius, who may possibly have been
indebted to the Earl for information when,
in his work on " English Dogges," he wrote
of the Setter under the name of the Index :
" Another sort of Dogges be there, ser-
viceable for fowling, making no noise either
with foote or with tounge, whiles they
follow the game. These attend diligently
upon their Master and frame their conditions
to such beckes, motions, and gestures, as it
shall please him to exhibite and make, either
going forward, drawing backe ward, inclining

244

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

to the right hand, or yealding toward the
left (in making mencion of fowles my mean-
ing is of the Partridge and the Quaile),
when he hath founde the byrde, he keepeth
sure and fast silence, he stayeth his steppes
and wil proceede no further, and with a close
couert watching eye, layeth his belly to
the grounde and so creepeth forward like
a worme. When he approacheth neere

CH. MALLWYD SARAH

BY RUMNEY RACKET PRINCESS EVELYN.

BRED BY MR. T. STEADMAN.

to the place where the birde is, he lays him
downe, and with a marcke of his pawes,
betrayeth the place of the byrdes last abode,
whereby it is supposed that this kinde of
dogge is called Index, Setter, being in deede
a name most consonant and agreeable to his
quality."

This extract, although not throwing much
light upon the appearance of the Setter in
the reign of Queen Elizabeth, nevertheless
is a proof of the existence of this separate
breed and of the uses to which it was
trained, and the fact that Dr. Caius, in his
classification, placed it with the Spaniel
is evidence of its relationship with the latter
breed at the period in which the learned
Doctor wrote.

Though Setters are divided into three
distinct varieties, there can be no doubt
that all have a common origin, though
it is scarcely probable, in view of their dis-

similarity, that the same individual ancestors
can be supposed to be their original pro-
genitors. Nearly all authorities agree that
the Spaniel family is accountable on one
side, and this contention is borne out to a
considerable extent by old illustrations and
paintings of Setters at work, in which they
are invariably depicted as being very much
like the old liver and white Spaniel, though
of different colours.
Doubt exists as to
the other side of their
heredity, but it does not
necessarily follow that all
those who first bred them
used the same means.
Of the theories put for-
ward, that which carries
the most presumptive
evidence must go to the
credit of the old Spanish
Pointer. Where else could
they inherit that wonder-
ful scenting power, that
style in which they draw
up to their game, their
statuesque attitude when
on point, and, above all,
the staunchness and pa-
tience by which they hold
their game spellbound until the shooter has
time to walk leisurely up, even from a
considerable distance ?

But, apart from the question of their
origin, the different varieties have many
other attributes in common ; all perform
the same kind of work, and in the same
manner ; consequently the system of break-
ing or training them varies only accord-
ing to the temper or ideas of those who
undertake their schooling.

Few dogs which grace the show benches
are more admired than English Setters, and
those who are looked upon as professional
exhibitors have not been slow to recognise
the fact that when a really good young dog
makes its appearance it is a formidable rival
amongst all other breeds when the special
prizes come to be allotted. For this reason
a recognised winner will always command
a remunerative price for the breeder, and

THE SETTER.

245

since it is, unhappily, immaterial from an
exhibition point of view whether they have
been trained or not, it is surprising that
many more have not been produced.

If there be any truth in the old saying
that variety is charming, the attribute must
pertain to this particular breed, for they are
of almost every conceivable colour, from pure
white, which is exceptional, to all black.
Probably what are known as the blue-ticked
variety are the favourite colour, though
they have very little advantage over the
lemon and orange coloured. Some hold
that there is a consanguinity between the
English Setter and the English Pointer, and
it has been proved beyond doubt that
several really good prize-winning Pointers
have been produced from the alliance of a
Pointer dog and a
Setter bitch.

It will be within
the memory of many
admirers of this breed
that up to about
twenty years ago it
was the custom to
designate what are
now known as English
Setters by several
distinct appellations,
among the more im-
portant being the
Blue Beltons and
Laveracks, and this
regardless of any con-
sideration as to
whether or not the
dogs were in any way
connected by rela-
tionship to the stock
which had earned
fame for either of
these time-honoured

names. It was the great increase in the
number of shows and some confusion
on the part of exhibitors that made it
necessary for the Kennel Club to classify
under one heading these and others which
had attained some amount of notability by
individual or local influence, from which time
the old terms have gradually been dropped.

There are certainly two schools who
officiate as judges at important shows, and
their decisions are arrived at from stand-
points which make them at least perplexing
to those who are not intimately connected
with both shooting and exhibition life.
Those who care nothing about a dog's
capabilities as a workman, so long as he
answers their own ideal as regards anatomy
and coat and, particularly, possesses what
is known as a " classical " head, are prone
to smile at the awards made by some of the
old shooting sportsmen who will insist on
giving preference to exhibits which possess
the very best body and limbs, making the
head something of a secondary considera-
tion. Of course, both sides advance strong
arguments in support of their creed, but it

MR. FRANK GOODFELLOWS CH. MALLWYD

BY MALLWYD SAILOR EINION LUCY.

BRED BY MR. T. STEADMAN.
Photograph by F. C. Hignctt and Son, Lostock.

MUMM

does not follow that either makes out a con-
clusive case. Better would it be if, as before
stated, a common vantage-ground were de-
cided on, and it became generally acknow-
ledged that there is nothing to stop the highest
class show dogs from being gradually brought
to the same state of perfection in the field
as its more plebeian relation has attained.

246

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

It can scarcely be claimed that any single
individual specimen of the present day is
better than the best of former days ; in fact,
it is very questionable if we have anything
quite so good as Mr. Rawdon B. Lee's
Ch. Richmond, who was in his prime about
a dozen years ago and was practically un-
beatable. Like many others, he was one of
those celebrities which were bred by Mr.
Hartley, of Kendal, who, with Mr. J.
Poole, Mr. Cockerton, and Mr. Armstrong,
very ably made and maintained the reputa-
tion of the northern
shires as the principal
breeding-ground, par-
ticularly for exhibi-
tion type. Somewhat
younger, Mr. T.
Steadman has been
even more successful.
He has become world
famous for the beau-
tiful heads which
characterise his
strain, a result which
has been brought
about by many years'
experience, and no
sparing of time, trou-
ble, or expense to
select and breed only
from such stock as
possessed this great

desideratum ; the result being that of late
years no one has bred so many notable
winners, and in 1906 his Ch. Mallwyd
Sarah was acknowledged to be the most
perfect specimen before the public. Mr.
Geo. Raper, though not a professed breeder,
has owned many excellent Setters, of which
Ch. Barton Tory was probably the best.
This dog had a chequered career in his
early days, being bought cheaply at the
dispersal of Sir H. F. dc Trafford's famous
collection of sporting dogs by Mr. Shirley,
then chairman of the Kennel Club. Like
other cracks, Tory was not at his best
till he was about three years old, but he
improved so much during the time he
was in Mr. Shirley's possession that Mr.
Raper claimed him at his catalogue price

MR. A. R. MULDER'S
BY MR. T. STEADMAN
MALLWYD REBECCA.

of /zoo when he made his appearance at
a big show in the south. Mr. H. Gunn has
also bred a few makers of history, among
which the most noteworthy was Mr. T.
E. Hopkin's Ch. Rumney Rock, who was
purchased at a very high price by another
well-known judge, Mr. C. Houlker, for whom
he won many specials at northern shows as
being the best of all breeds. Of late years
Mr. R. R. P. Wearing has instituted a large
breeding establishment at Kirkby Lonsdale,
and has turned out some fine specimens.
Other prominent pre-
sent - day exhibitors
are Mr. E. Cockill,
of Gomersal, near
Leeds; Mr. H. E.
Gray, of Merthyr
Vale ; and Mr. R. T.
Baines, of Barton
Kennels, near Man-
chester.

The English Setter
Club, of which Mr.
George Potter, of
Quarry Lodge, Heads
Nook, Carlisle, is the
honorary secretary,
has done much since
its institution in 1890
to encourage this
breed of dog, and
has proved the use-
fulness of the club by providing two very
valuable trophies, the Exhibitors' Challenge
Cup, and the Field Trial Challenge Cup, for
competition amongst its members, besides
having liberally supported all the leading
shows ; hence it has rightly come to be
regarded as the only authority from which
an acceptable and official dictum for the
guidance of others can emanate.

The following is the standard of points
issued by the English Setter Club :

Head. — The head should be long and lean,
with well-defined stop. The skull oval from ear
to ear, showing plenty of brain room, and with a
well-defined occipital protuberance. The muzzle
moderately deep and fairly square ; from the stop
to the point of the nose should be long, the nostrils
wide, and the jaws of nearly equal length ; flews

MALLWYD FAN

•S MALLWYD BRAGG-

THE SETTER.

247

not too pendulous. The colour of
the nose should be black, or dark,
or light liver, according to the
colour of the coat. The eyes
should be bright, mild, and intelli-
gent, and of a dark hazel colour,
the darker the better. The ears

of moderate length, set on low and hanging in neat
folds close to the cheek ; the tip should be velvety,
the upper part clothed with fine silky hair.

Neck. — -The neck should be rather long, muscular,
and lean, slightly arched at the crest, and clean cut
where it joins the head ; towards the shoulder it
should be larger, and very muscular, not throaty with
any pendulosity below the throat, but elegant and
bloodlike in appearance.

Body. — The body should be

of moderate length, with shoul-

ders well set back or oblique;
back short and level ; loins wide,
slightly arched, strong and mus-
cular. Chest deep in the bris-
ket, with good round widely-
sprung ribs, deep in the back
ribs — that is, well ribbed up.

Legs and Feet. — The stifles
should be well bent and ragged,
thighs long from hip to hock.
The forearm big and very mus-
cular, the elbow well let down.
Pasterns short, muscu-
lar, and straight. The
feet very close and
compact, and well pro-
tected by hair between
the toes.

Tail. — The tail should
be set on almost in a

AT WORK ON
PARTRIDGE.

Photographs by Harry Anderson,
Blundellsands.

line with the back; medium
length, not curly or ropy, to
be slightly curved or scimitar-
shaped, but with no tendency
to turn upwards ; the flag or
feather hanging in long, pen-
dant flakes ; the feather
should not commence at the
root, but slightly below, and
increase in length to the mid-
dle, then gradually taper off
towards the end; and the
hair long, bright, soft and
silky, wavy but not curly.

Coat and Feathering.— The
coat from the back of the
head in a line with the
ears ought to be slightly
wavy, long, and silky,
which should be the case
with the coat generally ;
the breeches and fore-legs,
nearly down to the feet,
should be well
feathered.

Colour and
Markings. — •

248

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

The colour may be either black and white, lemon
and white, liver and white, or tricolour — that is,
black, white, and tan ; those without heavy
patches of colour on the body, but necked all
over preferred.

II. The Irish Setter.— Though this variety
has not attained such popularity as its
English cousin, it is not because it is re-
garded as being less pleasing to the eye,
for in general appearance of style and
outline there is very little difference ; in

MRS. F. C. HIGNETT'S

CH. BRYAN O'LYNN.

Photograph by F. C. Hignett ami Son, Loslock.

fact, none, if the chiselling of the head
and colour of the coat be excepted.
The beautiful rich golden, chestnut colour
which predominates in all well-bred speci-
mens is in itself sufficient to account
for the great favour in which they are
regarded by exhibitors generally, while
their disposition is sufficiently engaging
to attract the attention of those who desire
to have a moderate-sized dog as a com-
panion, rather than either a very large
or very small one. Probably this accounts
for so many lady exhibitors in England
preferring them to the other varieties of
Setters. We have to go over to its native
country, however, to find the breed most
highly esteemed as a sporting dog for actual
work, and there it is naturally first favourite ;
in fact, very few of either of the other

varieties are to be met with from one end
of the Green Isle to the other. It has
been suggested that all Irish Setters are
too headstrong to make really high-class
field trial dogs. Some of them, on the
contrary, are quite as great in speed and
not only as clever at their business, but
quite as keen-nosed as other Setters. Take,
for instance, some which have competed
within the past few years at the Irish Red
Setter Club's trials, which have had as rivals
some of the best Pointers
from England and Scotland,
and have successfully held
their own, the last occasion
being when these trials took
place at the commencement
of August in 1906 on the
mountains near Stranorlar,
County Donegal, when Mr.
Mclvor's Strabane Pam ran
second in the all-aged stake
for both Pointers and Set-
ters of all varieties. The
work of Mr. E. Ussher
Robert's Dame Fan, Mr.
J. S. Weir's brace Grays-
town Lark and his sire,
Roam, Mr. W. Wilson's
Strabane Young Pam, and
Eary Nellie, and Colonel
Milner's Antrim Molly, was
also of great merit, considering the few
opportunities afforded them in the length
of the season of gaining the experience of
trial work. But, as an instance of the
uncertainty which prevails in all such un-
dertakings, it must be mentioned that Mr.
S. Humphrey's Wilful Irish Lassie, who
was unplaced in the puppy stake, defeated
all those named, when the all-aged stake
confined to this variety was reached.

Some of the most notable owners and
judges of show Setters of long standing in
Ireland are : Colonel Milner, Messrs. T. A.
Bond, A. McEnnery, J. Mclvor, J. H. H.
Swiney, and P. Flahive ; but very few
better specimens have been exhibited of
recent years than the late Mrs. R. Hamil-
ton's Ch. Florizel, Mr. Flahive's Ch. Kerry
Palmerston, Mr. R. Perrin's Peaceful Times,

THE SETTER.

249

and the late Mrs. F. C. Hignett's Ch. Brian
O'Lynn ; but amongst English owners none
have achieved such distinction as the late
Rev. Mr. O'Callaghan, who had a large stud,
and practically swept the decks at all the
leading shows for many years. Sir H. F. de

MRS. M. INGLE BEPLER'S CH. CARRIG MAID.

A HEAD OF PERFECT TYPE.

Trafford also went in strongly for them, and
owned many good specimens, Punchestown
being of the greatest repute, as he was both
a field trial and show winner. Mrs. Ingle
Bepler and Miss N. Whittome have also been
consistent supporters of the variety, the
latter being one of the very few who essay
to compete with this breed at the English
Trials. Probably the most notable of the
English judges is Mr. H. M. Wilson, M.F.H.,
who was a prominent exhibitor in the
'eighties, and Mr. A. E. Daintree has also
achieved a fair amount of success.

The Secretary of the Irish Setter Club is
Mr. S. Brown, 27, Eustace Street, Dublin,
and the standard of points as laid down by
that authority is as follows :

Head. — The head should be long and lean. The
skull oval (from ear to ear), having plenty of brain
room, and with well-defined occipital protuberance.
Brows raised, showing stop. The muzzle mode-
rately deep and fairly square at the end. From
the stop to the point of the nose should be fairly
long, the nostrils wide, and the jaws of nearly
equal length ; flews not to be pendulous. The
colour of the nose dark mahogany or dark walnut,
and that of the eyes (which ought not to be too
large) rich hazel or brown. The ears to be of

moderate size, fine in texture, set on low, well
back, and hanging in a neat fold close to the head.

Neck. — The neck should be moderately long,
very muscular, but not too thick ; slightly arched,
free frorrrall tendency to throatiness.

Body. — The body should be long. Shoulders
fine at the points, deep and sloping well back.
The chest as deep as possible, rather narrow in
front. The ribs well sprung, leaving plenty
of lung room. Loins muscular and slightly
arched. The hind quarters wide and powerful.

Legs and Feet. — The hind legs from hip to hock
should be long and muscular ; from hock to heel
short and strong. The stifle and hock joints well
bent, and not inclined either in or out. The fore-
legs should be straight and sinewy, having plenty
of bone, with elbows free, well let down, and, like
the hocks, not inclined either in or out. The
feet small, very firm ; toes strong, close together,
and arched.

Tail. — The tail should be of moderate length, set
on rather low, strong at root, and tapering to a
fine point, to be carried as nearly as possible on
a level or below the back.

Coat. — On the head, front of legs, and tips of
ears the coat should be short and fine ; but on
all other parts of the body and legs it ought to be
of moderate length, flat, and as free as possible
from curl or wave.

MRS. M. INGLE BEPLER'S CH. CLANCARTY RHU

BY ARENTSBURG DUKE NETHERBURY CARRIE.

Feathering. — The feather on the upper portion of
the ears should be long and silky ; on the back
of fore and hind legs long and fine ; a fair amount
of hair on the belly, forming a nice fringe, which
may extend on chest and throat. Feet to be well
feathered between the toes. Tail to have a nice
fringe of moderately long hair, decreasing in
length as it approaches the point. All feathering
to be as straight and as flat as possible.

250 THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Colour and Markings.— The colour should be a Very few of this variety have appeared

rich golden chestnut, with no trace whatever of at neid trials for several years past, but that
black ; white on chest, throat, or toes, or a small cannot be considered a valid reason for
star on the forehead, or a narrow streak or blaze tj ; them as « old men's dogs," as

on the nose or face not to disqualify. . ^oli^t ;„

some narrow-minded faddists delight in

III. The Black and Tan Setter.— Origin- calling them. On the few occasions when
ally this variety was known as the Gordon the opportunity has been presented they

have acquitted them-
selves at least as well
as, and on some occa-
sions better than, their
rivals of other varie-
ties, proving to be as
fast, as staunch, and
as obedient as any of
them. A notable ex-
ample of this occurred
during the season of
1902 and 1903, when
Mr. Isaac Sharpe's
Stylish Ranger was so
remarkably successful
at the trials.

It is very difficult
to account for the lack
of interest which is
taken in the variety
outside Scotland, but
Setter, but this cognomen was only partly the fact remains that only about four
correct, inasmuch as the particular dogs owners are troubling the officials of shows
first favoured by the Duke of Gordon, regularly at the present time. This state
from whom they took the name, were black, of affairs was noticeable a dozen years
tan, and white, heavily built, and somewhat ago, but not to the same extent as it is
clumsy in appearance. But the introduction to-day, for at that period Mr. R. Chap-
of the Irish blood had the effect of making man, of Glenboig, was almost monopolising
a racier-looking dog more fashionable. In the whole of the prize-money at every show
order to be on the safe side, some of the and in all the classes. Few exhibitors

MRS. F. c. HIGNETT-S CH. DUKE OF EDGWORTH

BY BARTON HAROLD HILDA.

Photograph by F. C. Hignett and Son, Lostock.

leading shows made their classification to
read " Gordon or Black and Tan Setters."
so as to meet the assertion of a few of the

cared to enter the lists against him, and
the ordeal of winning prizes became all
the easier to him. The opening, however,
older judges that if only the old designation was too good to escape attention alto-
of " Gordon " were used they should feel gether, so it was not surprising to find that
constrained to take notice of such com- one or two breeders in different parts of
petitors as were black, tan and white in the country set quietly to work to produce
colour. But, as a matter of fact, the time something good enough to win with,
had arrived when the presence of white Among others the present writer was at-
on the chest was looked upon with great tracted to the breed, and, out of the first
disfavour by the generality of exhibitors as litter which he bred, was rewarded by the
well as judges. Now, however, the Kennel production of the famous Ch. Duke of Edg-
Club has settled the matter by abolishing worth, who, before his exportation to the
the term " Gordon " altogether. United States, had an exceedingly long

THE SETTER.

251

and brilliant career at the shows, which
extended over eight years, and resulted
in the gathering together of about 400 first
prizes and specials, many of which were
won in competitions with the champions
of other breeds which went the rounds of
the shows. It was generally conceded
that he was one of the best specimens of
a Setter of any variety which had ever
been placed in a ring. Mr. Chapman had
a faithful henchman in Mr. David Baillie,
who in his early days was in attendance
at the big shows, with such noted compe-
titors as Ch. Heather Grouse, Ch. Heather
Nap, and many more of the Heather family.
To-day he is the leading exhibitor of the
variety, and by making good use of his
earlier training has within the last five years
so successfully emulated the deeds of his
former chief that his dogs very easily stand
pre-eminent whenever they are exhibited.

For about five years, ending unfortu-
nately in 1904, Sir
George Bullough created
a livelier aspect of affairs
by bringing out a team
which he exhibited fear-
lessly and with good
effect under the manage-
ment of a faithful old
servant, Mr. John Ash-
worth. Of this owner's
dogs Ch. Redruth Colonel
was far and away the
best, and to him much
of the improvement
which was noticeable in
the Isle of Rum team
was directly to be traced.
Sir George still holds to
his faith in the variety
for their working capa-
bilities and endurance of
hard weather, but the loss
of such a stalwart supporter has had a very
regrettable effect on the prospects of resusci-
tating the popularity of the breed so far as
the shows are concerned. It seems almost
incredible that with the long rows of benches
occupied by excellent specimens which
appeared at the Manchester Show in 1900

the number at the present time should
have again dwindled down to three or four
in a class, even when challenge prizes are
offered. - Surely some enterprising indi-
vidual will be forthcoming when this excep-
tionally good opportunity to take up a
variety, with every prospect of immediate
and very satisfactory results — financial and
otherwise — has been drawn attention to,
for there can be no doubt that, with very
little effort, the popularity of the Gordon
Setter could be resuscitated.

The want of an active organisation which
would foster and encourage the interests of
the Black and Tan Setter is much to be
deplored, and is, without doubt, the chief
cause of its being so much neglected by
show committees, for in these strenuous
days, when almost every breed or variety of
breed is backed up by its own votaries, it
cannot be expected that such as are not
constantly kept in prominence will re-

MR. ISAAC SHARPE'S
BY STYLISH RANGER

STYLISH BILLIE

STYLISH BESS.

ceive anything more than scant considera-
tion.

The Black and Tan Setter is heavier than
the English or Irish varieties, but shows
more of the hound and less of the Spaniel.
The head is stronger than that of the English
Setter, with a deeper and broader muzzle

252

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

and heavier lips. The ears are also some-
what longer, and the eyes frequently show
the haw. The black should be as jet, and
entirely free from white. The tan on the
cheeks and over the eyes, on the feet and
pasterns, should be bright and clearly
denned, and the feathering on the forelegs
and thighs should also be a rich dark
mahogany tan.

IV. Other Types —The old Welsh, or
Llanidloes, Setter is now practically extinct.
It was as curly in the coat as a Cotswold
sheep. The colour was usually white, with
occasionally a lemon-tinted patch or two
about the head and ears. The head was
longer in proportion to its size and less
refined than that of the English variety.
The stern was curly and clubbed, without
feather. Formerly there existed a jet black
Welsh Setter, an excellent worker, now as
extinct as the dodo.

Formerly, also, there was a liver and
white type much favoured in the North of
England, and particularly in the Carlisle
district ^the " pure old Edward Castle
breed."

At Beaudesert, the residence of the
Marquis of Anglesey, there was treasured a
strain known as the Anglesey Setter, a light,
active, very narrow breed of dog, with
sparse chest capacity, though deep in ribs.
These dogs were somewhat leggy, and had
the habit of standing with their forelegs
and feet close together. They were constitu-
tionally delicate, but as long as they were
cultivated they showed great pace in the field.
In colour they were mostly black, white, and
tan, and, though not so smooth and flat in
coat as the modern Setter, they were yet not
so curly as the Welsh breed above referred to.

In the years between 1870 and 1880 the
Laverack and Llewellin strains were highly
popular in England. The first were bred by
Mr. Edward Laverack, of Whitchurch, in
Shropshire. They were ticked with black,
blue, or lemon. It was in 1874 that Mr.
Laverack began to export his dogs to the
United States. " I have a demand from
America for more than I can sell," he
wrote in a letter to his friend Rothwell,
" but they are the best, and I guarantee all I

send bred by me." So many did he send,
indeed, that it seems that at one juncture
he was reduced to the possession of " only
one old brood bitch," which he feared was
" too old to breed." He therefore intro-
duced stock from other kennels. Formerly
he had despised the Cumberland liver and
whites, but now he called them " the pure
old Edward Castle breed," and professed
that they were as good as the blues, which
he infused with their alien blood. Mr.
Llewellin's Setters, of a slightly different
type, were also largely drawn upon by
American owners and breeders.

At the present time in Great Britain we
seldom hear the names referred to in con-
nection with our Setters, but in the United
States what are now known as the American
Laveracks and Llewellins occupy a promi-
nent place at shows and field trials, and it
may be added that for these purposes, as
well as for work with the gun, the American
varieties are by competent judges regarded
as being capable of holding their own with
the best of our British Setters.

Amongst the oldest and most successful
owners of Setters who have consistently
competed at field trials may be mentioned
Colonel Cotes, whose Prince Frederick was
probably the most wonderful backer ever
known. Messrs. Purcell-Llewellyn, W. Ark-
wright, Elias and James Bishop, F. C. Lowe,
J. Shorthose, G. Potter and S. Smale, who
may be considered the oldest Setter judges,
and who have owned dogs whose prowess in
the field has brought them high reputation.
Mr. B. J. Warwick has within recent years
owned probably more winners at field trials
than any other owner, one of his best being
Compton Bounce. Captain Heywood Lons-
dale has on several occasions proved the
Ightfield strain to be staunch and true, as
witness the doughty deeds of Duke of that
ilk, and the splendid success he achieved
at the grouse trials in Scotland, July, 1906,
with his Ightfield Rob Roy, Mack, and Dot,
the first-named winning the all-aged stake,
and the others being first and third in the
puppy stake. Mr. Herbert Mitchell has
been another good patron of the trials, and
has won many important stakes, his latest

I-

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THE SETTER.

253

achievements being with the fine English
Setter, Lingfield Beryl, who won both the
all-aged stake at the Kennel Club and that
at the English Setter Club's meetings in the
spring of 1906. Mr. A. T. Williams has also
owned a few noted trial winners, and from
Scotland comes Mr. Isaac Sharpe, whose
Gordon Setter, Stylish Ranger, effectually
put a stop to the silly argument that all this
breed are old men's dogs, by winning a big
stake or two three years ago.

Many of the older field-trial men hold
tenaciously to the opinion that the modern
exhibition Setter is useless for high-class
work, and contend that if field-trial winners
are to be produced they must be bred from
noted working strains. As a fundamental
principle this argument will not hold water,
for the contrary has been proved many times.
Doubtless this prejudice against show dogs
has been engendered by the circumstance
that many owners of celebrated bench win-
ners care nothing about their dogs being
trained, in some cases generation after
generation having been bred simply for
show purposes. Under such conditions it
is not to be wondered at that the capacity
for fine scenting properties and the natural
aptitude for quickly picking up a knowledge

of their proper duties in the field — which in
the case of the progeny of such dogs as have
been constantly worked for generations pre-
viously becomes an hereditary attribute
— is impaired to such an extent as almost to
warrant the assumption. But why should
this state of things exist at all ? The
writer has always contended that there is no
earthly reason why a good show dog should
not also be a good worker.

The probabilities are that sooner or later
means will be found to do away with the
anomaly, and that the system which now
provides classes at championship shows,
in which only dogs that have obtained
a certificate of merit at the trials are
eligible to compete, will be very much
enlarged upon, possibly to the exclusion of
all Setters which have not been broken.
This would not be a very difficult matter
to arrange, as certificates, on an author-
ised form, might as easily be made by
breakers and required from exhibitors
as are those which specialist clubs require
from the owners of brood bitches and stud
dogs to make puppies eligible for produce
stakes and other such competitions. At all
events, this idea should commend itself
to the Kennel Club.

MR. ISAAC SHARPE'S STYLISH DOLLIE.

254

TEAM OF MR. E. W. H. BLAGG'S RETRIEVERS.
BROKEN TO THE TAME RABBIT.

CHAPTER XXV.
THE RETRIEVERS.

" Man is of kin to the beasts. For take an example of a dog, and mark what a generosity
and courage he will put on when he finds himself maintained by a man, who to him is in stead
of a god, or Melior Natura ; which courage is manifestly such as that creature, without that
confidence of a better nature than his own, could never attain." — -LORD BACON.

I.-THE FLAT-COATED RETRIEVER.

BY L. P. C. ASTLEY.

IT is obviously useless to shoot game
unless you can find it after it has been
wounded or killed, and from the earliest
times it has been the habit of sportsmen to
train their dogs to do the work which they
could not always successfully do for them-
selves. The Pointers, Setters, and Spaniels
of our forefathers were carefully broken not
only to find and stand their game, but also
to fetch the fallen birds. This use of the
setting and pointing dog is still common on
the Continent and in the United States,
and there is no inaccuracy in a French artist
depicting a Pointer with a partridge in its
mouth, or showing a Setter retrieving
waterfowl. In the time of Morland and
Cooper it was equally correct in English art,
and the Setter or Spaniel was considered
quite normal if after the shot had been
fired he found the wounded bird, and laid it
crushed and mangled at his master's feet.

The Springer and the old curly-coated
water-dog were regarded as particularly
adroit in the double work of finding and

retrieving. Pointers and Setters who had
been thus broken were found to deteriorate
in steadiness in the field, and it gradually
came to be realised that even the Spaniel's
capacity for retrieving was limited. A
larger and quicker dog was wanted to
divide the labour, and to be used solely
as a retriever in conjunction with the other
gun dogs. The Poodle was tried for re-
trieving with some success, and he showed
considerable aptitude in finding and fetch-
ing wounded wild duck ; but he, too, was
inclined to maul his birds and deliver them
dead.

Even the Old English Sheepdog was
occasionally engaged in the work, and various
crosses with Spaniel or Setter and Collie
were attempted in the endeavour to produce
a grade breed having the desired qualities
of a good nose, a soft mouth, and an under-
standing brain, together with a coat that
would protect its wearer from the ill effects
of frequent immersion in water.

It was when these efforts were most

THE RETRIEVERS.

255

active — namely about the year 1850 — that
new material was discovered in a black-
coated dog recently introduced into England
from Labrador. He was a natural water-
dog, with a constitution impervious to
chills, and entirely free from the liability
to ear canker, which had always been a
drawback to the use of the Spaniel as a
retriever of waterfowl. Moreover, he was
himself reputed to be a born retriever of
game, and remarkably sagacious. His im-
porters called him a Spaniel — a breed name
which at one time was also applied to his
relative the Newfoundland. Probably there
were not many specimens of the race in
England, and, although there is no record
explicitly saying so, it is conjectured that
these were crossed with the English Setter,
producing what is now familiarly known as
the black, flat-coated Retriever.

One very remarkable attribute of the
Retriever is that notwithstanding the known
fact that the parent stock was mongrel,
and that in the early dogs the Setter type
largely predominated, the ultimate result
has favoured the Labrador cross distinctly
and prominently, proving how potent, even
when grafted upon a stock admittedly
various, is the blood of a pure race, and how
powerful its influence for fixing type and
character over the other less vital elements
with which it is blended.

From the first, sportsmen recognised the
extreme value of the new retrieving dog.
Strengthened and improved by the Labrador
blood, he had lost little if any of the Setter
beauty of form. He was a dignified, sub-
stantial, intelligent, good-tempered, affec-
tionate companion, faithful, talented, highly
cultivated, and esteemed, in the season and
out of it, for his mind as well as his beauty.

" Idstone " described one of the early
Retrievers, and the description is worth
quoting : —

" He was black as a raven — a blue black —
not a very large dog, but wide over the back
and loins, with limbs like a lion, and a thick,
glossy, long, silky coat, which parted down the
back, a long, sagacious head, full of character
and clean as a Setter's in the matter of coat.
His ears were small, and so close to his head

that they were hidden in his feathered neck.
His eye was neither more nor less than a human
eye, and I never saw a bad expression in it.
He was Jjot^ over twenty-five inches in height,
but he carried a hare with ease ; and if he could
not top a gate with one — which about one dog
in two hundred does twice a year — he could get
through the second or third span, or push it
through a gap before him in his mouth, and
never lose his hold. And then for water. He
would trot into the launching punt, and coil
himself up by the luncheon basket to wait for
his master as soon as he saw the usual prepara-
tions for a cruise. For this work he had too
much coat, and brought a quantity of water
into the boat ; but for retrieving wildfowl he
was excellent ; and in the narrow water-courses
and amongst the reeds and osiers his chase of a
winged mallard was a thing to see. They seemed
both to belong to one element, and he would dive
like an otter for yards, sometimes coming up
for breath, only to go down again for pleasure."

It is only comparatively recently that
we have realised how excellent an all-round
sporting dog the Retriever has become.
In many cases, indeed, where grouse and
partridge are driven or walked-up a well-
broken, soft-mouthed Retriever is unques-
tionably superior to Pointer, Setter, or
Spaniel, and for general work in the field
he is the best companion that a shooting
man can possess.

Doubtless in earlier days, when the art of
training was less thoroughly understood,
the breaking of a dog was a matter of infinite
trouble to breeders. Most of the gun dogs
could be taught by patience and practice to
retrieve fur or feather, but game carefully
and skilfully shot is easily rendered valueless
by being mumbled and mauled by powerful
jaws not schooled to gentleness. And this
question of a tender mouth was certainly
one of the problems that perturbed the
minds of the originators of the breed. The
difficulty was overcome by a process of
selection, and by the exclusion from breeding
operations of all hard-mouthed specimens,
with the happy effect that in the present
time it is exceptional to find a working
Retriever who does not know how to bring
his bird to hand without injuring it. A
better knowledge of what is expected of

256

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

him distinguishes our modern Retriever.
He knows his duty, and is intensely eager
to perform it, but he no longer rushes off
unbidden at the firing of the gun. He
has learned to remain at heel until he is
ordered by word or gesture from his master,
upon whom he relies as his friend and
director, and " who to him is instead of a
god."

It would be idle to expect that the off-
spring of unbroken sire and dam can be as

MR. H. REGINALD COOKE'S CH. WORSLEY BESS.

FROM THE PAINTING BY MAUD EARL.

easily educated as a Retriever whose parents
before him have been properly trained. In-
herited qualities count for a great deal in
the adaptability of all sporting dogs, and
the reason why one meets with so many
Retrievers that are incapable or disobedient
or gun-shy is simply that their preliminary
education has been neglected — the edu-
cation which should begin when the dog is
very young.

In his earliest youth he should be trained
to prompt obedience to a given word or a
wave of the hand. It is well to teach

him very early to enter water, or he may
be found wanting when you require him
to fetch a bird from river or lake. Lessons
in retrieving ought to be a part of his daily
routine. Equally necessary is it to break
him in to the knowledge that sheep and
lambs are not game to be chased, and that
rabbits and hares are to be discriminated
from feathered game. Mr. Blagg trains his
Retrievers to steadiness with " fur " by
schooling them to harmless companionship

with tame rab-
bits.

Gun - shyness
is often sup-
posed to be
hereditary ; but
it is not so. Any
puppy can be
cured of gun-
shyness in half
a dozen short
lessons. Sir
Henry Smith's
advice is to get
your puppy ac-
customed to the
sound and sight
of a gun being
fired, first at a
distance and
gradually nearer
and nearer, until
he knows that
no harm will
come to him.
Associate the
gun-firing in his

mind with something pleasant — as a sign that
it is feeding time, or time for a free romp in
the paddock. There is no more reason that
a dog should fear a gun than that he should
fear the cracking of a whip. Companionship
and sympathy between dog and master is
the beginning and end of the whole business,
and there is a moral obligation between
them which ought never to be strained.

No breed of sporting dog has gained more
than the Retriever from the institution of
that admirable organisation the Game-
keepers' Association, and from the well-

THE RETRIEVERS.

257

conducted shows for keepers' dogs managed
by Mr. Millard. At the Gamekeepers' Show
held at Carlisle in 1907 visitors were par-
ticularly attracted by the high quality of the
exhibits in the Retriever classes, all owned
and most of them bred by keepers.

As a show dog the flat-coated Retriever
has reached something very near to the
ideal standard of perfection which has
been consistently bred up to. Careful selec-
tion and systematic breeding, backed up by
en thusiasm,
have resulted in
the production
of a dog com-
bining useful
working quali-
ties with the
highest degree
of beauty.

In the early
days of dog
shows the one
name most in-
timately asso-
ciated with the
Retriever was
that of Dr. Bond
Moore, whose
kennels were al-
most invariably
successful in
co mpetition.
Dr. Moore was
somewhat arbi-
trary as a judge
of the breed,

and has been known to fault an otherwise
perfect dog because of the presence of a
few white hairs in its jet black coat ; but
it is interesting to note that in the litters
of his own breeding at Wolverhampton
there occasionally occurred puppies of a
pale golden, almost liver colour. His famous
Midnight, remarkable for the pure blackness
of her coat, more than once threw sandy-
coloured whelps to a black sire. This
occurs in many good strains.

Contemporaneously with the success of
Dr. Moore's kennels in 1870 some admirably
typical Retrievers were shown by other

breeders, notably Mr. Atkinson's Cato, Mr.
Shorthose's Rupert, Mr. Strawbridge's Rose,
Mr. Hazlehurst's Midnight, Mr. G. D. Gorse's
Wyndham^ Sailor, and Jet, Mr. R. J. Lloyd
Price's Moliere, and Mr. G. Manson's Morley.
Another very prominent admirer and breeder
was the late Mr. S. E. Shirley, the President
of the Kennel Club, who owned many
Retrievers superlative both as workers and
as show dogs, and who probably did more
for the breed than any other man of his

Z&*i.

MR. H. REGINALD COOKE'S CH. WIMPOLE PETER.

FROM THE PAINTING BY MAUD EARL.

generation. A sportsman in every sense,
Mr. Shirley trained his dogs for work with
extreme care, and only bred from those of
the highest character. If only for his im-
provements in this one breed, the shooting
world owes his memory undying gratitude.
Among the best Retrievers of his breeding
were Paris, Moonstone, Zelstone, Dusk,
Lady Evelyn, Trace, and Thorn.

Mr. Shirley's work was carried on by Mr.
Harding Cox, who devoted much time and
energy to the production of good Retrievers,
many of which were of Mr. Shirley's strain.
Mr. Cox's dogs deservedly achieved con-

258

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

siderable fame for their levelness of type,
and the improvement in heads so noticeable
at the present time is to be ascribed to his
breeding for this point. Mr. L. Allen Shuter,
the owner of Ch. Darenth and other excellent

MR. A. H. HORSMAN'S CH. SHOTOVER

BY CH. BLACK QUILT QUEEN OF LLANGOLLEN.

Retrievers of his own breeding, claims also
a large share of credit for the part he has
played in the general improve-
ment of the breed. Mr. C. A.
Phillips, too, owned admirable
specimens in Ch. Taut and other
good workers, and the name of
the late Lieut. -Colonel Cornwall
Legh must be included. Many
of Colonel Legh's bitches were of
Shirley blood, but it is believed
that a breed of Retrievers had
existed at High Legh for several
generations, with which a judicious
cross was made, the result being
not only the formation of a re-
markable kennel, but also a de-
cided influence for good upon the
breed in general.

But since the Shirley days, when
competition was more limited than
it is at present, no kennel of Re-
trievers has ever attained any-
thing like the distinction of that owned
by Mr. H. Reginald Cooke, at Riverside,
Nantwich. By acquiring the best speci-
mens of the breed from a'.l available

sources, Mr. Cooke has gathered together a
stock which has never been equalled. His
ideas of type and conformation are the
outcome of close and attentive study and
consistent practice, and one needs to go to
Riverside if one desires to see the highest
examples of what a modern flat-coated
Retriever can be. Within recent years Mr.
Cooke has owned Ch. Black Quilt (perhaps
the most successful sire of the race), Paul
of Riverside, Worsley Bess, Gipsy of River-
side, Ch. High Legh Blarney, and Ch. Wim-
pole Peter, and at the present moment the
Riverside kennels contain ten champions in
addition to many potential champions.

Since Dr. Bond Moore imparted to the
Retriever a fixity of character, the coats
have become longer and less wavy, and
in conformation of skull, colour of eye,
straightness of legs, and quality of bone,
there has been a perceptible improve-
ment.

As there is no club devoted to the breed,
and consequently no official standard of
points, the following description of the
perfect Retriever is offered.

MR. E. W. H. BLAGG'S BUSY MITE

BY CH. WIMPOLE PETER STYLISH QUEEN.

Photograph by Lowmlcs, Cheadle.

1. General Appearance. — That of a well-pro-
portioned bright and active sporting dog, show-
ing power without lumber and raciness without
weediness.

2. Head. — Long, fine, without being weak, the

THE RETRIEVERS.

259

muzzle square, the underjaw strong with an
absence of lippiness or throatiness.

3. Eyes. — Dark as possible, with a very intelli-
gent, mild expression.

4. Neck. — Long and clean.

5. Ears. — -Small, well set on, and carried close
to the head.

6. Shoulders. — Oblique, running well into the
back, with plenty of depth of chest.

7. Body. — Short and square, and well ribbed up.

8. Stern. — Short and straight, and carried gaily,
but not curled over the back.

9. Forelegs. — Straight, pasterns strong, feet
small and round.

10. Quarters. — Strong ; stifles well bent.

11. Coat. — Dense black or liver, of fine quality
and texture. Flat, not wavy.

12. Weight.— From 65 Ib. to 80 Ib. for dogs ;
bitches rather less.

As a rule the Retriever should be chosen
for the intelligent look of his face, and
particular attention should be paid to the
shape of his head and to his eyes. His
frame is important, of course, but in the
Retriever the mental qualities are of more
significance than bodily points.

There has been a tendency in recent years
among Retriever breeders to fall into the
common error of exaggerating a particular
point, and of breeding dogs with a head far
too fine and narrow — it is what has been

aptly called the alligator head — lacking in
brain capacity and power of jaw. A perfect
head should be long and clean, but ne ther
weak nor snipy. The eye should be placed
just halfway between the occiput and the
tip of the nose.

It is pleasing to add that to this beautiful
breed the phrase " handsome is as handsome
does " applies in full measure. Not only is
the average Retriever of a companionable
disposition, with delightful intelligence that
is always responsive, but he is a good and
faithful guard and a courageous protector
of person and property. It has already
been said that the majority of the best-
looking Retrievers are also good working
dogs, and it may here be added that many
of the most successful working dogs are
sired by prizewinners in the show ring. At
the late Retriever trials at St. Neots
the open stake was won by Mr. Reginald
Cooke's Ch. Grouse of Riverside, a son of
Mr. Allen Shuter's Ch. Horton Rector. Ch.
Royal River and Ch. Shotover were also
successful runners at the Kennel Club
trials at Horsted who helped to prove that
the show dog need not necessarily be de-
ficient in the capacity to excel as a worker.

II.-THE CURLY-COATED RETRIEVER.

BY L. P. C. ASTLEV.

THE curly-coated Retriever is commonly
believed to be of earlier origin than his
flat-coated relative, and he is of less pure
descent. He probably owes ancestral tribute
to the Poodle, and the writer has had
ocular proof that a mongrel bred for experi-
ment for retrieving purposes from a black
Poodle dog and a weedy Labrador bitch
resembled a poor show specimen of the
curly Retriever. Such a cross may con-
iivably have been resorted to by the early
Retriever breeders, and there was little to
lose from a merely sporting point of view
from this alien introduction, for the Poodle
is well known to be by nature, if not by

systematic training, an excellent water dog,
capable of being taught anything that the
canine mind can comprehend. During the
early years of the nineteenth century the
Poodle was fairly plentiful in Eng and, and
we had no other curly-coated dog of similar
size and type apart from the Irish water
Spaniel, who may himself lay claim to
Poodle relationship ; while as to the Re-
triever, either curly- or flat-coated, he can
in no sense be assigned to any country out-
side of Great Britain. The presumption is
strong that the "gentleman from France"
was largely instrumental in the manufacture
of the variety, but whatever the origin of

260

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

the curly-coated Retriever he is a beautiful
dog, and one is gratified to note that the
old prejudice against him, and the old
indictment as to his hard mouth, are fast
giving place to praise of his intelligence
and admiration of his working abilities.

Speaking generally, it seems to be accepted
that he is slightly inferior in nose to his flat-
coated cousin, and not quite so easy to break,
but there are many keepers and handlers

Lad have taken their places in the history
of the breed. Later there have been such
famous specimens as Gomersal Surprise and
Gomersal Tip Top, Good Lad, Naughty Boy,
Tiverton Beauty II. and III., Millington
Princess, Belle Vue Nina, in the writer's
opinion one of the very best, and her im-
mortal conqueror Preston Sultan, a dog
whose quality of coat, bone, substance, head,
eye and perfect make and shape have never
been surpassed. Gomersal May
Fiy, Preston Wonder, Belle Vue
Surprise, Miss Wonder, another
beautifully shaped bitch, and Miss
Quality, are later additions to the
scroll of fame. The prefix " Gom-
ersal " belongs to Messrs. Mason
and Wood, " Tiverton " to Mr.
Sam Darby, " Belle Vue " to Mr.
Flowett, and " Berkeley " to Mr.
A. Clarkson. Henry Skipworth,
Lord Melville, Duerdin Button,

MESSRS. MASON AND WOODS

CH. PRESTON SULTAN

BY BERKELEY SULTAN NEGRESS.

who have discovered in individual
specimens extraordinary merit in
the field combined with great en-
durance. It is not certain that
any great improvement has been
effected in the variety during re-
cent years, but there are particular
dogs to-day who are decidedly
better than any that existed a
dozen years or more ago, when
such celebrities as True, Old Sam,
King Koffee, Ben Wonder, Doden Ben,
Lad, and Una, were prominent, and there
is no doubt that the curly coats attained
show form in advance of the flat-coated
variety. Among the early specimens in
addition to those just mentioned Tiverton
Lady was a notably beautiful bitch, as were
Barkwith Lady, Black Gipsy, and Gomer-
sal Lady ; and the names of Gomersal
Tipster, Gomersal Beauty, Berkeley Black
Boy, Berkeley Gipsy, and Tiverton Best

MR. A.

BY CH.

R. FISH'S CH. MISS WONDER

PRESTON SULTAN PRESTON LADY.

A. R. Fish, R. Chapman, and J. Donald
are names of breeders and owners which
have frequently appeared in the prize lists
of recent years.

The coat of the curly Retriever plays a
very important part in his value and per-
sonality. There are many kinds of coat,
but the only true and proper one is the
close fitting " nigger curl," of which each
knot is solid and inseparable. A coat
of this quality is not capable of improve-

THE RETRIEVERS.,

261

ment by any method of grooming, for the
s mple reason that its natural condition is
in itself perfect. The little locks should be
so close together as to be impervious to
water, and all parts of the body should be
evenly covered with them, including the
tail and legs. A bad class of coat, and one
which readily yields to the faker's art is
the thin open curl which by careful manipu-
lation can be greatly improved. Another
bad quality of coat is one in which, upon
the withers and over the loins in particular,
the curls do not tighten up naturally, but
are large, loose, and soft to the feel. Re-
garding the dog as a whole, the following
may be taken as an all-round description : —

1. General Appearance. — That of a smart,
active, clean-cut and alert dog, full of go and
fire — a sportsman from stem to stern.

2. Head. — Long and not weedy in the muzzle,
nor thick and coarse in the skull, but tapering
down and finishing with a stout broad muzzle.

3. Skull. — Should be flat and moderately broad
between the ears, which are rather small, and
well covered with hair.

4. Ears. — Should lie close to the side of the head,
but not dead in their carriage.

5. Face. — The face should be smooth, and any
indication of a forelock should be penalised.

6. Eye. — The eye should in all cases be dark
and not too deeply set.

7. Neck.— Well placed in the shoulders and
nicely arched, of moderate length and yet power-
ful and free from throatiness.

8. Shoulders. — Well laid back and as free from
massiveness as possible, though there is a decided
tendency in this variety to such a fault.

9. Legs. — Straight and well covered with coat.
The bone should show quality and yet be fairly
abundant.

10. Feet. — Compact and hound-like.

11. Body. — Should show great power, with deep,
well-rounded ribs. As little cut-up in the flank
as possible.

12. Tail. — Strong at the base, set on in a line with
the back and tapering to a point, the size of the
curls upon it diminishing gradually to the end.

13. Hind Quarters. — Should show great develop-
ment of muscle, with bent hocks, the lower leg
being strong and the hind feet compact. Any
suspicion of cow hocks should be heavily penalised.

14. Colour. — Mostly a dull black. Some liver-
coloured dogs are seen with very good coats and
bodies, but their heads are . generally thick and
coarse and the colour of their eyes does not always
match, as it should do, with the colour of the
coat. A few dogs of this colour have achieved
distinction on the show bench.

III.-THE LABRADOR.

BY F. E. SCHOFIELD.

AMONG sporting dogs the Labradors are
unique. In the evolution of flat-coated
Retrievers they played a most important
part, yet they themselves remain to-day
very much as they were when the former
were neither defined nor definable. It
was not till the year 1903 that the breed
was recognised by the Kennel Club, and
special attention drawn to them.

Of their common origin with the New-
foundland there is no doubt. It must be
remembered that previous to the foundation
of the Kennel Club in 1873 the classification
of many varieties of dogs was very indefinite.
When the Newfoundland was first intro-
duced into this country I do not know.
It is quite certain, however, that in the

early years of the nineteenth century even
the large dogs were frequently used in
field sports, and equally certain that many
of the references in The Sporting Magazine
and other publications to Newfoundlands
in the field were really meant for Labradors.
In Scott's beautifully illustrated " British
Field Sports," published in 1818, mention
is made of the Newfoundland dog, " so well
known of late years in this country," being
used for the " purpose of fetching and
carrying game." He adds : " This noble
animal . . . appears to be specifically the
same, or a variety of the Great Dog of the
north of Europe, perhaps imported thence
into the island of Newfoundland on its first
colonisation."

262

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

In his article on the Newfoundland (p. 74)
Captain Bailey quotes McGregor (1832) :
"The smooth short-haired dog so much
admired in England as a Newfoundland

RUFUS.

From " The Sporting Magazine " (1832).

dog ... is a cross breed," and, I think,
rightly assumes that the reference was to
Labradors. McGregor was not a reliable
authority on such a subject, and sufficient
of him is quoted to show it.
Much more to the point is
the extract from Youatt (1845)
which immediately follows it.

In The Sporting Magazine of
July, 1832, appeared a picture
of " Rufus, a celebrated Re-
triever," reproduced in this
column. Of him it is said,
" Rufus is a mixed breed be-
tween the Pointer and New-
foundland dog. His portrait
has the character of the latter
very visible, small eye, visage
rather long, small ear, and stern
well flocked ; but his legs have
that of the first, clean and well
formed. His name is a mis-
nomer, being decidedly a black
dog." It requires small effort
of the imagination to picture
the type of Newfoundland
dog which played such a prominent part
in the production of "Rufus."

The philosophic Elaine, in his " Encyclo-
paedia of Rural Sports " (1852), drew a dis-
tinction— the opposite, be it observed, from
what is commonly accepted to-day ; " The
Newfoundland dog is a Spaniel
much employed on the southern
coasts of our kingdom, and there
appear to be two distinct breeds
of them — one from Labrador, and
another from St. John's. The Lab-
rador dog is very large, rough-
haired, and carries his tail high.
. . . The St. John's breed is that to
be preferred by the sportsman on
every account, being smaller, more
easily managed, and sagacious in
the extreme. His scenting powers
are also great." Then he goes on
to say : " Some years ago these
dogs ; could be readily procured
at Poole." It is interesting to
find that the principal branch of
business at Poole at that time
was in connection with the Newfoundland
fisheries.

I have an old sporting paper with a
report of the Crystal Palace Show of 1872.

THE HON.

BY SIXTY—

Photograph by

A. HOLLAND H1BBERTS MUNDEN SENTRY
-SCOTTIE.
C. Reid, Wishaw.

This is an extract from it : " The Retrievers
. . . were most extensively represented ;

THE RETRIEVERS.

263

and there were good specimens of almost
every description, game and Newfoundland,
curly coated and wavy coated ! " In the
champion class the late Mr. S. E. Shirley's
well-known Paris (K.C.S.B., 1839) S°t a
special prize. Paris was by Lion (alias
Hercules) out of Bess — both imported
Labradors.

Even in " Cassell's Illustrated Book of
the Dog " (1881), Mr. Vero Shaw, in dealing

had rare facilities for importing Labradors,
and through him many others were supplied.
I am not aware of any dog of consequence
to the breed having been imported in recent
years. Without the assistance of shows
or imported blood, however, they have sur-
vived marvellously, thanks especially to
the kennels of such breeders as the Dukes of
Buccleuch and Hamilton, the Earl of Veru-
lam, Lords Wimborne, Home, and Malmes-

GROUP OF LABRADORS.

THE PROPERTY OF THE HON. A. HOLLAND HIBBERT.

Photograph by C. ReU, Wishaw.

with Retrievers on p. 419, speaks of Lab-
rador and Newfoundland in convertible
terms !

As Poole — the south — so Shields on the
" coaly Tyne " supplied the north, and
Labradors were certainly well known as
sporting dogs in Northumberland in the
' fifties — probably earlier. Mr. Joseph Job-
ling, of Morpeth, a well-known authority in
his day, who not only owned the winning
Setter at the first dog show in 1859, but
who was one of the judges for Pointers, was
much interested in shipping at Shields. He

bury, the Hon. A. Holland Hibbert, Sir
Savile Crossley, Mr. F. P. Barnett, Mr. C.
Liddell, Mr. O. L. Mansel, and others
equally enthusiastic.

To the Duke of Buccleuch's kennel, under
the able management of Mr. John Bell,
we are probably more indebted in the
last twenty years than to any other. Its
foundation was laid in two bitches by a
dog of the Duke of Hamilton's from a bitch
of Lord Malmesbury's. At Drumlanrig, as
well as on the Duke's other estates, they
have been most particular in preserving the

264

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

purity and working qualities of their strain.
And the same may be said of the Hon. A.
Holland Hibbert, whose principal dogs are
not only typical in appearance, but broken
to perfection.

It is perhaps not within my province
to show the part played by Labradors
in making the flat - coated Retrievers.
A sentence or two will suffice. Elaine,
already quoted, says in 1852 : " The Re-
triever is rather an indefinite dog, i.e. he
owns no fixed parentage, but may be
generated by any congenial varieties as
the Spaniel and Newfoundlander." Later
on he says, for certain shootings : ' The
Retriever employed should be a cross breed
between a Setter and Newfoundlander."
Idstone, twenty years later, says : " The
Black Retriever was a Setter originally. . . .
He was thickened, strengthened, and im-
proved by the Labrador blood." It would
be easy enough to trace through Wyndham,
Paris, and several other of the early
Retrievers the permanent influence of the
Labradors upon the breed. While, chiefly
owing to the influence of shows, these
" indefinite dogs of no fixed parentage "
have been evolved into the magnificent
fixed breed as we now know it, we have
the Labradors now just as we had them fifty
years ago — just as we had, in fact, nearly all
sporting dogs fifty years ago. That is to
say, we have a distinct breed, maintained
by a comparatively few enthusiastic indi-
viduals, primarily for its sporting qualities,
according to a recognised, unwritten type,
and modified in a few non-essential points
to individual taste.

That the Labrador will ever be appreciated
by the rank and file, and become a popular
show dog, I very much doubt. He somehow
does not lend himself to it, and if aristocrat
he be, he represents much more appropriately
the garb and " get-up " of the sportsman
than the dandy in the drawing-room.

Hexham, some seven or eight years ago,
was the first show to give classes for them.
Now half a dozen — including the Crystal
Palace, Cruft's, and Southampton — cater
for them, and the classes are generally well
filled.

Colour of eye is the most important
point yet raised by their appearance in
the show ring. On this feature let me
quote from my review of the breed for
1906, in The Kennel Gazette of February.
" Bray ton Swift, the winning dog at the
Crystal Palace, has a dark eye, which in my
opinion improves him greatly. This is pre-
cisely one of the points where opinions differ.
Several devoted breeders look upon a dark
eye as almost a disqualification. No doubt
from the time of their earliest introduction
the majority of them have been light in eye.
Their intimate relations, the Newfoundlands,
despite all endeavours to eradicate it, and
with no difference of opinion upon the sub-
ject, in many of the best bred specimens show
the light eye to this day. If breeders were
unanimous to-morrow, therefore, as to the
desirability of the dark eye, it would take
years of careful selection before anything
like uniformity could be obtained in this
respect. On the other hand, one has seen
occasionally dark-eyed specimens all along
the line, and will continue to see them. On
one point let there be no mistake : we want
no Retriever crossing to darken eyes ! In
judging I would not for a moment consider
colour of eyes if I felt the Retriever coat in a
Labrador. Therein lies the real danger of
attaching too much importance to a dark eye.
It is largely a matter of individual taste, of
education, if you like to put it so, and I am
willing to admit that mine has been sadly
neglected. But according to my light, I have
a right to say while I like a dark eye in a
dark dog, you must give me a pure, dis-
tinctive Labrador first, and afterwards pre-
ferably that one with a dark eye."

It is through their merit as field dogs that
the Labradors have been so carefully and
persistently maintained. While, as far as
possible, using only dogs typical in appear-
ance, breeders have unanimously considered
work the sine qua non in the selection of a
sire. In this county of Northumberland
one has been accustomed from boyhood to
hear occasionally wonderful tales of their
sagacity in the field. Midge, a famous
bitch of Mr. Jobling's over forty years ago,
has long been a saint in my memory,

THE RETRIEVERS.

265

recalling as she does many a rollicking, youth-
ful day over her master's farms with the
younger Joseph, when she invariably con-
tributed largely to the bag.

In recent years Mr. F. P. Barnett's
Stag has often surprised a shooting party
by his wonderful finds where all the other
dogs had failed. The Hon. A. Holland
Hibbert was, I think, the first to run pure
Labradors at the field trials,
and with success ; Munden Sen-
try, M. Single, M. Sandfly, and
M. Something all having done
well. But the most conspicu-
ous performer hitherto is Mr.
J. M. Portal's Flapper, a
worthy son of Stag, who in a
stake of twenty competitors at
the Kennel Club trials of 1907 got
second, and shortly afterwards
second in a stake of seventeen
at the International. The suc-
cess of these dogs will, no
doubt, induce other owners to
patronise the trials.

In his " Book of the Dog "
Mr. Vero Shaw mentions that
in 1876 or '77, Dr. Bond Moore
showed him a pair of Retriever
puppies of pale golden colour.
In " British Dogs " Hugh Dal-
ziel confirms the statement, adding that
they were out of Midnight, a black bitch of
Labrador breed. It is abundantly evident
that the early Retrievers were by no means
fixed in colour, and this is attributed by many
writers more or less to the Labrador blood.
Black has always been the prevailing colour
of Labradors. It is interesting, therefore,
to find in this connection that there is a
breed of yellow Labradors at the present
day in the possession of Captain Radcliffe,
at Wareham. They are not to be confused
with the yellow Retrievers we have had for

long enough on the borders, but are pure
Labradors, bred and selected with great care.
I am told that their working qualities are
also of the best.

How can I better finish this short article
than by quoting Scott's beautiful "Eloge"
on the sporting Newfoundland, in " British
Field Sports " ? " One of the most blameless
and good-natured of animals, neither the

MR. j. M.

BY MR. F.

PORTAL'S FLAPPER
B. BARNETT'S STAQ-

-BETSAY.

natural nor intentional enemy of any other.
On the contrary, instinctively and volun-
tarily the friend of all, seeking every occa-
sion to assist and oblige, and in his attach-
ment to human nature equal even to the
Spaniel and inferior to him only in the
qualifications of a courtier. To finish the
strictly well-merited eloge of this wonderful
brute, where are we, whether among bipeds
or quadrupeds, to find his superior for kind-
ness of heart, susceptibility of attachment,
voluntary industry, and proffers of service,
courage, fortitude and perseverance ? "

THE CHESAPEAKE BAY DOG

MAY be conveniently noticed at this coast, where wild duck abound. It is one

point, since it is essentially a Retriever of the few breeds " invented " by our

bred and developed for work with the American cousins. There is a tradition

gun, and mainly used on the Atlantic that it originated from a dog or dogs rescued

266

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

from a vessel bound from Newfoundland to
England and wrecked on the shores of
Chesapeake Bay, and that a cross with a
common yellow and tan coloured hound
or coon dog produced the liver or " sedge "
colour of the true Chesapeake Bay Retriever.
It is not a particularly handsome dog, but
for its purpose it is an excellent worker. The
chief characteristic which distinguishes it
from a very ordinary wavy-coated English
Retriever is that of colour. There is a
Chesapeake Bay Dog Club with head-
quarters in Baltimore, whose official stan-
dard of points is as follows : —

1. General Appearance. — A symmetrical and
well-built dog, fit for duck-shooting.

2. Head. — Broad, running to nose only a trifle
pointed, but not at all sharp ; face covered with
very short hair.

3. Eyes. — Of a yellow colour ; lively and intelli-
gent hi expression.

4. Ears. — Small, placed well on the head.

5. Neck. — Should be only moderately long,
and with a firm, strong appearance.

6. Shoulders. — Should have full liberty, with
plenty of show for power and no tendency to
restriction of movement.

7. Chest. — Strong and deep.

8. Hind Quarters. — Should show fully as much,
if not more power than the fore quarters. Any
tendency to weakness must be avoided.

9. Legs. — Rather short, showing both bone
and muscle ; fore-legs rather straight and sym-
metrical ; elbows well let down and set straight.

10. Feet. — Of good size and well webbed.

11. Tail. — Stout, somewhat long, the straighter
the better, and showing only moderate feather.

12. Coat. — Short and thick, somewhat coarse,

with tendency to wave over shoulders, back and
loins, where it is longest, nowhere over ij- inches
to i£ niches long; that on flanks, legs and belly
shorter, tapering to quite short near the feet.
Under all this is a short woolly fur, which should
well cover the skin, and can be readily observed
by pressing aside the outer coat. This coat pre-
serves the dog from the effects of the wet and
cold, and enables him to stand severe exposure
and is conducive to speed in swimming.

13. Colour. — Nearly resembling wet sedge grass
or discoloured coat of a buffalo, though toward
spring it becomes lighter by exposure to weather.
A small white spot or frill on the breast is admis-
sible.

14. Height at Shoulder. — -About 24 inches.

15. Weight. — Dogs from 60 Ib. to 70 Ib. ;
bitches from 45 Ib. to 55 Ib.

The Norfolk Retriever. — There is a
coarse, liver-coloured dog, sometimes to
be seen in the marshy districts of East
Anglia, which some people claim as a dis-
tinct breed, meriting the name of the
Norfolk Retriever. The coat is curly,
the neck long, the legs are muscular, and
the feet webbed. The ears are large,
with a considerable amount of feather.
Some specimens almost resemble the Irish
Water Spaniel, or a cross between that
breed and the curly-coated Retriever. They
are often used for fowling on the Broads,
and are good water dogs. It is perhaps
necessary to mention him, but he may
nevertheless be dismissed as a decided
mongrel.

Photograph by C. Reid, Wkhaw.

267

CHAPTER XXVI.
THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

BY COLONEL R. CLAUDE CANE.

"Or were I sprung from Spaniel line,
Was his sagacious nostril mine,
By me, their never-erring guide,
From wood and plain their feasts supplied,
Knights, squires, attendant on my pace,
Had shared the pleasures of the chase."

—JOHN GAY (1727).

I. The Spaniel Family. — The Spaniel
family is without any doubt one of the
most important of the many groups which
are included in the canine race, not only
on account of its undoubted antiquity,
and, compared with other families, its
well authenticated lineage, but also because
of its many branches and subdivisions,
ranging in size from the majestic and
massive Clumbers to the diminutive toys
which we are accustomed to associate with
fair ladies' laps and gaily decked pens at
our big dog shows.

Moreover, the different varieties of Setters
undoubtedly derive their origin from the
same parent stock, since we find them
described by the earlier sporting writers
as " setting " or " crouching " Spaniels,
in contradistinction to the " finding " or
" springing " Spaniel, who flushed the
game he found without setting or pointing
it. As time went on, the setting variety
was, no doubt, bred larger and longer in
the leg, with a view to increased pace ;
but the Spaniel-like head and coat still
remain to prove the near connection be-
tween the two breeds.

Baron Cuvier, the eminent naturalist,
speaks also of a breed known as the Alpine
Spaniel, which does not, in spite of its
name, to my mind, seem to bear any relation
to what we know as Spaniels, but rather
to have been the ancestor of the modern
St. Bernard, probably by means of a cross
with some breed of Molossian origin.

Mr. C. A. Phillips, however, is inclined
to believe that this Alpine Spaniel is re-
sponsible for a part, at least, of the blood
flowing in the veins of our modern Clumbers,
whose origin has always been more or less
like that of " Jeames," " wropt in mys-
tery." He bases this theory on certain
similarities in the head and colouring of
the St. Bernard and the Clumber, and as
no one has gone more deeply into the
matter than Mr. Phillips, who was my col-
laborator in writing " The Sporting
Spaniel," it is worthy of a considerable
amount of respect, though doubtless it
would at the present time be very difficult
either to prove or disprove.

All the different varieties of Spaniels,
both sporting and toy, have, with the ex-
ception of the Clumber and the Irish Water
Spaniel (who is not, despite his name, a
true Spaniel at all), a common origin,
though at a very early date we find them
divided into two groups — viz. Land and
Water Spaniels, and these two were kept
distinct, and bred to develop those points
which were most essential for their dif-
ferent spheres of work. The earliest men-
tion of Spaniels to be found in English
literature is contained in the celebrated
" Master of Game," the work of Edward
Plantagenet, second Duke of York, and
Master of Game to his uncle, Henry IV., to
whom the work is dedicated. It was
written between the years 1406 and 1413,
and although none of the MSS., of which

268

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

some sixteen are in existence, is dated,
this date can be fairly accurately fixed, as
the author was appointed Master of Game
in the former and killed at Agincourt in
the latter year. His chapter on Spaniels,
however, is mainly a translation from the
equally celebrated " Livre de Chasse " of

THE SLEEPING SPORTSMAN.
FROM THE PICTURE ay GABRIEL METZU (1630-67).
SHOWING A TYPICAL SPRINGER OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY.
Photograph by J. CasweU-Smith, Oxford Street, W.

Gaston Comte de Foix, generally known as
Gaston Phoebus, which was written in
1387, so that we may safely assume that
Spaniels were well known, and habitually
used as aids to the chase both in France
and England, as early as the middle of the
fourteenth century. Chaucer, too, who was
born in or about 1328, mentions Spaniels
in " The Wif of Bathes Prologue," " For as
a Spaniel, she wol on him lepe," and of

the many other old writers who refer to
them the most important are Dame Juliana
Berners, in the " Book of St. Albans,"
George Turberville in the " Book of Faul-
conrie," Nicholas Cox in the " Gentleman's
Recreation," Gervase Markham in " Hun-
ger's Prevention," and Arcussia, all before
the end of the seven-
teenth century.

In the eighteenth and
early part of the nine-
teenth century the
Spaniel was described
by many writers on
sporting subjects ; but
there is a great simi-
larity in most of these
accounts, each author
apparently having been
content to repeat in
almost identical lan-
guage what had been
said upon the subject
by his predecessors,
without importing any
originality or opinions
of his own. Many of
these works, notwith •
standing this defect,
are very interesting to
the student of Spaniel
lore, and I can recom-
mend the perusal of
Elaine's "Rural
Sports," Taplin's
" Sporting Dictionary
and Rural Repository,"
Scott's " Sportsman's
Cabinet" and "Sports-
man's Repository,"
and Needham's " Com-
plete Sportsman," to all who wish to study
the history of the development of the
various modern breeds. The works of the
French writers, De Cominck, De Cherville,
Blaze, and Megnin, are well worth reading,
while of late years the subject has been
treated very fully by such British writers
as the late J. H. Walsh (" Stonehenge "),
Mr. Vero Shaw, Mr. Rawdon Lee, and
others.

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

269

Some of the writers of about a hundred
years ago speak of the " small or carpet
Spaniels," and of Blenheim Spaniels being
used in their day for sporting purposes, and
as being " excellent and indefatigable in
their work," while Needham remarks that
" the kind which has attained the great-
est distinction is that denominated King
Charles's Spaniel." No one going round
the toy dog benches at the Crystal Palace
Show nowadays could picture the goggle-
eyed, pug-nosed, pampered little peculiarities
he would see there lolling on satin cushions
and decked out with many-coloured ribbons,
taking such violent exercise as would be
entailed by even half an hour's hunting in
the easiest of coverts ; but there is no doubt
that these effete little monsters have the
same ultimate origin as most of our modern
sporting varieties, and not longer ago than
thirty years the writer has had many a
good day's sport shooting rabbits in gorse
over a team of King Charles's Spaniels be-
longing to a cousin in the South of Ireland,
which were, however, rather bigger and
stronger than those which seem nowadays
to catch the judge's eye.

Nearly all of the early writers, both
French and English, are agreed that the
breed came originally from Spain, as its
name seems to imply, the only dissentients
I can remember being Needham, who says
it is " indisputable " that it is indigenous,
and De Cherville, who puts forward the
ingenious theory that it must have come
from Russia, since it is a long-haired breed,
and that all long-haired animals come from
the frigid zone. On the whole, I think we
may dismiss such fanciful theories as these,
and assume that such early authorities as
Gaston Phoebus, Edward Plantagenet, and
Dr. Caius had good enough reasons for tell-
ing us that these dogs were called Spaniels
because they came from Spain.

Having touched lightly upon the con-
nection between the toy breeds of Spaniels
and their sporting cousins, I will leave the
former to be dealt with by those who are
no doubt better qualified to speak of their
good qualities and fitness for their present
role, and confine myself to those varieties

which are used in aid of the gun, either in
teams or braces or singly, treating each
breed both from the showgoer's and the
sportsman's point of view, the latter of
which, I am sorry to say, is too often lost
sight of nowadays by those who breed and
exhibit this most eminently sporting of all
dogs.

The following distinct breeds or varieties
are recognised by the Kennel Club : (i) Irish
Water Spaniels ; (2) Water Spaniels other
than Irish ; (3) Clumber Spaniels ; (4) Sussex
Spaniels ; (5) Field Spaniels ; (6) English
Springers ; (7) Welsh Springers ; (8) Cocker
Spaniels. Each of these varieties differs
considerably from the others, and each has
its own special advocates and admirers, as
well as its own particular sphere of work
for which it is best fitted, though almost any
Spaniel can be made into a general utility
dog, which is, perhaps, one of the main
reasons for the universal popularity of the
breed. How popular it is is demonstrated
by the enormous entry obtained at our
leading shows, the entry at the Kennel
Club's Jubilee Show of 1905 amounting to
no fewer than 349, while that of 1906 was
only twenty less — totals not even ap-
proached by any other breed except Fox-
terriers, who were, however, a long way
behind.

II. The Irish Water Spaniel.— There

is only one breed of dog known in these
days by the name of Irish Water Spaniel,
but if we are to trust the writers of no
longer ago than half a century there were
at one time two, if not three, breeds of
Water Spaniels peculiar to the Emerald
Isle. These were the Tweed Water Spaniel,
the Northern Water Spaniel, and the
Southern Water Spaniel, the last of these
being the progenitors of our modern strains.
Of the two first-named varieties, the Tweed
Spaniel is almost certainly extinct, if it
ever existed at all as a distinct and separate
breed. Mr. Skidmore, who, forty or fifty
years ago, was one of the most enthu-
siastic supporters of Irish Water Spaniels
and one of the greatest authorities on them,
describes them as looking as if they had

270

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

" a dash of Bloodhound in their veins,"
which is certainly borne out by the details
he gives of their various points, and, al-
though he gives no particulars as to size
or general appearance, he says quite enough
to make it tolerably certain that they did
not resemble the modern dog in any way.

The Northern Irish Water Spaniel cer-
tainly did exist, and many old sportsmen in
Ireland still speak of them, sometimes call-
ing them " the old brown Irish Retriever";
but for many years past they have fallen
into disfavour, and it is extremely doubtful
whether a single individual specimen with
an authentic pedigree could be found nowa-
days anywhere within the whole length
and breadth of the island. Mr. Skidmore
describes them also, and says they were
about 20 inches high and " like bad speci-
mens of liver-coloured Retrievers."

The history of the third, and to us most
important breed is in many ways a very
extraordinary one. According to the claim
of Mr. Justin McCarthy, it originated
entirely in his kennels, and, as far as I
know, this claim has never been seriously
disputed by the subsequent owners and
breeders of these dogs. It seems to me
most improbable that Mr. Justin McCarthy
can actually have originated or manufac-
tured a breed possessing so many extremely
marked differences and divergences of type
as the Irish Water Spaniel ; what he most
probably did was to rescue an old and mori-
bund breed from impending extinction, and
so improve it by judicious breeding and
cross-breeding as to give it a new lease of
life, and permanently fix its salient points
and characteristics. However that may be,
little seems to have been known of the
breed before he took it in hand, and it is
very certain that nearly every Irish Water
Spaniel seen on the bench for the last half-
century owes its descent to his old dog
Boatswain, who was born in 1834 and lived
for eighteen years. He must have been a
grand old dog, since Mr. McCarthy gave
him to Mr. Joliffe Tuffnell in 1849, when he
was fifteen years old ; and his new owner
subsequently bred by him Jack, a dog
whose name appears in many pedigrees.

It was not until 1862 that the breed seems
to have attracted much notice in England,
but in that year the Birmingham Com-
mittee gave two classes for them, at which,
however, several of the prizes were with-
held for want of merit, a proceeding on the
part of the judge which provoked much
indignant comment in the Press from
breeders and exhibitors, who asserted that
it was he who was in fault, and not the dogs.
The next few years saw these dogs making
great strides in popularity, and, classes
being provided at most of the important
shows, many good specimens were exhibited,
the most prominent owners being Captain
Lindoe, Captain Montresor, Mr. N. Morton,
of Ballymena, Captain O'Grady, Mr. J. S.
Skidmore, Mr. R. W. Boyle, and Mr. J. T.
Robson, who may be described as the
fathers of the breed in its present form.

Of the many good dogs exhibited during
the first decade of dog showing, none had
so successful a career as Doctor (K.C.S.B.
2,061), who won no fewer than five first
prizes at Birmingham, two at the Crystal
Palace, and one each at Islington, Dublin,
Edinburgh, and Glasgow, besides several
seconds. This record would not be a very
wonderful one in these days when dog
shows are held somewhere on nearly every
week-day in the year, and many success-
ful prize winners spend nearly their whole
lives either in their travelling boxes or on
the bench ; but it must be remembered
that in the 'sixties and 'seventies shows
were few and far between, and that Doctor
was being continually exhibited for over
seven years, during which time he was
practically unbeaten. He was by Rob-
son's Jock out of Robson and Willett's
Duck, and was a great-grandson of old
Boatswain. He was owned at one time
or other during his lengthy career by Mr.
Robson, Mr. N. Morton, Mr. Sims, the
Rev. Mr. Mellor, and Mr. J. S. Skidmore.
His son' Shamrock (K.C.S.B. 4,386), out of
Beaver, has transmitted his blood to many
latter-day winners, of whom the most
notable are Barney, Mickey Free, The
O'Donoghue, Kate Kearney, and Free
O'Donoghue. Mr. Skidmore, who is, I

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

271

believe, still alive, continued breeding and
exhibiting till nearly the end of the 'eighties,
his best dog after Doctor being probably
Mickey Free (K.C.S.B. 10,393).

Another old-time breeder and exhibitor,
Mr. N. Morton, only died as recently as
1906, though he had long ago given up
showing dogs, and devoted himself almost
entirely to horses, with which he was very
successful at the great Ball's Bridge Show
in Dublin and elsewhere. He had, how-

characteristic energy, and for several years
carried all before him, showing such good
specimens as Harp (K.C.S.B. 22,518), Spal-
peen, Belshrah, Shann, Erin, Shamus, and
Eileen IYT, nearly all of whom attained
championship honours. It was a great
loss to the breed and to everyone con-
nected with it when the Colonel gave up
showing about the middle of the next decade,
and someone of his energy and personality
is badly wanted at the present day to re-

MR. c. E. WRIGHT'S IRISH WATER SPANIELS,

PATRICK O'CONNOR. HEMPIE, RODERIC O'CONNOR, AND KATHLEEN O'CONNOR.

Photograph by T. Fall.

•ever, at the beginning rendered the great-
est service to the breed, and his kennels
produced some very notable specimens,
including Larry Doolin (K.C.S.B. 4,384),
the ancestor of many dogs destined to win
fame for themselves in later days.

Between 1880 and 1890 many good Irish
Water Spaniels were exhibited, and the
breed increased greatly in popularity. In
this period the names of the brothers R. B.
and T. S. Carey, and of Colonel the Hon.
W. le Poer Trench first appear as breeders
and exhibitors, names which are still house-
hold words to all Irish Water Spaniel men.
Colonel Trench took up the breed with

vive the waning interest in this quaint-
looking and useful dog.

Other successful owners of this period
were Captain J. H. Dwyer with Blair,
Mr. T. K. Penson with The Shaughraun,
Mr. J. S. Nisbet with Kate Kearney and
Free O'Donoghue (the latter a very hand-
some and typical dog), Mr. G. W. Thomp-
son with Barry Sullivan, and Mr. G. J.
Doherty with Madame Blair, a bitch not
only good herself, but phenomenally success-
ful as a breeder of the highest class of Water
Spaniels. The Messrs. Carey's greatest suc-
cesses were scored a little later, after 1890,
and probably the best animal owned by

272

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

them was Dymphna (K.C.S.B. 33,9OI)> who
had a most successful career, winning the
title of Champion, in my opinion one
of the soundest and most typical bitches
ever shown, though to please some critics

MR. J. J. HOLGATE'S CH. SOUTHBORO' JEWEL

BY FORTH PADDY SOUTHBORO1 FINOLA.

Photograph by Chancellor, Dublin.

she might have been just a size bigger.
Otherwise it was hard to pick a fault in her.
She was bred by Mr. Doherty, and was by
The Shaughraun out of Madame Blair.
Mr. J. C. Cockburn's Dunraven, born 1888,
and Mr. A. E. Daintree's Rock Diver, by
Barry Sullivan out of Madame Blair, both
did a lot of winning, but undoubtedly the
two most successful Irish Water Spaniels of
this period were Dermot Asthore (K.C.S.B.
38,557), and Duck O'Donoghue (K.C.S.B.
40,594), both owned during the greater part
of their show career by Mr. T. Camac
Tisdall. The dog was bred by Mr. T. S.
Carey, and was beaten the first time he
was shown by Killaneal, a dog belonging
also to Mr. Camac Tisdall, and a son of
Madame Blair, who did a lot of winning at
the best shows of that year, 1894. Dermot
Asthore, who was a very good and typical
dog, despite a defective jaw, was practic-

ally unbeaten by his own sex for the next
four years.

Duck O'Donoghue, by Free O'Donoghue
out of Madame Blair, was a very beautiful
bitch who was not shown until she was five
years old, when she came out
at Dublin under Mr. S. E.
Shirley, and created a great
sensation, winning all before
her. She quickly attained the
rank of Champion, winning
championship after champion-
ship at all the leading shows,
and only, as far as I can re-
member, being beaten twice
in classes confined to her own
breed — once at Armagh, by
her kennel mate Dermot
Asthore, and once at Bir-
mingham, by Kempston Tessa.
Her show career lasted but a
short time, and she made her
last appearance in 1897 at the
same show, Dublin, where she
had made her sensational debut
two years before. She ex-
celled in make and shape, and,
above all, in type ; but she
must have been a difficult
bitch to keep in condition, and
I never saw her in perfect coat. Unfor-
tunately, she was not a success as a brood
bitch.

During the last few years, I am sorry to
say that the breed seems to have been
progressing the wrong way, and classes at
shows have not been nearly so strong, either
in numbers or in quality, as they used to
be. Yet there have been, and are still,
quite a large number of good dogs and
bitches to be seen, and it only needs en-
thusiasm and co-operation among breeders
to bring back the palmiest days of the Irish
Water Spaniel.

A few years ago there was, to the great
regret of. everyone who had the interests
of the breed at heart, a certain amount of
friction between the Spaniel Club and the
Irish Water Spaniel Club, which may have
done, and probably did, a great deal of
harm ; but the exercise of common-sense

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

273

on both sides, and a more liberal spirit, more intelligent-looking. In this particular

has removed these differences, or at least his looks do not bewray him ; he is, in

smoothed them down, so that one may fact, one of the most intelligent of all

entertain hopes of a happier future, and the dogs_used in aid of the gun, and in

the advent of a new Club, the Sporting his own sphere one of the most useful.

Irish Water Spaniel Club, if it will only That sphere, there is no doubt, is that

work in harmony with, and not antagonistic- indicated by his name, and it is in a

ally to, the existing organisations, may be country of bogs and marshes, like the south

hailed as a good omen.

and west of Ireland, of which he was origin-

Within recent years the most success- ally a native, where snipe and wildfowl

ful owners have been Mr. Trench O'Rorke, provide the staple sport of the gunner, that

Mrs. F. Carter Michell, Mr. J. Conley, Sir he is in his element and seen at his best,

Hugo FitzHerbert, Mr. Jelly Dudley, and though, no doubt, he can do excellent work

Mr. J. J. Holgate. The last named gentle- as an ordinary retriever, and is often used

man possesses probably the best brace being as such.

shown at present, Ch. Young Patsey Boyle
and Ch. Southboro' Jewel ; while Mr.

But Nature (or Mr. McCarthy's art) has
specially formed and endowed him for the

Trench O'Rorke has shown successfully amphibious sport indicated above, and has
Clonburn Aileen, Clonburn Molly, Clonburn provided him with an excellent nose, an
Biddy, Clonburn Chieftain, Clonburn Peggy, almost waterproof coat, the sporting in-
and Our Chance, all good typical Irish Water stincts of a true son of Erin, and, above all,
Spaniels, and most of them of his own breed- a disposition full of good sense ; he is high-
ing. Mrs. Mitchell's list includes the fol- couraged, and at the same time adapt-
lowing names, all very well
known as prize-winners : Kate
O'Shane, Kempston Tessa,
Kempston Connaught, Kemps-
ton Shannon, Kempston Kath-
leen Mavourneen, and Kemps-
ton Eileen II. ; while Mr.
Conley has made history with
his Poor Pat ; and Sir Hugo
FitzHerbert's Tissington, and
Mr. Jelly Dudley's Meshacke,
Donna, and Shamus O'Flynn
have done quite their share
in keeping up the reputation
of the breed.

There is no member of the
whole canine family which has
a more distinctive personal ap-
pearance than the Irish Water
Spaniel. With him it is a case
of once seen never forgotten,
and no one who has ever seen
one could possibly mistake him
for anything else than what he
is. His best friends probably would not able to the highest degree of perfection in
claim beauty, in the aesthetic sense, for training. His detractors often accuse him
him ; but I know no dog more attractive of being hard-mouthed, but, so far as my
in a quaint way peculiarly his own, or opinion goes, I do not consider this charge

MR. J. J. HOLGATE'S CH. YOUNG PATSEY

BY CH. PATSEY BOYLE IRISH DOLLY.

Photograph by Chancellor, Dublin.

BOYLE

274

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

well founded. Many a dog which is used
to hunt or find game as well as to retrieve
it, will often kill a wounded bird or rabbit
rather than allow it to escape. This may
not be the perfection or ne plus ultra of re-
trieving pure and simple, and would cer-
tainly be out of place in a high-class covert
shoot ; but, although many of my readers
may think me a rank heretic, I have often

WATER DOG.

From "The Sportsman's Cabinet" (1803). By P. Reinagle, R.A.

on a rough shoot where game is scarce and
takes a lot of work to find, considered such
conduct a proof of common-sense and
sagacity in my dog, and felt thankful that
I had a companion who could use his brains
as well as his mouth. I believe that this
charge of hard-mouthedness is not a just
one, and I have seen many Irish Water
Spaniels who, under normal circumstances,
were just as tender-mouthed as the most
fashionable of black Retrievers, and I have
seen not a few of the latter dogs with as
hard mouths as could be found anywhere.
Besides his virtues in the field, the Irish
Water Spaniel has the reputation — I be-
lieve a very well-founded one — of being the
best of pals.

Most of my readers are, I presume, well
acquainted with the personal appearance of
this quaint-looking dog ; but, as all may

not be so familiar with the points regarded
as essential in a show dog, I will briefly
go through those which are of most im-
portance :

i. Colour. — The colour should always be a rich
dark liver or puce without any white at all. Any
white except the slightest of "shirt fronts " should
disqualify. The nose of course should conform
to the coat in colour, and be dark brown.

2. Head . — T he head
should have a capacious
skull, fairly but not ex-
cessively domed, with plenty
of brain room. It should
be surmounted with a regu-
lar topknot of curly hair,
a most important and dis-
tinctive point. This topknot
should never be square cut
or like a poodle's wig, but
should grow down to a well
denned point between the
eyes.

3. Eyes. — The eyes should
be small, dark, and set ob-
liquely, like a Chinaman's.

4. Ears. — The ears should
be long, strong in leather,
low set, heavily ringleted,
and from 18 to 24 inches
long, according to size.

5. Muzzle and Jaw. — The
muzzle and jaw should be
long and strong. There
should be a decided "stop,"

but not so pronounced as to .make the brows or
forehead prominent.

6. Neck. — The neck should be fairly long and
very muscular.

7. Shoulders. — The shoulders should be sloping.
Most Irish Water Spaniels have bad, straight
shoulders, but I think it is a defect and should be
bred out.

8. Chest. — The chest is deep, and usually
rather narrow, but should not be so narrow as
to constrict the heart and lungs.

9. Back and Loins. — The back and loins strong
and arched.

10. Forelegs. — The forelegs straight and well
boned. Heavily feathered or ringleted all over.

11. Hind Legs. — The hind legs with hocks set
very low, stifles rather straight, feathered all over,
except inside from the hocks down, which part
should be covered with short hair (a most dis-
tinctive point).

12. Feet. — The feet large and rather spreading
as is proper for a water dog, well clothed with
hair.

13. Stern. — The stern covered with the shortest

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

275

of hair, except for the first couple of inches next
the buttocks, whiplike or stinglike (a most im-
portant point), and carried low, not like a hound's.

14. Coat. — The coat composed entirely of short
crisp curls, not woolly like a Poodle's, and very
dense. If left to itself, this coat mats or cords,
but this is not permissible in show dogs. The
hair on the muzzle, and forehead below the top-
knot is quite short and smooth, as well as that on
the stern.

15. General Appearance. — Is not remarkable for
symmetry, but is quaint and intelligent looking.

1 6. Height. — The height
should be between 21 and
23 inches.

good picture ol this dog, after P. Reinagle,
appears both in " The Sportsman's Cabinet "
and " The Sportsman's Repository."

Mr. Rawdon Lee, in his valuable " Modern
Dogs," "assumes the identity of the old
" Water-Dogge " and the English Water
Spaniel, but in so doing his opinion con-
flicts with that expressed by most other
writers. In the two works mentioned above
another illustration, also after Reinagle,

III. The English
Water Spaniel. — In the

Kennel Club's Register of
Breeds no place is allot-
ted to this variety, all
Water Spaniels other
than Irish being classed
together. Despite this
absence of official recog-
nition, which I think
is a mistake, there is
abundant evidence that
a breed of Spaniels legit-
imately entitled to the
designation of English
Water Spaniels has been
in existence for many
years. Its precise origin
is not definitely known, and even "Stone-
henge " has admitted his inability to trace
it back to the fountain head ; but the
writings of the earliest authorities leave
no room for doubt that there have ex-
isted for centuries one or more breeds of
dogs used for working in water and wild-
fowling in those parts of England which
abound in fens and marshes. In all prob-
ability the earliest breed used for this pur-
pose was not a Spaniel at all, but what
Markham describes as the " Water-Dogge,"
an animal closely resembling the French
" Barbet," the ancestor of the modern
Poodle. They were even trimmed at times
much in the same way as a Poodle is nowa-
days, as Markham gives precise directions
for " the cutting or shearing him from the
nauill downeward or backeward." A very

THE ENGLISH WATER SPANIEL.

From " The Sportsman's Cabinet " (1803). By P. Reinagle, R.A.

of the Water Spaniel is given, and the differ-
ence between the two animals portrayed
is very striking, the Water Spaniel in the
engraving differing but little from the
Springer of the day except in his curly
coat. The opinion expressed by the writer
of " The Sportsman's Cabinet " is that the
breed originated from a cross between the
large water dog and the Springing Spaniel,
and this is probably correct, though Youatt,
a notable authority, thinks that the cross
was with an English Setter. Possibly some
strains may have been established in this
way, and not differ very much in make and
shape from those obtained from the cross
with the Spaniel, as it is well known that
Setters and Spaniels have a common origin.
Considering the good character given to
these dogs by the writers of a century ago,

276

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

it is rather hard to understand how they
came to fall into such disfavour as to be

MR. HARRY JONES'
DIVING BELL
BY SAILOR NELL.

MR. F. WINTON SMITH'S
BEECHGROVE WILD-
FLOWER

BY BEECHGROVE MIL-
LARD BEECHGROVE

LASS.

allowed to become
almost extinct until
a small and select
band of enthusiasts
set to work a few
years ago to try to
resuscitate the
breed. At the com-
mencement of the

dog-showing epoch it is true that a few
specimens were shown annually, the best
of these being probably Mr. Phineas Bui,
lock's Rover (K.C.S.B. 2,264), born in 1863.
This dog had a wonderful show career, win-
ning first prize at Birmingham in 1866,
1868, 1870, 1873 ; at the Crystal Palace
in 1871 and 1872 ; at Manchester in 1865 ;
and the Gold Medal at Paris the same year.
Mr. James Farrow, probably the ablest
authority on show Spaniels of the present
day, declares that Rover was the best
Spaniel of this variety he ever saw, but his
daughter, Flo (K.C.S.B. 2,256) can have been

but little, if any, inferior. She was bred by
Mr. Bullock, but passed into the posses-
sion of Captain Arbuthnot, and won
first prize at the Crystal Palace in
1870 ; at Birmingham in 1869, 1870,
1871, 1872 ; and at Nottingham in
1873 — a record almost as good as that
of her sire.

After the first few years, however,
exhibitors seemed to lose all interest
in the breed, and entries became fewer
and fewer, until at last they reached
vanishing point, and shows ceased to
provide special classes for English
Water Spaniels. The entries in the
Stud Book fell off in the same man-
ner until in 1886 they disappeared
altogether ; and
although in the
following year
two were en-
tered, the sec-
tion devoted to
"Water Spaniels
other than
Irish" remained
blank till 1903.
For a year or
two previously a
few gentlemen.

MR. HARRY JONES'
THE CHORISTER

BY WYCLIFFE COUNT SONGSTRESS

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

277

notably Mr. J. H. Stansfeld, Mr. Harry
Jones, and Mr. Winton Smith, had been
making heroic efforts to revive the in-
terest in the breed, I am afraid without
much success, since up to the present
date most of the entries at shows have
been provided by these three gentlemen

picture by Reinagle on page 275 seems
to me to be as good a standard as any to
go by, and the dog should in general ap-
pearance resemble somewhat closely the
Springery except that he may be somewhat
higher on the leg, and that his coat should
consist of crisp, tight curls, almost like

THE SECOND DUKE OF NEWCASTLE AND HIS CLUMBER SPANIELS.

FROM THE PAINTING BY FRANCIS WHEATLEY, R.A., EXECUTED IN 1788.

themselves. The best seen so far have
been Mr. Winton Smith's Beechgrove Mal-
lard, Mr. H. Jones' Chorister and Diving
Bell, and Mr. Stansfeld's Lucky Shot. The
latter dog, despite his name, was unlucky
in not being eligible for entry in the Stud
Book on account of an unknown pedigree,
though he won at the Kennel Club Shows of
1901 and 1902, and also at the Field Trials.
The type of this breed is not very well fixed
at present, being more or less in a transition
stage, and, although both the Spaniel Club
and the Sporting Spaniel Society publish
descriptions, it is rather hard to find a
specimen which quite " fills the bill." The

Astrakhan fur, everywhere except on his
face, where it should be short. There should
be no topknot like that of the Irish Water
Spaniel.

Those who own this breed speak very
highly of its intelligence, fidelity, and adapt-
ability to sporting purposes ; but person-
ally I have had very little opportunity of
seeing those dogs at work, and must take
their many alleged good qualities more or
less for granted.

IV. The Clumber Spaniel. — At the

time of writing, Clumbers are in high favour

278

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

in the Spaniel world, both with shooting
men and exhibitors, and the breed, in my
opinion, well deserves from both points
of view the position which it occupies in
the public esteem. No other variety with
which I am acquainted is better equipped
mentally and physically for the work it is
called upon to do in aid of the gun ; and
few, certainly none of the Spaniels, surpass
or even equal it in appearance.

As a sporting dog, the Clumber is pos-
sessed of the very best of noses, a natural
inclination both to hunt his game and re-
trieve it when killed, great keenness and
perseverance, wonderful endurance and ac-
tivity considering his massive build, and as
a rule is very easy to train, being highly in-
telligent and most docile and " biddable."
Of course, some Clumbers among the
many that exist are fools, just as there are
imbeciles and weaklings among all races,
human as well as canine ; but they are the
exceptions, and, as a rule, the man who
owns a good dog of this breed, whether he
uses it as a retriever for driven birds,
works it in a team, or uses it as his
sole companion when he goes gunning,
possesses a treasure. The great success
of these Spaniels in the Field Trials
promoted by both the societies which foster
those most useful institutions is enough to
prove this, and more convincing still is the
tenacity with which the fortunate pos-
sessors of old strains, mostly residents in
the immediate neighbourhood of the original
home of the breed, have held on to them
and continued to breed and use them year
after year for many generations.

As a show dog, his massive frame, power-
ful limbs, pure white coat, with its pale
lemon markings and frecklings, and, above
all, his solemn and majestic aspect, mark
him out as a true aristocrat, with all the
beauty of refinement which comes from a
long line of cultured ancestors.

I have already alluded to the theory that
these dogs owe their origin to Baron Cuvier's
Alpine Spaniel, and have therefore some
affinity with the modern St. Bernard, an
idea that is to a great extent borne out
by a certain amount of resemblance (though

with several points of difference) between
these breeds in the shape of the head and
ears, and the general colouring. This, how-
ever, is pure speculation, and quite impos-
sible of being proved, since all research so
far has failed to carry their history back
any farther than the last quarter of the
eighteenth century. About that time the
Due de Noailles presented some Spaniels,
probably his whole kennel, which he brought
from France, to the second Duke of New-
castle, from whose place, Clumber Park,
the breed has taken its name. Beyond
this it seems impossible to go, and although
Mr. Phillips and I, when we were writing
" The Sporting Spaniel," were able to avail
ourselves of the help of several French
Spaniel experts, no trace of their origin
could be discovered in that country, where,
indeed, the Clumber seems to be generally
looked upon as a purely English breed.

There is a most interesting picture by
Francis Wheatley, R.A., in the hall at
Clumber Park representing the second Duke
seated on a shooting pony, Colonel Litch-
field, and Mansell, the head keeper, with
three Spaniels, believed to be three of the
original draft. This picture was painted
in 1788, and is thus nearly half a century
older than the picture by C. Hancock,
painted in 1834, °f Lord Middleton and his
Clumbers, which is now in the possession of
Lord Wenlock at Escrick Park ; but it is
interesting to note how little the type of
the present-day Clumber has varied from
that depicted by both these famous artists.
The same can hardly be said of any other
breed of dog which has passed through
the crucible heated by the fiery furnace of
the " fancier's " imagination, and probably
few have been less altered and spoilt by
show bench fads and exaggerations.

From Clumber Park specimens found
their way to most of the other great houses
in the neighbourhood, notably to Althorp
Park, Welbeck Abbey, Birdsall House,
Thoresby Hall, and Osberton Hall. It is
from the kennels at the last-named place,
owned by Mr. Foljambe, that most of the
progenitors of the Clumbers which have
earned notoriety on the show bench de-

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

279

rived their origin, and apparently we are
destined to owe them another debt of grati-
tude, on their recent dispersal, for setting
free a lot of valuable old blood of a care-
fully bred strain which has not been for
many years past available to outside breed-
ers. Nearly all the most famous show
winners of early days were descended from
Mr. Foljambe's dogs, and his Beau may
perhaps be considered one of the most im-
portant " pillars of the stud," as he was
the sire of Nabob, a great prize-winner, and
considered one of the best of his
day, who belonged at various times
during his career to such famous
showmen as Messrs. Phineas Bullock,
Mr. Fletcher, Mr. Rawdon Lee, and
Mr. G. Oliver. Other notable dogs
of this period were Duke, Trimbush,
Belle, Lapis, Psycho, Looby, and
Baron, besides Bruce, who won no
end of prizes, and was selected by
" Stonehenge " to illustrate the breed
in his " Dogs of the British Islands."
To the modern generation of Clun>
ber fanciers the name of Mr. H. H.
Holmes is well known, and probably
no owner has ever possessed so many
first-rate specimens. The dog which
first brought his name into promi-
nence was not bred by him, but by Mr.
Foljambe. I allude to his John o' Gaunt
(K.C.S.B. 11,610), a dog who must have
been an almost absolute model of perfection
if we are to believe all that has been recently
written about him. A reference, however,
to the contemporary stud books and other
records shows that the judges of the day
were not unanimous in this opinion, as he
suffered defeat on more than one occasion,
though there can be no question that he
was possessed of exceptional merit. Other
giants of the show ring owned by Mr.
Holmes were Tower, Hotpot, and Holmes's
Hermit, the latter of whom was shown in
Mr. McKenna's name as late as 1895.
This gentleman was also the possessor of
many fine specimens, with whom he won
many prizes, the best being Moston Beau,
Moston Duke, Pomfret Mac, and the beau-
tiful bitch, Wycombe Rattle. He also

MR.
BY

owned for some time Holmes's Hermit,
Friar Bob, and Nora Friar. The distin-
guishing affix or prefix of " Friar," so well
known in the late 'eighties and early 'nine-
ties, belonged to Mr. Thorpe Hincks, a
great devotee of the breed, who was the
breeder and owner of many celebrated
animals, including, besides those mentioned
above, Friar John, Friar Boss, and Di
Friar.

There has been a great deal of lamenta-
tion lately among old breeders and ex-

w. M. MANGIN'S CH. PRESTON SHOT

BEECHGROVE TOMMY TRIGGER.

hibitors about the decadence of the breed
and the loss of the true old type possessed
by these dogs which I have mentioned above.
But, despite all they can say to the con-
trary, the breed is now in a more nourish-
ing state than it ever has been ; and al-
though perhaps we have not now, nor have
had for the last decade, a John o' Gaunt or
a Tower, there have- been a large number
of dogs shown during that time who pos-
sessed considerable merit and would prob-
ably have held their own even in the days of
these bygone heroes. Some of the most
notable have been Baillie Friar, Beechgrove
Donally, Goring of Auchentorlie, Hempsted
Toby, and Preston Shot, who all earned the
coveted title of Champion. The best of
this quintette, to my mind, was Goring of
Auchentorlie, who was picked up for a
small sum at a provincial show in Scotland
by Mr. C. A. Phillips and subsequently sold

280

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

by him to Mr. Winton Smith. He was a
very massive and typical dog, with a grand
head, and during a short career hardly ever
suffered defeat.

The bitches of late years certainly have
not been very remarkable, and I cannot

H.M. THE KING'S SANDRINGHAM LUCY

BY BRAE OF HARDWICK SANDRINGHAM BLOSSOM.

Photograph by Russell.

think of a single one with whom I could
honestly say I was satisfied since the retire-
ment of Mr. McKenna's Wycombe Rattle.
The best, I think, was Winsford Briar, of
whom I thought so highly that, after award-
ing her several first prizes and a champion-
ship or two, I purchased her from her then
owner, Mr. Oswald Burgess, in the hope that
I might breed something good. She was
very typical, but not nearly big enough, and
disappointed me by proving an obstinate
non-breeder.

Mr. Phillips brought out at the Crystal
Palace Show of 1906 a young dog who, if all
goes well, is probably destined to earn great
fame — Rivington Rolfe. He is a very big
dog, full of Clumber type, with a massive
head, already at sixteen months old as
well broken up as most dogs are at four
years, with sound and straight limbs, being
particularly straight and true behind, where
so many Clumbers fail. He won in every

class he competed in, and was awarded the
Championship, a verdict endorsed by, I
believe, every one of the spectators round
the ring. His sire is Welbeck Reaper, a
dog bred by Mr. Foljambe, and now in the
possession of the Duke of Portland, who
bought the former gen-
tleman's kennel en bloc
in 1905.

A year previously
this dog was shown
under me at the same
show, just after he had
passed into the Duke's
possession, and, al-
though I was unable to
give him any better
than a V.H.C. card, I
told the keeper that I
expected him to prove
a most valuable sire, an
opinion I expressed also
in my report of the
show which appeared
in The Kennel Gazette,
so that I naturally felt
rather pleased when
Rivington Rolfe by
his successes proved
within such a short time that I was a
true prophet.

The Field Trials have, no doubt, had a
great deal to do with the largely augmented
popularity of the breed and the great in-
crease in the number of those who own Clum-
bers. For the first two or three years after
these were truly established no other breed
seemed to have a chance with them ; and
even now, though both English and Welsh
Springers have done remarkably well, they
more than hold their own. The most dis-
tinguished performer by far was Mr. Winton
Smith's Beechgrove Bee, a bitch whose
work was practically faultless, and the first
Field Trial Champion among Spaniels. Other
good Clumbers who earned distinction in
the field were Beechgrove Minette, Beech-
grove Maud (who subsequently passed into
my possession), the Duke of Portland's
Welbeck Sambo, and Mr. Phillips' Rivington
Honey, Rivington Pearl, and Rivington Reel.

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

281

A good many have, I am pleased to say,
won prizes both at Field Trials and in the
show ring — notably Ch. Hempsted Toby,
Rivington Reel and Pearl, and Beechgrove
Bertha and Maud. This is as it should be,
and proves that there is no reason for the
assertion so commonly made about all
sporting breeds, that show strains are no
use for work.

In the year 1905 there was an animated
controversy carried on, principally in the
columns of The Field, about the desirability
or otherwise of a Clumber Spaniel's eye
" showing haw." These two words had
been included in the Spaniel Club's de-
scription ever since it was first drawn up
some twenty years previously, but a good
many members of the newly formed Clumber
Spaniel Club thought that they should be
deleted, as they considered the point an
undesirable one, on the grounds that an ex-
posed haw in a working dog rendered the
eye liable to injury or inflammation from
cold or from the pre-
sence of dust or other
foreign bodies. A joint
committee of the two
clubs was held at the
Field Trial meeting of
1904, and this amend-
ment was passed, but
upon its coming before
the Spaniel Club in the
spring of the following
year it was strongly
opposed by several
members, including Mr.
James Farrow, Mr.
Hay lock, and others of
long experience in the
breed, who declared
that the exposed haw
had always been one
of the most typical
features of a Clum-
ber's head, and that
without it the true expression would be
entirely lost. Notwithstanding this oppo-
sition, the reformers won the day, and
these words no longer exist in the de-
scription published by either Club. But

the dispute did not rest here, and was re-
opened in The Field by Messrs. Holmes,
Rawdon Lee, and Bryden, who adduced
many arguments in favour of the " haw,"
and no doubt made out a very good case for
its antiquity, at least as far back as the
days of Tower and John o' Gaunt. They,
however, failed to convince their oppo-
nents, and as they were outnumbered in
both Clubs, and numbers are what count
when it comes to voting, they failed to get
the words " showing haw " reinstated.

My own opinion is that they failed ut-
terly to establish their case that this pecu-
liarity was an original characteristic. No
doubt it was present in Mr. Holmes' dogs,
but was it in the original strain ? I doubt
it, as it is not shown in Wheatley's picture,
nor is it mentioned in any of the descrip-
tions published by old writers, even in
that given by " Stonehenge," who was
such a close observer that one may safely
assume he would have had something to

MR. R. PRATTS CH.
BY WORSALL JUDGE-

COLWYN CLOWN

-DAPHNE.

say about such a point if he had considered
it an essential one. Anyhow, the matter
being in doubt, and the point being a use-
less, if not an absolutely harmful one in a
sporting dog, I see no use in retaining the

282

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

words, particularly as by their omission
judges are free to exercise their own dis-
cretion in the matter, and treat an exposed
haw as a point in a dog's favour or not, just
as they think fit.

The points and general description of
the breed as published by both the Spaniel
Club and the Clumber Spaniel Club are
identical. They are as follows :

1. Head. — Large, square and massive, of medium
length, broad on top, with a decided occiput ;
heavy brows with a deep stop ; heavy freckled
muzzle, with well developed flew.

2. Eyes. — Dark amber ; slightly sunk. A light
or prominent eye objectionable.

3. Ears. — Large, vine leaf shaped, and well
covered with straight hair and hanging slightly
forward, the feather not to extend below the
leather.

4. Neck. — Very thick and powerful, and well
feathered underneath.

5. Body (including size and symmetry).— Long
and heavy, and near the ground. Weight of dogs
about 55 Ib. to 65 Ib. ; bitches about 45 Ib. to

55 Ib. "

6. Nose. — Square and flesh coloured.

7. Shoulders and Chest. — Wide and deep ;
shoulders strong and muscular.

8. Back and Loin. — Back straight, broad and
long ; loin powerful, well let down in flank.

9. Hind Quarters. — Very powerful and well
developed.

10. Stern. — Set low, well feathered, and carried
about level with the back.

11. Feet and Legs. — Feet large and round, well
covered with hair ; legs short, thick and strong ;
hocks low.

12. Coat. — Long, abundant, soft and straight.

13. Colour. — Plain white with lemon markings ;
orange permissible but not desirable ; slight head
markings with white body preferred.

14. General Appearance. — Should be that of a
long, low, heavy, very massive dog, with a thought-
ful expression.

To these remarks I would add that
in my opinion it is a great mistake to
think, as many do, that a Clumber's head
should be short. It can hardly be too
long, since the dog is expected to retrieve,
but should be so square and massive and
deeply flewed as to appear to be only of
medium length.

The coat should be very thick and dense,
and of a silky texture. This is the most
weatherproof coat of all.

The pads should be very thick and
strong.

The hocks should be set straight. Many
Clumbers are cow-hocked, which is a great
fault.

The forelegs should be straight, not
crooked like a Basset-hound's or Dachs-
hund's. Many otherwise good dogs fail in
this particular, owing to their great weight
when they are growing puppies forcing the
joints out of position.

The facial appearance should denote a
very high order of intelligence.

V. The Sussex Spaniel. — This is one
of the oldest of the distinct breeds of Land
Spaniels now existing in the British Islands,
and probably also the purest in point of
descent, since it has for many years past
been confined to a comparatively small
number of kennels, the owners of which
have always been at considerable pains to
keep their strains free from any admix-
ture of foreign blood.

More than a century ago Youatt, and
the authors of "The Sportsman's Cabinet"
and " Sportsman's Repository," wrote in
commendatory terms of the Spaniels found
in the county of Sussex, and even in France
the antiquity of the breed has found recog-
nition, as M. H. de la Blanchere, in his
work entitled " Les Chiens de Chasse,"
says : " Cette race du Sussex itait une des
plus anciennes, et probablemcnt la premiere
qui ait ete asservi a la chasse au filet ou au
fusil dans les lies."

The modern race of Sussex Spaniels, as we
know it, and as it has existed since the be-
ginning of the dog show era, owes its origin
in the main to the kennel kept by Mr.
Fuller at Rosehill Park, Brightling, near
Hastings. This gentleman, who died in
1847, is sa-id to have kept his strain for fifty
years or more, and to have shot over them
almost daily during the season, but at his
death they were dispersed by auction, and
none of them can be traced with any accu-
racy except a dog and a bitch which were
given at the time to Relf, the head keeper.
Relf survived his master for forty years,

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

283

and kept up his interest in the breed to the
last. He used to say that the golden tinge
peculiar to the Rosehill breed came from a
bitch which had been mated with a dog be-
longing to Dr. Watts, of Battle, and that
every now and then what he termed a
" sandy " pup would turn up in her litters.
Owing to an outbreak of dumb madness in
the Rosehill kennels, a very large number
of its occupants either died or had to be
destroyed, and this no doubt accounted
for the extreme scarcity of the breed when
several enthusiasts began to revive it
about the year 1870. Mr. Saxby and Mr.
Marchant are said to have had the same
strain as that at Rosehill, and certainly one
of the most famous sires who is to be found
in most Sussex pedigrees was Buckingham,
by Marchant's Rover out of Saxby's Fan.

In the early days of dog showing the most
successful owners and breeders of these
Spaniels, besides those already mentioned,
were : Mr. Farner, Mr. A. W. Langdale,
Mr. T. Burgess, Mr. J. Fletcher, Mr. T. B.
Bowers, Dr. J. H. Salter, and Dr. J. H.
Spurgin, who all owned and exhibited several
very meritorious specimens.

Mr. Phineas Bullock, too, who owned at
the time the strongest show kennel of Field
Spaniels, was very successful, particularly
with his dog George, who was not, however,
by any means a pure Sussex, as both his
sire, Bob, and his dam, Nellie, were blacks,
and in consequence of a protest from Mr,
Bowers he was withdrawn from the show
ring, and his name appears in hardly any
Sussex pedigrees. Another dog, Bebb,
whose name occurs in many pedigrees, both
of Sussex and Black Field Spaniels, was also
of doubtful origin. He is certainly entered
in the Stud Book as a Sussex, but he was
got by Old Bob, who was either altogether
or half a Water Spaniel, and came from Lord
Derby's kennel. However that may be,
it was from the union of Buckingham, men-
tioned above, and claimed to be pure Rose-
hill, with Bebb's daughter Peggie that the
great Bachelor resulted — a dog whose name
is to be found in almost every latter-day
pedigree, though Mr. Campbell Newington's
strain, to which has descended the historic

prefix " Rosehill," contains less of this
blood than any other.

About 1879 Mr. T. Jacobs, of Newton
Abbot, up to then, with perhaps the excep-
tion of Mr. Phineas Bullock, the most suc-
cessful breeder and exhibitor of Field
Spaniels, took up this breed ; and, as was
his custom with any breed he touched,
took it up with great success, owning,
amongst other good specimens, Russett,
Dolly, Brunette, and Bachelor III., the
latter a dog whose services at the stud can-
not be estimated too highly. When this
kennel was broken up in 1891, the best of
the Sussex Spaniels, as well as of the Blacks,
were acquired by Mr. Woolland, who had
been an exhibitor of the breed for some five
or six years previously, and from that date
this gentleman's kennel carried all before
it until it in turn was broken up and dis-
persed in 1905.

So successful was Mr. Woolland that one
may almost say that he beat all other com-
petitors off the field, though one of them,
Mr. Campbell Newington, of whose kennel I
shall speak presently, stuck most gallantly
to him all through. The name of Mr.
Woolland's famous dogs is legion, but the
best of those owning his celebrated prefix,
" Bridford," were : Dalhon, Maubert,
Battle, Victor, Maud, Naomi, Brida II.,
Minnie, Giddie, Dolly, Leopold, Queenie,
Pierrette, Bredaboy, Mocky, and Daisy.
Of these I consider the dog Bridford
Giddie (K.C.S.B. 26,957) and the bitch
Bridford Dolly to have been the two best
Sussex Spaniels I have ever seen, with
scarcely a fault which the most hypercritical
judge could find, either on the score of
type or make and shape.

Mr. Campbell Newington, who has been
breeding Sussex Spaniels for over a quarter
of a century with an enthusiasm and
tenacity worthy of the warmest admiration,
began by buying Laurie and a bitch named
D'Arcy from Dr. Williams, of Hayward's
Heath. Laurie was considered by Dr.
Williams, one of the best authorities of
his day, to be the best Sussex he had ever
had, and very typical. His next purchase
was Lady Rosehill, a very blue-blooded

284 THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

bitch indeed, being directly descended from bitches being very uncertain, and the pup-
the dogs carried off from Rosehill by old pies delicate and hard to rear when one does
Relf • and he subsequently became pos- get a good litter; but in spite of this I still

,_._ 1 ' V " * '*- it- ,,~.I r* n«<* 4-J-t. f 4- 1 /"« \f 4~S\ IT

sessed of two other pure Rosehill bitches,
named Cyprus and Bustle, so that his
strain is probably the purest, and more full
of the original blood than any other. Al-
though Mr. Newington's kennel has been
somewhat overshadowed by the phenomenal

success of the " Bridford " Spaniels, it has

MRS. F. WOOLLAND'S CH. BRIDFORD MOCKY

BY BRIDFORD PRINCE BRIDFORD MINNIE.

BRED BY MR. M. WOOLLAND.

always maintained a very high standard
of excellence, and many famous show
specimens have come from it, notably
Rosehill Ruler II. (a splendid Sussex,
scarcely inferior to Bridford Giddie), Romu-
lus, Reine, Rita, Rush, Rock, Rag, and
Ranji, and many others of almost equal
merit.

Although the lion's share of the prizes has
been divided between these two kennels,
a good many useful Spaniels of this breed
have been shown from time to time by other
exhibitors. Mr. Robert Chapman's Heather
Glen, Heather Ann, and Heather May were
all of more than average merit, and Mr.
F. C. Wade and Mr. E. Boniface have both
achieved a certain measure of success.

My own kennel of Sussex, started from
a " Woolland-bred " foundation, has been
going for some fifteen years, the best I have
shown being Jonathan Swift, Celbridge
Eldorado, and Celbridge Chrysolite. I have
not found them very easy to breed, the

retain enough enthusiasm to stick to it,
especially as at the present time, owing to
Mr. Woolland's retirement, the breed seems
to be left almost entirely to Mr. Newington
and myself, we having furnished between
us eighteen out of the twenty entries at
the last Kennel Club Show. This delicacy
I attribute mainly to excessive inbreeding,
which is, I fear, almost unavoidable, as there
are so few pure-bred specimens left.

The breed has always had a good charac-
ter for work, and most of the older writers
who mention them speak of Sussex Spaniels
in very eulogistic terms. They are rather
slow workers, but thoroughly conscientious
and painstaking, and are not afraid of any
amount of thick covert, through which they
will force their way, and seldom leave any-
thing behind them.

All Sussex Spaniels give tongue when on
a scent ; at least, there are very few ex-
ceptions to this rule, and it used to be
said that one could tell by the difference of
the note whether one of these dogs was
hunting fur or feather.

In these days mute Spaniels are fashion-
able, and it has been the custom among
Field Trial judges to penalise a Spaniel who
gives tongue. This is, I think, a mistake,
as it is natural for some breeds to do so ;
and I must say that to my ears the deep
melodious note of a Sussex Spaniel is a
most pleasant sound, and not without its
uses, as one often brings off a shot, particu-
larly at rabbits in thick covert, which one
would not have a chance of without that
warning from one's four-footed companion.
Several of Mr. Newington's Sussex have
competed, with considerable credit to them-
selves, at the Field Trials, though the more
attractive work of the Clumbers and Spring-
ers has prevented them attaining the high-
est honours.

A well-bred Sussex Spaniel is a very
handsome dog. Indeed, his beautiful colour
alone is enough to make his appearance an
attractive one, even if he were unsym-
metrical and ungainly in his proportions.

CE
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THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

285

This colour, known as golden liver, is
peculiar to the breed, and is the great touch-
stone and hall-mark of purity of blood. No
other dog has exactly the same shade of
coat, which I do not think the word " liver "
describes very exactly, as it is totally dif-
ferent from the ordinary liver colour of an
Irishman, a Pointer, or even a liver Field
Spaniel. It is rather a golden chestnut
with a regular metallic sheen as of bur-
nished metal, showing more especially on the
head and face and everywhere where the
hair is short. This is very apparent when
a dog gets his new coat. In time, of course,
it is liable to get somewhat bleached by
sun and weather, when it turns almost yel-
low. Every expert knows this colour well,
and looks for it at once when judging a class
of Sussex.

The description of the breed given by
the Spaniel Club is as follows :

1. Head. — The skull should be moderately long,
and also wide, with an indentation in the middle,
and a full stop, brows fairly heavy ; occiput full,
but not pointed, the whole giving an appearance
of heaviness without dulness.

2. Eyes. — Hazel colour, fairly large, soft and
languishing, not showing the haw overmuch.

3. Nose. — The muzzle should be about three
inches long, square, and the lips somewhat
pendulous. The nostrils well developed and liver
colour.

4. Ears. — Thick, fairly large, and lobe shaped ;
set moderately low, but relatively not so low as
in the Black Field Spaniel ; carried close to the
head, and furnished with soft wavy hair.

5. Neck. — Is rather short, strong, and slightly
arched, but not carrying the head much above
the level of the back. There should not be much
throatiness in the skin, but well marked frill in
the coat.

6. Chest and Shoulders. — The chest is round,
especially behind the shoulders, deep and wide,
giving a good girth. The shoulders should be
oblique.

7. Back and Back Ribs. — The back and loin are
long, and should be very muscular, both in width
and depth ; for this development the back ribs
must be deep. The whole body is characterised
as low, long, level, and strong.

8. Legs and Feet.— The arms and thighs must
be bony, as well as muscular, knees and hocks
large and strong, pasterns very short and bony,
feet large and round, and with short hair between
the toes. The legs should be very short and
strong, with great bone, and may show a slight

bend in the forearm, and be moderately well
feathered. The hind legs should not be apparently
shorter than the fore legs, or be too much bent at
the hocks, so as to give a Settery appearance which
is so objectionable. The hind legs should be well
feathered above the hocks, but should not have
much hair below that point. The hocks should
be short and wide apart.

9. Tail. — Should be docked from five to seven
inches, set low, and not carried above the level
of the back, thickly clothed with moderately long
feather.

10. Coat. — Body coat abundant, flat or slightly
waved, with no tendency to curl, moderately well
feathered on legs and stern, but clean below the
hocks.

11. Colour. — Rich golden liver ; this is a certain
sign of the purity of the breed, dark liver or puce
denoting unmistakably a recent cross with the
black or other variety of Field Spaniel.

12. General Appearance. — Rather massive and
muscular, but with free movements and nice tail
action denoting a tractable and cheerful disposition.
Weight from 35 Ib. to 45 Ib.

I can add nothing to this excellent de-
scription, but should like to eliminate the
words allowing a " slight bend in the fore-
arm." This appears to me to open the
door to crooked fore-legs, which I consider
a great defect in any Spaniel, and one that
is unhappily only too prevalent.

VI. The Field Spaniel. — The modern
Field Spaniel may be divided into two
classes. Indeed, we may almost say at
this stage of canine history, two breeds,
as for several years past there has not
been very much intermingling of blood
between the Blacks and those known by
the awkward designation of " Any Other
Variety," though, of course, all came origin-
ally from the same parent stock.

The black members of the family have
always been given the pride of place, and
accounted of most importance, though
latterly their parti-coloured brethren seem
to have rather overtaken them, so, as it is
difficult to treat both together, I will deal
with them first.

Among the really old writers there is one
mention, and one only, of Spaniels of a
black colour. Arcussia speaks of them,
and of their being used in connection with

286

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

the sport of hawking, but from his time up
to the middle of the nineteenth century,
though many colours are spoken of as being
appropriate to the various breeds of Spaniels,
no author mentions black.

There appears to be no doubt that
" Stonehenge " — than whom no one is more
accurate — was right when he asserted that
the modern dog was " bred from a cross of
the Sussex with the old-fashioned Cocker

of whom was most extraordinarily success-
ful, and owned a kennel of Field Spaniels
which was practically unbeatable between
the dates of the first Birmingham Show in
1861 and the publication of the first volume
of the Kennel Club's Stud Book in 1874,
many, if not most, of the dogs which won
for other owners having been bred by him.
His Nellie and Bob, who won the chief
prizes year after year at all the leading
shows, were probably the two best
specimens of their day, and Mr.
Rawdon Lee has selected Nellie as
his ideal Black Spaniel.

Another most successful breeder
was Mr. W. W. Boulton, of Bever-
ley, who also bred a Nellie, who
with her son, Brush, was selected
by " Stonehenge " for especial
commendation and illustration in
his Dogs of the British Islands."

MR. F. E. SCHOFIELD'S CH. SOLUS
BY CH. BACHELOR SALUS (JULY, 188O).

of Devon or Wales, selecting the
blacks, so as to become almost in-
variably of that colour." Anyone
who will take the trouble to trace
back Sussex, Cocker, and Field Spaniel
pedigrees, even as far as the first
volume of the Kennel Club's Stud
Book, will find abundant confirma-
tion of this statement, and will be
forced to the conviction that this
variety owes its size and the greater por-
tion of its conformation to the Sussex, and
its colour to the old-fashioned Cocker.

The first strain of blacks of which we
know much belonged to Mr. F. Burdett, and
was obtained from a Mr. Footman, of Lut-
terworth, Leicestershire, who was supposed
to have owned them for some time. Mr. Bur-
dett's Bob and Frank may be found at the
head of very many of the best pedigrees.
At his death most of his Spaniels became
the property of Mr. Jones, of Oscott, and
Mr. Phineas Bullock, of Bilston, the latter

MR. H. HUMBLE'S CH. MATFORD DAISY

BY CH MAGELLAN EXMINSTER MATFORD FLO.

Mr. Boulton 's kennel produced many cele-
brated dogs, including Beverlac, said to be
the largest Field Spaniel ever exhibited, and
Rolf, whose union with Belle produced four
bitches who were destined, when mated
with Nigger, a dog of Mr. Bullock's breed-
ing, to form the foundation of the equally
if not more famous kennel belonging to Mr.
T. Jacobs, of Newton Abbot.

It was Mr. Jacobs who, by judiciously
mating his Sussex sires Bachelor, Bachelor
III., and others with these black-bred
bitches, established the strain which in his

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

287

hands and in those of his successors, Captain
S. M. Thomas and Mr. Moses Woolland,
carried all before it for many years, and is
still easily at the top of the tree, being the
most sought for and highly prized of all on
account of its " quality." The list of dogs
which, while in this gentleman's possession,
made history, is a very formidable one, and
far too long to quote in extenso, but the
following names are among the best known,
and their bearers have, through their
descendants, exercised a great influence
on the breed : — Nigger, Kaffir, Squaw,
Newton Abbot Blossom, Newton Ab-
bot Victor, Newton Abbot Lassie,
and Newton Abbot Shah, subsequently
acquired by Mr. Woolland and re-
christened Bridford Shah. Probably
the best Black Spaniel ever bred by
Mr. Jacobs was also bought by Mr.
Woolland, the bitch Bridford Per-
fection, by Newton Abbot King out
of Newton Abbot Duchess. This
beautiful bitch, who was fully worthy
of her name, cost her plucky pur-
chaser nearly £400 — viz. £380 in cash
and a further consideration ; and after
an all too short career, during which
she never had to put up with defeat,
died childless. Such are the disappointments
which breeders have to endure. In 1891
Mr. Jacobs decided to disperse his kennel,
•and the pick of the Spaniels were divided
between Captain S. Moreton Thomas and
Mr. Woolland. The former gentleman ac-
quired some beautiful specimens, including
such well-known animals as Newton Abbot
King, Barnum, Ripper, Lassie, and Glory,
but he does not seem to have met with
much success in carrying on the strain,
and we meet with very few dogs nowadays
descended from the Spaniels he showed
so successfully for several years.

On the other hand, Mr. Jacobs' mantle
as a breeder seems to have fallen upon
Mr. Woolland's shoulders, and up to the
time in 1906 when he in turn gave up
breeding and disposed of his kennel, he
had easily outdistanced all his competitors.

Although Mr. Jacobs was undoubtedly
the most prominent figure among the ex-

hibitors of blacks of his day, many of his
contemporaries were breeding and showing
specimens of very great merit, notably
Mr. W. W. Boulton, Mr. J. Smith, of Coles-
hill, Mr.~Theo. Marples, Dr. J. H. Spurgin,
Mr. C. C. Lawrence, Colonel Cornwall Legh,
Mr. James Farrow, Mr. H. Bird, Messrs.
Mortlock and Prance, Mr. J. H. Hussey,
and Mr. P. E. Le Gros.

A very great number of winning black
Spaniels came during the 'nineties from
these kennels, the following names being

MR. R. PRATT'S ACE OF TRUMPS

BY CH. FEN TWILIGHT ROTHERWOOD PRINCESS

those of perhaps the greatest distinction : —
Mr. Farrow's Cipping Sam (afterwards
Buckle), Mr. J. Smith's Beverley Comet,
Mr. Marples' Moonstone and Maxim, Mr.
Lawrence's Cloisonne, Colonel Cornwall
Legh's Mimic, Music, and Maize, the latter
subsequently owned by me, and Mr. J.
Smith's Coleshill Chloe, whom I also bought
and renamed Celbridge Chloe. Another
very beautiful bitch was Colonel Gostwyck
Card's Rona, whose head and ears were
admitted by everyone to be little short
of ideal.

All this time, however, Mr. Woolland
seemed able to defy competition, and to
win with the greatest ease whenever he
chose to exhibit, which, to his credit be
it said, was very seldom, and only at the
principal shows. No one could ever accuse
him of going round the small shows with
his champion dogs and mopping up all
the small prizes, as I am sorry to say is

288

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

not infrequently done by the owners of
strong kennels. I will only quote the
names of those dogs of his which have
attained the rank of full champion, though
there have been a good many others of
almost equal merit : Bridford Perfection,
Shah, Brilliant, Tommy, Gipsy, Jappy,
Duke, and Boy. Of these I consider
Brilliant to have been the best dog of the
breed I have ever seen, and Gipsy the best
bitch. Both were full of quality and free
from all exaggerations, being each beau-

MRS. E. C. ROUSE'S BLUE ROAN

TRUMPINGTON ROGER

BY WELSH ROGER LAMBTON LASS.

tifully proportioned and very symmetrical.
Jappy was very little inferior to Gipsy all
round, and, indeed, beat her in legs and
feet. Mr. Woolland's blood was also re-
sponsible for the success of many other
kennels, among them my own, and in a
large measure Mr. H. E. Gray's, which
now seems to hold the premier position.
His best dogs have been Lord Dunnohoo
(who was decidedly unlucky not to have
been numbered among the champions),
Magellan, Magician, Druid, and Juanita.
The blacks from this kennel have also
competed with a fair amount of credit
to themselves at the Field Trials.

If Black Spaniels are not quite so popular
at present as they were some years ago,
the fault lies with those breeders, exhibitors,
and judges (the latter being most to blame)
who encouraged the absurd craze for ex-
cessive length of body and shortness of
leg which not very long ago threatened
to transform the whole breed into a race
of cripples, and to bring it into contempt
and derision among all practical men. No
breed or variety of dog has suffered more
from the injudicious fads and crazes of
those showmen who are not sportsmen
also. At one time among a certain class
of judges at, I am glad to say, principally
minor shows, length and lowness was every-
thing, and soundness, activity and sym-
metry simply did not count. As happens
to all absurd crazes of this kind when
carried to exaggeration, public opinion has
proved too much for it, but not before a
great deal of harm has been done to a
breed which is certainly ornamental, and
can be, in my experience, most useful as
well. Most of the prize-winners of the pre-
sent day are sound, useful dogs capable of
work, and it is to be hoped that judges
will combine to keep them so.

The coloured Field Spaniel has now
almost invariably at the principal shows
special classes allotted to him, and does
not have to compete against his black
brother, as used to be the case in former
years.

The systematic attempt to breed Spaniels
of various colours, with a groundwork of
white, does not date back much more
than a quarter of a century, and the greater
part of the credit for producing this variety
may be given to three gentlemen, Mr. F. E.
Schofield, Dr. J. H. Spurgin, and Mr. J. W.
Robinson, although the following breeders
may be said to have contributed not a
little towards establishing it : Major Willett,
Messrs. Hopcroft, H. P. Green, T. Harring-
ton, C. C. Lawrence, P. E. Le Gros, and
J. Smith. In the early days of breeding
blacks, when the bitches were mated either
with Sussex or liver and white Springers
or Norfolk Spaniels, many parti-coloured
puppies necessarily occurred, which most

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

289

breeders destroyed ; but it occurred to
some of these gentlemen that a handsome
and distinct variety might be obtained by
careful selection, and they have certainly
succeeded to a very great extent. The
most famous names among the early sires
are Dr. Spurgin's Alonzo and his son Fop,
and Mr. Robinson's Alva Dash, from one

there is, as I have often been told, a very
great fascination in breeding for colour,
and in doing so there is no royal road to
success, which can only be attained by
the exercise of the greatest skill and the
nicest discrimination in the selection of
breeding stock. At the same time colour
is not everything, and type and working
qualities should never be
sacrificed to it.

I am bound to state as
my deliberate opinion, that
this has been done in the
case of coloured Field
Spaniels. There are plenty
of beautiful blue roans, red
roans, and tricolours,
whether blue roan and tan
or liver roan and tan, but
nearly all of them are either

MRS. E. C. ROWSE'S

CH. TRUMPINGTON DORA

BY COLESHILL CLIMAX TRUMPINGTON

DONNA.

or other of whom nearly all the
modern celebrities derive their
descent. A granddaughter of
Alva Dash named Coleshill Mag-
pie, the property of Mr. J. Smith,
has probably been the most suc-
cessful brood bitch ever known
in this variety, as the following
winners at important shows
during the last decade are all descended
from her : Coleshill Red Girl, Coleshill
Span, Coleshill Constance, Coleshill Climax,
Kempston Clytemnestra, Kempston Cameo,
Welsh Joseph, Briton Still, Trumpington
Dax, Trumpington Dora, Chesterton Gay
Bess, and Shillington Rona.

Those who have been, and are, interested
in promoting and breeding these variety
Spaniels no doubt deserve a large amount
of credit for their perseverance, which has
been attended with the greatest success
so far as producing colour goes. No doubt

MR. ROBERT PRATT'S TRUMPINGTON DAX
BY COLESHILL CLIMAX TRUMPINGTON DONNA.

cocktailed, weak in hindquarters, crooked-
fronted, or houndy-headed, and showing
far too much haw. In fact, in head and
front the greater number of the tricolours
remind one of the Basset-hound almost as
much as they do in colour. I hope that
colour-breeders will endeavour to get back
the true Spaniel type before it is too
late. I am not alone in this dislike of
the present type of coloured Field Spaniel.
Only a very short time ago one of the
oldest breeders and judges of Spaniels,
and one of the pioneers of this particular

2QO

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

variety, said to me : " They have had
the colour for ten years. Don't you think
it is time they paid some attention to type
and to sound limbs ? " The truest Spaniels,
and therefore, in my opinion, the best
of this variety I have judged, have been
Coleshill Constance, Shillington Rona, and
Trumpington Dora. The last-named bitch
I consider the best variety Spaniel I have
ever seen in the show ring, and I think it
a great pity that she should have been
sold to go to America. Trumpington Donna
was in many respects a beautiful bitch,
but her forelegs were as crooked as a Dachs-
hund's.

The points of both black and coloured
Field Spaniels are identical, bar colour,
and here let me say that black and tan,
liver and tan, and liver are not considered
true variety colours, though of course they
have to compete in those classes, but
rather sports from black. The colours
aimed at by variety breeders have all a
ground colour of white, and are black
and white, blue roan, liver and white,
red roan, liver white and tan, and tri-
colours or quadri-colours — i.e. blue or red-
roan and tan, or both combined, with
tan. The Spaniel Club furnishes the fol-
lowing description of the Black Field
Spaniel : —

1. Head. — Should be quite characteristic of this
grand sporting dog, as that of the Bloodhound
or the Bulldog ; its very stamp and countenance
should at once convey the conviction of high breed-
ing, character and nobility ; skull well developed,
with a distinctly elevated occipital tuberosity,
which, above all, gives the character alluded to ;
not too wide across muzzle, long and lean, never
snipy nor squarely cut, and in profile curving
gradually from nose to throat ; lean beneath eyes,
a thickness here gives coarseness to the whole head.
The great length of muzzle gives surface for the
free development of the olfactory nerve, and thus
secures the highest possible scenting powers.

2. Eyes. — Not too full, but not small, receding or
overhung ; colour dark hazel or dark brown, or
nearly black ; grave in expression, and bespeaking
unusual docility and instinct.

3. Ears. — Set low down as possible, which
greatly adds to the refinement and beauty of the
head, moderately long and wide, and sufficiently
clad with nice Setter-like feather.

4. Neck. — Very strong and muscular, so as to

enable the dog to retrieve his game without
undue fatigue ; not too short, however.

5. Body (including Size and Symmetry). — Long
and very low, well ribbed up to a good strong loin,
straight or slightly arched, never slack ; weight
from about 35 pounds to 45 pounds.

6. Nose. — Well developed, with good open
nostrils, and always black.

7. Shoulders and Chest. — former sloping and
free, latter deep and well developed, but not too
round and wide.

8. Back and Loin. — Very strong and mus-
cular ; level and long in proportion to the height
of the dog.

9. Hindquarters. — Very powerful and mus-
cular, wide, and fully developed.

10. Stern. — Well set on, and carried low, if
possible below the level of the back, in a perfectly
straight line, or with a slight downward inclina-
tion, never elevated above the back, and in action
always kept low, nicely fringed, with wavy feather
of silky texture.

11. Feet and Legs. — Feet not too small,
and well protected between the toes with soft
feather ; good strong pads. Legs straight and
immensely boned, strong and short, and nicely
feathered with straight or waved Setter-like
feather, overmuch feathering below the hocks
objectionable.

12. Coat. — Flat or slightly waved, and never
curled. Sufficiently dense to resist the weather,
and not too short. Silky in texture, glossy, and
refined in nature, with neither duffelness on the
one hand nor curl or wiriness on the other. On
chest under belly, and behind the legs, there
should be abundant feather, but never too much,
and that of the right sort, viz. Setter-like. The
tail and hindquarters should be similarly adorned.

13. Colour. — Jet black throughout, glossy and
true. A little white on chest, though a drawback,
not a disqualification.

14. General Appearance. — That of a sporting
dog, capable of learning and doing anything pos-
sible for his inches and conformation. A grand
combination of beauty and utility.

An excellent description of an excellent
dog. I should like to substitute the words
" moderately long and low," or simply
" long and low," for " long and very low "
in paragraph five, otherwise I have no
amendments to make. This description —
with, of course, the exception of the last
paragraph but one — applies equally to the
coloured variety.

VII. The English Springer.— It is only
quite recently that the Kennel Club has

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

291

officially recognised the variety known by
the name at the head of this section.
For a long time the old-fashioned liver and
white or black and white Spaniels, longer
in the leg than either Sussex or Field
Spaniels, had been known as Norfolk
Spaniels, and under this title the Spaniel
Club had published a description of them.
There had, however, been a considerable
amount of discussion about the propriety
of this name of " Norfolk," and the weight
of the evidence adduced went to show
that as far as any territorial connection
with the county of that name went, it was
a misnomer, and that it probably arose
from the breed having been kept by one
of the Dukes of Norfolk, most likely that
one quoted by Elaine in his " Rural Sports,"
who was so jealous of his strain that it
was only on the expressly stipulated con-
dition that they were not to be allowed
to breed in the direct line that he would
allow one to leave his kennels.

Accordingly, when this old breed was
taken up by the Sporting Spaniel Society,
they decided to drop the name of " Nor-
folk," and to revert to the old title of
" Springer," not, in my opinion, a very
happy choice, as all Spaniels are, properly
speaking, Springers in contradistinction to
Setters. The complete official designation
on the Kennel Club's register is " English
Springers other than Clumbers, Sussex,
and Field," a very clumsy name for a
breed. There is no doubt that this variety
of Spaniel retains more resemblance to the
old strains which belonged to our fore-
fathers, before the long and low idea found
favour in the eyes of exhibitors, and it
was certainly well worth preserving. The
only way nowadays by which uniformity
of type can be obtained is by somebody
having authority drawing up a standard
and scale of points for breeders to go by,
and the Sporting Spaniel Society are to
be commended for having done this for
the breed under notice, the fruit of their
action being already apparent in the larger
and more uniform classes to be seen at
shows. At first no doubt it was a spirit
of protest against the exaggerated

" fanciers' ' ' specimens of Field Spaniels,
which were only too common, which led
them to establish what they styled " Work-
ing Type^ Classes " ; but these classes
proved anything but a success, as, besides
Norfolk Spaniels or Springers, they were
filled with all sorts of nondescripts, the
only apparent qualification being the posses-
sion of sufficiently long legs. Many, if not
most, of them were misfit Field Spaniels,
who would have had a short shrift but for
the new field of industry opened to them
by these novel classes. Indeed, five or
six years ago I have several times seen
litter brothers at a show, one in the orthodox
Field Spaniel classes and the other in the
" Working Type."

For the last three years, however, matters
have been improving, and, although one
can hardly say that the type has ever yet
been properly fixed, things are tending
that way, and before long we may hope
to see as uniform classes of Springers as
of any other breed of Spaniels.

As the officially recognised life of the
breed has been such a short one, there
are naturally not very many names of
note among the prize-winners. The princi-
pal breeders and owners have so far been
Mr. W. Arkwright, Mr. Harry Jones, Sir
Hugo FitzHerbert, Mr. C. C. Bethune
Eversfield, and Mr. Winton Smith ; the
dogs which have most distinguished them-
selves in the show ring being Ark, Fan-
some, Tissington Fan, Tissington Bounce,
and Beechgrove Will. These dogs have
done very well indeed at the field trials,
notably those owned by Mr. C. C. Bethune
Eversfield, Nimrod, Velox Powder, Cas-
monite Powder, Amberite Powder, Nitro
Powder, and Schwab Powder, and Mr.
Gardner's Tring, who was the first Spaniel
to lower the colours of the redoubtable
Clumber bitch Beechgrove Bee.

They are undoubtedly the right dogs
for those who want Spaniels to travel
faster and cover more ground than the
more ponderous and short-legged Clumbers,
Sussex, or Field Spaniels do, but I do not
think their work is equal in finish and
precision to that of either of the two former

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

breeds, though certainly the best working
Spaniel I have ever owned myself was one
of this type about seventeen or eighteen
years ago, before it became fashionable,
and before Spaniel trials were thought of.
The description of the breed is as follows : —

1. Head. — Skull long and rather narrow ; a
stop ; the muzzle broad and long to the end.

2. Eyes. — Rather small, bright, intelligent.

MR. HARRY JONES- CH. FANSOME

BY PUNCH BEECHGROVE CHRISSY.

3. Ears. — Long, low-set, lobular.

4. Neck.— Lean, long, and slightly arched.

5. Body (including Size and Symmetry). —
Fairly heavy body ; legs rather longer than the
other Field Spaniels, but not so long as in Irish ;
medium size.

6. Nose. — Large and soft.

7. Shoulder and Chest. — Shoulders long and
sloping ; chest deep and fairly broad.

8. Back and Loin. — Back flat and strong ;
loin rather long, flat and strong.

9. Hindquarters. — Long ; hocks well let down ;
stifles moderately bent, not twisted inward or
outward.

10. Stern. — Low carried, i.e. not above the
level of the back.

11. Feet and Legs. — Strong boned, inclining to
shortness ; feet large and rather flat.

12. Coat. — Not woolly, not curly, but may be
broken.

13. Colour. — Liver and white, black and white.

14. Genera' Appearance. — An active, useful,
and medium-sized dog.

I think it would have been as well to
have fixed some approximate standard of
size or weight. " Medium sized " is rather
vague, and to have used the word " waved "
in place of " broken," in referring to the

coat ; and I cannot see the object of fiat
feet.

Since the above was written, the following
revised description of the English Springer
has been issued by the Sporting Spaniel
Society : —

1. Skull. — Long and slightly arched on top.
fairly broad, with a stop, and well-developed
temples.

2. Jaws. — Long and broad, not snipy, with
plenty of thin lip.

3. Eyes. — Medium size, not too full, but bright
and intelligent, of a rich brown.

4. Ears. — Of fair length, low set, and lobular
in shape.

5. Neck. — Long, strong, and slightly arched.

6. Shoulders. — Long and sloping.

7. Forelegs. — Of a moderate length, straight,
with flat strong bone.

8. Body. — Strong, with well-sprung ribs, good
girth, and chest deep and fairly broad.

9. Loin. — Rather long, strong, and slightly
arched.

10. Hindquarters and Hindlegs. — Very mus-
cular, hocks well let down, stifles moderately
bent, and not twisted inwards or outwards.

11. Feet. — Strong and compact.

12. Stern. — Low carried, not above the level
of the back, and with a vibratory motion.

13. Coat. — Thick and smooth or very slightly
wavy, it must not be too long. The feathering
must be only moderate on the ears, and scanty
on the legs, but continued down to the heels.

14. Colour. — Liver and white and black and
white (with or without tan), fawn and white,
yellow and white, also roans and self colours of
all these tints. The pied colours are preferable,
however, as more easily seen in cover.

15. General Appearance. — An active compact
dog, upstanding, but by no means stilty. His
height at shoulder should about equal his length
from the top of the withers to the root of the
tail.

VIII. The Welsh Springer.— Like the

English Springer, the Welsh Springer has
only very recently
come into exist-
ence — officially,
that is to say ;
but his admirers
claim for him
that he has ex-
isted as a sepa-
rate breed for
a long time,
though not CH. LONGMYND MYFANWY.

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

293

beyond the bounds of the Principality,
where he is referred to as the Starter.

When his claims were first put forward
they were vigorously contested by many
who could claim to speak and write with
authority upon the various breeds of Spaniels
existing in these islands, and it was freely
asserted that they were nothing but cross-
breds between the ordinary Springer and
probably a Clumber in order to account
for the red or orange markings and the
vine-leaf-shaped ears. I must confess that
at first I was inclined to take this view,
but the many excellent classes I have seen
during the last few years, filled with Spaniels

Rover of Gerwn, Gypsy of Gerwn, Cardinal,
Rock, and Longmynd Myfanwy.

The Welsh Springer is described by the
Sporting Spaniel Society as follows :

1. Skull. — Fairly long and fairly broad, slightly
rounded with a stop at the eyes.

2. Jaws. — Medium length, straight, fairly square,
the nostrils well developed, and flesh coloured or
dark. A short, chubby head is objectionable.

3. Eyes. — Hazel or dark, medium size, not
prominent, not sunken, nor showing haw.

4. Ears. — Comparatively small and gradually
narrowing towards the tip, covered with feather
not longer than the ear, set moderately low and
hanging close to the cheeks.

5. Neck. — Strong, muscular, clean in throat.

6. Shoulders. — Long and sloping.

7. Forelegs. — Medium length, straight, good

all of the same type, have quite converted

me, and I think that a case has been fairly bone. moderately feathered,

made out for them. Even if they are a 8' Body.-Strong, fairly deep, not long, well-

v. j i • i T i , sprung ribs. Length of body should be pro-

new breed, which I do not suggest for a pPorticfnate to lengtgh of leg.

moment in face of all the evidence pro- Q Loin.— Muscular and strong, slightly arched,
duced in their favour, they are a most well coupled up and knit together,
meritorious one, both in their ap-
pearance, which is eminently sport-
ing and workmanlike, and for the
excellence of their work in the field,
which has been amply demonstrated
by the record earned at the field
trials by Mr. A. T. Williams and
others. I have never seen this breed
at work myself, so cannot speak
from personal experience, but those
who have, have nothing but good
to say of them, and for working
large rough tracts of country in
teams their admirers say they are
unequalled.

In appearance they are decidedly
attractive, rather more lightly built
than most Spaniels, small in size, in-
deed very little larger than Cockers,
invariably white in colour, with red
or orange markings, and possessing
rather fine heads with small Clumber-
shaped ears. Their general appear-
ance is that of extremely smart and
active little dogs. Mr. A. T. Williams,
Mr. Harry Jones, Mr. H. D. Greene, Mr.
B. C. Ran some, and several others have
shown good specimens, the most famous
prize-winners of the breed so far having

MRS. H. D. GREENE'S CH. ROCK
BY CORRIN GLORY OF GERWN.

Photograph by T. Fall.

10. Hindquarters and Hindlegs. — Strong ; hocks
well let down ; stifles moderately bent (not twisted
in or out), not feathered below the hock on the
leg.

11. Feet. — Round, with thick pads.

12. Stern. — Low, never carried above the level

-1 ~r. *"• J-^v^v», A4WVA "-dliltva dUUVC LiiC 1CVC

een Kimla Dash, Corrin, Tramp of Gerwn, of the back, feathered, and with a lively motion.

294

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

13. Coat. — Straight or flat, and thick.

14. Colour. — Red or orange and white.

15. General Appearance. — Symmetrical, com-
pact, strong, merry, active, not stilty, built for
endurance and activity, and about 28 Ib. and
upwards in weight, but not exceeding 45 Ib.

MRS. H. D. GREENE'S LONGMYND MEGAN

BY KIMLA DASH LONGMYND RUTH.

Photograph by T. Fall.

IX. The Cocker Spaniel. — For the last
few years the popularity of this smaller
sized branch of the Spaniel tribe has been
steadily increasing, and at the time of
writing the Cocker classes at most of the
best shows are remarkable both for the
number of entries and the very high
standard of excellence to which they at-
tain. I have latterly often judged large
classes containing a dozen or more dogs,
every one of which fully deserved a card
of commendation — a mark of apprecia-
tion which I never bestow out of empty
compliment, or to any animal I do not
consider possesses a considerable amount
of merit.

A short time ago black Cockers were
decidedly more fashionable than their parti-
coloured relatives, but now the reverse is
the case, and the various roans and tricolours
have overtaken and passed the others,
both in general quality and in the public
esteem. The reason for this popularity
of the breed as a whole is not far to seek.
The affectionate and merry disposition of

the Cocker and his small size compared
with that of the other breeds pre-eminently
fit him for a companion in the house as
well as in the field, and he ranks among
his admirers quite as many of the fairer
sex as he does men — a fact which
is not without a certain element
of danger, since it should never be
lost sight of that the breed is a
sporting one, which should on no
account be allowed to degenerate into
a race of mere house companions
or toys.

Small-sized Spaniels, usually called
Cockers, from their being more espe-
cially used in woodcock shooting, have
been indigenous to Wales and Devon-
shire for many years, and it is most
likely from one or both of these
sources that the modern type has
been evolved. It is probable too
that the type in favour to-day, of a
short coupled, rather " cobby dog,"
fairly high on the leg, is more like
that of these old - fashioned Cockers
than that which obtained a decade or
two ago, when they were scarcely re-
cognised as a separate breed, and the
Spaniel classes were usually divided into
" Field Spaniels over 25 Ib." and " Field
Spaniels under 25 Ib." In those days a large
proportion of the prizes fell to miniature
Field Spaniels. The breed was not given
official recognition on the Kennel Club's
register till 1893, nor a section to itself
in the Stud Book ; arid up to that date
the only real qualification a dog required
to be enabled to compete as a Cocker was
that he should be under the weight of 25 Ib.,
a limit arbitrarily and somewhat irration-
ally fixed, since in the case of an animal
just on the border-line he might very well
have been a Cocker before and a Field
Spaniel after breakfast. I was instru-
mental in 1901 in getting the Spaniel Club
to abolish this hard and fast weight limit
in their description, and the Kennel Club
accepted the amendment, so that, as is the
case with almost all other breeds, the matter
is now entirely a question for the judge,
who, if he knows his business, will probably

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

295

penalise any animal professing to be a
Cocker Spaniel who looks as if he would
turn the scale at much more than 25 Ib.

It is not easy to find authentic pedigrees
going back further than a quarter of a
century, but Mr. C. A. Phillips can trace
his own strain back to 1860, and Mr. James
Farrow was exhibiting successfully nearly
thirty-five years ago. The former gentle-
man published the pedigree of his bitch
Rivington Dora for eighteen generations
in extenso in " The Sporting Spaniel " ;
while the famous Obo strain of the latter
may be said to have exercised more influ-
ence than any other on the black variety
both in this country and in the United
States.

Going back to the earliest show days,
we come across two names which will be

Spaniels with the old-fashioned Cockers —
a fact I have dwelt upon in the section
devoted to that variety. Consequently,
many of the smaller dogs and bitches of
the litters -were shown in the light-weight
classes, as, for instance, Captain Arbuth-
not's Chloe and Alice, who were by Mr.
Phineas Bullock's Bob out of his Nellie,
who won at Manchester and Nottingham
in 1873, and much of this blood is to be
found in the Cocker pedigrees of to-day.

Another example of how the Field Spaniel
and Cocker blood comes from this source
is shown by the bitch Runic, who was
bred and exhibited as under 25 Ib. by
Mr. W. W. Boulton, of Beverley. This
bitch was the dam of Rolf, one of the prin-
cipal progenitors, as I have already shown,
of the modern race of Field Spaniels. In

MR. O. W. H. ELLIS'S COLOURED COCKER NURSCOMBE DEBORAH
BY LOSTOCK LOZENGE GROVESIDE DOWAGER.

found in many, if not in most, of the pedi-
grees of those Cockers which have been
included in the later stud books, those of
Mr. Burdett's black and tan dog Frank,
and Mr. Mousley's black and white bitch
Venus. It must be borne in mind that
about this time the modern Field Spaniel
was being evolved by Mr. Burdett, Mr.
Bullock, and others by crossing Sussex

1904 Mr. Phillips took the trouble to trace
back the pedigrees of some of the principal
winning Spaniels at Cruft's show, and
found that the champion Cocker, the
champion Black Spaniel dog, and the
champion coloured Field Spaniel bitch,
were all lineal descendants of Frank and
Venus. This portion of the history of the
breed is most interesting, but unfortunately

296

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

in an article of this kind space is wanting
to deal with it as fully as it deserves, and
any reader who desires to enter more deeply
into it must either delve for himself among
old stud books and pedigrees, or consult
a monograph.

It was in 1880 that the most famous
of all the " pillars " of the Cocker stud,
Mr. James Farrow's Obo, made his first
bow to the public, he and his litter sister
Sally having been born the year before.
He won the highest honours that the show
bench can give, and the importance of
his service to the breed both in his owner's

MR. FARROW'S COLOURED COCKER

CH. SANDY OBO

BY ODDFELLOW SANDY.

kennel and outside it, can scarcely be over-
estimated. Nearly all of the best blacks,
and many of the best coloured Cockers,
are descended from him. At this period
the type mostly favoured was that of a
dog rather longer in the body and lower
on the leg than it is at present, but the
Obo family marked a progressive step,
and very rightly kept on winning under
all the best judges for many years, their
owner being far too good a judge himself
ever to exhibit anything but first-class
specimens. The best of this notable family
were Obo himself, Sally Obo, Miss Obo,

Lily Obo, Tim Obo, Mollie Obo, Betty
Obo, Frank Obo, and Ted Obo. Sandy
Obo, a very beautiful coloured bitch, can
hardly be considered as belonging to the
family, though bearing the same surname,
as she was by Oddfellow, out of Sandy,
both unregistered. The Obo blood has
found its way to America, where it is very
highly prized.

Meanwhile, although the blacks were
far the most fashionable — and it was said
that it was hopeless to try to get the same
quality in coloured specimens — several en-
thusiastic breeders for colour were quietly
at work, quite undismayed by the pre-
dilection shown by most exhibitors and
judges for the former colour. Among them
was Mr. C. A. Phillips, who, having bought
two bitches from Mr. James Freme, of
Wepre Hall, Flintshire, succeeded in breed-
ing from one of them, whom he named
Rivington Sloe, the celebrated dog Rivington
Signal, who, .mated with Rivington Blossom,
produced Rivington Bloom, who was in
turn the dam of Rivington Redcoat. These
dogs proved almost, if not quite, as valuable
to the coloured variety as Obo did to the
blacks, and formed the foundation of the
celebrated Braeside strain which afterwards
became so famous, Braeside Beauty, the
first registered by Mr. Porter under that
prefix, being by Rivington Signal out of
Grove Rose. The latter bitch, a liver and
white, whose pedigree is given in the stud
book as unknown, had a very successful
career, winning first and cup at Manchester
on her first appearance, and eventually
attaining championship honours. Riving-
ton Redcoat, after doing good service at
home, was sold to go to France, where he
gained a great reputation as a sire, and
was subsequently brought back to England
by Mr. Lloyd, of Ware, and only died com-
paratively recently. Mr. Phillips considered
that his son Rivington Bluegown was the
best-coloured Cocker he ever bred, and has
never ceased to regret that he sold him to
go to Canada. However, he exacted a
certain measure of compensation from the
Dominion, when he imported Toronto, a
black dog, whose services at the stud have

THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

297

been extremely useful, principally in im-
proving and strengthening the heads of the
breed, which at one time were getting rather
weak and inclined to snipiness. Mr. J. M.

beautiful bitch whose union with Braeside
Bustle produced Blue Peter, a most success-
ful sire of late years, and Braeside Judy,
the dam of some of the best of our modern

Porter's dog Braeside Bustle, whose name Cockers. During the last few years Mr.
is to be found in the Stud Book for 1896, R. de Courcy Peele's kennel has easily
was a very notable dog, as, besides winning held the pride of place in this variety.

THREE GENERATIONS OF MR. R. DE C. PEELE'S BLUE ROAN COCKERS.

CH. BEN BOWDLER (FATHER), CH. BOB BOWDLER (SON), AND
CH. DIXON BOWDLER (GRANDSON).

FROM THE PAINTING BY LILIAN CHEVIOT.

a number of prizes himself, he is responsible
in one way or another for most of the
best coloured Cockers of the present day.
His blood was of the very best, since his
sire Toots went back in a direct line to
Champion Obo, and his dam Braeside Bizz
was a great-granddaughter of Champion
Fop.

Some of the best dogs owned or bred
by Mr. Porter were Braeside Bob, a lemon
roan sold to America, whom I saw at the
Westminster Kennel Club's show in New
York as lately as 1904, Braeside Betty, a

Most of my readers are no doubt familiar
with the many beautiful Cockers which
have appeared in the show ring and carried
off so many prizes under the distinguishing
affix Bowdler. His kennel was built up
on a Braeside foundation, so that Mr.
Porter can fairly lay claim to a certain
amount of credit for its success, and has
contained at one time or other such flyers
as Ben Bowdler, Bob Bowdler, Rufus
Bowdler, Dixon Bowdler, Eva Bowdler,
Mary Bowdler, Bluecoat Bowdler, Susan
Bowdler, and others, and Ben and Bob

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

have also been, as sires, responsible for
the success of a good many dogs hailing
from other kennels. He has also been
fairly successful with blacks, which, how-
ever, have usually been purchased and
not bred by him, the two best being Master
Reuben, bred by Miss Joan Godfrey, and
Jetsam Bowdler, a bitch who has dis-
tinguished herself both in the ring and in
the field. At the present moment I am
inclined to think that one of the best, if
not the very best, coloured sire is John
Bull, bred by Mr. J. Coleman, by Blue
Peter out of Coaley. He only met with
moderate success as a show dog owing to
an undershot mouth, but he has not trans-
mitted this defect to any of his progeny
whom I have seen ; on the contrary, they
are remarkable for the excellence of their
heads and their true Spaniel type and ex-
pression. He is responsible, among others.
for Mr. Phillips's Rivington Ruth — who,
if she only had a little more bone, I should
consider about the best coloured bitch I
have seen — Susan Bowdler, and Clara
Bowdler, a trio whose heads, for bitches,
I consider almost perfect.

Coloured Cockers are certainly " boom-
ing " just now, and as a consequence I
fear that the blacks, who are equally worthy
of support, are being rather neglected.
Certainly it is the case that whereas one
sees at most shows big classes of the former
filled with a good level lot with hardly a
bad specimen amongst them, the classes
devoted to the latter, besides not being
so well filled, are much more uneven, and
always contain a large proportion of weeds
and toys. A few years ago the black classes
were immeasurably superior to the coloured,
and it is to be hoped that in the near future
they will regain at least a position of equality
with them.

I have not been able, owing to want of
space, to mention nearly all the successful
Cocker owners and breeders, nor all the
dogs which have made names for them-
selves in the show ring, but no article on
the breed would be complete without
quoting the following names, in addition
to those already mentioned : Mr. W.

Caless, O. Burgess, E. C. Spencer, O. H.
Ellis, R. Lloyd, J. H. Hickin, F. C. Hignett,
J. Smith, J. H. Campbell, J. Chiles,
Mrs. Crosfield, Miss Joan Godfrey and
Mr. Harding Cox, Miss Vera Canute, Mrs.
Greening, and Miss Bessie McCartie ; while
the following dogs are also deserving of
mention : Blacks — Bruton Floss, Bruton
Peter, Bruton Cora, Master Gilbert, Master
Clarence, Master Mathew, Westbury Madge,
Regalia, Mistress Rita, Kim of Machen,
Rivington Reine, and Little Jill. Coloured
— Dooney Belle, Doony Swell, Braeside
Rival, Nurscombe Joan, Nurscombe De-
borah, Truth, Byford Bluebell, Wilton
Sweetheart, Trafalgar Ben, Trafalgar
Beauty, Coleshill Claudian, St. Foy of
Monte Carlo, and many others.

At the last few Field Trial meetings the
Spaniel Club has provided classes confined
to Cockers, which have filled fairly well,
and enabled the small breed to demon-
strate that it can in its way be quite as
useful as its larger cousins. Indeed, it
is a question whether at the trials of
1904 Mr. F. M. Brown's Beechgrove
Midget was not the best performer of the
whole number competing, as she showed
more dash and go than any of them, and,
despite her size, her retrieving was abso-
lutely perfect. A Cocker can very often
go and work as well where a larger Spaniel
cannot even creep, and for working really
thick hedgerows or gorse has no superior.
There seems to be every prospect of a
brilliant future, and increased popularity
for this charming breed, which, in my
opinion at least, it thoroughly deserves.

Its interests are looked after both by
the Spaniel Club and the comparatively
newly formed Cocker Spaniel Club, and it
is also quite as much in favour on the
other side of the Atlantic as it is in the
United Kingdom. Indeed, the classes in
America and Canada compare very favour-
ably with our own, and I was particularly
struck with the great number of excellent
specimens to be seen benched in Madison
Square on the occasion of my visit to the
New York show. Red is a much more
common colour over there than it is with

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THE SPORTING SPANIEL.

299

us, and most of the Cockers other than
black were of that colour.

The descriptive particulars of the breed
are : —

1. Head. — Not so heavy in proportion and
not so high in occiput as in the modern Field
Spaniel, with a nicely developed muzzle or jaw ;
lean, but not snipy, and yet not so square as in
the Clumber or Sussex varieties, but always
exhibiting a sufficiently wide and well-developed
nose. Forehead perfectly smooth, rising without
a too decided stop from muzzle into a compara-
tively wide and rounded, well-developed skull,
with plenty of room for brain power.

2. Eyes. — Full, but not prominent, hazel or
brown coloured, with a general expression of
intelligence and gentleness, though decidedly
wideawake, bright and merry, never goggled nor
weak as in the King Charles and Blenheim
kinds.

3. Ears. — Lobular, set on low, leather fine and
not exceeding beyond the nose, well clothed with
long silky hair, which must be straight or wavy —
no positive curls or ringlets.

4. Neck. — Strong and muscular, and neatly
set on to fine sloping shoulders.

5. Body (including size and symmetry). —
Not quite so long ai d low as in the other breeds
of Spaniels, more compact and firmly knit together,
giving the impression of a concentration of power
and untiring act vity.

6. Weight. — The weight of a Cocker Spaniel
of either sex should not exceed 25 lb., or be less
than 20 lb. Any variation either way should be
penalised.

7. Nose. — Sufficiently wide and well developed
to ensure the exquisite scenting powers of this
breed.

8. Shoulders and Chest. — The former sloping
and fine, chest deep and well developed, but not
too wide and round to interfere with the free
action of the forelegs.

9. Back and Loin. — Immensely strong and
compact in proportion to the size and weight
of the dog ; slightly sloping towards the tail.

10. Hindquarters. — Wide, well rounded, and
very muscular, so as to ensure untiring action
and propelling power under the most trying
circumstances of a long day, bad weather, rough
ground, and dense covert.

11. Stern. — That most characteristic of blue
blood in all the Spaniel family, may, in the lighter
and more active Cocker, although set low down,
be allowed a slightly higher carriage than in the
other breeds, but never cocked up over, but
rather in a line with the back, though the lower its
carriage and action the better, and when at work
its action should be incessant in this, the brightest
and merriest of the whole Spaniel family.

12. Feet and Legs. — The legs should be well
boned, feathered and straight, for the tremendous
exertions expected from this grand little sporting
dog, and should be sufficiently short for concen-
trated power, but not too short as to interfere with
its full activity. Feet firm, round, and cat-like,
not too large, spreading, and loose jointed. This
distinct breed of Spaniel does not follow exactly
on the lines of the larger Field Spaniel, either in
lengthiness, lowness, or otherwise, but is shorter
in the back, and rather higher on the legs.

13. Coat. — Flat or waved, and silky in texture,
never wiry, woolly, nor curly, with sufficient
feather of the right sort, viz. waved or Setter-
like, but not too profuse and never curly.

14. General Appearance. — Confirmatory of all
indicated above, viz. a concentration of pure
blood and type, sagacity, docility, good temper,
affection, and activity.

DOWN CHARGE !

TEAM OF MR. A. T. WILLIAMS' WELSH SPRINGERS.

300

CHAPTER XXVII.
THE BASSET-HOUND

BY MRS. C. C. ELLIS.

Dost thou in hounds aspire to deathless fame ?
Learn well their lineage and their ancient stem.
Each tribe with joy old rustic heralds trace,
And sing the chosen worthies of their race."

— TICKELL.

r OHE Basset was not familiarly known
to British sportsmen before 1863, in
which year specimens of the breed
were seen at the first exhibition of dogs
held in Paris, and caused general curiosity
and admiration among English visitors.
In France, however, this hound has been
used for generations, much as we use
our Spaniel, as a finder of game in
covert, and it has long been a popular
sporting dog in Russia and Germany. In
early times it was chiefly to be found
in Artois and Flanders, where it is sup-
posed to have had its origin ; but the
home of the better type of Basset is now
chiefly in La Vendee, in which department
some remarkably fine strains have been
produced. Sir John Everett Millais, an
admiring student of the breed, pointed out
the interesting fact that the finest type
of Basset exists in, the western districts of
France — that is, in the districts where the
larger French hounds are to be found — and
that as you go east the breed diminishes to
a smaller variety, gradually merging into
the Dachshund. It is from the Basset of
La Vendee that most of our English speci-
mens are derived.

There are three main strains of the French
Basset — the Lane, the Couteulx, and the
Griffon. The Griffon Basset is a hound
with a hard bristly coat, and short, crooked-
legs. It has never found great favour here.
The Lane hounds are derived from the
kennels of M. Lane, of Franqueville, Baos,
Seine-Inferieur, and are also very little
appreciated in this country. They are a
lemon and white variety, with torse or bent

legs. The Couteulx hounds were a type
bred up into a strain by Comte le Couteulx
de Canteleu — one of the most noted cynolo-
gists and sportsmen France has ever pro-
duced. They were tricolour, with straight,
short legs, of sounder constitution than
other strains, with the make generally of a
more agile hound, and in the pedigree of
the best Bassets owned in this country
fifteen years ago, when the breed was in
considerable demand, Comte de Couteulx's
strain was prominent and always sought
for.

The Lane hound is decidedly of a plainer
type, weak in colour, lighter in bone, and
noticeably longer on the leg, the head broader
and somewhat flat, with shorter ears. The
Couteulx strain is generally a fine rich tri-
colour, sometimes flecked with black or
brown, with good legs and splendid feet,
soft and supple in coat and skin, the head
long and lean, with magnificent pendulous
ears finely folded and velvety ; the muzzle
square, with heavy flews, and the dark eye
not prominent but showing a good deal of
haw.

The true type is carefully preserved in
La Vendee, but much variety of colour and
character is met with in other departments
of France. Some, closely resembling the
Dachshund, are black and tan — natives of
the Vosges — while many are grey, and some
white, with grey and yellow markings.
These are rejected by English admirers of
the Basset-hound, who are consistent in
their preference for the white with black
and tan.

With careful selection and judicious breed-

THE BASSET-HOUND.

301

ing we have now produced a beautiful hound
of fine smooth coat, and a rich admixture
of markings, with a head of noble character
and the best of legs and feet. Their short,
twinkling legs make our Bassets more suit-
able for covert hunting than for hunting

THE LATE SIR JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS1 MODEL

FROM » DRAWING BV C. BURTON BARBER.

hares in the open, to which latter purpose
they have frequently been adapted with
some success. Their note is resonant, with
wonderful power for so small a dog, and in
tone it resembles the voice of the Blood-
hound .

The Basset-hound is usually very good
tempered and not inclined to be quarrel-
some with his kennel mates ; but he is wilful,
and loves to roam apart in search of game,
and is not very amenable to discipline
when alone. On the other hand, he works
admirably with his companions in the pack,
when he is most painstaking and indefatig-
able. Endowed with remarkable powers
of scent, he will hunt a drag with keen in-
telligence.

During the years of his naturalisation
with us his calling has undergone various
changes, and it is to be feared that if he is
bred only for pace the old distinguishing
characteristics will be lost, and his quaint
and patrician appearance will suffer deteri-
oration. His peculiar formation prevents
him from being a very speedy or an especially
active hound, and, indeed, when it is a
question of negotiating a stiff fence or a steep
bank he has often to be helped. It is ex-
tremely doubtful whether an alteration in

this direction would tend to any improve-
ment in the breed.

There are now several packs of Bassets
kept in England, and they show very fair
sport after' the hares ; but it is not their
natural vocation, and their massive build is
against the possibility of their becoming
popular as harriers. The general custom is
to follow them on foot, although occasionally
some sportsmen use ponies. Their pace, how-
ever, hardly warrants the latter expedient.
On the Continent, where big game is more
common than with us, the employment of
the Basset is varied. He is a valuable help
in the tracking of boar, wolf, and deer,
and he is also frequently engaged in the
lighter pastimes of pheasant and partridge
shooting.

The Earl of Onslow and the late Sir John
Everett Millais were among the earliest im-
porters of the breed into England. They
both had recourse to the kennels of Count
Couteulx. Sir John Millais' Model was the
first Basset-hound exhibited at an English
dog show, his debut taking place at Wol-
verhampton in 1875. Later owners and
breeders of prominence were Mr. G. Krehl,
Mrs. Stokes and Mrs. Mabel Tottie. At one

THE SMOOTH BITCH SANDRINGHAM DIDO

BY COL. ANNAND'S TARQUIN VIOLA.

PROPERTY OF HER MAJESTY QUEEN ALEXANDRA.

time Mrs. Tottie owned the finest kennel
of both rough and smooth Bassets in the
British Isles. She considered the rough
variety more delicate than the smooth— an
opinion which is not commonly shared.
As with most imported breeds, the Basset-

3°2

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

hound when first exhibited was required to
undergo a probationary period, as a foreign
dog in the variety class at the principal
shows. It was not until 1880 that a class
was provided for it by the Kennel Club.

MRS. TOTTIE'S SMOOTH BASSET-HOUND DOG

CH. LOUIS LE BEAU.

Photograph by A . Homer, Settle.

The hounds originally imported were some-
what smaller than those of to-day. Sir John
Millais' historic couple, Model and Garenne,
were considered the best of their time.
Their measurements and weights were as
follows :—

Age

Weight 46

Height at shoulder .
Length of nose to set on

of tail ....
Length of tail
Girth of chest
Girth of loin ....
Girth of head . . .
Girth of forearm
Length from occiput to

tip of nose .
Girth of muzzle midway

between eyes and tip

of nose ....
Length of ears from tip

to tip ....
Height from ground, fore

feet

Model.

Garenne.

yrs.
Ibs.
ins.

28
91

yrs.
Ibs.

ins.

IlJ-

ins.

25
21

ins.
ins.

20
16

ins.
ins.

ins.

the girth of chest, 24 inches to 25 inches,
height at the shoulder, 12 inches, the ears
from tip to tip 22 inches, and the length
from the point of the nose to the tip of
the tail from 44 inches to 50 inches.

In referring to some of the early
examples of the Basset -hound in
France, Sir John Millais wrote that
"it might be interesting to note from
a breeder's point of view the gradual
development of this hound to modern
times from the mating of Fino de
Paris and Trouvette, over a quarter
of a century ago." Sir John's care-
fully compiled pedigrees of his dogs
are too long for quotation, but Fino
de Paris was taken as the principal
factor in the line of descent, and by
inbreeding to this type the Champions
Forester, Psyche, Paris, Xena, Xitta,
Isola, Bowman, and many other spe-
cimens of high quality were produced.
It is to be regretted that owners of this
beautiful hound are not more numerous.
Admirable specimens are still to be seen at
the leading exhibitions, but the breed is
greatly in need of encouragement. When
the pioneers who had done so much to

19 ins. 17 ins.

2| ins.

MR. J. W. PROCTOR'S SMOOTH BASSET-HOUND BITCH

CH. QUEEN OF THE GEISHA.

Photograph by T. Fall.

These measurements are all smaller than
would apply to a typical hound at the present
time, but it may be stated that the forelegs
of the smooth Basset should not be longer
than five to six inches from elbow to foot,

establish the Basset retired the present
writer endeavoured to continue their work.
I bred my hounds from the purest strain only,
and was successful in those which I brought
out, striving always towards improvement.

THE BASSET-HOUND.

3°;

I was most careful in selecting those of the
best type, with sound straight legs and good
feet, eliminating all that did not possess
distinct qualifications for sport and exhi-
bition, and with most satisfactory results,
the Champions Paris and Xena never having
"been beaten in competition. Xena, indeed,
was the winner outright of the twenty-five
guinea challenge bowl three times in suc-
cession, winning one each for the three
successive owners, myself, Mrs. Walsh, and
Mr. Stark, representing eighteen consecutive
wins without a set back — a feat rarely sur-
passed.

To these followed many good dogs, in-
cluding Queen of the Geisha (bred by Mr.
Stark), who rose to premier honours on the
•death of Ch. Xena. Queen was almost as
good as Xena, but failed somewhat in hind
quarters, which were too stilty, but her
head and ears were the most perfect yet
produced. At the present time the smooth
•dog hound taking the foremost place in the
estimation of our most capable judges is
Mr. W. W. M. White's Ch. Loo-Loo-Loo,
bred by Mrs. Tottie, by Ch. Louis le Beau
out of Sibella. Mr. Croxton Smith's Waverer
is also a dog of remarkably fine type.
Among bitch hounds Sandringham Dido,
the favourite of Her Majesty the Queen,
ranks as the most perfect of her kind.

The rough or Griffon-Basset, introduced
into England at a later date than the smooth,
has failed for some reason to receive great
attention. In type it resembles the shaggy
•Otterhound, and as at present favoured
it is larger and higher on the leg than the
smooth variety. I have myself imported
several from France, but have found them
less hardy than their velvety relatives, and
not so staunch or painstaking in their work,
and for packs they do not appear to be
generally liked. Their colouring is less dis-
tinct, and they seem generally to be lemon
and white, grey and sandy red. Their
note is not so rich as that of the smooth
variety. In France the rough and the
smooth Bassets are not regarded as of the
same race, but here some breeders have
crossed the two varieties, with indifferent
consequences.

Some beautiful specimens of the rough
Basset have from time to time been sent
to exhibition from the Sandringham kennels.
His Majesty the King has always given
affectionate attention to this breed, and has
taken several first prizes at the leading
shows, latterly with Sandringham Bobs,
bred in the home kennels by Sandringham
Babil ex Saracenesca.

Perhaps the most explicit description of
the perfect Basset-hound is still that com-
piled twenty-five years ago by Sir John

MRS. TOTTIE'S ROUGH-COATED BASSET-HOUND DOG
CH. PURITAN

Photograph by A. Home:; Settle.

Millais. It is at least sufficiently compre-
hensive and exact to serve as a guide : —

" The Basset, for its size, has more bone,
perhaps, than nearly any other dog.

" The skull should be peaked like that of
the Bloodhound, with the same dignity and
expression, the nose black (although some
of my own have white about theirs), and
well flewed. For the size of the hound, I
think the teeth are extremely small. How-
ever, as they are not intended to destroy
life, this is probably the reason.

" The ears should hang like the Blood-
hound's, and are like the softest velvet
drapery.

" The eyes are a deep brown, and are
brimful of affection and intelligence. They
are pretty deeply set, and should show a
considerable haw. A Basset is one of
those hounds incapable of having a wicked
eye.

304

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

" The neck is long, but of great power ;
and in the Basset a jambes torses the flews
extend very nearly down to the chest.
The chest is more expansive than even in
the Bulldog, and should in the Bassets a
jambes torses be not more than two inches
from the ground. In the case of the Bassets
d jambes demi-torses and jambes droites, being
generally lighter, their chests do not, of
course, come so low.

" The shoulders are of great power, and
terminate in the crooked feet of the Basset,
which appear to be a mass of joints. The
back and ribs are strong, and the former
of great length.

" The stern is carried gaily, like that of
hounds in general, and when the hound

is on the scent of game this portion of
his body gets extremely animated, and
tells me, in my own hounds, when they
have struck a fresh or a cold scent, and I
even know when the foremost hound will
give tongue.

' The hindquarters are very strong and
muscular, the muscles standing rigidly out
down to the hocks.

" The skin is soft in the smooth haired
dogs, and like that of any other hound,
but in the rough variety it is like that of
the Otterhound's.

" Colour, of course, is a matter of fancy,
although I infinitely prefer the tricolour,
which has a tan head and a black and
white body."

COUNTY GIRL, PRINCE ZERO, AND CH. LOO-LOO-LOO

PROPERTY OF MR. W. W. M. WHITE.

305

AN EXPECTANT TEAM.

PROPERTY OF MR. SIDNEY WOODIWISS.

Photograph by T. Fall.

CHAPTER XXVIII.

THE DACHSHUND.
BY JOHN F. SAYER.

" Six years ago I brought him down,
A baby dog from London Town ;
Round his small throat of black and brown

A ribbon blue,

And vouched by glorious renown
A Dachshund true."

— MATTHEW ARNOLD.

FRSONS unfamiliar with the sporting
properties of this long-bodied breed
are apt to refer smilingly to the
Dachshund as " the dog that is sold by the
yard," and few even of those who know
him give credit to the debonair little fellow
for the grim work which he is intended
to perform in doing battle with the vicious
badger in its lair. Dachshund means
" badger dog," and it is a title fairly and
squarely earned in his native Germany.

Good things are said to be done up in
small parcels, and the saying is eminently
true of the little dog under notice. Whether
he be kept for sport or merely as a com-
panion, he is to my mind the best dog of
his size. Given proper training, he will per-
form the duties of several sporting breeds

rolled into one. Possessing a wonderful
nose, combined with remarkable steadiness,
his kind will work out the coldest scent, and
once fairly on the line they will give plenty
of music and get over the ground at a pace
almost incredible. Dachshunds hunt well in
a pack, and, though it is not their recognised
vocation, they can be successfully used on
hare, on fox, and any form of vermin that
wears a furry coat. But his legitimate
work is directed against the badger, in
locating the brock under ground, worrying
and driving him into his innermost earth,
and there holding him until dug out.
It is no part of his calling to come to
close grips, though that often happens in
the confined space in which he has to work.
In this position a badger with his powerful

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

claws digs with such energy and skill as
rapidly to bury himself, and the Dachshund
needs to be provided with such apparatus
as will permit him to clear his way and keep
in touch with his formidable quarry. The
badger is also hunted by Dachshunds above
ground, usually in the mountainous parts
of Germany, and in the growing crops of
maize, on the lower slopes, where the vermin
work terrible havoc in the evening. In this
case the badger is rounded up and driven
by the dogs up to the guns which are posted
between the game and their earths. For

MR. JOHN F. SAVER'S SPOTTED DOG
BY PACKER VON DER ECKE LIBETTE.

this sport the dog used is heavier, coarser,
and of larger build, higher on the leg, and
more generally houndy in appearance.
Dachshunds are frequently used for deer
driving, in which operation they are especi-
ally valuable, as they work slowly, and do
not frighten or overrun their quarry, and
can penetrate the densest undergrowth.
Packs of Dachshunds may sometimes be
engaged on wild boar, and, as they are web-
footed and excellent swimmers, there is no
doubt that their terrier qualities would make
them useful assistants to the Otterhound.
Apropos of their capabilities in the water it
is the case that a year or two ago at Offenbach-
on-Main, at some trials arranged for life-
saving by dogs, a Dachshund carried off the
first prize against all comers.

As a companion in the house the Dachs-
hund has perhaps no compeer. He is a
perfect gentleman ; cleanly in his habits,
obedient, unobtrusive, incapable of small-
ness, affectionate, very sensitive to rebuke

or to unkindness, and amusingly jealous.
As a watch he is excellent, quick to detect
a strange footstep, valiant to defend the
threshold, and to challenge with deep voice
any intruder, yet sensibly discerning his
master's friends, and not annoying them
with prolonged growling and grumbling as
many terriers do when a stranger is ad-
mitted. Properly brought up, he is a
perfectly safe and amusing companion for
children, full of animal spirits, and ever
ready to share in a romp, even though it be
accompanied by rough and tumble play.
In Germany, where he is the most popular
of all dogs, large or small, he is to be found
in every home, from the Emperor's palace
downwards, and his quaint appearance,
coupled with his entertaining personality,
is daily seized upon by the comic papers to
illustrate countless jokes at his expense.
He is, in truth, a humorist, as George Mere-
dith pointed out when he wrote that

" Our Islet out of Helgoland, dismissed

From his quaint tenement, quits hates and

loves.

There lived with us a wagging humorist
In that hound's arch dwarf-legged on
boxing-gloves."

The origin of the Dachshund is not very
clear. Some writers have professed to trace
the breed or representations of it on the
monuments of the Egyptians. Some aver
that it is a direct descendant of the French
Basset-hound, and others that he is related
to the old Turnspits — the dogs so excellent
in kitchen service, of whom Dr. Caius wrote
that " when any meat is to be roasted they
go into a wheel, where they, turning about
with the weight of their bodies, so dili-
gently look to their business that no drudge
nor scullion can do the feat more cunningly,
whom the popular sort hereupon term Turn-
spits." Certainly the dog commonly used
in this occupation was long of body and
short of leg, very much resembling the
Dachshund. It was distinct enough in
type to claim the breed-name of Turnspit,
and many years ago this name was applied
to the Dachshund.

In all probability the Dachshund is
a manufactured breed — a breed evolved

THE DACHSHUND.

307

from a large type of hound intermixed with
a terrier to suit the special conditions in-
volved in the pursuit and extermination of
a quarry that, unchecked, was capable of
seriously interfering with the cultivation of
the land. He comprises in his small person
the characteristics of both hound and terrier
— his wonderful powers of scent, his long,
pendulous ears, and, for his size, enormous
bone, speak of his descent from the hound
that hunts by scent. In many respects he
favours the Bloodhound, and I have from
time to time seen Dachshunds which, having
been bred from parents carefully selected
to accentuate some fancy point, have
exhibited the very pronounced " peak "
(occipital bone), the protruding haw of the
eye, the loose dewlap and the colour
markings characteristic of the Bloodhound.
His small stature, iron heart, and willing-
ness to enter the earth bespeak the terrier
cross.

The Dachshund was first introduced to
this country in sufficient numbers to merit
notice in the early 'sixties, and, speedily
attracting notice by his quaint formation
and undoubted sporting instincts, soon be-

MR. ARTHUR BRADBURY'S CH. HOLLYBERRY
BY BRANDESBURTON MINIMUS CARMEN SYLVA.

came a favourite. At first appearing at
shows in the " Foreign Dog " class, he
quickly received a recognition of his claims
to more favoured treatment, and was pro-
moted by the Kennel Club to a special classi-
fication as a sporting dog. Since then his
rise has been rapid, and he now is reckoned
as one of the numerically largest breeds

exhibited. Unfortunately, however, he has
been little, if ever, used for sport in the sense
that applies in Germany, and this fact,
coupled_with years of breeding from too
small a stock (or stock too nearly related)

MR. DE BOINVILLE'S CH. SNAKES PRINCE
BY WODIN VICTORIA IVEDON.

and the insane striving after the fanciful
and exaggerated points demanded by judges
at dog shows, many of whom never saw a
Dachshund at his legitimate work, has
seriously affected his usefulness. He has
deteriorated in type, lost grit and sense, too,
and is often a parody of the true type of
Dachshund that is to be found in his native
land.

To the reader who contemplates possessing
one or more Dachshunds I should like to
offer a word of advice. Whether you want
a dog for sport, for show, or as a companion,
endeavour to get a good one — -a. well-bred
one. To arrive at this do not buy from
an advertisement on your own knowledge
of the breed, but seek out an expert amateur
breeder and exhibitor, and get his advice
and assistance. If you intend to start a
kennel for show purposes, do not buy a high-
priced dog at a show, but start with a well-
bred bitch, and breed your own puppies,
under the guidance of the aforementioned
expert. In this way, and by rearing and
keeping your puppies till they are of an age
to be exhibited, and at the same time care-
fully noting the awards at the best shows,
you will speedily learn which to retain and
the right type of dog to keep and breed for,

3o8

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

and in future operations you will be able to
discard inferior puppies at any earlier age.
But it is a great mistake, if you intend to
form a kennel for show purposes, to sell
or part with your puppies too early. It is
notorious with all breeds that puppies
change very much as they grow. The best
looking in the nest often go wrong later, and
the ugly duckling turns out the best of the
litter. This is especially true of Dachshunds,
and it requires an expert to pick the best
puppy of a litter at a month or two old, and
even he may be at fault unless the puppy is
exceptionally well reared.

It is not within the province of this
chapter to give minute directions for rearing
puppies, but I may just mention a few points
for the benefit of novices.

The main point I would lay stress upon
is that to rear Dachshund puppies success-
fully you must not overload them with
fat — give them strengthening food that does
not lay on flesh. Lean, raw beef, finely
chopped, is an excellent food once or twice
a day for the first few months, and, though
this comes expensive, it pays in the end.
Raw meat is supposed to cause worm troubles,
but these pests are also found where meat
is not given, and in any case a puppy is
fortified with more strength to withstand
them if fed on raw meat than otherwise,
and a good dosing from time to time will
be all that is necessary to keep him well
and happy.

Young growing puppies must have their
freedom to gambol about, and get their
legs strong, and this is another point I wish
to emphasise. Never keep the puppies cooped
up in a small kennel run or house. If you
have a fair-sized yard, give them the run of
that, or even the garden, in spite of what
your gardener may say — they may do a
little damage to the flowers, but will assuredly
do good to themselves. They love to dig
in the soft borders : digging is second
nature to them, and is of great importance
in their development.

If you have not a garden, or if the
flowers are too sacred, it is better to place
your puppies as early as possible with
respectable cottagers, or small farmers,

especially the latter, with whom they will
have entire freedom to run about, and will
not be overfed. My own plan is to keep
my puppies at home till they are two or
three months old, and then put them out
to " walk " on a farm, and leave them
till they are six months old, when I pass
judgment on them.

My puppy kennel has a very spacious
covered-in run attached, facing south. A
low brick wall twelve inches high runs all
round three sides, and on this is built a
double matchboarded shed. The front is
entirely filled with greenhouse " lights,"
hinged at the top and made to open to admit
air without allowing rain to enter. There are
also ventilators above these and just under
the roof. Inside, the floor is slightly higher
than the ground outside, which slopes away.
This floor was arranged in the following
way : — The ground was dug out to a depth
of two feet and filled in with ashes well
pressed down. On top there are six inches
of dry garden mould, also well pressed down,
but capable of being forked over and re-
newed from time to time. This makes a very
sanitary, warm floor for the puppies to run
about on ; it never smells offensively, and
it is always dry, the droppings can be easily
removed, and even if left a day or two are
deodorised by the earth. I also had an
artificial " earth " or tunnel made in the
run extending the whole length, and end-
ing in a " den." This was constructed of
boarding on the sides and top, and buried in
the run to a depth of several inches. This
artificial " earth " was copied from that
used in Germany, where, at the dog shows,
trials for Dachshunds and terriers are some-
times held on fox and badger, and my
puppies find it a never-ending source of
amusement. Here they play for hours,
running in and out, and here every tit-bit
in the shape of bones is taken, to be con-
sumed at leisure. Great is the excitement
when the fortunate possessor of a bone
comes to bay in the den of this run, the
other puppies charging him in rushes,
fighting and scrambling and keeping up
an incessant barking till either the bone is
consumed or they lie down exhausted to

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THE DACHSHUND.

309

dream they are engaged in mortal combat
with the badger. I am sure there is nothing
like keeping puppies amused in some such
way — keep them on their feet as much as
you can, but at the same time let them have
a warm bed to retire to directly they feel
tired.

Also, if you intend to show your puppies,
you should begin some time in advance to
school them to walk on the lead and to
stand quiet when ordered to. Much de-
pends on this in the judging ring, where a
dog who is unused to being on a lead often
spoils his chances of appearing at his best
under the (to him) strange experiences of
restraint which the lead entails.

During the past five-and-twenty years
the names of two particular Dachshunds
stand out head and shoulders above those
of their competitors. I refer to Champions
Jackdaw and Pterodactyl. Jackdaw had
a wonderful record, having, during a long
show career, never been beaten in his
class from start to finish, and having
won many valuable prizes. He was credited
with being the most perfect Dachshund
that had ever been seen in England, and
probably as good as anything in Germany.

Ch. Jackdaw was a black and tan dog, bred
and owned by Mr. Harry Jones, of Ipswich.
He was sired by Ch. Charkow, out of Wagtail,
and born 2oth July, 1886. Through his
dam he was descended from a famous
bitch, Thusnelda, who was imported by Mr.
Mudie in the early 'eighties. She was a
winner of high honours in Hanover. The
name of Jackdaw figures in all the best
pedigrees of to-day.

Ch. Pterodactyl was born in 1888, and
bred by Mr. Willink. He was in a measure
an outcross from the standard type of the
day, and his dam, whose pedigree is in
dispute, was thought to have been im-
ported. After passing through one or two
hands he was purchased by Mr. Harry
Jones, and in his kennel speedily made a
great name in the show ring and at the
stud, and was eventually sold for a high
price to Mr. Sidney Woodiwiss, who at that
period had the largest kennel of Dachshunds
in England.

" Ptero," as he was called, was a big,
light red dog, with wonderful forequarters
and great muscular development. He also
possessed what is called a " punishing jaw "
and rather short ears, and looked a thorough
" business " dog. He had an almost un-
broken series of successes at shows in Eng-
land, and, being taken to Germany (in the
days before the quarantine regulations), he
took the highest honours in the heavy-
weight class, and, I think, a special prize for
the best Dachshund of all classes. This dog
became the favourite sire of his day and the
fashionable colour.

The black and tan thereupon went quite
out of favour, and this fact, coupled with
the reckless amount of inbreeding of red to
red that has been going on since Ptero 's
day, accounts largely for the prevalence of
light eyes, pink noses, and bad-coloured
coats of the Dachshunds, as a class, to-
day.

Efforts have been made by a few en-
thusiasts, from time to time, to stem the
tide of degeneracy by importing stud dogs
from Germany, and during the last few
years considerable good has been done.
Notable among these outcrosses was Captain
Barry's Boch Bier, a middle-weight black
and tan. The difference in type between
this dog and our English-bred ones was
most pronounced, but the reign of a more
enlightened understanding was setting in,
and Boch Bier's good qualities took him
right to the front, and gained him the proud
title of champion. He was not nearly as
much used by breeders as he should have
been, on account of his colour — black and
tan — whereas it is to this colour that fanciers
must turn to improve their washed-out
" patchy " yellows, light eyes, flesh noses,
and Basset-hound white markings.

Other notable importations during recent
years have been Mrs. Nugent's Florian, a
small red dog ; Mrs. Blackwell's Rothei
Beelzebub, a heavy-weight dark red, with a
long record of successes both in Germany
and England, and probably the best dog
ever imported ; and my own dog Racker
von der Ecke, a black and tan.

The dapple Dachshunds imported by the

3io

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

late Mr. George Krehl and the late Mr.
Tooth, Unser Fritz, Wenzel Erdmannsheim,
and Khaki Erdmannsheim, sired many useful
Dachshunds, but their colour was not in
vogue, and breeders hesitated to introduce

MR. CLAUDE WOODHEAD'S

CH. BRANDESBURTON MIMOSA
BY CH. SLOAN TOSCA.

dapple blood into their kennels. Of these
dapples Unser Fritz, a small dark silver
dapple, was the most successful, and mated
to the English -bred dapple bitch Tiger
Tessie, sired some wonderful youngsters
which competed and more than held their
own with the other colours in the ring.

It is impossible to enumerate the hundred
and one champions and famous winners that
have flitted across the stage of life during
twenty-five years, or are still living ; but
the large majority of them trace their
pedigrees back to Champions Jackdaw and
Pterodactyl, and an examination of the
family trees of the most noted Dachshunds
of to-day will show how closely they are
related one to another.

A very serious aspect of the inbreeding
craze is the mental deterioration involved ;
not only in Dachshunds, but in many other
breeds of dogs kept and bred for " fancy "
points, and not working qualities. In the
case of Dachshunds we have lost grit and
gameness to an alarming extent, and even
ordinary intelligence, and in these respects
the English dog is immeasurably the in-
ferior of the German dog. It goes without
saying that we have lost stamina too, and
I was even told a short time ago by a
prominent exhibitor that Dachshunds should

not be taken out to exercise on the roads
because it made them go unsound ! Shade of
Jackdaw, what do you think of that !

A Dachshund that cannot do a day's
work on the roads when required is a
travesty of what a Dachshund should be.
If exercise brings out unsoundness, you
must look elsewhere for the fault — to his
anatomy. Inbreeding to a specified extent
is resorted to, to stamp certain characteristics
on a type ; but it must be borne in mind that
both good and bad points exist, and both
may be transmitted, and whilst you may
get almost perfection physically, you may
at the same time reach insanity, mentally,
by inbreeding.

In 1881 the prominent English breeders
formed the Dachshund Club, and set about
drawing up a " standard of points " as a
guide for the breeding and judging of the
Dachshund. At this time no similar club
or standard of points existed in Germany,
and our English club was therefore obliged
to rely on such evidence as it could collect
from individuals in Germany, no two of
whom probably were in exact agreement,
and on their own powers of observation
coupled with that innate faculty of our

MRS. A. L. DEWAR'S RED BITCH

CH. LENCHEN

BY CH. SNAKES PRINCE— FASHODA.

race in all matters appertaining to the
breeding by selection of pure stock of any
animal, which has made us famous the
world over, for the drawing up of what was
a most important document.

THE DACHSHUND

A great controversy has raged for some
years over this standard of points which
treats the Dachshund as a " hound " pure
and simple, and entirely taboos the " terrier,"
but at the time of its inception it was un-
doubtedly a useful guide for all interested
in the breed.

Where I think the Dachshund Club made
a great mistake was in not approaching the
German Teckel Club, when it was formed
some years later, and when it drew up its
standard description of the points of the true
type of Dachshund,
and then revising the
English standard to
accord with the Ger-
man version. The
Dachshund is a Ger-
man dog — practically
the national dog —
and the Germans
should know better
than we do the type
best fitted for the
severe work which
the dog is expected
to perform, and
which even the Ger-
man show dogs per-
form to-day.

Unfortunately the
English club appar-
ently made no effort
to this desirable end, and it was only in
the year of grace, 1907, that a select
committee, appointed by the two clubs
that now look after the interests of
the breed, agreed to revise the English
standard to bring it into line with the
German. This is a step, though a late one,
in the right direction, but it will take years
perhaps to eradicate the evil done to the
breed by the misconception of the true
type.

I cannot do better than give the standard
of points formulated by the Germans,
which will very soon, I trust, be the standard
adopted by the authorities in this country
for the guidance of breeders and judges of
the Dachshund.

Some illustrations of typical specimens of

MISS M. W. S. HAWKINS LONG-HAIRED

DACHSHUND ALEXANDER SCHNAPPS

BY SCHNAPPS ALEX.

the breed accompany this article, and these
should be studied in conjunction with the
description of the points which follows.
Especially I would direct attention to Ch.
Snakes Prince (p. 307) as being regarded on
both sides of the Channel as eminently
typical. A German authority, Herr E. von
Otto Kreckwitz, having seen the illustration
of this dog, wrote that he " never saw a
Teckel nearer to my ideal than Snakes
Prince, if his weight were only 18 Ib. instead
of 22 Ib. His perfect back, the enormous
bone, deep breast,
length of head, and
depth ; everything is
complete."

There are, strictly
speaking, three varie-
ties of Dachshund —

(a) the short-haired,

(b) the long-haired,
and (c) the rough-
haired.

Of these we most
usually find the first-
named in this coun-
try, and they are no
doubt the original
stock. Of the others,
though fairly numer-
ous in Germany, very
few are to be seen in
this country, and al-
though one or two have been imported
the type has never seemed to appeal to
exhibitors.

Both the long-haired and rough-haired
varieties have no doubt been produced by
crosses with other breeds, such as the Spaniel
and probably the Irish Terrier, respectively.
In the long-haired variety the hair should
be soft and wavy, forming lengthy plumes
under the throat, lower parts of the body,
and the backs of the legs, and it is longest
on the under side of the tail, where it forms
a regular flag like that of a Setter or Spaniel.
The rough-haired variety shows strongly a
terrier cross by his " varmint " expression
and short ears.

The Germans also subdivide by colour,
and again for show purposes by weight.

312

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

These subdivisions are dealt with in their
proper order in the standard of points,
and it is only necessary to say here that
all the varieties, colours, and weights are
judged by the same standard except in so
far as they differ in texture of coat. At
the same time the Germans themselves do
not regard the dapple Dachshunds as yet
so fixed in type as the original coloured
dogs, and this exception must also apply to
the long- and the rough-haired varieties.

The following German standard of points
is interspersed with my own comments and
explanations :

i. General Appearance and Disposition. — In

general appearance the Dachshund is a very
long and low dog, with compact and well-muscled

and of a dark colour, except in the case of the
liver and tan, when the eyes may be yellow ;
and in the dapple, when the eyes may be light
or " wall-eyed."

4. Nose. — Preferably deep black. The flesh-
coloured and spotted noses are allowable only
in the liver and tan and dapple varieties.

The appearance of flesh-coloured noses in the
red dogs is probably produced by long-continued
inbreeding, or breeding red to red from genera-
tion to generation, causing a weakness of the
colouring matter in the system, and indicating
partial albinoism.

5. Ears. — Set on moderately high, or, seen
in profile, above the level of the eyes, well back,
flat, not folded, pointed, or nar.ow, hanging
close to the cheeks, very mobile, and when
at attention carried with the back of the ear
upward and outward.

6. Neck. — Moderately long, with slightly arched

FOREQUARTERS, CORRECT.

FOREQUARTERS, INCORRECT.

body, resting on short, slightly crooked forelegs.
A long head and ears, with bold and defiant
carriage and intelligent expression. In disposi-
tion the Dachshund is full of spirit, defiant when
attacked, aggressive even to foolhardiness when
attacking ; in play amusing and untiring ; by
nature wilful and unheeding ; but with proper
training quite as faithful, affectionate, and obedient
as any other variety of dog, and with, on the
whole, a well-developed intelligence.

2. Head. — Long, and appearing conical from
above, and from a side view, tapering to the
point of the muzzle, wedge-shaped. The skull
should be broad rather than narrow, to allow
plenty of brain room, slightly arched, and fairly
straight, without a stop, but not deep or snipy.
The jaws are capable of being widely opened, and,
extending behind the eyes, set with teeth which
interlock, exactly, or the inner surface of the
upper incisors in contact with the outer surface
of the lower set.

3. Eyes. — Medium in size, oval, and set
obliquely, with very clear, sharp expression

nape, muscular and clean, showing no dewlap,
and carried well up and forward.

The existence of dewlap, besides being wrong,
has the effect of making the head appear short.

7. Forequarters. — His work underground de-
mands strength and compactness, and, there-
fore, the chest and shoulder regions should be
deep, long, and wide. If of proper formation,
the forequarters govern the possession of the
correct legs and feet. The shoulder blade should
be long, and set on very sloping, the upper arm
of equal length with, and at right angles to,
the shoulder blade, strong-boned and well-muscled,
and lying close to ribs, but moving freely.

The lower arm, short in comparison with
other animals, is slightly bent inwards, and the
feet should be turned slightly outwards, giving an
appearance of " crooked " legs approximating to
the cabriole legs of a Chippendale chair. Straight,
narrow, short shoulders are always accompanied
by straight, short, upper arms, forming an obtuse
angle, badly developed brisket and " keel " or
chicken breast, and the upper arm being thrown

THE DACHSHUND.

313

forward by the weight of the body behind causes
the legs to knuckle over at the " knees." Broad,
sloping shoulders, on the other hand, insure
soundness of the forelegs and feet.

Unsoundness, or knuckling over of the front
legs, is usually put down to constitutional weak-
ness (and it is, of course, hereditary), or the want
of, or too much, exercise, and, in fact, to every
imaginable excuse, even to " carelessness " ; but
the fault is really due to the above-mentioned
incorrect formation of the shoulder, and it is in
this respect that breeders should be particularly
careful in selecting for breeding purposes the
most perfect bitches. Given the right shoulders,
the legs and feet will be right, and unsound-
ness will decrease to vanishing point. Unfor-
tunately this formation has been so little under-
stood by our English breeders that our strains
have been bred for generations from good and
bad specimens indiscriminately, and with a
deplorable result.

strong in bone, slightly bent inwards ; seen in
profile, moderately straight and never bending
forward or knuckling over. Feet large, round,
and strong, with thick pads, compact and well-
arched toes^ nails strong and black. The dog
must stand equally on all parts of the foot.

Where the feet are unduly turned out owing
to incorrect formation of shoulders, the dog
does not stand equally on all parts of the foot,
and the feet are usually in this case weak and
flat, and sometimes spreading. You can gene-
rally tell a sound dog by his compact feet.

9. Body. — Should be long and muscular, the
chest very oval, rather than very narrow and
deep, to allow ample room for heart and lungs,
hanging low between front legs, the brisket point
should be high and very prominent, the ribs
well sprung out towards the loins (not flat-sided).
Loins short and strong. The line of back only
slightly depressed behind shoulders and only
slightly arched over loins. The hindquarters

HINDQUARTERS, CORRECT.

HINDQUARTERS, INCORRECT.

It is well known to exhibitors of Dachshunds
that puppies which develop quickly and get well-
crooked legs at an early age invariably go un-
sound when they begin to " furnish up " in body
— that is, when the weight of the body increases.
If the shoulders are not of the correct formation
an undue strain is thrown forward on to the
front legs, causing them to knuckle over or turn
out at the elbows.

An idea exists only too widely that, however un-
sound a bitch may be, she will " do for breeding
from," and her puppies will come sound if the
sire is sound. This is a delusion. Some may be
sound, but will have inherited a defect which
will soon crop up again in their descendants.
Always breed from your soundest bitches, which
may or may not be up to show form in other points,
but which must have good understandings if you
wish to establish a good sound strain. Of equal
importance, at least, is it that the sire you use
should also be sound, and what is quite as impor-
tant, he should come from sound stock. All these
things entail considerable trouble sometimes
to ascertain, but haphazard breeding is fatal to
ultimate success.

8. Legs and Feet. — Fore-legs very short and

should not be higher than the shoulders, thus
giving a general appearance of levelness.

A very marked arch over loins is a fault, and
so is a hollow back, and the latter denotes weak-
ness.

10. Hindquarters. — The rump round, broad,
and powerfully muscled ; hip bone not too short,
but broad and sloping ; the upper arm, or thigh,
thick, of good length, and jointed at right angles
to the hip bone. The lower leg (or second thigh)
is, compared with other animals, short, and is
set on at right angles to the upper thigh, and
is very firmly muscled. The hind legs are lighter
in bone than the front ones, but very strongly
muscled, with well-rounded-out buttocks, and
the knee joint well developed. Seen from behind,
the legs should be wide apart and straight, and
not cowhocked.

As with the forequarters, a bad development,
and straight, instead of sloping, position of the
hip bone, affect the carriage of the hindquarters
and make for weakness.

The hind feet are smaller in bone than the
forefeet, and narrower.

The dog should not be higher at the quarters
than at shoulder.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

11. Stern. — Set on fairly high, strong at root,
and tapering, but not too long. Neither too
much curved nor carried too high ; well, but not
too much, feathered ; a bushy tail is better than
too little hair.

12. Coat and Skin. — Hair short and close as
possible, glossy and smooth, but resistant to the
touch if stroked the wrong way. The skin tough
and elastic, but fitting close to the body.

13. Colour. — One Coloured : — There are several
self colours recognised, including deep red, yellow-
ish red, smutty red. Of these the dark, or cherry,
red is preferable, and in this colour light shadings
on any part of the body or head are undesirable.
" Black " is rare, and is only a sport from black
and tan.

Two Coloured : — Deep black, brown (liver) or
grey, with golden or tan markings (spots) over the
eyes at the side of the jaw and lips, inner rim
of ears, the breast, inside and back of legs, the
feet, and under the tail for about one-third of
its length. In the above-mentioned colours
white markings are objectionable. The utmost
that is allowed being a small spot, or a few hairs,
on the chest.

Dappled : — -A silver grey to almost white
foundation colour, with dark, irregular spots
(small for preference) of dark grey, brown, tan,
or black. The general appearance should be
a bright, indefinite coloration, which is con-
sidered especially useful in a hunting dog.

Very little attention has been paid to breed-
ing for colour in this country, and the subject is
not understood ; but in Germany, where the
Dachshund is classified at shows by colour as well
as by weight, the breeding for colour has been
brought to a fine art, and certainly, though a
good dog, like a good horse, is never of a bad
colour, it is good to look upon perfection of colour
as well as other points. Very elaborate advice is
laid down in Germany for the guidance of breeders
in keeping the colours pure, and some of the colours
have special clubs to promote the breeding.

Speaking generally, on this very large subject,
it may be noted as an axiom that light eyes, red
noses, and pale colours are produced by the
too close breeding of red to red. Brown, or liver,
dogs bred to red produce flesh-coloured noses
and false colours — as, for instance, the pale
" chocolate " and tan — and more use should be
made of the black and tan to obtain the desirable
black nose, eye, and rich colour, whether red or
liver.

The original colour of the Dachshund was
black and tan, and it is the most prominent still
on the Continent, but in this country it has been
neglected for many years, and with a deplorable
result as far as colour goes.

14. Weight. — Dachshunds in Germany are
classified by weight as follows : — Light-weight —
Dogs up to l6£ lb., bitches up to 15^ Ib. Middle-
weight— Dogs up to 22 lb., bitches up to 22 lb.
Heavv-weight — Over 22 lb. Toys — Up to 12 lb.
The German pound is one-tenth more than the
English. The light-weight dog is most used for
going to ground.

' For the purpose of showing the comparative
values of the " points," as set forth in the fore-
going standard, I add the following table of
values. The German club does not give this.

General appearance

Head and skull

Eyes

Ears .

Jaw

Neck .

Forequarters

Legs and feet

Body .

Hindquarters

Stern .

Coat and skin

Colour .

Total .

10
9
3

S
3
3

100

At the time of writing there are three
specialist clubs to foster the breeding of
true type Dachshunds in the United King-
dom. Of these one is Scottish and two are
English. The English clubs are " The
Dachshund Club " (Hon. Sec., Capt. Barry,
12, Queen's Gate Terrace, London, S.W.)
and " The Northern Dachshund Asso-
ciation " (Hon. Sec., T. A. Lever, Esq.,
Greville Lodge, Dickenson Road, Rusholme,
near Manchester). The honorary secre-
taries of either club will furnish all in-
formation relative to membership. " The
Scottish Dachshund Club " has for its
honorary secretary Mr. A. Tod, 5, St.
Andrew Street, Edinburgh.

315

SECTION III.

THE TERRIERS.

CHAPTER XXIX.
THE OLD WORKING TERRIER.

" Ay, see (he hounds with frantic zeal

The roots and earth uptear ;
But the earth is strong, and the roots are long,

They cannot enter there.
Outspeaks the Squire, ' Give room, I pray,

And hie the terriers in ;
The -warriors of the fight are they,

And every fight they win.' "

— RING-OUZEL.

THERE can hardly have been a time
since the period of the Norman Con-
quest when the small earth dogs
which we now call terriers were not known
in these islands and used by sporting men
as assistants in the chase, and by husband-
men for the killing of obnoxious vermin.
The two little dogs shown in the Bayeux
tapestry running with the hounds in ad-
vance of King Harold's hawking party were
probably meant for terriers. Dame Juliana
Berners in the fifteenth century did not
neglect to include the " Teroures " in her
catalogue of sporting dogs, and a hundred
years later Dr. Caius gave pointed recognition
to their value in unearthing the fox and
drawing the badger.

" Another sorte there is," wrote the
doctor's translator in 1576, " which hunteth
the Fox and the Badger or Greye onely,
whom we call Terrars, because they (after
the manner and custome of ferrets in search-
ing for Connyes) creep into the grounde,
and by that meanes make afrayde, nyppe
and bite the Foxe and the Badger in such
sorte that eyther they teare them in pieces
with theyr teeth, bey ing in the bosome of
the earth, or else hayle and pull them per-
force out of theyr lurking angles, darke

dongeons, and close caues ; or at the least
through cocened feare drive them out of
theire hollow harbours, in so much that they
are compelled to prepare speedie flyte, and,
being desirous of the next (albeit not the
safest) refuge, are otherwise taken and in-
trapped with snayres and nettes layde over
holes to the same purpose. But these be
the least in that kynde called Sagax."

The colour, size, and shape of the original
terriers are not indicated by the early writers,
and art supplies but vague and uncertain
evidence. Nicholas Cox, who wrote of sport-
ing dogs in " The Gentleman's Recreation "
(1667), seems to suggest that the type of
working terrier was already fixed sufficiently
to be divided into two kinds, the one
having shaggy coats and straight limbs, the
other smooth coats and short bent legs.
Yet some years later another authority —
Blome — in the same publication was more
guarded in his statements as to the terrier
type when he wrote : " Everybody that is
a fox hunter is of opinion that he hath a
good breed, and some will say that the
terrier is a peculiar species of itself. I
will not say anything to the affirmative or
negative of the point."

Searching for evidence on the subject,

316

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

one finds that perhaps the earliest references
to the colours of terriers were made by
Daniel in his " Field Sports " at the end of
the eighteenth century, when he described
two sorts, the one rough, short-legged, and
long - backed, very strong, and " most
commonly of a black or yellowish colour,
mixed with white " — evidently a hound-
marked dog ; and another smooth-coated
and beautifully formed, with a shorter
body and more sprightly appearance,
" generally of a reddish brown colour, or
black with tanned legs."

Gilpin's portrait of Colonel Thornton's
celebrated Pitch, painted in 1790, presents a
terrier having a smooth white coat with a
black patch at the set-on of the undocked
tail, and black markings on the face and
ears. The dog's head is badly drawn and
small in proportion ; but the body and
legs and colouring would hardly disgrace
the Totteridge kennels of to-day. Fox-
terriers of a noted strain were depicted
from life by Reinagle in the picture here re-
produced from "The Sportsman's Cabinet,"
published over a hundred years ago. But
for his cropped ears, the white dog in the
centre might not be overlooked in the
modern show ring, so clearly is he of the
accepted wire-hair Fox-terrier type.

In the text accompanying the engraving
a minute account is given of the peculiarities
and working capacities of the terrier. We
are told that there were two breeds : the
one wire-haired, larger, more powerful,
and harder bitten ; the other smooth-haired
and smaller, with more style. The wire-
hairs were white with spots, the smooths
were black and tan, the tan apparently
predominating over the black. The same
writer states that it was customary to
take out a brace of terriers with a pack of
hounds, a larger and a smaller one, the
smaller dog being used in emergency when
the earth proved to be too narrow to admit
his bigger companion. It is well known
that many of the old fox hunters have
kept their special breeds of terrier, and
the Belvoir, the Grove, and Lord Middle-
ton's are among the packs to which par-
ticular terrier strains have been attached.

That even a hundred years ago terriers
were bred with care, and that certain
strains were held in especial value, is shown
by the recorded fact that a litter of seven
puppies was sold for twenty-one guineas —
a good price even in these days — and that
on one occasion so high a sum as twenty
guineas was paid for a full-grown dog. At
that time there was no definite and well-
established breed recognised throughout the
islands by a specific name ; the embracing
title of " Terrier " included all the varieties
which have sincebeen carefully differentiated.
But very many of the breeds existed in their
respective localities awaiting national re-
cognition. Here and there some squire or
huntsman nurtured a particular strain and
developed a type which he kept pure, and
at many a manor-house and farmstead in
Devonshire and Cumberland, on many a
Highland estate and Irish riverside where
there were foxes to be hunted or otters to be
killed, terriers of definite strain were re-
ligiously cherished. Several of these still
survive, and are as respectable in descent
and quite as important historically as some
of the favoured and fashionable champions
of our time. They do not perhaps possess
the outward beauty and distinction of type
which would justify their being brought
into general notice, but as workers they
retain all the fire and verve that are required
in dogs that are expected to encounter such
vicious vermin as the badger and the fox.

Some of the breeds of terriers seen nowa-
days in every dog show were equally obscure
and unknown a few years back. Thirty-five
years ago the now popular Irish Terrier
was practically unknown in England, and
the Scottish Terrier was only beginning to
be recognised as a distinct breed. The Welsh
Terrier is quite a new introduction that a
dozen years ago was seldom seen outside
the Principality ; and so recently as 1881
the Airedale was merely a local dog known
in Yorkshire as the Waterside or the Bingley
Terrier. Yet the breeds just mentioned are
all of unimpeachable ancestry, and the
circumstance that they were formerly bred
within limited neighbourhoods is in itself
an argument in favour of their purity.

THE OLD WORKING TERRIER.

317

We have seen the process of a sudden leap
into recognition enacted during the past
few years in connection with the white
terrier of the Western Highlands — a dog
which was familiarly known in Argyllshire
centuries ago, yet which has only lately
emerged from the heathery hillsides around
Poltalloch to become an attraction on the
benches at the Crystal Palace and on the
lawns of the Botanical Gardens ; and the
example suggests the possibility that in

won for the English terriers their name
and fame.

Of the old-fashioned sort was Boxer,
concerning whom Mr. George Lowe writes : —

" I possessed many years ago some very
good working rough terriers, and had pretty
well the run of a forest and marshes to kill
what I liked, bar the game. On one occasion
I was hunting a stream for water-rats or what-
not, when my companion, a very old friend,
exclaimed : ' Look out ! Boxer's got a rat ! '

OLD ENGLISH WORKING TERRIERS.

From "The Sportsman's Cabinet" (1803). By P. Rcinagle, R.A.

another decade or so the neglected Sealy
Ham Terrier, the ignored terrier of the
Borders, and the almost forgotten Jack
Russell strain, may have claimed a due
recompense for their long neglect.

There are lovers of the hard-bitten work-
ing " earth dogs " who still keep these
strains inviolate, and who greatly prefer
them to the better-known terriers whose
natural activities have been too often atro-
phied by a system of artificial breeding to
show points. Few of these old unregistered
breeds would attract the eye of the fancier
accustomed to judge a dog parading before
him in the show ring. To know their value
and to appreciate their sterling good qualities,
one needs to watch them at work on badger
or when they hit upon the line of an otter.
It is then that they display the alertness
and the dare-devil courage which have

But I saw in a moment that it was something
more important. The little dog was frantic,
threw his tongue — which was not his general
custom — and raced under the hollow banks
as if something was on foot. I said that it
was a pole-cat, as we had killed those animals
in the vicinity before, but then Boxer took to
crossing and re-crossing and swimming both
up and down stream. I was puzzled —
never dreamt of an otter being in the country.
But early days in South Devon made me
observe that if otters were about, I should
swear that one was here. Well, a trail seemed
to lie up-stream, the terrier flashing too much,
over-running it, and coming back again, and
so on for the best part of two miles. At that
point Boxer struck across a meadow and got
to some gutters, then another meadow. We
let him do as he liked until coming to a clump
or small plantation surrounded by water.
Into this we threw him, and in a moment his
small tongue was going, with all the sticks

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

cracking like fire, and in less than a minute
out came one of the finest otters I had ever
seen in my life. He crossed to another planting
before the terrier could get at him, and there,
of course, we lost him. As it was four in the
afternoon before we first found the trail and
five o'clock when we found the otter, we calcu-
lated that the trail was at least fourteen hours
old, and yet Boxer could hunt him single-
handed."

Boxer was a creamy white, rough-haired
terrier, of the strain kept by the Rev.
John Russell in Devonshire and distributed
among privileged sportsmen about Somer-
setshire and Gloucestershire. The working
attributes of these energetic terriers have
long been understood, and the smart, plucky
little dogs have been constantly coveted by
breeders all over the country, but they have
never won the popularity they deserve.

" I have kept the Jack Russell type of
terrier for nearly twenty years," says Mr.
Reginald Bates, " and have used them for
fox and badger digging. One of my uncles
brought the strain with him from Gloucester-
shire many years ago, and I have always kept
a few of the same sort for work. I have found
them very hardy game, and much more in-
telligent, tractable, and easily broken than
the modern show terrier, although I have
used the latter as an out-cross at different
times.

" Some breeders have shown a desire to breed
them very small, bitches as low as 9 Ib. or
10 Ib. in weight. This, in my opinion, is a
mistake, as they are too delicate and weedy
for the rough work they meet with in badger
digging. The best weight for a working terrier
is, dogs 16 Ib., bitches 14 Ib. ; and they should
not stand more than 14 in. at the shoulder.
At this weight I have had dogs that could go
to ground well, and, moreover, stay there
also for three or four hours without leaving
the badger or fox. The working terrier should
stand on short straight legs, have a thick skin,
good, rough, weather-resisting coat, with a
strong wide head, strong jaws, and — last but
not least — a big heart in a little body. Such a
terrier will provide many a good day's sport
for his owner, and prove his worth in many
ways. As regards colour, there is no doubt
that a white dog is much the best, especially
if for work with fox or otter hounds."

The late Mr. H. P. Eart, of Kent, kept
some very good Russell Terriers. A bitch
that Mr. Bates had from him had a pedigree
going back to the celebrated Fuss, belonging
to Jack Russell. There also is — or was re-
cently— a very good strain of these work-
ing terriers kept in Yorkshire by the Messrs.
Pease, who used them largely for fox and
badger. They are also kept in nearly all
sporting towns and villages in West Somer-
set and Devonshire.

In entering them for work, they should
be broken to ferrets and rats at about six
months old. It is not advisable to use them
for badger much under eighteen months,
as they get such a mauling that they may
be of no use afterwards, and then they
should be worked with an old experienced
dog. As a rule, they turn out game, keen
and staunch, while for endurance they will
run all through a long day's otter hunting
and then walk home with their sterns up.

Those who have kept both varieties
prefer the Russell to the Sealy Ham Terrier,
which is nevertheless an excellent worker.
It is on record that one of these, a bitch
of only 9 Ib. weight, fought and killed,
single-handed, a full-grown dog-fox. The
Sealy Ham derives its breed name from the
seat of the Edwardes family, near Haver-
fordwest, in Pembrokeshire, where the strain
has been carefully preserved for well over
a century. It is a long-bodied, short-
legged terrier, with a hard, wiry coat,
frequently whole white, but also white
with black or brown markings or brown
with black. They may be as heavy as
17 Ib., but 12 Ib. is the average weight.
Some years ago the breed seemed to be on
the down grade, requiring fresh blood from
a well-chosen out-cross. One hears very
little concerning them nowadays, but it
is certain that when in their prime they
possessed all the grit, determination, and
endurance that are looked for in a good
working terrier.

A wire-haired black and tan terrier was
once common in Suffolk and Norfolk,
where it was much used for rabbiting,
but it may now be extinct, or, if not extinct,
probably identified with the Welsh Terrier,

THE OLD WORKING TERRIER.

319

which it closely resembled in size and
colouring. There was also in Shropshire
a well-known breed of wire-hair terriers,
black and tan, on very short legs, and
weighing about 10 Ib. or 12 lb., with long
punishing heads and extraordinary working
powers. So, too, in Lancashire and Cheshire
one used to meet with sandy-coloured
terriers of no very well authenticated strain,
but closely resembling the present breed of
Irish Terrier ; and Squire Thornton, at
his place near Pickering, in Yorkshire, had
a breed of wire-hairs tan in colour with a
black stripe down the back. Then there is
the Cowley strain, kept by the Cowleys of
Callipers, near King's Langley. These are
white wire-haired dogs marked like the
Fox-terrier, and exceedingly game. Pos-
sibly the Elterwater Terrier, admired of Mr.
Rawdon Lee, is no longer to be found, but
some few of them still existed a dozen years
ago in the Lake District, where they were
used in conjunction with the West Cumber-
land Otterhounds. They were not easily
distinguishable from the better-known Border
Terriers of which there are still many strains,
ranging from Northumberland, where Mr.
T. Robson, of Bellingham, has kept them
for many years, to Galloway and Ayrshire
and the Lothians, where their coats become
longer and less crisp.

There are many more local varieties of
the working terrier, as, for example, the
Roseneath, which is often confused with
the Poltalloch, or White West Highlander,
to whom it is possibly related. And the
Pittenweem, with which the Poltalloch
terriers are now baing crossed. And con-

sidering the great number of strains that
have been preserved by sporting families
and maintained in more or less purity to
type, it is easy to understand how a " new "
breed may "become fashionable, and still
claim the honour of long descent. They may
not in all cases have the beauty of shape
which is desired on the show bench ; but
it is well to remember that while our show
terriers have been bred to the highest per-
fection we still possess in Great Britain a
separate order of " earth dogs " that for
pluckily following the fox and the badger
into their lairs or bolting an otter from his
holt cannot be excelled all the world over.

The terriers may be differentiated into
three groups — smooth-coated, broken-haired,
and long-haired, and this grouping is adopted
in the sequence of the foil owing chapters thus:

1. SMOOTH-COATED TERRIERS—

The White English.
Black and tan.
Bull Terrier.
Boston Terrier.
Smooth Fox-terrier.

2. BROKEN-HAIRED TERRIERS :-

Wire-haired Fox-terrier.

Airedale.

Bedlington.

Irish.

Welsh.

Scottish.

West Highland White.

Dandie Dinmont.

3. LONG-HAIRED TERRIERS : —

Skye.

Clydesdale.

Yorkshire.

MR. G S. LOWES BOXER (1872).

320

CHAPTER XXX.
THE WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER.

' From many a day-dream has thy short quick bark
Recalled my wandering soul. I have beguiled
Often the melancholy hours at school,
Soured, by some little tyrant, with the thought
Of distant home, and I remembered then
Thy faithful fondness : for not mean the joy,
Returning at the -pleasant holidays,
I felt from thy dumb welcome."

— SOUTHEY.

dog, one would think, ought, by
the dignified title which he bears, to be
considered a representative national
terrier, forming a fourth in the distinctively
British quartette whose other members are
the Scottish, the Irish, and the Welsh
Terriers. Possibly in the early days when
Pearson and Roocroft bred him to perfection
it was hoped and intended that he should
become a breed typical of England. He is
still the only terrier who owns the national
name, but he has long ago yielded pride of
place to the Fox-terrier, and it is the case
that the best specimens of his race are bred
north of the border, while, instead of being
the most popular dog in the land, he is
actually one of the most neglected and the
most seldom seen. At the last Kennel Club
show (1906) there was not a single specimen
of the breed on view, nor was one to be
found at the more recent shows at Edinburgh,
Birmingham, Manchester, or Islington, nor
at the National Terrier Show at Westminster.
It is a pity that so smart and beautiful a
dog should be suffered to fall into such
absolute neglect. One wonders what the
reason of it can be. Possibly it is that the
belief still prevails that he is of delicate
constitution, and is not gifted with a great
amount of intelligence or sagacity ; more
probably the reason is to be sought in the
circumstance that there is now no club
sufficiently enterprising to devote itself
energetically to the welfare of the breed.
There is no doubt, however, that a more

potent factor than any of these in hastening
the decline is to be found in the edict
against cropping. Neither the White Terrier
nor the Manchester Terrier has since been
anything like so popular as they both were
before April, 1898, when the Kennel Club
passed the law that dogs' ears must not
be cropped.

Writers on canine history, and Mr.
Rawdon Lee among the number, tell us
that the English White Terrier is a com-
paratively new breed, and that there is no
evidence to show where he originally sprang
from, who produced him, or for what reason
he was introduced. His existence as a
distinct breed is dated back no longer than
forty years. This is about the accepted age
of most of our named English terriers.
Half a century ago, before the institution
of properly organised dog shows drew
particular attention to the differentiation
of breeds, the generic term " terrier "
without distinction was applied to all earth
dogs, and the consideration of colour and size
was the only common rule observed in
breeding. But it would not be difficult to
prove that a white terrier resembling the
one now under notice existed in England
as a separate variety many generations
anterior to the period usually assigned to
its recognition.

In the National Portrait Gallery there is
a portrait of Mary of Modena, Queen
Consort of James II., painted in 1670 by
W'illiam Wissing, who has introduced at

THE WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER.

321

the Queen's side a terrier that is undoubtedly
of this type. The dog has slight brown or
brindle markings on the back, as many
English White Terriers have, and it is to
be presumed that it is of the breed from
which this variety is descended.

Apart from colour there is not a great
difference between the White English Terrier
and the Manchester Black-and-tan. But
although they are of similar shape and
partake much of the same general character,
yet there is the distinction that in the black-
and-tan the conservation of type is stronger
and more noticeable than in the white, in
which the correct shape and action are
difficult to obtain. It ought naturally to
be easier to breed a pure white dog from
white parents than to breed correctly
marked and well tanned puppies from perfect
black-and-tans ; but the efforts of many
breeders do not seem to support such a
theory in connection with the English
Terrier, whose litters frequently show the
blemish of a spot of brindle or russet. These
spots usually appear behind the ears or on
the neck, and are of course a disfigurement
on a dog whose coat to be perfect should
be of an intense and brilliant white. It
appears to be equally difficult to breed one
which, while having the desired purity of
colour, is also perfect in shape and terrier
character. It is to be noted, too, that many
otherwise good specimens are deaf — a fault
which seriously militates against the dog's
possibilities as a companion or as a watch.
It is commonly believed that almost all
animals artificially bred to whiteness are
liable to this infirmity, and the alleged
deafness of the English White Terrier
would seem to indicate albinoism, con-
genital weakness, and a natural lack of
stamina.

It is to be questioned, therefore, whether
the fanciers of this breed were wholly wise
in their objection to coloured markings.
Forty years ago the coloured, parti-colcured,
or even brindled English Terrier stood a
good chance of taking a prize at the public
shows at which they were exhibited in
competition, and these are said to have been
much hardier dogs than their descendants

of the present day. Here we have an
instance of the mistake so often made by
breeders in striving to breed up to an artificial
ideal. Idstone was of opinion that the
coloured specimens rejected in favour of the
pure white were decidedly the better dogs,
and that it was these who formed the founda-
tion of the breed now commonly received
as the Fox-terrier.

MARY OF MODENA,

WITH A SMOOTH-COATED TERRIER.
FROM THE PAINTING BY W. WISSING, 167O,
IN THE NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERV.
Photograph by Emery Walker.

Birmingham and Manchester were the
localities in which the English Terrier was
most popular forty years ago, but it was
Mr. Frederick White, of Clapham, who
bred all the best of the white variety and
who made it popular in the neighbourhood
of London. His terriers were of a strain
founded by a dog named King Dick, and
in 1863 he exhibited a notable team in
Laddie, Fly, Teddie, and Nettle. Mr. S. E.
Shirley, M.P., was attracted to the breed,
and possessed many good examples, as also
did the Rev. J. W. Mellor and Mr. J. H.
Murchison. Mr. Alfred Benjamin's Silvio
was a prominent dog in 1877.

Silvio was bred by Mr. James Roocroft,

322

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

of Bolton, who owned a large kennel of
this variety of terrier, and who joined
with his townsman, Joe Walker, and with
Bill Pearson in raising the breed to popu-
larity in Lancashire. Bill Pearson was
the breeder of Tim, who was considered
the best terrier of his time, a dog of 14 lb.,
with a brilliant white coat, the darkest of
eyes, and a perfect black nose. Tim was
the founder of Mr. Roocroft's kennel, and
was the winner of some sixty first prizes
and championships. Concerning his early
recollections of the breed Mr. Roocroft wrote
in 1880 :—

" The first good one I remember appeared,
I believe, at the first Belle Vue show,
Manchester. She was a deaf bitch, but her
origin I know nothing about. This was
about sixteen years since (1863). The follow-
ing year brought out the champion Tim,
then shown by old Bill Pearson, which
some time afterwards came into my posses-
sion, and from this dog I produced the
strain that I have been so very successful

up in Manchester, and which showed in a
marked manner a cross of the Snap-dog
breed, and you remember all his strain

MR. R. HARRISON'S RAN J ITSIN HJI.
Photograph by Hignett ami Son, Lostock.

with since I first brought them out. I
consider Tim was not only the first champion
specimen, but the best terrier we ever had,
and was really the foundation of good
terriers. Among others Tim was sire to
Swindell's Gem, out of a bitch he picked

MR. W. BALLANTYNE'S CH. MORNING STAR.
Photograph by C. Reid, Wishaw.

showed the same, more or less. Tim
was the best terrier I ever saw."

It is apparent that the Whippet was
largely used as a cross with the Eng-
lish Terrier, which may account to a
great extent for the decline of terrier
character in the breed. Wiser breeders
had recourse to the more closely allied
Bull-terrier ; Mr. Shirley's prize win-
ning Purity was by Tim out of a
Bull - terrier bitch, and there is no
doubt that whatever stamina remains
in the breed has been supported by
this cross.

Many of the best of our White Ter-
riers are kennelled in Scotland, and
Mr. W. Ballantyne, of Edinburgh, has
been particularly successful as a breeder
and exhibitor. His Ch. Queen was
famous as a prize winner some little
time ago, and his Ch. Morning Star
has never been excelled for the qualities
most approved and most earnestly sought
for in the breed. Silver Blaze and Rising
Star are others of his terriers especially
noteworthy. Mr. John E. Walsh, of Halifax,
the founder of the White English Terrier

THE WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER.

323

Club, has also done much for the success
of the breed, and his Lady of the Lake,
Lady Superior, Hereward, and the Premier,
were famous in their generation. Among
more recent dogs Mr. R. Harrison's Ranjit-
sinhji takes a prominent place in the
esteem of those who still look to the crop
eared dog for style.

The following is the description laid down
by the White English Terrier Club :

1. Head. — Narrow, long and level, almost flat
skull, without cheek muscles, wedge-shaped, well
filled up under the eyes, tapering to the nose, and
not lippy.

2. Eyes. — Small and black, set fairly close
together, and oblong in shape.

3. Nose. — Perfectly black.

4. Ears. — Cropped and standing perfectly erect.

5. Neck and Shoulders. — The neck should be
fairly long and tapering from the shoulders to the

head, with sloping shoulders, the neck being free
from throatiness, and slightly arched at the occiput.

6. Chest. — Narrow and deep.

7. Body. — Short and curving upwards at the
loins, sprung out behind the shoulders, back slightly
arched at loins, and falling again at the joining of
the tail to the same height as the shoulders.

8. Legs. — Perfectly straight and well under the
body, moderate in bone, and of proportionate
length.

9. Feet. — Feet nicely arched, with toes set well
together, and more inclined to be round than
harefooted.

10. Tail. — Moderate length, and set on where
the arch of the back ends, thick where it joins the
body, tapering to a point, and not carried higher
than the back.

11. Coat. — Close, hard, short, and glossy.

12. Colour. — Pure white, coloured marking to
disqualify.

13. Condition. — Flesh and muscles to be hard
and firm.

14. Weight. — From 12 Ib. to 20 Ib.

R. L.

ENGLISH TERRIERS 1881.

MRS. ALFRED BENJAMIN'S SILVIO. MR TOM B. SWINBURNE'S MINIATURE SERPOLETTE.

SIR E. W. VERNER'S BLACK-AND-TAN SALFORD.

324

CHAPTER XXXI.
THE BLACK-AND-TAN TERRIER.

BY F. C. HIGNETT.

' Calm though not mean, courageous without rage,
Serious not dull, and without thinking sage ;
Pleased at the lot that Nature hath assigned,
Snarl as I list, and freely bark my mind ;
As churchman wrangle not with jarring spite,
Nor statesmanlike caressing whom I bite ;
View all the canine kind with equal eyes,

THE Black - and - tan, or Manchester,
Terrier as we know him to-day is a
comparatively new variety, and he
is not to be confounded with the original
terrier with tan and black colouring which
was referred to by Dr. Caius in the six-
teenth century, and which was at that time
used for going to ground and driving out
badgers and foxes :

" Another sort there is that hunteth the
fox and the badger only, whom we call
Terrars," wrote the Doctor's translator.
" They (after the manner and custom of
ferrets in searching for coneys) creep into
the ground, and by that means make afraid,
nip and bite the fox and the badger in such
sort that either they tear them in pieces
with their teeth being in the earth, or else
hail and pull them perforce out of their
lurking angles, dark dungeons, and close
caves, or, at least, through conceived fear,
drive them out of their hollow harbours,
inasmuch as they are compelled to prepare
speedy flight, and being desirous of the
next (albeit not the safest) refuge are other-
wise taken and entrapped with snares and
nets laid on holes to the same purpose. But
these be the least in that kind called Sagax."

Formerly there was but little regard
paid to colour and markings, and there
was a considerably greater proportion of
tan in the coat than there is at the present
day, while the fancy markings, such as
pencilled toes, thumb-marks, and kissing
spots were not cultivated. The general

/ dread no mastiff, and no cur despise.
True from the first, and faithful to the end,
I balk no mistress, and forsake no friend.
My days and nights one equal tenour keep,
Fast but to eat, and only wake to sleep.
Thus stealing along life I live incog.,
A very plain and downright honest dog."

WILLIAM HAMILTON (of Bangour).

outline of the dog, too, was less graceful
and altogether coarser. A fair idea of
what the ancient Black-and-tan Terrier was
like may be gathered from the accompany-
ing woodcut, where the dogs appear not
only of -a very different colour, but also far
heavier in build, as well as thicker in the
head, than would now be tolerated.

During the first half of the nineteenth
century the chief accomplishment of this
terrier was rat-killing. There are some ex-
traordinary accounts of his adroitness, as
well as courage, in destroying these vermin.
The feats of a dog called Billy are recorded.
He was matched to destroy one hundred
large rats in eight minutes and a half.
The rats were brought into the ring in bags,
and as soon as the number was complete
Billy was put over the railing into their
midst. In six minutes and thirty-five
seconds they were all destroyed. In another
match he killed the same number in six
minutes and thirteen seconds. At length,
when he was getting old and had but two
teeth and one eye left, a wager was laid of
thirty sovereigns by the owner of a Berk-
shire bitch that she would kill fifty rats in
less time than Billy. The old dog killed his
fifty in five minutes and six seconds. The
pit was then cleared and the bitch let in.
When she had killed thirty rats she was
completely exhausted, fell into a fit, and lay
barking and yelping, utterly incapable of
completing her task.

It was a popular terrier in Lancashire,

THE BLACK-AND-TAN TERRIER.

325

and it was in this county that the refining
process in his shape and colouring was prac-
tised, and where he came by the name of
the Manchester terrier. The method by
which he was transformed into the hand-
some Black-and-tan is not difficult to trace,
as several of the men who took part in the
process are still living.

Rat-killing was a favourite pursuit in the

idea was also taken up by W. Pearson, of the
same place, and, as the result was very
satisfactory from a utilitarian point of
view, many others in the neighbourhood of
Manchester followed suit, a few of the more
notable being Jos. Kay, Henry Lacy,
M. Openshaw, C. Harling, J. Barrow, W.
Fielding, Josh Fielding, W. Fletcher, J.
Fletcher, Joe Walker, S. Handley, Robt.

OLD-FASHIONED BLACK-AND-TAN TERRIERS (1881).

Manchester district, the old-fashioned terrier
being used to hunt the rivers and water-
courses where the rodents were to be found
in plenty. Rat-pits were also very much in
vogue, one of the principal rendezvous being
a room in " The Three Tuns " public-house,
in Chapel Street, Bolton, then kept by old
Joe Orrell, quite a character in his way and
an enthusiastic lover of the sport.

One of the most famous dogs, by reason
of his winning so many matches, was a
cross-bred terrier, dark brown in colour ;
and, as rabbit-coursing was also freely
indulged in by the same school, the idea
occurred to one John Hulme, who lived at
Crumpsall, to produce a dog which would
suit both purposes ; hence it was that he
bred from this terrier and a Whippet. The

Lee (Bolton), T. Swinburn, Joe Holt, and a
few others who earned the sobriquet of
" The Manchester School." It was from
their joint efforts that the variety became
known as the Manchester terrier, and was
gradually brought to a state of perfection
in colour, markings, and type. Most of these
worthies have joined the great majority, but
Mr. Swinburn, Mr. Holt, and Mr. Lee — the
last-named, by the way, is now the oldest dog
fancier in the country — still survive.

In those days very few dog shows were
promoted, the majority of them being held
in public-houses, and, of course, the indi-
viduals before mentioned took an active
interest in them ; wherefore it follows that
classes for these terriers were introduced,
and very shortly many other adherents

326

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

who afterwards gained fame, joined the
ranks of exhibitors. Of these several
became prominent judges, notably J. Bar-
row and J. Taylor, while the successful
prize-winners were J. Allen's Cupid, Mr.
Justice's Vixen, Viper, and Victor, Mr. J.
Key's Topsy and Virago. Then Mr. John
Tatham introduced his two Jerrys, and a
little later Mr. J. H. Mather got together a
very formidable team, the nucleus of which
was obtained from Mr. Justice.

It is not generally known that the eminent
Fox-terrier expert, Mr. Robert Vicary, is
also a very old admirer of the breed under
notice. He judged them at important shows
long years ago, and has still an affection for
them.

Coming to a later epoch, we find Mr. T.
Ellis, of Cheetham Hill, introduced to the
fancy, and he very soon made his presence
felt by his success, eventually attaining
a very high position, for his Ch. Pearl
was practically invincible. At all events,
she won during her career something like 150
first prizes and a large number of cups and
other trophies. Mr. Ellis has also the dis-
tinction of having been represented by the
largest number of entries ever made at a
show by one owner or firm, for on two occa-
sions when the Aquarium Terrier Shows
were promoted he sent in twenty entries,
completely ousting all his rivals by securing
all the principal prizes as well as the one
for the best team of any variety. Turk
was another celebrity owned by him.

Colonel C. S. Dean afterwards came into
possession of Ch. Pearl, he having established
at Bebbington the largest and most complete
kennels ever devoted to the breed, from
which emanated many champions, notable
amongst which were Starkie Ben — picked up
cheaply after he had made a successful
appearance at a small show which took
place at Farn worth, near Bolton — Benham
Daisy, Benham Beauty, and others who
did credit to that prefix. Mr. J. Howarth,
of Manchester, also made his mark ; one of
his dogs, Strangeways General, being not
only a big winner but a noted sire. Mr. T.
Whalley, ex-chairman of the Kennel Club
Council of Representatives, Mr. Tweed,

and Mr. H. Monk have been amongst the
most successful exhibitors in the south,
but for some occult reason the breed has
never become so popular there as it is in
the north ; the neighbourhood of Bolton,
in particular, is noted as a breeding centre.

No one, however, has been quite so suc-
cessful in recent years as regards the number
of prizes won as Mr. W. Barlow, of Red-
cliffe, and his brother James, of Farnworth,
for between them they have bred more noted
winners than anyone else, such names as
Prince Imperial, Beaconsfield, Marvel, and
Brilliant Star, being familiar through the
frequency of their appearance in the prize-
lists. The first mentioned is also the
progenitor of nearly all our biggest winners
at the present time, for his alliance with old
Queen and Beauty, two of his kennel mates,
has resulted in a greater certainty of the
production of long, clean heads, with correct
colour and markings, where formerly wide
skulls and smutty colouring were the all too
common whims of fortune, which had, per-
force, to be endured by the majority of
breeders. We must not omit to mention
the late Mr. Brereton Lathom, of Eccles,
whose efforts to revive public interest in the
breed at a time when it had reached the
lowest ebb will always be acknowledged.
He also owned several good specimens,
the best being probably Sir Alfred, amongst
whose many victories may be cited that
at one of the earlier Manchester Dog Shows,
where he carried off the cup. Nor would
this chapter be anything like complete
if mention were not made of Mr. J. J.
Johnson, of Manchester, an old and faithful
friend of the breed, and one of the most
respected judges of to-day.

There are many who hold the opinion
that one of the chief reasons for the deca-
dence in the popularity of the Black-and-tan
terrier, notwithstanding its many claims
to favour, is to be found in the loss of that
very alert appearance which was a general
characteristic before the Kennel Club made
it illegal to crop the ears of such as were
intended for exhibition. It must be admitted
that until very recently there was a con-
siderable amount of truth in the prevalent

THE BLACK-AND-TAN TERRIER.

327

opinion, inasmuch as a rather heavy ear, if
carried pretty erect, was the best material
to work upon, and from which to produce
the long, fine, and upright, or " pricked "
effect which was looked upon as being the
correct thing in a cropped dog ; hence it
followed that no care was taken to select
breeding stock likely to produce the small,
semi-erect, well-carried, and thin ears re-
quired to-day, consequently when the edict
forbidding the use of scissors came
into force there were very few small-
eared dogs to be found. It has taken
at least ten or a dozen years to eradi-
cate the mischief, and even yet the
cure is not complete, although the
difficulty has, to a great extent, been
overcome, for the majority of the ex-
hibits at the principal shows are as
nearly correct as may reasonably be
expected. Still, prejudice will pre-
vail, and it would be futile to indulge
the hope of any immediate prospect
of greater partiality being shown to
the breed by those who are unde-
cided as to what variety is most
suitable to start with in the exhi-
bition world.

Another factor which has had a
bad effect is the belief, which has be-
come much too prevalent, that a great deal
of " faking " has been practised in the past,
and that it has been so cleverly performed as
to deceive the most observant judge, whereby
a very artificial standard of quality has
been obtained. Worse still, it is thought to
be almost impossible to win the best prizes
even now without adopting unfair means
in the preparation of these dogs for show ;
and this notwithstanding the stringency
of the Kennel Club regulations now in force.
As a matter of fact, this prejudice is quite
unreasonable ; no dogs are more easily
kept in proper condition ; besides, their
dark colour does not show dirt, hence
washing becomes almost unnecessary, a
very great consideration where dogs are
kept as companions or guards, but more
so in the case of those who travel long
distances for exhibition at shows.

The breed is gaining ground in Scotland

owing to the enterprise of the club which
exists and fosters it north of the Tweed, but
the original Black-and-tan Terrier Club,
which has its headquarters and holds all
its annual "meetings in London, does not
appear to exert itself much in the direction
which would place it in a position of greater
influence, and bring sufficient funds into
its exchequer, from which more shows
could be supported, and the prosperity of

MISS
Photoe

L. M. HIGNETT'S LOSTOCK LODESTAR.

*aph by Hignett and Son, Lostock.

the breed ensured. This is in some measure
probably to be accounted for by the fact
that most of the members who can attend
the meetings are principally interested in the
Toy variety (which are separately dealt
with in another chapter) ; at all events,
it has only been on very rare occasions
during the last two years that the club
has granted special prizes, much less
guaranteed classes, at any shows, for
Black-and-tan terriers proper.

The standard of points by which the
breed should be judged as laid down by the
club is as follows :

1. General Appearance. — A terrier calculated to
take his own part in the rat pit, and not of the
Whippet type.

2. Head. — The head should be long, flat, and
narrow, level and wedge-shaped, without showing
cheek muscles ; well filled up under the eyes, with
tapering, tightly-lipped jaws and level teeth.

328

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

3. Eyes. — The eyes should be very small, spark-
ling, and bright, set fairly close together and ob-
long in shape.

4. Nose. — Black.

5. Ears. — The correct carriage of ears is a de-
batable point since cropping has been abolished.
Probably in the large breed the drop ear is correct,
but for Toys either erect or semi-erect carriage
of the ear is most desirable.

6. Neck and Shoulders. — The neck should be
fairly long and tapering from the shoulders to
the head, with sloping shoulders, the neck being
free from throatiness and slightly arched at the
occiput.

7. Chest. — The chest should be narrow but
deep.

8. Body. — The body should be moderately short
and curving upwards at the loin ; ribs well sprung,
back slightly arched at the loin and falling again
at the joining of the tail to the same height as the
shoulders.

9. Feet. — The feet should be more inclined to be
cat- .than hare-footed.

10. Tail. — The tail should be of moderate length
and set on where the arch of the back ends •

thick where it joins the body, tapering to a point,
and not carried higher than the back.

11. Coat. — The coat should be close, smooth,
short and glossy.

12. Colour. — The coat should be jet black and
rich mahogany tan, distributed over the body as
follows : On the head the muzzle is tanned to
the nose, which with the nasal bone is jet black.
There is also a bright spot on each cheek and above
each eye ; the under jaw and throat are tanned,
and the hair inside the ears is the same colour ;
the forelegs tanned up to the knee, with black
lines (pencil marks) up each toe, and a black mark
(thumb-mark) above the foot ; inside the hind-
legs tanned, but divided with black at the hock
joints ; and under the tail also tanned ; and so
is the vent, but only sufficiently to be easily covered
by the tail ; also slightly tanned on each side of
the chest. Tan outside the hind legs — commonly
called breaching — is a serious defect. In all
cases the black should not run into the tan, nor
vice versa, but the division between the two colours
should be well defined.

13. Weight. — For toys not exceeding 7 Ib. ; for
the large breed from 10 to 20 Ib. is most desirable.

MR. E. A. SIMKIN'S BEADLE

BY THE SHERIFF VIOLET LLOYD.

329

CHAPTER XXXII.

THE BULL-TERRIER.

"Nor was he of the thievish sort,

Or one whom blood allures,
But innocent was all his sport
Whom you have torn for yours.

THE Bull-terrier is now a gentlemanly
and respectably owned dog, wearing
an immaculate white coat and a bur-
nished silver collar ; he has dealings with
aristocracy, and is no longer contemned for
keeping bad company. But a generation
or two ago he was commonly the associate
of rogues and vagabonds, skulking at the
heels of such members of society as Mr.
William Sikes, whom he accompanied at
night on darksome business to keep watch
outside while Bill was within, cracking the
crib. The burglar and the bruiser usually
kept one or more of such dogs, and the com-
panionship was appropriate. Landseer took
the Bull-terrier as the typical representa-
tive of low life, as the antithesis of the
patrician Deerhound, and painted him with
bleared eye and swollen lips and a black-
guardly scowl that repelled familiarity.
In those days the dog's ears were closely
cropped, not for the sake of embellishment,
but as a measure of protection against
the fangs of his opponent in the pit when
money was laid upon the result of a well-
fought fight to the death. For fighting was
the acknowledged vocation of his order,
and he was bred and trained to the work.
He knew something of rats, too, and many
of his kind were famed in the land for their
prowess in this direction. Jimmy Shaw's
Jacko could finish off sixty rats in three
minutes, and on one occasion made a record
by killing a thousand in a trifle over an
hour and a half.

At one period in England, Bull-terriers
were used in gladiatorial contests, being
pitted against so formidable an antagonist
as the lion, as they were at Warwick in

My dog! what remedy remains,

Since, teach you all I can,
I see you, after all my pains,

So much resemble man ? "

— COWPER.

1825. They were then heavier and more
powerful dogs than are their artistically
bred descendants. Fifty-five pounds was
not an uncommon weight. One might

MR. S. E. SHIRLEY'S NELSON (1872).

almost suppose that they had an infusion of
Mastiff blood in their veins. Their colour,
too, was not necessarily white. Brindle and
fawn frequently occurred, and many were
black and tan ; but the larger number,
next to pure brindle, were white with
fallow markings, similar in distribution to
the colours seen at the present day in the
Boston Terrier, who is a near relative.

The breed is sufficiently modern to leave
no doubt as to its derivation. In the first
quarter of the nineteenth century atten-
tion was being directed to the improvement
of terriers generally, and new types were
sought for. They were alert, agile little
dogs, excellent for work in the country ;
but the extravagant Corinthians of the

330

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

time — the young gamesters who patronised
the prize-ring and the cock-pit — desired to
have a dog who should do something more
than kill rats, or unearth the fox, or bolt
the otter : which accomplishments afforded
no amusement to the Town. They wanted
a dog combining all the dash and gameness
of the terrier with the heart and courage
and fighting instinct of the Bulldog. Where-
fore the terrier and the Bulldog were crossed.

CH. BLOOMSBURY YOUNG KING

BY BLOOMSBURY KING BLOOMSBURY NORAH.

BRED AND OWNED BY MR. J. HAYNES.

A large type of terrier was chosen, and this
would be the smooth-coated black-and-
tan, or the early English white terrier ;
but probably both were used indifferently,
and for a considerable period. The result
gave the young bucks what they required :
a dog that was at once a determined vermin
killer and an intrepid fighter, upon whose
skill in the pit wagers might with confidence
be laid.

The animal, however, was neither a true
terrier nor a true Bulldog, but an un-
compromising mongrel ; albeit he served
his immediate purpose, and was highly
valued for his pertinacity, if not for his ap-
pearance. In 1806 Lord Camelford pos-
sessed one for which he had paid the very
high price of eighty-four guineas, and which
he presented to Belcher, the pugilist. This

dog was figured in The Sporting Magazine of
the time. He was a short-legged, thick-
set fawn-coloured specimen, with closely
amputated ears, a broad blunt muzzle, and
a considerable lay-back ; and this was the
kind of dog which continued for many years
to be known as the Bull-and-terrier. He
was essentially a man's dog, and was vastly
in favour among the undergraduates of
Oxford and Cambridge.

Gradually the Bulldog element, at first
so pronounced, was reduced to something
like a fourth degree, and, with the terrier
character predominating, the head was
sharpened, the limbs were lengthened and
straightened until little remained of the
Bulldog strain but the dauntless heart
and the fearless fighting spirit, together
with the frequent reversion to brindle
colouring, which was the last outward and
visible characteristic to disappear.

Within the remembrance of men not yet
old the Bull-terrier was as much marked
with fawn, brindle, or even black, as are the
Fox-terriers of our own period. Bill Sikes'
companion, who came to so undignified an
end, was a bandy-legged, coarse, and heavy
creature with a black patch on his eye and
one or two patches on his body. But fifty
years or so ago white was becoming fre-
quent, and was much admired. A strain
of pure white was bred by James Hinks, a
well-known dog-dealer of Birmingham, and
it is no doubt to Hinks that we are indebted
for the elegant Bull-terrier of the type that
we know to-day. These Birmingham dogs
showed a refinement and grace and an
absence of the crook-legs and coloured
patches which betrayed that Hinks had
been using an out-cross with the Egnlish
white terrier, thus getting away further
still from the Bulldog. Many persons ob-
jected that with the introduction of new
blood he had eliminated the pugnacity
which had been one of the most valued at-
tributes of the breed. But the charge was
not justified, and to prove that his strain
had lost none of the cherished quality of
belligerence Hinks backed his bitch Puss
against one of the old bull-faced type for a
five-pound note and a case of champagne.

THE BULL TERRIER.

331

The fight took place at Tapper's in Long
Acre, and in half an hour Puss had killed her
opponent, her own injuries being so slight
that she was able to appear the next morn-
ing at a dog show and take a prize for her
good looks and condition.

Madman was another of Hinks's terriers,
and the names of this pair were so persist-
ently adopted by other owners for other
dogs that it is impossible now to trace a
pedigree back to the genuine originals.
In the Kennel Club Stud Book for 1874
there are a dozen Bull-terriers all named
Madman.

With the advent of the Hinks strain in
1862 the short-faced dog fell into disrepute,
and pure white became the accepted colour.
There was a wide latitude in the matter
of weight. If all other points were good,
a dog might weigh anything between 10
and 38 lb., but classes were usually divided
for those above and those below 16 lb.
The type became fixed, and it was ruled
that the perfect Bull-terrier " must have
a long head, wide between the ears, level
jaws, a small black eye, a large black nose,
a long neck, straight forelegs, a small hare
foot, a narrow chest, deep brisket, powerful
loin, long body, a tail set and carried low,
a fine coat, and small ears well hung and
dropping forward."

Idstone, who wrote this description in
1872, earnestly insisted that the ears of all
dogs should be left uncut and as Nature
made them ; but for twenty years there-
after the ears of the Bull-terrier continued
to be cropped to a thin, erect point. The
practice of cropping, it is true, was even
then illegal and punishable by law, but,
although there were occasional convictions
under the Cruelty to Animals Act, the dog
owners who admired the alertness and
perkiness of the cut ear ignored the risk
they ran, and it was not until the Kennel
Club took resolute action against the prac-
tice that cropping was entirely abandoned.

The prompting cause of this decision was
a prosecution at Worship Street police
court early in 1895 against three offenders
" for causing to be tortured and for actually
torturing and ill-treating, by cutting its

ears, a certain dog." The dog in question
is believed to have been an Irish terrier,
but whatever its breed the three defendants
were each fined £5 and £2 2s. costs. The
case was discussed at a meeting of the Kennel
Club, and, although the members were not
at first in full agreement, yet it was ulti-
mately decided and a rule was formulated
that " no dog born after the 3ist of March,
1895, should, if cropped, win a prize at any
show held under Kennel Club rules."

The president of the Kennel Club, Mr. S. E.
Shirley, M.P., had himself been a prominent
owner and breeder of the Bull-terrier. His
Nelson, bred by Joe Willock, was celebrated
as an excellent example of the small-sized
terrier, at a time, however, when there were
not a great many competitors of the high-
est quality. His Dick, also, was a remark-
ably good dog. Earlier specimens which
have left their names in the history of the
breed were Hinks's Old Dutch, who was, per-
haps, even a more perfect terrier than the
same breeder's Madman and Puss ; Alfred
George's Spring, G. Smith's Young Puss,
Tredennick's Bertie, and R. J. Hartley's
Magnet and Violet, who are said to have
been a magnificent pair. Godfree's Young
Victor, although disfigured by a patch over
his eye, was famous for his perfection of
shape and his success as a sire, and many
of our recent champions have his name in
their pedigrees. Sir W. E. H. Verney's
Ch. Tarquin, a son of Young Victor, was
the most distinguished Bull-terrier during
the four years prior to 1878. He was
a pure white dog, weighing 45 lb. His
recorded measurements may be useful for
the purpose of comparison with those
of the terriers of the present day. They
are : Nose to stop, 3! inches ; stop to occi-
put, 5^- inches ; length from occiput to
root of tail, 30! inches ; girth of skull, 18
inches ; girth of muzzle, 12^- inches ; girth
of chest, 26^ inches ; girth of loins, 22
inches ; girth of forearm, 6| inches ; girth
of pastern, 4 inches ; hock to ground, 5
inches ; height at shoulder, i8i inches.

Lancashire and Yorkshire have always been
noted for good Bull-terriers, and the best
of the breed have usually been produced

332

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

in the neighbourhoods of Leeds, Bradford,
Manchester, Bolton, Liverpool, and Bir-
mingham. At one time Londoners gave
careful attention to the breed, stimulated
thereto by the encouragement of Mr. Shir-
ley and the success of Alfred George.

Of recent years the Bull-terrier has not
been a great favourite, and it has sadly
deteriorated in type; but there are signs
that the variety is again coming into repute,

MR. AND MRS. E. G. MONEY'S

EASTBOURNE TARQUEENIA

BY OAKHILL BARON MADGE II.

and within the past twelve months many
admirable specimens — as nearly perfect, per-
haps, as many that won honour in former
generations — have been brought into prom-
inence. Among dogs, for example, there
are Mr. E. T. Pimm's Sweet Lavender,
Dr. M. Amsler's MacGregor, Mr. Chris
Houlker's His Highness, Mr. A. Haustein's
Emporium King, and Mr. J. Haynes'
Bloomsbury Young King. Among bitches
there are Mrs. Kipping's Delphinium Wild
and Desdemona, Mr. Hornby's Lady Sweet-
heart, Mr. W. Mayor's Mill Girl, Mr. T.
Gannaway's Charlwood Belle, Dr. J. W.
Low's Bess of Hardwicke, and Mrs. E. G.
Money's Eastbourne Tarqueenia. While
these and such as these beautiful and
typical terriers are being bred and ex-
hibited there is no cause to fear a further
decline in popularity for a variety so
eminently engaging.

It is satisfactory to note that more atten-

tion is now being paid to the type of ears
of the Bull-terrier. The ear best suited
for cropping was not the ear which in its
natural condition was most to be admired.
Consequently, it has taken a long time to
breed out the wrong form ; but even yet
there is no definite standard fixed for the
ear of the Bull-terrier, and one may see
them of any shape, from the " tulip " to
the " button," from the " drop " to the
" rose." The ear carriage is so important a
point in the appearance of a terrier that it
is high time that a definite form should be
agreed upon as the standard of perfection.
The club description is not altogether satis-
fying, and it might well be improved by
careful revision. As it is at present it is
as follows :

1. General Appearance. — The general appear-
ance of the Bull-terrier is that of a symmetrical
animal, the embodiment of agility, grace, elegance,
and determination.

2. Head. — The head should be long, flat, and
wide between the ears, tapering to the nose,
without cheek muscles. There should be a slight
indentation down the face, without a stop between
the eyes. The jaws should be long and very power-
ful, with a large black nose and open nostrils.
Eyes small and very black, almond shape preferred.
The lips should meet as tightly as possible, without
a fold. The teeth should be regular in shape, and
should meet exactly ; any deviation, such as pig-
jaw, or being under-hung, is a great fault.

3. Ears. — The ears, when cropped, should be
done scientifically and according to fashion.
Cropped dogs cannot win a prize at shows held
under Kennel Club rules, if born after March 3ist,
1 895 . When not cropped, it should be a semi-erect
ear, but others do not disqualify.

4. Neck. — The neck should be long and slightly
arched, nicely set into the shoulders, tapering to
the head without any loose skin, as found in the
Bulldog.

5. Shoulders. — The shoulders should be strong,
muscular, and slanting ; the chest wide and deep,
with ribs well rounded.

6. Back. — The back short and muscular, but
not out of proportion to the general contour of the
animal.

7. Legs.— The forelegs should be perfectly
straight, with well-developed muscles ; not out
at shoulder, but set on the racing lines, and very
strong at the pastern joints. The hind legs are
long and, in proportion to the forelegs, muscular,
with good strong, straight hocks, well let down
near the ground.

THE BULL-TERRIER.

333

8. Feet. — The feet more resemble those of a cat
than a hare.

9. Colour. — Should be white.

10. Coat. — Short, close, and stiff to the touch,
with a fine gloss.

1 1 . Tail. — Short in proportion to the size of the
dog, set on very low down, thick where it joins the
body, and tapering to a fine point. It should be
carried at an angle of about 45 degrees, without
curl, and never over the back.

12. Height at Shoulders. — From 12 to 18 inches.

13. Weight. — -From 15 Ibs. to 50 Ibs.

Scale of Points.
Head ...... 20

Eyes . . . . . .15

Ears .... -15

Neck and body . . .20

Legs and feet . -15

Coat and tail . . . 15

Total . . .100

Two influences contributed to what one
may hope was only a temporary lull in the
favour which this terrier formerly enjoyed :
— the rule against cropping, which was
deemed to have robbed the dog of one of
its chief charms ; and the circumstance that
when that rule was passed a large number
of our best Bull-terriers were forthwith
exported to purchasers in other countries
where cropping remains fashionable. Many

went to Holland, many to Germany, some to
France, but most of all to the United States.
The Bull-terrier is one of the breeds in
which America holds a strong hand, and it
is a factHiat more good specimens can be
exhibited at a New York show than are
benched throughout the whole of England
in the entire year. From their British-
bred terriers, such as Grand Duke, Gully the
Great, Carney, and Cordona, and many
more recent importations, the Americans
are steadily multiplying their stock. With
them it is a principle to breed abundantly,
so that they may have more from which to
select their potential champions. Perhaps
they are disposed to favour longer bodies
and shorter legs than we care for ; but, as
a rule, their Bull-terriers are kept similar
in type to ours, and many an English breeder
might envy them the possession of such
terriers as Starlight and Diamond -King,
Dusty Miller, Young Marquis, and Edge-
wood Fancy ; while their great champions,
Princeton Monarch, Edgewood Crystal, Ajax
of the Point, and Faultless of the Point, are
superlative specimens of the race such as
are no longer to be equalled on this side
of the Atlantic. R. L.

DR. MAURICE AMSLER'S BULL-TERRIERS AT WORK.
P/tclograpIt by Dr. Maurice Amsler, Eton.

334

CHAPTER XXXIII.
THE BOSTON TERRIER.

"Poor Wolf, thy mistress leads thee a dog's life of it; but never mind, my lad,
whilst I live thou shall never want a friend to stand by thee." — RIP VAN WINKLE.

THE Boston Terrier was made in
America and is recognised in the
United States as distinctively an
American dog. But it is acknowledged
by the Americans themselves that the raw
material was drawn from Great Britain.
Terriers of a very similar type were com-
monly bred in England twenty and thirty
years ago, and were familiarly known as
the Bull-and-terrier. It was a cross be-
tween the Bulldog and the English Ter-
rier, and it had the attributes of both
breeds. It was an excellent fighting dog
and ratter, and was popular in the mining
districts. Our Bull-terrier is its direct
descendant, somewhat refined, and with
the brindle colouring eliminated. A genera-
tion ago a considerable number of these
Bull-and-terrier dogs were taken to America
by seamen and engineers on the liners from
Liverpool ; and among these was one
purchased by Mr. Robert C. Hooper, of
Boston. He was a dark brindle, with a
white blaze up his face and a white throat,
with cropped rose ears, and a screw tail.
Probably he was well up on the legs, and
his weight may have been something about
thirty pounds. He became known as
Hooper's Judge. Another of the breed was
a bitch named Gyp, who is recorded to
have had more of the Bulldog than the
terrier in her type. These two were
mated, and they got Wells's Eph, whose
name is still historic in Massachusetts.
Eph was bred to Tobin's Kate, a small
light brindle bitch, who threw Barnard's
Tom, the first genuine representative of
the Boston Terrier, although not yet de-
scribed by that breed name.

Several of these Bull-terriers—all of
them of the same general appearance, with
light or dark brindle coats and a white

muzzle and blaze — were exhibited at the
first Boston show in 1878. They became
popular as men's dogs in New England, and
their popularity extended. A club was
formed, and in 1891, or thereabouts, the
American Bull Terrier Club of Boston
applied to the American Kennel Club for
the registration of the breed, in which they
were especially interested. The application
was refused on the ground that the dog had
been bred away from its original type, that
it was not a typical American Bull-terrier ;
and it was suggested that the club should
omit the name " Bull-terrier " from their
designation, and call themselves simply the
Boston Terrier Club. This was done, but
it was not until 1893 that full recognition
was given.

By this time, probably other strains had
been imported by the Bostonians, with the
effect that the descendants of Hooper's
Judge departed yet further from the original
Bull-and-terrier type. So much was this so
that the American Kennel Club declined to
recognise the dogs under that name. The
breed came to be spoken of and written
of as merely a local strain. It was not
a Bull-terrier. It was only what the
Boston people called a Bull-terrier. If
it was a terrier at all, it was merely a
Boston terrier.

The Bostonians persevered, however. They
improved their strain, and gradually it
became recognised at shows, while outside
of Massachusetts classes were provided for
it, until jt grew to be one of the most
popular of American dogs, still keeping
the local name that had been derisively
flung at it.

From time to time there have been dis-
putes as to the points of the Boston Terrier.
It has been disputed whether the skull

THE BOSTON TERRIER.

335

should be "broad and flat" as described
by the club, or " round " or " square " ;
whether the eye should be large and pro-
minent, or small and deep-set ; whether the
tail should be screwed or straight, long or
short ; whether dogs with fawn colouring
or with much white about the body or
without the blaze up the face, should be
admitted. Size has been a prolific source
of contention. Even the standard of points
drawn up by the club have been criticised
as misleading. Possibly the official descrip-
tion may presently be altered to meet the
demands of those who find fault with its
details ; but in the meantime it must be
regarded as authoritative and may here be
quoted : —

i. General Appearance. — A smooth, short-coated,
compactly built dog of medium stature. The
head should indicate a high degree of intelligence,
and should be in proportion to the dog's size, the
body rather short, and well knit, the limbs strong
and finely turned, no feature being so prominent
that the dog appears badly proportioned. The
dog conveys an idea of determination, strength
and activity — style of a high order, carriage

MR. HARRY W. CASSEDY'S

BRAMELLO SKEETER

BY OAKMOUNT PUNCH MISS CONTENT.

Photograph by Schniber, Philadelphia.

easy and graceful. He is plucky, not quarrel-
some or aggressive — is very loyal to his master,
obedient, affectionate, and of a sweet nature,
quick in motion and very intelligent ; he makes
a most desirable house dog, and wins a warm
corner in the hearts of those who become his
fortunate possessors.

2. Head.— Rather short ; skull broad and flat,
without prominent cheeks, and forehead free
from wrinkles ; stop well denned, but indenture
not too deep ; muzzle short, square, wide, and
deep, without wrinkles.

3. Eyes.— Wide apart, large and round, neither
sunken nor too prominent, dark in colour and

CH. WHISPER

BY SULLIVAN'S PUNCH AMES REINA.

PROPERTY OF MR. WALTER E. STONE,
BOSTON, MASS., U S.A.

soft — the outside corner in a line with the cheeks
as viewed from the front.

4. Nose. — Black and wide, with a well-defined
straight line between the nostrils.

5. Chops. — Wide and deep, not pendulous,
completely covering the teeth when the mouth is
closed.

6. Jaws. — Broad and square.

7. Teeth. — Short and regular, meeting evenly,
and not to be seen when the mouth is closed.

8. Ears. — Always cropped into fine points, small
and thin, as near the corners of the skull as pos-
sible.

9. Neck. — Of fair length, without throatiness,.
and slightly arched.

10. Body. — Compact ; chest broad and well
ribbed up ; back short and straight, not reached ;
loins strong ; hindquarters strong and mus-
cular.

11. Fore-legs. — Straight, clean and well muscled,
wide apart ; elbows standing neither in nor out.

12. Hind-legs. — Rather straight ; stifles neither
in nor out, and not too prominent ; thighs well
muscled.

13. Feet. — Small, nearly round ; toes com-
pact and arched.

14. Tail. — Of moderate length, set on low,

336

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

fine tapering and without fringe or coarse hair ;
not carried above the level of the back.

15. Coat. — Fine in texture, short, bright and
not hard.

1 6. Colour. — Any colour of brindle, evenly
marked with white on muzzle, blaze on face,
collar, chest and feet strongly preferred ; black
and mouse colour not desired.

17. Height at Shoulder. — From 14 inches to 20
inches.

18. Weight. — Lightweight from 15 Ib. to 23 Ib. ;
heavy weight, from 23 Ib. to 30 Ib.

The various strains of Boston Terrier of
course have their particular advocates, but
in the history of the breed there are four
dogs which stand out in prominence as
founders of the best kennels. These are
Cracksman, Tony Boy, Sullivan's Punch,
and Buster. The last named was, perhaps,
pre-eminent. He belonged to Mr. A. L.
Goodge, of Boston, and was the sire of
Champion Monte, probably the greatest
of his breed, and himself the sire of many
champions. The offspring of Cracksman
are golden brindle, and they are notable for
their softness and size of eye, and general
good expression. Sullivan's Punch was a
white dog with brindle head markings.
Tony Boy's progeny have been admired for
their good distribution of colour, their small
size, and their tail properties. And here it
may be noted that the screw tail, once a
recognised feature of the Boston Terrier,
has fallen into disrepute as a deformity.
A short, straight tail, thick at the set-on,
and quickly tapering to a point, is the ap-
proved type.

Mr. Walter E. Stone's Champion Whisper,
who is a daughter of Sullivan's Punch, may
be taken as a thoroughly representative
specimen of the Boston Terrier. She is
notable for the regularity of her markings,
her level back, her straight, clean legs, and
compact feet ; for the set of her eye, the
carriage of her ears, and for her all-round
good quality. Needless to say, Whisper is
the winner of many championships and
special prizes.

Not less typical and almost as perfect is
Mr. Harry W. Cassedy's Bramello Skeeter,
who is also bred in the purple, being a great-
grandson of Sullivan's Punch and a son of
Oakmount Punch by Miss Content. Skeeter
is a seal brindle with the regulation white
markings. He has a double screw tail, and
his weight is 17^ Ib.

The importance of the cropped ear as a
characteristic feature in the Boston Terrier
probably counts against the possibility of
an introduction of the breed into England,
and it is very seldom that specimens are
brought to this side of the Atlantic. Miss
Constance Collier's Our Bully is the only
one that has been recently exhibited, at
all events at shows held in the neighbourhood
of London.

There is a superficial similarity between
the Boston Terrier and the Bouledogue
Frangais ; so much so that at the 1907 dog
show in Paris, a Boston Terrier (uncropped)
was exhibited, even with the name of Bobie
de Boston, in the class for heavy weight
French Bulldogs.

R. L.

337

CHAPTER XXXIV.

THE SMOOTH FOX-TERRIER.
BY DESMOND o'CONNELL.

" The word friend does not exactly depict the dog's affectionate worship. . . . He
is our intimate and impassioned slave, whom nothing discourages, whom nothing
repels, whose ardent trust and love nothing can impair." — MAURICE MAETERLINCK.

TO attempt to set forth the origin of
the Fox-terrier as we know him to-
day would be of no interest to the
general reader, and would entail the task
of tracing back the several heterogeneous
sources from which he sprang. It is a
matter of very little moment whether he
owes his origin to the white English Ter-
rier or to the Bull -terrier crossed with
the Black-and-tan, or whether he has
a mixture of Beagle blood in his compo-
sition, so it will suffice to take him as
he emerged from the chaos of mongrel-
dom about the middle of the last cen-
tury, rescued in the first instance by the
desire of huntsmen or masters of well-
known packs to produce a terrier some-
what in keeping with their hounds ; and,
in the second place, to the advent of dog
shows. Prior to that time any dog capable,
from his size, conformation, and pluck, of
going to ground and bolting his fox was a
Fox-terrier, were he rough or smooth, black,
brown, or white.

The starting-point of the modern Fox-
terrier dates from about the 'sixties, and
no pedigrees before that — and many, I fear,
of a later time — are worth considering.

From three dogs then well known — Old
Jock, Trap, and Tartar — he claims descent ;
and, thanks to the Fox-terrier Club and
the great care taken in compiling their
stud-books, he can be brought down to
to-day. Of these three dogs Old Jock
was undoubtedly more of a terrier than
the others. It is a moot point whether he
was bred, as stated in most records of the
time, by Captain Percy Williams, master
of the Rufford, or by Jack Morgan, hunts-

man to the Grove ; it seems, however,
well established that the former owned his
sire, also called Jock, and that his dam,
Grove Pepper, was the property of Morgan.
He first came before the public at the
Birmingham show in 1862, where, shown
by Mr. Wootton, of Nottingham, he won
first prize. He subsequently changed hands
several times, till he became the property
of Mr. Murchison, in whose hands he died
in the early 'seventies. He was exhibited
for the last time at the Crystal Palace in
1870, and though then over ten years old
won second to the same owner's Trimmer.
At his best he was a smart, well-balanced
terrier, with perhaps too much daylight
under him, and wanting somewhat in jaw
power ; but he showed far less of the
Bull-terrier type than did his contemporary
Tartar.

This dog's antecedents were very ques-
tionable, and his breeder is given as Mr.
Stevenson, of Chester, most of whose dogs
were Bull-terriers pure and simple, save
that they had drop ears and short sterns,
being in this respect unlike old Trap,
whose sire is generally supposed to have
been a Black-and-tan terrier. This dog
came from the Oakley kennels, and he was
supposed to have been bred by a miller
at Leicester. However questionable the
antecedents of these three terriers may
have been, they are undoubtedly the
progenitors of our present strain, and from
them arose the kennels that we have to-
day.

Mention has been made of Mr. Murchison,
and to him we owe in a great measure
the start in popularity which since the

338

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

foundation of his large kennel the Fox-
terrier has enjoyed. Mr. Murchison's chief
opponents in the early 'seventies were
Mr. Gibson, of Brockenhurst, with his dogs
Tyke and Old Foiler ; Mr. Luke Turner,
of Leicester, with his Belvoir strain, which
later gave us Ch. Brockenhurst Joe, Ch.

MR. ROBERT VICARY'S VENIO.

Olive and her son, Ch. Spice ; Mr. Theo-
dore Bassett, Mr. Allison, and, a year or so
later, Mr. Frederick Burbidge, the Messrs.
Clarke, Mr. Tinne, Mr. Francis Redmond,
and Mr. Vicary. About this time a tre-
mendous impetus was given to the breed
by the formation, in 1876, of the Fox-
terrier Club, which owed its inception to
Mr. Harding Cox and a party of enthu-
siasts seated round his dinner table at 36,
Russell Square, among whom were Messrs.
Bassett, Burbidge, Doyle, Allison, and
Redmond, the last two named being still
members of the club. The idea was very
warmly welcomed, a committee formed,
and a scale of points drawn up which,
with but one alteration, is in vogue to-day.
Every prominent exhibitor or breeder then,
and with few exceptions since, has been a
member, and the club, now under the able
guidance of the Hon. Sec., Mr. J. C. Tinne,
who has held the post uninterruptedly since
1881, is by far the strongest of all specialist
clubs.

It will be well to give here the said
standard of points, with the relative value
attaching to them.

1. Head and Ears. — The Skull should be flat and
moderately narrow, and gradually decreasing in
width to the eyes. Not much " stop " should be
apparent, but there should be more dip in the
profile between the forehead and top jaw than
is seen in the case of a Greyhound.

The Cheeks must not be full.

The Ears should be V-shaped and small, of
moderate thickness, and dropping forward close
to the cheek, not hanging by the side of the head
like a Fox-hound's.

The Jaw, upper and under, should be strong and
muscular ; should be of fair punishing strength,
but not so in any way to resemble the Grey-
hound or modern English Terrier. There should
not be much falling away below the eyes. This
part of the head should, however, be moderately
chiselled out, so as not to go down in a straight
line like a wedge.

The Nose, towards which the muzzle must
gradually taper, should be black.

The Eyes should be dark in colour, small, and
rather deep set, full of fire, life, and intelligence ;
as nearly as possible circular in shape.

The Teeth should be as nearly as possible level,
i.e., the upper teeth on the outside of the lower
teeth.

2. Neck. — Should be clean and muscular, with-
out throatiness, of fair length, and gradually
widening to the shoulders.

3. Shoulders and Chest. The Shoulders should
be long and sloping, well laid back, fine at the
points, and clearly cut at the withers. The Chest
deep and not broad.

MR. ROBERT VICARY'S VESUVIENNE.

4. Back and Loin. — The Back should be short,
straight, and strong, with no appearance of
slackness.

The Loin should be powerful and very slightly
arched. The fore-ribs should be moderately
arched, the back-ribs deep ; and the dog should
be well ribbed up.

THE SMOOTH FOX-TERRIER.

339

5. Hindquarters. — Should be strong and mus-
cular, quite free from droop or crouch ; the thighs
long and powerful ; hocks near the ground, the
dog standing well up on them like a Fox-hound,
and not straight in the stifle.

6. Stern. — Should be set on rather high, and
carried gaily, but not over the back or curled.

As regards Colour, white should predominate ;
brindle, red, or liver markings are objectionable.
Otherwise this point is of little or no importance.

9. Symmetry, Size, and Character. — The dog
must present a general gay, lively, and active ap-
pearance ; bone and strength in a small compass are
essentials ; but this must not be taken to mean

DRYAD.

DADDY

DALBY.
DAME DALBY. DIVORCEE.

CHAMPION

CHAMPION DONNA FORTUNA.

DOMINIE.

THE TOTTERIDGE ELEVEN, 1898.

FROM THE PAINTING By ARTHUR WARDLE.

It should be of good strength, anything approach-
ing a " pipe-stopper " tail being especially objec-
tionable.

7. Legs and Feet. — The Legs viewed in any
direction must be straight, showing little or no
appearance of an ankle in front. They should be
strong in bone throughout, short and straight to
pastern. Both fore- and hind-legs should be
carried straight forward in travelling, the stifles
not turned outwards. The elbows should hang
perpendicular to the body, working free of the
side.

The Feet should be round, compact, and not
large. The soles hard and tough. The toes
moderately arched, and turned neither in nor out.

8. Coat. — Should be straight, flat, smooth, hard,
dense, and abundant. The belly and under side
of the thighs should not be bare.

CHAMPION
DAME FORTUNE.

DONINGTON.

DIAMOND COUNT.
CHAMPION
D'ORSAY.

that a Fox-terrier should be cloggy, or in any way
coarse — speed and endurance must be looked to
as well as power, and the symmetry of the Fox-
hound taken as a model. The terrier, like the
hound, must on no account be leggy, nor must he
be too short in the leg. He should stand like a
cleverly-made hunter, covering a lot of ground, yet
with a short back, as before stated. He will then
attain the highest degree of propelling power f
together with the greatest length of stride that is
compatible with the length of his body. Weight
is not a certain criterion of a terrier's fitness for
his work — general shape, size and contour are
the main points ; and if a dog can gallop and
stay, and follow his fox up a drain, it matters
little what his weight is to a pound or so, though,
roughly speaking, it may be said he should not
scale over twenty pounds in show condition.

34°

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Values of Points.

Head and ears 15

Neck . 5

Shoulders and chest 10

Back and loins 10

Hindquarters 15

Stern 5

Legs and feet 15

Coat . .... f ... 10

Symmetry, size, and character . . 15

Grand total 100

Disqualifying Points.

1. Nose — white, cherry, or spotted to a con-
siderable extent with either of these colours.

2. Ears — prick, tulip, or rose.

3. Mouth — much overshot or much undershot.

MR. F. REDMOND'S CH. DAME FORTUNE.
FROM THE PAINTING By ARTHUR WARDLE.

In order to give some idea of the extra-
ordinary way in which the Fox-terrier
took the public taste, it will be necessary
to hark back and give a resume of the
principal kennels and exhibitors to whom
this was due. In the year in which the Fox-
terrier Club was formed, Mr. Fred Bur-
bidge, at one time captain of the Surrey
Eleven, had the principal kennels. He was
the pluckiest buyer of his day, and once he
fancied a dog nothing stopped him till it
was in his kennels. He bought Nimrod,
Dorcas, Tweezers, and Nettle, and with
them and other discriminating purchases
he was very hard to beat on the show-bench.
Strange to say, at this time he seemed
unable to breed a good dog, and deter-

mined to have a clear out and start afresh.
A few brood bitches only were retained,
and the kennels moved from Champion
Hill to Hunton Bridge, in Hertfordshire.
From thence in a few years came Bloom,
Blossom, Tweezers II., Hunton Baron,
Hunton Bridegroom, and a host of others,
which spread the fame of the great
Hunton strain.

When the kennel was dispersed at Mr.
Burbidge's untimely death in 1892, the dogs,
130 lots in all, were sold by auction and
realised £1,800 ; Hunton Tartar fetched £135,
Justice £84, Bliss £70, and Scramble £65.
Messrs. A. H. and C. Clarke were at this
time quietly founding a kennel,
which perhaps has left its mark
more indelibly on the breed than
any before or since. Brockenhurst
Rally was a most fortunate pur-
chase from his breeder, Mr. Herbert
Peel, and was by Brockenhurst Joe
from a Bitters bitch, as from this
dog came Roysterer and Ruler, their
dam being Jess, an old Turk bitch ;
and from Rollick by Buff was bred
Ruse and Ransome. Roysterer was
the sire of Result, by many con-
sidered the best Fox-terrier dog of
all time ; and Result's own daughter
Rachel was certainly the best bitch
of her day. All these terriers had
intense quality and style, due for
the most part to inbreeding. Very
little new blood was introduced, with an
inevitable result ; and by degrees the
kennel died out, a very distinct loss to
the breed in general, as, with judicious
outside selection, the Messrs. Clarke could
have been as invincible to-day as in the
past.

No history of the Fox-terrier could be
complete without mention of Mr. Francis
Redmond and his kennel, going back, as
it does, to. the Murchison and Luke Turner
period, and being still to-day the most
prominent one in existence. We can date
his earlier efforts from his purchase of
Deacon Nettle, the dam of Deacon Ruby ;
Dusty was the dam of Ch. Diamond Dust ;
Dickon he had from Luke Turner, and in

THE SMOOTH FOX-TERRIER.

this dog we have one of the foundation-
stones of the Fox-terrier stud-book, as
he was the sire of Splinter, who in his turn
was the sire of Vesuvian.

Mr. Redmond's next great winners were
D'Orsay and Dominie, two sterling good
terriers, the former of which was the sire
of Dame D'Orsay, who, bred to Despoiler,
produced Dame Fortune, the mother of
Donna Fortuna, whose other parent was
Dominie. Donna Fortuna, considered uni-
versally the best specimen of a Fox-terrier
ever produced, had from the first a brilliant
career, for though fearlessly shown on all
occasions she never knew defeat. Some
took exception to her want of what is called
terrier character, and others would have
liked her a shade smaller ; but we have
still to see the Fox-terrier, taken all round,
that could beat her.

As an outcross Mr. Redmond purchased
Dreadnought, one of the highest class dogs
seen for many years, but had very bad
luck with him, an accident preventing him
from being shown and subsequently caus-
ing his early death. We must not forget
Duchess of Durham or Dukedom ; but to
enumerate all Mr. Redmond's winners it

MRS. J. H. BROWN'S CH. CAPTAIN DOUBLE

BY D'ORSAY'S DOUBLE CHERRY B.

Photograph by Reveley, Wantage.

would be necessary to take the catalogues
of all the important shows held for the
past thirty years. To no one do we owe
so much ; no one has made such a study of
the breed, reducing it almost to a science,

with the result that even outside his kennels
no dog has any chance of permanently
holding his own unless he has an ample
supply oithe blood.

The great opponent of the Totteridge

MR. FRANK REEK'S CH. OXONIAN
BY OVERTURE DARK BLUE.

Kennel up to some few years ago was un-
questionably Mr. Vicary, of Newton Abbot,
who laid the foundation of his kennel with
Vesuvian, who was by Splinter, out of
Kohinor, and from whom came the long
line of winners, Venio-Vesuvienne, Vice-
Regal, Valuator , Visto, and Veracity.
Fierce war raged round these kennels,
each having its admiring and devoted
adherents, until one side would not look
at anything but a Redmond Terrier to
the exclusion of the Vicary type. The
Newton Abbot strain was remarkable for
beautiful heads and great quality, but was
faulty in feet and not absolute as to fronts,
each of which properties was a sine qua
non amongst the Totteridge dogs. Latter-
day breeders have recognised that in the
crossing of the two perfection lies, and
Mr. Redmond himself has not hesitated
to go some way on the same road.

It is fortunate for the breed of Fox-
terriers how great a hold the hobby takes,
and how enthusiastically its votaries pursue
it, otherwise we should not have amongst
us men like Mr. J. C. Tinne, whose name
is now a household word in the Fox-terrier
world, as it has been any time for the past

342

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

thirty years. Close proximity, in those
days, to Mr. Gibson at Brockenhurst made
him all the keener, and one of his first
terriers was a bitch of that blood by
Bitters. With daughters of Old Foiler he
did very well — to wit, Pungent, sister to
Dorcas, while through Terror we get Ban-
quet, the grandam of Despoiler. He pur-
chased from Mr. Redmond both Deacon
Diamond and Daze, each of whom was bred
to Spice, and produced respectively Auburn
and Brockenhurst Dainty ; from the latter
pair sprang Lottery and Worry, the
grandam of Tom Newcome, to whom we owe
Brockenhurst Agnes, Brockenhurst Dame,
and Dinah Morris, and consequently Adam
Bede and Hester Sorrel.

It has always been
Mr. Tinne's principle to
aim at producing the
best terrier he could,
irrespective of the fads
of this kennel or that,
and his judgment has
been amply vindicated,
as the prize lists of
every large show will
testify. And to-day he
is the proud possessor of
Ch. The Sylph, who has
beaten every one of her
sex, and is considered
by many about the best
Fox-terrier ever seen.

No name is better known or more highly
respected by dog owners than that of the
late Mr. J. A. Doyle, as a writer, breeder,
judge, or exhibitor of Fox-terriers. Whilst
breeding largely from his own stock, he was
ever on the look-out for a likely outcross.
He laid great store on terrier character, and
was a stickler for good coats ; a point much
neglected in the present-day dog.

Amongst the smaller kennels is that of
Mr. Reeks, now mostly identified with
Oxonian and that dog's produce, but he
will always be remembered as the breeder
of that beautiful terrier, Avon Minstrel.
Mr. Arnold Gillett has had a good share of
fortune's favours, as the Ridgewood dogs
testify ; whilst the Messrs. Powell, Castle,

MR. J. C. TINNE'S CH.
BY VERDERER KIRRY

Glynn, Dale, and Crosthwaite have all
written their names on the pages of Fox-
terrier history. Ladies have ever been
supporters of the breed, and no one more
prominently so than Mrs. Bennett Edwards,
who through Duke of Doncaster, a son
of Durham, has founded a kennel which at
times is almost invincible, and which still
shelters such grand terriers as Doncaster,
Dominie, Dodger, Dauphine, and many
others well known to fame. Mrs. J. H.
Brown, too, as the owner of Captain Double,
a terrier which has won, and deservedly,
more prizes than any Fox-terrier now or in
the past, must not be omitted.

Whether the present Fox-terrier is as
good, both on the score
of utility and appear-
ance, as his predecessors
is a question which has
many times been asked,
and as many times de-
cided in the negative as
well as in the affirma-
tive. It would be idle
to pretend that a great
many of the dogs now
seen on the show bench
are fitted to do the
work Nature intended
them for, as irrespec-
tive of their make and
shape they are so over-
sized as to preclude the
possibility of going to ground in any average-
sized earth.

This question of size is one that must
sooner or later be tackled in some practical
way by the Fox-terrier Club, unless we
are to see a race of giants in the next few
generations. Their own standard gives
20 Ib. — a very liberal maximum ; but
there are dogs several pounds heavier con-
stantly winning prizes at shows, and con-
sequently being bred from, with the result
which we see. There are many little dogs,
and good ones, to be seen, but as long as
the judges favour the big ones these hold
no chance, and as it is far easier to pro-
duce a good big one than a good little one,
breeders are encouraged to use sires who

THE SYLPH

CREGEEN.

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THE SMOOTH FOX-TERRIER.

343

would not be looked at if a hard-and-fast to breed Fox-terriers must have the bumps
line were drawn over which no dog should of patience and hope very strongly developed,
win a prize. There are hundreds of as if the tyro imagines that he has only
Fox-terriers about quite as capable of to mate his bitch to one of the known prize-
doing their work as their ancestors ever winning dngs of the day in order to pro-
were, and there is hardly a large kennel duce a champion, he had better try some
which has not from time to time furnished other breed. Let him fix in his mind the
our leading packs with one or more dogs, ideal dog, and set to work by patient effort
and with gratifying results. It is, there- and in the face of many disappointments
fore, a great pity that our leading ex- to produce it. It is not sufficient that,
hibitors should often be the greatest delin- having acquired a bitch good in all points
quents in showing dogs which they know in save in head, that he breeds her to the
their hearts should be kept at home or best-headed dog he can find. He must

drafted altogether, and it is
deplorable that some of our
oldest judges should by their
awards encourage them.

So much for the utility of
the present breed. Now as to
a comparison of its appear-
ance with bygone genera-
tions. I have no hesitation
whatever in saying that if
the old time worthies could
come to life again they
would look a sorry crew,
and hold no chance what-
ever with our average
specimens ; while as to our
first flight they are incom-
parably ahead of them. It
is true that far too many
Fox-terriers are now bred,
and one sees many indiffer-
ent ones ; but the type is
vastly improved, and with
it, heads, shoulders, fronts, feet,
character.

satisfy himself that the head
is not a chance one, but is
an inherited one, handed
down from many genera-
tions, good in this particu-
lar, and consequently potent
to reproduce its like. So in
all other points that he
wishes to reproduce. In
the writer's experience, little
bitches with quality are the
most successful. Those hav-
ing masculine characteristics
should be avoided, and the
best results will be obtained
from the first three litters,
after which a bitch rarely
breeds anything so good.
See that your bitch is free
from worms before she goes
to the dog, then feed her
well, and beyond a dose of
castor oil some days before
and she is due to whelp, let Nature take its
course. Dose your puppies well for worms

MR. REDMOND'S
DUSKY DALESMAN

BY DARLEY DALE

LASSIE.

Photograph by Reveley, Wantage.

-DURHAM

Before concluding this chapter it may at eight weeks old, give them practically

not be out of place to say a few words as as much as they will eat, and unlimited

to the breeding and rearing of Fox-terriers, exercise. Avoid the various advertised

and in doing so I will presume I am address- nostrums, and rely rather on the friendly

ing those of my readers who are novices advice of some fancier or your veterinary

striving to compete with older hands. surgeon.

In the first place, never breed from an Take your hobby seriously, and you will

animal whose pedigree is not authenticated be amply repaid, even if success does not

beyond a shadow of a doubt ; and remem- always crown your efforts, as while the

ber that while like may beget like, the in- breeding of most animals is a fascinating

evitable tendency is to throw back to pursuit, that of the Fox-terrier presents

former generations. The man who elects many varying delights..

344

Miss HATFEILD'S MORDEN BOMBARDMENT, MORDEN BLUSTERER,
CH. DUSKY SIREN, CH. MORDEN BULLSEYE.

Photograph by Revc'.ey, Wantage.

CHAPTER XXXV.
THE WIRE-HAIR FOX-TERRIER.

BY WALTER S. GLYNN.

" Once beasts with men held kindly speech,

The woodman and the oak would parley,
The farmer seasonably preach

To nodding ears of wheat and barley.
Ah me ! That grammar is forgot,

And narrower our modern lore is;
No tongues have now the polyglot

Save Literce Humaniores.

" So access to your little brain

I only get by winding channels ;
What mysteries to you were plain

Had I the language of the kennels."

LAW'S ODE TO THE FOX-TERRIER RAQUET.

IN dealing with this variety of the Fox-
terrier the writer is in some respects
at a disadvantage, though in others,
no doubt, he is favoured in that the com-
panion variety has been so ably dealt with
by such capable hands, it being conse-
quently necessary to deal only cursorily with
many points.

Mr. O'Connell, in his treatise on the smooth
variety, comprehensively inquires into the
origin of the Fox-terrier, and he no doubt
has chapter and verse for all he says, though

in reality it will be seen that he himself
does not state, exactly from what or how
many breeds this very popular and exten-
sively owned variety of the dog originally
sprang.

In mentioning the breeds which he
believes have been employed for this purpose
he, however, omits to mention one which
had undoubtedly a great deal to do with
the evolution of the Fox-terrier. There can
be no doubt that the old black-and-tan wire-
hair terrier was England's first sporting

THE WIRE-HAIR FOX-TERRIER.

345

terrier, and it seems hard to understand
whence comes the wire-hair jacket in the
one variety under notice, unless among his
numerous progenitors there was a dog simi-
larly blessed in this respect. The black-and-
tan mentioned by Mr. O'Connell must be
assumed to be the old Manchester Terrier, a
smooth-coated dog of quite another stamp,
and if this be so none of the breeds men-
tioned by him could be responsible for a
wire-hair jacket, though it may well be they
would be capable of producing a smooth
Fox-terrier.

The wire-hair Fox-terrier is, with the
exception of its coat, identical with the
smooth Fox-terrier — full brother in fact to
him. The two varieties are much interbred,
and several litters in consequence include
representatives of both ; and not only this,
but it is quite a frequent occurrence to get
a smooth puppy from wire-hair parents,
although for some generations neither of
the parents may have had any smooth cross
in their pedigrees.

The smooth variety has always, apparently
from the very beginning, had an advantage
over his wire-haired brother, in that he has
been a rich man's dog, whereas his brother

life nearer akin to that of the pitman's
" tyke." Fabulous sums have for many
years frequently been paid for specimens
of the Fox-terrier, so long as their coats

MR. T. J. STEPHENS' CH SYLVAN RESULT

BY CH. CACKLEY OF NOTTS ENCLOSURE.

has undoubtedly been of more plebeian
ownership ; the one, an aristocrat, almost
a parlour dog, as compared with the other,
who has had to rough it, and has lived a

MR. GEORGE PAPER'S CH. ST. ANN'S PRIMROSE
BY POULTON PLANET BECKSIDE BEAUTY.

were smooth. He has had every chance ;
his popularity has been tremendous. Mil-
lionaires, successful merchants, people in
the higher walks of the dog " Fancy " have
ever aspired to own him, have always
fancied him more than his somewhat despised
brother, and some of his chief owners — even
at the present day — would become seriously
ill, if they awoke one fine day and found a
wire-hair terrier in their kennels, somehow
or other bred by themselves.

This contempt for the subject of this
chapter is of course all nonsense ; the wire-
hair is in every way as good a companion,
as sporting and lovable as the smooth, and
if properly kept is certainly a smarter-
looking dog. He has quietly plodded on,
and though until recently no great prices
have been paid for him, no great amount of
brains has been employed on his behalf,
and he has not been so richly or aristocratic-
ally owned, yet if the truth will out, he is
in better state to-day than his more favoured
relative ; as a whole he has more all-round
excellence, and it will surprise no one if in

346

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

a short time he becomes the more popular
dog of the two.

The inherent merit possessed by the wire-
hair has gradually but surely brought him
forward until he is now a very serious rival
to the smooth. A suggestion that such a
thing were possible, some few years back,
would have been laughed to scorn, but as
testimony to it one cannot do better than

MR. WALTER S. GLYNN'S CH. LAST O' REMUS
BY ROYSTON REMUS BRYNHIR BLOSSOM.

read the words used by a well-known
judge of both varieties, in a report of his
published in The Kennel Gazette, of
February, 1907, in which he makes some
pertinent remarks on this subject, and
prognosticates that from what he has
recently seen when judging at different
shows, it is not at all improbable that very
shortly the wire-hair will altogether eclipse
in point of merit and numbers his smooth
relative. When one considers that these
remarks emanate from one of the very
oldest and most successful breeders of the
smooth in existence, and that he (Mr.
Robert Vicary) never, as far as the writer's
memory serves him, owned a wire-hair in
his life, the value of such testimony must
readily be admitted.

The career of the wire-hair has up to the
last few years been a very hard one, the
obstacles in his way have been stupendous.

One such has already been dealt with —
the fact that his smooth brother has been
much more popularly owned. Others may
be described as : —

2. Injudicious breeding operations.

3. Scant courtesy received at the hands
of many of the owners of the smooth variety
and others.

4. Incompetency of gentlemen appointed
to officiate as judges of the variety at several
of the shows.

5. Unenviable notoriety attained through
his being most unfairly made the scapegoat
of "faking."

This list, although probably not com-
prehensive, is a formidable one, and makes
one wonder how it is that the subject of all
this attention, or non-attention, has survived
at all. The natural train of thought is that
his having done so, and having approached
the state of perfection in which he un-
doubtedly exists at the present day, shows
that there must be something in him after
all, and that he ought to be admired more
than he is, and his existence more than
tolerated.

Dealing shortly with these headings it
will easily be understood that, owned only
in a small way by people not over blessed
with this world's goods, the breeding of
the wire-hair was not looked upon as of
much importance. The old Jock of each
village would invariably be used irrespective
of whether or not he was a likely sire ; his
services could, however, be obtained for
nothing or next to it, and there was no
money ready for the stud fee of a fashionable
dog.

The North of England and South Wales
(to a lesser extent) have ever been the home
of the wire-hair, and nearly all the best
specimens have come originally from one or
the other of those districts. There is no
doubt that there was excellent stock in
both places, and there is also no doubt that
though at times this was used to the best
advantage, there was a good deal of careless-
ness in mating, and a certain amount in
recording the parentage of some of the
terriers. With regard to this latter point
it is said that one gentleman who had quite
a large kennel and several stud dogs, but
who kept no books, used never to bother
about remembering which particular dog
he had put to a certain bitch, but generally

THE WIRE-HAIR FOX-TERRIER.

347

satisfied himself as to the sire of a puppy
when it came in from " walk " by just
examining it and saying " Oh, that pup
must be by owd Jock or Jim," as the case
might be, " 'cos he's so loike 'im," and down
he would go on the entry form accordingly.
However this may be, there is no doubt that
the sire would be a wire-hair Fox-terrier,
and, although the pedigree therefore may
not have been quite right, the terrier was
invariably pure bred.

In the early days the smooth was not
crossed with the wire to anything like the
extent that it was later, and this fact is
probably the cause of the salvation of the
variety.

The wire-hair has had more harm done to
him by his being injudiciously crossed with
the smooth than probably by anything
else.

The greatest care must be exercised in
the matter of coat before any such cross is
effected. The smooth that is crossed with
the wire must have a really hard, and not
too full coat, and, as there are very, very few
smooths now being shown with anything
like a proper coat for a terrier to possess,
the very greatest caution is necessary.
Some few years back, almost incalculable
harm was done to the variety by a con-
siderable amount of crossing into a strain
of smooths with terribly soft flannelly coats.
Good-looking terriers were produced, and
therein lay the danger, but their coats were
as bad as bad could be ; and, though people
were at first too prone to look over this very
serious fault, they now seem to have recov-
ered their senses, and thus, although much
harm was done, any serious damage has
been averted. If a person has a full-coated
wire-hair bitch he is too apt to put her to
a smooth simply because it is a smooth,
whom he thinks will neutralise the length of
his bitch's jacket, but this is absolute
heresy, and must not be done unless the
smooth has the very hardest of hair on him.
If it is done, the result is too horrible for
words : you get an elongated, smooth, full
coat as soft as cotton wool, and sometimes
as silkily wavy as a lady's hair. This is not
a coat for any terrier to possess, and it is

not a wire-hair terrier's coat, which ought
to be a hard, crinkly, peculiar-looking
broken coat on top, with a dense undercoat
underneath, and must never be mistakable
for an ^elongated smooth terrier's coat,
which can never at any time be a protection
from wind, water, or dirt, and is, in reality,
the reverse.

To those who have owned wire-hairs for
the last twenty to twenty-five years, the
heading " Scant courtesy received at the
hands of many of the owners of the smooth
variety and others " will be fully intelligible.
It is perhaps unnecessary to dilate upon it
at any length, for it was always unsavoury
and bound to bring about its own Nemesis.
Many of the smooth owners in years gone
by could never see anything good in a wire-
hair. Why, goodness only knows ! But
the fact remains : everything was done that
could be done to belittle him at every
opportunity that presented itself. Where
there were in this respect many, it is re-
freshing to be able to say that to-day there
are few. The majority have seen the error
of their ways, and are even, some of them,
using, or thinking of using, or actually
owning and exhibiting, specimens of the
hated variety.

It has been a hard struggle, however, for
the wire-hair devotee. He has had many a
rebuff, many a hard knock to put up with ;
but he has in the end come up smiling,
and takes sly satisfaction to himself that
his enemies, or some of them, have been
compelled for the purpose of improving their
variety to borrow a bit of his blood, for he
knows that if this is done judiciously
nothing but improvement can result, and
that a still greater admiration will be lavished
on his deserving favourite.

Several incidents could be quoted by the
writer to prove the existence of what always
seemed to him the shallow-minded and foolish
opposition which the wire-haired had to put
up with from many owners of his smooth
brethren. It used to be said of them that
they had in reality no good points ; that
they were full of faults, which were always
hidden by a clever manipulation of hair, which
made their crooked legs appear straight,

348

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

their thin feet cat-like, their snipy jaws
more powerful ; that their owners, indeed,
ought all to be barbers and that the variety
was unworthy to be shown in competition
against the honest smooth, the latter being
a genuine article, the former a spurious one,
and so on ad infinitum. Some of this sort
of exaggerated nonsense is still to be heard,
and all that can be said about it is that if
there is truth in it, if a wire-hair's bad points
can be hidden successfully in this way, it
does not say much for the judges ; for the
slightest amount of handling by them
would at once expose any such deception.
A silly little stab — as silly and little as it
can be — that has been given the wire-hair
by secretaries of clubs and others, supposed
to be fostering the breed, is that until
quite recently they would insist upon de-
scribing the variety under notice in their
schedules, rules, etc., as " rough " instead of
giving it its proper title, the one approved
by the Kennel Club, and on its registration
list, viz. " Wire-hair." Their coats, so
said the traducers, were not entitled to the
name, and the proper thing was to call them
" Rough," just as you do some Collies,
St. Bernards, and Pomeranians. Despite
the old maxim which concerns glass houses,
stones, and people, the greatest difficulty
has been experienced in putting this matter
straight, but it is believed that with one
exception this child's work has died out.

The fourth difficulty referred to— " The
incompetency of gentlemen appointed
to officiate as judges of the variety at
several of the shows " — has always been a
stumbling block to the proper advancement
of the wire-hair. People have often judged,
and still frequently judge, the breed who,
on their own showing, on the statements of
their own lips, have no right whatever to do
so. It is the writer's belief that no person
is competent to judge a terrier, especially
one with a wire-hair coat, unless he has had
many years' experience in breeding and
keeping dogs with this peculiarity. With-
out this experience a judge cannot pick out
the sound, honest-coated dog from the one
who has had his coat prepared ; he is
therefore unable to do his duty in penalising

the wrong-coated dog to the advantage of
the right one, and thus encouraging people
in the keeping, breeding, and exhibiting of
the latter, to the total exclusion of the
former. On many occasions a gentleman,
who, because he is a breeder and exhibitor
of the smooth variety, has been invited,
and agreed, to judge both varieties, has
been heard to declare, after he has finished
his smooths, that he wished to goodness he
had not to judge the wire-hairs, as he knows
nothing of them, hates the sight of them,
and is sure he will make a mess of them.

He is invariably, or nearly so, correct in
this latter prognostication, and at times
most ludicrous awards are made. The
judge himself feels he is making a mess of
them, gets into a terrible tangle, and, sad
as it is to admit, falls back then upon the
well-known exhibitors who happen to be
exhibiting at the time, and almost, irre-
spective of the points of the animals led in
by them, awards them the plums.

It must easily be seen how great a handicap
this sort of thing is bound to be to any
breed. There are several small breeders of
the wire-hair in the United Kingdom who
are trying hard to breed the bond fide
terrier ; they exhibit some very good
specimens from time to time, and their
disappointment and disgust at this sort of
business is naturally very acute. In fairness
to the judges as a whole it must be said that
there are, of course, very many able and
capable men among them ; this being so,
it is a great pity more care is not taken by
show committees in selecting judges for
wire-hairs, and they should not take it for
granted that the smooth judge is invariably
able to officiate also on the other variety.

No one can possibly make a good job of
judging a class of wire-hairs if he does not
properly handle every exhibit. The re-
marks one hears about " putting their legs
and feet in water," to judge their points,
are senseless and beside the question. If
the judge will pass his hand down the legs,
right to the end of the toes, he can — if he
has any nous — find out everything he
wants, everything that is there. Re-
cently a case occurred at an important

THE WIRE-HAIR FOX-TERRIER.

349

show where a terrier with marvellously
straight legs and great bone was very
badly treated by a judge (of smooths), and
when asked the reason why, his reply was
" Oh, her legs are so crooked." As a fact,
the hair had got ruffled up on the legs, as
of course it is always likely to do ; the judge
had never handled the terrier, and one pass
of the hand down the leg would at once have
corrected his misap-
prehension, and have
revealed a pair of
" props " like unto
those of a perfect Fox-
hound, and this it was
surely his duty to find
out.

As to point num-
ber five. The wire-
hair has had a great
advertisement, for
better or worse, in the
extraordinarily promi-
nent way he has been
mentioned in connec-
tion with " faking "
and trimming.
Columns have been
written on this subject,

speeches of inordinate length have been
delivered, motions and resolutions have
been carried, rules have been promulgated,
etc., etc., and the one dog mentioned
throughout in connection with all of them
has been our poor old, much maligned
wire-hair. He has been the scapegoat,
the subject of all this brilliancy and elo-
quence, and were he capable of understanding
the language of the human, we may feel sure
much amusement would be his.

There are several breeds that are more
trimmed than the wire-hair, and that
might well be quoted before him in this
connection.

There is a -vast difference between legiti-
mate trimming, and what is called " faking."
All dogs with long or wire-hair or rough
coats naturally require more attention, and
more grooming than those with short smooth
coats. For the purposes of health and
cleanliness it is absolutely necessary that

MISS HATFEILD'S CH. MORDEN BULLSEYE

BY COTTAGE PETER MORDEN BELLA.

Photograph by Revdey, Wantage.

such animals should be frequently well
groomed. There is no necessity, given a
wire-hair with a good and proper coat, to
use anything but an ordinary close toothed
comb, a go'od hard brush, and an occasional
removal of long old hairs on the head, ears,
neck.legs and belly, with the finger and thumb.
The Kennel Club regulations for the pre-
paration of dogs for exhibition are perfectly
clear on this subject,
and are worded most
properly.

They say that a dog
" shall be disqualified
if any part of his coat
or hair has been cut,
clipped, singed, or
rasped down by any
substance, or if any of
the new or fast coat
has been removed by
pulling or plucking in
any manner." There
is no law, therefore,
against the removal
of old coat by finger
and thumb, and any-
one who keeps long-
haired dogs knows
that it is essential to the dog's health that
there should be none.

It is in fact most necessary in certain
cases, at certain times, to pull old coat out
in this way. Several terriers with good
coats are apt to grow long hair very thickly
round the neck and ears, and unless this is
removed when it gets old, the neck and ears
are liable to become infested with objection-
able little slate-coloured nits, which will
never be found as long as the coat is kept
down when necessary. Bitches in whelp,
and after whelping, although ordinarily
good-coated, seem to go all wrong in their
coats unless properly attended to in this
way, and here again, if you wish to keep
your bitch free from skin trouble, it is a
necessity, in those cases which need it, to
use finger and thumb.

If the old hair is pulled out only when it
is old, there is no difficulty about it, and
no hurt whatever is occasioned to the dog,

350

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

who does not in reality object at all. If,
however, new or fast coat is pulled out it
not only hurts the dog but it is also a very
foolish thing to do, and the person guilty
of such a thing fully merits disqualification.

There are black sheep in every walk of
life. There are some terriers of all varieties
of the wire-hair or rough-coated ones, whose
coats are so bad naturally that the grooming
and pulling would be quite useless, simply
because the dog's coat is practically never
anything else but a new and fast coat,
there never being any undercoat on him to
force out and cause him to shed his old coat.
These dogs, as terriers, either for work or
exhibition, ought to be put out of the way
at once.

Unfortunately, however, this is not always
done, and, perhaps in other respects good-
looking terriers, they get into the hands of
unscrupulous owners, who by clever clipping
and manipulation barber them up and show
them, sad though it be, with a certain
amount of success under some judges. To
anyone who knows anything about it, any
such are easily detected as wrong-coated
ones, and treated accordingly, but inasmuch
as at times these artificial terriers attain —
under judges who know nothing about it,
or who knowing yet dare not act — to
high places, and consequently are probably
used as sires or dams, it will readily be
understood what a drawback they are, and
how much better we should be without
them.

Most of the nonsense that is heard about
trimming emanates, of course, from the
ignoramus ; the knife, he says, is used on
them all, a sharp razor is run over their
coats, they are singed, they are cut, they
are rasped (the latter is the favourite term).
Anything like such a sweeping condemnation
is quite inaccurate and most unfair. It is
impossible to cut a hair without being
detected by a good judge, and very few
people ever do any such thing, at any rate
for some months before the terrier is ex-
hibited, for if they do, they know they are
bound to be discovered, and, as a fact, are.

When the soft-coated dogs are clipped
they are operated on, say, two or three

months before they are wanted, and the
hair gets a chance to grow, but even then it
is easily discernible, and anyone who, like
the writer, has any experience of clipping
dogs in order to cure them of that awful
disease, follicular mange, knows what a
sight the animal is when he grows his
coat, and how terribly unnatural he looks.
The people who, perhaps, know how to
keep their terriers in good form better than
anybody are the inhabitants of those two
great counties Lancashire and Yorkshire.
They know the art of grooming to perfection,
and their terriers, therefore, nearly always
look healthy, well, and happy. They are
naturally very fond of a dog, and though
at times the master no doubt is a bit rough,
the dog invariably exhibits a great affection
for him. The writer, when up North a short
time ago, had a conversation with a Lancas-
trian who is a very old fancier, and in years
gone by a very successful one. Times,
however, have changed with him, but his
interest in " tarriers " is as keen as ever.
It was just about the time when there was
an extra amount of talk about " faking,"
in consequence of some attempt by some-
body or other to introduce further legislation
on the subject, and this had apparently
attracted our friend, for he said : " 'A
can't understand, Mr. Glynn, why they
keep bothering about the trimming of
tarriers ; why don't they leave it alone ?
'A suppose it's only those who know nowt
about it that are talking ; they can't
understand what it is to keep a tarrier ;
lor bless you, they'll never stop the loikes
of you and me trimming our toikes ; 'a don't
know what it is, but if 'a have a tarrier I
mun be doin' soom'ut with him, 'a can't
leave him alone, 'a mun either be fettlin' 'un
or 'a mun be giving 'un a d — d good latherin'."
This, although somewhat crudely put, will
show, to those who understand it, exactly
how to keep a " tarrier " fit, gives the secret,
in fact, in a nutshell, and they can take the
assurance of the writer that the terriers
shown by this man were always shown
fairly, and in the best of form, condition,
and health, bright, happy, and full of life.
My friend was, of course, exaggerating,

THE WIRE-HAIR FOX-TERRIER.

and simply meant that he was always
grooming and looking after his terrier, whom
he always had with him.

The wire-hair has never been in better state
than he is to-day ; he is, generally speaking
far ahead of his predecessors of twenty-five
years ago, not only from a show point of
view, but also in working qualities. One
has only to compare the old portraits of
specimens of the variety — apart altogether
from one's own recollections — with dogs of
the present day to see this. A good many
individual specimens of excellent merit, it
is true, there were, but they do not seem to
have been immortalised in this way. The
portraits of those we do see are mostly
representations of awful-looking brutes,
as bad in shoulders, and light of bone, as
they could be ; they appear also to have
had very soft coats, somewhat akin to that
we see on a Pomeranian nowadays, though
it is true this latter fault may have been
that of the artist, or probably amplified
by him.

Perhaps the strongest kennel of wire-
hairs that has existed was that owned a
good many years ago by Messrs. Maxwell
and Cassell. Several champions were in
the kennel at the same time, and they were
a sorty lot of nice size, and won prizes all
over the country. Jack Frost, Jacks Again,
Liffey, Barton Wonder, Barton Marvel, and
several other good ones, were inmates of
this kennel, the two latter especially being
high-class terriers, which at one time were
owned by Sir H. de Trafford. Barton
Marvel was a very beautiful bitch, and
probably the best of those named above,
though Barton Wonder was frequently put
above her. Sir H. de Trafford had for years
a very good kennel of the variety, and at
that time was probably the biggest and best
buyer.

Mr. Carrick, of Carlisle, was also a prom-
inent owner years ago, and showed some
excellent terriers, the best being Carlisle
Tack, Trick and Tyro. The latter was an
exceptionally good dog, and the variety
lost a staunch supporter when Mr. Carrick
retired in consequence of the disqualification
of this dog for having a cut ear. Someone

had apparently been over zealous in the
matter, entirely without Mr. Carrick's know-
ledge, it being as a fact proved beyond doubt
that that gentleman knew nothing whatever
about trm operation. Tyro, bar this defect,
was a very perfect little terrier that would
probably do very well on the bench to-day ;
there was in all likelihood no necessity to
perform the stupid operation, for nearly
all ears, if taken in hand, when the dog is a
puppy, can be easily worked and trained
into the orthodox carriage, and Tyro was
a puppy when objected to.

Mr. Sam Hill, of Sheffield, had also a strong
kennel, always well shown by George Porter,
who is now, and has been for some years, in
America, where he still follows his old love.
Mr. Hill's name will ever be associated with
that of his great dog Meersbrook Bristles,
who has undoubtedly done the breed a
great amount of good. Mr. May hew is
another old fancier, who nearly always
showed a good one. Mr. Mayhew has been
in America now for many years. One dog
of his, who it is believed became a champion,
viz. Brittle, did at one time a big business
at stud, perhaps not to the advantage of the
breed, for he was possessed of a very bad
fault, in that he had what was called a top-
knot ring, a bunch of soft silky hairs on
his forehead, an unfailing sign of a soft coat
all over, and a thing which breeders should
studiously avoid. This topknot was at one
time more prevalent than it is now.
Whether it is a coincidence or not one cannot
say, but it is a fact that in the writer's
experience several terriers possessed of this
fault have also blue markings, which again
are almost invariably accompanied by a
soft coat, and taking these two peculiarities
together it would seem that at some time,
years ago, a cross with that wonderfully
game but exceedingly soft-coated terrier, the
Bedlington, may have been resorted to,
though if so it would appear that nowadays
any effect of it is gradually dying out.

Mr. George Raper is one of the old fanciers
who is still with us. Mr. Raper has for
many years owned some of the best specimens
of the variety, Ch. Go Bang perhaps being
the most notable. Go Bang was a beautiful

352

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

terrier ; there was no denying his quality,
though he was to a certain extent a flukily
bred one, and as a consequence has not
been, either in England or America, so far
as the writer knows, a great success at the
stud. Mr. Raper sold Go Bang to Mr. G. M.
Carnochan, of New York, for something like
£500, probably the biggest price that has
ever been paid for any
Fox-terrier. Mr. Hay-
ward Field is another
gentleman who has been
exhibiting the breed for
very many years, and
has owned several good
terriers. The late Mr.
Clear had also at one
time a strong kennel,
the best of which by a
long way was Ch. Jack
St. Leger. This was a
little dog of great sub-
stance for his size, and
he had perhaps the best
head that one of his
size has ever possessed.
He had also a good
coat, though he could
always have done with
a little more of it. He
was a well-bred dog,
and one would have
thought a likely sire,
but his name rarely
appears in pedigrees.

Mr. Wharton was a well-known exhibitor
and judge some time back ; in the latter
capacity he sometimes still officiates, and
though one never now sees him exhibiting,
he no doubt has not lost touch with the
variety. It was he who owned that ex-
cellent little terrier Ch. Bushey Broom, who
created quite a furore when first exhibited
at the Westminster Aquarium, Mr. Wharton
driving off at once to his owner, who lived
somewhere in the suburbs of London, to
buy him. Bushey Broom had a very
successful career on the bench, and was
hardly beaten until the aforesaid Carlisle
Tyro accomplished this feat, at the show
at which he was disqualified.

MR. C. HOULKER'S

CH. DUSKY ADMIRAL

BY COMMODORE OF NOTTS
RUTH.

Mr. Harding Cox was years ago a great
supporter of the variety. He exhibited
with varying success, and was always much
in request as a judge ; one knew in entering
under him that he wanted firstly a terrier,
and further that the terrier had to be sound.
Mr. Cox has of course played a big part in
the popularisation of the Fox-terrier, for, as
all the world knows, he
was the instigator of
the Fox-terrier Club, it
being founded at a
meeting held at his
house. His love has
ever been for the small
terrier — who shall say
it was misplaced ? — and
certainly the specimens
shown by him, what-
ever their individual
faults, were invariably
a sporting, game-look-
ing lot. Mr. Sidney
Castle has for many
years shown wire-hair
Fox - terriers of more
than average merit ; he
thoroughly understands
the variety, indeed, per-
haps as well as any-
body. Messrs. Bar tie,
Brumby Mutter, G.
Welch, and S. Wilson,
are all old fanciers who
have great experience,
have bred and shown excellent specimens,
and are sound judges, who, for the good of
the variety, in common with the survivors
of those mentioned above, ought to judge
much more frequently than they do.

In mentioning (perforce with brevity) the
names of celebrated men and terriers of
years gone by, reference must be made to a
terrier shown some time ago, which, in the
writer's opinion, was as good, taken all
round, as any that have so far appeared.
This was Ch. Quantock Nettle, afterwards
purchased by a gentleman in Wales and
renamed Lexden Nettle. Of correct size,
with marvellous character, an excellent
jacket and very takingly marked with

-DUSKY

THE WIRE-HAIR FOX-TERRIER.

353

badger tan and black on a wonderful head
and ears, this bitch swept the board, as
they say, and unquestionably rightly so.

Wire-hair terriers used to be much more
takingly marked than is the case at the
present day. One constantly saw a hound-

MR. J. J. HOLGATE'S CH. SOUTHBORO' SALEX

BY CH. SYLVAN RESULT MARCHARD CORONA.

marked dog with plenty of badger tan
about him, but he is not seen to anything
like the same extent nowadays. A br indie-
marked dog is never seen now, and although
this marking is supposed in practice to
incur the penalty of disqualification, yet in
all truth, if it be a brindle of dark colour,
it is a most taking colouring, and one for
which some judges — the writer among them
— would not by any means disqualify an
otherwise good, sound terrier. It will be
seen that brindle markings are not included
in " disqualifying points " as laid down by
the Fox-terrier Club. All that is said is
that they are objectionable, the idea, of
course, being that they show the Bull-
terrier, which is undesirable, but in this
connection what to the writer is much more
objectionable, in that they look much more
Bull-terrier like, are the pink eyelids and
extra short coats, almost invariably to be
seen on all white terriers which are occasion-
ally exhibited.

No article on the wire-hair Fox-terrier
would be complete without mentioning the
name of the late Mr. S. E. Shirley, President

of the Kennel Club. Mr. Shirley was a
successful exhibitor in the early days of
the variety, and while his terriers were a
good-looking lot, though not up to the show
form of^to^day, they were invariably hard-
bitten, game dogs, kept chiefly for work.
Mr. Shirley was induced to judge wire-hairs
at the Fox-terrier Club show about four or
five years ago, when the writer had the
honour of officiating on the smooth variety,
and, as we all knew he would, went in
strictly for the little ones, irrespective, to a
certain extent, of their points.

On this question of size nearly all the
principal judges of the Fox-terrier are
agreed. Their maxim is " a good little one
can always beat a good big one." The
difficulty arises when the little ones are no
good, and the big ones are excellent ; it is
a somewhat common occurrence, and to
anyone who loves a truly formed dog, and
who knows what a truly formed dog can do,
irrespective altogether, up to a certain point,
of the length of his legs, it is an extremely
difficult thing to put the little above the

MR. F. REDMOND'S CH. DUSKY CRACKER

BY CH. CACKLER OF NOTTS DUSKY RUTH.

Photograph by Reveley, Wantage,

larger. All big dogs with properly placed
shoulders and sound formation are better
terriers for work of any sort than dogs half
their size, short on the leg, but bad in these

354

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

points. It is in reality impossible to make
an inexorable rule about this question of
size ; each class must be judged on its own
merits. Only quite recently a gentleman, who
is a well-known judge of smooths, was in-
trepid enough to .lay it down in black and
white, and cause it to be published to the
world, that never, no, never would he ever,
so long as he lived, give a prize again to a
terrier who scaled more than 17 Ib. It
may be added that this gentleman has since
judged on several occasions, and it is very
much to be doubted whether he has in any
instance — except maybe in puppy classes —
given a prize to any dog that has not scaled
more than 17 Ib.

The name of the late Mr. Enoch Welburn
in connection with the variety under notice
is known the world over. Mr. Welburn used
to show mostly for other people, but what-
ever he showed was always good, and ever
in excellent form. In his later years he had
the charge of a famous kennel, that of Mr.
Roland Philipson, whose recent death in a
terrible railway accident everyone deplores.
This kennel was well-nigh invincible at the
time of Mr. Welburn's death, and so much
did the master take to heart the death of
the man who had served him so well and
so truly that he never showed any of his
terriers again, most of them being sold.

A name that must be mentioned also
is that of a gentleman who was undoubtedly
a "Father" of the Fox-terrier, Mr. Luke
Turner. Mr. Turner's name is, of course,
better known in connection with the smooth
than the wire-hair variety, but quite shortly
before his death we find him showing only
wire-hairs, and among them a very charming
sound-coated bitch in Charnwood Marion,
with whom he scored many notable successes.
The name of Luke Turner will ever be held
in affectionate remembrance by the writer,
to whom he was one of the best of friends,
and to the initiation of whose career as a
terrier breeder and exhibitor by the gift of
a beautiful little terrier he is solely re-
sponsible.

The names of the exhibitors of the wire-
hair to-day in most parts of the world are
legion. The excellent terriers to be seen

are numerous. It would be quite impossible
in this chapter to give anything like an
exhaustive list of either.

Among the later devotees of the variety
we find the names of several ladies, prominent
among them being the Duchess of Newcastle
and Miss Hatfeild, who each have owned, for
some years now, excellent kennels. The
former's Ch. Cackler of Notts, Commodore
of that ilk, and Raby Coastguard (bought
for a big price by Mr. Raper when first
brought out by the Duchess, his breeder,
at the Fox-terrier Club show, and sold again
for a big price to America), were perhaps her
most famous terriers, while Miss Hatfeild
has been very successful with her Champions
Dusky Siren, Morden Bullseye, and many
others. Among men we have the names
of Messrs. Houlker, Hill, Holgate, Enfeild,
Forrest, Gratrix, Greenhough, Mason,
McNeill, Pitt-Pitts, Purdy, Redmond, Thur-
nall, Scott, Swingler, Warburton and many
others, all of them owners, and some of
them breeders of famous terriers.

America, Canada, Australia, India, and
Africa, as well as all the Continental nations,
have numerous exhibitors and owners of
the variety. They have bought, of course-,
originally, entirely from Great Britain, they
have paid fair prices, and they have from
time to time secured some of our best
specimens.

Our country is, however, still full of
excellent terriers of the variety, and there
can be no doubt that properly looked after,
in every sense of the expression, there is a
great future for the wire-hair.

In the writer's opinion the one thing of all
others that is required is that the judg-
ing shall be as much as possible in capable
hands. It would be well for those gentle-
men who receive invitations to judge wire-
hairs at different shows, if they would,
before accepting the appointment, ask
themselves the questions : Do I know
a sound wire-hair ? Do I know a sound-
coated one from a bad-coated one ? If the
answers can be honestly and confidently
given in the affirmative, then judge by all
means. If the feeling is that the replies
can only be in the negative, do not accept.

355

A LITTER OF AIREDALES BY HUCKLEBERRY FINN.
Phologiaph by H. W. Nicholls.

CHAPTER XXXVI.
THE AIREDALE TERRIER.

BY WALTER S. GLYNN.

" The rustic dames

Shall at thy kennel wait, and in their laps
Receive thy growing hopes ; with many a kiss
Caress, and dignify their little charge
With some great title, and resounding name
Of high import."

— SOMERVILLE.

THERE is perhaps no breed of dog that
in so short a time has been improved
so much as the Airedale. He is now
a very beautiful animal, whereas but a few
years back, although maybe there were a
few fairly nice specimens, by far the greater
number were certainly the reverse of this.
In place of the shaggy, soft-coated, ugly-
coloured brute with large hound ears and
big full eyes, we have now a very handsome
creature, possessing all the points that go
to make a really first-class terrier of taking
colour, symmetrical build, full of character
and " go," amply justifying — in looks, at
any rate — its existence as a terrier.

Whether it is common sense to call a dog
weighing 40 Ib. to 50 Ib. a terrier is a ques-
tion that one often hears discussed. The
fact remains the dog is a terrier — a sort of
glorified edition of what we understand by
the word, it is true, but in points, looks,

and character, a terrier nevertheless, and
it is impossible otherwise to classify him.

People will ask : " How can he be a
terrier ? Why, he is an outrage on the
very word, which can only mean a dog to
go to ground ; and to what animal in the
country of his birth can an Airedale go to
ground ? " Above ground and in water,
however, an Airedale can, and does, per-
form in a very excellent manner everything
that any other terrier can do. As a water
dog he is, of course, in his element ; for work
on land requiring a hard, strong, fast and
resolute terrier he is, needless to say, of
great value ; and he is said to be also, when
trained — as can easily be imagined when
one considers his power of scent, his strength,
sagacity, and speed — a most excellent gun-
dog. He is, in fact, a general utility dog,
for add to the above-mentioned qualities
those of probably an incomparable guard

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

and a most excellent companion, faithful
and true, and ask yourself what do you
want more, and what breed of dog, taken
all round, can beat him ?

The Airedale is not of ancient origin.
He was probably first heard of about the
year 1850. He is undoubtedly the pro-
duct of the Otterhound and the old black-
and-tan wire-haired terrier referred to in
this book at some length in the chapters
on the wire-hair Fox and the Welsh Terriers.
When one considers the magnificent noble-
ness, the great sagacity, courage, and
stateliness of the Otterhound, the great
gameness, cheek, and pertinacity of the
old black-and-tan wire-hair, such a cross
must surely produce an animal of excellent
type and character. It is, in fact, " all
Lombard Street to a halfpenny orange "
that there is something more than good
in an Airedale.

Yorkshire, more especially that part of
it round and about the town of Otley, is
responsible for the birth of the Airedale.

The inhabitants of the country of broad
acres are, and always have been, exceed-
ingly fond of any kind of sport — as, in-
deed, may also be said of their brothers of
the Red Rose — but if in connection with
that sport a dog has to be introduced, then
indeed are they doubly blessed, for they
have no compeers at the game.

Otter-hunting was formerly much in-
dulged in by the people living in the dales
of the Aire and the Wharfe, and not only
were packs of Otterhounds kept, but
many sportsmen maintained on their own
account a few hounds for their personal
delectation. These hounds were no doubt
in some instances a nondescript lot, as,
indeed, are several of the packs hunting
the otter to-day, but there was unques-
tionably 'a good deal of Otterhound blood
in them, and some pure bred hounds were
also to be found. Yorkshire also has always
been the great home of the terrier. Fox-
terriers, as we now know them, had at this
time hardly been seen. The terrier in
existence then was the black-and-tan wire-
hair, a hardy game terrier, a great work-
man on land or in water.

Whether by design or accident is not
known, but the fact remains that in or
about the year mentioned a cross took place
between these same hounds and terriers.
It was found that a handier dog was pro-
duced for the business for which he was
required, and it did not take many years to
populate the district with these terrier-
hounds, which soon came to be recognised
as a distinct breed. The Waterside terrier
was the name first vouchsafed to the new
variety. After this they went by the name
of Bingley Terriers, and eventually they
came to be known under their present
appellation.

The specimens of the Airedale which were
first produced were not of very handsome
appearance, being what would now be
called bad in colour, very shaggy coated,
and naturally big and ugly in ear. It, of
course, took some time to breed the hound
out at all satisfactorily ; some authorities
tell us that for this purpose the common
fighting pit Bull-terrier and also the Irish
Terrier was used, the latter to a considerable
extent ; and whether this is correct or not
there is no doubt that there would also be
many crosses back again into the small
Black-and-tan terrier, primarily responsible
for his existence.

In about twenty years' time, the breed
seems to have settled down and become
thoroughly recognised as a variety of the
terrier. It was not, however, for some ten
years after this that classes were given for
the breed at any representative show. In
1883 the committee of the National Show
at Birmingham included three classes for
Airedales in their schedule, which were
fairly well supported ; and three years
after this recognition was given to the
breed in the stud-book of the ruling
authority.

From this time on the breed prospered
pretty well ; several very good terriers were
bred, the hound gradually almost dis-
appeared, as also did to a great extent
the bad-coloured ones. The best example
amongst the early shown dogs was un-
doubtedly Newbold Test, who had a long
and very successful career. This dog

THE AIREDALE TERRIER.

357

excelled in terrier character, and he was sound
all over ; his advent was opportune — he was
just the dog that was wanted, and there is
no doubt he did the breed a great amount
of good.

About the time of Newbold Test's appear-
ance there were not very many people keep-
ing Airedales for show. The band of ex-
hibitors was a small one, and though they
kept on gradually improving their dogs
they did not attract many new enthusiasts
into the fold. One matter which perhaps
kept the breed back for some time was
that there always seemed to be one very
strong kennel in it, and this is a thing
which at times has the effect of frightening
off new-comers, who say to themselves :
" What is the use of my going in for that
breed ? Mr. So-and-So wins all the prizes ; I
shall never get to know as much as he does
about it, and he is always sure to beat
me." In this way progress is unwittingly
debarred, or at any rate delayed. There
was at one time a very strong kennel of
Airedales owned by a very rich gentleman
who could afford to — and did, in fact —
acquire every Airedale of note that existed
in his day. When all were bought and
there seemed to be no more to buy, the
owner, either for business reasons, or be-
cause he had tired of his hobby, gave the
whole thing up and presented his entire
kennel to a budding fancier who in turn
for some time held the field with it. As,
however, the inmates grew older, this
gentleman again, although he had been
fairly successful in bringing out a few new
ones of superlative merit, seemed to sicken
of the game, and in turn also dropped
out.

A dog called Colne Crack, who was a
beautiful little terrier, was another of the
early shown ones by whom the breed has
lost nothing, and two other terriers whose
names are much revered by lovers of the
breed are Cholmondeley Briar and Briar
Test.

Some years ago, when the breed was in the
stage referred to above, a club was formed
to look after its interests, and there is no
doubt that though perhaps phenomenal

success did not attend its afforts, it did its
best, and forms a valuable link in the chain
of popularity of the Airedale. It was at
best apparently a sleepy sort of concern,
and never -seems to have attracted new
fanciers, or to have caught the eye much
in any way. Some dozen years ago, how-
ever, a club, destined not only to make a
great name for itself, but also to do a thou-
sandfold more good to the breed it espouses
than ever the old club did, was formed
under the name of the South of England
Airedale Terrier Club, and a marvellously

MR. REGINALD KNIGHT'S THUNDER (1878).

EARLIEST PUBLISHED PORTRAIT OF AN AIREDALE.
DRAWN BY C. BURTON BARBER.

successful and popular life it has so far
lived. The younger club was in no way an
antagonist of the older one, and it has ever
been careful that it should not be looked
upon in any way as such. The old club
has, however, been quite overshadowed
by the younger, which, whether it wishes
it or not, is now looked upon as the leading
society in connection with the breed. Further
reference to its ramifications will be made
later.

At a meeting of the first club — which went
by the name of the Airedale Terrier Club —
held in Manchester some seventeen or
eighteen years ago, the following standard of
perfection and scale of points was drawn up
and adopted : —

i. Head. — Long, with flat skull, but not too
broad between the ears, narrowing slightly to the
eyes, free from wrinkle ; stop hardly visible, and
cheeks free from fulness ; jaw deep and powerful,

358

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

well filled up before the eyes ; lips light ; ears
V-shaped with a side carriage, small but not out
of proportion to the size of the dog ; the nose
black ; the eyes small and dark in colour, not
prominent, and full of terrier expression, the teeth
strong and level. The neck should be of moderate
length and thickness, gradually widening towards
the shoulders, and free from throatiness.

2. Shoulders and Chest. — Shoulders long and
sloping well into the back, shoulder blades flat,
chest deep, but not broad.

3. Body.— Back short, strong and straight ; ribs
well sprung.

4. Hindquarters. — Strong and muscular, with
no drop ; hocks well let down ; the tail set on
high and carried gaily, but not curled over the
back.

5. Legs and Feet. — Legs perfectly straight, with
plenty of bone ; feet small and round with good
depth of pad.

6. Coat. — Hard and wiry, and not so long as to
appear ragged ; it should also be straight and close,
covering the dog well over the body and legs.

7. Colour. — The head and ears, with the excep-
tion of dark markings on each side of the skull,

MR. HOLLAND BUCKLEY'S CH. ROYAL PAGEANT.

should be tan, the ears being a darker shade than
the rest, the legs up to the thigh and elbows being
also tan, the body black or dark grizzle.

8. Weight.— Dogs 40 Ib. to 45 lb., bitches
slightly less. It is the unanimous opinion of the
Airedale Terrier Club that the size of the Airedale
Terrier as given in the standard, is one of, if not
the most important characteristics of the breed ;
all judges who shall henceforth adjudicate on the
merits of the Airedale Terrier shall consider
undersized specimens of the breed severely handi-

capped when competing with dogs of the standard
weight ; and any of the club judges who, in the
opinion of the committee, shall give prizes or
otherwise push to the front, dogs of a small type,
shall be at once struck off from the list of specialist
judges.

Scale of Points.

Head

Eye .....
Colour ....

Ears

Body loin and hindquarters .
Nose .....

Teeth

Legs and feet
Neck and shoulders

Coat

Jaw .....

5
5

10
10

IS
10

Total

IOO

This standard is noteworthy in one or
two particulars. The scale of points is cer-
tainly the most remarkable thing of its
sort in existence.

It will be noted that the ear carriage re-
quired is a side one — i.e. ears carried on the
side of the head over the cheeks and not
carried forward over the top of the fore-
head. The above standard has been adopted
in its entirety by the South of England
Airedale Terrier Club. But it is much to
be doubted whether the members of this
go-ahead society carry out its ideas as to
ear carriage. The side carriage is the hound
carriage, and several of their best terriers
have become so terrier-like as to carry their
ears right forward, exactly the same, in fact,
as the present day Fox-terrier. I recently
had the honour of listening to a learned
disquisition from the lips of one of the fore-
most members of this club on the points of
an Airedale. He, at any rate, would have
no side carriage of ear, and was a very fer-
vent supporter of the ear that is carried
well forward on the top of the forehead. It is
to be noted also that great stress is to be
put on the necessity of correct weight. It
is, of course, an important factor that the
weight of an Airedale should be kept up
to the standard insisted upon. As soon as
little dogs are seen winning, the individuality
of the terrier in question is gone, and it is
possible that he might go on getting smaller

THE AIREDALE TERRIER.

359

and smaller until he should approach the
size of a Welsh Terrier, a thing which lovers
of either breed are anxious should not
come to pass. But what terrible pains and
penalties are held over the heads of any
judges who dare offend ! " Any of
the club judges who, in the opinion of
the committee shall give prizes or other-
wise push to the front " (the italics are
the writer's) " dogs of a small type, shall
be at once hung, drawn, and quartered."
How do you push a dog to the front ?
What does it mean ? The only way
one can perform this feat on a dog
besides giving it prizes is, maybe, if
you own and exhibit it or report on
it in some paper or other. It behoves
you to be careful, indeed !

Now let us consider the scale of points
drafted by the Airedale Terrier Club,
adopted — surely solely out of loyalty
— by the South of England Airedale
Terrier Club. Out of a total of 100,
not one single point is given for character,
expression, or general appearance. It is
clear, according to it, that what is wanted
is simply an animal with points ; no such
thing as a dog that is a terrier, with per-
fect balance, manners, character, and ex-
pression is considered at all. He is not
catered for ; he is not wanted. Let us
see what is wanted. Count the points given
for head and its appurtenances, and you
will find that nearly half the total — 40 out
of 100 — is given for head. Surely, this must
be wrong advice to give to anyone who
happens to believe that what is wanted is
a terrier, and a sound one. Will he not
naturally think that what is required is
something of a monstrosity — a clothes-
horse, e.g. with a head — it must be a head —
on one end of it ? The writer sometimes
comes across judges in other walks of
terrierdom who tell him that they cannot
look at a terrier unless he has what they
choose to call a " nob " on him. An Airedale
bred to standard must suit these gentry
because there would be no doubt about
his " nob." It would be a " nob " ! It
must be, as has been said above, that this
standard was adopted by the new body

purely out of loyalty, for its originators, the
older society. The Airedale fanciers of the
present day are so astute, and breed such
good terriers, that it must be assumed they
take little iieed of the standard and go

MR. E. BANES CONDY'S CH. HUCKLEBERRY LASS

BY COMPTON MARVEL MISS SALT.

their own ways. One often hears the present-
day Airedale man talking of type. He is,
in fact, a great stickler for type, and yet,
funnily enough, the standard which he has
fathered will not allow him to take any
notice of it, and does not allot even half a
point for it.

As has already been hinted, the one great
factor in the life of the Airedale was the
foundation of the South of England Airedale
Terrier Club some twelve years ago. At the
time this club was formed the state of the
Airedale was critical; possessed of perhaps
unequalled natural advantages, lovely dog
as he is, he had not made that progress
that he should have done. He had not
been boomed in any way, and had been
crawling when he should have galloped.
From the moment the new club was formed,
however, the Airedale had a new lease of
life. Mr. Holland Buckley and other keen
enthusiasts seem to have recognised to a
nicety exactly what was required to give
a necessary fillip to the breed ; they appear
also to have founded their club at the
right moment, and to have offered such an
attractive bill of fare, that not only did
everyone in the south who had anything

360

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

to do with Airedales join at once, but very
shortly a host of new fanciers was enrolled,
and crowds of people began to take the
breed up who had had nothing to do with
it, or, indeed, anyother sort of dog previously.
An excellent idea in connection with the
new club was the holding of novice shows
and what are called evening matches. These
latter proved an especial attraction. The
members of the club meet together at them,
and matches are decided between their
dogs, some being the outcome of challenges

A TYPICAL AIREDALE HEAD.

made and accepted before the meeting, but
many being got up on the spur of the moment
at the meeting itself, members taking dogs
there on the chance of finding a willing
opponent. A truly sporting spirit was thus
engendered by the new club, it being quite
a treat to attend any of its functions. No
one seems to mind whether he wins or not,
the merits of the opponent's dog being fully
acknowledged just as the faults in the
member's own dog are freely admitted. An
excellent nursery this, not only for the
production of the true fancier who takes
his licking like a man, but also for the making
of really competent judges, who, frequently
seeing dogs pitted against each other and
capably judged, get in the way of properly
weighing up the points of a terrier, judging
in a correct method, and thus eventually
themselves fittingly occupying the judicial
chair.

Some few years after the foundation of

this club, a junior branch of it was started,
and this, ably looked after by Mr. R. Lauder
McLaren, is almost as big a success in its
way as is the parent institution. Other
clubs have been started in the north and
elsewhere, and altogether the Airedale is
very well catered for in this respect, and,
if things go on as they are now going, is
bound to prosper and become even more
extensively owned than he is at present. To
Mr. Holland Buckley, Mr. G. H. Elder,
Mr. Royston Mills, and Mr. Marshall Lee,
the Airedale of the present day owes much.
These gentlemen, it is true, are all south
countrymen, and it is perhaps odd that the
Airedale, being a north-country dog,
should receive its great impetus from
the south.

In the north the Airedale breeders
have been plodding steadily on, and
have not been idle by any means ;
they continue to produce a beautiful
class of terrier which can always hold
its own with anything produced else-
where ; but in the very nature of things
the breeders and owners being much more
spread about than is the case with their
southern confreres they probably have not
the facilities for frequent meetings. It is
in no sense derogatory to them to say that
the Airedale owes a great deal in recent
years to the southerner ; it is, in fact, just
the opposite, and does them infinite credit.
They are in reality the fathers of the breed,
and it is solely owing to the quality of their
productions that the gentlemen from the
south have in such large numbers taken up
their breed — a fact which one may be sure
is not objected to in the slightest by the
gentlemen of the north.

The Airedales that have struck the writer
as the best he has come across, besides those
already mentioned, are Master Briar, Clonmel
Monarch, Clonmel Marvel, Dumbarton Lass,
Tone Masterpiece, Mistress Royal, Master
Royal, Tone Chief, Huckleberry Lass, and
Fielden Fashion. Two other champions in
York Sceptre and Clonmel Floriform were, as
far as he can remember, unseen by the writer.
Nearly every one of these is now, either in the
flesh or spirit, in the United States or Canada.

THE AIREDALE TERRIER.

361

The first-named dog in this list — Master
Briar — is, perhaps more than any other
terrier, responsible for the great improve-
ment in the quality of his kind, so mani-
fest during the past decade. Amongst
others, he sired Clonmel Monarch, who
again, both in England and the United
States, has done the breed an immensity of
good.

The people of the United States and Canada
have bought of our best in all breeds, but it
is to be doubted if they have made such a
clean sweep of nearly all the best in any
other breed as they have in Airedales. Some
breeds there are whose owners no money
will tempt to part with their best ; one
may say, in fact, that in most breeds this
is the case. In Airedales, however, it would
appear that breeders have such confidence
in their powers of reproducing, at practically
a moment's notice, exactly what they want,
that they see no harm in selling abroad
every " flier " they bring out, always pro-
viding that the inducement offered is sub-
stantial enough.

Speaking broadly, it is approaching the
truth to say that the owners of the variety
under notice have carried this idea too far,
and that the breed in England to-day is,
as a consequence, suffering somewhat from
the wholesale depletion of its very best
specimens. Excellent specimens there are
without number, all of nice type, brilliant
colour, correct size, and mostly with wonder-
ful bone, legs and feet ; but is there in
this country to-day, for instance, a Tone
Masterpiece in dogs, or is there a Mistress
Royal in bitches ? These two, with another
beautiful terrier in Master Royal, are the
latest " cracks " to cross " the herring pond,"
and though, of course, one can never tell,
yet from what has been seen on the bench
of late, it appears that some time will
elapse before specimens of their calibre will
be seen again on this side.

In all probability, the person who knows
more about this terrier than anyone living
is Mr. Holland Buckley. He has written a
most entertaining book on the Airedale ; he
has founded the principal club in con-
nection with the breed; he has pro-

duced several very excellent specimens,
and it goes without saying that he is
— when he can be induced to " take the
ring " — a first-rate judge. Mr. Buckley has
frequently told the writer that in his opinion
one of the best terriers he has seen was the
aforesaid Clonmel Floriform, but, as this
dog was sold for a big price very early in his
career, the writer never saw him.

Most of the articles that have been
written on the Airedale have come from the
pen of Mr. Buckley, and therefore but modest
reference is made to the man who has worked
so whole-heartedly, so well, and so success-
fully in the interests of the breed he loves.
It would be ungenerous and unfair in any
article on the Airedale, written by anyone
but Mr. Buckley, if conspicuous reference
were not made to the great power this gentle-
man has been, and to the great good that he
has done.

The writer has an extensive experience of
all matters in connection with the dog ;
he knows the progress made by all breeds,
the stumbling-blocks, the little and big
foolishnesses that constantly occur ; and
he can say in all sincerity that no man has
done more for any breed than Mr. Holland
Buckley has done for the Airedale. One has
only to compare the conditions when he came
on the scene with the state of things to-day
to realise what has been done. It is to the
lasting credit of Mr. Buckley that the Aire-
dale is where he now is.

Dealing shortly with oversea lovers of
the breed, we have a very prominent
Canadian owner in Mr. Joseph A. Laurin,
the purchaser of Champions Mistress and
Master Royal. 4 Mr. Laurin is quite an old
fancier in the breed, and has been very
successful. The writer had the pleasure of
meeting him when he was judging the breed
at Toronto some four years ago. In the
United States there is Mr. Theo Offerman,
the owner of a wonderful trio in Champions
Tone Masterpiece, York Sceptre, and Clonmel
Floriform ; and there are other great sup-
porters in Messrs. Barclay, Newbold, Russell,
H. Johnstone, Foxall Keene, A. Merritt,
Lorillard, Carter, Whittem, Ffrench, Brook-
field (Hon. Secretary of the flourishing

362

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Airedale Terrier Club of America), and
others.

In England and Scotland, beyond the
names already mentioned, we find chief
among the supporters of the breed Mr.
Horace Johnstone (owner of a very high-
class bitch in Ch. Fielden Flower Girl,
and he also has perhaps one of the
"coming" kennels), Mr. E. Banes Condy
(owner of the aforesaid Champion Huckle-
berry Lass, another beautiful bitch), and
several ladies as well as gentlemen, who
have all done their best for the breed,
and have at one time or other owned
good specimens. Among them I may
mention Miss Kennedy, Mrs. Tyser, Mrs.
M. Cuthell, the breeder of Ch. Mistress
Royal (perhaps the best bitch ever seen)
and Ch. York Sceptre, Capt. Bailey, and
Messrs. Hoskins, Dudbridge Green, Theo.
Kershaw, A. E. Jennings, T. L. Brown,
R. Thomas, R. Donaldson, Kerr, T. Innes,
A. Clarkson, Hunter Johnston, Maude
Barrett, Lever Bros., Stuart Noble, H.
S. Mitchell, Baines, E. Blunt, Mason and
Allatt, J. R. Cooper, J. G. Horrocks, and
G. Lunt.

The Airedale is such a beautiful specimen

of the canine race, and is, in reality, in such
healthy state, that every one of his admirers
— and they are legion — is naturally jealous
for his welfare, and is wishful that all shall
go well with him. It is gratifying to state
that he has never been the tool of faction,
though at one time he was doubtless near
the brink ; but this was some time ago,
and it would be a grievous pity if he ever
again became in jeopardy of feeling the
baneful influence of any such curse.

There is one serious matter in connec-
tion with him, however, and that is the
laxity displayed by some judges of the
breed in giving prizes to dogs shown in a
condition, with regard to their coats, which
ought to disentitle them to take a prize in
any company. Shockingly badly-trimmed
shoulders are becoming quite a common
thing to see in Airedales. There is no
necessity for this sort of thing ; it is very
foolish, and it is impossible to imagine
anything more likely to do harm to a breed
than that the idea should get abroad that
this is the general practice in connection
with it. Judges should do their duty, and
the thing will go of itself. One can only
hope it will.

CH. FIELDEN FLOWER GIRL.

CH. MASTER ROYAL.

3^3

CHAPTER XXXVII.
THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER.

BY HAROLD WARNES.

"/ never barked when out of season;
I never bit without a reason ;
I ne'er insulted weaker brother ;
Nor wronged by force or fraud another.
Though brutes are placed a rank below,
Happy for man could he say so ! "

— BLACKLOCK.

gamest of all the terriers has been
known as a distinct and thoroughly
British breed for over a century,
which is, I think, a fairly ancient lineage.
There are various theories as to its original
parentage, but the one which holds that
he was the result of a cross between the
Otterhound and the Dandie Dinmont sug-
gests itself to me as the most probable one.
His characteristics strongly resemble in
many points both these breeds, and there
can be but little doubt of his near relation-
ship at some time or other to the Dandie.

The earliest authentic record we have of
the Bedlington was a dog named Old
Flint, who belonged to Squire Trevelyan,
and was whelped in 1782. The pedigree of
Mr. William Clark's Scamp, a dog well
known about 1792, is traced back to Old
Flint, and the descendants of Scamp were
traced in direct line from 1792 to 1873.

A mason named Joseph Aynsley has the
credit for giving the name of " Bedlington "
to this terrier in 1825. It was previously
known as the Rothbury Terrier, or the
Northern Counties Fox-terrier.

Mr. Thomas J. Pickett, of Newcastle-on-
Tyne, was perhaps the earliest supporter of
the breed on a large scale, and his Tynedale
and Tyneside in especial have left their
names in the history of the Bedlington.
Referring to the origin of this terrier, Mr.
Pickett wrote in The Live Stock Journal in
1877 :-

"Whilst a schoolboy I recollect one day
wandering in the woods of the Brandling

estate of Gosforth, in Northumberland,
gathering primroses, when I met a wood-
man named David Edgar, who was accom-
panied by a Northern Counties Fox-terrier,
and who gave me a whelp by his celebrated
dog Pepper. This whelp was the first of the
breed I ever possessed. Being an ardent
admirer of this description of dog, I followed
up the breed, and have seen as many of
them as most people. ... I have in
my possession a copy of Tyneside's pedigree,
dated 1839, signed by the late Joseph
Aynsley, who was one of the first breeders
of this class of dog, and who acted as judge
at the first Bedlington Show, and I quote
the following as a description of what a
Northern Counties Fox-terrier should be :

" ' Colour. — Liver, sandy, blue-black, or
tan.

" ' Shape. — The jaw rather long and small,
but muscular ; the head high and narrow
with a silky tuft on the top ; the hair rather
wiry on the back ; the eyes small and
rather sunk ; the ears long and hanging
close to the cheek, and slightly feathered
at the tip ; the neck long and muscular,
rising well from the shoulder ; the chest
deep, but narrow ; the body well propor-
tioned, and the ribs flat ; the legs must be
long in proportion to the body, the thinner
the hips are the better ; the tail small and
tapering, and slightly feathered. Altogether
they are a lathy-made dog.' '

The present day Bedlington very closely
resembles the dogs described by Aynsley,
excepting that, like a good many other

364

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

terriers, he has become taller and heavier
than the old day specimens. This no doubt
is due to breeding for show points. He is
a lathy dog, but not shelly, inclined to be
flatsided, somewhat light in bone for his
size, very lively in character, and has
plenty of courage. If anything, indeed, his
pluck is too insistent.
The standard of points as adopted by

MR. JOHN CORNFORTH'S NELSON

BY QUAYSIDE LAD BLACK-EYED SUSAN.

the National Bedlington Terrier and The
Yorkshire Bedlington Terrier Clubs is as
follows : —

1. Skull. — Narrow, but deep and rounded ;
high at the occiput, and covered with a nice
silky tuft or topknot.

2. Muzzle. — Long, tapering, sharp and mus-
cular, as little stop as possible between the eyes,
so as to form nearly a line from the nose-end along
the joint of skull to the occiput. The lips
close fitting and without flew.

3. Eyes. — Should be small and well sunk in the
head. The blues should have a dark eye, the blues
and tans ditto, with amber shades ; livers and
sandies a light brown eye.

4. Nose. — Large, well angled ; blues and blues
and tans should have black noses, livers and
sandies flesh-coloured.

5. Teeth. — Level or pincher- jawed.

6. Ears. — Moderately large, well formed, flat
to the cheek, thinly covered and tipped with
fine silky hair. They should be filbert shaped.

7. Legs. — Of moderate length, not wide apart,
straight and square set, and with good-sized
feet, which are rather long.

8. Tail. — Thick at the root, tapering to a point,
slightly feathered on lower side, 9 inches to II
inches long and scimitar shaped.

9. Neck and Shoulders. — Neck long, deep at
base, rising well from the shoulders, which should
be flat.

10. Body. — Long and well-proportioned, flat
ribbed, and deep, not wide in chest, slightly
arched back, well ribbed up, with light quarters.

11. Coat. — Hard, with close bottom, and not
lying flat to sides.

12. Colour. — Dark blue, blue and tan, liver,
liver and tan, sandy, or sandy and tan.

13. Height. — About 15 inches to 16 inches.

14. Weight. — Dogs about 24 pounds ; bitches
about 22 pounds.

15. General Appearance. — He is a light-made,
lathy dog, but not shelly.

Value of Points adopted by the National
Bedlington Terrier Club.

Head

Size .....

Teeth

Colour .....
Legs and feet

Ears .....
Eyes .....
Nose .....
Body . .

Coat .....
Tail

20
10
10

5
10

5
5
5

15
10

Total .

IOO

The Yorkshire Bedlington Terrier Club Scale of

Points.

Skull . . . .
Jaw .
Eyes .
Nose .
Teeth .
Ears .
Legs .
Tail

Neck and shoulders
Body .
Coat
Colour .
Height .
Weight.

Total

15
5
5
5
5
5

5
5

IS
10

5
5
5

100

I think the latter scale of points is the
better one, as it does not give more for
head than body, and therefore encourages
symmetry, which is sadly wanting in a good
many of the present show dogs.

There is a tendency nowadays towards
excess of size in the Bedlington. It is
inclined to be too long in the body and too

THE BEDLINGTON TERRIER.

365

leggy, which, if not checked, will spoil the
type of the breed. It is, therefore, very
important that size should be more studied
by judges than is at present the case.
The faults referred to are' doubtless the

MR. HAROLD WARNES1 CH. MISS OLIVER
BY MEG DICK

result of breeding for exceptionally long
heads, which seem to be the craze just now,
and, of course, one cannot get extra long
heads without proportionately long bodies
and large size. If it were possible to do so,
then the dog would become a mere carica-
ture.

Judges should take into consideration the
purposes for which the Bedlington is in-
tended, and ask themselves the question,
Could such and such a dog draw a badger or
bolt a fox ? If this were done, the outsized
dog of 18 to 19 inches high, and of about
28 to 30 Ib. in weight, would be excluded
from the prize list, and soon disappear from
the show bench.

As a sporting terrier the Bedlington holds
a position in the first rank. He is very
fast and enduring, and exceedingly pertina-
cious, and is equally at home on land and
in water. He will work an otter, draw a
badger, or bolt a fox, and he has no superior
at killing rats and all kinds of vermin.
He has an exceptionally fine nose, and makes
a very useful dog for rough shooting, being
easily taught to retrieve. If he has any
fault at all, it is that he is of too jealous a
disposition, which renders it almost im-
possible to work him with other dogs, as
he wants all the fun to himself, and if he
cannot get it he will fight for it. But by

himself he is perfect. As a companion he
is peculiarly affectionate and faithful, and
remarkably intelligent ; he makes a capital
house-dog, is a good guard and is very safe
with children.

With all these good qualities to his credit,
one naturally asks, How is it that he is not
more popular ? The answer is that he is
not sufficiently well known, and the reason
for this is that at our leading shows there
have in recent years been so few benched.
I think that the trimming necessary to put
him down in the form which is at present the
fashion amongst Bedlington fanciers is the
principal cause of his want of popularity as
an exhibition dog. It is useless to show
an untrimmed Bedlington with any hope of
getting into the prize money, and so long
as that is the case I am afraid we shall not
make much headway. The breed requires
to get into more hands than it now is.
A stand against excessive trimming could
then be successfully made, and if it became
the fashion to show the dogs as Nature and
not as the barber makes them, then, and
then only, would they take their proper
and prominent place in the show ring.

In spite of all these difficulties the Bed-
lington has held his head up, and a marked

MR. HAROLD WARNES' CRANLEY BLUE BOY
BY SILVERSMITH CH. MISS OLIVER.

increase in the numbers exhibited has
recently been apparent. For instance, at
the National Terrier Show at Westminster
in 1907 there were eighteen benched, and at

366

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Cruft's the record number of thirty-eight
faced the judge ; so there is still hope.

Apart from show purposes the Bedlington
has many admirers, consequently there is a
fair demand for the breed ; and as a general
rule the owner of these terriers becomes
enamoured of them, and swears by them.

Bedlingtons are not dainty feeders, as
most writers have asserted, nor are they
tender dogs. If they are kept in good con-
dition and get plenty of exercise they feed
as well as any others, and are as hard as
nails if not pampered. They are easy to
breed and rear, and the bitches make
excellent mothers. If trained when young
they are very obedient, and their tendency
to fight can in a great measure be cured
when they are puppies ; but, if not checked
then, it cannot be done afterwards. Once
they take to fighting nothing will keep them
from it, and instead of being pleasurable
companions they become positive nuisances.
On the other hand, if properly broken they
give very little trouble, and will not quarrel
unless set upon.

Of the dogs of note exhibited in recent
years mention may be made of the following :
Mrs. P. R. Smith's champions Clyde Boy,
Breakwater Girl and Breakwater Squire
(all blues), Breakwater Flash (liver), and
Breakwater Peer (blue), Mr. Harold

Warnes' Ch. Miss Oliver, Cranley Rosette,,
and Cranley Rags (livers), Cranley Piper,
Cranley Blue Boy, and Cranley Blue
Peter (blues), Mr. J. Blench's Ch. Afton
Jessie (blue), Mr. J. W. Blench's Ber-
wick Blue Boy (blue), Mr. W. B.
Baty's Champions Beaconsfield, Turquoise,
and Bellerby Bishop, Bellerby Maid, and
Bellerby Piper (all blues), Mr. W. Wear's
Clyde Pincher (blue), Mr. J. Wilson's Dudley
Blue Boy, Mr. Holmes' Afton Nettle, Mr.
R. C. Irving's Champions Jock of Oran (blue),
and Viva (liver), Mr. John Cook's Ch. Bea-
consfield Temporise (liver).

The dogs of earlier years whose memories
are handed down to posterity are Mr. W. E.
Alcock's champions Humbledon Blue Boy,
and Wild Wanny (afterwards owned by
Mr. Philip Turner), Mr. J. Cornforth's.
Nelson, Mr. E. G. Taylor's Miss Burton,
Mr. John Smith's Clyde Girl, and the liver
dog Goldsmith.

The clubs representing the breed are the
National Bedlington Terrier Club (Hon. Sec.,
Mr. John Cook, 39, Beaconsfield Street,
Newcastle-on-Tyne) ; the South of England
Bedlington Terrier Club (Hon. Sec., Mr.
Robert Elwood, Springfield Meadows, Wey-
bridge) ; and the Yorkshire Bedlington Terrier
Club (Hon. Sec., Mr. J. Wilson, 71, Armley
Road, Leeds).

MR. JOHN COOK'S CH. BEACONSFIELD TEMPORISE.

CH. PAYMASTER (SON), ERASMIC (MOTHER), PORCELAIN (DAUGHTER).

PROPERTY OF MISS LILIAN A. PAULL.

CHAPTER XXXVIII.
THE IRISH TERRIER.

BY ROBERT LEIGHTON.

" Though the last glimpse of Erin with sorrow I see,
Yet wherever thou art will seem Erin to me;
In exile thy bosom shall still be my home,
And, thine eyes make my climate wherever we roam,"

MOORE'S IRISH MELODIES.

THE dare-devil Irish Terrier has most
certainly made his home in our
bosom. There is no breed of dog
more genuinely loved by those who have
sufficient experience and knowledge to
make the comparison. Other dogs have a
larger share of innate wisdom, others are
more aesthetically beautiful, others more
peaceable ; but our rufous friend has a
way of winning into his owner's heart and
making there an abiding place which is
all the more secure because it is gained by
sincere and undemonstrative devotion. Per-
haps one likes him equally for his faults
as for his merits. His very failings are due
to his soldierly faithfulness and loyalty, to
liis too ardent vigilance in guarding the

threshold, to his officious belligerence to-
wards other canines who offend his sense
of proprietorship in his master. His par-
ticular stature may have some influence
in his success as a chum. He is just tall
enough to rest his chin upon one's knee and
look up with all his soul into one's eyes.
Whatever be the secret of his attraction —
whether it is merely a subtle Irish blarney
that conquers, or a spontaneous worship
of the being who is to him instead of a
god — 'tis certain that he has the Hibernian
art of compelling affection and forgiveness,
and that he makes one value him, not for
the beauty of his ruddy raiment, the straight-
ness of his forelegs, the set of his eye and
ear, the levelness of his back, or his ability

368

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

to win prizes, but rather for his true and
trusty heart, that exacts no return and
seeks no recompense. He may be but an
indifferent specimen of his kind, taken in
as a stranger at the gates ; but when at
length the inevitable time arrives, as it
does all too soon in canine nature, one then
discovers how surely one has been har-
bouring an angel unawares.

Statistics would probably show that in
numbers the Fox-terrier justifies the re-
putation of being a more popular breed,
and the Scottish Terrier is no doubt a
formidable competitor for public esteem.
It is safe, however, to say that the Irish
Terrier shares with these the distinction
of being one of the three most popular
dogs in the British Isles.

This fact taken into consideration, it is
interesting to reflect that thirty years ago
the Dare-Devil was virtually unknown in
England. Idstone, in his book on dogs,
published in 1872, did not give a word of
mention to the breed, and dog shows had
been instituted sixteen years before a class
was opened for the Irish Terrier. The dog
existed, of course, in Its native land. It
may indeed be almost truthfully said to
have existed " as long as that country has
been an island."

About the year 1875, experts were in dis-
pute over the Irish Terrier, and many
averred that his rough coat and length of
hair on forehead and muzzle were in-
dubitable proof of Scotch blood. His very
expression, they said, was Scotch. But
the argument was quelled by more knowing
disputants on the other side, who claimed
that Ireland had never been without her
terrier, and that she owed no manner of
indebtedness to Scotland for a dog whose
every hair was essentially Irish.

In the same year at a show held in Belfast
a goodly number of the breed were brought
together, notable among them being Mr.
D. O'Connell's Slasher, a very good-looking
wire-coated working terrier, who is said
to have excelled as a field and water dog.
Slasher was lint white in colour, and re-
puted to be descended from a pure white
strain. Two other terriers of the time were

Mr. Morton's Fly (the first Irish Terrier
to gain a championship) and Mr. George
Jamison's Sport. These three dogs were
heard of with curiosity in England, and in
The Live Stock Journal of August 20th,
1875, an engraved portrait of Sport was
published. The illustration was received
with great interest, representing as it as-
suredly did a genuine and typical Irish
Terrier. In the portrait the dog's muzzle is
seen to be somewhat snipy ; he is light in
the eye, but his ear carriage is good and his
shape of head, his limbs, body, stern and
coat are admirable. From all that one
can gather concerning him, he seems to
have been, in reality, a far better example
of his intrepid breed than any that were
put above him in competition — better, for
instance, than the same owner's Banshee,
who died a champion, and at least equal
to Mr. W. Graham's Sporter or Mr. E. F.
Despard's Tanner, by whom he was fre-
quently beaten.

The prominent Irish Terriers of the 'seven-
ties varied considerably in type. Stinger,
who won the first prize at Lisburn in 1875,
was long-backed and short-legged, with a
" dark blue grizzle coloured back, tan legs,
and white turned-out feet." The dam of
Mr. Burke's Killeney Boy was a rough black
and tan, a combination of colours which
was believed to accompany the best class
of coats. Brindles were not uncommon.
Some were tall on the leg, some short. Some
were lanky and others cobby. Many were
very small. There were classes given at
a Dublin show in 1874 for Irish Terriers
under 9 Ib. weight.

Jamison's Sport is an important dog
historically, for various reasons. He was
undoubtedly more akin to our present type
than any other Irish Terrier of his time of
which there is record. His dark ears were
uncropped at a period when cropping was
general ; his weight approximated to our
modern average. He was an all coloured
red, and his legs were of a length that would
not now be seriously objected to. But in
his day he was not accepted as typical,
and he was not particularly successful in
the show ring. The distinguished terrier of

THE IRISH TERRIER.

369

his era was Burke's Killeney Boy, to whom,
and to Mr. W. Graham's bitch Erin, with
whom he was mated, nearly all the pedigrees
of the best Irish Terriers of to-day date
back. Erin was said to be superior in all
respects to any of her breed previous to
1880. In her first litter by Killeney Boy
were Play Boy, Pretty Lass, Poppy, Gerald,
Pagan II., and Peggy, every one of whom
became famous. More than one of these
showed the black markings of their grand-
dam, and their
progeny for several
generations were
apt to throw back
to the black-and-
tan, grey, or brin-
dle colouring.
Play Boy and
Poppy were the
best of Erin's first
litter. The dog's
beautiful ears,
which were left as
Nature made them,
were transmitted
to his son Bogie
Rattler, who was

sire of Bachelor and Benedict, the latter
the most successful stud dog of his time.
Poppy had a rich red coat, and this colour
recurred with fair regularity in her descend-
ants. Red, which had not at first been
greatly appreciated, came gradually to be
the accepted colour of an Irish Terrier's
jacket. Occasionally it tended towards
flaxen ; occasionally to a deep rich auburn ;
but the black and brindle were so rigidly
bred out that by the year 1890, or there-
about, they very seldom recurred. Nowa-
days it is not often that any other colour
than red is seen in a litter of Irish Terriers,
although a white patch on the breast is
frequent, as it is in all self-coloured breeds.
In addition to the early celebrities already
named, Extreme Carelessness, Michael,
Brickbat, Poppy II., Moya Doolan, Straight
Tip, and Gaelic have taken their places in
the records of the breed, while yet more
recent Irish Terriers who have achieved
fame have been Mrs. Butcher's Bawn Boy

MR. GEORGE JAMISON'S SPORT (1875).

and Bawn Beauty, Mr. Wallace's Treasurer,
Mr. S. Wilson's Bolton Woods Mixer, Dr.
Smyth's Sarah Kidd, and Mr. C. J.
Barnett's Breda Muddler. Of these Sarah
Kidd wab, "perhaps, the most perfect, but
unquestionably the most famous was Bolton
Woods Mixer. Probably no dog of any breed
has in its career been more familiar to the
public. In his prime he was to be seen at
almost every important dog show, always
occupying a prominent position. He must

have earned quite
a respectable in-
come for his
master. Indeed,
he was known as
"Sam Wilson's
Bread -winner."
Over two thousand
first prizes, cups,
medals, and cham-
pionships were
credited to him,
and it is not to be
wondered at that
Mr. Wilson refused
as much as £700
for him. Mixer

lived to a good old age, for at the time of his
death from pneumonia and blood poisoning,
in April, 1907, he was in his twelfth year.

Naturally in the case of a breed which has
departed from its original type, discussions
were frequent before a standard of perfec-
tion for the Irish Terrier was fixed. His size
and weight, the length or shortness of his
limbs, the carriage of his tail, the form of his
skull and muzzle, the colour and texture
of his coat were the subjects of contro-
versy. It was considered at one juncture
that he was being bred too big, and at
another that he was being brought too much
to resemble a red wire-hair Fox-terrier.
When once the black marking on his body
had been eliminated no one seems to have
desired that it should be restored. Red
was acknowledged to be the one and only
colour for an Irish Terrier. But some held
that the correct red should be deep
auburn, and others that wheaten colour
was the tone to be aimed at. A medium

370

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

shade between the two extremes is now
generally preferred. As to size, it should
be about midway between that of the Aire-
dale and the Fox-terrier, represented by a
weight of from 22 to 27 Ib.

The two breeds just mentioned are, as
a rule, superior to the Irish Terrier in front,

MR. s. WILSON'S CH. BOLTON WOODS MIXER.

WINNER OF TWO THOUSAND PRIZES.

Isgs, and feet, but in the direction of these
points great improvements have recently
been observable. The heads of our Irish
Terriers have also been brought nearer to
a level of perfection, chiselled to the desired
degree of leanness, with the determined
expression so characteristic of the breed,
and with the length, squareness, and strength
of muzzle which formerly were so difficult
to find. This squareness of head and jaw
is an important point to be considered when
choosing an Irish Terrier. In the 'best
specimens of the breed, the muzzle, skull,
and neck, when seen in profile, exactly
fit within an imaginary rectangular frame,
thus :—

Opinions differ in regard to slight
details of this terrier's conformation, but

the official description, issued by the
Irish Terrier Club, supplies a guide upon
which the uncertain novice may implicitly
depend : —

1. Head. — Long ; skull flat, and rather narrow
between ears, getting slightly narrower towards
the eye ; free from wrinkles ; stop hardly visible
except in profile. The jaw must be strong and
muscular, but not too full in the cheek, and of a
good punishing length. There should be a slight
falling away below the eye, so as not to have a
Greyhound appearance. Hair on face of same
description as on body, but short (about a quarter
of an inch long), in appearance almost smooth and
straight ; a slight beard is the only longish hair
(and it is only long in comparison with the rest)
that is permissible, and this is characteristic.

2. Teeth. — Should be strong and level.

3. Lips. — -Not so tight as a Bull-Terrier's, but
well-fitting, showing through the hair their black
lining.

4. Nose. — Must be black.

5. Eyes. — A dark hazel colour, small, not
prominent, and full of life, fire, and intelligence.

6. Ears. — Small and V-shaped, of moderate
thickness, set well on the head, and dropping for-
ward closely to the cheek. The ear must be free
of fringe, and the hair thereon shorter and darker
in colour than the body.

7. Neck. — Should be of a fair length, and
gradually widening towards the shoulders, well
carried, and free of throatiness. There is generally
a slight sort of frill visible at each side of the neck,
running nearly to the corner of the ear.

8. Shoulders and Chest. — Shoulders must be
fine, long, and sloping well into the back ; the
chest deep and muscular, but neither full nor
wide.

9. Back and Loin. — Body moderately long ;
back should be strong and straight, with no appear-
ance of slackness behind the shoulders ; the loii
broad and powerful, and slightly arched ; ribs
fairly sprung, rather deep than round, and well
ribbed back.

10. Hindquarters. — Should be strong and mus-
cular, thighs powerful, hocks near ground, stifles
moderately bent.

11. Stern. — Generally docked ; should be free
of fringe or feather, but well covered with rough
hair, set on pretty high, carried gaily, but not over
the back or curled.

12. Feet and Legs. — Feet should be strong,
tolerably round, and moderately small ; toes
arched, and neither turned out nor in ; black toe
nails most desirable. Legs moderately long, well
set from the shoulders, perfectly straight, with
plenty of bone and muscle ; the elbows working
freely clear of the sides ; pasterns short and
straight, hardly noticeable. Both fore and hind

THE IRISH TERRIER.

37i

legs should be moved straight forward when trav-
elling, the stifles not turned outwards, the legs
free of feather, and covered, like the head, with
as hard a texture of coat as body, but not so
long.

13. Coat. — Hard and wiry, free of softness or
silkiness, not so long as to hide the outlines of the
body, particularly in the hindquarters, straight
and flat, no shagginess, and free of lock or curl.

14. Colour. — Should be " whole coloured," the
most preferable being bright red, red, wheaten,
or yellow red. White sometimes appears on chest
and feet ; it is more objectionable on the latter
than on the chest, as a speck of white on chest is
frequently to be seen in all self-coloured breeds.

15. Size and Symmetry. — The most desirable
weight in show condition is, for a dog 24 lb., and
for a bitch 22 lb. The dog must present an active,
lively, lithe, and wiry

appearance ; lots of
substance, at the
same time free of
clumsiness, as speed
and endurance, as
well as power, are
very essential. They
must be neither
cloddy nor cobby,
but should be framed
on the lines of speed,
showing a graceful
racing outline.

1 6. Temperament.
— Dogs that are very
game are usually
surly or snappish.
The Irish Terrier as
a breed is an excep-
tion, being remark-
ably good-tempered,
notably so with man-
kind, it being admit-
ted, however, that

he is perhaps a little too ready to resent inter-
ference on the part of other dogs. There is a
heedless, reckless pluck about the Irish Terrier
which is characteristic, and, coupled with the
headlong dash, blind to all consequences, with
which he rushes at his adversary, has earned
for the breed the proud epithet of " The Dare-
Devils." When " off duty " they are characterised
by a quiet, caress-inviting appearance, and when
one sees them endearingly, timidly pushing their
heads into their masters' hands, it is difficult to
realise that on occasions, at the " set on," they
can prove they have the courage of a lion, and will
fight unto the last breath in their bodies. They
develop an extraordinary devotion to and have
been known to track their masters almost incredible
distances.

Scale of Points for Judging Irish Terriers.
Positive Points.

Head, ears, and expression . . 20
Legs and feet . . . .15

S
10

5
10

Shoulders and chest
Back and loin
Hindquarters and stern
Coat ....
Colour ...

Size and svmmetrv

Total

loo

Negative Points.

White nails, toes, and feet .
Much white on chest . .
Dark shadings on face . .
Mouth undershot or cankered
Coat shaggy, curly, or soft .
Uneven in colour . .

Total

minus

10
10

MR. J. J. HOLGATE'S HAUTBOY
BY STRAIGHT BOY KITTY.

It is difficult to
refer to particular
Irish Terriers of
to-day without
making invidious
distinctions.
There are so many
excellent examples
of the breed that
a list even of those
who have gained
champ ionship
honours would be
formidable. But
one would hardly
hesitate to head
the list with the
name of Ch. Pay-
master, a dog of rare and almost super-
lative quality and true Irish Terrier
character. Paymaster is the property of
Miss Lilian Paull, of Weston-super-Mare,
who bred him from her beautiful bitch
Erasmic from Ch. Breda Muddler, the sire
of many of the best. Miss Paull's kennel
has also produced notably good specimens
of the breed in Postman (litter brother to
Paymaster), President, and Postboy. Side
by side with Ch. Paymaster, Mr. F. Clifton's
Ch. Mile End Barrister might be placed. It
would need a council of perfection, indeed,
to decide which is the better dog of the

372

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

two. Very high in the list, also, would
come Mr. Henry Ridley's Ch. Redeemer.
And among bitches one would name cer-
tainly Mr. Gregg's Ch. Belfast Erin, Mr.
Clifton's Ch. Charwoman, Mr. Everill's
Ch. Erminie, and Mr. J. S. McComb's Ch.
Beeston Betty. These are but half a dozen,
but they represent the highest level of ex-
cellence that has yet been achieved by
scientific breeding in Irish Terrier type.

Breeding up to the standard of excellence
necessary in competition in dog shows has
doubtless been the agent which has brought
the Irish Terrier to its present condition

MISS LILIAN A. PAULL'S CH. PAYMASTER
BY CH. BREDA MUDDLER ERASMIC.

of perfection, and it is the means by which
the general dog owning public is most
surely educated to a practical knowledge
of what is a desirable and what an un-
desirable dog to possess. But, after all,
success in the show ring is not the one and
only thing to be aimed at, and the Irish
Terrier is not to be regarded merely as the
possible winner of prizes. He is above all
things a dog for man's companionship, and
in this capacity he takes a favoured place.
He has the great advantage of being equally
suitable for town and country life. In the
home he requires no pampering ; he has
a good, hardy constitution, and when once

he has got over the ills incidental to puppy-
hood — worms and distemper — he needs only
to be judiciously fed, kept reasonably clean,
and to have his fill of active exercise. If
he is taught to be obedient and of gentle-
manly habit, there is no better house dog.
He is naturally intelligent and easily trained.
Although he is always ready to take his
own part, he is not quarrelsome, but re-
markably good-tempered and a safe asso-
ciate of children. Perhaps with his boister-
ous spirits he is prone sometimes to be over-
zealous in the pursuit of trespassing tabbies
and in assailing the ankles of intruding
butcher boys and officious post-
men. These characteristics come
from his sense of duty, which is
strongly developed, and careful
training will make him discrimin-
ative in his assaults.

Very justly is he classed among
the sporting dogs. He is a born
sportsman, and of his pluck it
were superfluous to speak. Fear
is unknown to him. In this
characteristic as in all others, he
is truly a son of Erin, and, like
his military countrymen, he excels
in strategy and tactics. Watch
him when hunting on his own on
a rabbit warren ; see him when
a badger is about ; follow his
movements when on the scent of
a fox ; take note of his activity in
the neighbourhood of an otter's
holt ; observe his alertness even
at the very mention of rats ! As a ratter
the Irish Terrier has no rival. Mr. Ridgway's
story of Antrim Jess illustrates both the
terrier's ratting capabilities and its resource-
ful strategy. A bank was being bored for
the wily vermin. One bolted. Jess had
him almost before he had cleared his hole.
Then came another and another, so fast
that the work was getting too hot even
for Jess ; when a happy thought seemed
to strike her, and while in the act of killing
a very big one, she leaned down and jammed
her shoulder against the hole and let them
out one by one, nipping them in succession
until eighteen lay dead at her feet !

373

OCCUPANTS OF THE BRYNHIR KENNELS.
BRED BY MR. WALTER S. GLYNN
Photograph by Pictorial Agency.

CHAPTER XXXIX.
THE WELSH TERRIER.

BY WALTER S. GLYNN.

" Therefore to this dog will I,
Tenderly, not scornfully,

Render praise and favour
With my hand upon his head
Is my benediction said

Therefore^ and for ever."

E. B. BROWNING.

THIS breed is near akin to the wire-
hair Fox-terrier, the principal differ-
ences being merely of colour and
type. The Welsh Terrier is a wire-haired
black or grizzle and tan. The most taking
colouring is a jet black body and back
with deep tan head, ears, legs, belly, and
tail. Several specimens have, however, black
foreheads, skulls, ears, and tail, and the
black will frequently be seen also extending
for a short way down the legs. There must
be no black, however, below the hock, and
there must be no substantial amount of
white anywhere ; a dog possessing either
of these faults is, according to the recog-
nised standard of the breed, disqualified.
Many of the most successful bench winners
have, nevertheless, been possessed of a little
white on the chest and even a few hairs
of that colour on their hind toes, and,

apparently, by the common consent of all
the judges of the breed, they have been
in nowise handicapped for these blemishes.
Though one would, of course, prefer to
have a whiteless specimen, as long as the
mark in that colour is not on a prominent
position of the dog's anatomy, and is not
in any way extensive, there is no need to
trouble about it.

There are not so many grizzle coloured
Welsh Terriers now as there used to be. A
grizzle and tan never looks so smart as a
black and tan ; but though this is so, if
the grizzle is of a dark hard colour, its
owner should not be handicapped as against
a black and tan ; if, on the contrary, it is
a washed-out, bluish-looking grizzle, a judge
is entitled to handicap its possessor, apart
altogether from the fact that any such
colour on the back is invariably accom-

374

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

panied by an objectionable light tan on
the legs, the whole being a certain sign
of a soft, silky, unterrierlike coat.

The coat of the Welsh Terrier slightly
differs from that of the wire-hair Fox-
terrier in that it is, as a rule, not so abundant,
and is, in reality, a different class of coat.
It is not so broken as is that of the Fox-
terrier, and is generally a smoother, shorter
coat, with the hairs very close together.
When accompanied with this there is a
dense undercoat, one has, for a terrier used
to work a good deal in water, an ideal
covering, as waterproof almost as the
feathers on a duck's back. The other
difference between the Fox and Welsh
Terrier — viz., type — is very hard to define.
To anyone who really understands Welsh
Terriers, the selection of those of proper
type from those of wrong type presents
little if any difficulty.

The Welsh Terrier, the standard of points
says, should present a more masculine
appearance than that usually seen in a Fox-
terrier, but it must not be taken from this
that any degree of coarseness is required.
There is, it is believed, such a thing as
masculine quality to be found even amongst
men ; it is this that is wanted in a Welsh
Terrier. He must be, in fact, a gentleman,
quite ready and able to take his part in
anything, however disagreeable and rough,
and he must further look the part.

Amongst those of wrong type that are
sometimes to be seen are specimens which
show a distinct likeness to an Airedale,
Fox, Irish, or Bedlington Terrier, even to
a Collie. All these are, as has been said,
easily discernible by competent judges, who
will have none of them and adhere manfully
to the proper Welsh type.

As a show-bench exhibit the Welsh
Terrier is not more than twenty-two years
old. He has, however, resided in Wales
for centuries.

There is no doubt that he is in reality
identical with the old black and tan wire-
haired dog which was England's first terrier,
and which has taken such a prominent part
in the production and evolution of all the
other varieties of the sporting terrier.

The real old Welsh gentry have ever been
keen sportsmen, and they are still. We
know that years ago a good deal of fighting
used to take place between gentlemen of
England and Wales living anywhere near
each other on the border ; and what more
likely than that in some of these little
affairs — where the Welshman, maybe, was
the victor — the Englishman's terrier was
" raised " by the former in common with
other loot ? However this may be, there
is not a shadow of doubt that the old
black and tan wire-hair had at one time
practically died out in England, and yet
was stuck to and cherished in Wales, in
parts of which country, such as Carnarvon-
shire, he has unquestionably been bred for
hundreds of years.

There are several people living in or
about Carnarvonshire who can show that
Welsh Terriers have been kept by their
ancestors from, at any rate, a hundred to
two hundred years ago. Notable among
these is the present master of the Ynysfor
Otter-hounds, whose great grandfather, John
Jones, of Ynysfor, owned Welsh Terriers
in or about the year 1760. This pack of
Otter-hounds has always been kept by the
Jones of Ynysfor, who have always worked
and still work Welsh Terriers with them.
From this strain some good terriers have
sprung, and this although neither the present
master nor any of his ancestors have con-
cerned themselves greatly about the looks of
their terriers, or kept anything but a head
record of their pedigrees. They are all, how-
ever, pure bred, and are set much store on
by their owner and his family, just as they
always have been by their predecessors.

Well over a hundred years ago there
existed, near Dolwyddelan, an old farmer
named Griffith Hughes, noted for his Welsh
Terriers that were famed throughout the
countryside for their prowess with fox or
otter. There is in existence an original
painting of this old sportsman with one of
his best Welsh Terriers, a dog that was
known to have killed a great number of
foxes. The original picture is in the posses-
sion of Mr. Rumsey Williams, of Carnarvon,
and a copy of it is to be seen at Ynysfor.

THE WELSH TERRIER.

375

In the early part of the last century we
know there were several strains of Welsh
Terriers in South Carnarvonshire kept purely
for sporting purposes, but most carefully
kept and bred, their different owners being
very proud of them, and each firmly con-
vinced that his own were the best in the
world. In one district, near a place called
Four Crosses, they were all Lewis Jones,
Saddler, breed ; in the Lleyn district they
were the Nauhoron breed ; at and about
the town of Carnarvon, the Rumsey breed ;
at and about Dolgelly, the Williams breed ;
at Harlech " Shon go " breed, and so on.

At times it seems the Welsh poets have
thought it right to refer in verse to the
Welsh Terrier. The Welsh poet writes
what is called in Wales an " Englyn " ; one
such, which was composed in or about the
year 1450, is here given : —

" Urddasol ffou im eoesoch — a gast dda,
Daeargast ddu dorgoch,
T dagu'r ffwlbart dugoch,
Ac i ewy go'r cachio coch."

This, literally translated, reads : —

" You gave me a dignified (picked)

stick — and a good bitch,
A black red-bellied terrier bitch
To throttle the brown pole-cat
And to tear up the red fox."

Until about the year 1884 no one seems
to have considered the question of putting
specimens of the breed on the show bench.
About that year, however, several gentlemen
interested in the variety met together to
see what could be done in connection with
the matter, the outcome being that the
Welsh Terrier Club was shortly afterwards
founded, the Kennel Club recognised the
breed, and the terrier himself began his
career as a show dog.

The specimens which were first shown
were, as may be imagined, not a very high-
class-looking lot. Although the breed had
been kept pure, no care had been taken in
the culture of it, except that which was
necessary to produce a sporting game
terrier, able to do its work. One can readily
understand, therefore, that such an entirely
" fancy " point as a long foreface and

narrow, clean skull had never been thought
of for a moment, and it was in these par-
ticulars that the Welsh Terrier at first
failed, from a show point of view. Natur-
ally enough:, good shoulders, sound hind-
quarters, more than fair legs and feet, and
excellent jackets were to be found in abund-
ance, but as the body was almost invariably
surmounted by a very short and wedge-
shaped head and jaw, often accompanied
with a pair of heavy, round ears, an under-
shot mouth, and a light, full eye, it will be
realised that the general appearance of the
dog was not prepossessing.

No sooner had the Welsh Terrier been
started as a show dog than a serious rival
put in an appearance. He was a similar
dog, but much better-looking than most of
the variety he was trying to oust. By
name he was known as an Old English
Terrier, a somewhat catchy appellation, and
some very beautiful specimens were brought
out, the consequence being that very shortly
after the Welsh Terrier had been officially
recognised as a breed by the Kennel Club,
this competing animal was also afforded
due recognition by the ruling body and
put on the list of breeds.

Then came the struggle for supremacy.
The beautiful Old English Terrier had,
naturally perhaps, the general sympathy ;
the insignificant short-faced Welsh Terrier
was laughed at, ridiculed, and treated with
contumely ; and though a small band of
determined admirers treated all this with
the scorn it deserved and stuck to their
dog, it was a hard struggle for them, and
it took some little time ere the foe was
successfully done with. That he was effec-
tually vanquished is a matter of history.
To the thinking person, who knew the
facts of the case, the victory of the Welsh
Terrier was assured from the first. The
one a pure breed established for centuries ;
the other, a child of the moment, a mon-
grel of the first water. So long as the pure
breed was kept pure, the Nemesis of the
other was bound to come. The Old English
Terrier emanated from the counties in the
North of England, wherein reside probably
the cleverest animal breeders in the world.

376

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

The Airedale and the Fox-terrier had most
to do with his production, but several
other breeds and varieties added their
quota as his progenitors. Classes were
given for him at all the principal shows.
Wherever there was a Welsh Terrier class, so
there would be one for Old English Terriers,
and some shows gave classes for Welsh or
Old English Terriers, which, inasmuch as
has been said the latter were the more

MRS. H. D. GREENE'S

CH. LONGMYND ENCHANTRESS

BY MR. HOUDINI BRYNHIR BRIDE.

Photograph by T. Fall.

showy, was felt by the supporters of the
former to be very objectionable and most
damaging to the interests of their breed,
then in the initial stage of its transformation
into the show dog.

The Welsh Terrier Club, ably managed
as it was by its first secretary, Mr. W.
Wheldon Williams, worked hard, however,
to set matters straight, and, from the first,
met with a certain amount of success.
Formed in the year 1885, it numbered
among its members several well-known
men in the dog world who did all they
could to assist a deserving cause. The
classes that were given at the very earliest
shows, such as Carnarvon, Pwllheli, and
others, were given for " Welsh or Black-and-
tan Wire-haired Terriers," and it was quite
marvellous the support they received and
the success attending them. One knows
that nowadays classes given for brand-new
breeds obtain at first but poor entries, are

usually included in a schedule as a conse-
quence of the liberality of some individual,
and that a breed generally takes some years
to work up, so that a respectable entry is
obtained. Here, however, from the very
first, as soon as classes were provided for
the " Welsh or Black-and-tan Wire-haired
Terrier," a large entry was obtained in
every such class, and people flocked to
the shows in Wales to see them. The
writer himself was present at the first
shows that catered for the breed. One
such — Pwllheli, in 1885 — had three classes,
each with an entry of over thirty per class,
and was a notable example — notable not
only on this account, but also from the
fact that the whole show was judged by
two old Welsh squires, splendid old gentle-
men of the sporting type, both of them
Masters of Hounds at one time or other,
who had kept Welsh Terriers all their lives
and knew very well what was required in
hunter, hound, or terrier. Both have been
dead now some years, but their memory
remains. The method of their judging,
though somewhat peculiar, seemed to give
satisfaction, and there is a probability that
the best dogs were properly recognised. Two
old black oak armchairs were procured from
a neighbouring cottage, and, seated in these,
our judges caused each dog to be separately
brought before them. Their good and bad
points were carefully noted down, and
the awards were ultimately given out with-
out further comparison being made. It
was a lengthy business, and, perhaps, rather
hard lines on those whose terriers wanted
something in the way of dog-flesh to show
at. But there was little if any grumbling
at the results ; the judges were so cheery,
and all was so pleasant and nice.

It was, of course, inevitable, in the cir-
cumstances, that at first animals which
were not pure-bred Welsh Terriers should
be found competing in the classes given at
some of the English shows. There was not
then any rule of the Kennel Club, as there
is now, to prevent any mongrel being shown
in any class. Some of them, too, were
awful freaks ; but as again several of the
judges appointed were quite ignorant of

THE WELSH TERRIER.

377

the type required, they often occupied
prominent positions in the prize lists, to the
detriment of the pure bred article. The
great danger was in their being used to
any large extent at the stud, and of the
breed being thereby contaminated.

The steps, therefore, of the well-wisher
of the pure article seemed always to be
dogged by the mongrel, so-called, Old
English Terrier ; wherever he went he could
not get away from him. If he exhibited
at a show where the classes were given for
the two breeds jointly, his enemy being, in
most cases as aforesaid, the better-looking
terrier, beat his head off ; if he showed in
classes given only for his own breed, there
again did he find the spurious article, coolly
calling itself by the name of his own breed,
again getting the best of him ; if he did not
show at all — well, it meant a bloodless
victory for his rival, and that his breed
as a show animal would assuredly die out
altogether.

The Press, the judge, the dog world
generally, "went for " the Welsh Terrier ex-
hibitor hot and strong ; they ridiculed his
dog, laughed at him, gave him all sorts of
gratuitous advice. A dog with a head like
that would never do any good. Why not
introduce foreign blood to improve his
points ? All other breeds had been bene-
fited in like manner — why not him ?

Looking back on these years, one can
readily recognise what a crisis the breed
was, at that time, passing through — a crisis,
indeed, rendered none the less serious from
the fact that some of the old owners were
inclined to — and did, in fact — desert the
colours and become proselytes of the mon-
grel. It was just at this time that the
Welsh Terrier Club rose to the occasion,
and in doing so unquestionably saved the
breed from utter annihilation. A rule was
passed that in future no dog which could
not be proved to be a pure Welsh Terrier
should be eligible to compete for any of
the club's prizes. This rule was the sub-
ject of much adverse comment from the
self-believed wiseacres of the day, but it
had a most salutary effect, and after events
proved its existence to be fully justified.

The Old English Terrier prospered for a
while longer, but gradually died out, and
has been heard of no more. The extra-
ordinaryjthing about him was that, although
several beautiful specimens were shown at
different times, one never saw on the bench
an Old English Terrier which was by one
of his own breed out of one of his own
breed ; they could not, in fact, be begotten

MR. WALTER S. GLYNNS CH. BRYNHIR BURGLAR

BY BRYNHIR BOXER BRYNHIR BAGGAGE.

Photograph by Pictorial Agency.

in any way but by a fluke, and so they died
a natural death.

It must ever be to the credit of the Welsh
Terrier that he refused to be drawn into
any alliance with such an unwholesome
specimen. Had he allowed himself to be
cajoled into any such thing, it is clear
that death must have awaited him, and
as a show dog he would long ago have
met his fate.

The Welsh Terrier to-day is very much
improved beyond what he was when first
put on the bench. This improvement has
been brought about by careful and judicious
breeding from nothing but pure bred speci-
mens. No outside aid has been invoked —
at any rate in the production of any of the
best terriers — and none has been required.
It is a matter for great congratulation that
the breed has been kept pure despite all
temptation and exhortation.

The Welsh Terrier breeds as true as steel ;
you know what you are going to get. Had

378

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

popular clamour had its way years ago,
goodness only knows what monstrosities
would now be being bred.

In the early days, two dogs named General
Contour and Ch. Mawddy Nonsuch did a
lot of winning. They were both English
dogs, quite devoid of Welsh Terrier type,
and even as terriers possessed of serious
faults. The former was a truly awful
looking specimen, probably the product of
a Manchester, Yorkshire, Fox-terrier cross ;
he had a fairly long head, and was a showy
sort, and was therefore nearly always put
above the bond fide article with his short
wedgy head. He apparently, however, did
not deceive breeders, for one hardly ever, if
at all, sees his name in any pedigree. Almost
the same remarks apply to Mawddy Non-
such, reported to have been bought for
£200 by Mr. Edmund Buckley from Mr.
A. Maxwell. This dog was not a bad-
looking terrier, but he was what is called
a " flatcatcher " ; he was blue in colour,
having the inevitable accompaniment of
a soft silky coat, and he was short of sub-
stance throughout. Fortunately his name
only appears in about one place in the
pedigrees of the present day. These two
terriers used to be shown a great deal in
Wales, especially when Englishmen were
judging. The danger of their being used
much at stud must have been serious ;
it is, indeed, a great mercy that they were
either not used, or that, if they were, re-
sults were so appalling that no one but
owners and their immediate friends ever
had an opportunity of inspecting them.
Undoubtedly the best terrier shown at
first was Mr. Dew's Champion Topsy ;
she was a sound-coated, well-made animal ;
her colour was very good, and for a pure
breed she had quite a long, good quality
head. Her name is to be seen constantly
in the pedigrees of our best terriers of to-day,
and there is no doubt she did the breed an
immensity of good. Another beautiful little
terrier living in those days was Ch. Bob
Bethesda ; he again was possessed of per-
fect colour, and his body, legs and feet,
coat, and general make and shape, could
not be improved upon. His head, however,

was very short, in consequence of which
Mawddy Nonsuch was, as a rule, placed
over him, though it is almost certain Bob
was the better terrier of the two in every
other point. Bob Bethesda belonged to
Mr. Edmund Buckley, master of the Buckley
Otterhounds, with which pack he was
regularly worked until the day of his
death, he being unfortunately pulled to
pieces by them.

The colour of the Welsh Terrier is, of
course, against him for working with a
pack of hounds, especially in water. Deaths
in this way are of somewhat frequent
occurrence ; they are in many cases un-
avoidable, though may be in otter-hunting
terriers, ever anxious to show that the work
of a hound comes just as easy to them as
that of their own particular vocation, are
allowed at times too much license. It is
only fair, however, to the breed to say that,
barring this colour drawback, there is no
better terrier to hounds living. They are
not quarrelsome, show very little jealousy
one of another in working, can therefore
easily be used, exercised, and kennelled to-
gether, being much better in this respect
than any of the other breeds of terriers.
They also, as a general rule, are dead game ;
they want a bit of rousing, and are not so
flashily, showily game as, say, the Fox-
terrier ; but, just as with humans, when it
comes to real business, when the talking
game is played out and there is nothing
left but the doing part of the business, then
one's experience invariably is that the quiet
man, the quiet terrier, is the animal wanted.

The man who justly may be named the
father of the Welsh Terrier in its present
generation is Cledwyn Owen, of Pwllheli.
Mr. Owen, unfortunately, does not now
judge the breed often, but there is in all
probability no better judge, and the good
he did in connection with the breed when
it first came into prominence as a show
terrier is well known to all those who re-
member the time referred to. Mr. Owen
judged the breed at the 1887 Jubilee show
at Barn Elms, and in upsetting all previous
awards on the merits of the two terriers
Bob Bethesda and Mawddy Nonsuch by

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ID

THE WELSH TERRIER.

379

unhesitatingly putting them in the order
named, there is no doubt that considerable
good was done. A check was put on the
further introduction of terriers of wrong
type, and breeders saw which way to go.
As Mr. Owen said, the one was a Welsh
Terrier, the other was not ; and, as he
happened to be judging a class of the former
kind, it was advisable to put up top a terrier
of the sort catered for in the class.

Following on Bob Bethesda (who un-
fortunately was not a prolific stock getter)
came Ch. Dim Saesonaeg, a terrier of beau-
tiful colour and coat with the best of bodies.
This dog was a great success at the stud,
and he and the before-mentioned Topsy are
undoubtedly responsible for much of the
quality seen at the present day. His litter
brother Badger was also a noted terrier,
though he made no mark at stud. Then
came Ch. Cymro Dewr II., another good
sound terrier, who had a better head than
any dog up to his time, though his eye was
rather full. His name appears to his credit
in some of the present-day pedigrees. After
him came Ch. Cymry o' Gymru, a son of
Dim Saesonaeg, and in quality well up with
his predecessors. The writer should have
been the possessor of this dog at the age
of two months at the modest price of twenty
shillings, but missed him in an unfortunate
way. Dim Saesonaeg's services were given
by the writer to a man named Mitchell, of
Bangor, a keen fancier who was very popular
in and about his district, for first pick of
the litter at two months, and refusal of any
of the others at £i. The bitch owned by
Mitchell, by name Blinkbonny, was a
valuable terrier, with, perhaps, the best coat
ever seen ; she in due time had a litter of
five or six, which at the age of two months
were inspected by a friend of the writer's,
a good judge, who picked a nice puppy on
his behalf, and sent word that it was no use
having any of the others, as they were all
undershot, which was the fact. Ch. Cymry
o' Gymru happened, however, to be amongst
the undershot ones, his mouth later on
coming all right.

It is necessary to bear this episode in
mind when examining young Welsh Terriers.

In the writer's experience, very many of
them are apparently badly undershot in their
jaws at two months, and even at an older
age ; but it is extraordinary how they come
right, and much more of this sort of thing
is to be seen in them than in any other kind
of terrier. Another thing that it may be
useful, in passing, to call attention to is
that several puppies are born with black
below the hock and on the toes, others with
white toes, others (in certain strains) with
no black anywhere — all tan all over. Now
unless these blemishes disappear as the
terriers grow, disqualification or severe
handicap will be the fate of each. In nearly
every instance — provided, of course, the
puppy is pure bred — it will be found, how-
ever, that the terrier will, as it grows, almost
imperceptibly free itself from these imper-
fections ; the legs and toes will become
all tan, and the black back will assuredly
appear before the puppy has reached the
adult stage.

After Cymry o' Gymru came Ch. Bryn-
hir Burner and Ch. Brynhir Ballad, who
bring us down to the present day, when
we have several excellent terriers whose
names are to be found in the different
catalogues of the several shows held all
over the country. There is no doubt that the
breed is in excellent shape ; there are several
keen fanciers espousing its cause, not only
in this country, but in Canada, the United
States, India, and South Africa. It has
many advantages over other breeds, few
drawbacks, and one may look forward with
confidence to its regaining the position held
by it centuries ago, and becoming once again
the world's chief terrier.

Prominent amongst its supporters to-day
are Mrs. Aylmer (a brace of whose excellent
terriers will be found illustrated in colour in
connection with this chapter), Mrs. H. D.
Greene, Lord Mostyn (in whose family the
breed has been from almost time immemorial),
Colonel Savage, and Messrs. T. H. Harris,
W. J. M. Herbert (the popular Hon. Secretary
of the Welsh Terrier Club), H. D. Greene,
G. R. Marriott, E. Powell, William Jones,
M. Palmer, John Jones, John Williams, W. A.
Dew (whose kennel some years back was

380

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

invincible), W. Speed, J. Smithson, Junior;
J. S. Smithson, W. Pendlebury, and Major
Brine, the latter of whom has, after years
of difficult labour, compiled a stud-book
giving, as far as possible, the names and
pedigrees of all terriers known to have
existed.

In Canada and the United States, Miss
Beardmore, Major Carnochan, the Misses
de Coppett, Mr. Franklyn Lord, Mr. F. G.
Lloyd, and Mr. Ben S. Smith (the Hon.
Secretary of the Welsh Terrier Club of
America), have all rendered yeoman service
to the breed, and own some excellent
representatives of it.

On the formation of the Welsh Terrier
Club in 1885, a standard of perfection was
drawn up and circulated with the club
rules. This standard has remained un-
changed up to the present day, and is as
follows : —

1. Head. — The skull should be flat and rather
wider between the ears than the wire hair Fox-
terrier. The jaw should be powerful, clean cut,
rather deeper and more punishing — giving the
head a more masculine appearance — than that
usually seen in a Fox-terrier. The stop not too
denned, fair length from stop to end of nose,
the latter being of a black colour.

2. Ears. — -The ears should be V-shaped, small,
not too thin, set on fairly high, carried forward,
and close to the cheek.

3. Eyes. — The eyes should be small, not being
too deeply set in or protruding out of skull, of a
dark hazel colour, expressive and indicating
abundant pluck.

4. Neck. — The neck should be of moderate
length and thickness, slightly arched and sloping
gracefully into the shoulders.

5. Body. — The back should be short and well
ribbed up, the loin strong, good depth, and
moderate width of chest. The shoulders should
be long, sloping and well set back. The hind-
quarters should be strong, thighs muscular and of
good length, with the hocks moderately straight,
well set down and fair amount of bone. The stern
should be set on moderately high, but not too
gaily carried.

6. Legs and Feet. — The legs should be straight
and muscular, possessing fair amount of bone
with upright and powerful pasterns. The feet
should be small, round and catlike.

7. Coat. — The coat should be wiry, hard, very
close and abundant.

8. Colour. — The colour should be black and tan
or black grizzle and tan, free from black pencilling
on toes.

9. Size. — The height at shoulders should be
15 inches for dogs, bitches proportionately less.
Twenty pounds shall be considered a fair average
weight in working condition, but this may vary a
pound or so either way.

There was no standard beyond this until
the year 1905, it evidently not being thought
necessary to have a standard of points as
nearly all other breeds had. However, at
the Birmingham general meeting of the
club in that year, a points standard,
which had been previously considered and
drafted by a specially appointed committee,
was, after mature consideration, adopted, and
is as follows : —

Points Standard.

Head and jaws

Ears ....

Eye ....

Neck and shoulders

Body ....

Loins and hindquarters

Legs and feet

Coat ....

• is

Colour

Stern ....

General appearance

Total

100

Disqualifying Points.

1. Nose white, cherry, or spotted to a consider-
able extent with either of these colours.

2. Ears prick, tulip, or rose.

3. Undershot jaw or pig jawed mouth.

4. Black below hocks or white anywhere to any
appreciable extent, black pencilling on toes.

This standard was very carefully drawn
up with a view to appraising fairly the differ-
ent parts of the dog, and not, as is the case
in some such standards, to value too highly
fancy and other points at the expense of
parts of the dog entitled in reality to just
as much recognition. It is believed to be
the best appraisement of a wire-hair terrier
yet drawn up.

GROUP OF MR A. G. COWLEY'S SCOTTISH TERRIERS,
WITH THREE WHITE WEST HIGHLANDERS.

CHAPTER XL.

THE SCOTTISH TERRIER.

BY WALTER S. GLYNN.

" Losh ! Bogie man, hand off your han' ;

Nor thrash me black and blue.
Frae fools and foes I seek nae praise,
But frien's should aye be true.

" Nae silky-haired admirer I

0' Bradford Toys, Strathbogie ;
Sich thoughts, I'm sure cam' in your head,
While dribblin' o'er the cogie.

" I ken the Terrier o' the North,

I ken the towsy tyke —
Ye' II search frae Tweed to Sussex' shore,
But never find his like.

" For pluck and pith and jaws and teeth,

And hair like heather cowes,
Wi' body lang and low and strung,
At hame in cairns or knowes.

" He'll face a foumart, draw a brock,
Kill rats and whitteritts by the score,

above lines are an excellent de-
scription of the Scottish Terrier.
They appear over the name of Dr.
Gordon Stables in The Live Stock Journal

He'll bang tod-lowrie frae his hole,
Or slay him at his door.

" He'll range for days and ne'er be tired,

O'er mountain, moor, and fell ;
Fair play, I'll back the brave wee chap
To fecht the de'il himsel'.

"And yet beneath his nigged coat
A heart beats warm and true.
He'll help to herd the sheep and kye,
And mind the lammies too.

" Then see him at the ingle side,

Wi' bairnies roond him laughin'.
Was ever dog sae pleased as he,
Sae fond o' fun and daffin' ?

" But gie's your hand, Strathbogie man !

Guid faith ! we mamma sever.
Then ' Here's to Scotia's best o' dogs,
Our towsy tyke for ever 1 ' '

of January 3ist, 1879. At about this time
a somewhat 'fierce and certainly most amus-
ing controversy was going on as to whether
or not there was such a thing as a pure-

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

bred "Scottish Terrier." The pages of
the above publication for the months of
January, February, March, April, and May
of that year are well worth reading by any-
one interested in the subject of this chapter.
He will find there several letters written
by different enthusiasts, prominent among
whom were " Strathbogie " (mentioned in
the poem at the head of this chapter),
"The Badger," Mr Russell Earp, Mr. (after-
wards Sir) John Everett Millais, Dr. Gordon
Stables, R.N., and Mr. Thomson Gray.

" Strathbogie " and " The Badger " were
most anxious to make well-known in England
the breed which they knew to be genuine.
"The Badger" (Mr., now Sir, Paynton
Pigott, M.V.O.) had undoubtedly in England
a strong kennel -of the right article, which
he had gradually
and quietly pos-
sessed himself of.
"Strathbogie"
(Captain Gordon
Murray) appears
to have been
aware of this;
but very few other
people in England
seem to have
known of it, or,
indeed, to have
been aware that
there was such a
thing as a real
Scottish Terrier in
existence. They
knew of the Dan-
die Dinmont, also of the Skye ; and they
knew also that the prizes in several
classes for Scottish Terriers had been won
by Yorkshire Toy Terriers, in glass cases,
from Bradford. Some few there were who
had a faint remembrance of seeing what
were called Scottish or Highland Terriers
when they were quite young, and had later,
with unfailing want of success, tried to get
hold of a specimen. Scotsmen themselves
do not seem to have been very clear on
the point, not only as to what a Scottish
Terrier in reality was, but also as to where
he existed and was to be obtained.

SIR PAYNTON PIGOTT'S GRANITE.

THE FIRST SCOTTISH TERRIER ENTERED AT A

KENNEL CLUB SHOW.

DRAWN BY C. BURTON BARBER.

In 1877, about two years before, a tre-
mendous controversy had waged for months
in the columns of The Live Stock Journal ;
personalities were freely indulged in, and
so inextricably mixed did the contributors
become that the correspondence had per-
force to be put an end to by the editor, the
following note being attached to the last
published letter : " We see no use in pro-
longing this discussion except each cor-
respondent describes the dog he is talking
about and holds to be the true type."

For some time this seems to have put
an end to the correspondence, possibly be-
cause no one felt himself able to fulfil the
editorial condition. However this may be,
eventually, in January, 1879, we find the
said " Strathbogie " again brings the matter

up, writes to the
said journal, and
publishes therein
his idea of what
a Scottish Terrier
should be. He
deplores the fact
that prizes go to
mongrels with
coats io£ inches
long, and says the
Scottish Terrier
should "be in
colour either grey
or iron grey;
dark, with brown
muzzle ; legs brown
or dark fawn, no
white about them.

His head should be fairish long, strong mus-
cular jaws ; ears small, dropping to the
front ; body lengthy ; legs stout and well
covered with muscle ; tail carriage, hound-
like ; length of coat not over, if possible,
3 inches, which ought to be hard and dense ;
weight from 12 Ib. to 18 lb., not more,
though I have known good specimens a
trifle over this weight ; temper good, both
with man and dog. Scotch Terriers are
far from quarrelsome ; they are kind, quiet,
and fond of each other. ... I am aston-
ished the K.C. does not give us a class for
this famous breed."

THE SCOTTISH TERRIER.

383

It was this letter of " Strathbogie's "
that brought forth as a rejoinder the verses
which head this chapter, for in the said letter
" Strathbogie " complains that in an article
written some time previously by Dr. Gordon
Stables on the breed, the doctor, a Scots-
man, appeared to class Scottish Terriers
with " the silly long-woolled Toys of Brad-
ford," and he goes on to say, " Now I am
not second to the funny doctor in my
admiration (love, if you like) for
' flowing tresses,' still I prefer
such to adorn the shapely head
of a bonnie Highland lassie to
seeing them covering the backs
of Scotch Terriers " — a sentiment,
no doubt, with which not one of
the many male admirers of the
Scottish Terrier of the present
day will fall out. "Strath-

There can be no doubt that the present-
day Scottish Terrier owes a great deal
to "The Badger" and "Strathbogie."
These two gentlemen, despite many set-
backs, stuck to their point, and eventually
were rewarded by the late Mr. S. E. Shirley,
then President of the Kennel Club, who
seems to have been very popular with Scotch-
men— as, indeed, he was with everyone —
granting their request and giving or getting

MR. j. DEANE WILLIS' CH. CARTER LADDIE

BY CAMOWEN LADDIE CARTER JEAN.

bogie's " letter had also the effect of
drawing from his lair "The Badger," who,
writing shortly afterwards in the same
periodical, says he quite agrees with
"Strathbogie's " description of the breed,
but adds that he fancies there are also some
of a sandy colour, that their ears may be
either drop or prick, and that he prefers
them of 14 Ib. to 16 Ib. weight, long and
low, with a hard wire coat and straight in
the fore-legs, " though sometimes they will
be found slightly bowed."

•m

MR. A. G. COWLEVS

CH. EMS CHEVALIER

BY CAMOWEN LADDIE CARTER JEAN.

them two classes for their breed at
the Kennel Club show of that year,
held at the Alexandra Palace.

The Scottish Terrier as a show dog
undoubtedly, therefore, dates from about
1877 to 1879. He seems almost at once
to have attained popularity, and he has
progressed gradually since then, ever in an
upward direction, until he is — for he does in
fact exist — to-day one of the most popular
and extensively owned varieties of the dog.
Sir Paynton Pigott had undoubtedly at
that time a very fine kennel of the breed,
for in The Live Stock Journal of May 3Oth,
1879, we nnd his kennel fully reviewed in a
most enthusiastic manner by a correspon-
dent who visited it in consequence of all
the controversy that was going on at the
time, as to whether or not there was such
a dog at all, and who, therefore, wished to

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

see and judge for himself as to this point.
At the end of his report on the kennel the
writer adds these words : " It was certainly
one of the happiest days of my life to have
the pleasure of looking over so many grand
little dogs, but to find them in England
quite staggered me. Four dogs and eight
bitches are not a bad beginning, and with
care and judicious selection in mating, I
have little doubt but Mr. Pigott's kennel
will be as renowned for Terriers as the late

MRS. B. M. HANNAY'S CH. HEWORTH BANTOCK

BY EMS TONIC EMS BHANAVAR.

Photograph by Russell.

Mr. Laverack's was for Setters. I know
but few that take such a delight in the
brave little ' die-hards ' as Mr. Pigott,
and he may well feel proud of the lot he
has got together at great trouble and ex-
pense."

The fact that there was such a kennel
already in existence proved, of course,
a strong point in favour of the bona fides
of the breed. The best dog in it was
Granite, whose portrait and description
was given in the Journal in connection with
the said review ; and the other animals
of the kennel being of the same type, it
was at once recognised that there was, in
fact, such a breed, and the mouths of the
doubters were stopped.

Granite was unquestionably a typical
Scottish Terrier, even as we know them at
the present day. He was certainly longer

in the back than we care for nowadays, and
his head also was shorter, and his jaw more
snipy than is now seen, but his portrait
clearly shows he was a genuine Scottish
Terrier, and there is no doubt that he, with
his kennel mates, Tartan, Crofter, Syringa,
Cavack, and Posey, conferred benefit upon
the breed.

To dive deeper into the antiquity of the
Scottish Terrier is a thing which means
that he who tries it must be prepared
to meet all sorts of abuse, ridi-
cule, and criticism. For an Eng-
lishman, or, indeed, nine-tenths of
the population of Scotland, to talk
to the few Scotsmen who do know
— or think they do — is heresy, de-
serving of nothing but the deepest
contempt.

One man will tell you there never
was any such thing as the present-
day Scottish Terrier, that the mere
fact of "his having prick ears shows
he is a mongrel ; another, that he is
merely an offshoot of the Skye or
the Dandie ; another, that the only
Scottish Terrier that is a Scottish
Terrier is a white one ; another, that
he is merely a manufactured ar-
ticle from Aberdeen, and so on ad
infinitum.

It is a most extraordinary fact that
Scotland should have unto herself so many
different varieties of the terrier. There
is strong presumption that they one and
all came originally from one variety, and
it is quite possible, nay probable, that dif-
ferent crosses into other varieties have
produced the assortment of to-day. The
writer is strongly of opinion that there still
exist in Scotland at the present time speci-
mens of the breed which propagated the
lot, which was what is called even now the
Highland Terrier, a little long-backed, short-
legged, snipy-faced, prick or drop-eared,
mostly sandy and black-coloured terrier,
game as a pebble, lively as a cricket, and
all in all a most charming little companion ;
and further, that to produce our present-
day Scottish Terrier — or shall we say, to
improve the points of his progenitor ? — the

THE SCOTTISH TERRIER.

385

assistance of our old -friend the black and
tan wire-haired terrier of England was
sought by a few astute people living prob-
ably not very far from Aberdeen. The
writer feels the vials of the wrath of the
Scotsman, the hiss of his breath, the
hatred of his eye, and if it were not that
they never do such a thing, he would add
the curse of his lip ; but, for all of it, he is
confident that he is right and
whole-heartedly congratulates the
gentlemen north of the Tweed on
the animal they have produced.

The Skye, the Dandie, the White
Scottish have no place in this
chapter. Were it otherwise, no-
thing would be easier than to
unfold the method by which they
have been begotten. There can,
with regard at any rate to the
two first mentioned, in all likeli-
hood be no mistaking the breed
or breeds which have been em-
ployed for this purpose.

Scottish Terriers frequently go
by the name of Aberdeen Ter-
riers— an appellation, it is true,
usually heard only from the lips
of people who do not know much
about them. Mr. W. L. McCand-
lish, one of the greatest living
authorities on the breed, in an able
treatise published some time back, tells
us, in reference to this matter, that the
terrier under notice went at different
periods under the names of Highland,
Cairn, Aberdeen, and Scotch ; that he is
now known by the proud title of Scot-
tish Terrier ; and that " the only sur-
viving trace of the differing nomen-
clature is the title Aberdeen, which many
people still regard as a different breed — a
want of knowledge frequently turned to
account by the unscrupulous dealer who
is able to sell under the name of Aberdeen
a dog too bad to dispose of as a Scottish
Terrier." .Mr. Harding Cox tells us that
the name of Aberdeen as applied to Scot-
tish Terriers dies hard, that it is still the
name used amongst the non-technical cyno-
philists, and is stoutly supported by the

soi-disant wiseacre. All this is unques-
tionably true, as far as it goes ; but there
can be no doubt that originally there must
have beea some reason for the' name. In
a letter to the writer, Sir Paynton Pigott
says, "Some people call them and adver-
tise them as the Aberdeen Terrier, which
is altogether a mistake ; but the reason
of it is that forty years ago a Dr. Van

i -

MR. J. LEE'S MAULDEN RANNOCH

BY CH. HEWORTH RASCAL BALMACRON DAISY.

Bust, who lived in Aberdeen, bred these
terriers to a large extent and sold them, and
those buying them called them, in conse-
quence, ' Aberdeen Terriers,' whereas they
were in reality merely a picked sort of Old
Scotch or Highland Terrier." Sir Paynton
himself, as appears from the columns of
The Live Stock Journal (March 2nd, 1877),
bought some of the strain of Van Bust, and
therein gives a full description of the same.
" Strathbogie," however, would have none
of the Aberdeen Terriers, and would not
even admit there was such a dog. He en-
deavoured, previously in the same year, to
put " The Badger " and Dr. Gordon Stables
right on the point by telling them they were
just about as correct as was a certain Lord
Provost on an occasion when he was invited
by a captain of a ship, who had returned
from Jamaica, to dine with him on his ship

386

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

and examine the wondrous cargo he had
brought home. As the Provost and other
dignitaries were sitting at dinner in the
cabin, the former's pigtail was vigorously

MR. W. L. McCANDLISH'S CH. EMS COSMETIC
BY EMS TONIC — CH. SEAFIELD BEAUTY.

pulled several times, and at last the Provost,
being unable to stand it any longer, turned
round and addressed the puller thus :
" Come that gait again, laddie, an' I'll
pit ye in the hert (prison) of auld Aber-
deen." " What's the matter with you,
Provost ? " said the captain. "Oh," said
the Provost, " that laddie ye hae
fasen wi' ye has been tug-tug-
tuggin' at my tail, till the hair is
near oot at the reets." " ' Laddie,'
did ye say ? " replied the captain ;
" why, that's a monkey," and mon-
key sure enough he was. " Monkey,
do ye ca' it ? " answered the great
man. " I thought it wis a Wast
Indian planter's son, come hame
tae oor university for his education."
Sir Paynton Pigott's kennel of the
breed assumed quite large propor-
tions, and was most successful,
several times winning all the prizes
offered in the variety at different
shows. He may well be called the
Father of the breed in England, for
when he gave up exhibiting, a great
deal of his best blood got into the kennels
of Mr. H. J. Ludlow, who, as everyone
knows, has done such a tremendous amount

of good in popularising the breed and has
also himself produced such a galaxy of
specimens of the very best class. Mr.
Ludlow's first terrier was a bitch called
Splinter II., a terrier that has been
called the Mother of all the breed
and did a quite unfathomable amount
of good to it. The name of Kildee
is, in the breed, almost world-famous,
and it is interesting to note that in
every line does he go back to the said
Splinter II. Rambler — called by the
great authorities the first pillar of the
stud book — was a son of a dog called
Bon-Accord, and it is to this latter
dog and Roger Rough, and also the
aforesaid Tartan and Splinter II. that
nearly all of the best present-day
pedigrees go back. This being so, it
is unnecessary to give, in this chapter,
many more names of dogs who have
in their generations of some years
back assisted in bringing the breed to
its present state of perfection. An excep-
tion, however, must be made in the case of
two sons of Rambler, by name Dundee
and Alister, names very familiar in the
Scottish Terrier pedigrees of the present
day. Alister especially was quite an ex-

MR
BY

JOHN LEE'S BITCH CH. MAULDEN RECORD

CAMOWEN LADDIE POLLY.

traordinary stud dog. His progeny were
legion, and some very good terriers of to-
day own him as progenitor in nearly every

THE SCOTTISH TERRIER.

387

line. The best descendants of Alister were
Kildee, Tiree, Whinstone, Prince Alexander,
and Heather Prince. He was apparently
too much inbred to, and though undoubtedly
he produced or was responsible for several
beautiful terriers, it is much to be doubted
whether in a breed which is unquestionably
nowadays suffering from the ill-effects of too
much inbreeding, he was not, unwittingly,
of course, one of the greatest sinners.

The Scottish Terrier Club was formed
in the year 1882, it at first having joint
secretaries, treasurers, and committees for
England and Scotland, but afterwards, on
the score of convenience, these sections
were split up into different clubs, one for
each country. Both exist at the present
day, and both have worked well — though,
occasionally, rather of the " fit and start "
order — for the good of the breed. It is
perhaps right to add that, although at times
there has been a little jealousy between
them, they are now working together most
harmoniously and were never stronger or
better managed than they are at the present
time. Mr. H. J. Ludlow was for many
years a popular Hon. Secretary of the
English Club, a post which on his resigna-
tion was taken up by Mr. W. L. McCandlish,
than whom no better gentleman for any
such office ever lived. Mr. J. N. Reynard
— a household name in Scottish Terriers —
is the Hon. Secretary of the Scottish Club,
which is equally well managed by him.
Such is the popularity of the breed that
several other clubs have been started, and
one well worthy of mention, on account
of the great success which has attended its
efforts, is the South of England Scottish
Terrier Club, a powerful and popular or-
ganisation which has done much further
to impress the inhabitants in and around
the Metropolis of the absolute necessity of
owning a Scottish Terrier.

In the same year a joint committee drew
up a standard of perfection for the breed,
Messrs. J. B. Morison and Thomson Gray,
two gentlemen who were looked upon as
great authorities, having a good deal to do
with it.

This standard is still the same as far as

the English Club is concerned, though the
Scottish Club has, it is believed, altered it
in some not very important particulars.

STANDARD OF POINTS OF THE
SCOTTISH TERRIER.

1. Skull. — Proportionately long, slightly domed
and covered with short hard hair about J inch
long or less. It should not be quite flat, as there
should be a sort of stop or drop between the eyes.

2. Muzzle. — Very powerful, and gradually taper-
ing towards the nose, which should always be
black and of a good size. The jaws should be
perfectly level, and the testh square, though the
nose projects somewhat over the mouth, which
gives the impression of the upper jaw being longer
than the under one.

3. Eyes. — A dark-brown or hazel colour ; small,
piercing, very bright and rather sunken.

4. Ears. — Very small, prick or half prick (the
former is preferable), but never drop. They
should also be sharp pointed, and the hair on them
should not be long, but velvety, and they should
not be cut. The ears should be free from any
fringe at the top.

5. Neck. — Short, thick and muscular ; strongly
set on sloping shoulders.

6. Chest. — Broad in comparison to the size of
the dog, and proportionately deep.

7. Body. — Of moderate length, but not so long
as a Skye's, and rather flat-sided ; well ribbed up,
and exceedingly strong in hindquarters.

8. Legs and Feet. — Both fore- and hind-legs
should be short and very heavy in bone, the former
being straight and well set on under the body, as
the Scottish Terrier should not be out at elbows.
The hocks should be bent, and the thighs very
muscular, and the feet strong, small and thickly
covered with short hair, the fore feet being larger
than the hind ones.

9. Tail. — Should be about 7 inches long, never
docked, carried with a slight bend and often gaily.

10. Coat. — Should be rather short (about 2
inches), intensely hard and wiry in texture, and
very dense all over the body.

11. Size. — -From 15 Ib. to 20 Ib. ; the best weight
being as near as possible 18 Ib. for dogs, and 16 Ib.
for bitches when in condition for work.

12. Colour. — Steel or iron grey, black brindle,
brown brindle, grey brindle, black, sandy and
wheaten. White markings are objectionable, and
can only be allowed on the chest and to a small
extent.

13. General Appearance. — The face should wear
a very sharp, bright and active expression, and the
head should be carried up. The dog (owing to
the shortness of his coat) should appear to be higher
on the leg than he really is ; but at the same time
he should look compact and possessed of great

388

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG

muscle in his hindquarters. In fact, a Scottish
Terrier, though essentially a Terrier, cannot be too
powerfully put together, and should be from about
9 inches to 12 inches in height.

Special Faults.

Muzzle. — Either under- or overhung.

Eyes. — Large or light-coloured.

Ears. — Large, round at the points or drop. It
is also a fault if they are too heavily covered with
hair.

Legs. — Bent, or slightly bent, and out at elbows.

MRS. B. M. HAN NAY'S CH. HEWORTH RASCAL

BY SEAFIELD RASCAL - SEAFIELD ROSIE.

Coat. — Any silkiness, wave or tendency to curl
is a serious blemish, as is also an open coat.

Size. — Specimens of over 20 Ib. should be dis-
couraged.

Scale of Points.
Skull ...... 7£

Muzzle ..... /J.

Eyes . .... 5

Ears ...... 5

Neck ...... 5

Chest ...... 5

Body ...... 15

Legs and feet . . . .10

Tail . .... 2J

Coat . . . . .

Size

Colour ....

General appearance . .

15
10

Total

100

The two points which strike the writer
most in looking over the above standard
and scale of points are, first, the small

amount of points allotted to the tail, and,
second, that a bent or slightly bent leg is
to be looked upon as a special fault and
therefore severely handicapped, equally,
indeed, we must assume, with an under-
shot mouth. About 99 per cent, of the
Scottish Terriers living to-day have bent or
slightly bent fore-legs. Formed as he is,
if he has plenty of rib and depth in body,
it is extremely difficult to get, on a dog built
so close to the ground, a quite straight leg.
Breeders must, therefore, not take to heart
too much this " special fault." A straight,
properly placed leg on a Scottish Terrier
is certainly a beautiful thing to look at,
and one does occasionally see it, though
what is usually to be seen with a straight
leg is a badly placed shoulder and a dog
not properly knit together, who walks wide
in front and cannot help turning his elbows
out. It is, of course, unnecessary to state
that a good shoulder, with a slightly bent
fore-leg, is far better for work than a bad
shoulder with a leg attached to it altogether,
as one might say, outside the body.

The tail of a Scottish Terrier is one of its
great characteristics, and is, in the writer's
humble opinion, meanly appreciated in
the above scale of points. A long, thin tail
is a most objectionable fault, and entirely
spoils the character of a specimen of the
breed. It is to be doubted whether, with
the points as they are, and those allotted
for general appearance being only ten, a
gentleman judging strictly on points would
find himself able sufficiently to handicap
a specimen for this fault. In this connec-
tion it is worth noting that judges do con-
sider scales of points when officiating ;
they get into a way of going for those
dogs possessed of particular points more
highly appreciated in the scale than others.

There have, of recent years, been many
very excellent specimens of the Scottish
Terrier bred and exhibited. Pre-eminent
among them stands Mrs. Hannay's Ch.
Heworth Rascal, who was a most sym-
metrical terrier, and probably the nearest
approach to perfection in the breed yet
seen. Other very first-class terriers have
been the same lady's Ch. Gair, Mr. Powlett's

THE SCOTTISH TERRIER.

389

Ch. Callum Dhu, Mr. McCandlish's Ems
Cosmetic, Mr. Chapman's Heather Bob
and Heather Charm, Mr. Kinnear's Sea-
field Rascal, Mr. Wood's Hyndman Chief,
Messrs. Buckley and Mills's Clonmel Invader,
and Mr. Deane Willis's Ch. Huntley Daisy
and Ch. Carter Laddie.

As has already been stated, Mr. Ludlow
had at one time a very strong — as well as
extensive — kennel, and it is probably cor-
rect that he has bred more champions
than anyone up to date. The breed is now
so popular, and competition so keen, that it
is much to be doubted whether it will fall
to the lot of anyone else to be as success-
ful in this line as he was. Mr. Chapman,
of Glenboig, X.B., was another gentleman
who had at one time a very powerful col-
lection and was at the same time a most
successful breeder. First, Sir Paynton Pigott
dropped out, then Mr. Ludlow, then Mr.
Chapman ; and the mantle of the lot seems
to have fallen now on Mr. McCandlish,
who seems to have, at any rate in bitches,
the strongest kennel of to-day ; and nearly
all his terriers are bred by himself. Mrs.
Hannay has always had a strong kennel,
and so have Mr. Reynard, Mr. Kinnear,
Mr. Wood, and Mr. Cumming. Other
successful breeders have been Mr. Cuthbert
Allen, Mr. Peter Stewart, Mr. J. D. Brown,
Mr. Irwin Scott, Mr. Cowley, the Rev. G.
Fogo, the Misses Niven, Mr. Crawford, and
Mr. Colin Young.

It is highly probable that of all the
terrier tribe, the " Scottie," taken as a
whole, is the best companion. He makes
a most excellent house-dog, is not too big,
does not leave white hairs about all over
the place, loves only his master and his
master's household, and is, withal, a
capable and reliable guard. He is, as a rule,
a game, attractive terrier, with heaps of
brain power, and from a show point of view
there is always some recompense in keep-
ing him, as it will be found he breeds true
to type and does not beget offspring of all
sorts, shapes, and makes.

Nothing is perfect in this world. Every-
thing has faults. The Scottish Terrier is no
exception. His fault is not, however, of his
own making. It is a fault which, if pos-
sible, should be eradicated, and every step
should be taken with a view to accomplish-
ing this. In purchasing a Scottish Terrier
one must be careful not to become pos-
sessed of one of the timid, nervous, snappy
ones. In almost every litter that is born

MR. A. G. COWLEY'S

EMS CAPSULE.

nowadays there is, as a rule, one of this
sort. He ought to be put out of the way
at once as soon as it is recognised that he
belongs to the class, for nothing will ever
make him better. He is a degenerate, a
result, in the writer's belief, of too much
inbreeding. The danger of him is that he is
at times the best-looking puppy in the
litter, and though it is recognised — after
several pounds have been spent on him — -
that he is no use to show, he is what is
called relegated to the stud. The breed is
in danger of him, and it is because of the
love the writer bears the breed that he begs,
in conclusion, for the complete annihilation,
root and branch if necessary, of these
" dangers."

390

THE ELEVEN FOR SCOTLAND.

BRED BY COLONEL MALCOLM, OF POLTALLOCH

Photograph by C. Reid,

CHAPTER XLI.
THE WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIER.

BY COLONEL E. D. MALCOLM, C.B., OF POLTALLOCH.

:' A small bold breed and steady to the game
Next claims the tribute of peculiar fame !
Train 'd by the tribes on Britain's wildest shore,
Thence they their title of Agasses bore.
Small as the race that itseless to their lord
Bask on the hearth and beg about the board,
Crook-limbed and black-eyed, all their frame

appears

Flanked with no flesh and bristled rough
with hairs

ANYONE who looks on the map of
J-\ Scotland must be struck with the
way in which ice and sea have
worked together to plough long valleys
out of the hills and fill them up with
salt water. Sometimes even more than
that has been done — the water has got
all round the land and separated it from
the main mass, cutting most marvellously
into what it has taken, as a glance at the
Island of Skye — the Winged Island — or
at the Outer Hebrides will show. In this
way the Western Highlands of Scotland
are endowed with a sea coast of marvellous
length. It is said, for instance, that there

But shod each foot with hardest claws ts seen,
The sole's kind armour on the beaten green ;
But fenced each jaw with closest teeth is found,
And death sits instant on th' inflicted wound.
Far o'er the rest he quests the secret prey,
And sees each track wind opening to his ray :
Far o'er the rest he feels each scent that

blows
Court the live nerve and thrill along the

nose." JOHN WHITAKER, 1771.

is no spot in the county of Argyll more than
five miles, as the crow flies, from the sea.
Except in the extreme north-east corner,
most of the county is within four miles of
the sea. The sea has for the most part
taken away the soft stuff and left only
hard rocks.

Here we have the natural homes of the
badger, the fox, the otter, and the now
almost extinct wild cat.

Man, being a hunting animal, kills the
otter for his skin, and the badger also ;
the fox he kills because the animal likes
lamb and game to eat. Man, being unable
to deal in the course of a morning with

THE WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIER.

the rocks under and between which his rather long neck and directed by a most
quarry harbours, makes use of the small capable brain. It is held that feet turned
dog which will go under ground, to which out a little are better for scrambling up
the French name terrier has been attached, rocks than perfectly straight Fox-terrier

Towards the end of the reign of James like feet. In addition, it was useful to
the First of England and Sixth of Scotland, have your dog of a colour easy to see when
we find him writing to Edinburgh to have in motion, though I expect that no great
half a dozen " earth dogges or terrieres " weight was laid upon that point, as in the
sent carefully to France as a present, and days before newspapers and trains men's
he directs that they be got from Argyll, eyes were good, as a rule. Still, the quantity
and sent over in two or more ships lest of white in the existing terriers all through
they should get harm
by the way. That was
roughly three hundred
years ago, and the King
most probably would not
have so highly valued
a newly invented strain
as he evidently did value
the " terrieres " from
Argyll. We may take
it then, I think, that
in 1600 the Argyllshire
terriers were considered
to be the best in Scot-
land, and likely enough
too, seeing the almost
boundless opportunities
the county gives for the
work of the " earth
dogges."

But men kept their
dogs in the evil pre-show
days for work and not
for points, and mighty
indifferent were they whether an ear
cocked up or lay flat to the cheek,
whether the tail was exactly of fancy length,

SPORTING DOGS DRAWN BY SIR EDWIN LANDSEER, R.A. (1839),
SHOWING A WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIER.

the west coast of Scotland shows that it
must have been rather a favoured colour.

I have been asked to give an account of
or how high to a hair's breadth it stood, these dogs because I ventured to show
These things are sine qua non on the modern them some years ago, and to bring before
show bench, but were not thought of in the general public the claims of this most
the cruel, hard fighting days of old. ancient race. When first I showed in

In those days two things — and two Edinburgh, an old gentleman came up to
things only — were imperatively necessary : me and thanked me most warmly for having
pluck and capacity to get at the quarry, revived in his breast the joys of fifty years
This entailed that the body in which the before, when he used to hunt otters on the
pluck was enshrined must be small and shores of Loch Fyne with terriers just
most active, to get at the innermost re- like mine, colour and all. I can now, alas,
cesses of the lair, and that the body must answer personally for their having been at
be protected by the best possible teeth Poltalloch sixty years ago, and so they
and jaws for fighting, on a strong and were first shown as Poltalloch Terriers.

392

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

When public attention had been called to
them, as I cared for the breed only and
had no ambition to be known as a doggy
man, I joined, with a few of those interested

COL MALCOLM'S

BOIDHEACH

BY BODACH
RHODDRY

in the breed, to

form a club for

the promotion of

the interests of

the White West

Highland Terrier.

The photographs

which accompany

this chapter show THE COUNTESS OF

the animal. ABERDEEN'S

It is Still to be CH. CROMAR SNOWFLAKE
found all along BY MORVEN —
the west coast of SNOWDRIFT.
Scotland. I have

myself seen good specimens belonging to
Ross-shire, to Skye, and at Ballachulish
on Loch Leven, so that, as it is a
breed with a long pedigree and not
an invented breed of the present day,
I thought it right to dissociate it from
the name of Poltalloch ; but I find that
many, perhaps better judges than my-
self, think that that was a mistake,
because there are some who claim that
any white terrier born in the West High-
lands may . be called a West Highland

White Terrier, though not a Poltalloch
Terrier.

I wish that I found it possible to give a
verbal description of what the type of the
dog should be, as I find my dogs constantly
judged by what is called the " Scottish "
terrier standard.

I think, however, that the picture of
an Eleven of Scotland which accompanies
this chapter shows, to those who can see,
more than any number of definitions in
inches and tenths can explain.

If anyone wishes to learn the peculiarities
of the breed as compared with the accepted
" Scottish " type, let him compare these
eleven dogs, all workers of one kennel,
with a good photo-
graph of a Scottish
Champion, say, He-
worth Rascal (see p.
388) or Ems Cosmetic
(see p. 386) — though I
must remark that a
singularly long fore-leg
among the eleven is
due not to the dog,
but to photographic
distortion. From the
picture can be gath-

cou MALCOLM'S DOICHIOLL

BY SAIGHDEAR SMEURACK.

ered a very good idea of the general foxi-
ness of character — the straight-limbed,
rather long, rather low, active body, the
broad forehead, light muzzle and underjaw,

THE WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIER.

393

the bright, intelligent eye, the look of interest
shown in the faces, is quite remarkable.

There is another point of very great
importance which not even the photograph
can show — this is the under coat.

sort — I do not, of course, speak of bench
dogs — earn their living following fox.
badger, or otter wherever these went under-
ground, between, over, or under rocks
that no-mnn could get at to move, and

Only the outer coat can be shown by some of such size that a hundred men
such illustrations ; this should be very soft could not move them. (And ph ! the
on the forehead and get gradually harder beauty of their note when they come across

towards the haunches, but the harsh coat
beloved of the show bench is all nonsense,
and is the easiest thing in the world to
" fake," as anyone can try who will dip
his own hair into the

now fashionable " ant-

uric " baths.

The outer coat should
be distinctly long, but
not long in the " fancy "
or show sense. Still, it
should be long enough
to hang as a thatch
over the soft, woolly real
coat of the animal, and
keep it dry so that a
good shake or two will
throw off most of the
water ; while the under
coat should be so thick
and naturally oily that
the dog can swim
through a fair - sized
river and not get wet,
or be able to sit out through a drenching
rain guarding something of his master's
and be none the worse.

This under coat I, at least, have never
seen a judge look for, but for the working
terrier it is most important.

The size of the dog is perhaps best in-
dicated by weight. The dog should not
weigh more than 18 lb., nor the bitch more
than 16 lb.

There is among judges, I find — with all
respect I say it — an undue regard for weight
and what is called strength, also for groom-
ing, which means brushing or plucking
out all the long hair to gratify the judge.
One might as well judge of Sandow's
strength, not by his performances, but by
the kind of wax he puts on his moustache !

The West Highland Terrier of the old

the right scent !) I want my readers to
understand this, and not to think of
a Highland fox-cairn as if it were an Eng-
lish fox-earth dug in sand ; nor of badger

COL. MALCOLMS SONNY AND SARAH.

work as if it were a question of locating the
badger and then digging him out. No ; the
badger makes his home amongst rocks,
the small ones perhaps two or three tons
in weight, and probably he has his " hinner
end " against one of three or four hundred
tons — no digging him out — and, moreover,
the passages between the rocks must be
taken as they are ; no scratching them a
little wider. So if your dog's ribs are a
trifle too big he may crush one or two
through the narrow slit and then stick.
He will never be able to pull himself back —
at least, until starvation has so reduced
him that he will probably be unable, if
set free, to win (as we say in Scotland)
his way back to the open.

I remember a tale of one of my father's
terriers who got so lost. The keepers went

394

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

daily to the cairn hoping against hope.
At last one day a pair of bright eyes were
seen at the bottom of a hole. They did
not disappear when the dog's name was
called. A brilliant idea seized one of the
keepers. The dog evidently could not get
up, so a rabbit skin was folded into a small
parcel round a stone and let down by a
string. The dog at once seized the situation
— and the skin — held on, was drawn up,
and fainted on reaching the mouth of the
hole. He was carried home tenderly and
nursed ; he recovered.

Some folk may think that I waste too
much time over my pets, but really there
are some very interesting facts to be made
known. I am sure that a great many people
did not know that King James sent to
Argyllshire when he wanted to send terriers
abroad as a present — they must have been
noted in those days — and I think I shall
win consideration from all lovers of the
" earth dogge " when I remind them that
Dr. Caius, writing " De Canibus " (1570) in
the spacious days of Good Queen Bess, in
his classification of dogs, placed the hounds
at the head of " the most generous kinds,"
and at the head of all hounds placed the
terrier.

Another old book speaks of the colour
of the terrier as either black or yellow.

Bell's "Quadrupeds," published 1838,
pictures a Scottish Terrier, and says it
differs from the other terrier which is
pictured — not a bad old type of the English
Black-and-tan terrier — in the rough harsh
character of the hair, the shortness of the
muzzle, the shortness and stoutness of the
limbs, and the colour which is generally
dirty white, though they vary greatly in
this respect. A picture of a very short-
faced dog is given.

But perhaps my best advocate is to be
found in the vignette on the title-page of
" The Art of Deer-stalking," by William
Scrope, wherein Sir E. Landseer, with deer
and other hounds, shows a terrier with
drop ears and the short face I plead for
(see p. 391). Sir Edwin Landseer for such
a picture would have the run of all the
best of the Duke of Athol's terriers for

his model. The date of this vignette
is 1839.

Bewick's " Quadrupeds " (third edition,
published in 1792), speaks also of two kinds
of terriers — the one rough, short-legged,
long-backed, very strong, and most com-
monly of a black or yellowish colour,
mixed with white. His picture shows a
lot of moustache about the mouth in such
a way that it must have been a very dis-
tinctive feature in those days.

From these ancient authorities we learn
that white or wheaten yellow is not a new
thing ; neither is the short face nor the
the rough face. The roughness, of course,
as in men, increases to a certain extent
with age.

Attention to breeding as to colour has
undoubtedly increased the whiteness, but,
other points being good, a dog of the West
Highland White Terrier breed is not to
be rejected if he shows his descent by a
slight degree of pale red or yellow on his
back or his ears. I know an old Argyllshire
family who consider that to improve their
terriers they ought all to have browny
yellow ears. Neither again, except for
the show bench, is there the slightest
objection to half drop ears — i.e. the points
of one or both ears just falling over.

Unfortunately, the show bench has a
great tendency to spoil all breeds from too
much attention being given to what is
evident — and ears are grand things for
judges to pin their faith to ; also, they
greatly admire a fine long face and what
is called — but wrongly called — a strong
jaw, meaning by that an ugly, heavy face.

I have often pointed out that the tiger,
the cat, the otter, all animals remarkable
for their strength of jaw, have exceedingly
short faces, but their bite is cruelly hard.
And what, again, could be daintier than
the face of a fox ?

The terrier of the West Highlands of
Scotland has come down to the present
day, built on what I may perhaps call
the fox lines, and it is a type evolved by
work — hard and deadly dangerous work.
It is only of late years that dogs have been
bred for show. The so-called "Scottish"

THE WEST HIGHLAND WHITE TERRIER.

395

Terrier, which at present rules the roost,
dates from 1879 as a show dog.

I therefore earnestly hope that no fancy
will arise about these dogs which will

I trust I have not tired my readers, and
that they understand that the West High-
land White Terriers are not White Aber-
deens, not a new invention, but have a

make them less hardy, less wise, less com- most respectable ancestry of their own. I

panionable, less active, or less desperate

fighters underground than they are at

present. A young dog that I gave to a

keeper got its stomach torn open in a

fight. It came out of the cairn to its master

to be helped. He put the

entrails back to the best of

his ability, and then the dog

slipped out of his hands to

finish the fight, and forced

the fox out into the open !

That is the spirit of the

breed ; but, alas, that cannot

be exhibited on the show

bench. They do say that

a keeper of mine, when

chaffed by the " fancy "

about the baby faces of his

" lot," was driven to ask,

" Well, can any of you

gentlemen oblige me with a

cat, and I'll show you ? "

I did not hear him say it,

so it may only be a tale.

Anyhow, I have in my
kennel a dog who, at ten
months old, met a vixen fox
as she was bolting out of
her cairn, and he at once
caught her by the throat,
stuck to her till the pack
came up, and then on till
she was killed. In the course of one month

add the formal list of points, but this is
the work of show bench experts — and it
will be seen from what I have written
that I do not agree with them on certain
particulars. There should be feather to a

COLONEL MALCOLM'S SONNY
BY DOICHIOLL FIORACH.

fair degree on the tail, but if experts will

his wounds were healed, and he had two not allow it, put rosin on your hands and

other classical fights, one with a cat and
the other with a dog fox. Not bad for a
pup with a " baby face " ?

I am sorry to say that the foxes about
my place are nearly cleared out, but be-

pull the hair out — and the rosin will win your
prize. The eye should not be sunk, which
gives the sulky look of the "Scotch" Terrier,
but should be full and bright, and the ex-
pression friendly and confiding. The skull

tween 1894 and 1899 603 foxes were killed should not be narrow anywhere. It is almost

and counted above ground on this property impossible to get black nails in a dog of

alone. I have not the lists complete for pure breed and the black soon wears off the

the subsequent years, but we killed 74 foxes pad work, so folk must understand this. On

and four otters between 1902 and 1905. two occasions recently I have shown dogs,

In future I must do " tod " hunter for acknowledged, as dogs, to be quite first class,

my friends. "but, you see, they are not the proper"

396

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

type. The judges unfortunately have as
yet their eyes filled with the "Scottish"
terrier type and prefer mongrels that show
it to the real " Simon Pure." I hope they
will study the photographs and learn in time.

STANDARD OF POINTS.

1. The General Appearance of the White West
Highland Terrier is that of a small, game, hardy-
looking terrier, possessed with no small amount
of self-esteem, with a "varminty" appearance,
strongly built, deep in chest and back ribs, straight
back and powerful quarters, on muscular legs and
exhibiting in a marked degree a great combination
of strength and activity.

2. Colour.— White.

3. Coat. — Very important, and seldom seen
to perfection ; must be double-coated. The
outer coat consists of hard hair, about 2^ inches
long, and free from any curl. The under coat,
which resembles fur, is short, soft, and close.
Open coats are objectionable.

4. Size. — Dogs to weigh from 14 to 18 lb.,
and bitches from 12 to 16 lb., and measure
from 8 to 12 inches at the shoulder.

5. Skull. — Should not be too narrow, being in
proportion to his powerful jaw, proportionately
long, slightly domed, and gradually tapering
to the eyes, between which there should be a
slight indentation or stop. Eyebrows heavy.
The hair on the skull to be from f to i inch long,
and fairly hard.

6. Eyes. — Widely set apart, medium in size,
dark hazel in colour, slightly sunk in the head,
sharp and intelligent, which, looking from under
the heavy eyebrows, give a piercing look. Full
eyes, and also light-coloured eyes, are very objec-
tionable.

7. Muzzle. — Should be powerful, proportionate
in length, and should gradually taper towards the
nose, which should be fairly wide, and should
not project forward beyond the upper jaw. The
jaws level and powerful, and teeth square or
evenly met, well set, and large for the size of the
dog. The nose and roof of mouth should be dis-
tinctly black in colour.

8. Ears. — Small, carried erect or semi-erect,
but never drop, and should be carried tightly up.
The semi-erect ear should drop nicely over at the
tips, the break being about three-quarters up the
ear, and both forms of ears should terminate in a
sharp point. The hair on them should be short,
smooth (velvety), and they should not be cut.
The ears should be free from any fringe at the top.
Round, pointed, broad and large ears are very
objectionable, also ears too heavily covered
with hair.

9. Neck. — Muscular, and nicely set on sloping
shoulders.

10. Chest. — Very deep, with breadth in propor-
tion to the size of the dog.

11. Body. — Compact, straight back, ribs deep
and well arched in the upper half of rib, present-
ing a flatish side appearance. Loins broad and
strong. Hind-quarters strong, muscular, and wide
across the top.

12. Legs and Feet. — Both fore- and hind-legs
should be short and muscular. The shoulder
blades should be comparatively broad, and well-
sloped backwards. The points of the shoulder
blades should be closely knit into the backbone, so
that very little movement of them should be
noticeable when the dog is walking. The elbow
should be close in to the body both when moving
or standing, thus causing the fore-leg to be well
placed in under the shoulder. The fore-legs
should be straight and thickly covered with short
hard hair. The hind-legs should be short and
sinewy. The thighs very muscular and not too
wide apart. The hocks bent and well set in
under the body, so as to be fairly close to each
other either when standing, walking, or running
(trotting) ; and, when standing, the hind-legs,
from the point of the hock down to fetlock joint,
should be straight or perpendicular and not far
apart. The fore-feet are larger than the hind
ones, are round, proportionate in size, strong,
thickly padded, and covered with short hard hair.
The foot must point straight forward. The hind-
feet are smaller, not quite as round as fore-feet, and
thickly padded. The under surface of the pads
of feet and all the nails should be distinctly
black in colour. Hocks too much bent (cow
hocks) detract from the general appearance.
Straight hocks are weak. Both kinds are unde-
sirable, and should be guarded against.

13. Tail. — Six or seven inches long, covered
with hard hairs, no feathers, as straight as possible ;
carried gaily, but not curled over back. A long tail
is objectionable.

14. Movement. — Should be free, straight, and
easy all round. In front, the leg should be freely
extended forward by the shoulder. The hind
movement should be free, strong, and close.
The hocks should be freely flexed and drawn close
in under the body, so that, when moving off the
foot, the body is thrown or pushed forward with
some force. Stiff, stilty movement behind is
very objectionable.

Faults.

1. Coat. — Any silkiness, wave, or tendency to
curl is a serious blemish, as is also an open coat.
Black or grey hairs disqualify for competition.

2. Size. — Any specimens under the minimum,
or above the maximum weight, are objectionable.

3. Eyes. — Full or light coloured.

4. Ears. — Round-pointed, drop, broad and large,
or too heavily covered with hair.

5. Muzzle. — Either under or over shot, and
defective teeth.

397

CHAPTER XLIL__
THE DANDIE DINMONT.

BY E. W. H. BLAGG.

" 'A bonny terrier that, sir — and a fell chield at the vermin, I warrant him — that is, if he's been
weel entered, for it a' lies in that.'

" ' Really, sir,' said Brown, ' his education has been somewhat neglected, and his chief property
is being a pleasant companion.'

" 'Ay, sir? that's a pity, begging your pardon — it's a great pity that — beast or body, education
should aye be minded. I have six terriers at hame, forbye twa couple of slow-hunds, five grews,
and a wheen other dogs. There's auld Pepper and auld Mustard, and young Pepper and young
Mustard, and little Pepper and little Mustard — / had them a' regularly entered, first wi' rottens —
then wi' slots or weasels — and then wi' the tods and brocks — and now they fear naething that ever
cam wi' a hairy skin on't.'

" ' I have no doubt, sir, they are thorough-bred — but, to have so many dogs, you seem to have a
very limited variety of names for them ? '

" ' 0, that's a fancy of my ain to mark the breed, sir. — The Deuke himsell has sent as far as Charlies-
hope to get ane o' Dandie Dinmont's Pepper and Mustard terriers — Lord, man, he sent Tarn Hudson
the keeper, and sicken a day as we had wi' the foumarts and the tods, and sicken a blythe gae-down
as we had again e'en ! Faith, that was a night ! ' ' — " GUY MANNERING."

district. And this latter theory is the one
that I myself am inclined to accept.

The Dandie would appear to be closely
related to the Bedlington Terrier. In both
breeds we find the same indomitable pluck,
the same pendulous ear, and a light silky
" top-knot " adorning the skull of each ;
but the Dandie was evolved into a long-
bodied, short-legged dog, and the Bedling-
ton became a long-legged, short-bodied dog !
Indeed to illustrate the close relation-
ship of the two breeds a case is quoted
of the late Lord Antrim, who, in the early
days of dog shows, exhibited two animals
from the same litter, and with the one
obtained a prize or honourable mention in
the Dandie classes, and with the other a
like distinction in the Bedlington classes.

It may be interesting to give a few par-
ticulars concerning the traceable ancestors of
the modern Dandie. In Mr. Charles Cook's
book on this breed, we are given particulars
of one William Allan, of Holystone, born
in 1704, and known as Piper Allan, and
celebrated as a hunter of otters and foxes,
and for his strain of rough-haired terriers

breed of terrier now known as the
I Dandie Dinmont is one of the races
of the dog which can boast of a fairly
ancient lineage. Though it is impossible
now to say what was the exact origin of
this breed, we know that it was first recog-
nised under its present name after the
publication of Scott's " Guy Mannering,"
in the year 1814, and we know that for
many years previously there had existed in
the Border counties a rough-haired, short-
legged race of terrier, the constant and
very effective companion of the Border
farmers and others in their fox-hunting
expeditions.

Various theories have been suggested by
different writers as to the manner in which
the breed was founded. Some say that
the Dandie is the result of crossing a strain
of rough-haired terriers with the Dachs-
hund ; others that a rough-haired terrier
was crossed with the Otterhound ; and
others again assert that no direct cross
was ever introduced to found the breed,
but that it was gradually evolved from
the rough-haired terriers of the Border

398

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

who so ably assisted him in the chase.
William Allan's terriers descended to his
son James, also known as the " Piper,"
and born in the year 1734. An amusing
story is told of an attempt on the part of
Lord Ravensworth's steward to buy the
piper's favourite dog Charley. After the
piper had been successful in ridding his
lordship's ponds of the otters which in-
fested them, William Allan haughtily ex-
claiming that his lordship's " hale estate
canna buy Charley." It is said that the

DANDIE DINMONT AND HIS TERRIERS.

FROM AN OLD PRINT.

piper had such confidence in another favour-
ite dog of his called Hitchem that at times
he would observe, "When my Hitchem
gie's mouth I durst always sell the otter's
skin." It is related that on one occasion
the Duke of Northumberland offered a
life rent lease of a small farm to the piper
in exchange for Hitchem, but after deliber-
ating for a day Allan said : " Na, na, ma
lord ; keep yir ferum. What wud a piper
do wi' a ferum ? " James Allan died in
1810, and was survived by a son who
sold to Mr. Francis Somner at Yet-
holm a terrier dog named Old Pepper
descended from his grandfather's famous
dog Hitchem. Old Pepper was the great-

grandsire of Mr. Somner's well-known dog
Shem.

These terriers belonging to the Allans
and others in the district are considered
by Mr. Cook to be the earliest known an-
cestors of the modern Dandie Dinmont.

Sir Walter Scott himself informs us
that he did not draw the character of
Dandie Dinmont from any one individual
in particular, but that the character would
well fit a dozen or more of the Lidderdale
yeomen of his acquaintance. However,
owing to the circumstance
of his calling all his terriers
Mustard and Pepper, with-
out any other distinction
except " auld " and " young"
and "little," the name came
to be fixed by his associates
upon one James Davidson,
of Hindlee, a wild farm in
the Teviotdale mountains.

James Davidson died in
the year 1820, by which time
the Dandie Dinmont Terrier
was being bred in consider-
able numbers by the Border
farmers and others to meet
the demand for it which had
sprung up since the appear-
ance of " Guy Mannering."

Amongst other breeders
about this time we find Ned
Dunn, Whitelee, the Duke
of Buccleuch, the Duke of
Northumberland, the Duke of Roxburgh,
the Hon. George Hamilton Baillie, Sir Walter
Scott, Lord Polwarth, the Marquis of Tweed-
dale, Messrs. Thomas Stevenson, Jedburgh ;
Francis Somner, West Morriston ; John Stod-
dart, Selkirk ; R. Pringle, The Haining ; Dr.
William Brown, Melrose ; Messrs. James
Scott, Newstead ; Nicol Milne, Faldonside ;
John Stewart Lyon, Kirkmichael ; James
Aitken, Maryfield House, Edinburgh ; Dr.
Grant, Hawick ; and Mr. E. Bradshaw
Smith, of Blackwood House, Ecclefechan.

In later days we find amongst the leading
exhibitors the Rev. Tenison Mosse with his
successful dog Shamrock. Messrs. Robert
and Paul Scott, of Jedburgh, with their

THE DANDIE DINMONT.

399

dog Peachem ; Mr. J. H. Murchison, the
Rev. J. C. Macdona, Messrs. James Locke,
W. Carrick, James Cook, A Irving, A. H. T.
Newcomen, W. Dorchester, T. F. Slater,
J. Finchett, Captain H. Ashton, the Earl of
Antrim, Captain Keene, Messrs. T. Coup-
land, A. Steel, T. Stordy, D. J. T. Gray,
A. Weaver, A. Kemball Cook, W. Walker,
J. Sherwood, the Rev. E. S. Tiddeman,
Messrs. Houliston, T. Maxwell, A. Mutter,
J. Clarke, C. H. Lane, and Dr. Haddon.

As a result of the controversies that were
continually recurring with regard to the
points of a typical Dandie Dinmont there
was formed in the year 1876 the Dandie
Dinmont Terrier Club, with the object of
settling the question for ever, and for this
purpose all the most noted breeders and
others interested were invited to give their
views upon it.

The standard of points adopted by the
club is as follows :—

1. Head. — Strongly made and large, not out of
proportion to the dog's size ; the muscles showing
extraordinary development, more especially the
maxillary.

2. Skull. — Broad between the ears, getting
gradually less towards the eyes, and measuring
about the same from the inner corner of the eyes
to back of skull as it does from ear to ear. The
forehead well domed. The head is covered with
very soft silky hair, which should not be confined
to a mere top-knot, and the lighter in colour and
silkier it is the better. The cheeks, starting from
the ears proportionately with the skull, have a
gradual taper towards the muzzle, which is deep
and strongly made, and measures about three
inches in length, or in proportion to skull as three
is to five. The muzzle is covered with hair of a
little darker shade than the top-knot, and of the
same texture as the feather of the fore-legs. The
top of the muzzle is generally bare for about
an inch from the back part of the nose, the bare-
ness coming to a point towards the eye, and being
about one inch broad at the nose. The nose and
inside of mouth black or dark coloured. The.
teeth very strong, especially the canine, which
are of extraordinary size for such a small dog.
The canines fit well into each other, so as to
give the greatest available holding and punishing
power, and the teeth are level in front, the upper
ones very slightly overlapping the under ones.
(Many of the finest specimens have a " swine
mouth," which is very objectionable, but it is not
so great an objection as the protrusion of the under
jaw.)

3. Eyes. — Set wide apart, large, full, round,
bright, expressive of great determination, intelli-
gence and dignity ; set low and prominent in front
of the head ; colour a rich dark hazel.

4. Ears,— Pendulous, set well back, wide apart
and low on the skull, hanging close to the cheek,
with a very slight projection at the base, broad at
the junction of the head and tapering almost to a
point, the fore part of the ear tapering very little,
the tapering being mostly on the back part, the fore
part of the ear coming almost straight down from
its junction with the head to the tip. They should
harmonise in colour with the body colour. In the
case of a pepper dog they are covered with a soft,
straight, brownish hair (in some cases almost black).
In the case of a mustard dog the hair should be
mustard in colour, a shade darker than the body,
but not black. All should have a thin feather
of light hair starting about two inches from the
tip, and of nearly the same colour and texture
as the top-knot, which gives the ear the appearance
of a distinct point. The animal is often one or
two years old before the feather is shown. The
cartilage and skin of the ear should not be thick,
but rather thin. Length of ear, from three to four
inches.

5. Neck. — Very muscular, well developed, and
strong ; showing great power of resistance, being
well set into the shoulders.

6. Body. — Long, strong, and flexible ; - ribs
well sprung and round, chest well developed
and let well down between the forelegs ; the back
rather low at the shoulder, having a slight down-
ward curve and a corresponding arch over the loins,
with a very slight gradual drop from top of loins to
root of tail ; both sides of backbone well supplied
with muscle.

7. Tail. — Rather short, say from eight inches
to ten inches, and covered on the upper side with
wiry hair of darker colour than that of the body,
the hair on the under side being lighter in colour,
and not so wiry, with a nice feather, about two
inches long, getting shorter as it nears the tip ;
rather thick at the root, getting thicker for about
four inches, then tapering off to a point. It should
not be twisted or curled in any way, but should
come up with a curve like a scimitar, the tip,
when excited, being in a perpendicular line with
the root of the tail. It should neither be set on
too high nor too low. When not excited it is
carried gaily, and a little above the level of the
body.

8. Legs. — The fore-legs short, with immense
muscular development and bone, set wide apart,
the chest coming well down between them. The
feet well formed, and not flat, with very strong
brown or dark-coloured claws. Bandy legs and
flat feet are objectionable. The hair on the
fore-legs and feet of a pepper dog should be tan,
varying according to the body colour from a rich

400

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

tan to a pale fawn ; of a mustard dog they are
of a darker shade than its head, which is a creamy
white. In both colours there is a nice feather,
about two inches long, rather lighter in colour than
the hair on the forepart of the leg. The hind -legs
are a little longer than the fore ones, and are set

MRS. SPENCER'S CH. BRAW LAD.

Photograph by F. Fall.

rather wide apart, but not spread out in an un-
natural manner, while the feet are much smaller,
the thighs are well developed, and the hair of the
same colour and texture as the fore ones, but
having no feather or dew claws ; the whole claws
should be dark ; but the claws of all vary in
shade according to the colour of the dog's body.

9. Coat. — This is a very important point ; the
hair should be about two inches long ; that from
skull to root of tail a mixture of hardish and soft
hair, which gives a sort of crisp feel to the hand.
The hair should not be wiry ; the coat is termed pily
or pencilled. The hair on the under part of the
body is lighter in colour and softer than that on
the top. The skin on the belly accords with the
colour of dog.

10. Colour. — The colour is pepper or mustard.
The pepper ranges from a dark bluish black to a
light silver grey, the intermediate shades being
preferred, the body colour coming well down
the shoulder and hips, gradually merging into the
leg colour. The mustards vary from a reddish
brown to a pale fawn, the head being a creamy
white, the legs and feet of a shade darker than
the head. The claws are dark as in other colours.

(Nearly all Dandie Dinmonts have some white
on the chest, and some have also white claws.)

11. Size. — The height should be from 8 to
1 1 inches at the top of shoulder. Length from
top of shoulder to root of tail should not be more
than twice the dog's height, but, preferably, one
or two inches less.

12. Weight. — From 14 Ib. to 24 Ib. ; the best
weight as near 18 Ib. as possible. These weights
are for dogs in good working order.

The relative values of the several points in the
standard are apportioned as follows : — •

Head 10

Eyes . . . 10

Ears 10

Neck .......... 5

Body .20

Tail , . . 5

Legs and feet 10

Coat ......... 15

Colour 5

Size and weight 5

General appearance 5

100

In the above standard of points we have
a very full and detailed account of what
a Dandie should be like, and if only judges
at shows would bear them in mind a little
more, we should have fewer conflicting de-
cisions given, and Dandie fanciers and the
public generally would not from time to
time be set wondering as to what is the
correct type of the breed.

As long as human nature is what it is,
however, I suppose we shall find that,
even amongst those who are selected as

MR. E. W. H. BLAGG'S
CH. KATRINE TEASER.

judges of the canine race, this man will
perhaps lay too much stress upon a dog
possessing a perfect head, while that man
will not award high honours to a dog with
a perfect head unless the animal also
possesses a body of superlative excellence.
What is wanted to constitute a man a
good judge of dogs in the show ring is the
faculty of evenly weighing in his mind

THE DANDIE DINMONT.

401

all the points of the dog, without any undue
leaning towards any one or more particular
point or points. And here I would utter
a word of warning to breeders and admirers
of the Dandie, to the effect that they should
be careful not unduly to exaggerate the
points and peculiarities of the breed.

The Dandie should be " long and low "
Quite so ; but though one often hears it
said that a Dandie's legs cannot be too
short, such a statement is inaccurate and
very mischievous. It should always be
remembered that the Dandie was originally
famous as a sporting terrier, as a dog that
was active enough to follow his master
all day over a rugged country, and, when-
ever the opportunity arose, to give battle
to fox, otter, or badger, and to follow his
quarry into its underground fastnesses.
If the Dandie is bred with too short legs,
or too big and heavy a body, it is impossible
for him to do his work in aiding man in
hunting and destroying vermin.

The so-called " top-knot " of the Dandie
is another point which is in danger of
over-exaggeration for show purposes at
the present time. The standard of points
says that the head should be covered with
very soft, silky hair ; but it does not say
that that covering should be of exces-
sively long hair, standing up very high over
the head of the dog and giving him anything
but the appearance of a working terrier.
The top-knot should be abundant and long
enough to give the dog the appearance
of a " silver-domed " terrier, and then we
have what is quite sufficient. An excessively
long top-knot generally goes with too soft
a body coat, and also generally induces too
much growth of hair in front of the eyes,
and too much hair on the ears. Then
to enhance the appearance of smartness,
" trimming " is often resorted to. In the
interest of the dog, as well as of his owner,
the less trimming that is attempted the
better.

An excessive top-knot is a great pitfall
for the unwary, for very often it covers
a multitude of sins in the shape of a flat
skull, perhaps also a narrow one, and ears
that are set too high on the head.

The eye of the Dandie is an all-important
point, as herein lies a great feature of his
beauty and attractiveness. Many speci-
mens at— the present time have eyes too
small, or eyes of too light a shade. The
eyes should be large, dark hazel (not black).
I emphasise this point, as one often sees it
stated as a great recommendation of some
Dandie that he possesses black eyes. Here
we have an instance of the way in which
a feature which is a good point is apt to be
exaggerated until it becomes a fault.

MR E. W. H. BLAGG'S KATRINE ROB

BY KATRINE WIZARD KATRINE REBEL.

FROM A DRAWING BY CECIL HUNT.

Many Dandies fail with regard to the
ear ; either it is set too high on the skull,
or is too big and heavy, or lacks the feather
at the tip.

The long, flexible body is not always in
evidence, the body very often being too
stiff and cobby-looking, or the arched back
is over-exaggerated, which seems to stiffen
the body and cause a loss of flexibility,
and therefore of activity and usefulness in
the dog. On the other hand, a straight
back is a very common failing ; a dog with
this fault loses much of the typical appear-
ance of the breed.

With regard to legs and feet there is
no doubt that specimens that have been
very faulty in this respect have on certain
occasions won high honours in the show ring ;
at the same time, I think there is no doubt
that there has been a very great all round
improvement in these points in recent years,

402

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

and, at the present time, it is very difficult
for a Dandie that is not reasonably sound
as to legs and feet to win much distinction.
We used to be told that a Dandie's feet
should be turned out to the side, so as to
enable him the more readily to follow his
prey below ground, the apostles of this
creed pointing to the mole and to its
formation of foot. But we have not heard
so much of the necessity for the Dandie's

MR. M. P. LUCAS'S CH. MILVERTON KING

BY CALLUM BEG QUEEN IE.

feet to be turned out to the side since it
was pointed out that the fox and the
badger, the rabbit and the rat, all have
straight feet, and yet they all excel at
making their way below ground !

For my own part I am inclined to think
that the theory really owed its origin to
the difficulty of breeding and rearing
Dandies whose feet have not a tendency
to turn out to the side ; the weight of the
long body of the animal naturally inclines
the feet that way. But a straight, sound
foot is certainly more pleasing to the eye
than a crooked one, and far more service-
able to the dog, so it is most devoutly
to be hoped that the theory of the advo-
cates of the " mole " formation of foot
may never gain any ground.

It should always be remembered that the
Dandie, about whom " The Wizard of the
North " casts such a halo of romance, was
originally a hardy, working terrier, of most
indomitable pluck, and it was owing to
these good qualities, coupled with his

somewhat quaint appearance, that he ob-
tained such popularity. It therefore behoves
the admirers and breeders of the Dandie
at the present, day to see to it that he loses
nothing of his fitness and capability to
perform the duties that should fall to the
lot of a hardy sporting terrier. He must
be bred not too big and heavy, he must
have a good, thick weather-resisting coat,
sound legs and feet, and, above everything
else, a sound constitution ; then, provided
always that he is properly educated and
entered to his work, he will be found as
capable of performing it as he was in the
days of James Davidson. But those who
want to use their terriers for work should
bear in mind Davidson's advice about
" entering " them to it.

I believe that there are very few breeds
of the dog in which the appearance and

MR. M. P. LUCAS'S CH. MILVERTON LADY

BY KELSO SCOUT MAYFIELD LILY

Photographs by Lippiatt, Leamington.

outward characteristics of the race have
remained so unchanged from early days as
in the case of the Dandie Dinmont Terrier.
A comparison of the pictures contained in
Mr. Cook's book, more particularly the
portraits of Border Queen, whelped in 1877,
and of Tweedmouth, who was whelped in
1879, with the portraits of the best speci-
mens of the present day, will show that the
type now is much what it was some thirty
or so years ago.

We have all of us heard of terriers who
have made a great name for themselves as

THE DANDIE DINMONT.

slayers of cats, and some of us have heard of
dogs who have been skilful in catching fish,
but it has been left to a member of the race
of Dandies successfully to combine the two
accomplishments. A friend upon whose
word I can confidently rely tells me that
he made the acquaintance of a Dandie who
had a most original method of putting an
end to members of the feline race. This dog
would pay a visit to a stream which ran
close to the house, and having caught a fish
would place it as a bait for poor puss, and
then mount on the table and keep watch ;
from his coign of vantage he would jump
down upon the cat, and seizing her by the
back soon kill her.

But it must not be supposed from this
anecdote that all Dandies kill cats ! There
is, as a rule, very little difficulty in training
a Dandie puppy to live at peace with the
house cat, though sometimes considerable
difficulty is experienced in training him to
leave strange cats alone.

A Dandie makes an excellent house
guard ; for such a small dog he has an
amazingly deep, loud bark, so that the
stranger, who has heard him barking on the
far side of the door is quite astonished when
he sees the small owner of the big voice.
When kept as a companion he becomes a
most devoted and affectionate little friend,
and is very intelligent. As a dog to be
kept in kennels there is certainly one great
drawback where large numbers are desired,
and that is the risk of keeping two
or more dogs in one kennel ; sooner or
later there is sure to be a fight, and when
Dandies fight it is generally a very serious
matter ; if no one is present to separate
them, one or both of the combatants is
pretty certain to be killed. But when out
walking the Dandie is no more quarrelsome
than other breeds of terriers, if properly
trained from puppyhood. In this connec-
tion I am reminded of a little incident that
happened with one of my own Dandies not
so very long ago. This dog, when about a
year old, was rather more prone to pick a
quarrel with strange dogs than he should
have been, and one day, when out for
exercise with me, he espied a Fox-terrier

following immediately behind a heavy trap
in which two men were riding, and he
instantly made a rush for the Fox-terrier.
The wheel of the trap caught him in the
middle ofliis body and went right over him.
I, of course, expected that his back would
be broken, or that he had received some
other fatal injury. Not a bit of it. He just
growled at the retreating trap and terrier,
got up and shook himself, finished his walk
quite gaily, ate his supper that evening with
his usual gusto, and neither that day nor
afterwards did he seem any the worse for
his little adventure. This dog is a son of
the well-known Ch. Milverton King, and
certainly his adventure exemplified in a
wonderful way the maxim : "A Dandie's
body should feel so strong that a cart wheel
might pass over it without hurting it."

There is one little matter in breeding
Dandies that is generally a surprise to
the novice, and that is the very great
difference in the appearance of the young
pups and the adult dog. The pups are
born quite smooth-haired, the peppers are
black and tan in colour, and the mustards
have a great deal of black in their colouring.
The top-knot begins to appear sometimes
when the dog is a few months old, and some-
times not till he is a year or so old. It is
generally best to mate a mustard to a pepper,
to prevent the mustards becoming too light
in colour, though two rich-coloured mustards
may be mated together with good results.
It is a rather curious fact that when two
mustards are mated some of the progeny
are usually pepper in colour, though when
two peppers are mated there are very
seldom any mustard puppies.

It may be of interest if I mention some of
the more prominent breeders and owners
of modern times, and some of the most
celebrated dogs.

Mr. G. A. B. Leatham for several years
owned a most powerful kennel, some of his
best specimens being the pepper dog Ch.
Border King, the mustard dog Ch. Heather
Sandy, and his son Ch. Ainsty Dandie, also
of the same colour, and the mustard bitch
Ch. Heather Peggy. About the years 1893-
1895 Mr. J. E. Dennis was showing a very

404

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

good mustard dog, Ch. Cannie Lad. The
late Mr. Flinn of Portobello owned a good
mustard dog, called Marplot, and his
mustard dog Charlie II. appears in the
pedigrees of very many of the best strains of
Dandies. Mr. A. Weaver of Leominster
has owned and bred many good Dandies,
perhaps the best of them being Ainsty
Vesper, Cannie Lad, and Daisy Deans.
Mr. A. Steel of Kelso has bred and exhibited
many excellent specimens, two of his best
being the mustard dog Ch. Scotland's Prince,
and the pepper bitch Ch. Linnet. Mr. G.
Shiel of Hawick is another very successful
breeder, his pepper dog Ch. Dargai being
his best of recent years. Ch. lethart, owned
by Mr. A. Mutter, was a very good dog.

Mrs. Spencer has owned two very good
specimens in the mustard bitch Ch. Elspeth,
and the pepper dog Ch. Braw Lad. Mrs.
Peel Hewitt had a very successful pepper
dog, Ch. Tommy Atkins, and, later, a good
mustard bitch, Ch. Gordon Daisy.

Mrs. Grieve of Redhill has owned the
mustard dogs Ch. Thistle Dandie, and
Thistlegrove Crab, and the mustard bitch
Ch. Milverton Yet. Mr. M. P. Lucas of the
Oaks, Leamington, has at the present time
the best kennel of show Dandies, his best
specimens being the pepper bitch Ch.
Milverton Lady, quite the best bitch of
the last year or two, the pepper dogs Ch.
Milverton King and Ch. Milverton Duke,
the pepper bitch Ch. Milverton Duchess
and the mustard bitch Jovial Jenny. The
best inmates of my own kennel have been
the mustard dog Ch. Kyber, the mustard
bitch, Ch. Katrine Fairy, the pepper bitch
Ch. Katrine Teaser, and the mustard bitch
Katrine Cress, who won championship prize
at Manchester Show in 1904, beating Ch.
Milverton Lady, and then unfortunately
succumbed to distemper. Mrs. Lloyd Ray-
ner's mustard dog Ch. Blacket House Yet
was a very good one, and her pepper bitch
Ch. Ancrum Fanny was also excellent.
Other good Dandies of recent years have
been Mr. T. B. Potterton's mustard dog
Ch. Puff, Mr. Roger's pepper bitch Ch.
Ashleigh Gyp, Mr. Gram's mustard bitch

Ch. Oakapple. Amongst others who have
been prominent in exhibiting Dandies in
recent years or in forwarding the interest
of the breed in other ways should be men-
tioned Mrs. Simpson Shaw, Miss M. Collyer,
Miss Briscoe, Mrs. Stark, Messrs. J. Nuts-
ford, T. F. Slater, T. I. Tweddle, C. Corn-
forth, H. J. Bryant, H. J. Bidwell, A. J. F.
Nugent, G. F. Hempson, W. Goodall-Cope-
stake, A. MacCulloch, Thomson, Millican,
Valentine, Nightingale, MacNamara, W.
Chalmers, H. S. Whipp, Ashmur Bond, J.
Dillon, Dunn, Millar, Scott, Telfer, Riddle,
Backhouse, Pengilly, Farrar-Roberts, Adam-
son, Stevenson, Irwin Scott, J. Wilson, Dr.
Clay, and Dr. Smith.

The Dandie Dinmont Terrier Club, to
which allusion has been made, is now one
of the oldest of specialist clubs; the Hon.
Secretary is Mrs. Simpson-Shaw of Aveley,
Essex, and the annual subscription is half
a guinea.

Though the Dandie is not at the present
time so popular as a show dog as some few
other breeds, such as Fox-terriers, still,
wherever the classification at shows is such
as to encourage entries the classses almost
invariably fill. At recent shows of the
Scottish Kennel Club at Edinburgh the
entries in the Dandie classes have exceeded
100, and at the Kennel Club Show at the
Crystal Palace they have reached 84.

We have practical proof that the best
specimens of modern times are considered
by experts to have reached a high pitch of
excellence, for at Cruft's Show at the
Agricultural Hall, in London, in 1902, the
pepper bitch Ch. Bonnie Lassie was awarded
the prize for the best terrier of any breed
in the show, and in the year 1906 at the
same venue a similar honour was won by
the pepper dog Ch. Milverton King, belong-
ing to Mr. Lucas.

The popularity of the Dandie has now
lasted for nearly a hundred years, and there
is no reason why it should not last for
another century, if breeders will only steer
clear of the exaggeration of show points,
and continue to breed a sound, active, and
hardy terrier.

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CHAPTER XL I I I.
THE SKYE TERRIER.

BY CAPTAIN W. WILMER AND R. LEIGHTON.

" From the dim shieling on the misty island,

Mountains divide us and a world of seas ;
Yet still our hearts are true, our hearts are Highland,
And we in dreams behold the Hebrides."

THAT the Skye Terrier should be called
" the Heavenly Breed " is a tribute
to the favour in which he is held by
his admirers. Certainly when he is seen in
perfection he is an exceedingly beautiful
dog. As certainly
there is no breed
more affectionate,
more faithful, or
more lovable.
Among his charac-
teristics are a long-
enduring patience,
a prompt obedi-
ence, and a deep-
hearted tenderness,
combined with
fearless courage.
He is more sensi-
tive to rebuke and
punishment than

most dogs, and will nurse resentment to
those who are unjust to him ; not viciously,
but with an almost human plaintiveness
which demands an immediate reconciliation.
He is staunch and firm as his native hills
to those who are kind to him, and for
entering into battle with an enemy there
is no dog more recklessly daring and reso-
lute. No one who has seen two Skye
Terriers at grips will deny that they are
" terrible fechters." To separate them
requires the exercise of concentrated
strength and ingenuity. They have jaws
like steel traps, which when once closed
upon a victim are not loosened until they
have done their work.

Visitors to dog shows are disposed to

MR. A. M. SHAW'S FLORA (1877).

FROM A DRAWING ON Wooo BY C. BURTON BARBER.

believe that the Skye Terrier, with its well-
groomed coat that falls in smooth cascades
down its sides, and its veil of thick hair that
obscures the tender softness of its dark and
thoughtful eyes, is meant only to look

beautiful upon the
bench or to recline
in comfortable in-
dolence on silken
cushions. This is
a mistake. See a
team of Skyes
racing up a hill-
side after a fugi-
tive rabbit, tire-
lessly burrowing
after a rat, or dis-
playing their terrier
strategy around a
fox's earth or an
otter's holt, and

you will admit that they are meant for
sport, and are demons at it. Even
their peculiarity of build is a proof that
they are born to follow vermin under
ground. They are long of body, with
short, strong legs, adapted for burrowing.
With the Dachshund they approximate
more closely than any other breeds to the
shape of the stoat, the weasel, and the otter,
and so many animals which Nature has
made long and low in order that they may
inhabit earths and insinuate themselves
into narrow passages in the moorland
cairns.

There is a tradition frequently referred
to by writers on the Skye Terrier that the
breed was originally the offspring of some

406

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

" Spanish white dogs which were wrecked
on the Isle of Skye at the time when the
Spanish Armada lost so many ships on the
western coast." But putting aside the im-
probability that the Spaniards took any
dogs with them on a military expedition
in galleons which were already overcrowded
with men and insufficiently provisioned,
there is the fact that the Highlanders
possessed working terriers long before the
year 1588. The Norsemen who ruled in
the Hebrides three centuries earlier, had
brought dogs with them from Scandinavia,
and the terriers of the islands were too
strong to be affected in type by the intro-
duction into their midst of " a shipwrecked
Poodle." Furthermore, Dr. Caius, who wrote
a score of years or more before the time
when Philip sent his Armada to invade
these shores, described an "Iseland" dog
which many modern authorities identify
as a description of the Skye Terrier. There
can be no question that these dogs, which
are so typically Highland in character and
appearance, as well as the Clydesdale, the
Scottish, the Dandie Dinmont, and the
White Poltalloch terriers, are all the de-
scendants of a purely native Scottish
original. They are all inter-related ; but
which was the parent breed it is impossible
to determine.

It is even difficult to discover which of
the two distinct types of the Skye Terrier
was the earlier — the variety whose ears
stand alertly erect or its near relative whose
ears are pendulous. Perhaps it does not
matter. The differences between the prick-
eared Skye and the drop-eared are so
slight, and the characteristics which they
have in common are so many, that a dual
classification was hardly necessary. The
earliest descriptions and engravings of the
breed present a terrier considerably smaller
than the type of to-day, carrying a fairly
profuse, hard coat, with short legs, a body
long in proportion to its height, and with
ears that were neither erect nor drooping,
but semi-erect and capable of being raised
to alertness in excitement. It is the case
that drop-eared puppies often occur in the
litters of prick-eared parents, and vice versa.

A good example of the working Skye
Terrier of five-and-twenty years ago is
shown in the engraving on p. 405 of
Mr. A. M. Shaw's Flora, who was regarded
in her day as a good-looking specimen,
although at the present time she would
hardly be identified as a true type of the
breed. Indeed, if you were to strip her of
her shaggy coat and give her a pair of
perkily pricked ears, she might as well pass
muster for a rather long bodied Scottish
Terrier as for a Skye. Still, the portrait
shows that a quarter of a century ago great
length of coat was not sought for in a terrier
accustomed to worry its way after vermin
through prickly whin bushes and among
the jagged passages of a fox cairn.

As its name implies, this terrier had its,
early home in the misty island of Skye ;
which is not to say that it was not also
to be found in Lewis, Oronsay, Colonsay
and others of the Hebrides, as well as on
the mainland of Scotland. Dr. Johnson,
who visited these islands with Boswell in
1773, and was a guest at Dunvegan Castle,
made no descriptive note in his letters con-
cerning the terriers, although he refers
frequently to the Deerhound ; but he
observed that otters and weasels were
plentiful in Skye, and that the foxes were
so numerous that there was a price upon
their heads, which had been raised from
three shillings and sixpence to a guinea,
" a sum so great in this part of the world
that in a short time Skye may be as free
from foxes as England from wolves," and
he adds that they were hunted by small dogs.
He was so accurate an observer that one
regrets he did not describe the Macleod's
terriers and their work. They were at that
time of many colours, varying from pure
white to fawn and brown, blue-grey and
black. The lighter coloured ones had black
muzzles, ears, and tails. Their tails were
carried more gaily than would be permitted
by a modern judge of the breed.

In those days the Highlander cared less
for the appearance than he did for the
sporting proclivities of his dogs, whose
business it was to oust the tod from the
earth in which it had taken refuge ; and

THE SKYE TERRIER.

407

for this purpose certain qualities were im-
perative. First and foremost the terrier
needed to be small, short of leg, long and
lithe in body, with ample face fringe to
protect his eyes from injury, and last, but
by no means least, possessed of unlimited
pluck and dash.

The Skye Terrier of to-day does not
answer to each and every one of these
requirements. He is too big — decidedly he
is too big — especially in regard to the head.
A noble-looking skull, with large, well-
feathered ears may be admirable as orna-
ment, but would assuredly debar its possessor
from following into a fox's lair among the
boulders. Then, again, his long coat would
militate against the activity necessary for
his legitimate calling.

The Skye Terrier, as, already hinted, has
a certain affinity with other breeds of
terriers, with whom it is not unreasonable
to suppose that he has frequently been
crossed. The inexperienced eye often
mistakes the Yorkshire and the Clydesdale
Terriers for the Skye, although beyond
the fact that each breed carries a long
coat, has its eyes shaded with a fringe,
and is superficially similar in build, there
is no resemblance great enough to perplex
an attentive observer.

It was not until about 1860 that the
Skye Terrier attracted much notice among
dog lovers south of the Border, but Queen
Victoria's admiration of the breed, of
which from 1842 onwards she always owned
favourite specimens, and Sir Edwin Land-
seer's paintings in which the Skye was
introduced, had already drawn public atten-
tion to the decorative and useful qualities
of this terrier. The breed was included in
the first volume of the Kennel Club Stud
Book, and the best among the early dogs
were such as Mr. Pratt's Gillie and Dunvegan,
Mr. D. W. Fyfe's Novelty, Mr. John Bow-
man's Dandie, and Mr. Macdona's Rook.
These were mostly of the drop-eared variety,
and were bred small.

About the year 1874, fierce and stormy
disputes arose concerning the distinctions
of the Scottish breeds of terriers. The
controversy was continued until 1879, when

the Kennel Club was approached with the
view to furnishing classes. In that year
a dog was shown in Dundee belonging to
Mr. P. C Thomson, of Glenisla. This was
brought from the Isle of Skye, and was
presented as a genuine specimen of the pure
and unsullied Skye Terrier. He was a
prick-eared, dark-coloured dog, having all
the characteristics of the breed, and his
pluck was equal to that of a Bull-terrier.

MRS. HUGHES, WITH CH. WOLVERLEY DUCHESS.

Photograph by T. Fall.

He was described, however, merely as a
" Scotch Terrier," a designation which was
claimed for other varieties more numerous
and more widely distributed. The con-
troversy was centred upon three types of
Scottish terriers : those which claimed to
be pure Skye Terriers, a dog described
briefly as Scotch, and a third, which for a
time was miscalled the Aberdeen. To those
who had studied the varieties, the distinc-
tions were clear ; but the question at issue
was — to which of the three rightly belonged
the title of Scottish Terrier ? The dog
which the Scots enthusiasts were trying to

408

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

get established under this classification was
the Cairn Terrier of the Highlands, known
in some localities as the short-coated,
working Skye, and in others as the Fox-
terrier, or Tod-hunter. A sub-division of

SIR CLAUD ALEXANDER'S

YOUNG BALLOCHMYLE BEAUTIFUL

Photograph by Russell.

this breed was the more leggy " Aberdeen "
variety, which was less distinctly Highland,
and it was the " Aberdeen " which finally
came to be called, as it is still rightly called,
the Scottish Terrier.

At one period the Skye, Scottish, and
Paisley Terriers were threatened with ex-
termination on the show bench. Prior to
1874 no authentic particulars regarding the
terriers of Scotland were forthcoming, ex-
cepting perhaps of Dandie Dinmonts and
Skyes. Dandies showed the regularity of
an old-established breed, but Skyes pre-
sented the heterogeneous appearance of a
variety class, and indeed might have been
more correctly catalogued as rough-haired
terriers. In 1875, owing to the urging of
Mr. (now Sir) Paynton Pigott, the Kennel
Club did give a class for Scottish Terriers,
thus separating them from other breeds.
In 1876 two Skyes were shown at the Agri-
cultural Hall, in London, and the judges
were denounced for not recognising them as
genuine Skyes ; one of these dogs was Pig
(Mr. Carrick's), and the other Splinter (Mr.
Gordon Murray's) ; the latter took second
in her class, and was the dam of the well-
known Bitters, Rambler, and Worry. From
1879 the Scottish Terrier, the Skye, and
the Paisley Terrier parted company, to

their common advantage, and have never
since been confused.

It is to be remembered that the Skye
Terrier was used in the Highlands for otter
and fox hunting. They accompanied the
hounds, keeping as near to them as their
short legs would allow, and when the hounds
drove the fox or the otter into a cairn where
they could not follow the terriers would be
hi'ed in. They were perfect devils at the
work. A terrier must necessarily be small
and flat in the rib to enable him successfully
to undertake subterranean manoeuvres,,
which he has often to accomplish lying on
his side. He must also have courage
sufficient to face and kill his quarry, or die
in the attempt. But for such work the
Skye Terrier is now very seldom employed,
and he has been bred to a different type.
What remains in the animal himself, how-
ever, are his superb qualities of pertinacity,
vivacity, devotion to his master, and many
quaint and winning habits which seem to
belong to every membei of the breed.

The present-day Skye is without doubt
one of the most beautiful dogs in existence,
and always commands a great amount of

MRS. F. SANDWITH'S HOLMWOOD LASSIE
BY CH. ALISTER PAMELA WALLACE.

Photograph by Russell.

admiration and attention at the exhibitions
at which he makes his appearance.

He is a dog of medium size, with a weight
not exceeding 25 lb., and not less than
1 8 lb. ; he is long in proportion to his
height, with a very level back, a powerful

THE SKYE TERRIER.

409

jaw with perfectly fitting teeth, a small
hazel eye, and a long hard coat just reach-
ing the ground. In the prick-eared varie'ty
the ears are carried erect, with very fine
ear feathering, and the face fringe is long
and thick. The ear feathering and face
fall are finer in quality than the coat,
which is exceedingly hard and weather-
resisting. And here it is well to point out
that the Skye has two distinct coats : the
under coat, somewhat soft and woolly, and
the upper, hard and
rainproof. This upper
coat should be as
straight as possible,
without any tendency
to wave or curl. The
tail is not very long,
ard should be nicely
feathered, and in repose
never raised above the
level of the back.

Some judges insist
that the tail of a Skye
Terrier should very sel-
dom be seen, but be
well tucked in between
the legs, only the fea-
thered point showing at
the hocks. Others do
not object to what
might be called a Setter
tail, curving upward
slightly above the level
of the back ; and it
may be said that even the best of the breed
raise the tail in excitement to a height which
would not be admitted were this its normal
position . A gay tail ought not to be seriously
objected to. The unpardonable fault is
when it is set on too high at the root, and
is carried at right angles to the back, curling
over towards the head.

The same description applies to the
drop-eared type, except that the ears
in repose, instead of being carried erect,
fall evenly on each side of the head.
When, however, the dog is excited, the ears
are pricked forward, in exactly the same
fashion as those of the Airedale Terrier. This
is an important point, a houndy carriage

of ear being a decided defect. The
drop-eared variety is usually the heavier
and larger dog of the two ; and for some
reason does not show the quality and
breeding of its neighbour. Lately, however,
there has evidently been an effort made to
improve the drop-eared type, with the
result that some very excellent dogs have
recently appeared at the important shows.
Probably Mr. James Pratt has devoted
more time and attention to the cult of the

CH. FAIRFIELD

BY CH. WOLVERLEY ROY

CH. WOLVERLEY

DIAMOND

WOLVERLEY DIMPLE, AND

CHUMMIE

WOLVERLEV ROSIE.

BY WOLVERLEY JOCK

PROPERTY OF MISS ETHEL McCHEANE.

Photograph by T. Fall.

Skye Terrier than any other now living
fancier, though the names of Mr. Kidd and
Mr. Todd are usually well known. Mr.
Pratt's Skyes were allied to the type of
terrier claiming to be the original Skye of
the Highlands. The head was not so large,
the ears also were not so heavily feathered,
as is the case in the Skye of to-day, and the
colours were very varied, ranging from every
tint between black and white. He used
fondly to carry about with him a pocket-
book containing samples of hair from the
different dogs he had bred and exhibited.
His partiality was for creams and fawns,
with black points.

In 1892 a great impetus was given to the

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

breed by Mrs. Hughes, whose kennels at
Wolverley were of overwhelmingly good
quality. It was to the Wolverley kennels
that one had to go if one wished to see what
the Skye Terrier in show perfection was
really like. Mrs. Hughes was quickly fol-
lowed by such ardent and successful fanciers
as Sir Claud and Lady Alexander, of Balloch-
myle, Mrs. Freeman, Miss Bowyer Smyth,
and Miss McCheane, who for a time carried
all before them. Lately other prominent
exhibitors have forced their way into the
front rank, among whom may be mentioned
the Countess of Aberdeen, Mrs. Hugh
Ripley, Mrs. Wilmer, Miss Whishaw, and
Mrs. Sandwith. Mrs. Hughes' Wolverley
Duchess and Wolverley Jock were excellent
types of what a prick-eared Skye should be.
Excellent, too, were Mrs. Freeman's Alister
— a distinguished patriarch of the breed —
and Mrs. Sandwith 's Holmwood Lassie.
Not less perfect are Sir Claud Alexander's
Young Rosebery, Olden Times, and Wee
Mac of Adel, Mrs. Wilmer's Yoxford Long-
fellow, and Mr. Millar's Prince Donard.
But the superlative Skye of the period, and
probably the best ever bred, is Wolverley
Chummie, the winner of a score of champion-
ships which are but the public acknowledg-
ment of his perfections. He is the property
of Miss McCheane, who is also the owner of
an almost equally good specimen of the
other sex in Fairfield Diamond. Among
the drop-eared Skyes of present celebrity
may be mentioned Mrs. Hugh Ripley 's
Perfection, Miss Bowyer Smyth's Merry
Tom, Miss Whishaw's Piper Grey, Lady
Aberdeen's Cromar Kelpie, and Mrs. Wilmer's
Young Ivanhoe of Yoxford.

There are two clubs in England and one
in Scotland instituted to protect the interests
of this breed, namely, the Skye Terrier Club
of England, the Skye and Clydesdale Club,
and the Skye Terrier Club of Scotland. The
Scottish Club's description and value of
points are as follow :—

i Head. — Long, with powerful jaws and incisive
teeth closing level, or upper just fitting over under.
Skull : wide at front of brow, narrowing between
the ears, and tapering gradually towards the
muzzle, with little falling in between or behind
the eyes. Eyes : hazel, medium size, close set.
Muzzle : always black.

2. Ears (Prick or Pendent). — When prick,
not large, erect at outer edges, and slanting
towards each other at inner, from peak to skull.
When pendent, larger, hanging straight, lying flat,
and close at front.

3. Body. — Pre-eminently long and low. Shoul-
ders broad, chest deep, ribs well sprung and oval
shaped, giving a flattish appearance to the sides.
Hind-quarters and flank full and well developed.
Back level and slightly declining from the top of
the hip joint to the shoulders. The neck long
and gently crested.

4. Tail. — When hanging, the upper half per-
pendicular, the under half thrown backward in a
curve. When raised, a prolongation of the incline
of the back, and not rising higher nor curling up.

5. Legs. — Short, straight, and muscular. No
dew claws, the feet large and pointing forward.

6. Coat (Double). — An under, short, close, soft,
and woolly. An over, long, averaging 5^ inches,
hard, straight, flat, and free from crimp or curl.
Hair on head, shorter, softer, and veiling the
forehead and eyes ; on the ears, overhanging
inside, falling down and mingling with the side
locks, not heavily, but surrounding the ear like
a fringe, and allowing its shape to appear. Tail
also gracefully feathered.

7. Colour (any variety). — Dark or light blue or
grey, or fawn with black points. Shade of head
and legs approximating that of body.

I. - AVERAGE MEASUREMENTS.

Dog. — Height at shoulder, 9 inches. Length,
back of skull to root of tail, 22^ inches ;
muzzle to back of skull, 8J inches ; root of
tail to tip joint, 9 inches. Total length,
40 inches.

Bitch. — Half an inch lower, and 2\ inches shorter
than dog, all points proportional ; thus, body,
21 inches ; head, 8 niches ; and tail, 8J inches.
Total, 37^ inches.

II. - AVERAGE WEIGHT.

Dog. — 18 Ib. ; bitch, 16 Ib. No dog should be
over 20 Ib., nor under 16 Ib. ; and no bitch
should be over 18 Ib., nor under 14 Ib.

III. - POINTS WITH VALUE.

" Height, with length
and proportions

'°

i high S 1

9 inches high 10 / 15
8 finches high 15 '
Scale for bitches one-half inch lower throughout.

2. Head.

Skull and eyes . . . .10^
Jaws and teeth . . . 5 > •

3. Ears.

Carriage, with shape, size, and feathers 10

4. Body.

Back and neck . . . io>

Chest and ribs . . • 5>

5. Tail.

Carriage and feather . . . 10

6. Legs.

Straightness and shortness . . 5?
Strength 5i

7. Coat.

Hardness . . . 1O j

Lankness . . . . 5 > 20

Length . . • 5 )

8. Colour and condition ... 5

Total loo

THE SKYE TERRIER.

411

IV. JUDICIAL AWARDS.

1 . Over extreme weight to be handicapped 5 per

Ib. of excess.

2. Over or undershot mouth to disqualify.

3. Doctored ears or tail to disqualify.

4. No extra value for greater length of coat than

5^ inches.

Not to be commended under a total of 60
Not to be highly commended under a

total of . . . . .65
5- ^ Not to be very highly commended

under a total of ... 70
No specials to be given under a

total of . . . . -75

The foregoing measurements and weights
apply to a small dog under 20 Ib. in weight,
with a length of 40 inches, and
standing 9 inches in height at the
shoulder. The Skye Club of England
recognises a larger animal, allowing
another inch in height, another i £ inch
in length, and an additional 5 Ib. in
weight, with proportionate increase in
other measurements.

the advantage of being both longer and
lower than the average.

Whereas the Scottish Club limits the
approved length of coat to 5^ inches, the
English Club gives a maximum of 9 inches.
This is a fairly good allowance, but many of
the breed carry a much longer coat than
this. It is not uncommon, indeed, to find
a Skye with a covering of 12 inches in
length, which, even allowing for the round
of the body, causes the hair to reach and
often to trail upon the ground.

To the uninitiated these long coats

MRS. w. WILMER'S

CH. YOXFORD LONGFELLOW

BY YOXFORD WONDER YOXFORD

LASSIE.

MRS. -F. A. R. SANDWITH'S

BANSTEAD BUCK

BY CH. ALISTER LADY GLEN.

In this connection it may be interesting
to put on record the measurements of Ch.
Wolverley Chummie, a dog who has never
yet been excelled in competition, and who
is recognised by all judges as being as near
perfection as it is possible for a Skye Terrier
to be. His weight is 27^ Ib., his height at
the shoulder is 9! inches, his length from
muzzle to back of skull 9 inches, from back
of skull to root of tail 24 inches, his tail
from root to tip 10 inches, and his total
length 44 inches. Thus, while he is slightly
heavier than the prescribed weight, he has

seem to present an insuperable
difficulty, the impression prevail-
ing that the secrets of a Bond
Street hairdresser are requisitioned
in order to produce a flowing robe,
and that when obtained it is with
supreme difficulty that it is kept
in good order. But its attainment and
management are easier matters than would
appear at first sight.

Assuming that the dog is well bred to
begin with, the first essential is to keep
him in perfectly good health, giving him
plenty of wholesome meat food, plenty of
open air exercise, keeping him scrupulously
clean and free from parasites, internal and
external. As to grooming, the experienced
owner would say, Spare the comb and brush
and save the coat. As a rule, the less you
tamper with a Skye's coat the better that

4I2

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

coat will become. If you are constantly
" redding " it, as they say in Scotland, you
must inevitably tear some out with every
repeated operation. All that is necessary is
to keep it from tangle, and this is best done
with deft fingers rather than with a raking

MISS A. WHISHAWS

DROP-EARED CH. PIPER GREY

BY WINSOME BOY BALLOCHMYLE BASHFUL.

comb. If your dog has a flea, or ticks, or
any skin eruption, due to heated blood or
under-feeding, he will do more in a couple
of minutes to ravel and tangle his coat with
scratching than would be done with weeks
of neglect. To groom him once a week
ought to be enough.

Needless to say, it is well to see that
he does not injure his jacket by scrambling
through gorse bushes or trying to make his
way through forgotten gaps in wire netting,
whose points will soon take tribute of
treasured locks. See that there are no
projecting nails in the kennel, and that the
boards have no hidden splinters in which
hair will catch and be torn. The open
kennel window ought to be so constructed
that he cannot poke his muzzle through the
bars, and so wear away his beard.

The kennel should, of course, be far
removed from the hen run, where fleas may
abound ; and it is advisable to leave no
scraps of food lying near to tempt rats,
which will surely bring vermin. It is well
periodically to sprinkle the inside of the
kennels with paraffin — an excellent in-
secticide— and if fleas should indeed make
an invasion, paraffin is also to be recom-
mended, mixed with neatsfoot oil, as a
dressing for the dog's coat. It will kill

all insects, and at the same time nourish
the hair.

A Skye Terrier should never really re-
quire conditioning for a show. He ought
to be kept in such a way that at a couple of
days' notice he is prepared to face the music
of the ring. This is the secret pertaining
to all long-coated dogs, and the desirable
condition can only be secured by daily
observation and scrutiny. This necessary
scrutiny cannot be relegated to a kennel-
man, and it has been found by experience
that a woman makes a far better hairdresser
of Skyes than a heavier fisted man.

There are some owners of Skye Terriers
who hold that these dogs should never be
washed with soap and water ; who argue
that cleanliness may be maintained merely
by the use of the long bristled brush, and
that, however well rinsed out after a washing,
the hair will always remain clogged with
soap, spoiling the natural bloom which is
one of the beauties of a Skye's jacket. This
is a matter of opinion, and it may be said
that all depends upon the amount of soap
used. A liquid preparation in which a
limited quantity of soap is included cannot

MRS. HUGH RIPLEY'S
DROP-EARED CH. PERFECTION.

BY MERRY TOM JOYFUL.

Photograph by Russell.

do harm. As a cleansing agent, however,
nothing is better than Scrubb's ammonia,
sufficiently diluted. Subsequently the groom-
ing may be facilitated by the use of some
light, volatile oil, applied with the brush.
The mating and breeding of the Skye
require careful attention. Already it has
become difficult to obtain a complete out-

THE SKYE TERRIER.

413

cross, and entirely to avoid relationship
near or remote in the dogs mated together.
This constant inbreeding, although often
productive of beautiful specimens, not
seldom results in a weakness of constitution
and want of stamina very damaging to the
ultimate well-being of the breed. It is
necessary to ascertain that the dam as well
as the sire is as good a one as possible ;
because although a first class sire is an
undoubted desideratum, yet good results
cannot be sure unless the dam also possesses
fine quality. Size is an important considera-
tion. There is no doubt that Skyes are
bigger and weightier than was formerly
deemed correct. Club points in this respect
are ignored, and small dogs can seldom
compete with success with the larger speci-
mens. Equality in size, equal symmetry in
form, and similarity in colouring in sire and
dam are necessary in mating, but it is to
be remembered that a small bitch mated to
a large dog may produce large pups, and
that similarity in colour does not ensure

offspring resembling the parents in this
respect. Mr. Pratt often produced white
pups by the mating of a black sire and dam,
and silver, fawn and black may all appear
in the same litter. When choosing a sire,
select one whom you have reason to believe
is in sound health, and who has already sired
good progeny, and always obtain the services
of a dog who is the possessor of a nice hard
coat, a long head, and fine ear feathering.
If he is a prick-eared one, see that his
ears are set tight. Note that he has a
well-shaped body and a level back, with
plenty of bone substance, and that his jaws
and teeth are of good type and quality.

In selecting a puppy from the nest you
are safe in choosing the biggest, ugliest, and
least formed of the crew ; but at six months
old pups may be chosen with greater
certainty. The Skye is a late furnisher,
and it is sometimes a couple of years or
more before he attains his full proportions
and reveals the qualities which go to the
making of a champion.

MRS. WILMER'S ROB ROY OF YOXFORD

BY YOUNG PRINCE LOTHIAN NELLIE.

B«ED BY MR. A. TODD.

414

CHAPTER XLIV.

THE CLYDESDALE OR PAISLEY TERRIER.
BY CAPTAIN W. WILMER.

" Yes, my puir beast, though friends me scorn,

Whom mair than life I valued dear,
An' throw me out to fight forlorn,
Wi' ills my heart can hardly bear.

THE Clydesdale or Paisley Terrier is
the rarest, as he is the most beautiful,
of the terrier breed, and his origin
has been the occasion of much controversy,
especially among the Scottish fanciers. As
his name implies, he hails from the Valley
of the Clyde. Ignorance as to how this
attractive dog originated is not confined
to southerners ; the Scot himself maintains
an ever discreet silence on this point, and
when questioned leaves his interrogator
in hopeless confusion. The Clydesdale was
one among the many breeds of Scotch dog
which raised such a storm of controversy in
the 'seventies of the last century, and he
figured in the comedy as one of the principal
characters.

The result of these angry storms was,
however, beneficial to many varieties of
Scottish dog, and they were severally dis-
entangled from the knots which had tem-
porarily linked and herded them together in
an incongruous mass by being awarded
separate classification. But though the
Clydesdale thus received the impress of a
distinct species few knew anything as to
his antecedents, and fewer still even recog-
nised the dog when they saw him. Some
say, and with an apparent show of reason,
that this breed is a cross between the Skye
Terrier and the Yorkshire, to which latter
he approximates to some degree in appear-
ance.

The Clydesdale may be described as an
anomaly. He stands as it were upon a
pedestal of his own ; and unlike other Scotch
terriers he is classified as non-sporting.

" While I hae thee to bear a part —

My health, my plaid, an' heezle rung,
I'll scorn the unfeeling haughty heart,
The saucy look, and slandemis tongue.''

JAMES HOGG.

Perhaps his marvellously fine and silky
coat precludes him from the rough work of
hunting after vermin, though it is certain
his game-like instincts would naturally lead
him to do so. Of all the Scottish dogs he
is perhaps the smallest ; his weight seldom
exceeding 18 Ib. He is thus described by
the Skye Terrier Club of Scotland :

1. General Appearance. — A long, low, level dog,
with heavily fringed erect ears, and a long coat
like the finest silk or spun glass, which hangs
quite straight and evenly down each side, from
a parting extending fron the nose to the root of
the tail.

2. Head. — Fairly long, skull flat and very
narrow between the ears, gradually widening
towards the eyes and tapering very slightly to
the nose, which must be black. The jaws strong
and the teeth level.

3. Eyes. — Medium in size, dark in colour, not
prominent, but having a sharp, terrier-like ex-
pression, eyelids black.

4. Ears. — Small, set very high on the top of
the head, carried perfectly erect, and covered
with long silky hair, hanging in a heavy fringe
down the sides of the head.

5. Body. — Long, deep in chest, well ribbed up,
the back being perfectly level.

6. Tail. — Perfectly straight, carried almost
level with the back, and heavily feathered.

7. Legs. — As short and straight as possible,
well set under the body, and entirely covered
with silky hair. Feet round and cat-like.

8. Coat. — -As long and straight as possible, free
from all trace of curl or waviness, very glossy
and silky in texture, with an entire absence of
undercoat.

9. Colour. — A level, bright steel blue, extending
from the back of the head to the root of the tail,
and on no account intermingled with any fawn,
light or dark hairs. The head, legs, and feet
should be a clear, bright, golden tan, free from

THE CLYDESDALE OR PAISLEY TERRIER.

415

grey, sooty or dark hairs. The tail should be
very dark blue or black.

of several fine examples of the breed,
including the beautiful San Toy and the
equally beautiful Mozart.

As with the Skye Terrier, it seems a

From the above description it will be
seen that the Clydesdale differs very materi-
ally from the Skye Terrier, although to the matter °T Acuity to produce a perfect
inexperienced eye the two breeds bear a
great resemblance the one to the other.
The scale of points is as follows :—

Scale of Points.

Texture of coat . . . • 25

Colour 25

Head . . • 10

Ears . . -io

Tail . • io

Body . . 10

Legs and feet . .10

Total . .100

The Clydesdale Terrier is rare, at any
rate as regards the show bench ; there are
never more than two or three at most
exhibited south of the Tweed, even when
classes are provided at the big shows and
championships offered, thus indicating that
the breed is not a popular one ; and amongst
those kennels who do show there exists at

MR. G. SHAW'S MOZART

BY HAYDEN SAN TOY.

the present time but one dog who can lay
claim to the title of champion ; this unique
specimen is the property of Sir Claud
Alexander, Bart., of Ballochmyle, and is
known under the name of Wee Wattie.
There are of course several fanciers in
Scotland, among whom may be mentioned
Mr. G. Shaw, of Glasgow, who is the owner

CH. BALLOCHMYLE WEE WATTIE.

PROPERTY OF SIR CLAUD ALEXANDER, BART.

Clydesdale, and until the breed is taken up
with more energy it is improbable that
first class dogs will make an appearance in
the show ring. A perfect Clydesdale should
figure as one of the most elegant of the
terrier breed ; his lovely silken coat, the
golden brown hue of his face fringe, paws
and legs, his well pricked and feathery ear,
and his generally smart appearance should
combine to form a picture exciting general
admiration.

The one great obstacle which deters dog
lovers from possessing the Clydesdale is
the difficulty of keeping the dog in perfect
condition ; but the objection is fancied
rather than real. The breed is strong in
constitution, and frequent exercise, regular
and wholesome food, and perfect cleanliness
will ensure good health. For all long-
haired dogs a meat diet is decidedly the
best, and the meat should be well cooked.
Sea air is not good for them. It is inclined
to cause eczema, which means scratching,
and a Clydesdale, a Skye, or a Yorkshire
Terrier should never be allowed to scratch.
Many owners of these breeds keep a pair
of stockings of linen or cotton, which they
tie over the back feet whenever there is a
disposition to scratch. When the coat is
washed, as it should be at least once a

416

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

fortnight, care must be taken to avoid
tangling the hairs. Do not rub the locks
round and round, but keep them extended,
working the fingers through them gently.
Having rinsed away all traces of soap by
pouring clean tepid water along the line
of the back, lift the dog out of the bath and
press the coat with the flat of the hands,
squeezing it free from wet. The towel
should be carefully wrapped about him to
absorb further moisture by pressure. The
rest of the drying process should be done
in front of a fire or in the warm sun, a clean
long-bristled brush being used the while.
If the coat is allowed to dry without this
brushing it is likely to become wavy and
crimpy.

Many owners of the Clydesdale keep the
coat constantly soaked in grease, which is
applied by the aid of a brush. Some con-
sider that " elbow grease " is preferable as
a means of maintaining the required glossy
and silken consistency. Probably a union
of both is best ; for any amount of grease
will not keep the hair in condition without
frequent grooming. Oil is to be preferred
to any sticky and clammy pomade. Neats-
foot oil and paraffin mixed is recommended
both as a hair stimulant and an insecticide,
but some fanciers prefer a mixture of olive
oil and cocoanut oil in equal proportions.
Mr. Sam Jessop, who has had great ex-
perience with the Yorkshire Terrier, recom-
mends the following preparation, and what
applies to the Yorkshire is equally suitable
for the Clydesdale : —

Take of hydrous wool fat, 2 ounces ;
benzoated lard, 2 ounces • almond oil,

2 ounces ; phenol, 30 grains ; alcohol
(90 per cent.), £ ounce. The first three
ingredients are melted together upon a
water-bath ; the phenol, dissolved in the
alcohol, being added when nearly cold ;
the whole being thoroughly mixed to-
gether.

When preparing the dog for exhibition,
all traces of greasy matter must of course
be removed. Benzine will be found effectual
here, carefully sponged over the coat before
washing, and cloudy ammonia added to the
washing water will do the rest, for it will
complete the removal of the grease and
promote a lather when the soap is sparingly
applied. This washing should take place
as near the day of exhibition as possible,
and be followed by a more than usually
complete and careful grooming in order to
get the coat into perfect bloom.

The Clydesdale is difficult to breed, and
one has to wait a long time before knowing
if a puppy is likely to become a good speci-
men. He is eighteen months or two years
old before his qualities are pronounced.
An important point in breeding is to give
particular attention to the ears of the sire
and dam. The ears must be very tight.
Good ear carriage is of first consideration,
and a bad ear is almost always transmitted
to the offspring. Although primarily an
ornamental dog, the Clydesdale yet retains
much of the sporting terrier characteristics.
His sight and hearing are remarkably acute,
he is very game, is not averse from a fight,
and is grand at vermin. Beauty, however,
is his supreme charm, causing him to be
admired wherever he is seen.

417

CHAPTER XLV.

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER.

" Don was a particularly charming specimen of the Yorkshire Terrier, with a silken coat of
silver blue, set off by a head and paws of the ruddiest gold. His manners were most insinuating,
and his great eyes glowed at times under his long hair, as if a wistful, loving little soul were trying
to speak through them." — AXSTEY'S " STORY OF A GREEDY DOG."

THE most devout lover of this charming
and beautiful terrier would fail if he
were to attempt to claim for him the
distinction of descent from antiquity. Brad-
ford, and not Babylon, was his earliest home,
and he must be candidly acknowledged to
be a very modern manufactured variety of
the dog. Yet it is important to remember
that it was in Yorkshire that he was made-
Yorkshire, where live the cleverest breeders
of dogs that the world has known.

The particular ingredients employed in
his composition have not been set down in
precise record. Obviously it was by no
haphazard chance that the finished product
was attained, but rather by studied and
scientific breeding to a preconceived ideal.
One can roughly reconstitute the process.
What the Yorkshiremen desired to make
for themselves was a pigmy, prick-eared
terrier with a long, silky, silvery grey and
tan coat. They already possessed the
foundation in the old English black and
tan wire-haired terrier — the original Aire-
dale. To lengthen the coat of this working
breed they might very well have had recourse
to a cross with the prick-eared Skye, and
to eliminate the wiry texture of the hair a
further cross with the Maltese dog would
impart softness and silkiness without re-
ducing the length. Again, a cross with the
Clydesdale, which was then assuming a
fixed type, would bring the variety yet
nearer to the ideal, and a return to the
black and tan would tend to conserve the
desired colour. In all probability the
Dandie Dinmonl had some share in the
process. Evidence of origin is often to
be found more distinctly in puppies than in
the mature dog, and it is to be noted that

the puppies of both the Dandie and the
Yorkshire are born with decided black and
tan colouring. Selection and rejection must
have been important factors in the pro-
duction— selection of offspring which came

MRS. WM. SHAWS CH. SNEINTON AMETHYST.

BY CH. ASHTON DUKE^JACKSON'S VIC.

(w,

EIGHT, 3 LB. 2 CZ.

nearest to the preconceived model, rejection
of all that had the long body and short legs
of the Skye, the white colouring of the
Maltese, the drooping ears of the Dandie,
the wiry coat of the Black-and-tan.

The original broken-haired Yorkshire Ter-
rier of thirty years ago was often called a
Scottish Terrier, or even a Skye, and there
are many persons who still confound him
with the Clydesdale, whom he somewhat
closely resembles. At the present time he is
classified as a toy dog and exhibited almost
solely as such. It is to be regretted that
until very lately the terrier character was

4i8

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

being gradually bred out of him and that
the perkiness, the exuberance and game-
ness which once distinguished him as the
companion of the Yorkshire operative was
in danger of being sacrificed to the desire
for diminutive size and inordinate length of
coat. One occasionally meets with an old-
fashioned Yorkshire Terrier who retains the
earth-dog's instinct for ratting and can do
good service in this direction. He may
be over 15 Ib. in weight, and his coat,
although of the right colour and texture,
is hardly longer than that of a Dandie
Dinmont. The casual observer would not
recognise him as belonging to the same
breed as such highly cultured members as
Westbrook Fred or Sneinton Amethyst.
Nevertheless he is a genuine Yorkshire
Terrier, and one is glad to think that
there is no immediate danger of his be-
coming extinct. But for the existence of
such active representatives of the race this
chapter concerning the breed would have
been more appropriately placed in the
section relating to lap dogs and toys.

Perhaps it would be an error to blame
the breeders of Yorkshire Terriers for this
departure from the original type as it
appeared, say, about 1870. It is necessary
to take into consideration the probability
that what is now called the old-fashioned
working variety was never regarded by the
Yorkshiremen who made him as a complete
and finished achievement. It was possibly
their idea at the very beginning to produce
just such a diminutive dog as is now to be
seen in its perfection at exhibitions, glorying
in its flowing tresses of steel blue silk and
ruddy gold ; and one must give them full
credit for the patience and care with which
during the past forty years they have been
steadily working to the fixed design of
producing a dwarfed breed which should
excel all other breeds in the length and
silkiness of its robe. The extreme of culti-
vation in this particular quality was reached
some years ago by Mrs. Troughear, whose
little dog Conqueror, weighing 5^ Ib., had a
beautiful enveloping mantle of the uniform
length of four-and- twenty inches.

Usually when the cultivation of particular

points in dogs has reached an extreme the
tendency is wisely checked, and in the case
of the Yorkshire Terrier's mantle it is now
deemed sufficiently long if it simply touches
the ground instead of abnormally trailing
like a lady's court train and impeding the
wearer's natural action. It is recognised at
the same time that the dogs with extremely
long coats are always the best specimens in
other respects also ; which is as much as to
say that length of hair is dependent upon
a sound and healthy constitution. Indeed,
no dog that is not kept in the best of physical
condition can ever be expected to grow a
good coat. Immunity from skin disease and
parasites is necessary, and this immunity
can only be attained by scrupulous atten-
tion to cleanliness, exercise, and judicious
housing and feeding.

Doubtless all successful breeders and ex-
hibitors of the Yorkshire Terrier have their
little secrets and their peculiar methods of
inducing the growth of hair. They regulate
the diet with extreme particularity, keeping
the dog lean rather than fat, and giving
him nothing that they would not themselves
eat. Bread, mixed with green vegetables,
a little meat and gravy, or fresh fish, varied
with milk puddings and Spratt's " Toy Pet "
biscuits, should be the staple food. Bones
ought not to be given, as the act of gnawing
them is apt to mar the beard and moustache.
For the same reason it is well when possible
to serve the food from the fingers. But
many owners use a sort of mask or hood of
elastic material which they tie over the
dog's head at meal-times to hold back the
long face-fall and whiskers, that would
otherwise be smeared and sullied. Simi-
larly as a protection for the coat, when
there is any skin irritation and an inclin-
ation to scratch, linen or cotton stockings
are worn upon the hind feet.

Many exhibitors pretend that they use
no dressing, or very little, and this only
occasionally, for the jackets of their York-
shire Terriers ; but it is quite certain that
continuous use of grease of some sort is not
only advisable but even necessary. Opinions
differ as to which is the best cosmetic, but
the special pomade prepared for the purpose

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER.

419

by Mr. Sam Jessop of Nelson, Lancashire,
could not easily be improved upon. Mr.
Jessop is himself a well-known authority on
the Yorkshire Terrier, and no one better
understands the rearing and treatment of
the breed. His advice on the bathing of a
long-haired dog is so practical that it cannot
fail to be useful. It is here quoted from
his admirable pamphlet on the Yorkshire
Terrier, to which the reader is referred for
further information on treatment for ex-
hibition.

" Having filled the bath — the oval metal
ones of suitable size are very convenient —
with warm water to a sufficient depth to reach
half-way up the body of the animal to be
washed, take a piece of the best white curd
soap in one hand, and a honeycomb sponge
in the other; rub these together in the water
until a good foamy lather is produced, then
place the dog therein, and with the sponge
dipped into the soapy water squeeze it out
upon the parting along the neck, back, and
tail, leaving the head until the last. Do this
until any sticky matter attached to the coat
may have become softened ; then carefully
work the fingers through the coat, keeping
the hair extended to its full length. Do not
rub the hair round and round, as though trying
to make it into so many balls. Every part,
excepting the head, having been thoroughly
washed, carefully wet the head and wash the
hair in the same way as that of the body,
taking care that as little of the soap as possible
gets into the eyes and up the nostrils. The
reason for leaving the head until the last is
that, however careful the operator may be,
some soap is almost certain to get into the
eyes, and cause a little irritation and conse-
quent restlessness. If this is at the end of
the washing, less inconvenience is caused to
both the interested parties, and the dog can
be removed immediately afterwards and rinsed
in tepid water. This having been done, and
a good fire having been seen to, take the dog
out of the water, and squeeze the coat, then
place him on a thick towel capable of absorbing
plenty of moisture, stand him upon a stool
or box in front of the fire, wrap the ends of
the towel over the dog, and press with the
hands, so as to take up as much of the water
from the coat as possible. Do not rub the
coat ; simply mop up the moisture. When
the hair commences to dry, begin to brush out

with a clean brush, and loosen any mats which
may have begun to form ; continue to brush
until the coat is quite dry. If it is allowed
to dry without brushing, waviness will be
likely to—make its appearance, and mats be
difficult to remove."

Special brushes are made for long-haired
dogs. They are of convenient size, with
long bristles, each tuft of which is of varied
lengths that penetrate beneath the surface
of the coat without the exercise of undue
pressure.

For the full display of their beauty,
Yorkshire Terriers depend very much upon
careful grooming. Watching a collection of
these exhibits at a dog show, one notices
that in the judging ring their owners con-
tinue to ply the brush to the last moment
when the little morsel of dog flesh is passed
into the judge's hands. It is only by groom-
ing that the silvery cascade of hair down
the dog's sides and the beautiful tan face-
fall that flows like a rain of gold from his
head can be kept perfectly straight and free
from curl or wrinkle ; and no grease or
pomade, even if their use were officially
permitted, could impart to the coat the
glistening sheen that is given by the dexterous
application of the brush. The gentle art
of grooming is not to be taught by theory.
Practice is the best teacher. But the novice
may learn much by observing the deft
methods employed by an expert exhibitor.

Mr. Peter Eden, of Manchester, is generally
credited with being the actual inventor of
the Yorkshire Terrier. He was certainly
one of the earliest breeders and owners, and
his celebrated Albert was only one of the
many admirable specimens with which he
convinced the public of the charms of this
variety of dog. He may have given the
breed its first impulse, but Mrs. M. A.
Foster, of Bradford, was for many years the
head and centre of all that pertained to the
Yorkshire Terrier, and it was undoubtedly
she who raised the variety to its highest
point of perfection. Her success was due
to her enthusiasm, to the admirable con-
dition in which her pets were always main-
tained, and to the care which she bestowed
upon then- toilets. Her dogs were invariably

420

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

good in type. She never exhibited a bad
one, and her Huddersfield Ben, Toy Smart,
Bright, Sandy, Ted, Bradford Hero, Brad-
ford Marie, and Bradford Queen — the last
being a bitch weighing only 24 oz. —
are remembered for their uniform ex-
cellence. Mrs. Troughear's Conqueror and
Dreadnought, Mr. Kirby's Smart, Mrs.

and texture, not abnormally long, and who
in addition to his personal beauty shows a
desirable amount of that terrier character
which happily is being restored. Dogs are
usually superior to bitches in type and
substance, notwithstanding that many are
unfortunately marred by imperfect mouths.
The standard of points laid down by the
Yorkshire Terrier Club
is as follows :

MR. C. E. FIRMSTONE'S YORKSHIRE TERRIERS,

MYND DAMARIS, MYND IDOL, AND THE GRAND DUKE.

Photograph by Russell.

Vaughan Fowler's Longbridge Bat, Bob
and Daisy, and many bred or owned by
Mrs. Bligh Monk, Lady Giffard, Miss Alderson
and Mr. Abraham Bolton, were prominent
in early days. Of more recent examples
that have approached perfection may be
mentioned Mrs. Walton's Ashton King,
Queen, and Bright, and her Mont Thabor
Duchess. Mr. Mitchell's Westbrook Fred
has deservedly won many honours, and Mr.
Firmstone's Grand Duke and Mynd Damaris,
and Mrs. Sinclair's Marcus Superbus, stand
high in the estimation of expert judges of
the breed. Perhaps the most beautiful
bitch ever shown was Waveless, the property
of Mrs. R. Marshall, who is at present the
owner of another admirable bitch in Little
Picture. It is hazardous to pronounce an
opinion upon the relative merits of dogs,
but one has the support of many experienced
authorities in saying that the best all round
Yorkshire Terrier now living is Mrs. W.
Shaw's Ch. Sneinton Amethyst, who has the
merit of possessing a coat of excellent colour

i. General Appearance.—
That of a long-coated pet
dog, the coat hanging quite
straight and evenly down
each side, a parting ex-
tending from the nose to
the end of the tail. The
animal should be very
compact and neat, his car-
riage being very sprightly ;
bearing an air of import-
ance.

Although the frame is
hidden beneath a mantle
of hair, the general outline
should be such as to sug-
gest the existence of a
vigorous and well-propor-
tioned body.

2. Head. — Should be rather small and flat, not
too prominent or round in the skull ; rather
broad at the muzzle, with a perfectly black nose ;
the hair on the muzzle very long, which should be
a rich, deep tan, not sooty or grey. Under the
chin, long hair, about the same colour as on the
crown of the head, which should be a bright, golden
tan, and not on any account intermingled with
dark or sooty hairs. Hair on the sides of the
head should be very long, of a few shades deeper
tan than that on the top of the head, especially
about the ear-roots.

3. Eyes — Medium in size, dark in colour, having
a sharp, intelligent expression, and placed so as
to look directly forward. They should not be
prominent. The edges of the eyelids should be
dark.

4. Ears. — Small, V-shaped, and carried semi-
erect, covered with short hair ; colour to be a
deep rich tan.

5. Mouth. — Good even mouth ; teeth as sound
as possible. A dog having lost a tooth or two,
through accident or otherwise, is not to disqualify,
providing the jaws are even.

6. Body. — Very compact, with a good loin,
and level on the top of the back.

7. Coat. — The hair, as long and as straight as
possible (not wavy), should be glossy, like silk

THE YORKSHIRE TERRIER.

421

(not woolly), extending from the back of the head
to the root of the tail ; colour, a bright steel blue,
and on no account intermingled with fawn, light
or dark hairs. All tan should be darker at the
roots than at the middle of the hairs, shading off.
to a still lighter tan at the tips.

8. Legs. — Quite straight, should be of a bright
golden tan, well covered with hair, a few shades
lighter at the ends than at the roots.

9. Feet. — As round as possible ; toe-nails black.

10. Tail. — Cut to medium length ; with plenty
of hair, darker blue than the rest of the body,
especially at the end of the tail, which is carried
slightly higher than the level of the back.

11. Weight. — Divided into two classes ; under
5 Ib. and over 5 Ib. to 12 Ib.

Attempts have frequently been made to
establish the Yorkshire Terrier in the United
States, whither some choice specimens have
been exported. But the climatic conditions
in that country appear to be detrimental to
most of the long-coated breeds. Among
American fanciers Mrs. Raymond Malloch
has possessed many good examples, and
Mrs. Thomas has done much to make this
variety popular during the past few years,

succeeding to some extent in overcoming
the difficulties of the long coat. Her
Endcliffe Muriel is of excellent colour and
type, as are her more diminutive Endcliffe
Midge and Margery, while her Ch. Endcliffe
Merit (known in England as Persimmon)
has carried off a large share of the honours
of the show ring. Mrs. Phelan's Mascotte
is also worthy of mention, and Mrs. Senn's
Queen of the Fairies is representative of
the few really good products of American
breeding.

In France and Germany the Yorkshire
Terrier has become popular as a lap dog,
sharing distinction with the King Charles
and other chiens de luxe au d'agn'ment.
At the exhibition of dogs held in the Tuileries
Gardens in May, 1907, there were fifteen
entries of Yorkshires, prominent among the
bitches being Royale-Beaute, Mont Thabor
Avent and Gamine ; and among the dogs
Mont Thabor Teddy, Royal Ideal, and Tiny,
who, judged by Mr. F. Gresham, were
placed as prize winners in the order men-
tioned. R> L.

MRS. M. A. WHITE'S SENSATION

BY GRINDLAY SUPERB NAN.

Photograph by Russell.

422

SECTION IV.
PET AND TOY DOGS.

CHAPTER XLVI.
THE POMERANIAN.

BY G. M. HICKS.

" Riifflno was a little Pomeranian dog with a small black nose, and large black eyes, and a ruff as
wide and imposing as Queen Elizabeth's. He held women in profound scorn and abhorrence. . . .
They absorbed and monopolised his master, and he considered his master his own property. In
Ritffino's estimation, a man does not own a dog : the dog owns the man." — OUIDA.

ENG before the Pomeranian dog was
common in Great Britain, this breed
was to be met with in many parts of
Europe, especially in Germany ; and he
was known under different names, ac-
cording to his size and the locality in
which he flourished. The title of Pome-
ranian is not admitted by the Germans
at all, who claim this as one of their
national breeds, and give it the general
name of the German Spitz. This is
the title assigned to it by Herr Karl
Wolfsholz of Elberfeld in his work " Der
deutsche Spitz in Wort und Bild," published
in 1906. In Stuttgart there is a beautiful
stone monument representing a vine-dresser
with his faithful companion the Spitz.

In Italy this same race of the canine
species is called the Volpino, in France the
Lulu, in Belgium the Keeshond, and in
England the Pomeranian.

Ludwig Beckmann, of Brunswick, who
in 1894 wrote a history of the races of dogs,
gives the following table showing the various
classes into which the Spitz may be divided :

I. — Langhaarige Spitze (long-haired).

(a) Deutsche Spitze.

(b) Nordische Spitzartige Hunde.

II. — Stockhaarige Spitze (wire-haired).

(a) Sibirische Laika (Samoyede).

(b) Elchund der Lappen (Elkhound).
III. — Kurzhaarige Spitze (short-haired).

(a) Belgischer Spitze (Schipperke).

(b) Chinesische Spitzartige Hunde

(Chow Chow).

Wolfsholz states that the remains of the
Wolfspitz have been found in great numbers
in caves in Germany, and in lake dwellings
in Switzerland and North Italy ; and this
statement is borne out by an article in the
Kleintier und Gefflilgcl Zeitung, Stuttgart,
by Albert Kull, in 1898. That a variety
of the Pomeranian or Spitz has found a
habitat in Italy for many years is well
known to all English travellers in that
country. The type peculiar to Italy is of a
bright yellow or orange colour, and is fast
becoming a favourite one in England at
the present time.

Ouida, in her little book " Ruffino," says :
" Rome was his birthplace, but he had
never been able to comprehend how his
race, with their double coat of long hair,
and short hair underneath, ever became
natives of a hot country like Italy. Yet it
was quite certain that natives they had

THE POMERANIAN.

423

been for a vast number of centuries, and
had been even cruelly honoured by being
sacrificed to Flora in the remote days of
the old Latin gods."

Dr. Keller, in his "Lake Dwellings"
(English translation, 1866), regards the
first century of the Christian era as the
date when the Swiss lake dwellings ceased
to be occupied. If this is so, and if remains
of the Pomeranian have been found in
these very lake dwellings, Ouida's state-
ment with regard to the antiquity of the
Pomeranian in Italy becomes perfectly
possible.

At Athens, in the street of Tombs, there
is a representation of a little Spitz leaping
up to the daughter of a family as she is
taking leave of them, which bears the date
equivalent to 56 B.C., and in the British
Museum there is an ancient bronze jar of
Greek workmanship, upon which is engraved
a group of winged horses at whose feet
there is a small dog of undoubted Pomeranian
type. The date is the second century B.C.

It is now generally accepted that, wherever
our Pomeranian originated, he is a Northern
or Arctic breed. Evidence goes to show
that his native land in prehistoric times
was the land of the Samoyedes, in the
north of Siberia, along the shores of the
Arctic Ocean. The Samoyad dog is being
gradually introduced into England, and
good specimens can be frequently seen at
the principal shows. The similarity between
our large white Pomeranian and the Samoyad
is too great to be accidental. The prob-
ability that the Pomeranian is descended
from the Samoyad is rendered more credible
by the following extract from Henry See-
bohm's book, " Siberia in Europe." Speak-
ing of the Samoyad dogs, he says : " The
dogs were all white except one which was
quite black ; they were stiff-built little
animals, somewhat like Pomeranian dogs,
with fox-like heads and thick bushy hair,
their tails turned up over the back, and
curled to one side. This similarity between
the Pomeranian and Samoyede dogs is a
curious fact, for Erman mentions a race of
people who, he says, resemble the Finns,
both in language and features, in a district

of Pomerania called Samogritia, inhabited
by the Samaites."

We are drawn therefore to the conclusion
that in _prehistoric times a migration of
the Samoyedes was made from their native
land into Pomerania, the most eastern pro-
vince of Prussia bordering on the Baltic
Sea, and that these people took with them
their dogs, which were the progenitors of
the present race of Pomeranian or Spitz.

But in any case the Pomeranian dog, so
called, has been a native of various parts

DOG OF SPITZ TYPE.

FROM AN ENGRAVED BRONZE JAR or GREEK WORKMANSHIP OF THE SECOND
CENTURY B.C. (IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM.)

of Europe from very early times. His
advent into England has been of com-
paratively recent date, at least in any great
numbers, so far as can be ascertained, since
no ancient records exist on this question.
Gainsborough, however, has a painting of
the famous actress, Mrs. Robinson, with a
large white Pomeranian sitting by her side.

In Rees' Encyclopaedia, published in 1816,
a good picture of a White Pomeranian is
given with a fairly truthful description.
In this work he is said to be " larger than
the common sheep dog." Rees gives his
name as Canis Pomeranius, from Linnasus,
and Chien Loup, from Buffon. From these
examples, therefore, we may infer that the
large Pomeranian, or Wolf Spitz, was already
known in England towards the end of the
eighteenth century at least. There are,
however, no systematic registers of Pomer-
anians prior to the year 1870.

Even ten years later than this last date,

424

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

MRS. ROBINSON ("PERDITA") WITH A POMERANIAN

FROM THE PAINTING BY T. GAINSBOROUGH, R.A., IN THE WALLACE COLLECTION.

so little was the breed appreciated that a
well-known writer on dogs began an article
on the Pomeranian with the words " The
Pomeranian is admittedly one of the least
interesting dogs in existence, and conse-
quently his supporters are few and far
between."

The founders of the Kennel Club held
their first dog show in 1870, and in that
year only three Pomeranians were exhibited.
For the next twenty years little or no per-
manent increase occurred in the numbers
of Pomeranians entered at the chief dog
show in England. The largest entry took
place in 1881, when there were fifteen;

but in 1890 there was not a single
Pomeranian shown. From this time,
however, the numbers rapidly increased.
Commencing in 1891 with fourteen, in-
creasing in 1901 to sixty, it culminated in
1905 with the record number of one hundred
and twenty-five. Such a rapid advance
between the years 1890 and 1905 is un-
precedented in the history of dog shows,
although it is right to add that this
extraordinarily rapid rise into popularity
has since been equalled in the case of the.
now fashionable Pekinese Spaniel.

This tendency to advancement in public
favour was contemporaneous with the

THE POMERANIAN.

425

formation of the Pomeranian Club of Eng-
land, which was founded in 1891, and through
its fostering care the Pomeranian has reached
a height of popularity far in advance of
that attained by any other breed of toy
dog. One of the first acts of the club was
to draw up a standard of points as follows :

1. Appearance. — The Pomeranian in build and
appearance should be a compact, short-coupled
dog, well-knit in frame His head and face
should be fox-like, with small erect ears that
appear sensible to every sound ; he should
exhibit great intelligence in his expression,
docility in his disposition, and activity and
buoyancy in his deportment.

2. Head.— The head should be somewhat foxy
in outline, or wedge-shaped, the skull being
slightly flat (although in the Toy varieties the
skull may be rather rounder), large in proportion
to the muzzle, which should finish rather fine, and
be free from lippiness. The teeth should be level,
and on no account undershot. The head in its
profile may exhibit a little " stop," which, how-
ever, must not be too pronounced, and the hair
on head and face must be smooth or short-coated.

3. Eyes. — The eyes should be medium in size,

rather oblique in shape, not set too wide apart,
bright and dark in colour, showing great intelli-
gence and docility of temper. In a white dog
black rims round the eyes are preferable.

4. Ears. — T-he ears should be small, not set too far
apart nor too low down, and carried perfectly
erect, like those of a fox, and like the head should
be covered with soft, short hair. No plucking
or trimming is allowable.

5. Nose. — In black, black and tan, or white
dogs the nose should be black ; in other coloured
Pomeranians it may more often be brown or
liverTcoloured, but in all cases the nose must
bs self not parti-coloured, and never white.

6. Neck and Shoulders. — The neck, if anything,
should be rather short, well set in, and lion-like,
covered with a profuse mane and frill of long
straight hair, sweeping from the under jaw and
covering the whole of the front part of the shoulders
and chest as well as the top part of the shoulders.
The shoulders must be tolerably clean and laid
well back.

7. Body. — The back must be short, and the
body compact, being well ribbed up and the
barrel well rounded. The chest must be fairly
deep and not too wide.

8. Legs. — The forelegs must be perfectly
straight, of medium length, not such as would

MISS BIRKBECK AND HER WHITE POMERANIANS
Photograph by T. Fall.

426

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

be termed either "leggy " or "low on leg," but
in due proportion in length and strength to a
well-balanced frame, and the forelegs and thighs
must be well feathered, the feet small and com-
pact in shape. No trimming is allowable.

9. Tail. — The tail is a characteristic of the
breed, and should be turned over the back and
carried flat, being profusely covered with long
spreading hair.

10. Coat.- — Properly speaking, there should
be two coats, an under and an over coat, the one
a soft fluffy undercoat, and the other a long,
perfectly straight and glistening coat, cover-
ing the whole of the body, being very abundant
round the neck and fore part of the shoulders
and chest, where it should form a frill of profuse
standing-off straight hair, extending over the
shoulders as previously described. The hind-
quarters, like those of the Collie, should be simi-
larly clad with long hair or feathering from the
top of the rump to the hocks. The hair on the
tail must be, as previously described, profuse,
and spreading over the back.

11. Colour. — The following colours are ad-
missible : — 'White, black, blue or grey, brown,
sable, shaded sable, red, orange, fawn, and parti-
colours. The whites must be quite free from
lemon or any colour, and the blacks, blues,
browns, and sables from any white. A few white
hairs in any of the sell-colours shall not abso-
lutely disqualify, but should carry great weight
against a dog. In parti-coloured dogs the colours
should be evenly distributed on the body in patches
— a dog with a white foot or a white chest would
not be parti-coloured. Whole-coloured dogs with
a white foot or feet, leg or legs, are decidedly
objectionable, and should be discouraged, and
cannot compete as whole-coloured specimens. —
In mixed classes, i.e., where whole-coloured and
parti-coloured Pomeranians compete together, the
preference should, if in other points they are
equal, be given to the whole coloured speci-
mens. Shaded sables must be shaded through-
out with three or more colours, as uniformly as
possible, with no patches of self -colour. Oranges
must be self-coloured throughout, and light
shading, though not disqualifying, should be
discouraged.

Value of Points.

Appearance

Head

Eyes

Ears

Nose

Neck and shoulders 5

Body 10

Legs 5

Tail 10

Coat 25

Colour 10

Total 100

The early type of a Pomeranian was that
of a dog varying from 10 Ib. or 12 Ib.
weight up to 20 Ib. weight, or even more,
and some few of about 12 Ib. and over
are still to be met with ; but the tendency
among present-day breeders is to get them
as small as possible, so that diminutive
specimens weighing less than 5 Ib. are now
quite common, and always fetch higher
prices than the heavier ones. The dividing
weight, as arranged some ten years ago by
the Pomeranian Club, is 8 Ib., but the
probability is that this limit will be lowered
at no very distant date.

As a rule the white specimens adhere
more nearly to the primitive type, and are
generally over 8 Ib. in weight, but through
the exertions of many breeders, several are
now to be seen under this limit.

There must be no tinted markings, so
common nowadays, especially on the ears,
which should be small, close together and
carried in an erect position. The head
must be fox-like in shape, with the skull
neither too round nor yet too flat, with a
decided " stop." The tail must be turned
tightly over the back, and be covered with
long, spreading-out hair.

One of the most successful whites of late
years was Ch. Tatcho. He was the pro-
perty of Miss Lee- Roberts, and was bred by
Mrs. Birkbeck. His sire was Belper Snow,
and his dam Belper Pearl, both bred by
Miss Chell. Tatcho was the winner of many
championship certificates and numberless
specials and club trophies, having beaten
in open competition at one time or another
all the best whites of his day.

The principal breeders of this colour in
England to-day are Miss Hamilton of
Rozelle, Miss Chell, Miss Lee-Roberts, Mrs.
Pope, and Mrs. Goodall-Copestake. The
first two whites to become full champions
under Kennel Club rules were Rob of
Rozelle and Konig of Rozelle, both belong-
ing to Miss Hamilton of Rozelle.

Miss Chell has also bred many champions,
notably Belper Fritz, Snow, Sprite, Flossie,
and Snowflake. Miss Waters of Hunstanton
has also bred whites for some years, her
best being Britannia Joey. Recently Mrs.

111

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THE POMERANIAN.

427

Seton of Walton-on-Thames has adopted
the whites as her favourite colour, and
possesses a very small and beautiful speci-
men.

More black Pomeranians have been bred
in England than of any other colour, and
during the last fifteen years the number of
good specimens that have appeared at our
great exhibitions has been legion. There
do not seem to be so many really good ones
to-day as heretofore ; this is explained,
perhaps, by the fact that other colours are
now receiving more and more attention
from breeders.

One of the best blacks that appeared at
the end of the nineteenth century was
Miss M. A. Eland's Marland King, a smart
cobby little dog. His weight was about
6 lb., and he was a most successful sire
for some years. He was bred by Mrs. F. Day
and was by Kensington King ex Orange
•Girl.

Probably the most noted black sires
of this period were Black Boy, Bayswater
Swell, Kensington King, and Marland
King.

A typical small black of to-day is Billie
Tee, the property of Mr. and Mrs. Stanley
Mappin. He scales only 5-^ lb., and is
therefore, as to size and weight as well as
shape, style, and smartness of action, a
good type of a toy Pomeranian. He was
bred by Mrs. Gates, and is the winner of
over fifty prizes and many specials.

To enumerate all the first-class Blacks
during the last thirty years would be
tedious, but those which stand out first
and foremost have been Black Boy, King
Pippin, Kaffir Boy, Bayswater Swell, Ken-
sington King, Marland King, Black Prince,
Hatcham Nip, Walkley Queenie, Viva,
Gateacre Zulu, Glympton King Edward, and
Billie Tee.

The brown variety has for a long time
been an especial favourite with the public,
and many good ones have been bred during
the last ten years.

There are many different shades of
browns, varying from a dark chocolate to a
light beaver, but in all cases they should
be whole-coloured. On p. 428 is a por-

trait of Thirlsmere Dearie, the property of
Mrs. G. M. Hicks. Bred by Mrs. Morris
Mandy, she is a typical Pomeranian of the
over 8_lb^ weight class, and is of a deep
reddish brown colour. Her chief value is
as a brood bitch ; her puppies are always
good, and now and then she produces
something above the average, her most
noted being Thirlsmere Bronze, which as a
puppy won three first prizes at a Kennel
Club show, and is now in possession of the
Hon. and Rev. Canon Dutton.

Any account of brown Pomeranians would
be incomplete without mention of the in-
comparable Ch. Tina. This beautiful little
lady was bred by Mrs. Addis from Bays-
water Swell ex Kitsey, and scaled a little
under 5 lb. She won over every Pome-
ranian that competed against her, besides
having been many times placed over all
other dogs of any breed in open compe-
tition.

The shaded sables are among the prettiest
of all the various colours which Pomeranians
may assume. They must be shaded through-
out with three or more colours, as uniformly
as possible, with no patches of self-colour.
They are becoming very popular, and good
specimens are much sought after at high
prices.

Mrs. Hall-Walker has been constant
in her devotion to this variety for several
years, and she possesses a very fine team
in Champions Dainty Boy, Dainty Belle,
Bibury Belle, and in Gateacre Sable Sue.
Mrs. Vale Nicolas also has recently been
most successful with shaded sables,

Ch. Nanky Po, over 8 lb., and Cham-
pions Sable Mite and Atom bear witness
to this statement. Her lovely Mite is
given on p. 429 as a typical example
of a small Pomeranian of this colour.
He was bred by Mr. Hirst, by Little
Nipper ex Laurel Fluffie, and scales only
4Jlb.

Mention should also be made of Miss Ives'
Dragon Fly, Mrs. Boutcher's Lady Wolfino,
Miss Eland's Marland Topaz, Mr. Walter
Winans' Morning Light, and Mr. Fowler's
May Duchess.

The blues, or smoke-coloured Pomeranians,

428

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

'•' THIRLSMERE DEARIE

1 THIRLSMERE TRUFFLES

PANSY GIRL

Another colour which has
attained of late years in-
creasing popularity in Eng-
land is orange. These should
be self-coloured throughout,
and light shadings, though not disqualifying,
should be discouraged. The principal breeder
of the orange Pomeranian to-day is Mr. W.
Brown of Raleigh, Essex, who has probably
more specimens in his kennels than any other
breeder of this colour.

Tiny Boy, The Boy, and Orange Boy are
his best, and all three are approved sires.
Mrs. Hall-Walker is an admirer of this colour,
and her Gateacre Philander,
Lupino, and Orange Girl are
great prize winners. Miss
Hamilton of Rozelle has for
many years bred " oranges,"
and has given to the Pome-
ranian Club, of which she is
President, two challenge cups
for Pomeranians of this colour.
Mrs. Birch also
is a lover of this
hue, and pos-

i ,^p jfk^ ~^Ov ^C™v/iY— ^

have likewise their admirers, mr/&^^k ^^^^kv^cr? sesses sucn g°°d

and among those who have W/ff^^ ^^^kWX dogs as Rufus

taken up these as a speciality j// A ^\ V Rusticus

may be mentioned Miss Ives, \|/ j M • 1 \ Cheriwinkle.

Mrs. Parker, Mrs. Loy, and Miss

Ruby Cooke. Miss Ives is so

well known in connection with

this colour that it is hardly

necessary to give the names of

the numerous blues which she

has bred and exhibited.

Everyone who has attended
dog shows of late years must
have seen her Ch. Boy Blue,
but recent Pomeranian breeders
may not have had the good
fortune of seeing her
beautiful pair, Blue
Jacket and Blue
Bertie, both over 8
Ib. in weight, which
Miss Ives exhibited

some ten years ago. No blues have ever There is still another variety which bears
been shown in better coat and form than the name of parti-coloured. As the name
this unapproachable brace. implies, these dogs must be of more than

MISS HAMILTON'S
NIAFEKING OF ROZELLE
BY ROZELLE SIEGFRIED MIMOSA.

MISS M. A. BLANDS

CH. MARLAND KING

BY KENSINGTON KING •

ORANGE GIRL I'lulo : T. Fall.<

THE POMERANIAN.

429

one colour, and the colours
should be evenly distributed
on the body in patches ; for
example, a black dog with a
white foot or leg or chest
would not be a parti-colour.
As a matter of fact, there have been bred in
England very few parti-coloured Pomeranians ;
they seem to be freaks which are rarely pro-
duced. It does not follow that by mating a
black dog to a white bitch, or vice versa, a
parti-coloured will be necessarily obtained ; on
the contrary, it is more likely that the litter
will consist of some whole-
coloured blacks, and some
whole-coloured whites. Miss
Hamilton's Mafeking of Ro-
zelle, and Mrs. Vale Nicolas'
Shelton Novelty, are the two
most prominent specimens at
the present time, although Mrs.
Harcourt-Clare's Magpie and
Mr. Temple's
Leyswood Tom
Tit were per-
haps better
known some
time ago.

MRS. VALE NICOLAS' CH. THE SABLE MITE "

BV LITTLE NIPPER

UUBEL FLUFFIE.
Photograph by T. Fall.

Among
dogs this

Toy

MRS. LANGTON DENNIS
LOVE-IN-A-MIST BY OH.
SHELTOH SABLE ATOM ROSE.

ticular breed has enjoyed an
unprecedented popularity ; the
growth in the public favour
among all classes has been
gradual and permanent during
the last fifteen years, and there
are no signs that it is losing its
hold on the love and affection
of a large section of the English
people. His handsome appear-
ance, his activity, and hardi-
hood, his devotedness to his
owner, his usefulness as a
house-dog, and his many other
admirable qualities will always
make the Pome-
ranian a favourite
both in the cottage
and in the palace.

430

CHAPTER XLVII.
THE KING CHARLES SPANIELS.

BY MRS. LYDIA E. JENKINS.

" Happiest of the Spaniel race,
Painter, with thy colours grace :
Draw his forehead large and high,
Draw his blue and humid eye ;
Draw his neck so smooth and round,
Little neck with ribands bound ;
And the mutely swelling breast
Where the Loves and Graces rest ;

WHAT'S in a name ? That which
we call a rose by any other name
would smell as sweet," said Juliet
to her lover ; but a name may be so identi-
fied with that for which it stands, and may
embody fame, honour, ancestry, celebrity,
memories, and so many characteristics, that
to change it would constitute in some in-
stances a real loss.

So thought owners and breeders of the
beautiful little King Charles Spaniel when,
in 1903, the Kennel Club wished to relin-
quish the ancestral and royal name, and
let the varieties of the breed be called in
future Toy Spaniels, differing one from
another in colour only. When all the
efforts of the Toy Spaniel Club to avert
this change seemed likely to prove futile,
and many efforts had been made, King
Edward VII. himself intervened by in-
timating to the Kennel Club that it was
his wish that the historical name should

And the spreading even back,
Soft, and sleek, and glossy black ;
And the tail that gently twines,
Like the tendrils of the vines ;
And the silky twisted hair,
Shadowing thick the velvet ear ;
Velvet ears, which, hanging low,
O'er the veiny temples flow."

— SWIFT.

be retained — a wish which was, of course,
acceded to.

Even had the change been made there
is no doubt that the old designation would
never have been quite abandoned, and
that there would always have been some
people left who could not recognise this
breed of dogs under any other title than
that which had been its prerogative for
centuries.

In October, 1902, a meeting of the Toy
Spaniel Club was held at the Crystal Palace,
at which it was decided that as all four
varieties of the English Toy Spaniel could
be produced in one litter, they must be
members of one family, and that these
varieties had existed in the time of King
Charles the First. A resolution was passed
to ask the Kennel Club in future to register
the whole breed as King Charles Spaniels
of different colours, the existing names of
the varieties at that time being King

THE KING CHARLES SPANIELS.

Charles (black and tan), Prince Charles or
Tricolour (white, black and tan), Blenheim
(white and red), and Ruby (all red).

At the time of the formation of the Toy
Spaniel Club, in 1886, the foreign varieties
of miniature Spaniels, Pekinese and Japan-
ese, were then practically unknown in this
country, and therefore the name of Toy
Spaniel had belonged exclusively to the
King Charles varieties.

It would undoubtedly have been a very
great pity for the loving little faithful
friends, playmates, and pets of King Charles
II. to have been deprived of their name.

In the fourth chapter of Macaulay's
" History of England " we read of this
monarch that " he might be seen before
the dew was off the grass in St. James's
Park, striding among the trees, playing
with his Spaniels and flinging corn to his
ducks, and these exhibitions endeared him
to the common people, who always like
to see the great unbend."

Dr. John Caius referred to the breed
thus :—

I gener-

ally
}• called

Cam's

delicatus.

Dr. Caius connected these little Spaniels
with the Maltese dogs, and wrote : " The
dogges of this kinde doth Callimachus call
Melitoeos of the Iseland Melita in the sea
of Sicily (what at this time is called Malta,
an Iseland indeede famous and renowned
with couragious and puissant souldiours
valliauntly fighting under the banner of
Christ their unconquerable captaine), where
this kind of dogges had their principal
beginning."

He described them as " delicate, neate,
and pretty kind of dogges, called the
Spaniel gentle or the comforter," and
further said : ' These dogges are little,
pretty, proper, and fyne, and sought for
to satisfie the delicatenesse of daintie
dames and wanton women's wills, instru-
ments of folly for them to play and dally

Spaniel
Gentle
or the
Com-

It is
> also <
called

1 \. UUAUUWd

companion.
A pleasant
playfellow.

forter.

A pretty
worme.

withall, to tryfle away the treasure of
time, to withdraw their mindes from their
commendable exercises. These puppies the
smaller they be, the more pleasure they
provoke as more meete playfellowes for
minsing mistrisses to beare in their bosoms,
to keepe company withal in their chambers,
to succour with sleepe in bed, and nourishe
with meate at board, to lie in their lappes,
and licke their lippes as they ryde in their
waggons, and good reason it should be so,
for coursenesse with fynenesse hath no
fellowship, but featnesse with neatnesse
hath neighbourhood enough."

A strange superstition was in vogue in
those early days with regard to the little
Spaniel, and it was believed in by this
doctor of medicine who, under the heading
of " the vertue which remaineth in the
Spaniell Gentle otherwise called the Com-
forter," told how these little dogs were able
to assuage sickness of the stomach in the
following manner. They were worn as
plasters by sick and weakly people, and,
through the intermingling of heat, the
disease from which the human being was
suffering changed places, and passed into
the little dog, when the person became well
and the dog sometimes died. Dr. Caius
testified to the efficacy of the cure, and
men as well as women wore these little
living plasters.

The faithfulness of a Spaniel belonging
to Mary Queen of Scots is recorded in the
narrative of her execution. " Then one
of the executioners, pulling off her garters,
espied her little dogg which was crept
under her clothes, which could not be gotten
forth but by force, yet afterwards would
not departe from the dead corpse, but came
and lay between her head and her shoulders,
which being imbued with her bloode, was
carryed away and washed as all things ells
were that had any bloode, was either
burned or clean washed."*

There would appear to be much diver-
gence of opinion as to the origin of this
breed, and the date of its first appearance
in England, but it is generally thought
that it is of Japanese origin, and was
* Ellis's Letters, second series, vol. ii.

432

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

taken from Japan to Spain, and thence
imported into England. In Tudor days
there were small Spaniels in this country,
and the English Toy Spaniels of to-day,
especially the Blenheim variety, are also
said by some to be descended from sporting
Spaniels which belonged to Queen Mary
about the year 1555, and might have been
brought over from Germany. Mary kept
a pack of Spaniels for hunting purposes.

The writer of an article on Japan in The
Westminster Review for April, 1860, ob-
serves : " There is a species of Japanese
Spaniel which is probably identical with
the King Charles breed. Our information
on this point is certainly rather scanty.
We find firstly in the narrative of the
United States expedition the note : —

" The fact that dogs are always part
of a Royal Japanese present suggested
to the Commodore the thought that possibly
one species of Spaniel now in England may
be traced to a Japanese origin.

" In 1613, when Captain Saris returned
from Japan, he carried to the king a letter
from the Emperor with presents in return
for those which had been sent him by his
Majesty of England. Dogs probably formed
part of the gifts, and thus may have been
introduced into the kingdom the Japanese
breed. At any rate, there is a 'species of
Spaniel in England which it is hard to dis-
tinguish from the Japanese dog. Secondly,
Mr. Oliphant says the dog peculiar to Japan
which is supposed to be the origin of King
Charles Spaniel does indeed bear a con-
siderable resemblance to that breed ; the
ears are not so long and silky, and the nose
is more of a pug, but the size, shape, and
colour of the body are almost identical.

" The appearance of the Toy Spaniel in
England in 1613 tallies with the return of
Captain Saris, and the scarcity of the breed
now is satisfactorily accounted for by their
foreign origin and imperfect acclimatisation
in this country."

It has also been said that Catharine of
Braganza, the wife of Charles II., might,
as a Portuguese princess, have brought
Toy Spaniels over with her. Tangier was
part of her dowry, and both the Dutch and

Portuguese had a great deal of intercourse
with the Japanese.

There is another theory advanced, and
with some reason, that the English Toy
Spaniel of the present day derived its
origin from the Cocker Spaniel, as these
larger dogs have the same colours and
markings, black and tan, tricolour, and red
and white. The Cocker also occasionally
has the spot on the forehead which is a
characteristic of the Blenheim.

Be the origin of the King Charles Spaniel,
and its advent in this country, what it
may, King Charles II. so much indulged
and loved these little friends that they
followed him hither and thither as they
pleased, and seem to have been seldom sepa-
rated from him. By him they were loved
and cherished, and brought into great
popularity ; in his company they adorn
canvas and ancient tapestries, and are
reputed to have been allowed free access
at all times to Whitehall, Hampton Court,
and other royal palaces.

There is no lack of evidence to show that
Charles II. was devoted to his dogs. In
Pepys' Diary is recorded, on May 25th,
1660 : " I went, and Mr. Mansell, and one
of the King's footmen, and a dog that the
King loved, in a boat by ourselves, and so
got on shore when the King did."

His Majesty had also on occasion the
misfortune to lose his dogs, for the following
two advertisements appeared in Mercurius
Publicus directly after the Restoration.
The first was no doubt drawn up by the
John Ellis who is mentioned in it. The
second may have been written by the King
himself.

" A smooth Black Dog, less than a Grey-
hound with white under his breast, belonging
to the King's Majesty, was taken from White-
hall, the eighteenth day of this instant June
or thereabout. If any one can give notice to
John Ellis, one of his Majesties Servants, or to
his Majesties Back-Stayrs shall be well re-
warded for their labour. — June 21-29, 1660."

" We must call upon you again for a Black
Dog, between a Greyhound and a Spaniel,
no white about him, only a streak on his breast,
and his Tayl a little bobbed. It is His Majes-

THE KING CHARLES SPANIELS.

433

ties own Dog, and doubtless was stolen, for
the dog was not born nor bred in England, and
would never forsake His Master. Whosoever
finds him may acquaint any at Whitehall for the
Dog was better known at Court, than those
who stole him. Will they never leave robbing
His Majesty ? Must he not keep a Dog ?
This Dog's place (though better than some
imagine) is the only place which nobody offers
to beg. — June 28-July 5, 1660."

In the Intelligence for January gth,
1664-5, is the following notice : —

" Lost, on the 6th inst, a black and white
Bitch (one of his Majesties Hounds). She has a
cross on the right shoulder and a C.R. burnt
upon her left ear, behind her right ear upon
her neck (which is white) she has a black spot
about the breadth of a silver
crown. Whoever shall bring or
send her to the back stairs at
Whitehall shall be rewarded for
his pains."

There are now four recog-
nised varieties of the English
Toy Spaniel, or, more properly
speaking, five, as the Marl-
borough Blenheims are con-
sidered a distinct type. The
latter are said by some to be
the oldest of the Toy Spaniels ;
by others to have been first
brought over from Spain during
the reign of Charles II. by
John Churchill, first Duke of
Marlborough, from whose
home, Blenheim Palace, the
name was derived, and has
ever since been retained.

If we may take the evidence of Vandyck,
Watteau, Francois Boucher, and Greuze, in
whose pictures they are so frequently
introduced, all the toy Spaniels of bygone
days had much longer noses and smaller,
flatter heads than those of the present time,
and they had much longer ears, these in
many instances dragging on the ground.

The Marlborough Spaniel.— The Marl-
borough Blenheim has retained several of
the ancestral points. Although this variety
is of the same family, and has the same
name, as the short-nosed Blenheim of

the present day, there is a great deal
of difference between the two types.
The Marlborough is higher on the legs,
which need not be so fully feathered. He
has a much longer muzzle and a natter
and more contracted skull. The Marl-
borough possesses many of the attributes
of a sporting Spaniel ; but so also does
the modern Blenheim, although perhaps
in a lesser degree. He has a very good
scent. Mr. Rawdon B. Lee states that
" the Blenheims of Marlborough were ex-
cellent dogs to work the coverts for cock
and pheasant, and that excepting in colour
there is in reality not much difference in
appearance between the older orange and

SPANIELS OF KING CHARLES BREED.

FROM THE PAINTING BY SIR E. LANDSEER, R.A., IN THE NATIONAL GALLERY.

white dogs (not as they are to-day, with
their abnormally short noses, round skulls,
and enormous eyes), and the liver and
white Cockers which H. B. Chalon drew
for Daniel's ' Rural Sports ' in 1801."

This will bear out the statement that the
smaller type of Spaniel may be descended
from the Cockers.

The ground colour of this dog is white,
with chestnut encircling the ears to the
muzzle, the sides of the neck are chestnut,
as are also the ears. There is a white
blaze on the forehead, in the centre of which
should be a clear lozenge shaped chestnut

434

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

spot, called the beauty spot, which by in-
breeding with other varieties is fast being
lost. Chestnut markings are on the body
and on the sides of the hind-legs. The
coat should incline to be curly ; the head
must be flat, not broad, and the muzzle
should be straight. The chestnut should
be of a rich colour.

The four varieties — the King Charles,
Tricolour or (as he has been called) Charles I.
Spaniel, the modern Blenheim, and the
Ruby — have all the same points, differing
from one another in colour only, and the
following description of the points as deter-
mined by the Toy Spaniel Club serves for
all:-

1. Head. — Should be well domed, and in good
specimens is absolutely semi-globular, some-
times even extending beyond the half-circle,
and projecting over the eyes, so as nearly to meet
the upturned nose.

2. Eyes. — The eyes are set wide apart, with
the eyelids square to the line of the face, not
oblique or fox-like. The eyes themselves are
large, and dark as possible, so as to be generally
considered black, their enormous pupils, which
are absolutely of that colour, increasing the
description. There is always a certain amount
of weeping shown at the inner angles. This
is owing to a defect in the lachrymal duct.

3. Stop. — The " stop " or hollow between the
eyes is well marked, as in the Bulldog, or even
more so ; some good specimens exhibit a hollow
deep enough to bury a small marble.

4. Nose. — The nose must be short and well
turned up between the eyes, and without any
indication of artificial displacement afforded by a
deviation to either side. The colour of the end
should be black, and it should be both deep and
wide with open nostrils.

5. Jaw. — The muzzle must be square and deep,
and the lower jaw wide between the branches,
leaving plenty of space for the tongue, and
for the attachment of the lower lips, which should
completely conceal the teeth. It should also be
turned up or " finished," so as to allow of its
meeting the end of the upper jaw turned up in
a similar way, as above described.

6. Ears. — The ears must be long, so as to ap-
proach the ground. In an average-sized dog they
measure twenty inches from tip to tip, and some
reach twenty-two inches, or even a trifle more.
They should be set low on the head, hang
flat to the sides of the cheeks, and be heavily
feathered. In this last respect the King
Charles is expected to exceed the Blenheim, and
his ears occasionally extend to twenty-four inches.

7. Size. — The most desirable size is indicated by
the accepted weight of from 7 Ib. to 10 Ib.

8. Shape. — In compactness of shape these
Spaniels almost rival the Pug, but the length of
coat adds greatly to the apparent bulk, as the
body, when the coat is wetted, looks small in com-
parison with that dog. Still, it ought to be
decidedly " cobby," with strong, stout legs, short
broad back and wide chest. The symmetry of the
King Charles is of importance, but it is seldom
that there is any defect in this respect.

9. Coat. — The coat should be long, silky, soft
and wavy, but not curly. In the Blenheim there
should be a profuse mane, extending well down in
the front of the chest. The feather should be well
displayed on the ears and feet, and in the latter
case so thickly as to give the appearance of their
being webbed. It is also carried well up the
backs of the legs. In the Black and Tan the
feather on the ears is very long and profuse,
exceeding that of the Blenheim by an inch or
more. The feather on the tail (which is cut to the
length of three and a half to four inches) should
be silky, and from five to six inches in length,
constituting a marked " flag " of a square shape,
and not carried above the level of the back.

10. Colour. — The colour differs with the
variety. The Black and Tan is a rich glossy
black and deep mahogany tan ; tan spots over
the eyes, and the usual markings on the muzzle,
chest, and legs are also required. The Ruby is a
rich chestnut red, and is whole-coloured. The
presence of a few white hairs intermixed with the
black on the chest of a Black and Tan, or inter-
mixed with the red on the chest of a Ruby Spaniel,
shall carry weight against a dog, but shall not in
itself absolutely disqualify ; but a white patch
on the chest or white on any other part of a
Black and Tan or Ruby Spaniel shall be a disqualifi-
cation. The Blenheim must on no account be
whole-coloured, but should have a ground of pure
pearly white, with bright rich chestnut or ruby
red markings evenly distributed in large patches.
The ears and cheeks should be red, with a blaze of
white extending from the nose up the forehead,
and ending between the ears in a crescentic curve.
In the centre of this blaze at the top of the fore-
head there should be a clear " spot " of red, of the
size of a sixpence. Tan ticks on the fore legs and
on the white muzzle are desirable. The Tricolour
should in part have the tan of the Black and Tan,
with markings like the Blenheim in black instead
of red on a pearly-white ground. The ears and
under the tail should also be lined with tan. The
Tricolour has no " spot," that beauty being pecu-
liarly the property of the Blenheim.

The All Red King Charles is known by the
name of " Ruby Spaniel " ; the colour of the nose
is black. The points of the " Ruby " are the
same as those of the " Black and Tan," differing
only in colour.

THE KING CHARLES SPANIELS.

435

Scale of Points.

Black and Tan, Ruby or Red, and Tricolour.

size, and

Symmetry, condition,
soundness of limb

Head

Stop

Muzzle

Eyes

Ears

Coat and feathering .
Colour . ...

... 15
... 5

10
10

... 15
... 15

IO
IOO

Blenheim, or Red and White.

Symmetry, condition, size, and

soundness of limb . . . . 15

Head . 15

Stop 5

Muzzle 10

Eyes IO

Ears 10

Coat and feathering ..... 15

Colour and markings . . . . 15

Spot 5

IOO

The King Charles.

—This variety used
to consist of black
and tan and black
and white Spaniels,
and it is thought
that by the inter-
breeding of the two
specimens the Tri-
colour was produced.
The colour of the
King Charles now is
a glossy black with
rich mahogany tan
spots over the eyes
and on the cheeks.
There should also be some
tan on the legs and under
the tail.

The Prince Charles, or
Tricolour. — The Tricolour
should have a pearly-white
ground with glossy black
markings evenly distributed
over the body in patches.
The ears should be lined
with tan ; tan must also be
seen over the eyes, and some
on the cheeks. Under the
tail also tan must appear.

The Blenheim. — The Blenheim must
also have a pearly-white ground with
bright rich chestnut or ruby red markings
evenly distributed in patches over the body.
The ears and cheeks must be red, and a
white blaze should stretch from the nose to
the forehead and thence in a curve between
the ears. In the middle of the forehead there
should be, on the white blaze, a clear red
spot about the size of a sixpence. This is
called the " Blenheim spot," which, as well
as the profuse mane, adds greatly to the
beauty of this particular Toy Spaniel. Un-
fortunately, in a litter of Blenheims the
spot is often wanting.

The Ruby Spaniel. — This variety is of
one colour, a rich, unbroken red. The nose
is black. There are now some very beau-
tiful specimens of Ruby Spaniels, but it

MRS. JENKINS' CH. CLEVEDON CERDIC

BY CH. DEFENDER BRIGHT ROSE.

CH. MAGNET.

BRED BY MRS. JENKINS.

CH. COMUS. CH. PHARAOH.

436

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

MRS. A. PRIVETT'S
BLACK AND TAN

CH. ROCOCO

BY NONPA'EIL
MISS CHUMP.

been so much inter-bred
has been reputed to contain the four
kinds, but this would be of very rare
occurrence. The
Blenheim is now
often crossed
with the Tri-
colour, when the
litters consist of
puppies quite
true to the two
types. The
crossing of the
King Charles
with the Ruby
is also attended
with very good
results, the tan

is only within the last
quarter of a century
that this variety has
existed. It seems to
have originally appeared
in a litter of King Charles
puppies, when it was
looked upon as a freak
of nature, taking for its
entire colour only the
tan markings and losing
the black ground.

The different varieties
of Toy Spaniels have
that a litter markings on

MISS TAYLOR'S
BLENHEIM CH.
FAIRY SPRITE
BY CH. CLEVEDON

MAGNET QUEENIE

BRICHTEYES.

Photo: Russell.

the King Charles be-
coming very bright and the colour of
the Ruby also being improved. Neither
of these specimens
should be crossed
with either the
Blenheim or the
Tricolour, as white
must not appear
in either the King
Charles or the
Ruby Spaniel.

It is regretted
by some of the
admirers of these
dogs that custom
has ordained that
^ their tails should

LADY HULTON'S
BLENHEIM CH. JOY

-OEEPOENE ROSE.
'iy Kussell.

MRS. C.
MATTHEWS'

ROSCOE
BY CH. CLEVEDON
MAGNET —
PRINCESS MOLIIE.

be docked. As
portrayed in early pic-
tures of the King Charles
and the Blenheim varie-
ties, the tails are long,
well flagged, and inclined
to curve gracefully over
the back, and in none
of the pictures of the
supposed ancestors of
our present Toy Spaniels

HON. MRS. MCLAREN
MORRISON'S BLACK
AND TAN CH.
LAUREATE

BY MARQUISE •

MISS DORE.

THE KING CHARLES SPANIELS.

437

— even so recent as those painted by Sir
Edwin Landseer — do we find an absence
of the long tail.

If left intact, the tail would take two or
three years to attain perfection, but the
same may be said of the dog generally,
which improves very much with age, and
is not at its best until it is three years old,
and even then continues to improve.

Although the Toy Spaniels are unquestion-
ably true aristocrats by nature, birth, and
breeding, and are most at home in a draw-

possess great powers of endurance. They
appreciate warmth and comfort, but do
not thrive so well in either extreme heat
or intense cold. One thing to be avoided
is the weffjng of their feathered feet, or,
should this happen, allowing them to
remain so ; and, as in the case of all
dogs with long ears, the interior of the ears
should be carefully kept dry to avoid the
risk of canker.

Toy Spaniels are commonly gifted with a
retentive memory, and they have been

MISS TAYLOR'S p

TRICOLOUR CH. KING LEOPOLD U
BY CH. CLEVEDOK MAONIT QUEENIE BR1CHTEYES.

THE HON.

MRS. LYTTON'S CH. WINDFALL
BY LITTLE TOMMY DAISY.

ing-room or on a well-kept lawn, they are
by no means deficient in sporting proclivities,
and, in spite of their short noses, their scent
is very keen. They thoroughly enjoy a
good scamper, and are all the better for
not being too much pampered. They are
very good house-dogs, intelligent and
affectionate, and have sympathetic, coaxing
little ways. One point in their favour is
the fact that they are not noisy, and do not
yap continually when strangers go into a
room where they are, or at other times, as
is the habit with some breeds of toy dogs.

Those who have once had King Charles
Spaniels as pets seldom care to replace
them by any other variety of dog, fearing
lest they might not find in another breed
such engaging little friends and companions,
" gentle " as of yore and also " comforters."

Although these dogs need care, they

known to recall past circumstances after
the lapse of many years.

A Blenheim of my acquaintance had a
ball with which she was very fond of play-
ing. This had not been forthcoming for
some little time, and when her mistress
asked her where the ball was, she went at
once and sniffed under a large, heavy
bookcase that stood in the room. Later
on the family left the house, and when the
bookcase was removed the ball was found
to be underneath it as the dog had so clearly
intimated.

Like many other dogs, the King Charles
Spaniel is particularly observant, and will
often exhibit remarkable powers of reasoning.
The Rev. J. G. Wood has told the story of
a little King Charles who, after trying in
vain to see what was on a dining-room table,
went out of the room, then half-way up the

433

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

stairs, and so took a survey of the table
through the open doorway.

Mr. J. W. Berrie, writing of the modern
Blenheim, says that _ it " possesses pro-
perties and organs more nearly resembling
those of the human head than any other
kind of dog, having Individuality, Eventu-
ality, Comparison, and Causality very largely
developed."

In going back to a period long before
the last century was half-way through,
we find that a great number of these orna-
mental pets were in the hands of working
men living in the East-End of London,
and the competition among them to own
the best was very keen. They held minia-
ture dog shows at small taverns, and paraded
their dogs on the sanded floor of tap-rooms,
their owners sitting around smoking long
churchwarden pipes. The value of good
specimens in those early days appears to
have been from £5 to £250, which latter
sum is said to have been refused by a com-
paratively poor man for a small black and
tan with very long ears, and a nose much
too long for our present-day fancy. Among
the names of some old prominent breeders
and exhibitors may be mentioned those of
C. Aistrop, J. Garwood, J. A. Buggs, and
Mrs. Forder.

The writer well remembers a visit to
J . Garwood, who lived up a mews off Gray's
Inn Road, some thirty years ago. This old
man lived quite alone except for the com-
panionship of some twenty little Spaniels,
who shared equally with him, and who,
at his bidding, came out of mysterious
corners and hiding-places. To J. Garwood
must be given credit for the foundation
of the pedigree of many of our present
champions. J. A. Buggs was the owner
and breeder of the grand King Charles
Spaniels Alexander the Great and Bend d'Or.
Mrs. Forder made her name famous with a
beautiful King Charles by name Young
Jumbo, and a small Blenheim, Duke of Bow,
who was the possessor of a perfect spot,
very profuse coat, and long ears. In Tri-
colours F. Keener was prominent with a
very fine specimen called Napoleon, and to
the credit of Ned Short must be placed the

ancestors of the best Tricolours of the
present day, as descending from two ex-
cellent dogs he bred and owned in Block
and Block II. It is not in the memory of
the writer that these two dogs were ever
on the show bench, but their names figure
in the pedigrees of prominent winners, one
in particular being Ch. Prince of Tedding-
ton, probably one of the finest specimens
of the breed on record. Among other
successful breeders and exhibitors about
this period were George Coren, Mrs. Bevan,
H. Arnold, Mrs. Bagnall, and S. A. Julius.
In Blenheims the well-known Champions
Flossie and Bowsie took the lead, and
to the credit of the latter may be placed
the foundation of many winners of the
present day.

It is interesting to note, on looking over a
catalogue of the Kennel Club Show, that in
1884 the classes for Toy Spaniels numbered
five, with two championship prizes, one
each for Blenheims and Black and Tans,
and the total entries were 19. At this
date neither Tricolours nor Rubies were
recognised as a separate variety by the
Kennel Club, and they had no place in the
register of breeds until the year 1902.
At the Kennel Club show in 1904 thirty-
one classes were provided and eight chal-
lenge certificate prizes were given, the
entries numbering 109.

The formation of the Toy Spaniel Club
in 1885, and the impetus given to breeders
and exhibitors by the numerous shows
with good classification, have caused this
beautiful breed to become more popular
year by year. Fifty years ago the owners
might be almost counted on the fingers
of one's hands ; now probably the days
of the year would hardly cover them.

Among the most successful exhibitors
of late years have been the Hon. Mrs.
McLaren Morrison, the Hon. Mrs. Lytton,
Mrs. Graves, Mrs. L. H. Thompson, Miss
Young, Mrs. H.B. Looker, Mrs. Privette, Miss
Hall, the Misses Clarkson and Grantham,
Mrs. Dean, Mr. H. Taylor, Mrs. Bright,
Mrs. Adamson, Miss Spofforth, Mrs. Hope
Paterson, and Miss E. Taylor.

The novice fancier, desirous of breeding

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THE KING CHARLES SPANIELS.

439

for profit, exhibition, or pleasure, when
price is an object for consideration, is often
better advised to purchase a healthy puppy
from a breeder of repute rather than to

MRS. RAYMOND MALLOCK'S

RUBY CH. ASHTON MORE BARONET.

BY SAILOR LAD TOPSEY.

be deluded with €he notion that a good
adult can be purchased for a few pounds,
or to be carried away with the idea that
a cheap, indifferently bred specimen will
produce first-class stock. It takes years
to breed out bad points, but good blood
will tell.

When you are purchasing a bitch with
the intention of breeding, many inquiries
should be made as to the stock from which
she comes. This will influence the selection
of the sire to whom she is to be mated,
and he should excel in the points in which
she is deficient. It is absolutely necessary
to have perfectly healthy animals, and
if the female be young, and small stock is
desired, her mate should be several years
her senior. A plain specimen of the right
blood is quite likely to produce good re-
sults to the breeder ; for example, should
there be two female puppies in a well-bred
litter, one remarkable as promising to
have all the requirements for a coming
champion, the other large and plain, this
latter should be selected for breeding pur-
poses as, being stronger, she will make
a better and more useful mother than her
handsome sister, who should be kept for
exhibition, or for sale at a remunerative
price.

The modern craze for small specimens

makes them quite unsuitable for pro-
creation. A brood bitch should not be
less than 9 Ib. in weight, and even heavier
is preferable. A sire the same size will
produce~small and far more typical stock
than one of 5 Ib. or 6 Ib., as the tendency
is to degenerate, especially in head points ;
but small size can be obtained by suitably
selecting the parents.

The early spring is the best season for
breeding, as it gives the puppies a start
of at least six months in which to grow
and get strong before the cold weather sets
in, although, of course, they can be bred
at any time, but autumn and winter puppies
are more troublesome to rear. It is always
wise to administer occasionally, both to
puppies and adults, a dose of worm medi-
cine, so as to give no chance to internal
parasites — the most troublesome ill with
which the dog owner has to wrestle, causing
even more mortality than the dreaded
scourge of distemper.

The rules of hygiene cannot be over-
looked, as upon them hangs the success of
the breeder ; plenty of fresh air, light, and
sunshine are as necessary as food. Puppies
of this breed are essentially delicate, and
must be kept free from cold and draughts, but

THE HON. MRS. LYTTON'S

CH. THE SERAPH.

they require liberty and freedom to develop
and strengthen their limbs, otherwise they
are liable to develop rickets. Their food
should be of the best quality, and after
the age of six months, nothing seems more
suitable than stale brown bread, cut up

440

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

dice size, and moistened with good stock
gravy, together with minced lean under-
done roast beef, with the addition, two or
three times a week, of a little well-cooked
green vegetable, varied with rice or suet
pudding and plain biscuits. Fish may also
be given occasionally.

When only two or three dogs are kept,
table scraps will generally be sufficient, but
the pernicious habit of feeding at all times,
and giving sweets, pastry, and rich dainties,
is most harmful, and must produce disas-
trous results to the unfortunate animal.
Two meals a day at regular intervals are
quite sufficient to keep these little pets
in the best condition, although puppies
should be fed four times daily in small
quantities. After leaving the mother they
will thrive better if put on dry food, and
a small portion of scraped or finely minced
lean meat given them every other day,
alternately with a chopped hard-boiled egg
and stale breadcrumbs.

The Miniature Trawler Spaniel -
Among the toy dogs may be classed the
Miniature Trawler. This breed is some-
times confounded with the Cocker Spaniel,
but this is a great mistake, as it is of en-
tirely different type. It is supposed, with-
out any certainty, to be descended from
the original curly King Charles and the old-
fashioned curly Sussex Spaniel, but the
precise derivation is not known. Probably
in early times it was used solely as a sporting
dog, but at present it is regarded also as
a toy, and kept as such in growing numbers.
Recently at Horsham three classes were
open for these Spaniels, and there were
twenty-seven entries, the first honours being
won by Mrs. Covey's Goblin, a good speci-
men, although perhaps too long in the fore
face to be perfectly typical. The Hon.
Mrs. Lytton's Luck of St. Anthony is a
well-known example of the breed. Many
of these active little dogs are now kept on

the Continent ; Holland and Italy being
especially their homes.

The Miniature Trawler wears a very curly
coat, which should be silky in texture and
very glossy. The most approved colour
is brilliant black with white waistcoat ;
next in favour is red with white waistcoat,
then black and white or red and white. The
best size is from n inches to 13 inches
at the shoulder, with a weight of from 12 Ib.

MRS COVEY'S GOBLIN.

to 15 Ib. The head is small and light, with
very pointed, rather short nose, fine and
tapery and slightly tip-tilted. The stop is
well-defined and the skull raised, but flat
on the top, and not dome-shaped. The
long ears are set high and carried pricked
forward, framing the face. The large dark
eyes are wide apart, and set perfectly
straight, not obliquely, in the head. What-
ever the dog's colour, his nose and lips must
be black, his neck arched, his back broad
and short, and his docked tail carried gaily.
He is square-built, sturdy, compact, but
not heavy ; with smart action and alert
expression, having the general appearance
of an exceedingly pretty little sporting dog.
Possibly, after all, it is an error to place him
among the toys, for, unlike most toys, he is
a game little chap, with decidedly sporting
instincts and an excellent ratter and rab-
biter.

441

CHAPTER XLVIII.
THE JAPANESE SPANIEL.

BY MISS MARIE SERENA.

"An honest creahire,
Of faithful, gentle, courteous nature;
A parlour pet unspoiled by favour,
A pattern of good dog behaviour,
Without a wish, without a dream,
Beyond his home and friends at Cheam."

SIDNEY SMITH.

A their breed-name implies, these tiny
black and white, long-haired lap dogs
are reputed to be natives of the land
of the chrysanthemum. The Japanese, who
have treasured them for centuries, have the
belief that they are not less ancient than
the dogs of Malta. There seems to be a
probability, however, that the breed may
claim to be Chinese just as surely as Japan-
ese. The Hon. Mrs. McLaren Morrison,
an authority on exotic dogs whose opinion
must always be taken with respect, is
inclined to the belief that they are related
to the short-nosed Spaniels of Thibet ;
while other experts are equally of opinion
that the variety is an offshoot from the
Spaniels of Pekin. It is fairly certain that
they are indigenous to the Far East, whence
we have derived so many of our small,
snub-nosed, large-eyed, and long-haired pets.
The Oriental peoples have always bred
their lap dogs to small size, convenient for
carrying in the sleeve or for holding com-
fortably under the chin. The " sleeve dog "
and the " chin dog " are common and
appropriate appellations in the East.

The Japanese Spaniel was certainly known
in England half a century ago, and probably
much earlier. Our seamen often brought
them home as presents for their sweet-
hearts. These early imported specimens
were generally of the larger kind, and if
they were bred from — which is doubtful —
it was by crossing with the already long-
established King Charles or Blenheim
Spaniels. Their colours were not invari-
ably white and black. Many were white
and red, or white with lemon-yellow patches.

The colouring other than white was usually
about the long-fringed ears and the crown
of the head, with a line of white running
from the point of the snub black nose
between the e.yes as far as the occiput.

MISS SERENA'S CH. FUJI OF KOBE.

This blaze up the face was commonly said
to resemble the body of a butterfly, whose
closed wings were represented by the dog's
expansive ears.

The white and black colouring is now
the most frequent. The points desired
are a broad and rounded skull, large in
proportion to the dog's body ; a wide,
strong muzzle and a turned-up lower jaw.
Great length of body is not good ; the
back should be short and level. The legs
are by preference slender and much feathered,
the feet large and well separated. An

442

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

important point is the coat. It should be factured foods are to be avoided. Rice
abundant, particularly about the neck, usually agrees well ; fresh fish, sheep's head,
where it forms a ruffle, and it ought to be tongue, chicken livers, milk or batter pud-
quite straight and very silky. Allowing dings are also suitable ; and I occasionally
of course that it is of good shape, I should give oatmeal porridge, alternated with a
always select a Japanese Spaniel that is little scraped raw meat as an especial
below rather than above 7 Ib. in weight, favour. For puppies newly weaned it is
and I have always been exceedingly par- well to limit the supply of milk foods and
ticular regarding the size of a pair from to avoid red meat. Finely minced chicken,
whom I have intended to breed, never rabbit, or fish are better.

My experience in con-
ditioning dogs for ex-
hibition confirms me
in the opinion that
special preparation is
not necessary. Further
than seeing that my
pets are thoroughly
washed and carefully
groomed on the morn-
ing of a show, I do
nothing. A dog of
whatever breed should
be judged on its own
merits, and not win
prizes by reason of
artificial aid.

Of the Japanese
Spaniels which have
recently been promi-
nent in competition, I

mating a small bitch with a large dog, may be permitted to mention one of my
notwithstanding that there are instances of own, the late Champion Fuji of Kobe, a
a small bitch being successfully mated remarkably beautiful bitch, who was under
with a dog double her weight. I find it 5 Ib. in weight, and who in her brief
necessary when the time for whelping life gained six full championships. Mrs.
approaches to isolate the prospective mother, Gregson's Ch. Tora of Braywick, a fine
and to exercise constant watchfulness. As red and white dog, somewhat over 7 Ib.,
a rule, the Japanese is so coddled and is also to be remembered as a typical
pampered that she gives way to caprice, example of the breed, together with Kara,
and will often neglect her offspring, even the smallest Jap ever exhibited or bred in
obstinately refusing to undertake her this country, weighing only z\ Ib. when
maternal duties, and giving one the irk- 2^ years old; Lady Samuelson's Togo
some task of bringing them up by hand, and O'Toyo of Braywick, and Mrs. Hull's
In such cases I rely upon the aid of an Ch. Daddy Jap.

infant's feeding bottle, and have used it There has lately been a tendency to lay
with advantage. too much stress upon diminutive size in

The Japanese Spaniel is constitutionally this variety of the dog, to the neglect of
delicate, requiring considerable care in feed- well-formed limbs and free movement ; but
ing. A frequent — almost a daily — change on the whole it may be stated with con-
of diet is to be recommended, and manu- fidence that the Japanese is prospering

MISS SERENA'S JAPANESE SPANIELS.

CH. FUJI DE KOBI, KUSA, AND NIPPON DE KOBE.

Photograph by Russell.

THE JAPANESE SPANIEL.

443

in England, thanks largely to the energetic
work of the Japanese Chin Club, which
was formed some three years ago to promote
the best interests of the breed.

The following is the official standard
issued by the Japanese Chin Club : —

1. Head. — Should be large for size of animal,
very broad and with slightly rounded skull.

2. Muzzla.- — Strong and wide ; very short
from eyes to nose ; upper jaw should look slightly
turned up between the eyes ; lower jaw should
be also turned up or finished so as to meet it, but
should the lower jaw be slightly underhung it is
not a blemish provided the teeth are not shown
in consequence.

3. Nose. — Very short in the muzzle part. The
end or nose proper should be wide, with open
nostrils, and must be the colour of the dog's mark-
ing, i.e. black in black-marked dogs, and red or
deep flesh colour in red- or lemon-marked dogs.

4. Eyes. — Large, dark, lustrous, rather pro-
minent, and set wide apart.

5. Ears. — Small and V-shaped, nicely feathered,
set wide apart and high on the head and carried
slightly forward.

6. Neck. — Should be short and moderately
thick.

7. Body. — Very compact and squarely built,
with a short back, rather wide chest, and of
generally " cobby " shape. The body and legs
should really go into a square, i.e. the length
of the dog should be about its height.

8. Legs. — The bones of the legs should be small,
giving them a slender appearance, and they should
be well feathered.

9. Feet. — Small and shaped, somewhat long ;
the dog stands up on its toes somewhat. If
feathered, the tufts should never increase the
width of the foot, but only its length a trifle.

10. Tail. — Carried in a tight curl over the back.
It should be profusely feathered so as to give the
appearance of a beautiful " plume " on the animal's
back.

11. Coat. — Profuse, long, straight, rather silky.
It should be absolutely free from wave or curl,
and not lie too flat, but have a tendency to stand
out, especially at the neck, so as to give a thick
mane or ruff, which with profuse feathering on
thighs and tail gives a very showy appearance.

12. Colour. — Either black and white or red
and white, i.e. parti-coloured. The term red
includes all shades, sable, brindle, lemon or orange
but the brighter and clearer the red the better.
The white should be clear white, and the colour,
whether black or red, should be evenly distributed
in patches over the body, cheeks, and ears.

13. Height at Shoulder. — About ten inches.

14. Weight. — The size desirable is from 4 Ib.
to 9 Ib. The smaller size are preferable if good
shape.

The Japanese Spaniel is one of the toy
dogs that are well appreciated in the United
States. There they are not numerous, but
the quality of the best of them is quite
equal to the English form. Ch. Komo, for
instance, owned by Mrs. Senn, is considered
to be almost a perfect specimen, and the

JAPANESE PUPPY.

PROPERTY OF MISS STEEVENS.

same owner's Senn Sation did not belie
his name. Mrs. Linnott's Fuss-Fuss, and
such dainty Japs as Isutichi, Kobi, Okasan,
and Ch. Crest wood Oyama are admirable
representatives of the black and white
variety, while the lemon and whites are
best represented by Cross Roads Sho Gun.
Several presentable Japs have lately been
exhibited in Paris, notable among them
being M. Servagnat's two imported bitches
Yen-ti and Yeou-Li, bred by Li Kin Tsinn,
Mme. Dalas-Serra's Anata and Fushima,
and Mr. Walton's Sadda-Yacco.

444

CHAPTER XLIX.

THE PEKINESE.
BY THE LADY ALGERNON GORDON-LENNOX.

" A crush-nosed, human-hearted dog."

BROWNING.

MRS. DOUGLAS MURRAY'S
AH CUM (IMPORTED).

EW of the
many
breeds of
foreign dogs
now established
in England
have attained
such a measure
of popularity in
so short a time
as the Pekinese.
Of their early
history little is
known, beyond the fact that at the looting
of the Summer Palace of Pekin, in 1860,
bronze effigies of these dogs, known to be
more than two thousand years old, were
found within the sacred precincts. The
dogs were, and are to this day, jealously
guarded under the supervision of the Chief
Eunuch of the Court, and few have ever
found their way into the outer world.

In writing a true account of the breed it
may be unavoidable to dispel some of the
existing impressions with reference to the
so-called " imported dogs." Pekin Spaniels
can be imported without difficulty, as they
abound in the various towns of China, but
in the case of the Palace dog it is an alto-
gether different matter, and the two should
on no account be confounded, as will presently
be explained.

So far as the writer is aware, the history
of the breed in England dates from the
importation in 1860 of five dogs taken from
the Summer Palace, where they had, no
doubt, been forgotten on the flight of the
Court to the interior. Admiral Lord John
Hay, who was present on active service,
gives a graphic account of the finding of

these little dogs in a part of the garden
frequented by an aunt of the Emperor,
who had committed suicide on the approach
of the Allied Forces. Lord John and an-
other naval officer, a cousin of the late
Duchess of Richmond's, each secured two
dogs ; the fifth was taken by General Dunne,
who presented it to Queen Victoria. Lord
John took pains to ascertain that none had
found their way into the French camp,
and he heard then that the others had all
been removed to Jehal with the Court.
It is therefore reasonable to suppose that
these five were the only Palace dogs, or
Sacred Temple dogs of Pekin, which reached
England, and it is from the pair which lived
to a respectable old age at Goodwood that
so many of the breed now in England trace
their descent.

Many years ago Mr. Alfred de Rothschild
tried, through his agents in China, to secure
a specimen of the Palace dog for the writer,
in order to carry on the Goodwood strain,
but without success, even after a correspond-
ence with Pekin which lasted more than
two years ; but we succeeded in obtaining
confirmation of what we had always under-
stood : namely, that the Palace dogs are
rigidly guarded, and that their theft is
punishable by death. At the time of the
Boxer Rebellion, only Spaniels, Pugs, and
Poodles were found in the Imperial Palace
when it was occupied by the Allied Forces,
the little dogs having once more preceded
the Court in the flight to Si-gnanfu.

The Duchess of Richmond occasionally
gave away a dog to intimate friends, such as
the Dowager Lady Wharncliffe, Lady Dorothy
Nevill, and others, but in those days the
Pekinese was practicallyan unknown quantity

THE PEKINESE.

445

and it can therefore be more readily
understood what interest was aroused
about eleven years ago by the appear-
ance of a small dog, similar in size,
colour, and general type to those so
carefully cherished at Goodwood. This
proved to be none other than the since
well-known sire Ah Cum, owned by
Mrs. Douglas Murray, whose husband,
having extensive interests in China, had
managed after many years to secure a
true Palace dog, smuggled, I believe, in
a box of hay, placed inside a crate
which contained Japanese deer !

Ah Cum was mated without delay to
two Goodwood
bitches, the result
being, in the first
litters, Ch. Good-
wood Lo, and
Goodwood Put-
Sing. To these
three sires, some
of the bluest
Pekinese blood
is traceable,
vide Ch. Good-
wood Chun, Ch.
Chu-Erh of Al-
derbourne, Ch.
Gia-Gia, Manchu

CH. CHU-ERH OF ALDERBOURNE

BY MANCHU TAO-TAI MANCHU WEI-WEI.

^Photograph by Resell.

have

MISS F. A. MATHIAS'

MARLAND MYTH

BY GOODWOOD MING

KAN TIEN.

Tao - Tai, Goodwood
Ming, Marland Myth,
and others.

It must, however,
be clearly admitted
that since the popu-
larity of the breed
has become estab-
lished we unluckily
see scores of Pekinese
in the show-ring who
lost all resemblance to the

MRS. TORRENS1 CH GOODWOOD CHUN

BY GOODWOOD PUT-SING GOODWOOD NA LA.

original type, and for this the Pe-
kinese Club is in some measure to
blame. The original points for the
guidance of breeders and judges were
drawn up by Lady Samuelson, Mrs.
Douglas Murray, and the writer, and
we fixed the maximum size at 10 lb.,
which we considered a very generous
margin. Since then the club has
amended the scale of points, no
doubt in order to secure a larger
membership, and the maximum now
stands at 18 lb.

Is it therefore to be wondered at
that confusion exists as to what is
the true type ? At shows there
should be two distinct classes ; the

446

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Palace dog and the Pekin Spaniel, or
any other name which would enable the
breeds to be kept distinct. The following
extract from a letter on this subject from
Lord John Hay to the writer, dated several
years ago, may be of interest :

" Now there is another breed which is con-
founded with the Palace dog ; they present the
same characteristics ; appearance very similar,
and disposition equally charming, but they are
much larger ; they are also called Pekin Spaniels ;
but they are as different breeds originally, I
feel sure, as a Pegu pony is from an English
hunter ; they are seldom so well provided with
hair on the feet, and the trousers do not go
down far enough ; also the hair on the stomach
and sides does not grow long enough."

The writer is quite in accord with Lord
John in his appreciation of the larger type,
for they are just as attractive and in many
ways as handsome as the Palace dog ; but
they certainly should not be judged in the
same class at shows. Also it should be
understood that the word "imported" does
not necessarily imply that the dog has ever
seen the inside of the Imperial Palace at
Pekin.

The following is the scale of points as
issued by the Pekinese Club :

1. Head. — Massive, broad skull, wide and flat
between the ears (not dome shaped) ; wide
between the eyes.

2. Nose. — Black, broad, very short and flat.

3. Eyes. — Large, dark, prominent, round, lus-
trous.

4. Stop. — Deep.

5. Ears. — Heart shaped; not set too high; leather
never long enough to come below the muzzle; not
carried erect, but rather drooping, long feather.

6. Muzzle. — Very short and broad ; not under-
hung nor pointed ; wrinkled.

7. Mane. — Profuse, extending beyond shoulder
blades, forming ruff or frill round front of neck.

8. Shape of Body. — Heavy in front ; broad chest
falling away lighter behind ; lion-like ; not too long
in the body.

9. Coat and Feather and Condition. — Long, with
thick undercoat ; straight and flat, not curly
nor wavy ; rather coarse but soft ; feather on
thighs, legs, tail and toes, long and profuse.

10. Colour. — All colours are allowable, red,
fawn, black, black and tan, sable, brindle, white
and parti-coloured. Black masks, and spectacles
round the eyes, with lines to the ears, are desirable.

11. Legs. — Short ; forelegs heavy, bowed out at
elbows ; hind legs lighter, but firm and well shaped.

12. Feet. — Flat, not round ; should stand well
up on toes, not on ankles.

13. Tail. — Curled and carried well up on loins ;
long, profuse straight feather.

14. Size. — Being a toy dog the smaller the
better, provided type and points are not sacri-
ficed. Anything over 18 Ib. should disqualify-
When divided by weight, classes should be over
10 Ib. and under 10 Ib.

15. Action. — Free, strong and high ; crossing
feet or throwing them out in running should not
take off marks ; weakness of joints should be
penalised.

Scale of Points.
Head ...... 10

Nose ...... 5

Eyes 5

Stop . 5

Ears . . ... 5

Muzzle . ... 5

Mane ...... 5

Shape of body . . . .10

Coat and feather and condition . 10
Colour . . . . 5

Legs . .... 5

Feet . ... 5

Tail . . . 10

Size . . . . 5

Action ...... 10

Total .... 100

The writer has occasionally been criticised
for her advocacy of whole-coloured specimens,
but in support of this preference it can be
proved that the original pair brought to
Goodwood, as well as Mrs. Murray's Ah
Cum, were all of the golden chestnut shade ;
and, as no brindled, parti-coloured, or black
dog has ever been born at Goodwood or
Broughton, we have some authority for
looking upon whole-colour as an important
point. This view was in the first place con-
firmed by the late Chinese Ambassador in
London, and further by Baron Speck von
Sternburg, at present German Ambassador
in Washington, who was for many years
Minister at Pekin and had very special
facilities for noting the points of the Palace
dogs.

In every case a black muzzle is indis-
pensable, also black points to the ears,
with trousers, tail and feathering a some-
what lighter shade than the body. There
is considerable divergence of opinion as to

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THE PEKINESE.

447

the penalisation of what, in other breeds,
is known as a " Dudley " nose, but on this
point there must be some difficulty at shows ;
in the Pekinese the colour of the nose varies
in a remarkable way, especially in the case
of the bitches. For instance, a pinkish
tinge was always visible on the nose of
Goodwood Meh before the birth of her
puppies ; but it resumed its normal colour
when the puppies were a few weeks old.
As a representative
type Chu-Erh of
Alderbourne, when
seen by the writer
last year, resembled
most nearly, I be-
lieve, the old Good-
wood dogs. He has
the same square,
cobby appearance,
broad chest, bowed
legs, profuse feather,
and large, lustrous
eyes — points which
are frequently looked
for in vain nowa-
days— and hisbreeder
and owner may well
be proud of him.

The Pekinese dif-
fers from the Japan-
ese dog in that it appears to be far stronger
in constitution, and withstands the changes
of the English climate with much greater
ease ; in fact, they are as hardy, under
healthy conditions, as any English breed,
and the only serious trouble seems to
be the weakness which is developing in the
eyes. Small abscesses frequently appear
when the puppies are a few months old, and,
although they may not affect the sight, they
almost inevitably leave a bluish mark, while
in some cases the eye itself becomes con-
tracted. Whether this is one of the results
of in-breeding it is difficult to say, and it
would be of interest to know whether the
same trouble is met with in China.

The Pekinese bitches are excellent mothers,
provided they are not interfered with for
the first few days. This was discovered
at Goodwood years ago by the fact that, on

GOODWOOD PUT-SING (IN OLD AGE)
BRED BY LADY A. GORDON-LENNOX.

BY AH CUM GOODWOOD QUEENIE.

Photograph by T. Fall.

two or three occasions, one Celestial lady,
who had been given greater attention than
she considered necessary, revenged herself
by devouring her own family of puppies !
One thing seems from experience to be es-
pecially advisable — as far as can be arranged,
to breed in the spring rather than autumn.
The puppies need all the open air and exercise
that is possible, and where rickety specimens
are so frequently met with it is only
natural that a puppy
who starts life with
the summer months
ahead is more likely
to develop well than
one born in the
autumn. Great at-
tention should be
paid with reference
to the frequent —
almost certain — pres-
ence of worms,
which trouble
seems more preva-
lent with Pekinese
than with any other
breed. Wherever
possible, fish should
be given as part of
the dietary ; some
Pekinese devour it

with relish ; others will not touch it, but
there is no doubt it is a useful item in
the bill of fare. Bread well soaked in
very strong stock, sheep's-head, and liver
are always better as regular diet than
meat, but in cases of debility a little
raw meat given once a day is most
beneficial.

It would not be fitting to close an article
on Pekinese without bearing testimony to
their extraordinarily attractive character-
istics. They are intensely affectionate and
faithful, and have something almost cat-
like in their domesticity. They display far
more character than the so-called " toy
dog " usually does, and for this reason it
is all-important that pains should be taken
to preserve the true type, in a recognition
of the fact that quality is more essential
than quantity.

448

CHAPTER L.

THE MALTESE DOG.

' . . . The little dogs and all,
Tray, Blanche, and Sweetheart."

KING LEAR.

NrO doubt has been cast upon the belief
that the small, white, silky Canis
Melitceus is the most ancient of
all the lap dogs of the Western world. It
was a favourite in the time of Phidias ; it
was an especial pet . of the great ladies of
Imperial Rome. It appears to have come
originally from the Adriatic island of Melita
rather than from the Mediterranean Malta,
although this supposition cannot be veri-
fied, as there were at least three islands to
which the name of Melita was anciently
applied, the third being adjacent to Sicily.
There is, however, no question that it is
of European origin, and that the breed, as
we know it to-day, has altered exceedingly
little in type and size since it was alluded
to by Aristotle more than three hundred
years before the Christian era. One may
gather from various references in literature,
and from the evidence of art, that it was
highly valued in ancient times. " When
his favourite dog dies," wrote Theophrastus
in illustration of the vain man, " he deposits
the remains in a tomb, and erects a monu-
ment over the grave, with the inscription,
' Offspring of the stock of Malta.' "

These are the little dogs upon whom, as
Ruskin tells us, Veronese and the other
Venetian painters were " so hard " ; exem-
plifying by their means the lowest forms of
human feeling, such as " conceit, gluttony,
indolence, petulance " ; and the " little
curly, short-nosed, fringy-pawed things,
which all Venetian ladies petted " are in-
troduced, not complimentarily, by Veron-
ese in two of his greatest pictures — " The
Presentation of his own Family to the
Madonna" (at Dresden) and "The Queen
of Sheba before Solomon " (at Turin).

The "offspring of the stock of Malta"
were probably first imported into Eng-
land during the reign of Henry VIII.
It is certain that they were regarded as
" meet playfellows for mincing mistresses "
in the reign of Elizabeth, whose physician,
Dr. Caius, alluded to them as being dis-
tinct from the Spaniel, "gentle or com-
forter."

" There is, besides those which wee have
already delivered," writes the Doctor,
" another sort of gentle dogges in this our
Englishe style, but exempted from the
order of the residue. The dogges of this
kinde doth Callimachus call Melitaers, of the
Iseland Melita, in the sea of Sicily (which
at this day is named Malta, an iseland in
deede famous and renouned)."

Early writers aver that it was customary
when Maltese puppies were born to press
or twist the nasal bone with the fingers
" in order that they may seem more elegant
in the sight of men " — a circumstance
which goes to show that our forefathers
were not averse to improving artificially the
points of their dogs.

The snowy whiteness and soft, silky
texture of its coat must always cause the
Maltese dog to be admired ; but the variety
has never been commonly kept in England
— a fact which is, no doubt, due to the
difficulty of breeding it and to the trouble
in keeping the dog's long jacket clean and
free from tangle. Thirty or forty years ago
it was more popular as a lap dog than in
has ever been since, and in the early days
of dog shows many beautiful specimens
were exhibited. This popularity was largely
due to the efforts of Mr. R. Mandeville, of
Southwark, who has been referred to as

THE MALTESE DOG

449

virtually the founder of the modern Maltese.
His Fido and Lily were certainly the most
perfect representatives of the breed during
the decade between 1860 and 1870, and at
the shows held at Birmingham, Islington,
the Crystal Palace, and Cremorne Gardens,
this beautiful brace was unapproachable.
Somewhat later Lady Giffard, of Red Hill,
and Mrs. Bligh Monk, of Coley Park, suc-
ceeded in winning the best prizes, and Mr.
J. Jacobs, of Oxford, was a prominent com-
petitor. Lady Giffard's Hugh was a par-
ticularly lovely dog, with a " coat like floss
silk, white as driven snow," and without a
dark hair on all his body. His eyes and nose
were very dark. His weight was rather less
than five pounds.

About ten years ago Mr. J. W. Watts, of
Birmingham, was almost alone in his emin-
ence as a breeder and exhibitor. His
Prince Lily White and Flossie were only less
perfect than Mr. Mandeville's Fido and
Lady Giffard's Hugh. More recently still
the breed had its best representatives in
Mr. Jacobs' Pixie, Mrs. Palmer's Sir Meneris,
Miss Smith's Snowflake, Mrs. Fish's Little

MR. T w. LEESE-S CH. LADY MACDONALD.

Count, and the Hon. Mrs. McLaren Morri-
son's Melita. The variety still remains in
very few hands, but at the present time
there are admirably typical specimens in
Mrs. L. H. Chard's Little Lord Doricles,
Ch. Snowflack, and Chingford Lassie ; Mrs.
Carlo Clarke's Boule de Neige ; Mrs. Money's
Sir White Major and Ladysmith Daddies,

and Mr. T. W. Leese's Ch. Prince Lilywhite
II., Major Mite and Ch. Lady Macdonald.

Efforts have been made to acclimatise
the Maltese dog in the United States, whither
many of ouf best specimens have been ex-
ported, but the American climate seems

MR. T. W. LEESE'S MAJOR MITE
BY COUNT LILYWHITE OLD QUEEN.

to be unsuited to all long-haired dogs, whose
coats and general beauty deteriorate. It
is a breed which to be kept in perfection re-
quires more than ordinary attention, not
only on account of its silky jacket, which is
peculiarly liable to become matted, and is
difficult to keep absolutely clean without
frequent washing, but also an account of a
somewhat delicate constitution, the Maltese
being susceptible to colds and chills. If
affected by such causes, the eyes are often
attacked, and the water running from them
induces a brown stain to mar the beauty of the
face. Skin eruptions due to unwise feeding,
or parasites due to uncleanliness, are quickly
destructive to the silky coat, and constant
watchfulness is necessary to protect the dog
from all occasion for scratching. The diet is
an important consideration always, and a
nice discernment is imperative in balancing
the proportions of meat and vegetable. Too
much meat is prone to heat the blood, while
too little induces eczema. Scraps of bread
and green vegetables well mixed with gravy
and finely-minced lean meat form the best
dietary for the principal meal of the day,
and plenty of exercise is imperative.

450

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

As a companion for out-of-doors the
Maltese ranks highly in the estimation of
its admirers, and certainly there are few
dogs that are so ornamental in a carriage
or in a drawing-room. The temper of the
breed is said to be snappish ; but this is a
fault which ought to be controlled by early
training, and it is not an innate character-
istic. Probably the Maltese dog is inferior
in intelligence to the King Charles and
the Pekinese. Centuries of pampering and
coddling have diminished whatever mental
acuteness the race may originally have pos-
sessed. Nevertheless, the Maltese is quick-
witted enough when it is permitted un-
hampered to exercise its natural attributes.
Owners who keep their canine pets in jewel
caskets have only themselves to blame if
the little things fail to exhibit the intelli-
gence which comes of unrestrained enjoy-
ment of a free life. The Venetian ladies
were in the habit of keeping their Maltese
dogs enclosed in tin canisters so that they
might remain diminutive, and many modern
owners similarly keep them tied up in bags
so that their feet may not have room to
scratch and their coats may not be soiled.
It is well to preserve the beauty of a silky
white robe, but not at the sacrifice of its
owner's physical comfort and freedom. An
imprisoned dog will always become snappish
and debilitated. The best way to keep a
Maltese is to give it plenty of open-air exer-
cise, to feed it judiciously, and to let the
coat be subjected to as little grooming
and washing as will serve merely to preserve
it from tangle and from dirt. If it is in-
tended for exhibition there will be plenty
of time to get the hair in condition a fort-
night or so before the show.

DESCRIPTIVE PARTICULARS OF THE
MALTESE.

1. General Appearance. — That of a bright,
sprightly, active dog of very taking character.

2. Head. — Should be much like that of a drop-
eared Skye Terrier in miniature, but rather shorter
and thicker in muzzle ; not lean nor snipy.

3. Ears. — Moderately long, set on rather low,
and covered with long silky hair, mingling with
that on the neck and shoulders.

4. Eyes. — Very dark and piercing, bright and
alert in expression.

5. Nose. — Pure black and shiny.

6. Legs. — Short rather than long, with fine bone,
well feathered throughout. Legginess is to be
avoided. Feet small and covered with hair.

7. Body and Shape. — Shoulders sloping and not
too wide. Back short and cobby rather than
lanky in shape.

8. Tail. — Short, well feathered, particularly
towards the end, and gracefully carried, turned or
doubled into the coat of the back, its end resting
on the hindquarters and side.

9. Coat. — Long, straight and silky, quite unlike
that on any other dog, more of the consistency of
spun glass than anything else, free from woolliness
or curl ; when in form it should nearly reach the
ground at the sides. Very profuse on neck,
shoulders and chest.

10. Colour. — Pure white, without shade or tint.

11. Weight. — Not exceeding 12 Ib. The smaller
the better, other points being correct.

Scali of Points.
Head ... .10

Ears . . . . . . 5

Eyes and Nose . . . .10

Legs and feet .... 5

Body and shape . . . . 10

Tail and its carriage 10

Coat 20

Colour 15

Condition . . . . \o
Size S

Total . . . TOO

R. L.

CHAPTER LI.
THE PUG.

BY FREDK GRESHAM.

"At morning's call

The small-voiced Pug-dog welcomes in the sun,
And flea-bit mongrels, wakening one by one,
Give answer all."

O. W. HOLMES.

seems to be no doubt that the
! fawn-coloured Pug enjoys the an-
tiquity of descent that is attached to
the Greyhound, the
Maltese dog, and
some few other ven-
erable breeds. In
Butler's "Hudibras"
there is a reference
to a Stygian Pug
kept by Agrippa, and
it is the fact that
models of little dogs
in the form of the
Pug are to be seen
in many ancient
sculptures, often ac-
companied by figures
of the Greyhound.
Then, again, amongst
the heterogeneous
group of dogs
sketched in olden
days, when the art
of canine portraiture

MISS F. M. DANIEL'S CH. BOUJI

BY CH. POUF-POUF -- BON BON.

Photograph by T. Pall.

was less advanced
than it is in the
twentieth century,
the drawings of Pugs

are very much more accurately treated;
from which circumstance it may be sup-
posed that the Pug was a familiar subject.
Although much has been written on the
origin of these dogs, nothing authentic
has been discovered in connection with it.
Statements have appeared from time to
time to the effect that the Pug was brought
into this country from Holland. In the

early years of the last century it was com-
monly styled the Dutch Pug. But this
theory does not trace the history far enough
back, and it should
be remembered that
at that period the
Dutch East India
Company was in
constant communi-
cation with the Far
East. Others declare
that Muscovy was
the original home of
the breed, a suppo-
sition for which
there is no discern-
ible foundation. The
study of canine his-
tory receives fre-
quent enlightenment
from the study of
the growth of com-
mercial intercourse
between the nations
of the world, and
the trend of events
would lead one to
the belief that the
Pug had its origin

in China, particularly in view of the fact
that it is with that country that most of
the blunt-nosed toy dogs, with tails curled
over their backs, are associated.

It has been suggested that the Pug is
of the same family as the Bulldog, and
that it was produced by a cross with this
and some other smaller breed. But this
is improbable, as there is reason to believe

452

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

that the Pug is the older breed, and it is
known that it has been bred with the Bull-
dog for the anticipated benefit of the latter.
The Pug was brought into prominence

MRS. JAMES CURRIE'S CH. SYLVIA

BY BASINGSTOKE EMERALD SALLY OF SWARLAND.

Photograph by Russell.

in Great Britain about sixty years ago
by Lady Willoughby de Eresby, of Grim-
thorpe, near Lincoln, and Mr. Morrison,
of Walham Green, who each independently
established a kennel of these dogs, with
such success that eventually the fawn Pugs
were spoken of as either the Willoughby
or the Morrison Pugs. At that period the
black variety was not known. The Wil-
loughby Pug was duller in colour than the
Morrison, which was of a brighter, ruddier
hue, but the two varieties have since been
so much interbred that they are now un-
distinguishable, and the fact that they were
ever familiarly recognised as either Wil-
loughbys or Morrisons is almost entirely
forgotten. A " fawn " Pug may now be
either silver grey or apricot, and equally
valuable.

Whatever may have been the history
of the Pug as regards its nativity, it had
not been long introduced into England
before it became a popular favourite as a
pet dog, and it shared with the King
Charles Spaniel the affection of the great
ladies of the land. The late Queen
Victoria possessed one, of which she was

very proud. The Pug has, however, now
fallen from his high estate as a ladies'
pet, and his place has been usurped
by the Toy Pomeranian, the Pekinese,
and Japanese, all of which are now
more highly thought of in the drawing-
room or boudoir. But the Pug has an
advantage over all these dogs as, from the
fact that he has a shorter coat, he is cleaner
and does not require so much attention.
In this connection Hugh Dalziel, in
"British Dogs," says: "The Pug, when
made a companion of, shows high intelli-
gence ; as house dogs they are ever on
the alert, and promptly give notice of a
stranger's approach, and from their ex-
tremely active and, I may say, merry
habits, they are most interesting pets, and
will repay by their gratitude any affection
or kindness bestowed upon them. One
quality they possess above most breeds
which is a strong recommendation of them
as lap-dogs, and that is their cleanliness
and freedom from any offensive smell of
breath or skin."

Some extraordinary views as to the

MRS. GRESHAM'S YORK

BY CH. CONFIDENCE LITTLE DAZZLE.

requisite proportions of the Pug were enter-
tained when the dog was first introduced
into this country. Their ears were closely
cropped, and it was considered correct that
the tail of the female should be curled on
the opposite side of the back from that of

THE PUG.

453

the male; but this notion was dissipated
when it was found that there was no fixed
rule as to the side on which the tail was
curled, and that quite as many dogs had
their tails on the left side as bitches.
Then, again, one writer went so far as
to suggest that the protrusion of the tongue
from the mouth was an advantage. The
blemish, when it is present in any dog,
arises from partial paralysis of the tongue.
It was not until the establishment of the
Pug Dog Club in 1883 that a fixed standard
of points was drawn up for the guidance of
judges when awarding the prizes to Pugs.
Later on the London and Provincial Pug
Club was formed, and standards of points
were drawn up by that society. These,
however, have never been adhered to.
The weight of a dog or bitch, according
to the standard, should be from 13 Ib.
to 17 Ib., but there are very few dogs
indeed that are winning prizes who can
draw the scale at the maximum weight.
One of the most distinctive features of a
fawn Pug is the trace, which is a line of
black running along the top of the back
from the occiput to the tail. It is the ex-
ception to find a fawn Pug with any trace
at all now. The muzzle should be short,

MRS. GRESHAM'S JACK VALENTINE
BY CH. POUF-POUF LAWS DOSSIE.

blunt, but not upfaced. Most of the win-
ning Pugs of the present day are under-
shot at least half an inch, and consequently
must be upfaced. Only one champion of
the present day possesses a level mouth.

The toe-nails should be black according to
the standard, but this point is ignored alto-
gether. In fact, the standard, as drawn
up by the Club, should be completely re-
vised, foT iT is no true guide. The colour,
which should be either silver or apricot

MRS. GRESHAM'S CH. GRINDLEY KING

BY CH. ROYAL RIP WESTHOLME PATTIE.

fawn ; the markings on the head, which
should show a thumb-mark or diamond
on the forehead, together with the orthodox
size, are not now taken into consideration,
and the prizes are given to over-sized dogs
with big skulls that are patchy in colour,
and the charming little Pugs which were
once so highly prized are now the excep-
tion rather than the rule, while the large,
lustrous eyes, so sympathetic in their ex-
pression, are seldom seen.

The greatest authority on the Pug at
the present time is Mr. T. Proctor, the
honorary secretary of the Pug Dog Club,
and he is one of the best judges of the
breed. He has owned some very good
dogs, of which Ch. Confidence was
one of the best. Confidence was a very
high-class dog, correct in colour and mark-
ings, but was a size too big, as also was
his son York, another remarkably fine
Pug, correct in every other respect, and
considered by many to be the most perfect
fawn Pug of his day. He was exhibited
by Mr. Proctor when a puppy, and pur-
chased at that time by Mrs. Gresham, who
now also owns that charming little repre-
sentative of his breed, Ch. Grindley King,
who only weighs 14 Ib., and is the
perfection of a ladies' pet. Grindley King

454

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

is one of the few Pugs that have a level
mouth, and he is squarer in muzzle than
most bigger dogs, whilst few Pugs have
as much wrinkle and loose skin. He, how-
ever, has his faults, as he might be a little
finer in coat, and he has not black toe-
nails. The late Mr. W. L. Sheffield, of
Birmingham, was an admirer of small
Pugs, "his Ch. Stingo Sniffles being a
beautiful specimen and quite the right

ami

Miss l_ BURNETTS CH. MASTER JASPER

BY BASINGSTOKE EMERALD SALLY OF

SWARLAND.
Photograph by Russell.

size. The late Mr. Maule's Royal Duke
reminds one what a fawn Pug should be,
and Mrs. Brittain had two famous Pugs,
whilst Mr. Mayo's Ch. Earl of Presbury,
Mr. Roberts' Keely Shrimp, and Mr. Har-
vey Nixon's Ch. Royal > Rip were very
grand dogs. Mrs. Benson's Ch. Julius
Caesar has had a successful career ; he was
bred by the late Mrs. Dunn, who owned a
large kennel of good Pugs; and Miss
Little's Ch. Betty of Pomfret was an ex-
cellent one of the right size. Another very
beautiful little Pug is Mrs. James Currie's
Ch. Sylvia.

The black Pug is a more recent produc-
tion. He was brought into notice in 1886,
when Lady Brassey exhibited some at the
Maidstone Show. Mr. Rawdon Lee, how-
ever, tells us, in " Modern Dogs," that the
late Queen Victoria had one of the black
variety in her possession half a century ago,

and that a photograph of the dog is to be
seen in one of the Royal albums. This,
however, does not prove that a variety of
black Pugs existed in any numbers, and
the same may be said should white Pugs
become popular at some future date, for
in i8c)2 Miss Dalziel exhibited a white Pug
at Birmingham. This dog, however, was
not really white, although it might have
been made the link in the production of a
variety of white Pugs. The black Pug,
however, came upon the scene about the
time mentioned, and he came to stay. By
whom he was manufactured is not a matter
of much importance, as with the fawn Pug
in existence there was not much difficulty
in crossing it with the shortest-faced black
dog of small size that could be found, and
then back again to the fawn, and the thing
was done. Fawn and black Pugs are con-
tinually being bred together, and, as a
rule, if judgment is used in the selection
of suitable crosses, the puppies are sound
in colour, whether fawn or black. In every
respect except markings the black Pug
should be built on the same lines as the
fawn, and be a cobby little dog with short
back and well-developed hindquarters, wide
in skull, with square and blunt muzzle
and tightly-curled tail. Her Majesty
Queen Alexandra, when Princess of
Wales, owned some very good black Pugs,
but the first dog of the variety that could
hold its own with the fawns was Ch. Duke
Beira, a handsome fellow, who was the
property of the late Miss C. F. A. Jenkin-
son. Then Mr. Summers startled the Pug
world by buying the famous Ch. Chotee
for ^200. This price was, however, sur-
passed when the late Marquis of Anglesey
gave ^250 for Jack Valentine, who is still
very much in evidence, sharing the hearth-
rug with his comrade Grindley King. Jack
Valentine was bred by Miss J. W. Neish,
who has a fine kennel of black Pugs at
The Laws, in Forfarshire. Dr. Tulk has
a famous stud dog in Ch. Bobbie Burns,
. who is probablv the shortest faced black
Pug that has ever been bred; and a dog
that has quickly forced his way to the front
is Mrs. F. Howell's Ch. Mister Dandy, who
is a beautiful specimen of the breed ; but the
biggest winner up to the present time has
been Miss Daniel's Ch. Bouji, an excellent

THE PUG.

455

specimen all round, who has proved himself
an exceedingly good stud dog. Amongst
other prominent exhibitors and breeders
of black Pugs are Mrs. Raleigh Grey — who
in Rhoda owned one of the best females
of the breed — Miss H. Cooper, Mrs.
Recketts, and Mrs. Kingdon.

The Mopshund is the name given in
Germany to the Pug, and there is on the
Continent a long-haired variety of doubt-
ful ancestry. In France it is called the
Carlin a poil long, and in most respects
it is recognisable as a Pug with an ample
silky coat and a bushy tail. The tail,
however, is not curled tight, but carried

lightly over the back. It is said to
resemble the now almost extinct dog
of Alicante. Not many years ago Her
Majesty the Queen possessed a dog of this
kind named Quiz, and some expert who
inquired into its origin pronounced it to
be a mongrel or a freak. Dog owners who
keep Pugs and Pomeranians indiscriminately
together, will know how such a freak may
sometimes be unintentionally achieved.

There is a smooth-coated variety of the
Pekinese Spanie1 which closely resembles
the modern Pug ; a circumstance which
adds weight to the theory that the Pug
is of Chinese origin.

MISS C. ROSA LITTLE'S

CH. BETTY OF POMFRET (FAWN) AND
CH. LADY MIMOSA (BLACK).

456

GROUP OF CROPPED GRIFFONS,

THE PROPERTY OF MADAME ALBERT MANS, OF BRUSSELS.

CHAPTER LII.
THE BRUSSELS GRIFFON.

BY MRS. H. HANDLEY SPICER.

" Nobles, whom arms or arts adorn,
Wail for my infants yet unborn.
None but a peer of wit and grace
Can hope a puppy of my race :
And, oh, would Fate the bliss decree
To mine (a bliss too great for me)
That two my tallest sons might grace

AWAY back in the 'seventies numbers
J-\ of miners in Yorkshire and the
Midlands are said to have possessed
little \viry-coated and \viry-dispositioned
red dogs, which accompanied their owners
to work, being stowed away in pockets of
overcoats until the dinner hour, when they
were brought out to share their masters'
meals, perchance chasing a casual rat in
between times. Old men of to-day who
remember these little " red tarriers " tell us
that they were the originals of the present-
day Brussels Griffons, and to the sporting
propensities of tin- aforesaid miners is attri-
buted the gameness which is such a charac-

lulus' side, as erst Evander's,

To keep off flatterers, spies, and panders ;

To let no noble slave come near,

And scare Lord Fannies from his

ear :

Then might a royal youth, and true,
Enjoy at least a friend — or two."

teristic of their latter-day representatives.
One seldom sees any dogs portrayed in the
pictures of the nineteenth century which
bear much resemblance to the breed as we
know it, unless we except such specimens
as the little dog in Landseer's well-known
picture of " Dignity and Impudence." But
this little dog might be claimed with equal
justice as- a bad Yorkshire or a mongrel
Skye Terrier.

No one who is well acquainted with the
Brussels Griffon would claim that the breed
dates back, like the Greyhound, to hoary
antiquity, or, indeed, that it has any pre-
tensions to have " come over with the Con-

THE BRUSSELS GRIFFON.

457

queror." I fail to see, however, that the
dog is less worthy of admiration on that
account. There comes a time, with canines
as well as with humans, when a lengthy
pedigree means an effete physique, "and
just as many of our belted earls have joined
hands with the off-shoots of a young, new,
and vigorous nation, so the shivering or
stertorous lap-dogs of our great-grand-
mothers have given place to the active,
spry, and intelligent Brussels Griffon. To
my mind, it is futile to inquire too closely
into his ancestry ; like Topsy, " he growed,"
and we must love him for himself alone.

Even in the last fifteen years we can
trace a certain advance in the evolution
of the Brussels Griffon. When the breed
was first introduced under this name into
this country, underjaw was accounted of
little or no importance, whereas now a
prominent chin is rightly recognised as
being one of the most important physical
characteristics of the race. Then, again,
quite a few years ago a Griffon with a red
pin-wire coat was rarely met with, but
now this point has been generally rectified,
and every show specimen of any account
whatever possesses the much-desired
covering.

It must be admitted that, although they
"breed true," a litter of Brussels Griffon
puppies will usually be found to vary in
type and size, or even colouring, very
much more than is the case with some other
breeds. An interesting point in telegony
which I have noted is that if a Griffon
shows traces of an alien ancestor in its
appearance, its character and disposition
vary accordingly, and, as a rule, the more
typical the dog, the more nearly does it
approach the ideal Griffon in its charac-
teristics. This is very comforting to a
breeder, for who does not wish to love their
most beautiful dogs most ! It is so often
the mongrel puppies which have a way of
insinuating themselves into one's affections.

The first authentic importations of Brus-
sels Griffons into this country were made
by Mrs. Kingscote, Miss Adela Gordon,
Mrs. Frank Pearce, and Fletcher, who at
that time (circa 1894) kept a dog-shop in
Regent Street. The present writer soon
followed, and it was at her house that, in
1896, the Griffon Bruxellois Club was first

suggested and then formed. The Brussels
Griffon Club of London was a later off-
shoot of this club, and, like many children,
would appear to be more vigorous than
its parent. Griffons soon made their ap-
pearance at shows and won many admirers,
though it must be admitted that their pro-
gress up the ladder of popularity was not
as rapid as might have been expected. I
attribute this fact almost entirely to two
causes : First and foremost, that in the
early days of the Griffon in England there
was so little uniformity in type and appear-
ance, and as often as not the name of
Brussels Griffon was given to a mere mon-
grel Yorkshire Terrier, so that there was
considerable doubt as to the identity of
the real article. In the second place, there
were at one time unfortunate dissensions
in connection with the breed which gave
the dog a bad name and nearly hanged
him ! The causes for these, however, have
now been removed, and as, in addition,
uniformity of type has become more prev-
alent— so much so that the standard and
quality of Brussels Griffons is now much
higher in England than in their native
land — increased popularity for the breed
is bound to occur. One is justified in
making this prognostication by the fact
that the breed is especially attractive in the
following points : It is hardy, compact,
portable, very intelligent, equally smart
and alert in appearance, affectionate, very
companionable, and, above all, it possesses
the special characteristic of wonderful eyes,
ever changing in expression, and compared
with which the eyes of many other toy
breeds appear as a glass bead to a fathom-
less lake.

In September of 1900, at the Alexandra
Palace Show, Copthorne Pasha and his
son, the unbeaten Ch. Copthorne Top-o'-
the-Tree, made their first appearance, and
the former dog was destined to effect a
great influence on the breed in the way of
underjaws and true type, so much so that
for a time a large proportion of prize win-
ners at the principal shows were sired by
him. Other prominent sires at that time
were those owning the Rouge affix, belong-
ing to Mrs. Moseley, and Miss Gordon's
Cock-o'-the-North and Milord.

All the chief winners have always varied

458

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

very greatly in size, sometimes, as in the
case of Copthorne Squirrel, weighing
under 3 lb., or as much as 9 lb., which is
the approximate weight of Ch. Copthorne
Sieglinde.

A mistake often made by novices is the

A MORNING WALK.

MRS. HANDLEY SPICER'S GRIFFONS AT EXERCISE.

3ESIDFS SEVERAL BROOD BITCHES. THE QHOUP INCLUDES CH. COPTHORNE WISEACRE, CH. C.
C. BETTY, C. JOSEPHINE. THE VETERAN C. PASHA, C. WIZARD, AND CH. C. TREASURE.

attempt to breed from small bitches ; not
only is the result of such experiments, when
successful, a lack of type and quality, but
it is, in the present stage of the breed's
advancement, very dangerous. With Toy
Pomeranians or Japanese or Miniature
Black-and-tan Terriers, small size has pre-
vailed very much longer than with Griffons,
and the dangers of a throw-back are not
so great. As a rule, the minimum weight
at which a Griffon bitch should be allowed
to breed is 6 lb., and 7 lb. is safer still.
It is, I think, the invariable experience of
breeders that small bitches have small
litters of large puppies, while large bitches

more often have larger litters which contain
at any rate one or more small ones. In
this connection it may be pointed out that
weight is a particularly deceptive gauge
with regard to Griffons, for the ideal
Griffon is of the cobby, cart-horse build,
and should therefore be
compact, with plenty of
bone and muscle (at the
same time without being
coarse). I have many
times seen two dogs
weighing 4 and 5!- lb.
respectively, and the dog
of the latter weight was
undoubtedly the smaller
and better. The reason
for this is, of course,
that a dog of 4 lb. weight
may be lanky, leggy,
and lacking in bone and
substance, whereas a dog
of the higher weight may
look smaller by being
more compact and
" conkier " in every way.
Purchasers of Griffons
should remember this
fact when buying a dog
by correspondence.
Another thing experi-
ence teaches one in con-
nection with the size of
one's stock is this — the
small stud-dogs do not,
as a rule, possess the
same power of stamping
their likeness on their progeny as the larger
ones. The day of the small Griffon may
come, as it has with the Pomeranian, but it
will probably bring with it a similar loss of
character. In the meantime the ideal weight
for a show Griffon of either sex is from 5 to
6 lb., and I prefer a stud-dog to be nearer
the latter weight than the former.

Griffons are hardy little dogs, though,
like most others, they are more susceptible
to damp than to cold. While not greedy,
like the Terrier tribe, they are usually
good feeders and good doers, and not
tiresomely dainty with regard to food, as
is so often the case with Toy Spaniels.

THE BRUSSELS GRIFFON.

459

It must be admitted that Griffons are
not the easiest of dogs to rear, particu-
larly at weaning time. From five to
eight weeks is always a critical period in
the puppyhood of a Griffon, and it is
necessary to supersede their maternal
nourishment with extreme caution. Farin-
aceous foods do not answer, and usually
cause trouble sooner or later. A small
quantity of scraped raw beef — an egg-
spoonful at four weeks, increasing to a
teaspoonful at six — may be given once a
day, and from four to five weeks two addi-
tional meals of warm milk — goat's for
preference — and not more than a table-
spoonful at a time should be given. From
five to six weeks the mother will remain
with the puppies at night only, and three
milk meals may be given during -the day,
with one of scraped meat, at intervals of
about four hours, care being taken to give
too little milk rather than too much. At
six weeks the puppies may usually be taken
entirely from the mother, and at this time
it is generally advisable to give a gentle

MISS A. F. HALL'S

CH. LA PERLE DES GRIFFONS.

Photograph by Russell.

vermifuge, such as Ruby. A verv little
German rusk may also be added to the
milk meals, which may be increased to one
and a-half tablespoonfuls at a time, but it
must always be remembered that, in nine
cases out of ten, trouble is caused by over-
feeding rather than underfeeding, and until

the rubicon of eight weeks has been passed,
care and oversight should be unremitting.
At eight weeks old, Force or brown bread-
crumbs may be added to the morning
milk, chopped meat may be given instead

MRS. T. WHALEY'S

CH. GLENARTNEY SPORT.

BY CH. LOUSTIC CORA

of scraped at midday, the usual milk at
tea-time, and a dry biscuit, such as Plas-
mon, for supper. At ten weeks' old the
milk at tea-time may be discontinued and
the other meals increased accordingly, and
very little further trouble need be feared,
for Griffons very rarely suffer from teeth-
ing troubles.

I do not like the idea of herding puppies
together, feeding them and attending to
their material needs, but making no attempt
to develop their intelligence and finer
qualities. The puppies should be talked to
and companionably treated from the first,
and every effort made to enlarge their out-
look on life, so that when puppyhood days
are passed they will not be irresponsible
beings with no knowledge of the world,
but bright and loving little companions to
those with whom their lot may be cast. A
remark which is often made to me anent
Griffons and other non-sporting breeds is
this : "Yes, but what use are they ? Are
they any good for catching rats?" My
answer to this remark is that, although
my Griffons are quite capable of tackling
a rat if need be, the love for dogs which
is measured by their ability to hunt or

460

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

retrieve is not the highest kind of love.
There are utility dogs and there are non-
utility dogs, and it is equally certain that
there are many dog lovers who value
canine fidelity and affection far more than
canine noses and claws. At the same
time, this fact entails certain responsibilities
on the owners of what one may term the
non-utility dogs. A shooting man would
not dream of letting his Retriever run wild
up to the age of twelve months, and then
expect it to be endowed at need with perfect
manners and a tender mouth. And simi-
larly a dog whose metier in life is that of
being a companion to human beings should
from the earliest age be taught lessons of
obedience and confidence, besides having
its interest and affection aroused for those
with whom its lot has been cast. A spoilt
dog is as trying as a spoilt child, and that
dog who, at six months old, has not learnt
to stay in a room or cage or basket alone,
without complaining, has not been brought
up in the way it should go.

There are two important points which
breeders should bear in mind. One is
that with a breed such as Griffons, where
the type has not been established for
very many years, pedigree is of the ut-
most importance, and " strain " on both
sides, for as many generations as pos-
sible, should be carefully considered and
thought out.

The second point is the importance of
disposition in one's breeding stock. The
Brussels Griffon is admittedly made up of
composite breeds, and just as it has taken
the coat of one breed, the muzzle of another,
and so on, and fused them into one charm-
ing and homogeneous whole, so have the
different qualities and varieties of intellect
mingled and resulted in the delightful little
dog we know to-day. But in all breeds,
whether from inbreeding or from other
causes, " fool-dogs " -will occur, and for the
sake of the breed, as well as for that of the
breeder, such should not be bred from, no
matter how brilliant may have been their
show career.

Before founding a kennel or choosing
a sire, the intending breeder should take
these things into account, and, if possible,
see the dogs of the strains he most admires
in their own homes and surroundings, so

that he may judge at first hand of their
dispositions and upbringing.

As regards the show ring, a Brussels
Griffon happily needs very little prepara-
tion. He will need a little training in con-
fidence and courage, but these are neces-
sary attributes under all circumstances.
As with all other wire-haired breeds, the
dead coat will need removing if it is not
naturally shed. A periodical outcry is heard
on this subject, but it is noticeable that
those who are loudest in declaiming against
'' trimming " are the possessors of smooth
dogs, and who therefore know nothing
about the matter. It is just as reasonable
to keep a dog without attending to its coat
as to rear a child without brushing its hair,
and in the case of Brussels Griffons, both
in the interests of their own comfort and
for the beauty of their appearance, the dead
and faded coat must be removed. The
need for this will arise every six or eight
months, and will soon show itself by the
faded and dead appearance of the long old
coat, together with the new undercoat
struggling to force its way out to light and
air. Then is the time to remove the dead
hair, and here a steel toothcomb, like those
supplied by Messrs. Spratt, will be found
useful. In this, as in many other matters,
a little practice soon makes perfect. It is
really sad to see the rough and uncombed
condition in which some dogs are led into
the show ring, looking uncared-for and
neglected, besides being obviously un-
combed and unwashed. Like most other
hard-coated dogs, Griffons are better with-
out frequent baths, but regular grooming
should take place daily, by grooming being
understood the sponging of eyes and muz-
zles, together with a thorough combing of
the coat and general inspection of the skin.

Brussels Griffons are divided into three
groups, according to their appearance, and
representatives of each group may be, and
sometimes are, found in one and the same
litter. First and foremost, both in import-
ance and in beauty, comes the Griffon
Bruxellois, a cobby, compact little dog,
with wiry red coat, large eyes, short nose
well turned up, and sloping back, very
prominent chin, and small ears.

Secondly come the Griffons of any other
colour, or, as they are termed in Brussels,

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THE BRUSSELS GRIFFON.

461

as distinct from Griffons Bruxellois,
Griffons Beiges. These are very often
Griffons of the usual colour, with a mis-
mark of white or black, or occasionally they
may be grey or fawn. But the most ap-
proved colour, and certainly the most
attractive, is black and tan. Breeding for
colour, per se, that is to say, as distinct
from other points, is neither sporting nor
wise, and undoubtedly a great reason for

standard in regard to other points be
equally high with that now attained by
those of the usual red colour.

The third group of Brussels Griffons is
that termed^ " smooth," or, in Brussels,
Griffons Braban9ons. The smooth Griffon
is identical with the rough in all points
except for being short-haired. It is sur-
prising how easily people are misled into
thinking a smooth Griffon long-nosed by

SK.

MRS. HANDLEY SPICER'S CH. COPTHORNE TREASURE

BY CH. LOUSTIC LURONNE.

FROM THE PAINTING BY MAUD EARL.

the unpopularity of Dalmatians is the
necessity for breeders of these dogs to de-
vote their chief energies to improving the
spots wherewith he is spotted. But when,
as in the case of the Pomeranian, a breed
has been brought to a great state of per-
fection, varieties in colour which shall co-
exist with the other necessary points add
greatly to a breeder's interest in his hobby.
What a pretty picture a group of Poodles
makes, when one is fawn, another choco-
late, and another slate blue. Similarly I
foresee a great future for the black-and-
tan Brussels Griffon, and for a breeder
with time and interest,! together with a
desire to break fresh ground, I would sug-
gest the formation of a kennel of black-and-
tan Brussels Griffons, provided that the

the absence of whisker. In order to con-
vince sceptics that an apparently long-
nosed smooth may be in reality as short-
nosed as a rough-haired Griffon, it is only
necessary to put one of the latter breed into
a bath, thoroughly wetting the whiskers
and beard, when it is amazing how long the
shortest nose will appear to become. As is
well known, smooth Griffons are most use-
ful for breeding rough ones with the
desired hard red coat, and many well-
known show dogs with rough coats have
been bred from smooth ones : for example,
Sparklets, Ch. Copthorne Lobster, Ch.
Copthorne Treasure, Ch. Copthorne Talk-
o'-the-Town, and Copthorne Blunderbuss.
This and many other facts in connection
with breeding Griffons will be learnt from

462

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

experience, always the best teacher. If this
short article leads any readers to make
acquaintance with one of the most com-
panionable, most loving, and most intelli-
gent of little dogs, it will not have been
written in vain.

DESCRIPTIVE PARTICULARS OF THE
BRUSSELS GRIFFON.

1. General Appearance. — A lady's little dog
— intelligent, sprightly, robust, of compact appear-
ance— reminding one of a cob, and captivating the
attention by a quasi-human expression.

2. Head. — Rounded, furnished with somewhat
hard, irregular hairs, longer round the eyes, on
the nose and cheeks.

3. Ears. — Erect when cropped as in Belgium,
semi-erect when uncropped.

4. Eyes. — Very large, black, or nearly black ;
eyelids edged with black, eyelashes long and black,
eyebrows covered with hairs, leaving the eye they
encircle perfectly uncovered.

5. Nose. — Always black, short, surrounded

with hair converging upward to meet those which
surround the eyes. Very pronounced stop.

6. Lips. — Edged with black, furnished with a
moustache. A little black in the moustache is
not a fault.

7. Chin. — -Prominent, without showing the
teeth, and edged with a small beard.

8. Chest. — -Rather wide and deep.

9. Legs. — As straight as possible, of medium
length.

10. Tail. — Erect, and docked to two-thirds.

11. Colour. — -In the Griffons Bruxellois, red ; in
the Griffons Beiges, preferably black and tan, but
also grey or fawn ; in the Petit Brabangon, red
or black and tan.

12. Texture of Coat. — Harsh and wiry, irregular,
rather long and thick. In the Brabangon it is
smooth and short.

13. Weight. — Lightweight, 5 Ib. maximum ; and
heavy weight, 9 Ib. maximum.

Faults.

The faults to be avoided are light eyes, silky
hair on the head, brown nails, teeth showing, a
hanging tongue or a brown nose.

GROUP OF BRUSSELS GRIFFONS, INCLUDING A BRABAN90N.

463

CHAPTER LIII.
THE MINIATURE BLACK-AND-TAN TERRIER AND THE TOY BULL-TERRIER.

Thou, happy creature, art secure
From all the torments we endure ;
Despair, ambition, jealousy,
Lost friends, nor love, disquiet thee ;
A sullen prudence drew thee hence
From noise, fraud, and impertinence.
Though life essayed the surest wile,
Gilding itself with Laura's smile ;

How didst thou scorn life's meaner charms,
Thou who couldst break from Laura's

arms !

Poor Cynic ! still methinks I hear
Thy awfid murmurs in my ear ;
As when on Laura's lap you lay,
Chiding the worthless crowd away."

ROSCOMMON.

THE MINIATURE BLACK-AND-TAN
TERRIER.

BY F. C. HIGNETT.

UNTIL quite recently this variety was
known as the Black-and-tan Toy,
but for obvious reasons, chief of
which was probably because there were
other breeds of the same conjunction of
colours which ranked as toys, the Kennel
Club rightly deemed it advisable to change
the nomenclature in the classification of
breeds by the addition of the word terrier
and the substitution of " miniature " for
" Toy."

To all intents and purposes, except in
the matter of size, the general appearance
and qualifications of these beautiful and
diminutive creatures should be as nearly
like the larger breed as possible, for the
standard of points applies to both varieties,
with the proviso that erect, or what are
commonly known as tulip ears, of semi-
erect carriage, are permissible in the minia-
tures. There can be no doubt, however,
that in the near future the same conditions
will, in their entirety, apply to both, for it
is noticeable that such as possess small,
well-carried drop ears are more favourably
looked upon, if they are as good in other
respects, than their tulip or bat-eared rela-
tives.

The officially recognised weight for the

variety is given as " under seven pounds,"
but none of the most prominent present-day
winners reach anything like that weight ;
some in fact are little more than half of it,
and the great majority are between 4 Ib.
and 5 Ib. ; such as are heavier stand a poor
chance at the shows. It rarely happens,
however, that breeding from the lightest
bitches can be carried out successfully, and,
assuming that they are toy bred, from 7 Ib.
to 9 Ib. is the safest weight ; while with
the object of keeping the progeny as small
as possible the least of the opposite sex are
preferred.

Bolton and its environs enjoy the reputa-
tion of being the locality from which most
of the best specimens have emanated ;
thanks to the zealous efforts of the Mitchells,
Tom Dyer, and a few others, v/ho persistently
bred them before dog-showing became such
a general hobby as it has grown to be within
the last twenty years. Very much of their
success was directly attributable to the
noted sire Sir Bevis, and the ancestry of
many present-day winners can be traced in
a direct line to him. Another old timer is
Dr. Morris, of Rochdale, whose Excel and
Truth were victorious in many a hard-fought
though bloodless battle. Mr. John Martin, of
Salford, also obtained considerable notoriety
by the successes credited to his Minnie,
and Mr. Wilkinson, of Huddersfield, a well-
known judge, has been for many years,

464

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG

and still is, a frequent exhibitor. What may
be termed, for the sake of comparison, the
middle ages are still represented by such
enthusiastic fanciers as Mr. and Mrs. Whaley,
Mr. Tweed, and Mr. H. Monk, for unfortun-
ately that very successful northern exhibitor,
Mr. John Balshaw, is no longer with us.
The first named have owned many recog-
nised excellent specimens, notably Ch. Kara
Avis, Ch. Glenartney Laddie, and Glenartney
Czar. The prefix Glenartney is one which
still stamps the bearer of it as something
more than ordinarily good.
Like many more " Lanca-
shire Lads," the late Mr.
Balshaw did not confine
his attention to such shows
as were held in or near his
home county, but, follow-
ing the example of his
southern rivals, put in
an appearance at all the
principal fixtures irrespec-
tive of distance or cost,
and was rewarded by a
remarkable sequence of
successes, for he piloted
many notable dogs to vic-
tory, earning the full title
of Champion for Doncy
and Mayfield Luce, while
several others in his pos-
session were frequently at the head of the
prize lists.

Coming to the present day, we find Mr.
Robert Harrison, of Bolton, one of the most
successful breeders and exhibitors of stud
dogs, his Little Prince II. having been the
progenitor of many really good and small
specimens. Another prominent exhibitor is
Miss L.M.Hignett, of Lostock,who, following
in the footsteps of her late mother, made
her first bow to the public in 1904, when, as
a companion for Lostock Love-knot, who
had previously earned a reputation, she
brought out Lostock Love-song, which she
bought in Manchester for the traditional old
song, and which afterwards proved to be
the very best of her breed. On the occasion
of her first essay at one of the big Yorkshire
shows Love-song scored three first prizes

MR. w. E. s. RICHMOND'S
MERRY ATOM

BY CHELSEA SURPRISE TINY.

in competitions open to all creeds ; she
then had an uninterrupted run of success
at the licensed shows in the north till the
Kennel Club's show at the Crystal Palace
was reached. As this was the first occa-
sion on which she had competed at a show
held under rules, she was still eligible for
the novice class. It was here, after she had
headed her class, that the eagle eye of Mr.
H. Monk recognised her good qualities, and
shortly afterwards a bargain was arranged.
Love- song turned out to be a sound pur-
chase on the part of her
new owner, for within a
few months she van-
quished all her competi-
t o r s, and straightway
qualified herself to be
styled a champion, her
name having been
changed to Mascot Maud.
Probably the most
popular specimen of the
miniature Black-and-tan
at the present time is
Merry Atom, bred and
owned by Mr. W. E. S.
Richmond, M.R.C.V.S., of
Bury, who finds relaxa-
tion from his practice as a
veterinary surgeon in
breeding these little mites
of dog-flesh. Merry Atom is only 4^
Ib. in weight, and he is beautifully pro-
portioned, with a fine, long head, a small,
dark eye, small ears, and the true type
of body. His markings of deep black
and rich tan are good, and his coat is en-
tirely free from the bare patches which so
often mar the appearance of these toys,
giving the suggestion of delicacy.

The miniature Black-and-tan is certainly
not a robust dog, and he has lost much of
the terrier boisterousness of character by
reason of being pampered and coddled ;
but it is a fallacy to suppose that he is
necessarily delicate. He requires to be
kept warm, but exercise is better for him
than eiderdown quilts and silken cushions,
and judicious feeding will protect him from
the skin diseases to which he is believed to

THE TOY BULL-TERRIER.

465

be liable. Under proper treatment he is
no more delicate than any other toy dog,
and his engaging manners and cleanliness
of habit ought to place him among the most
favoured of lady's pets and lapdogs. It is
to be hoped that the efforts now being made
by the Black-and-tan Terrier Club will be
beneficial to the increased popularity of this
diminutive breed.

For the technical description and scale
of points the reader is referred to the chapter
on the larger variety of Black-and-tan
Terrier (see p. 327).

THE TOY BULL-TERRIER.

BY THE LADY EVELYN EWART.

HISTORICALLY, Toy Bull-terriers hold their
own with any breed of dogs.
They are the miniature repre-
sentatives of Bull - terriers,
doubtless so called from their
bull - fighting talents. This
breed of dogs conjures up
memories of the Georgian
epoch in England, and bull-
baiting, bear-baiting, dog-
fights, rat-pits, cock-fights,
and the prize-ring rise from
their century-old oblivion
when we contemplate these
game little dogs.

Of late years Toy Bull-
terriers have fallen in popu-
larity as pets, and it is chiefly
in the East End of London or
in the mining districts of
the Midlands of England that specimens of
the breed are to be found. Their plucky
qualities appear to appeal to a certain rough
kind of man, and these same qualities seem
to make them unpopular as house pets.
This is a pity, as their lilliputian self-
assertion is most amusing. As pets they
are most affectionate, excellent as watch-
dogs, clever at acquiring tricks, and always
cheerful and companionable. They have
good noses and will hunt diligently ; but wet
weather or thick undergrowth will deter
them, and they are too small to do serious
harm to the best stocked game preserve.

LADY DECIE'S TOY BULL

QUEEN OF ZAMBESI.

Ph;tograpli ly Russell.

Favourable circumstances may enable them
to kill a young rabbit, but such an event is
rare. Persons who have owned this breed
generally agree that it is characterised by
much individuality. The wonderful excite-
ment which some little chetif ladies' pet
will display at the sight of a rat-trap or
on approaching a stack that harbours rats
and mice is most remarkable. One little
dog which belonged to the writer would fly
at cattle, and once got kicked by a cow for
his pains. Equally he would fight any big
dog, and the only chance of distracting him
from his warlike purposes was for his mistress
to run when a fight was impending. Fear
of being lost made him follow his owner and
abandon his enemy. After many narrow
escapes he met his fate in the jaws of a large
black retriever which he had
attacked in his own kennel.

In art one fancies one sees
a likeness to these dogs in Mor-
land's " Stable Amusements,"
and in more modern days in
Mr. Briton-Riviere's " Giants
at Play," now to be seen in
the Tate Gallery. It is rather
doubtful whether dogs of a
coarser make than Toy Bull-
terriers were not the models
in both these cases ; still,
there is a certain resem-
blance, and in Morland's case
this is interesting as a link
with the past.

The most valuable Toy
Bull-terriers are small and
very light in weight, and these small
dogs usually have " apple heads." Pony
Queen, the former property of Sir Ray-
mond Tyrwhitt Wilson, weighed under 3
lb., but the breed remains " toy " up to
15 lb. When you get a dog with a long
wedge-shaped head, the latter in competi-
tion with small " apple-headed " dogs always
takes the prize, and a slightly contradictory
state of affairs arises from the fact that the
small dog with an imperfectly shaped head
will sell for more money than a dog with a
perfectly shaped head which is larger.
In drawing up a show schedule of classes

466

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

for this breed it is perhaps better to limit
the weight of competitors to 12 Ib. The
Bull-terrier Club put 15 Ib. as the lowest
weight allowed for the large breed, and it
seems a pity to have an interregnum between
the large and miniature variety ; still, in
the interests of the small valuable specimens,
this seems inevitable, and opportunist prin-
ciples must be applied to doggy matters as
to other business in this world. At present
there is a diversity of opinion as to their
points, but roughly they are a long flat head,
wide between the eyes and tapering to the
nose, which should be black. Ears erect and
bat-like, straight legs and rather distinctive
feet ; some people say these are cat like.
Some Toy Bull-terriers have a curved

back which looks as if the dog was cringing.
This peculiarity has been attributed to the
fact that they have been carried under the
arms or even in the pockets of their owners
for generations, and that finally nature
adapted the dog to its usual position. This
is as it may be. Toy Bull-terriers ought to
have an alert, gay appearance, coupled with
refinement, which requires a nice whip tail.
The best colour is pure white. A brindle
spot is not amiss, and even a brindle dog
is admissible, but black marks are wrong.
The coat ought to be close and stiff to the
touch. Toy Bull-terriers are not delicate
as a rule. They require warmth, and never
are better than when taking plenty of
exercise in all weathers.

TWINKLE LITTLE STAR

BY TEDDY ROY VIC

PROPERTY OF LADY EVELYN EWART.
Photograph by Cosway Gallery.

467

CHAPTER LIV.
THE ITALIAN GREYHOUND AND THE MINIATURE COLLIE.

"An English dog can't lake an airing
But foreign scoundrels must be staring.
I'd have your French dogs and your Spanish,
And all your Dutch and all your Danish,
By which our species is confounded,
Be hanged, be poisoned, and be drownded;
No mercy on the race suspected,
Greyhotmds from Italy excepted."

CHRISTOPHER SMART.

most elegant, graceful, and re-
fined of all dogs are the tiny Italian
Greyhounds. Their exquisitely deli-
cate lines, their supple movements and
beautiful attitudes, their soft, large eyes,
their charming colouring, their gentle and
loving nature, and their scrupulous clean-
liness of habit — all these qualities justify
the admiration bestowed upon them as
drawing-room pets. They are fragile, it
is true — fragile as egg-shell china — not to be
handled roughly. But their constitution is
not necessarily delicate, and many have
been known to live to extreme old age. Miss
Mackenzie's Jack, one of the most beauti-
ful of the breed ever known, lived to see his
seventeenth birthday, and even then was
strong and healthy. Their fragility is more
apparent than real, and if they are not ex-
posed to cold or damp, they require less
pampering than they usually receive. An
American writer once gave elaborate instruc-
tions as to the way to pick up an Italian
Greyhound without breaking it, as if it
were a Prince Rupert drop that would
shatter to dust with the least touch. Such
particularity is unnecessary. One would
suppose that our American friend had come
upon an unusually frail specimen that had
been rendered weak by too much inbreed-
ing. This cause has been a frequent source
of constitutional weakness, and it was
deplorably a fault in the Italian Greyhounds
of half a century ago. Gowan's Billy, who
was celebrated about the year 1857 for his

grace and symmetry, and who was altogether
a lovely animal, was a notorious victim of
inbreeding. His grandsire, great grand-

ROSEMEAD UNA AND ROSEMEAD LAURA.

BRED AND OWNED BY THE BARONESS
CAMPBELL VON LAURENTZ.
Photograph by Russell.

sire, g.-g.-grandsire, g.-g.-g. -grandsire, and
g.-g-g.-g. -grandsire were all one and the
same dog. This is probably the record
example of consanguinity.

One cannot be quite certain as to the
derivation of the Italian Greyhound. Its
physical appearance naturally suggests a
descent from the Gazehound of the ancients,
with the added conjecture that it was pur-
posely dwarfed for the convenience of being
nursed in the lap. Greek art presents many
examples of a very small dog of Greyhound
type, and there is a probability that the

468

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

diminutive breed was a familiar ornament
in the atrium of most Roman villas, where
the frequent motto, Cave Canem, may
have been intended not more as a warning
against the chained and ferocious Mastiff,
than as a caution to visitors to beware of
hurting the matron's treasured lapdog. In
Pompeii a dwarfed Greyhound was certainly
kept as a domestic pet, and there is there-
fore some justification for the belief that
the Italian prefix is not misplaced.

In very early times the Italian Greyhound
was appreciated. Vandyck, Kneller, and
Watteau frequently introduced the graceful
figures of these dogs as accessories in their
portraits of the court beauties of their times,
and many such portraits may be noticed
in the galleries of Windsor Castle and
Hampton Court. Mary Queen of Scots is
supposed to have been fond of the breed, as
more surely were Charles I. and Queen Anne.
Some of the best of their kind were in the
possession of Queen Victoria at Windsor
and Balmoral, where Sir Edwin Landseer
transferred their graceful forms to canvas.

At no period can the Italian Greyhound
have been a sporting dog. A prancing race
after a ball on a velvet lawn is the usual
extent of his participation in the chase. He
has not the sporting instinct or the acute
power of scent and sight which one looks for
in a hound. He is a hound, indeed, only
by courtesy, and was never meant to hunt.
The presence of a rat does not excite him ;
a rabbit or a hare might play with him ;
even jealousy is powerless to move him to
animosity. He is among the most peace-
able of dogs, gentle as a gazelle, and as
beautiful, differing greatly from his relative
the Whippet, whose reputation for snap-
ping has been genuinely earned.

But one ought not to look to dogs so
frail, so accustomed to ease and luxury
to take interest in the pursuit of vermin or
of game. They are too small for such work.
Smallness and lightness and symmetry,
with good colour and a healthy constitu-
tion, are the qualities to be sought for in
the Italian Greyhound. No dog over eight
pounds is worth much consideration. Molly,
for whom her owner, Mr. Macdonald, refused

a hundred guineas in 1871, weighed a few
ounces less than five. Idstone pronounced
her the most perfect specimen ever seen ;
but it is said that her mouth was very much
overshot, which is a serious fault, often
noticeable in this breed. The same owner's
Duke was larger ; but, then, the males
usually are, and for this reason the bitches
commonly take prizes above the other sex.

It is singular that Scottish breeders have
frequently produced the best specimens of
this variety of dog. Mr. Bruce, of Falkirk,
exhibited many beautiful little ones some
years ago, and his Bankside Daisy, Wee
Flower, and Crucifix are especially remem-
bered. Miss H. M. Mackenzie, too, had an
excellent kennel, in which Sappho, Mario,
Hero, Dido, and Juno were important in-
mates, varying in weight from five to nine
pounds. Dido was a lovely little bitch.
She was the granddaughter of Jack, whom
Miss Mackenzie bought for ten shillings from
a butcher in Smithfield Market. There was
a curious circumstance in connection with
Jack. Years after his death some of his
offspring were being exhibited, when a
visitor from Rugby, admiring them, re-
marked upon their likeness to a dog that
he had lost in London. Dates and facts
were compared, and it transpired that the
lost dog and the butcher's dog were one and
the same, and that Jack was really of most
aristocratic pedigree.

The names of the Rev. J. W. Mellor,
Mr. S. W. Wildman, Mrs. Giltrap, Mrs.
Cottrel Dormer, Mrs. Anstie, and Miss Pirn
are closely associated with the history of
the Italian Greyhound in Great Britain,
and among the more prominent owners of
the present time are the Baroness Campbell
von Laurentz, whose Rosemead Laura and
Una are of superlative merit alike in out-
line, colour, style, length of head, and grace
of action ; Mrs. Florence Scarlett, whose
Svelta, Saltarello, and Sola are almost equally
perfect ; Mrs. Matthews, the owner of
Ch. Signor, our smallest and most elegant
show dog ; and Mr. Charlwood, who has
exhibited many admirable specimens, among
them Sussex Queen and Sussex Princess.

The Italian Greyhound Club of England

THE MINIATURE COLLIE.

469

has drawn up the following standard and
scale of points :

1. General Appearance. — A miniature English
Greyhound, more slender in all proportions, and
of ideal elegance and grace in shape, symmetry,
and action.

2. Head. — Skull long, flat and narrow. Muzzle
very fine. Nose dark in colour. Ears rose shaped,
placed well back, soft and delicate, and should
touch or nearly touch behind the head. Eyes
large, bright and full of expression.

3. Body. — Neck long and gracefully arched.
Shoulders long and sloping. Back curved and
drooping at the quarters.

4. Legs and Feet. — Fore legs straight, well set
under the shoulder ; fine pasterns ; small delicate
bone. Hind-legs, hocks well let down ; thighs
muscular. Feet long — hare foot.

5. Tail, Coat and Colour.— Tail rather long and
with low carriage. Skin fine and supple. Hair
thin and glossy like satin. Preferably self-coloured.
The colour most prized is golden fawn, but all

shades of jawa — red, mouse, cream and white

are recognised. Blacks, brindles and pied are
considered less desirable.

6. Action. — High stepping and free.

7. Weight. — Two classes, one of 8 Ibs. and under,
the other over 8 Ibs.

Scale of Points.

Head ....

Body .

Legs and feet

Tail, coat and colour .

Action

Total

20
20
30
IS
IS

100

THE MINIATURE COLLIE.

IF there were any real scarcity of toy
dogs it might be possible to rear a new
variety from our own midst by a recourse
to the diminutive Shetland Collie, which
has many recommendations as a pet. Like
the sturdy little Shetland pony, this dog
has not been made small by artificial
selection. It is a Collie in miniature, no
larger than a Pomeranian, and it is perfectly
hardy, wonderfully sagacious, and decidedly
beautiful.

They are scarce, even in their native
islands, where chance alone seems to breed
them rather than design ; but occasionally
one may be brought to the mainland or to
Ireland by the fishermen in the herring
season, and left behind as a gift to some
friend. At first glance the dog might easily
be mistaken for a Belgian Butterfly dog,
for its ears are somewhat large and up-
standing, with a good amount of feather
about them ; but upon closer acquaintance
the Collie shape and nature become pro-
nounced.

The body is long and set low, on stout,
hort legs, which end in long-shaped,

feathered feet. The tail is a substantial
brush, beautifully carried, and the coat is long
and inclined to silkiness, with a considerable
neck-frill. The usual weight is from six to
ten pounds, the dog being of smaller size
than the bitch. The prettiest are all white,
or white with rich sable markings, but many
are black and tan or all black. The head is
short and the face not so aquiline as that
of the large Collie. The eyes are well pro-
portioned to the size of the head, and have
a singularly soft round brightness reminding
one of the eye of a woodcock or a snipe.

The Shetlanders use them with the sheep,
and they are excellent little workers, in-
telligent and very active, and as hardy as
terriers. Dog lovers in search of novelty
might do worse than take up this attractive
and certainly genuine breed before it be-
comes extinct. An anonymous writer in
one of the kennel papers recently drew
attention to its possibilities as a pet ; and
the Editor of this work is acquainted with
a lady in Belfast who owns a typical speci-
men, but as yet the fascinations of the tiny
Sheltie are commonly ignored.

R. L.

SECTION V.
THE LESS FAMILIAR AND FOREIGN DOGS.*

CHAPTER LV.
THE DOGS OF AUSTRALASIA.

" They bring

Mastiffs and mongrels, all that in a siring
Could be got out, or could but lug a hog,
Ball, Eatall, Cuttail, Blackfoot — bitch and dog."

MICHAEL DRAYTON.

The Warrigal, or Dingo. — Apart from the
marsupials, Australia is not rich in indi-
genous fauna, but it has the distinction of
possessing in the Dingo one of the very few
existing wild dogs of the world — possibly the
only true wild dog that is comparable in type
and character with our domesticated breeds.
Fossil remains of this animal have been
found in the cavern deposits of Australia

MR. H. C. BROOKE'S DINGO MYALL

indicating that it was known to the aborigines
long before the arrival of the European
colonists. But Dr. Wallace, Prof. M'Coy,
Mr. Aflalo, and other zoologists who have
studied the question of its origin, are of

opinion that it owes its introduction to
early Malay settlers from Asia. It is found
nowhere else than in Australia — not even
in the island of Tasmania.

Warrigal was the name applied to it by
the natives, whose word " Dingo " was used
only in reference to the domestic dogs of
the settlers. Like its aboriginal master,
the Warrigal has been dispersed almost to
extinction ; and although some stray couples
may slink like thieves in the train of cara-
vans journeying towards the interior, yet
even in the parts unfrequented by travellers
it is becoming rare ; while in the inhabited
districts baits impregnated with strychnine
have done their work, for the stock farmers
quickly discovered that the wild dog was
an inveterate despoiler of the sheepfold, and
that a crusade against it, supported by a
Government grant of five shillings for every
tail, was imperative.

So rare now is this larrikin among Aus-
tralian animals, that it is seldom to be seen
excepting in the zoological gardens of Mel-
bourne and Sydney, where specimens are
usually preserved in close confinement. The
photograph of one such has been kindly
sent to me by the Director of the Gardens
in Melbourne. I am told that this is a
typical and pure example of the original
Warrigal, but his white feet and white tail

With the exception of the Hon. Florence Amherst's erudite chapter on the Oriental Greyhounds, the Editor
alone is responsible for this section on the dogs of other countries ; but he desires to acknowledge indebtedness to
C. Brooke for special information, and for the loan of several interesting photographs.

THE DOGS OF AUSTRALASIA.

47i

tips are faults, and he suffers in compari-
son with Mr. Brooke's Myall.

Specimens have occasionally been brought
home to England. Mr. W. K. Taunton,
who has had so much experience in the
acclimatising of foreign breeds of the dog,
was, I believe, among the first to import
the Dingo, concerning which he writes : —

DINGO.

FROM THE MELBOURNE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.

" Like most wild dogs, the Dingo bears
a considerable resemblance to the wolf,
especially in head, which is wide between
the ears. The body is rather long, with a
moderately short and thick coat and bushy
tail, which, when the dog is in motion, is
generally carried high and slightly curled,
but not over the hip. The colour is al-
most invariably a reddish brown ; white
feet and a white tip to the tail are looked
upon as indicating sheep-dog cross. The
Dingo stands about 22 inches .at the
shoulder, and is a strongly made, very
active dog, with powerful jaws, and teeth
unusually large in proportion to the animal's
size. I see no reason why the Dingo should
not become as domesticated as any other dog
within a short space of time. Possibly it
might take a generation or two to breed out
their innate wildness, but much would depend
upon the conditions under which the puppies are
reared. There is a general impression that these
dogs are treacherous and not to be trusted. I
have owned two of this breed, and cannot say
as far as my experience goes that I have found
them so. My best specimen 1 gave to a

friend in Paris, to be located in the Jardin
des Plantes. These dogs do not bark, but
make a peculiar noise which can scarcely be
called howling."

Mr. H. C. Brooke, who has kept in all
seventeen specimens in England, and has
successfully bred from them, informs me
that they learn to bark, after a fashion,
if kept continually with domestic
dogs. Two of his breeding are
now in the Zoological Gardens,
Regent's Park, and he has recently
succeeded in breeding one entirely
white puppy, which is a rarity,
although his Chelsworth Myall
was white. Mr. Brooke's experi-
ence has been that the Dingo may
certainly be trained to docility.

PURE WHITE DINGO PUPPY.
BRED BY MR. H. C. BROOKE.

His Myall, undoubtedly the best ever
brought to England, and a great prize
winner, made a companion of a pet chicken.
This same dog, although caught wild, was
of high intelligence, and was broken to
ferrets in half an hour. He was often shut
up alone in a barn with ferrets, and would
kill the rats as they were bolted, but
would never attempt to injure a ferret.

Kangaroo Hound. — In a country in
which kangaroo, wallaroo, and wallaby are

472

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

hunted in the open it was early found to
be necessary to have a swift-footed dog,
capable of pursuing and pulling down a
powerful prey. For this purpose the
aborigines of Australia had no doubt em-
ployed the Warrigal, but these native
dogs were too wild and wilful to be
trained successfully by the colonists as a
true sporting dog. The Collie, of which
many were taken out by the Scots settlers,
was, on the other hand, too docile, and a
cross was resorted to, the Collie and the
Warrigal being mated.

Experience taught the colonists that to
hunt their Collies against kangaroo spoiled
them for work among the sheep. They
therefore imported Greyhounds and Deer-
hounds. They were not scrupulous in the
matter of breeding. All that they wanted
for a kangaroo drive was a useful hunting
dog combining great speed, strength, and
pluck, and they crossed their dogs indis-
criminately, Collie with Dingo, Deerhound
or Mastiff with Greyhound, and any with
either ; selecting those which proved strong-
est and swiftest, and who ran by nose as
well as by sight. In time this interbreeding
produced a capable animal of a definite
type, which received the name of the
Kangaroo hound.

As a rule they are dark in colour,
nearly black, but occasionally br indie ; but
black is not desirable, and all coarseness has
gradually been bred out, with the result that
the Kangaroo hound is now a decided and
distinct breed, with certain famous strains
that are sought after and that win distinction
in their classes at the Colonial shows. In
general appearance the dog resembles a
heavy Greyhound, with a long, lean head,
somewhat broader between the ears than the
English dog, and more domed. The ears
are fine and smooth, V-shaped, and rather
low set, hanging at the sides of the head
and never erect. The neck is slender but
muscular, and slightly arched. The chest
is fairly broad, the back long and strong,
and the loins short and arched. The hind-
quarters are well developed, very muscular,
but not too broad. The fore-legs are straight
and strong, and the hind-legs well boned.

The long and fine tail, which is 'without
feather, is carried downward with a slight
curl at the tip. The coat is smooth and
fine, sometimes coarser on the body, and
it may be of any colour rather than black.
In height the dog stands from 27 in. to 29 in.
at the shoulder, and the average weight is
from 65 Ib. to 67 Ib.

The Kelpie, or Australasian Sheep-dog.
— Our kin in the Antipodes with their
vast stock farms have always set high
value on the utility dog, and few of the
early settlers from Scotland, bent upon
sheep raising, neglected to take with them
their Collies as prospective helpmates. But
the Australians have been so enterprising
as to produce a pastoral dog of their own.
The Kelpie, as he is often called, is not
perhaps an example of high, scientific breed*
ing ; but he is a useful, presentable dog,
in whom it is possible to take pride. He
is all black in colour, with a straight harsh
coat, and he stands from 20 in. to 24 in.
in height, his weight averaging 54 Ib. His
ears are pricked, and these, with a some-
what long muzzle, give his head a resem-
blance to that of the Pomeranian. Alto-
gether, he is well built and well propor-
tioned, and from all accounts he is steadily
improving in type. Mr. F. White, of Gee-
long, is among the prominent breeders, his
Wallace being one of the best seen for some
years back. Another breeder of note is
Mr. R. Kaleski, of Liverpool, New South
Wales, who has recently been endeavouring,
with some success, to establish also a breed
of cattle-dog which shall meet acceptance
as a recognised Australian type. For the
Kelpie no strenuous efforts are now re-
quired. By the impetus of his own admir-
able qualities, he is making headway not
only in Victoria and New South Wales, but
also in Tasmania and New Zealand.

The Australian Terrier.— Until recently
English dog fanciers have been incredulous
as to the genuineness of the Australian
Terrier, but ocular proof of its existence
as a breed has been demonstrated in
the importation of some specimens, and
evidence has been supported by the forma-
tion of the Victorian Australian Terrier

THE DOGS OF AUSTRALASIA.

473

Club, whose book of rules and standard of
points bears upon its front the portrait of
a typical specimen named Dandy. This
portrait presents what appears to be a wire-
haired Terrier with cropped ears and a half-
docked tail. As an example of the breed it
is not altogether convincing, but one is
brought by later knowledge to the conclusion
that it is the engraving and not the dog
that is at fault.

At the Kennel Club show in 1906, Mr.
W. H. Milburn entered three of these
terriers, but only one, Adelaide Miss, was
benched. She was
an engaging little
bitch, reminding
one of the old-fash-
ioned working Skye
Terrier, or one of
the early Scotties
crossed with a
Yorkshire Terrier.
Her owner mod-
estly averred that
she was not a su-
perlative specimen
of the breed. Since
then he has been
good enough to se-
cure for me from
Melbourne the pho-

AUSTRALIAN TERRIER CH. TARAGO MASHER

BY TRAPPER ENGLISH ROSE.

BRED BY MR. GEORGE KEYZER, MELBOURNE.

inches long. Average weight about 10 Ib. or
n Ib. Extreme weights, from 8 Ib. to 14 Ib.

2. Head. — The head should be long, with a
flat skull, full between the eyes, with soft hair
topknot, long_ powerful jaw. Teeth level ; nose
black ; eyes small, keen, and dark colour.

3. Ears. — Ears small, set high on skull, pricked
or dropped towards the front, free from long
hairs. Ears not to be cut since August, 1896.

4. Neck. — Neck inclined to be long in proportion
to body, with decided frill of hair.

5. Body. — Body rather long in proportion to
height ; well ribbed up ; back straight ; tail
docked.

6. Legs.— Fore-legs perfectly straight, well set

under body, slight
feather to the knees,
clean feet, black toe-
nails. Hind-legs, good
strong thigh, hock
slightly bent, feet
small and well pad-
ded, with no ten-
dency to spread.

7. Colour. — ist :
Blue or grey body,
tan on legs and face,
richer the better; top-
knot blue or silver ;
2nd : Clear sandy, or
red.

8. Disqualifying
Points. — Flesh - col-
oured nose, white toe-
nails, white breasts,
curly or woolly coat

tograph of Champion Tarago Masher, who all black coat (puppies excepted). Uneven mouth

is probably the best Australian Terrier

yet bred in the Antipodes, and who has

had a very successful career since he took

a first prize as a puppy at the Victorian

Kennel Club Show in 1903. Masher, who

will not altogether disqualify, but will be much
against a dog.

There has lately been an endeavour in
Australia to establish a new breed to which
has been given the name of the Sydney

was bred by Mr. George Keyzer, of Mel- Silky Terrier ; but the type does not appear
bourne, is a blue-tan dog, weighing 13 Ibs. yet to be fixed, and I hesitate to give a
He is by Trapper out of English Rose, description which may not be accurate,
and is of good pedigree on both sides. In
the show ring he has never been beaten.
When this photograph was taken he was
considered to be in good coat, and if one
may judge by his portrait, he answers well
to the standard laid down by the club for

merely surmising that the Yorkshire Terrier
has been largely instrumental in justifying
the name.

Needless to add, our kin in Australasia
are as earnest dog Ipvers as ourselves.
They possess excellent specimens of all

judging the breed. That standard is as the breeds that are familiar to us at home,

follows : —

i. General Appearance. — A rather low-set, com-

and exhibit them in competition at their
well-managed shows, reports of which

pact, active dog, with good straight hair of wiry are regularly to be found in the English
texture, coat about from two to two and a-half periodicals devoted to canine matters.

474

u^i

Ill $ -.

GROUP OF NORTH AFRICAN GAZELLE HOUNDS.
THE PROPERTY OF HERR MICHEL LA FONTIJN.

CHAPTER LVI.
ORIENTAL GREYHOUNDS.

BY THE HON. FLORENCE AMHERST.

" L' Orient est le berceau de la Civilisation parce que I' Orient est la
patrie du Chien." — TOUSSENEL.

" No bolder horseman in the youthful band
E'er rode in gay chase of the shy gazelle."

EDWIN ARNOLD.

I. The Slughi, Tazi, or Gazelle Hound.*

—The original home of the Slughi is
difficult to determine. It is shown by
the monuments of ancient Egypt that
these Gazelle Hounds were kept in that
country for hunting purposes, but they
seem to have been of foreign importation
— both from Asia and Africa.

In Persia the Slughi is known as the
" Sag-i Tazi " (Arabian Hound), or merely
as the "Tazi," which literally means
" Arabian" (a term also applied there to
Arab horses), denoting an Arab origin.
According to tradition at the present day on
the Persian Gulf, it is said that these dogs

* Name in A rabic.

Masc. : Slughi (colloquial) ; Saluki (classical).

Fern. : Slughiya (colloquial) ; Silaga (classical).

Plural and genus, Salag.

NuiHC in Persian.

Tazi.

came originally from Syria with the horse.
Arabic writers say that the Slughi was only
known to the Pharaohs, thanks to the Arabs
and to their constant caravans that plied
from immemorial times between the two
countries.

The name Slughi, which means a Grey-
hound, bears with it a history recalling the
vanished glories of Selukia and the Greek
Empire in Syria, and Saluk, in the Yemen,
that rich land of mystery and romance.
The word originated from these places, once
famous for their " Saluki " armour, and
" Saluki " hounds. Other districts bearing
similar names are quoted as being connected
with these hounds.

Although now, as formerly, valued by the
amateurs of the chase, it is in the lone
deserts, among the Bedawin tribes, that the
real home of the Slughi is to be found.
There, in spite of the changes in the world

ORIENTAL. GREYHOUNDS.

475

around, the life remains the same as in
bygone ages. There has been no need to
alter the standard to suit the varying
fashions in sport. It is the fact that these
beautiful dogs of to-day are the same as
those of thousands of years ago which adds
such a special importance to the breed.

The Slughi (Tazi) is to be found in Arabia
(including the Hedjaz), Syria, Mesopotamia,
Valleys of the Euphrates
and Tigris, Kurdistan,
Persia, Turkestan, Sinai
Peninsula, Egypt, the
Nile Valley, Abyssinia,
and Northern Africa.
By examining the extent
and position of the
deserts inhabited by the
great nomadic Arab
tribes connected by
pilgrim ways and cara-
van routes, the distri-
bution of the Gazelle
Hound can easily be
followed.

The different types of
the Slughi are known
by the distinctive names
of the Shami, Yamani,
Omani, and Nejdi. The
Shami has silky hair on
its ears, and long feathery
hair on its tail. The
Yemen and Oman breeds
have not much feathering on ears or tail.
The Nejdi has shorter hair than any of the
above varieties. Native experts can tell them
apart. In some districts the smooth and in
others the feathered varieties predominate.

The feathered type of Slughi having been
kept throughout Persia from the earliest
times by the sporting Khans, has led Euro-
peans to apply the name " Persian " Grey-
hound to this variety, and thence also to
infer that it came from Persia southwards,
though the word " Tazi " (Arabian) and
the distinctive name " Shami " (Syrian)
denote the contrary. It is also stated that
after two or three generations in Persia
Greyhounds become much bigger and heavier
and have longer hair ; sportsmen are there-

fore constantly importing fresh stock from
the south. In some districts in Persia, how-
ever, the smooth-coated varietypredominates.
As with his famous horses and camels,
the Bedawi attaches much importance to
the pedigree of his Slughi. Though different
types are found in the same localities,
natives are very careful not to mix the
breeds. Some families of the Gazelle Hound

A TYPICAL SLUGHI
BRED IN ENGLAND
Photograph by T. Fail.

(SHAMI).
BY THE HON. FLORENCE AMHERST.

are especially renowned. A celebrated dog
was looted as a puppy from south of Mecca.
His descendants are now famous among
the tribes on the north of the Persian Gulf.
The Slughi or " hound " is highly valued,
and not treated like the despised " dog " or
"kelb" of the East. The Arab speaks
of him as " el hor " the " noble," and he is
held to be as the " Gre " hound was of old
in England, " the dogge of high degree," as
referred to by Caius. He has the thoughtful
care of his master, and, unlike the other
dogs which are kept outside the encamp-
ment, is allowed to stretch himself at ease
on the carpet of his master's tent. The
children play with him, and he is decorated
with shells, beads, and talismans. On the

476

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

march he is often placed on camel-back,
and at times when hunting, till the game
is approached, is carried on horseback in
front of his master. A French writer in
describing the Bedawin says : " If I want

SLUGHI LUMAN (AGE 11* YEARS)

PROPERTY OF THE HON. FLORENCE AMHERST.

to point out how truly the Arabs are gentle-
men I should give one simple proof, namely,
the affection they show to their Greyhounds."
The Arabs themselves say : " Ah, he is a
gentleman indeed, he has been brought up
with the Slughi." In 1216 a Persian
historian quotes the story of a great prince,
who contrasts the hard life he has out hunt-
ing all day with the merry life of his much
spoilt and pampered Tazi.

Not only to those who seek the distrac-
tions of sport is the Gazelle Hound of value.
In the far off deserts he has a more important
part to play. It is to the " prince of swift-
ness " that the Arab must often trust for
his supply of food.

The Slughi is used in the present day,
as in ancient times, for hunting gazelle,
antelope, hares, foxes, and other desert
animals. It is employed for hawking,
coursing, and all such sports. He can pull
down the gazelle, hares, and foxes alone,
and although, as a rule, hawks are used to
assist, the test of a good dog is that he can
bring down a gazelle by himself. He is

described as having " a most perfect eye,"
and is also said to have " a wonderful nose
for game."

There are various methods of using the
Gazelle Hound for sport. " The hawk, when
free, rises in the air, and, perceiving its prey,
swoops down upon it, and attacks the head
of the gazelle and confuses it till it falls an
easy prey to the Greyhounds in pursuit."
Where the bushes are high the dogs are
said to pursue the hare by following the
flight of the hawk.

On the desert round Cairo a Khedivial
hawking party is described. The princes
ride out, " with a gay retinue, with hawk
on wrist, and Sluhgi in the leash." When
the gazelle is sighted, " with a peculiar
shrill cry " the prince lets his hawk fly, the
Greyhounds following with their tails waving
like banners, which are said to " steer them
over the breezy plain." A favourite sport
in Persia is to gallop on horseback and shoot
mouflon from the saddle, driven from the
mountains and pursued by Tazi on the plain.

A Sheikh of the Anezeh (in the Hauran),
giving his opinion of hawking, adds : " We
prefer to run down the gazelle with our
Greyhounds . . .for therein is more
sport." A great hunter in the Sinai
Peninsula thus speaks of hunting gazelle
without a hawk : " The sportsman keeps
hold of his dog up wind, till within
about 500 yards of them, and then sends
him away, and he easily catches the prey.
They run over the desert hare almost in a
moment." Dogs are sometimes placed along
the track where the game is likely to pass.
Throwing-sticks are also used for catching
hares, assisted by the Slughi. Hunting
with the Khan of Kelat they are described
as " galloping over country that was boulder
strewn," and have been seen in Arabia to
course hares " over ground that would have
broken every bone in an English Greyhound,
without hurting themselves." They can
also jump a very great height. Coursing
matches are known in the East. The speed
Gazelle Hounds are credited with is 20 to 30
metres (about 21 to 32 yards) per second in
spite of the sand in which their paws dive
heavily. Added to the above qualities they

ORIENTAL GREYHOUNDS.

477

are endowed with sagacity and great powers
of endurance. So fully qualified for their
work, no wonder they are preserved with so
much care, and the Arabs may well say of
them as of their treasured horses, " Are not
these the inheritance of our fathers, and
shall not we to our sons bequeath them ? "

The natives give great attention to the
rearing of their Slughi. They bring them
up for a year on sheep's milk, which is said
to make them strong, and especially swift.
When they are old enough they are fed with
the hawks.

When quite young they are taught to
bring back to their master bones and desert
rats which have been thrown for them to
retrieve. The children assist at their early
education. At about six months old the
puppies are taken out to hunt rats and jerboa,
and are subsequently taught to course hares,
and finally gazelle. They are occasionally
trained only by accom-
panying a well-trained
dog. At two years old
they should be fully
qualified for sport.
They are kept in lean
condition to make them
keen.

The scattered tribe
of the Soleyb, the great
hunters of the desert,
in parts of Syria and
Mesopotamia, are
especially famed as
breeders of the Slughi.
A Soleyb will occasion-
ally do a little dog deal-
ing, and will go far
across the desert to
complete a bargain. As
a rule, however, the
Slughi is presented as a gift by one chief to
another, or as a mark of esteem to travellers,
the owners refusing money for them, so
tenacious are they of their valuable dogs.
The Slughi used to be imported from Koweit,
with horses, by sea to India ; but this
commerce has ceased with the decline of
the horse trade.

The history of the Slughi must be drawn

from many sources. A few scattered refer-
ences from some of these will give an outline
of its story.

A glance at the Egyptian fragment of
Heirokompolis shows the Slughi as far
back as the pre-dynastic period, 6,000 B.C.
They are represented in the Fifth Dynasty
as the sporting companions of kings, 3,800
B.C. ; in the Twelfth Dynasty in life-like
scenes of sport ; in the Eighteenth Dynasty
mural paintings portray, as spoils of war, pairs
of beautiful golden and also white Gazelle
Hounds with feathered tails. Mummied
Slughi are also found (see p. 5). A new
one has lately been discovered in the
Tombs of the Kings.

Again through Egypt which affords records
of pre-Israelitish Palestine, a glimpse is
given of these dogs in the desert beyond
Jordan. May not these early allusions tend
to the acceptance of the use of the word

SLUGHIS ON THE EGYPTIAN DESERT.

" Greyhound," in the verse in Proverbs
(ch. xxx. 31), to denote one of the four
things that are " comely in going " ?

In specimens of art in Assyria, notably
on a bronze bowl from the palace of Nim-
roud, preserved in the British Museum,
Greyhounds coursing hares are beautifully
designed. During their expeditions to
" Arabia," the Greeks noticed the " swift

478

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

hounds " of the desert, and made mention
of them when treating of sport. The
Eastern methods of coursing are highly
praised.

Slughis are often spoken of by Arab
writers, and in Arab poetry with the horse
and camel " the hounds to the chase well
trained " play their part. In a celebrated
pre-Islamic poem * is described the sad fate
of two " fine-trained lop-eared hounds, with
slender sides, which are let slip and lightly
outrun the sharp-horned white antelope."
In a . Bedawin song, of a later date, a

A PERSIAN GREYHOUND.

AFTER THE PAINTING BY O. HAMILTON.

FROM AN ENGRAVING BY T. E. NICHOLSON.

blind poet pictures himself again hunting
with his Silaga.

At the time of the Crusades the Grey-
hound of the East became the fashion among
crusaders, who are said to have brought
specimens back to Europe "as a living
proof of the pilgrimage accomplished." A
beautiful Gazelle Hound is represented in a
portrait of Duke Henry the Pious, of Saxony,
wearing a collar decorated with the scallop
shell (badge of the pilgrim).
The exquisite illuminations in many early
* One of the seven " Golden Odes " (" Moalla-
kat "). Lebid. Translation by Coulston, and
Lady Anne Blunt.

Persian MSS. give another glimpse of the
Tazi. In Venetian masterpieces, which por-
tray the pomp of West and East, these dis-
tinguished-looking Greyhounds with silky
ears occupy prominent positions, as in " The
Marriage of Cana " and " The Finding of
Moses," by Paul Veronese.

The accounts of travellers in many
instances further enrich the story of the
Slughi. They are impressed chiefly by the
swiftness and appearance of these dogs.
Two of these references may be quoted.
In 1508 on the shores of the Persian Gulf
the great Portuguese
conqueror and naviga-
tor, Alfonso Dalbo-
querque, describes the
hunting of gazelle with
falcons and " very swift
hounds." Nearly four
hundred years later,
Sir Henry Layard
writes to his mother
from Nimroud, " I have
two beautiful Grey-
hounds of first-rate
breed. I wish I could
send them to you, for
with their silky ears
and feathered tails
they are quite drawing-
room dogs. They catch
hares capitally, but are
too young yet for
gazelle."

Of medium size, with

exceptional attributes for sport, the Gazelle
Hound has the addition of beauty and
refinement. With what has been aptly
called " a human expression " in his
eyes, bespeaking a most gentle and faith-
ful disposition, the Slughi will always
be found a valuable companion. His
symmetry of form and distinguished
appearance, make him the pride of his
fortunate possessor, and also a conspicuous
and very interesting addition to the show
ring.*

* Specimens of the Slughi (Shami) have been
imported into England and bred by Miss Lucy
Bethel and the Hon. Florence Amherst.

ORIENTAL GREYHOUNDS.

479

THE SLUGHI SHAMI.
Description.— The external appearance of the
Slughi Shami is to a certain extent similar to
that of the common Greyhound. The back is
not so much arched. The points are more or
less feathered. It is of a lighter build and
physique, though in its own country its powers
of endurance are said to be equal to those of
the English Greyhound. It has attributes suited
to its own country, and the nature of its sport.

1. Head and Skull. — Long, not too wide or
too narrow, tapering

towards the nose. Skull
should be shapely, but
not domed between the
ears.

2. Stop. — Not pro-
nounced.

3. Jaws. — Long, fine,
and well made, with
teeth strong, white, and
level. Smellers long, 5
warts defined.

4. Ears. — Drooping.
Set on high, and should
be broader at the top.
Leather must reach the
corner of the mouth (or
beyond ) and covered
with long, silky hair.
They should not lie flat
against the head as in
the Spaniel, and when
pricked should come
rather forward.

5. Eyes. — These are
variable in colour. Often
dark brown in the pale
coloured dogs. In the
golden dogs they are

sinews and muscles. The natives like to see three
vertebrae bones. The hip joints are generally
somewhat prominent.

10. Hindquarters. — Strong, longer than the fore-
legs. Hocks well let down, showing plenty of
galloping and jumping power. Legs slightly but
not too much feathered. Must be ornamented,
never shaggy.

n. Feet. — Hare footed. Open to enable the
dog to gallop on the sand. Webbed and with
slight feathers between the toes.

PERSIAN LIGHTNING

KIRGHIZ GREYHOUNDS
PROPERTY OF CAPTAIN

generally lighter brown,

golden, or hazel. The

variation and sometimes rather remarkable colours

are a peculiarity of the breed. The chief point is

the expression, which should be mild, intelligent,

and almost "human."

6. Nose. — Black, wide in the nostrils ; in the
golden dogs the nose is sometimes brown (liver)
colour, which is a desirable point. (The lips and
round the eyes should correspond.)

7. Neck. — Full and well carried, long and supple,
slightly arched over the windpipe.

8. Forequarters, Including Chest and Shoulders.
— The chest should be deep and not too narrow,
with the shoulders set on obliquely. Flat ribs.
Forearm of a good length from shoulder to elbow,
and short from knee to ground. Foreleg slightly
feathered.

9. Loins and Back. — Wide and deep. The back
fairly broad and very slightly arched. Strong

AND HIS TWO SONS SHARKI AND GAFFEER

(AHK-TAZ-EET).
J. P. T. ALLEN.

12. Tail. — Long and curled, especially at the
tip. Should measure with hair when passed
between hind-legs and brought on to back, as far
as the spine or further. Covered underneath with
long hair, disposed in a fan-like form. The hair
is lighter than the body colour of the dog, coarser
outside, and like silk inside. Tip white. Carried
gracefully, generally medium height, sometimes
higher or lower according to the humour of dog.

13. Coat. — Short, smooth, dense, very silky
and soft to touch. No feathering at all under
body, but slightly round the tail and back of upper
part of thighs, where it is of a lighter colour.

14. Colour. — The usual colours are golden,
cream, white, fawn, black, black and tan, also blue
and silver grey. Parti-colouring also appears,
especially white clouded with yellow. One special
characteristic of their colouring is that as a rule

480

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

the extremities and under the body are paler
than the rest of the coat ; under the tail especially,
sometimes too white, giving, in the golden dogs
almost the appearance of a deer. Golden dogs
have sometimes a touch or two of black on the
ears, and over the eyes, and on the back and
tail. White and cream, with a little sandy or
dark on the ears and face, is very usual. Whole
coloured dogs with shading should be preferred.

15. Measurements. — The length is a little more
than the height. The dog should practically
stand in a square.

AVERAGE HEIGHT,
male 23 inches, female

21 inches. CHEST:

(GIRTH) 26 inches for

the male, 24 inches

for the female. HEAD :

The length from occi-
put to tip of nose is

for the male 8| inches,

SLUGHI OF NORTHERN AFRICA. CH. KALBI.
PROPERTY OF HERR MICHEL LA FONTIJN.

female 7! inches.

16. Weight. — Male
42 lb., female 38 Ib.

II. Ahk-Taz-eet,
or Kirghiz Grey-
hound.* - - Grey-
hounds of the
" Shami " type are
kept by the Kirghiz,
on the steppes of
Central and South-
ern Siberia and Turkestan (40° to 50°
N. lat., 125° to 60° E. long.). These
Mohamedan nomads obtain some of their
breeds of camels and horses from the
Arabs, and evidently their race of Tazi also.
These dogs are larger, but have the same
characteristics as the Tazi of further south,
the feathered legs, drooping silky ears, and
beautifully feathered tail, which latter,
according to the Kirghiz standard, should
form a complete little circle at the tip when
carried naturally. The legs should have
more feathering on the elbows and stifle
joints. The weight of these Greyhounds
varies much — namely, from 60 lb. to 90 lb.,
the average being 70 lb. As a rule, the
heavier the build the rougher the coat. The
larger and bigger-boned dogs are those
generally used to hunt wolves, and the smaller
ones for hares and foxes, etc. These Kirghiz
hounds are invariably white or pale cream,

* Imported into England by Mr. H. C. Brooke,
and bred in this country by Captain J. P. T. Allen.

and any markings are considered a blemish,
No doubt, like the Arabs, who prefer their
hounds to be the colour of the sand over
which they travel the Kirghiz, for winter
sport, like them to resemble the snow.
They are called by the Kirghiz the Ahk-
Taz-eet, which means " white Tazi dog."
The owners do not record their pedigrees ;
but families take special pains to keep their

particular s t r a i ns
pure — some priding
themselves on pos-
sessing the fierce
wolf - killing ones ;
others, the very
swift, lighter made
dogs, or a good

dog to hunt the
" big - horned
sheep." When a
hunting party
starts, a well-
trained Tazi stands
balanced on the
horses' crupper,
while the horse goes
at an ambling jog.
The Kirghiz never

use Greyhounds when flying the hawk or
the hunting eagle, a favourite sport on the
steppes.

It has been suggested that the Kirghiz
Greyhound and Borzoi might be in some
way allied, but the Borzoi is never seen
on the steppes, and Russians out there
consider the two breeds to be entirely
distinct.

III. The North African Slughi, or Slug hi
of the Sahara.*— The Slughi in North Africa
is of the same type as the smooth Slughi of
further east, and is said to be of the same
Arabian origin, though it now forms a dis-
tinct variety. These Greyhounds are highly
valued by the sporting Beys of Algiers,
Tunis, and elsewhere, and the Bedawin of
the Sahara, and the best ones come from
the Tell and Sidi Cheikh.

They are handsome dogs, strong and

* Imported and bred in Holland by Herr Michel
La Fontijn, Herr August Le Gras, Herr Job.
Knoops, and others.

ORIENTAL GREYHOUNDS.

481

muscular, with a powerful frame, which is
said to give them a lean appearance. They
have a narrow head and pointed nose.
They are light yellow sand colour, with
smooth coat, devoid of any feathering.
They have black muzzle and nose, and black
markings over the eyes, which are brown.
Their ears are like those of an ordinary Grey-
hound, only larger. They are used for
hunting gazelle and other desert animals.
These Slughi have very fine sporting quali-
ties, and are alleged to have a speed of
36 metres (about 39 yards) a second.

Specimens have been
imported into Europe,
and the breed is known
at Continental shows.
They are occasionally
brought into Europe by
French officers. Connois-
seurs on the subject say,
however, that dogs of
the purest race are be-
coming rare, and the
native owners, as with
other Eastern varieties,
are reluctant to part
with their best speci-
mens. Slughis from
Tripoli are occasionally
imported into Egypt by great sportsmen.

Height 23! inches to 27^ inches. Weight
about 65 Ib.

The feathered variety is also occasionally
met with in North Africa.

Greyhounds of the Sudan. — In the
Sudan small, well-shaped " Greyhounds "
of the smooth type are seen. The best
are to be found in the Gedaref district,
though the natives, as a rule, take little
trouble to keep the breeds pure. The

Another type of Greyhound known in the
Sudan is described as a strongly made dog,
with upright ears and small eyes. The chief
characteristic of this breed is the colour,
which is always white with black or brown
markings.

IV. The Barukhzy Hound, or Afghan
Greyhound.* — A very celebrated breed in
the East is the Afghan Greyhound or
Barukhzy hound. The name it bears is
that of the royal family of the Barukhzy.
This breed is chiefly found in the neigh-
bourhood of Cabul and Balkh. In a

.5 «

BARUKHZY HOUND.

PROPERTY OF MAJOR MACKENZIE (1888).

Photograph by T. Fall.

history of India of the sixteenth century
mention is made of the importations of
dogs, particularly good ones coming from
the Hazarah district, which would prob-
ably refer to this breed. Old records in
their own country show them to be of
very ancient origin. Their speed, scent,
courage, and powers of endurance are said
to be remarkable. They also jump extraor-
dinarily well, and, like the Slughi, can clear
a height of over 6 ft. 4 in. These Grey-

colour is light yellow, cream, gold, or brown, hounds are principally owned by native

They are used to hunt hares and gazelle, chiefs, who are very reluctant to part with

Hunting parties are organised, and where their valuable dogs. Specimens have, how-

the ground is covered with scrub the ever, from time to time been brought to

sportsmen carry their hounds in front of England. Mr. J. A. Whitbred's Shazada,

them on their donkeys till an open patch is now in the Natural History Museum, was

reached.

The name " Shilluk " of the great tribe
of the western bank of the White Nile is
given to the quite small Greyhound.

a particularly typical one.

* Imported by Major Mackenzie and by Cap-
tain Gary- Barnard, whose Afghan Bob, brought
from Peshawar in 1902, has often been exhibited.

482

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

These hounds much resemble the " Per-
sian " or Shami type, but with essential
differences. Varying somewhat in outline and
general character, the Afghan hound has a

BARUKHZY HOUND AFGHAN BOB.

IMPORTED BY CAPTAIN CARY-BARNARD IN 1902

more shaggy and corded appearance. The dis-
tinctions are also found in the distribution
of the feathering. While the body of the
Slughi Shami should be smooth and the legs
slightly feathered, the Barukhzy hound is
very much feathered underneath the body,
and on thighs and shoulders, chest, legs,
and especially the feet, which the Afghans
consider an essential point. The tail is
scarcely feathered, and carried like a sabre,
unlike the curled and conspicuously feathered
tail of the "Persian" type. The ears are.
similar, but the Barukh/y's are generally
longer and the head is domed. The texture
of the coat is soft and silky.

Colour black and tan, black, and golden
Height, 24 inches to 30 inches. Weight.
50 Ib. to 60 Ib.

V. The Rampur Hound, or Greyhound
of Northern India. — From Rampur in
North-West India comes the hound that
bears this name. It is a large Greyhound
of powerful, coarse build, very fast, being
much valued and principally employed for
hunting jackal, and is useful for running
down wounded big game. It is described
as follows : " The head is long, and flat
between the ears, which are filbert-shaped
and set close to the cheeks. The jaws
formidable, nose decidedly Roman. The

eyes bright yellow, and expression hard
and cruel. The coat is like that of a newly
clipped horse, mouse-grey, or black ; dogs
of the latter colour being the rarest and
considered the best. The loin is not promi-
nently arched. The tail is carried horizon-
tally, slightly curled upwards at the end,
and :'s not fringed or tufted. The legs are
straight and long, with hocks well let down."
The feet stand the hard ground, whereas
an English Greyhound's will not. Height,
29 inches to 30 inches ; weight, average
75 Ib. The Rampur Hound — especially
the black ones — are stated to be " queer
tempered," biting without barking, but
very good, obedient, and faithful with
people they know. Dogs of this variety
have been brought to England, and some
time ago typical specimens were exhibited
in Dublin.

VI. The Poligar Hound, or Greyhound
of Southern India. — The Poligar is another
" Greyhound " of India, a native of the
districts round Madras, and bears the name
of the military chieftains of the Southern

AFGHAN HOUND FATIMA (AGE 11 MONTHS).
PROPERTY OF CAPTAIN F. MARTIN,
25TH PUNJABI, RAWAL PINDI.

Carnatic, who were evidently the original
breeders or owners of these dogs. He is
a large and ferocious dog, and is described
as rather like a lurcher, but with little
coat cf any kind, mere bristles, and the

ORIENTAL GREYHOUNDS.

483

skin showing through of a purple colour.
The Poligar hound is used for hunting
foxes, deer, and jackal, and three of them
will tackle a boar.

Other Greyhounds of Eastern type are
the Tartar Greyhound and those of the
Crimea, Caucasus, Anatolia, Kurdistan, and
Cir cassia.

It should be the object of all those who
import the Greyhounds of the East, and
breed them in this country, to try to keep
distinct the different varieties, which in
many cases have been so carefully preserved
in their own lands. The historic interest
attached to each breed is alone a sufficient
inducement to do so.

[The above information has been gathered from
books on dogs and accounts of travel, often kindly
supplemented by the authors themselves. The
matter has, however, chiefly been derived from

reports collected from native breeders, and most
kindly given by European travellers and residents,
who have been, or who now reside, in the districts
where the various breeds are known. Keepers and
assistant keepers in the British Museum have
been most kind in assisting in research. Thanks
are also due to the Societe Nationale d'Acclima-
tation de France, and to many friends who have
helped with historical and technical knowledge,
and also to the owners of the different varieties.
Authors quoted are the following: Abul Fazl Allami
(Blockman), Theodore Bent, Lady Anne Blunt,
J. H. Breasted, H. C. Brooke, Count H. de Bylandt,
Coulston, Lord Curzon, Danscy, The Rev. H. W.
Dash, C. M. Doughty, Al. Hamdani, H. B. Harris,

D. G. Hogarth, Ibn Isfandiyar (E. G. Browne),
Lane, Guy-le Strange, E. de Leon, Sir C. Lyell,

E. Mitford, Baron von Oppenheim, S. Lane Poole,
A. dc Sauvenierc,, G. Schumacher, Dr. Stumme,
E. C. and Major Sykes, J. Watson, Yakut.
Contributions from the "Transactions" of the
Hakluyt Society, 1875, Stock Keeper, Jan., 1902;
Exchange and Mart, Nov., 1904 ; Lady's Pictorial,
Feb., 1906 ; County Gentleman. Sept., 1906. — F. A.]

RAMPUR HOUND EILEEN.

PROPERTY OF LIEUT.-COL. J. GARSTIN, MULTAN.

CHAPTER LVII.
FRENCH AND OTHER CONTINENTAL HOUNDS.

" Good shape to various kinds old bards confine —
Some praise the Greek and some the Roman

line :
And dogs to beauty make as diff'ring claims

French Staghounds.— If hunting generally
is known as the sport of kings, then surely
is stag - hunting particularly associated
with memories of mediaeval courts, and,
although some might not perhaps expect
it, modern France preserves above all
other lands the traditions and even the
outward forms of the ancient chasse. In
many of the French forests it would be as
great a heresy to kill a deer otherwise than
before the hounds as ever it would be on
Exmoor, and the French hounds are especi-
ally bred to the sport.

The range of the stag is restricted to
certain forests in the north, north-east, and
west, as well as in isolated parts of Burgundy.
Elsewhere the quarry of the hound is
roe deer, boar, fox, or hare, the first named
in the south-west, the last in the south.
The remaining deer forests of France, once
royal domains, are now the property of the
state, leased every nine years to the highest
bidder, whether representing a private or
subscription pack. The late Due d'Aumale
owned until his death one of the finest, the
domain of Chantilly ; but it passed by his
will to the French Academy, though the
hunting rights are vested in his heir, the
Due de Chartres, Master of the Chantilly
Staghounds. The death of the Prince de
Joinville broke the pack of Boarhounds that
he kept up in the forest of Arc en Barrois ;
but this forest, as well as that of Amboise,
remains, though leased to private individuals,
royal property.

The chief packs of French Staghounds
meet in the neighbourhood of Paris, in such
forests as those of Rambouillet (Duchesse
d'Uzes), Chantilly (Due de Chartres),

As Albion's nymphs and India's jetty dames.
Immense to name their lands, to mark their

bounds,

And, paint the thousand families of hounds."

TICKELL.

Villers Cotterets (Comte de Cuyelles), and
Fontainebleau (Due de Lorge).

The pack owned by the Due de Lorge
has been considered one of the finest in
France, hunting red and roe deer alternately.
Previous to the reign of Louis XV. the
packs were composed of pure French hounds,
but from the early years of the nineteenth
century it became the custom to cross these
with English Foxhounds, the resulting packs
being known as Batards. The contemporary
pack has this mixed blood, for in the 'sixties
M. Paul Caillard turned into the then
Duke's kennels twenty hounds that were a
cross between a Toulon bitch and a fine
Foxhound out of the Pytchley kennels.
Only in matters of detail, in the uniforms
of the huntsmen, and in certain rules and
forms jealously preserved from other cen-
turies, does the sport at Fontainebleau
differ from the more modern outings at
Cloutsham and on the Quantocks.

The day before a meet, a warrantable
stag has to be harboured, and this is accom-
plished with the help of Limiers, two chosen
hounds of superior intelligence and wonderful
powers of scent. The slot of the stag is the
indication of its size, and the Limiers,
worked on a cord, show exactly where the
animal is lying up. A leafy bough is then
placed so as to indicate the spot, and next
morning hounds meet. Ordinary Foxhounds
are used for this work in Britain, but the
French hounds are larger and more powerful
animals, with the same proportion of red,
white and black markings.

It is all done as in the vanished days of
great pageantry. The Sologne is now, as
then, the classic home of French venery.

FRENCH AND OTHER CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. 485

The procedure is the same ; the elaborate
vocabulary is the same ; only the fanfares
have been improved, the costumes slightly
modernised, and the hounds strengthened
with the strain of English blood.

French tradition clings to line hunting,
drawing, and perseverance. Pace is not
encouraged. The French huntsman has
little patience with the arrogance and fling
of a Foxhound. M. de Chezelles, a high
authority, thinks that a good modern
Batard, which is to all intents the dominant
French hound, hunts more gaiement than
an English hound. He is busier, throws his
tongue incessantly, and wishes everybody
to share in his opinions, perplexities and
triumphs ; and Lord Ribblesdale, who has
had experience with them, avers that " there
can be little doubt that a good Batard is a
better hound for forest hunting than a
draft hound from the Holdernesse or the
Tedworth." They are magnificent animals,
although to the English eye they are wanting
in compactness, grace and agility, and they
are certainly less beautiful and more leggy
than we should appreciate in our packs

Among the more important varieties and
strains of hounds in France are the Chien

courant de
Vendee, the
Chien du
Poitou, Chien
N or ma n d,
Chien de
F r a n c h c-
Comte, and
those of Ar-

FRENCH STAGHOUNDS: THE TUFTERS."
FROM THE DUG DE LORGE'S PACK.

FRENCH STAGHOUNDS: THE " LIMIERS."
FROM THE DUC DE LORGE'S PACK.

tois, Saintonge and Gascogne. These are
all remarkable for their long, pendulous
ears, deep flews, and heavy dewlaps —
characteristics which indicate a keen power
of scent. Each strain is distinguished
from the rest by peculiarities of colour,
shape of head, size or build ; but in general
type they all approximate to the form of
our own Foxhounds and Harriers, with
occasionally something of the Southern
hound in their contour. The Chien de
Franche-Comte (often called the Porce-
laine) is one of the smallest and the most
elegant. It is seldom higher than 22 inches.
The most massive is the Norman hound,
with an average height of 29 inches.

Of the Vendeen Hound there are two
varieties ; a rough and a smooth. The
Comte de Coulteulx has decided that the
smooth-coated variety are descendants of
the white St. Hubert Bloodhound, and it
is a credible theory, as the dog still bears
some recognisable semblance to the deep-
flewed and dewlapped Bloodhound type.
It is a strong, well-built and shapely dog,
with a somewhat rounded skull and a
longish muzzle. The ears are long, thin
and flexible, set on low and nicely folded.
The neck is long, clean, muscled and beau-

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

tifully arched. The coat is short and fine,
in colour white, with or without red-yellow
patches. The height is from 24 inches to
28 inches. It is sometimes referred to as the
Chien blanc du Roi, the Baud, or Greffier.
The famous Vendeen Griffon resembles
no breed so closely as our rugged Otter-
hound, although as a rule he is smaller
and betrays less particularity in breeding.

but often darker in colour and longer in the
body, is the Griffon Nivernais, of which
Baron Joubert's Bolivar is perhaps the best
living specimen, and a popular and useful
hound for rough work in the forest is
attained by the crossing of these two
strains. Of the Griffon Vendeen-Nivernais
excellent working packs are kept by MM.
Merle and Roday of Monthelon, M. Henri

PACK OF GRIFFONS VENDEENS AND VENDEENS-NIVERNAIS.
THE PROPERTY OF M. HENRI BAILLET, VILLENAUXE (AUBE).
Photograph by M, Rol cl Cie., Paris.

He is a dog of high upstanding shape, with
an obviously sound constitution and meant
by nature for the chase, which leads him
often into waterways. The prevailing colour
of his thick wiry coat is white or wheaten,
with orange, mouse grey, red or brown
splotches. His head is large and imposing,
ascending to a well-developed peak, the
muzzle of good length, the nostrils ex-
pansive, and the long ears hanging loose,
sweeping the grass when his nose is lowered
to the track of deer or boar. The best and
most pure of the race in France to-day are
kept by M. Henri Baillet, whose Ronflo and
Bacchus are admirably typical.
Very similar to the rough Vendeen hound,

Baillet of Villenauxe, and Baron Joubert,
domaine de Givry.

The Norman Hound, which appears to
have been introduced in the time of Louis
XIV., is adapted for the pursuit of all kinds
of the larger game in the French forests.
He is a heavy, strong dog, somewhat coarse
in bone, in shape approaching the Blood-
hound rather than our Foxhound. His head
is long, the skull broad, and the forehead
divided by two large frontal bumps. The
skin of the head is very loose and wrinkled ;
the muzzle is coarse, with lips thick and
pendulous. The eyes, which are full and
gay, show a good deal of the haw. The
ears an; set on low, and are long, thin and

FRENCH AND OTHER CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. 487

GRIFFON VENDEEN-NIVERNAIS PISTOLET.
PROPERTY OF M. E COSTE, LACAUCHE.

velvety, folding inwards. The body is long
and heavy, broad and muscular, the neck
short in proportion and heavily dewlapped.
His short coat is harsh, in colour usually
white with large brown, black or grizzle
patches ; occasionally it is tricolour with a
grizzle saddle. The height is often 29
inches, and the weight about 78 Ib.

A more generally useful hound is the
Chien de Gascogne. He is lighter built,
weighing about 62 Ib., but he
is strong and of great endur-
ance. He, too, has something
of the St. Hubert in his in-
heritance, which is visible in
his occipital peak, his very
long and much-folded ears, his
wrinkled visage and deep flews.
His coat is hard on the body,
but soft and silky about the
head and ears. In colour he is
blue, or white with many black
spots, blue mottled, with slight
pale tan markings. Often there
is a pale tan about the eyes and
feet. One of the best packs in
France is that of M. le Prince
de la Tour d'Auvergne. This
hound has been successfully
crossed with the Saintongeois.

The Gascon-Saintongeois is quite unlike
any hound we have in England. It is
larger, less compact, and more leggy than
the English Foxhound, and the loose skin
about the head and throat, the long muzzle
and heavy flews, with the high occiput and
the low, pendulous ears give the dog a
character peculiarly his own. The smooth
white coat is marked with large black
patches, and frequently speckled with black
spots. The height averages 29% inches.

In many departments there are hounds
which, although possessing distinctive fea-
tures, are yet of a type approximating to
those already referred to. One needs to
see them and make intimate comparisons
in order to detect the shades of difference.
Illustrations and bald descriptions are of
little help in defining the disparities between
the Gascon and the Saintongeois, the
Montemboeuf, and the Haut-Poitou, or
between any of these and the multitude of
bdtards, limiers and briquets that give
distinction to the hunting equipages of the
nobility of France.

It would become tedious, too, if one were
to attempt to particularise the countless
varieties of dogs used in the chase in other
Continental countries ; although in some
instances these differ considerably from our
familiar Foxhound and Harrier types. There

TYPICAL NORMAN HOUND LANCIER.

OWNED BY COMTE H. MALEYSSIE, CHARTRES.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

are, for example, the light and elegant flews. There is loose skin about the cheeks,
little German hounds, with their smooth but it is not sufficiently heavy to draw down
coats and feathered sterns. These are the lower eyelid and disclose the haw. The
seldom more than 40 Ib. in weight, and nasal bone is slightly aquiline, much broader

than that of the Bloodhound. The ears
are set high and are very broad, rounded at
the ends and lying without folds close to
the cheeks. With a long, strong neck, a
broad, deep chest, a long, nicely arched
back, and muscular quarters, he is, when
seen at his best, an admirable representative
of the Continental sporting hound, elastic
in action, energetic in expression, and in
shape and colour decidedly attractive.
The Bavarian Schweiss-hund is somewhat
smaller than the Hanoverian, but very
similar in general type.

A very distinctive hound is that of
Russia, the Gontschaga Sobaka, of which
the Czar and the Grand Dukes keep huge
may be of any hound colour. Somewhat packs of aristocratic and exclusive strain,
similar are the hounds of Austria, which Seen at a distance, this hound has the
are often all white, but otherwise re- general appearance of a wolf, the hind-
semble the English Harriers. quarters being much lower than the fore-

The ideal hunting dog in Germany is the quarters. The head, too, is wolf-like ; broad
Schweiss-hund, which has many of the between the ears, and tapering to a fine
characteristics of the Bloodhound. In the muzzle. The ears are not large, and although
neighbourhood of Hanover he is popular they hang over, they have a tendency to
as a limier, and is used for the purpose of prick when the dog is excited. There is
tracking wounded deer. Marvellous stories a good deal of dewlap about the strong and
are told of his powers of scent. The pre- muscular neck. The coat is hard and rather
vailing colour of the breed is red-tan, with long, with a woolly undercoat, and the

CHIEN GASCOGNE-SAINTONGEOIS.
COMTE G. DE VEZIN'S SOUVERAINE.

a black mask, and in
many instances there is a
black saddle, which in-
creases the resemblance
to the English Blood-
hound. Twenty-one inches
at the shoulder is an
average height. In gene-
ral appearance he is a
strong, long-bodied dog
of symmetrical propor-
tions. The skull is broad
and slightly domed, with
a well developed occi-
pital bone. The forehead
is slightly wrinkled, with
projecting eyebrows, the
muzzle square, the lips
falling over in decided

stern, which is carried straight, is a
short brush. The colour is grizzle or
black, with tan markings, often with

HANOVERIAN SCHWEISS-HUND.

FRENCH AND OTHER CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. 489

a white collar and white feet and tail tip.
The maximum height is 20 inches, and the
weight about 58 Ib.

Some of the Continental hounds would not
readily be recognised as such by English
sportsmen. The Bosnian Brack, as an
instance, might almost be mistaken for a
sheep-dog. It is wire-haired, and about the
size of a Collie, generally red or brown, or
white with yellow or red patches. They
have a good Foxhound in Norway, in

RUSSIAN HOUND KASTROM SKA.

PROPERTY OF M. J. REVAL, MOHILEW.

Sweden, in Finland, even in Livonia and
Lithuania, and travellers among the Alps
will have noticed the workmanlike little
hound of the Swiss valleys, and its elegant,
large-eared neighbour of Lucerne. They
may also have observed the Bruno, which
variety is the heaviest of the Swiss hounds,
short-legged, and long in the couplings, with
a long, sharp muzzle and pendulous ears,
which, with its yellow-brown self-colouring,
give it the appearance of a large and leggy
Dachshund. The Dachsbrack, by the way,
is not to be confused with the smaller
Dachshund familiar to English fanciers.
It is taller — often 16 inches high — heavier,
and stands on long, straight legs. There
are many excellent packs of these useful
little Bracks in Germany.

In all European countries where sports-
men hunt the fox, the stag, and the hare,
there are packs of hounds suited to the
manner of the chase and the conditions of
62

the sport. They cannot all be mentioned
here, and readers desiring technical informa-
tion concerning them may be referred to
Count Henry de Bylandt's valuable and
exhaustive volumes.*

For large and savage game, such as the
wild boar, the bear and the wolf, more
powerful hounds are, of course, required,
and in all European countries where these
dangerous animals are the frequent quarry,
dogs have been selected arid adapted.
Many of them are of very ancient type.
The Wolfhound of Albania, for
example, which is still used to protect
the flocks, was known to the Greeks
in the time of Alexander the Great.
Pliny is the authority for the exag-
gerated story that when Alexander
was on his way to India the King
of Albania gave him one of these
dogs. It was of great size, and
Alexander, delighted at its evident
strength, commanded that bears,
boars, and stags should in turn be
slipped to it. When this was done,
the hound regarded these animals
with calm contempt, whereupon
Alexander, " because his noble
spirit was roused," ordered the
dog to be slain. The Albanian king, hearing
of this, sent another dog, with the warning
that it was useless to try a hound so
redoubtable with small and insigni-
ficant game, but
with lions and
elephants, which
were more worthy
quarry. A lion was
then slipped and
the hound rose to
the attack, and
speedily proved ALBANIAN WOLFHOUND.
himself equal to FROM AN ANTIQUE GBEEK VASE
the occasion. The

elephant gave him a severer task, but was
finally laid low.

The Albanian Wolfhound is seldom seen
out of its native land, but one was brought
to these islands some years ago, and became

* " Les Races de Chiens." Par Comte H. de
Bylandt, 2 vols., 1905.

4QO

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

the property of Miss Burns, of Glenlie,
Hamilton, who gave him the appropriate
name Reckless. In appearance he closely
resembled the Borzoi, which may be a de-
scendant of the Albanian type, and is used,
as all his admirers know, as a wolf dog.
Originally the dog that we now know as

the Great Dane, and he has a dense, long
coat, similar in texture to that of the St.
Bernard. His head is heavy and powerful,
with a short, blunt muzzle, broad and square,
with heavy flews. The body is strong, with
broad shoulders, a deep, broad chest, and a
broad, muscular back, somewhat long for

THE BEAR HUNT.

FROM THE PAINTING BY SNYDERS.

the Great Dane was used for hunting the
wild boar ; work for which his immense
size and strength, combined with his speed,
admirably fitted him. He was also used for
bear hunting, and the dogs shown in Snyders'
well-known picture are probably of this
breed, although the artist has given them
longer and sharper muzzles than would be
recognised as typical in the improved Great
Dane of the present time.

The Medelan, or Bear-hound of Russia,
is a more massive dog, resembling the
Mastiff, or the dog of Bordeaux, rather than

his height, which is about 27 inches. His
weight is 180 Ib. or thereabout. In colour
he is dirty yellow, or grizzle red, with white
patches, and always shaded with black or
dark muzzle and ears.

Until comparatively recently the bear
provided excellent sport in Norway, but
during the past thirty or forty years the
number of bears has greatly diminished in
the Scandinavian forests. The Norwegian
Bear-hound (Xorlandshund, or Jamthund)
still exists, however, as a well-trained and
intelligent hunter, with magnificent scenting

FRENCH AND OTHER CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. 491

powers. For the chase he is usually fitted
with a light leather harness to which the
leash is attached, and when properly trained
he will lead the hunter surely and silently
straight up to his game. They are of Spitz

CAPT. G. FERRAND'S YEMTLAND BEAR- AND
ELK-HOUND TROFAOS.

type, and are of several varieties, differing
mainly in size. Some of them are bobtailed.
Prominent among these varieties is the
Elk-hound, which may be termed the Scan-
dinavian Pointer, for, as well as for elk and
bear hunting, it is used as a gun-dog for
blackcock. It is remarkable for its powers
of scent, and under favourable conditions
will scent an elk or a bear three miles
away. Technically, however, it is not a
hound, but a general utility dog. The
breed is a very ancient one, dating back
in its origin to the times of the Vikings.
Intelligence, courage, and endurance are
among its notable characteristics. It is
rather short in stature, with an average
height of twenty inches. The head, which
is carried high, is large and square, broad
between the ears ; the stop well denned, the
muzzle of good length, the eyes dark and
full of expression, the ears sharply pointed,

erect, and very mobile. The neck is short
and thick, the chest broad and deep, the
back straight and not long. The stern is
thick and_ heavy, and carried curled over
the back. As in most northern dogs, the
coat is long and deep on the body, with a
dense woolly undercoat, but short and
smooth about the head. In colour it is
grizzle in all its shades, grizzle brown, black
brown, or black. Tan is . rare. A white
patch on the chest is frequent, as are white
feet. The undercoat is always pale brown.
These alert and companionable dogs are
becoming popular in England. Lady Cath-
cart's Jager is a typical specimen, and Major
A. W. Hicks Beach owns and frequently
exhibits several good ones, notably Clinker
and King. Clinker is of his own breed-
ing, by Void out of Namsos, and has taken
many first prizes at important shows.

In Siberia the Samoyede Dog is used to
some extent in the hunting of the bear,
at which work he shows considerable cour-
age. Among the Laplanders he is employed

LADY CATHCARTS ELK-HOUND JAGER.

for rounding up the tame elk ; and farther

north, of course, he becomes a draught dog,

There are dogs in Iceland of a somewhat

similar type, with prick ears, a bushy tail

4Q2

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

carried curled over the back, and a hard
deep coat, which lengthens to a ruff about
the neck. In colour the Iceland Dog is
brownish or greyish, sometimes dirty white
or dirty yellow. A frequent distribution of
colour is black about the head and along

ELK-HOUNDS CLINKER AND KING.
PROPERTY OF MAJOR A. W. HICKS-BEACH.

the back, broken by patches of white, with
the under side of the body, the feet, and
tip of the tail dirty white. Mrs. McLaren
Morrison has possessed specimens of the
breed.

In the variety of the northern dog known
as the Wolfspitz we doubtless have the origi-
nal type of Pomeranian, through which the
derivation of the breed is traceable step by
step through the dogs of Lapland, Siberia,
Norway, and Sweden, to the wolf's first
cousin, the Eskimo dog, growing at each
step to resemble the wolf more and more.
The Wolfspitz is the largest of the Pomer-
anians. He derives his name from his
wolfish colouring. On account of being
much used in Germany by carriers to guard
their vans, he is also called the Fuhrmanns-
spitz or carrier's Pomeranian ; the smaller
black or white Poms being called simply
Spitz, black or white, the dwarf variety
now so popular being the Zwergspitz.

Mr. Charles Kammerer, an English speak-
ing cynologist residing in Austria, not un-
known to several of our more cosmopolitan
judges, has made a speciality of this breed,

and has bred them to the great size of
22 inches at the shoulder — the height of
a fair-sized Eskimo dog — and weighing as
much as 60 Ib. or more. The Wolfspitz has
on several occasions been exhibited of late
years at English shows. Possibly the first
was a very handsome specimen called Kees,
shown by a Miss Beverley at one of the
Ladies' Kennel Association shows as a
Meeshond, this being simply the Dutch
name for the breed, which is common in
Holland. It was entered in the foreign
dog class and promptly objected to by
Mr. H. C. Brooke, on the ground that its
proper place was in the class for Pomer-
anians over 8 Ib. Mr. G. R. Krehl and a
number of Continental cynologists sup-
ported Mr. Brooke's contention, and the
dog was disqualified ; but later on won in
his proper place at other shows. Since
then several other specimens have been
seen, not of the size of Mr. Kammerer's
giant strain, but of the average dimensions,
about 14 inches high and 35 Ib. in weight.

Turning again to the south of Europe one
may include a reference to the hound known
in Spain and Portugal as the Podengo.
This dog, with its racy limbs, its pointed
muzzle, erect ears, and keen, obliquely set
eyes, reminds one at once of its probable
ancestor, the jackal, and the resemblance is
rendered yet more close when the coat
happens to be red. In build it is of Grey-
hound type, and it is frequently used for
coursing rabbit and hare ; but in the
Peninsula, and more especially in La Mancha,
Andalusia and Estramadura, it is slipped to
the stag and the bear, and is also employed
as a gun-dog. It has a reputation for keen
scent, but in this respect it cannot, of course,
be compared with the Setter or the Pointer.
As a companion dog it is not desirable, as it
is of vicious temper and extremely surly.
The average height is ^7 inches. There
is a hound very similar to the Podengo
peculiar to the Balearic Isles, although one
may occasionally see it in the neighbour-
hood of Valencia, Barcelona and other
places along the eastern shores of Spain,
where it is known as the Charnigue. A
lean, ungainly dog, with a long muzzle,

FRENCH AND OTHER CONTINENTAL HOUNDS. 493

and long erect ears, and stilty legs, it gives
one the impression that it is masquerading
as a Greyhound or an overgrown Whippet.
Its innate sporting qualities are mostly ex-
ercised on its own account, but with training
it might be made a creditable hound.

The gardens at Sans Souci, where the
graves of many dogs are to be seen, bear
testimony to the high regard in which
Frederick the Great held his hounds, and
in the Palace of Potsdam there is a statue
of the dying king surrounded by his favourite
canine friends. A story is told of how a
pair of his dogs saved the king's life.

Frederick was accustomed to drink a cup
of chocolate in the middle of the morning,

THE SPANISH PODENGO TURCO.
PROPERTY OF SENOR J. DE ROSADO.
ARRAYOTTOS.

and on one occasion, when sitting at his
writing-table, he reached for the cup and
saw that a spider had dropped into it from
the ceiling. Not wishing to share the
chocolate with the insect, he poured the
liquid into the saucer, and gave it in turn
to two of his Greyhounds. The dogs drank
it, but to the king's alarm they were almost im-
mediately seized with convulsions. Within
an hour they were both dead, evidently
from poison. The French cook was sent
for, but on hearing of the death of the hounds
and the cause of their death, he blew out his

brains, dreading the discovery which was
afterwards made that he was in the pay of
Austria, and had poisoned the chocolate.

These two dogs were Potsdam Grey-
hounds, aT Freed of Italian origin, much
favoured by Frederick the Great, who kept

POTSDAM GREYHOUND KAISER.
BRED AND OWNED BY LADY PAUL.

many of them as companions, and pampered
them so much that they had special valets
to attend them exclusively, and were always
allowed the best seats in the royal coach.
They were strictly preserved as a breed
peculiar to Potsdam, and were maintained
as a distinct strain until long after the reign
of their great master was ended. But in
the time of the late Emperor Frederick only
one pair remained. This pair, Dandy and
Fly, came by the Emperor's bequest into
the possession of Countess Marie Munster,
daughter of the German Ambassador at the
Court of St. James's, and from them have
descended specimens now treasured by the
Duchess of Somerset and Lady Paul, of
Ballyglass, Waterford.

Lady Paul describes them as resembling
the Italian Greyhound, but that they are
larger, standing some twenty inches high.
Unlike the ordinary Greyhound, they have
wonderfully good noses, and will follow a
scent like a terrier. Their coats are very
fine in texture, and in colour fawn, blue,
black, silver grey or a peculiarly beautiful
bronze. They are exceedingly clean and
exceptionally affectionate. Essentially they

494

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

are indoor dogs, and they seem born to lie,
as did their ancestors, in graceful attitudes
on drawing-room sofas.

The Phu Quoc Dog. — A very curious
member of the canine race is the dog of
Fu Oc, or Phu-Quoc. It is indigenous to
the island of that name in the Indo-China
sea. No specimen has ever been seen in
England, and the Marquis de Barthelemy,
who holds a concession in the island from
the French government, states that owing
to the want of care in keeping the breed
pure it is rapidly becoming extinct. The

THE PHU-QUOC BITCH CAN-LE'.

IMPORTED BY THE MARQUIS DE BARTHELEMY.

Marquis had, with difficulty, brought three
specimens to Europe, and there was also
a couple in the Jar din d' Acclimitation.
Unhappily one bitch belonging to the
Marquis died of exhaustion in trying to rear
a litter of thirteen pups. The Comte Henri
de Bylandt on one occasion judged the breed
at Antwerp, and Mr. Brooke, who has seen
several, describes the dog as " rather dark
brown in colour, well-built and active look-
ing, with powerful jaws. The type," he
adds, "is that of all wild or semi- wild dogs
of the Far East, somewhat resembling a
leggy, smooth Chow." What distinguishes
the pure Phu-Quoc is the curious growth of
coat along the back, near the shoulders,

the hairs pointing forward towards the head.
Comte H. de Bylandt describes the dog as
follows, but I doubt if he is r'ght in calling
it a Greyhound. It is not technically a
hound.

1. General Appearance. — A heavy kind of Grey-
hound.

2. Head. — Long ; skull slightly domed and
the skin wrinkled, muzzle rather broad, in length
the half of the entire head ; jaws long and power-
ful ; lips and tongue black ; teeth well developed
and meeting evenly.

3. Eyes. — Reddish, with a savage expression.

4. Nose. — Black ; nostrils rather developed.

5. Ears. — Erect, shell
shaped, not too pointed,
inside almost hairless.

6. Body. —Somewhat
coarse ; neck very long and
flexible ; shoulders sloping ;
belly drawn up ; loins broad
and strong.

7. Legs. — Straight and
lean ; stifles rather straight ;
thighs muscular.

8. Feet. — Longish ; toes
slightly arched ; pads hard.

9. Tail. — Short, very
supple, carried curled over
the back.

10. Coat. — On the whole
body and legs very short
and dense ; on the back the
hair is growing the wrong
way, towards the head,
and is much longer and
harder.

n. Colour. — Reddish-fawn, with black muzzle ;
the coat on the back is darker.

12. Height at Shoulder. — 2i£ inches. Weight
about 40 Ib.

A Parisian Dogue de Bordeaux fancier
who had lived some years in the island
records that though these dogs are intract-
able, they can be trained for hunting. He
regarded them as intelligent, and instanced
the case of one that, being pestered by
a European dog, dragged it to a pond of
water, and held it under until it was
drowned.

For the use of the portrait of the Marquis
de Barthelemy's bitch Can Le' I am in-
debted to Mr. H. C. Brooke.

495

CHAPTER LVIII.
GUN-DOGS AND TERRIERS.

"Bon chien chasse de race."

OLD FRENCH PROVERB.

IN referring to foreign gun-dogs it must
at the outset be understood — as it is
generally acknowledged by the sports-
men of other lands than our own — that the
British breeds used in the process of fowling
are far superior to their foreign relatives.
In all parts of Europe and America, where
dogs are engaged for finding game and
retrieving it when killed, there the English
Pointer and Setter hold the highest favour.
Pointers have been sent abroad from all
our best working kennels ; and the Llewellyn
Setter has established a reputation for
adroit work in the United States, which will
not be effaced for many generations. The
demand for both breeds has been so great
in foreign lands that in some instances we
have been obliged to bring back the progeny
of our exported dogs to keep up the standard
at home. In Russia English Pointers and
Setters are more esteemed than perhaps in
any other part of the world, and at the
competitive shows of the Imperial Gun
Club at Moscow more Gordon Setters may
be seen than are to be found all over England.
In France the black-and-tan and the Irish
Setters are regarded with almost as great
favour as the Belton, and the display of
all three varieties in the Tuileries Gardens
is comparable only with the display at
Birmingham and the Crystal Palace.

It is only fair to our fellow sportsmen on
the Continent, however, to remember that
our Setters, our Pointers, our Spaniels and
Retrievers, have all been derived from
strains imported into these islands from
abroad. France contributed the original
stock of our Clumbers ; we got our Field
Spaniels from Flanders, our Springers from
Spain. Our Retriever came from far Lab-
rador, our Pointer from Andalusia, and our
Setter from the same generous source.

Yet in Spain, in France, in Germany and
Russia, varieties of game-finding dogs are
retained which are still unknown in Great
Britain, and for the information of English
readers it is necessary to notice some of the
more important and distinct.

SETTERS.

Our improved and perfected British Set-
ters are so successful in Continental coun-
tries, where they are systematically bred,
that there is little need to increase the native
stock of setting dogs, which are few and not
of great account, and where the Setter is not
employed, his work is commonly performed
by the Braque. The native Setter where it
occurs in France is still called the Epagneul ;
but the Epagneul de Picardie, or Epagneul
noir du Nord, as it is sometimes designated,
is actually a Setter in all essential respects.
It is often entirely black, sometimes black
and tan, or brown and grizzle, and in size
and shape it resembles the Gordon. There
is another variety usually classed merely as
the Epagneul Fran<;ais, a strong, imposing
dog, of true Setter character, with a thick,
but not very long, coat of dull white with
chestnut patches. A typical example of the
breed is shown in M. J. Baussart's Medor de
Sanvic. This may possibly be the same
variety which is classed at the dog shows in
France as Epagneul Ecossais, and is of
identical appearance, even to the orange
patches. In Great Britain we do not
recognise a Scottish Setter apart from the
familiar black and tan, but an orange and
white Setter was met with in Ireland before
the golden red Irish variety became such a
popular favourite, and it is conceivable that
this Irish variety has been resuscitated in
France.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

There is a useful Setter in Germany,
which differs very little from our ordinary
brown Retriever, both in regard to the
shape of his head and the texture of his
coat. Usually he is liver-coloured, or white
with large liver-coloured patches. His chief
point of difference from the English Retriever

M. j. BAUSSART'S FRENCH "SPANIEL"
MEDOR DE SANVIC.

is that his ears are of great size. The
Russians, while preferring the English or
the Gordon Setter for work with the gun,
nevertheless have a variety of their own.
British sportsmen who have known them in
their native country have reported that for
all kinds of shooting the Russian Setter is
not to be equalled in nose, sagacity, and
every other necessary quality that a sporting
dog ought to possess.

Mr. William Lort, writing of them some
years ago, described them as follows :

" Roughly speaking, in appearance this
dog is rather like a big, ' warm ' Bedlington
terrier. There are two varieties of the
breed, and, curiously enough, they are dis-
tinguished from each other by the difference
in their colour. The dark-coloured ones are
deep liver and are curly-coated. The light-
coloured ones are fawn, with sometimes
white toes and white on the chest ; some-
times the white extends to a collar on the
neck. These latter are straight-coated, not
curly like the dark ones. My recollection

of the breed extends back some fifty years,
and the last specimen I owned of it — a
light-coloured one — I gave away to a
friend who would not take a hundred
pounds for it.

" Their noses never seem to be affected by
a change of climate ; hence their value in
my eyes. I have worked with
them in September's sun and in
January's snow, and they were
equally good. They were some
of the best dogs I ever had,
and never varied ; and under
exceptional cases as regards
the weather, we always had
the Russians out. The one
fault I found with them was
the difficulty in getting new
blood, for those we had showed
evidences of scientific breeding,
and a strict adherence to
type. The fact that they
were successfully crossed, to
my knowledge, with English
Setters, satisfies me that they
are really Setters and not an
alien breed. I may add that
they are excellent water dogs."

RETRIEVERS .

The so-called Russian Retriever may be

mentioned in this connection. In appear-
ance it is not unlike the Setter of its own
country, with a suggestion of the Irish
Water Spaniel superadded. He is a square-
built dog — square in muzzle, and wide in
skull, short headed,' cloddy in body, and
long on the leg. The chief peculiarity of
the breed is its dark-brown coat, which is
long and dense, and as often as not matted.
This makes him unsuited for work in covert.
Retrieving dogs are not often used by
Muscovite sportsmen, however, and even
the Spaniel is not popular in Russia. English
Retrievers, recognised as such, are some-
times employed in France and Germany ; but
there are no native breeds especially trained
for the retrieving of game and for that work

alone.

POINTERS.

Of the Pointer, or Braque, there are many

FOREIGN GUN-DOGS AND TERRIERS.

497

varieties on the Continent. Those of Ger-
many are extremely interesting and quite
dissimilar from any breed we have in Eng-
land. There are two very distinct kinds,
a smooth-coated and a wire-haired, and of
these there are local and sub-varieties.

The smooth-coated German Pointer,
or Kurzhaariger Vorstehhund, is a ro-
bust dog of shapely frame, standing from
23 to 25 inches at the shoulder. His

of the breed are shown in the portraits of
Patti and Pommery von Reuden.

The rough-coated variety is of Griffon
type, with a square and full muzzle, the
eyes set well back, and the ears set low ; a
muscular and symmetrical dog, with a
harsh, wiry coat of brown and white, with
brown speckles.

A popular and useful gun-dog on the
Continent, and especially in Germany, is the

GERMAN POINTERS PATTI VON REUDEN AND POMMERY VON REUDEN.

chief peculiarity in English eyes is his
docked tail and his colouring of pure coffee-
brown or brown and white in equal propor-
tions, the white freely spotted with brown.
The head is lightly modelled, with a broad
forehead, the skull slightly domed and rising
to a peak, the stop well denned, and the
muzzle broad and square. The eyes are
dark and oval, with a serious expression.
The open nostrils and long nasal bone seem
to indicate his keen scent. The ears are fairly
long and broad, lying without folds close to
the head. His chest is broad and deep, with
ribs well arched. The back is rather short,
and the legs are long, giving him a racy
appearance. The stern is always docked
to about half its length. Typical examples
"3

Poodle-Pointer, which is especially good at
the work of retrieving. He is a large-sized,
wiry-coated dog, with an average height of
24 inches at the shoulder. The head is of
good length, with a long and broad muzzle,
not snipy, like that of the Poodle, and with
a prominent nasal bone. The moustache
and eyebrows are very marked, and the
ears are long, lying close to the head, and
covered with hair as a protection from
thorns and bent grass. The eyes are large
and clear, yellow or yellow-brown in colour.
The neck is of good length and muscular,
the chest full and deep, the ribs well arched,
the back short and straight, the loins
muscular ; other characteristics are his
powerful hindquarters, his slender and

4g8

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

slightly drawn up belly, and his admirably
straight legs. The stern is naturally like
that of the Pointer, but is generally docked.
In colour the Poodle-Pointer is grizzle-
brown, brown and patched. Black, white,
and pale colours are objected to.

The old Weimar Pointer is a smaller and
less muscular dog than the more common
national type of Germany, with a narrower
head and a softer coat. The colour is silver-

The

ITALIAN BRACCO.

grizzle or mouse grey, without markings.
The average height is 23 inches. Another
variety is the Pointer of Wiirtemberg, a
heavy, thick-set dog which approaches the
hound in character. His ears are noticeably
large. In colour he is brown, brindle about
the back and head, with light tan-and-white
markings, the white being plentifully ticked
with brown, which reminds one of a speckled
trout. The height at the shoulder may be
27 inches, and the weight from 60 to 75 Ib.
In addition to their work as game finders
the gun-dogs of Germany have to be equal
to the task of polishing off a wounded fox
as well as retrieving hares or birds.

Hound-like also is the . Bracco, or
Italian Pointer, of which there are two
classes, those above and those below
24 inches in height. They have an oval
head, with a long, straight muzzle, pendulous
lips, folded ears set on a line with the eye,
large and deep chest, short, broad loins and

strong, straight legs. They often have dew-
claws. In colour the Bracco is white and
orange, white and liver, iron grey, or roan.
Italian fanciers regard this as the parent of
all Pointers ; but the Spaniards have more
justification for the belief, their Perro de
Mostra being unquestionably the forbear of
the breed, at least in its more distinguished
types.

Spanish Pointer still exists as a
useful working dog with the gun.
It is heavy and loosely made,
larger than the English variety,
and much less elegant. Latterly
the English Pointer has been in-
troduced into Spanish kennels,
and the native dog has in con-
sequence been suffered to fall into
neglect. The Spanish Pointer is
often double nosed.

The same can only be said with
reservation of the French Braques,
which for many generations have
been kept in excellent training for
work under the gun. They are of
many types, and are known by
various names, although most of
them are alike in their general
characteristics. A distinct variety
is the Braque St. Germain, a fine, up-
standing lemon and white dog, somewhat
more leggy than we desire on this side
of the Channel, but elegant in shape and
showing admirable quality and capacity for
speed. His tail is allowed to remain its
natural length ; but not so the Braque de
Bourbonnais, whose caudal appendage is
never permitted to be more than three inches
in length. This latter is a short, compact
and cobby dog, white in colour, with light
chestnut flecks, and no large markings. His
lips are pendulous and heavy, his ears rather
fine and not large. His back is rounded
towards the hindquarters, which are short
and muscular. His height is about 23
inches.

The Old Braque is usually white, with
large patches of chestnut. He is a heavy,
thick-set animal, with short neck, broad,
square muzzle, loosely hanging lips, and
long thin ears. He has further a conspicuous

FOREIGN GUN-DOGS AND TERRIERS.

499

fetlock, straight shoulder, short loin, and

short feet, with thick, well-divided claws.

He is valued as a worker, but hardly so

highly as the Braque Charles X., who,

although a coarse, inelegant dog to look

upon, is remarkable for his keen

scent and his steadiness on

point. The Charles X. is a

smooth-coated, liver-and-white

dog, and he is allowed to retain

half his tail. His unusually

long ears do not add to his

beauty ; but beauty is not

greatly studied by French

sportsmen, who look only for

utility in their gun-dogs. A

much more comely animal is

the Braque d'Auvergne, of

which there are two varieties,

English Pointer than any of its confreres,
the only difference being that he has not so
much lip, a sharper muzzle, and larger ears.
All these Braques are alike in their work.
They are slow in their movements, they

BRAQUE DE BOURBONNAIS.

range over a limited area of ground,
and their scent is by no means so
acute as- that of the more nicely
trained English Pointer. In character

BRAQUE CHARLES X.

the Braque blue and the Grand
Braque. The former is a dog
of perfect unity of proportion,
with beautiful outlines, hand-
somely marked. The body
colour is white, with black
patches and blue flecks. The
head is always black with a
white blaze up the face. But
for his attenuated stern he would
be one of the most attractive-
looking sporting dogs in France.

Then there is the elegant Braque de they are very docile, and perhaps
I'Ariege, an almost purely white dog, they are on the whole more active in
but for a few orange spots ; and the brain than they look when working
Braque Dupuy, which more resembles our with their nose in the air. They are all

BRAQUE BLUE D'AUVERGNE BRUNO.
PROPERTY OF M. J. BOURGADE, NANCY.

500

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

taught to retrieve as well as to stand their themselves covered with a long crisp coat.

game. This crest gives the dog something of a

SPANIELS. resemblanceto the old English Water Spaniel.

Some of the French gun-dogs immediately The body coat is curly and rather thick,

in colour by preference brown and grizzle,
then brown and white, or self-coloured
brown. Black or black and white are un-

BRAQUE LEGER DE L'ARIEGE.

arrest the Briton's attention by their
unfamiliar peculiarities of shape and
colour.

The Pont-Audemer Spaniel, for in-
stance, which is, properly speaking, a
Setter, is a most original-looking animal,
differing entirely from any sporting dog
we have in England. The head in par-
ticular is quite distinct. It is extremely
long and tapers to a pointed muzzle. The
hair is short to the forehead, but the skull
is surmounted by a prominent top-knot of
long hair which falls in a point towards the
eyes, and almost overlaps the pendant ears,

M. A. DUQUESNE'S PONT-AUDEMER SPANIEL

MUSOTTE.

YOUNG GRIFFON DE BRESSE.

FROM THE PAINTING BY ROSA BONHEUR IN THE WALLACE COLLECTION.

common. It is an excellent water dog, and
is invaluable in the shooting of wild duck
and other waterfowl in the marshes.
The French Spaniel proper is a
fine-sized animal, one of the best
and keenest working dogs left in
France. Like the old Braque, he
has a long history. He is probably
a descendant of the now extinct
but once famous Griffon de Bresse,
of which Rosa Bonheur painted one
of the last examples. Three types
or strains are now prominent, each
associated • with the name of its
original breeder. They are the
Griffon d'arrct Picard, of which Mr.
A. Guerlain, of Crotoy, had the first
famous kennel ; the Griffon Korthals,
originally a German rather than

FOREIGN GUN-DOGS AND TERRIERS.

breeder ; and the Griffon Boulet, brought

French dog, of which Herr E. K. Korthals, hidden by the prominent eyebrows so
of Biebesheim, was the earliest systematic frequent in the French Spaniels. By far

the most attractive of all the foreign Setter-
Spaniels, however, is the Korthals Griffon, a
dog symmetrical in contour, with a noble head
not unlike that of our Airedale Terrier in
its length and squareness of muzzle, and
determined expression of eye. The coat is
wiry, crisp, and harsh, never curly, with a
dense undercoat. The colour is steel grey

GRIFFON KORTHALS CH. RIP DU MAKIS.
BRED BY M. A. HUCHEDE.

to perfection by M. E. Boulet, of Elbeuf.
Superficially they are all three of similar
Otterhound type of compact, straight-
legged, wire-haired dog ; but the Griffon
Guerlain strain is perhaps the most ele-
gant in shape and appearance, owing to its
shorter and less rugged coat and lighter
build. This breed is usually white in colour,
with orange or yellow markings, rather short
drop ears, and a docked tail, and with a
height of about 22 inches. The nose is
always brown, and the light eyes are not

BRACE OF GRIFFONS KORTHALS.
BRED BY M. A HUCHEDE.

GRIFFON KORTHALS CH. PRINCESS NADINE.
BRED AND OWNED BY M. A. HUCHEDE.

with dark brown patches, often mingled
with grey hairs ; or white-grey with lighter
brown or yellow patches. The height may
be 23 inches, and the weight 56 Ib. Mr.
Korthals had the finest team of these
Griffons that has ever been seen . Occasion-
ally he exhibited specimens in England,
and classes were given for the breed by the
Kennel Club at the show held at Barn
Elms in the Jubilee year. On one occasion,
at the Agricultural Hall, Mr. Korthals
gained with one of his Griffons the special
prize offered for the best sporting dog in
the show owned by a foreigner. At the
present time Mr. A. Huchede, of Montjean,
Mayenne, is perhaps the most prominent
owner of the breed in France. His Porthos
and Nero were famous a few years ago, and
his Rip du Makis excels alike as a show dog
and as a successful worker in field trials.

502

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Princess Nadine is an equally good repre-
sentative of the opposite sex.

The Griffon Boulet has many of the same
characteristics as the Korthals Griffon, the
chief difference being that his coat is much
longer and not so hard in texture. He is at
present the favourite purely native Spaniel
in France, and there were several admirable
specimens shown at the Tuileries Gardens
in May, 1907. A decidedly rugged, coarse-

GRIFFON BOULET CH. MIKADO DE MARCO.

BRED BY M. E. BOULET, ELBEUF.

looking dog, he is evidently meant for work
rather than for ornament, yet his expression
is friendly and intelligent, in spite of his
wild and ungroomed aspect, with his broad,
round head, square muzzle, heavy mous-
taches, and strong, overhanging eyebrows.
The iris of his eye seems always to be yellow
and the nose always brown. The ears are
set on low and hang slightly folded, well
covered with wavy hair. The shoulders
project somewhat instead of sloping. The
loins are slightly arched and end in a straight
stern nicely carried, and not too shortly
docked. The coat is fairly long and semi-
silky, without being glossy, flat rather
than wavy, and never curly. Its colour is
that of a dead chestnut leaf or a dark coffee
brown, with or without white ; never black
or yellow. For dogs, the height is given at
21 to 22| inches, for bitches a little less.

The weight averages 56 Ib. Undoubtedly
the most famous Griffon Boulet of recent
times is Ch. Mikado de Marco, the property
of M. Dumontier, of Neubourg, Eure.
This most typical dog is of aristocratic
descent, as he has no fewer than twenty-nine
champions in his pedigree, all of them,
like himself, bred by M. Emanuel Boulet.

The Barbet is yet another ancient breed
of French Spaniel, the dog par excellence
for waterfowl. Beyond
all others he is at home
on the marshes, and
even in the most severe
weather he will swim
amid the broken ice
after a winged mallard
or a wounded heron.
For the wildfowler he
is a most valuable
companion, and prob-
ably no other Spaniel
can bear the same
hardships with equal
indifference. A perfect
swimmer, he retrieves
dead or crippled game
to perfection, and in
intelligence he is hardly
inferior to the Poodle.
With his compact build,
his round, short head, and long woolly and
much corded coat, the Barbet appears to be
identical with the old English water dog
depicted in Reinagle's drawing on p. 274
of this book.

Somewhat allied to the Barbet in general
appearance and the nature of his work
is the important gun-dog known in Italy
as the Spinone- In colour he is grey
and roan, and although he has often been
mistaken for the Bracco, he may be
recognised by his less oval head as well
as by his shorter and less supple ear. The
coat is wire-haired, excepting the legs,
where the hair is quite short. He is also
smoother and shorter in the head and muzzle.
The eyebrows are long and straight, and the
lip has bristling moustaches. As in the case
of the Bracco, dewclaws on the hind legs
are a sign of purity of race. The Spinone is

FOREIGN GUN-DOGS AND TERRIERS.

503

considered an ancient dog, and it is cer-
tain that some of the breed were taken
into France as far back as the reign of
Henry IV.
In Italy there is an interesting strain of

THE BARBET PATAVEAU.

PROPERTY OF M. P. DEVILLE, PARIS.

white Spinone, in form not unlike a large
Irish terrier, of which no record is traceable
earlier than 1870. These are found mostly
in the neighbourhood of Alba, in Piedmont,
and are believed to be the result of a cross

SPINONE D'ALBA.

from the Russian Griffons, introduced by
an officer named Ruggieri at the time of the
wars of the First Empire. The true Italian
Spinone is the roan breed. The white variety

is known as the Spinone Ruggieri, or Spinone
d'Alba. It is difficult to procure, but this is
not perhaps a matter for regret, for in Italy,
as everywhere else on the Continent, the
indigenous shooting dogs are fast making
room for English Pointers, Setters, and
Spaniels.

Of the increasing popularity of the English
Spaniel, and more especially the Cocker
and the Springer, proof is abundantly
shown in
the cata-
logues of
all Con-
tinental
shows.

TERRIERS.

English
doglovers
are apt
to forget
that there
are other
t er r iers
than
those of
Great
Britain ;
they of-
ten ignore the fact that even the name
" terrier " itself is a French word originally
applied to small dogs used in the work of
following their quarry into earths.

In France at the present time there is no
distinctively national terrier, but our neigh-
bours across the Channel have recognised
the good qualities of the British breeds,
both for sport and as companions, and in
all their important shows classes are opened
for most of the varieties familiar to us.
The French-bred Fox-terriers, both wire-
haired and smooth, are usually of excellent
type, and the Airedale, the Irish, and the
Bull-terrier are fairly popular, while as
ladies' pets the silky-coated Yorkshire has
become fashionable in Paris. German and
Dutch terriers are also frequently to be
seen in France.

The Germans and the Dutch have ad-
mirable terriers of their own, notable

DOBERMANN PINSCHER

GRAF BRUNO.

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

among them being the Dobermann Pinscher,
the smaller black or pepper-and-salt
Pinscher. and the Dutch Smoushond, or
" Little Jew's dog."

The Dobermann Pinscher, one of the most
important and distinctive of German terriers,

TYPICAL DOBERMANN PINSCHER PRINZ WEDDO.

is a large and handsome black-and-tan dog,
of about the same weight as our Airedale.
He is well built and muscular, and his
appearance signifies speed, strength, and
endurance. He is lively and game, and a
good vermin killer, courageous, good-tem-
pered, and devoted. His coat is less silky
than that of the Manchester Terrier, but the
distribution of his black-and-tan markings
is the same. There is often a white patch
on the chest. The tail is docked to a length
not greater than six inches, and bobtails are
much appreciated. The ears are rigorously
cropped, but neither too closely nor too
pointedly for smartness. The muzzle is
long and moderately fine, with well-muscled
cheeks. The eyes are preferably dark brown,
and have a friendly and intelligent ex-
pression. Altogether he is a most attractive
dog ; alert, sagacious, and in shape admirably
proportioned. He stands from 21 to 24
inches, at the shoulder, and scales about
45 Ib. The breed is perhaps a manufactured
one, and the resemblance to the Manchester
Terrier suggests an English origin, although

probably there was a cross with the Rott-
weiler dog or the French chien de Beauce.
Its name is derived from that of the late
Herr Dobermann, of Apolda in Thuringia,
who was energetic in bringing the
breed into notice about the year 1860.
Herr Daniel Elmer, of Lyons, the first
president of the Dobermann Pinscher
Club, is one of the most prominent breeders
in Europe, and he has excellent specimens
in Tell von Frauenlob, Luxi du Buclan,
Lucca von Frauenlob, and Grafin Hilda.
Other eminent breeders are Herren Carl
Wittmann, C. Kiippers, O. Goller, and K.
Hoff.

A terrier yet more popular in Germany is
the smaller Wire-haired Pinscher (Deutscher
Rauhhaariger Pinscher), familiarly known as
" the Rattler," whose size is about the same
as that of our Irish Terrier, or a taller Scottie.
He is a strong, active, cobbily built dog,
who seems to have a particular fondness for
horses and the life of the stables, where rats
may be caught ; a useful companionable
little fellow, full of terrier character and

HERR O. GOLLER'S DOBERMANN PINSCHER BITCH

LANDGRAF SIGHART.

determination. He is notable for his full
muzzle and well-developed jaws, and the
alertness of his dark eyes, which is enhanced

FOREIGN GUN-DOGS AND TERRIERS.

505

by his prominent eyebrows of rough hair.
His ears are set high on the head, and are

Terrier, a small, wire-haired lady's dog,
somewhat resembling the Brussels Griffon.

always cropped with rounded tips. The These Monkey Terriers are becoming some-

tail is docked very short, sometimes to a
mere knob. The coat is hard, rough, and

GRIZZLE WIRE-HAIRED PINSCHER

LYRA.

wiry, standing out from the body. On the
head it is shorter, and there is a decided
short beard and whisker. The colour may
be pepper and salt, iron grey, silver
grey or dull charcoal black, sometimes
with an admixture of tan or rusty
markings on the head and legs. A
bright red colour is incorrect. His
height is from 12 inches to 18 inches,
and his weight from 18 to 28 Ib.
Herr Max Hartenstein, of Berlin, is
perhaps the best known among the
many prominent owners and breeders
of the Rattler. His Gick and Hanelle
are good examples of the grey variety,
but his best at the present moment
are the blacks ; Sambo-Plavia, Kunz-
Plavia, Eva-Plavia, and Dohle-Plavia,
being eminent prize winners at the
Continental shows. Another well-
known owner is Mrs. Prosper Sassen, of
Antwerp, whose Ch. Russ II. Pfeff holds
an unbeaten record on the Continent.

There is a smooth-coated variety of the
German Pinscher, and mention may also
be made of the Affenpinscher, or Monkey

what fashionable outside of Germany, and
occasionally they have been imported into
England.

The Dutch wire-haired terrier ( Hollandsche
Smoushond) differs very little from the old-
fashioned British rough-coated terrier type.
It is also a stable-yard dog ; a man's rather
than a lady's pet. In height he averages
15 inches at the shoulder, and in weight
22 Ib. The coat is hard, wiry, and rough,
never curly, wavy, or woolly, and the colour
is red, yellow-brown, dirty yellow, and
their different shades. The moustaches,
beard, and eyelashes are often black. The
ears are cropped to rounded points, and the
gaily carried tail is docked to a third of its
natural length. Some of the most typical
arc kept by Mr. J. Westerwondt, of Baarn.
We seldom see them on this side of the
North Sea. There are many other kinds
of terriers in Holland, but most of them
seem to be related either to the German
Pinscher or the English breeds.

The Boxer is another dog widely distri-
buted throughout Germany and Holland.

BLACK PINSCHERS KUNZ-RLAVIA

AND HIS DAM LIES PLAVIA.

BRED BY HERR MAX HARTENSTEIN, BERLIN.

Next to the Dachshund, indeed, he is the
most popular dog in Germany, and his
popularity is rapidly increasing. He is
a " terrier " of Bulldog character, with a
clean-cut head, wrinkled between the high-
set, cropped ears, with a muzzle broad and

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

SMOOTH-COATED PINSCHERS.

blunt, the stop well defined, the cheeks well
cushioned, and the jaws often undershot.
The back is short and level, the shoulders
sloping, long, and muscular, the chest deep,
but not very broad, the ribs well rounded,
and the belly slightly drawn up. The legs
are straight. The tail is high and always
docked ; the coat short, hard, and glossy, in
colour yellow or brindle, with or without a
black mask. White patches are allowed.
The height for dogs is 2i| inches, for
bitches 20 inches. Years ago the Boxer was
much more Bulldog like than he is now.
At present too
much of the Bull-
dog character is
not desired. A
typical specimen
of the breed is
shown in the por-
trait of Ch. Murillo,
kindly supplied by
Herr Ernst Prosier,
of Frankfurt,
to whom, and Mr.
Theo Becker, the
Editor is indebted
for the photo-
graphs of German
Pinschers repro-
duced in this
chapter.

TYPICAL GERMAN BOXER MURILLO.

Terriers of more or less fixed type are to be
found in all European countries. They are
even to be met with in mid-Africa, and they
are common enough in the Belgian Congo.
The Congo Terrier is one of the most definite
of native African breeds. It is a symmetrical,
lightly built dog, whose height is of from
12 to 24 inches, with a rather long head
and large upstanding ears, and intelli-
gent dark eyes. The teeth are well developed
but mostly overshot. The legs are straight
and the feet small. The tail is usually
curled over the back, and is somewhat

bushy. The coat
is short, although
there is a ridge of
longer hair along
the spine. The
colour is red or
mouse - grey, with
large white
patches. Sir Harry
Johnston noticed
that these dogs
were much used
for terrier work
by the natives
in the territory
north of the Zam-
besi. In a degen-
erate state they
become pariah

FOREIGN GUN-DOGS AND TERRIERS.

507

dogs, and as such may often be seen
prowling about the Congo villages.

A couple of Congo Terriers were ex-
hibited at Cruft's some ten years ago as

CONGO TERRIER BOSC.

ACCLIMATISED IN THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, PARIS.

Lagos Bush dogs. They were red and white,
with white on the neck, rather Dingo-headed,
and decidedly breedy-looking. They were
purchased by Mr. W. R. Temple, but died
of distemper soon after. Their voices were
very curious, as they could not properly
bark, a characteristic observed by Sir Harry
Johnston in connection with all the Central
African dogs.

An interesting native of the tableland
of Central Asia is the Lhasa Terrier, of
which very few have as yet been bred in
Europe. In appearance this terrier, with
his ample and shaggy coat, reminds one of
an ill-kept Maltese dog, or perhaps even
more of the dog of Havana. In the best
specimens the coat is long and straight,

and very profuse, with a considerable
amount of hair over the eyes and about the
long, pendant ears. The colours are white
and black_light grey, iron grey, brown or
buff and white. In size they vary, but the
smaller are considered the more valuable.
The Hon. Mrs. McLaren Morrison's India,
imported from Thibet, was perhaps the best
of the breed hitherto seen in England.
This typical bitch has left many descendants
who are well known on the show bench.
Most of the Asiatic breeds of dogs have the
reputation of being taciturn, and probably

THE HON. MRS. McLAREN MORRISON'S
LHASA TERRIER INDIA IN WINTER COAT.

the character is true of them in their native
land, but the English bred Lhasa Terrier is
an alert and confiding little companion,
extraordinarily wise and devoted.

CHAPTER LIX.
LARGER NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS.

" ' Evidently a traveller in many countries, and a close observer of men and things,' said, Mr.

Pickwick.

'I should like to have seen that poem,' said Mr. Snodgrass.
'I should like to have seen that dog,' said Mr. Winkle."

PICKWICK PAPERS.

tt (

t( t

The Dogue de Bordeaux.— As early as
the fourteenth century. Gaston Phoebus,
Comte de Foix, described the great French
Molossus, or Alant, doubtless the ancestor
of the modern Dogue de Bordeaux, and
in the distinction he drew between the
Alant Gentil and the Alant de Boucherie
may be recognised the difference we draw
to-day between the huge fighting dog of
the South of France and the smaller kind
with shorter muzzle known as the Boule-
dogue du Midi, which is practically the
same as the Spanish Bulldog. Even then,
stress was laid upon
the points we now
ask for in the
French Dogue — the
wrinkles, the light,
small eye, the liver-
coloured nose, the
absence of dark
shadings on the
face, and the red
mask which is so
much preferred to
the black, with
its frequent accom-
paniment of fawn
body colour, indi-
cating Mastiff blood.
Formerly bred for
encounters in the
arena, the immense
dogs of Bordeaux
are still occasionally
pitted against each
other, or against
the bull, the bear,
or the ass. They

MR. H. C BROOKE'S DOGUE DE BORDEAUX

BITCH DRAGONNE.

are tremendous brutes, and usually as
savage as they are strong. Some of the
more docile kind may at times be met with
in Paris, where they are bred by wineshop
keepers, who, for obvious reasons, do not
encourage them to ferocity ; but in the
Midi, where they are kept for contest,
they are schooled to savagery, and, 'tis said,
are even given hot blood to drink that they
may become fierce.

The Bordeaux dogue has not often been
seen on this side of the Channel, but in
1895 efforts were made by two or three

well-known Bulldog
men to establish
the breed in Eng-
land. In that year
Mr. John Proctor,
of Antwerp, who
had judged them at
the Bordeaux show,
published in the
Stockkeeper an ac-
count of his expe-
riences with the
fighting dogs of the
South of France,
and Mr. Sam
Woodiwiss and Mr.
H . C . Brooke
started almost
simultaneously for
France in quest of
specimens. Mr.
Woodiwiss pur-
chased the dog who
had won first prize
at Bordeaux, a
warrior renowned

FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. 509

hug, and threw the bear fairly and squarely

in the arena, whose forequarters were one Francisco. Matador du Midi had already
mass of scars received from dogs he had had what in the old bear-baiting days was
fought with or from bears he had baited, called a " jump " at a bear, and Mr. Brooke
The same gentleman also brought home tried himjwhen eighteen months old at a
with him, from Paris, a bitch named Cora, large Russian bear which stood six feet
Mr. Brooke purchased a red bitch named high on his hind legs. " The dog showed
Dragonne, afterwards known as Amazone de great science in keeping his body as much
Bordeaux, and the black masked red dog sideways as possible, to avoid the bear's
Tristran.

In the same year a separate class for on the grass three times."
Dogues de Bordeaux
was provided at the
Chow Chow show held
at the Aquarium,
when Mr. G. R. Krehl
judged. Mr. H. C.
Brooke, who has
kindly supplied the
information I am
using, became enthu-
siastic over the breed
and soon owned many
examples, including
Sans-Peur, Diane,
Bart, and a fawn red-
masked dog with a
wonderful head cov-
ered with great ropes
of wrinkle, who was
transferred to Mr.
Haslam, and was ex-
la i b i t e d successfully
under the name of
Brutus. These dogs

were all of the same type as the magnifi- With these materials considerable pro-
cent pair Sultane and Buffalo, shown some gress was made in bringing the Dogue de
years previously at the Tuileries, and Bordeaux to the knowledge of English
acknowledged by judges of all nationalities fanciers. A club was formed, and Mr.

THE TYPICAL DOGUES DE BORDEAUX SANS-PEUR AND LA GOULUE.
FORMERLY THE PROPERTY OF MR. H. C. BROOKE,

Photograph by A. R. Dresser.

to be perfect.

Brooke in conjunction with M. Megnin, of

Wishing to possess a dog of the real L'Eleveur, Dr. Wiart, and other authorities

fighting strain, Mr. Brooke imported from in France, drew up a description of the

Bordeaux a young fawn dog of gladiatorial breed which is still the accepted standard,

lineage. This dog, Matador du Midi, had Classes were being provided at many shows,

among its ancestors the celebrated Caporal, and all was looking rosy when the anti-

for seven years champion of the Pyrenees, cropping regulation of the Kennel Club put

who weighed 108 pounds, and stood nearly a sudden period to all enthusiasm. A

25 inches at the shoulder, and had a skull Dogue de Bordeaux with his natural ears

circumference of 26 inches ; Megere, a bitch is not to be admired, and all efforts to

who had been pitted against wolf, bear and popularise the breed in England abruptly

hyaena ; and Hercules, who was finally ceased,
killed by a jaguar in a terrific battle in San Some of the more notable specimens

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

including Turc and Cora, were dead ;
Amazone died from blood-poisoning due to
the sting of a wasp, and the few that remained
in the hands of Mr. Woodiwiss and Mr. Brooke
were sold to a Canadian gentleman. So
ended the history of the Dogue de Bordeaux
in England.

In general appearance the Dogue de

A TYPICAL SPANISH BULLDOG,

THE PROPERTY OF M. RIEU OF BORDEAUX.

Bordeaux is impressively massive, and the
size of the much-wrinkled head in proportion
to the body is greater than in any other
breed. The muzzle is broad, deep and
powerful. The lower jaw projects slightly,
but the turn-up is almost concealed by the
pendulous flews. The teeth are enormous.
The nostrils, too, are particularly large.
The eyes are small and deep set, light in
colour, rather wicked in expression, and
penetrating. A deep furrow extends from
between the eyes up the forehead, adding
to the general impression of ferocity. The
thick neck, muscular shoulders, wide deep
chest, and powerful limbs, all contribute to
give him the semblance of a fighting gladiator.
The coat is smooth, and in colour preferably
a reddish fawn, with a red mask and a
reddish brown nose. The height may be
from 23^ inches to 27! inches at the shoulder,
and the weight about 120 Ib. for dogs, and
100 Ib. for bitches.

The estimate of excellence in these dogs
seems to have undergone a change in France.
At a recent show in the Tuileries Gardens
ten specimens were exhibited. None of these
was cropped-eared ; only three had the
red mask, the light eyes, and the liver-
coloured nose. The other seven with their
drop ears and black muzzles resembled the
English Mastiff, and it was to
two of the presumably un-
typical seven that the first and
second prizes were awarded.

The Spanish Bulldog. —
Associated with, and some-
times mistaken for, the Dogue
de Bordeaux is the Spanish
Bulldog, which is an almost
equally massive animal, bred
and trained for fighting. Some
writers doubt the existence of
a genuine Spanish Bulldog ;
but notwithstanding their in-
credulity such a breed exists.
Mr. F. Adcock imported seve-
ral specimens from Spain in
the 'eighties. One of these,
which he bought in Madrid,
weighed 105 Ib., and another,
named Alphonso, over 90 Ib.
He was a rich fawn in colour, with slight
white markings, his tail short and crooked ;
very massive and muscular, but exceedingly
active, and reputed to be a grand dog in
the arena. One named Toro was used with
the purpose of improving the stamina of
the British strain, but the experiment was
not necessary, since it has always been the
object of British Bulldog breeders to eliminate
the Mastiff type. A very good Spanish
Bulldog was exhibited at the Aquarium in
1896, and mistakenly entered as a Dogue de
Bordeaux. He was red in colour with a
black mask, and had a good Bulldog head.
It seems a pity he was not shown again in
his proper place, as he was a fine specimen
of his kind. The one whose portrait is
here given was the property of M. Rieu, of
Bordeaux. This dog, of the real fighting
strain, was brindle, with his ears close-
cropped. He is shown in fighting form, and
consequently somewhat light. His weight

FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. 511

when this portrait was taken was 72 lb.,
which was 18 lb. less than his usual weight.
His height at the shoulder was 21 inches, the
circumference of his skull 23 inches ; corner
of eye to tip of nose, 2 inches. His nose
was well laid back. There was a crook in
the middle of his tail.

The Spanish Alano may be the same
as the Spanish Bulldog, though it is
lighter in build and has less of the old
brack about it. Formerly it was used in
the national bullfights of Spain. Alanos,
of pure breed, are still to be found
in Andalusia and Estramadura, and they
are there used both as watch dogs and
for shooting over. There is a type of
the same dog in the Azores, known as
the Matin de Terceira, or the Perro do
Presa. The ears are always
cut round. The coat is short
and smooth, and is of various
shades of yellow, sometimes
with white or darker patches.
Its height is about 23 inches,
and weight 150 lb. The spe-
cimen represented in the pho-
tograph was the property of
Senor L. Rosas, of Cartaxo.

The fact that the Alano of
Andalusia is still used as a
hunting dog brings one to the
suggestion that many of the
massive dogs of Flanders are
of approximate type, and that
these also were at one time
used in the chase. It is no-
ticeable that many of the
hounds depicted in the old
Flemish tapestries of the six-
teenth and seventeenth cen-
turies hunting the stag and
the boar are undoubtedly
Alanos or Matins, and there is
a magnificent picture, by Ru-
bens, showing five such dogs

The Thibet Mastiff.— With his ma-
jestic form and noble head, his deep fur
of velvet black, and rich, mahogany tan
markings,_the Thibet Mastiff is one of the
handsomest, as he is one of the rarest,
of the canine race. He is also assuredly
one of the most ancient, for his type has
been preserved unchanged, since a period
dating long anterior to the beginning of the
Christian era. There can be no doubt that
the great dogs depicted in the sculptures
from the palace of Nimrod (B.C. 640) are of
this and no other breed. In these carven
representations of the gigantic dogs accom-
panying the sport-loving Assyrian kings or
pursuing the desert lion or the wild horse,
we have the wrinkled head with pendant
ears, the massive neck, the sturdy fore-

MATIN DE TERCEIRA CAO.

PROPERTY OF SENOR L. ROSAS, CARTAXO.

furiously in an attack upon a stag.

engaged

legs, and occasionally also the heavy tail
curled over the level back — all characteristics

Many of the dogs used for heavy draught of the Asiatic Mastiff. Cynologists ran-
work in Antwerp, Bruges, and Ghent, sacking the ages for evidence concerning
would almost justify the belief that they the early breeds, have discovered a yet more
are the descendants of such animals as ancient testimony to the antiquity of the
Rubens so vigorously portrayed. dog of Thibet, contained in Chinese writing

512

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

in a record of the year 1121 B.C., in which
it is stated that the people of Liu, a country
situated west of China, sent to the Emperor
Wou-wang, a great dog of the Thibetan
kind. The fact is also recorded in the
Chou King (Chapter Liu Ngao), in which
the animal is referred to as being four feet
high, and trained to attack men of a strange
race. Aristotle, who knew the breed as the
Canis indicus, considered that it might be
a cross between a dog and a tiger, and of
what other dog was it that Gratius Faliscus

THIBET MASTIFF (WITH SHORN COAT).

IMPORTED FROM INDIA BY

HR.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES IN 1906.

Photograph by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.

wrote in his " Carmen Venaticum," Sunt
qui seras alunt, genus intractabilis irae ?
This " untamable wrath " remains a charac-
teristic of the Thibet Mastiff to this day.

Great size and a savage disposition have
always been attributed to this dog. Marco
Polo, who made an expedition into Central
Asia and Mongolia, compared it in size
with the ass, and one can imagine that
Ktesias had these dogs in mind when,
writing of his sojourn in the East, he de-
scribed the Griffins that defended the high
mountains north of Persia, as a kind of
four-footed bird of the size of a wolf, with
paws like those of the lion, the body covered

with black feathers, red on the chest. Let
us substitute shaggy hair for feathers and
we have the black and tan Thibet dogs,
whose inhospitable reception of travellers
invading the mountain fastnesses might
well deter the stranger from inquiring too
closely into the exact nature of their body
covering.

It is a credible theory that the Asiatic
Mastiff, imported into Europe in the days
of early intercommunication between East
and West, became the ancestor of the old
Molossian dog, and, consequently, a forebear
of our own Bandog. This is the theory of
Mr. M. B. Wynn, the erudite historian of
the English Mastiff, and one sees no reason
to dissent from it.

The first Thibet dog known to have been
brought to England was presented by
George IV. to the newly instituted Zoological
Gardens. Two very good examples of the
breed were brought home from India by
H.M. The King, in 1876, and one of the
pair, Siring, was repeatedly pictured in
canine literature in illustration of the true
type of the breed, until a similar repre-
sentative appeared in Mr. H. C. Brooke's
D'Samu. This last-named specimen was
24 inches in height, and about 100 pounds in
weight. He had a magnificent ruff and
mane of outstanding hair, and in type he
remains second only to Sir William Ingram's
Bhotean. He had been in England eight
years when he died at the ripe age of fourteen.
He was a good watch, but somewhat morose,
wishing only to be left alone both by other
dogs and by humans. Mr. Brooke informs
me of the interesting circumstance that
regularly in the month of October D'Samu
took on a strange restlessness of disposition
which lasted for about a fortnight. He
would refuse food and would wander all
night about his compound moaning plain-
tively, and on several such occasions he broke
down his fence and escaped. At other
times a fence of thread would restrain him.
The only reasonable inference to be drawn
from this recurrent restlessness is that the
dog's nomadic instincts were asserting them-
selves. His ancestral kith and kin are said
to have been for generations migratory

FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. 513

dogs, going up range in the Himalayas in
May to avoid the summer heat and the
wet of the monsoon, and returning in
October and November to escape the
snow.

About twelve years ago Mr. Jamrach im-
ported a dozen of these dogs, somewhat
undersized, and, with one or two excep-
tions, not typical. Some of these went to

from the heat. He only survived his arrival
at the Zoological Gardens by a few weeks.
Probably it was an error to place him in a
cage with a south aspect exposed to the
exceptional sunshine of the summer of
1906. His shorn condition in the photo-
graph is particularly interesting, since it
shows indubitably how closely the dog
approaches to the true Mastiff type.

SIR WILLIAM INGRAM'S THIBET MASTIFF BHOTEAN.
IMPORTED BY MAJOR W. DOUGALL

Berlin, where their descendants still survive.
Some years earlier than Mr. Jamrach's
importations Count Bela Sczechenyi brought
three specimens from. India to his Hun-
garian estate. A pair of the Count's
Thibetans proved fairly tractable, but one,
after destroying all the pigs and other small
stock he could catch, finished his career by
killing an old woman who had the temerity
to protect her property with a broomstick.
Prince Henri d'Orleans, returning from his
journey towards Thibet, secured some of
these dogs, but they died before reaching
Europe.

In 1906 H.R.H. the Prince of Wales brought
home the one represented in Mr. Dando's
photograph (p. 512). The smooth appearance
of the animal is accounted for by the fact that
when in the Red Sea those in charge of him
thought it expedient to clip his coat quite
short, as he was showing signs of exhaustion

The following information on the Thibet
Mastiff is furnished by Mr. H. C. Brooke : —

" One of the main characteristics of the dog
is his size, which should be as great as possible,
the forequarters especially being well developed,
with sturdy fore-legs. The hindquarters strike
one as being comparatively weak, but this, like
the possession of dew claws, is frequent with
mountain dogs of other breeds. The lion-like
mane, standing, when the dog is in full coat,
straight out, ruffwise from the neck, enhances
the impression of his imposing size. In his
native land where, besides his duties as village
watchman and salt carrier, he is engaged to
guard flocks from wild beasts, he is often pro-
vided with an iron collar, which does considerable
damage to his ruff. The coat is very dense, with
a woolly undercoat, standing well out. Its
colour is usually black and tan, sometimes all
black, while red specimens are found. His
splendid bushy tail is often carried high, even
curled over the back. The character of the

514

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

head is somewhat between that of the Blood-
hound and the Mastiff, with powerful jaws, as
necessary in a dog required to encounter leopard
or wolf, or to hold an infuriated yak. The
occiput is high, and the skull and sides of the
face are much wrinkled. The eyes are small,
deeply set, and showing a good deal of the haw.
On the borders and outskirts of Thibet, the size
and type of the dog deteriorates ; the marked
properties disappear, and an ordinary looking
animal of sheep-dog type is reached. But the
true type is unmistakably Mastiff. The black
of the coat is velvety, very different from the
black of the Newfoundland."

At the Kennel Club Show at the Crystal
Palace in 1906, a very magnificent specimen
of this breed attracted the attention of all
visitors. This was Major W. Dougall's
Bhotean, unquestionably the most perfect
Thibet Mastiff ever seen in Great Britain.
He was in remarkably good coat, and the
richness of his markings — distributed as
are those of the Black-and-tan Terrier,
including the tan spots over the eyes — was
greatly admired. Very naturally he took
the first prize as the finest foreign dog in the
show. A high price was put against him in
the catalogue, and he was claimed by Sir
William Ingram.

The photograph on p. 513, which was
taken in India, was kindly supplied by
Major Dougall, who imported him direct
from Thibet, where he secured him during
the last Lhasa expedition under General
Sir Francis Younghusband. Major Dougall
has also favoured me with the following
account of Bhotean and his breed : —

" These wonderfully handsome dogs are now
yearly becoming more difficult to obtain. The
old type of Thibetan Mastiff, with his enormous
cowl of hair round the neck and beautiful
brush, carried curled over the back, is being
replaced by a hound type of animal, with
shorter coat, blunt head, and standing on
longer legs. The markings of the old type and
breed are, generally speaking, black and bright
red tan. They have almost all got a white
star or patch on the chest. Bhotean in his own
country was considered a particularly fine
specimen, and there was nothing like him
amongst the others which I saw, which were
brought to India on the return of the Thibet

Expedition in 1904. He was the long, low type,
on very short legs, with great bone, and enor-
mously powerful. His markings were as nearly
perfect as possible, and although it has been
stated that he did not show as much haw as
some specimens, I have never seen one which
showed as much as he did. His characteristics
were many and various. He was essentially a
one man's dog. I could do anything with him,
but he had an uncontrollable aversion to all
strangers (male), but never attempted to attack
any child or woman. He was, in consequence,
always led at exercise, and, latterly, never
allowed loose. At first I thought he had become
quite domesticated, and allowed him to go
loose, but with disastrous results. You could
not cure him of his fault of regarding strangers
(men) as his personal enemies. He was an
excellent guard, always awake at night and
resting during the day. He had a great fondness
for puppies and cats, and used invariably to
have either one or other in his box (loose).
" These dogs can stand any amount of cold,
but they cannot endure wet and damp. Their
own country being practically rainless, this is
perhaps accounted for. The Bhutans, who use
these dogs, are a copper - coloured race ;
they set the same value on them as the Arab
does upon his horse. They are used as guards
and protectors only, and are in no sense a
sheep dog. When the Bhutans come down to
the plains to sell their produce the dogs are left
behind as guards to their women and children.
Also, during the short summer, they are taken
to guard the flocks and herds, which travel long
distances to forage.

" These dogs have very often a great leather
collar on with roughly beaten spikes in it, so
that, in the event of a leopard or panther attack-
ing them, they are protected from the fatal grip
which these animals always try for on the throat.
When the herds are stationary for any time, the
natives hobble the dogs, by tying their forelegs
together, crossed. As they have excellent noses,
and are always on the qui vive, they soon speak
at the approach of any wild animal or stranger,
when they are set loose at once. The only food
(flesh) they get is what they kill themselves.
The bitches are very hard to get, and in my
opinion unless you could breed them and train
them from puppyhood in this country, they are
not worth the trouble of importing, as you
cannot alter the dog's nature, and although
perhaps for months he shows no sign of the
devil in him, it is assuredly there, and for no-

FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. 515

reason or provocation the old hatred of strangers
will assert, itself, more especially if he happens
to be suddenly aroused or startled.

" Bhotean's journey through India was an
expensive one, as he had to have a carriage to
himself. He effectually cleared the platform at
all stations where we stopped, and where he
was given exercise. Anyone who knows what
an Indian platform is like on arrival of the
mail train will appreciate
the good work he did
amongst an excitable and
voluble crowd of natives.
As regards the acclimat-
isation of these dogs, it
is a slow process. The
enormous coat they come
down from Thibet in
gradually dies off, and a
dog, arriving in England
at the beginning of a
year, does not grow his
new coat until the follow-
ing year, during the sum-
mer and autumn. He
therefore takes eighteen
months thoroughly to ac-
climatise.

" They want a great
deal of exercise, and from
my own experience of
them in India and in this
country, they will never
live under the conditions
to which they are com-
pelled to adhere at the
Zoological Gardens.

" They are most com-
panionable, and devoted
to their own master, but
are quick to resent pun-
ishment, and brood over it for some time.
A good scolding occasionally, with firm but
kind treatment, will make them your devoted
slaves, although nothing you can do will
eradicate what is really the dog's nature, viz.
to consider strangers as your and his own
personal enemies. He takes no notice of dogs,
unless they notice him first. Women and
children he pays no attention to. Any little
child would be perfectly safe with him."

The Pyrenean Dog. — In all lands where
special dogs have formerly been kept and
used for specific purposes, they have been

allowed to lapse into neglect when those
purposes have ceased to exist. When the
wolf died out of Ireland, the dog that had
hunted it became scarce, and would probably
have become altogether extinct, but for the
energy of one man who secured its preserva-
tion. The continuance of a working breed
depends very largely upon the continuance

M
BY

DRETZEN'S PYRENEAN
PATOU PAS fOURE.

DOG CH. PORTHOS

of the occupation for which it has been
adapted, and one can easily imagine what
would become of our perfect Foxhounds
if disease or some other disaster were to
put an end to the breeding capacities of
the fox. Our famous packs would all be
drafted, and Marksman and Ranger would
quickly degenerate into lazy loungers at
the fireside.

Fortunately for the continuance of dis-
tinctive national types, there are enthusiastic
lovers of the dog who are watchful that no
breed that is worth preserving shall be

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

suffered to die out, and if your Irish Wolf-
hound should threaten to become extinct,
or an avalanche menace your St. Bernard,
there is always some Captain Graham or
some Gumming Macdona ready at hand to
snatch the breed from the fate of the dodo.

What Captain Graham did for the noble
Irish Wolfhound has been done with even
more timely promptitude by Monsieur
Dretzen for the magnificent Chien des
Pyrenees.

The importance of this dog will have
been gathered from occasional references to
him in the foregoing chapters. We have seen
that he bore a considerable part in the origin
of the dog of St. Bernard ; he was probably
used as an outcross to produce the white
and black Newfoundland, and it is certain
that Sir Walter Scott's famous Deerhound
Maida had a Pyrenean sire. Whenever
our larger breeds have required an infusion
of strengthening blood there seems to have
been recourse to the virile Pyrenean strain.

Yet notwithstanding the acknowledged
excellence of this .race of dogs, it has been
allowed to become so rare that recently
the Royal Zoological Society tried in vain
to discover a single genuine specimen that
could be bought for money, and it may be
said that at the present time there are not
in all Europe more than a dozen really
typical examples of the breed.

Unquestionably it is a dog of very ancient
origin. For centuries it has been practically
confined to the Pyrenean mountains, and
more particularly to the southern slopes of
the chain, where it was kept by the Spanish
shepherds to protect their flocks from the
ravages of bear and wolf. They appear
always to have been white in colour, and
formerly the coat was short. It was not
until numbers of them were removed to
the French or northern side of the mountains,
where the climate is colder, that the coat
grew to the length which now contributes
so materially to the dog's beauty.

Technically it is not a sheepdog, but a
Mastiff, and but for the difference in colour
it bears considerable resemblance to the
Mastiff of Thibet. Somewhat higher on
the leg, and perhaps less muscular, it has

the same massive body, the same character
and texture of coat, and the same form of
head. The shape of the skull is precisely
similar, so is the carriage of the ear, the
set of the eye, and the form of the muzzle.
In the Pyrenean dog the flews are less heavy,
the eye shows less haw, and the expression
of countenance is more kindly. Probably
they are as a rule more docile, but the writer
has seen specimens quite as savage as the
Thibetan dog is reputed to be. The super-
ficial resemblance may be due to the fact
that they are both what the French classify
as Chiens de Montagne.

Like the Thibet Mastiff, the Pyrenean dog
was used for protecting rather than for
driving or leading sheep. In the beginning
of summer the Pyrenean shepherds moved
their flocks from the lowland pastures to the
mountains, where they remained for a
period of four or five months, often at an
altitude of five thousand feet above the
sea level. The dogs accompanied them,
and in a country infested by bears and wolves
there could be no better or more faithful
and courageous guardian. Gifted with an
exceedingly keen sense of hearing and an
excellent nose, the Pyrenean dog was
accustomed to mount sentry at night over
the sleeping flocks ; and if a marauding
Bruin should approach, or a stealthy pack
of wolves draw nigh, he knew it from afar,
and was ever alert to warn his master, or
himself to hasten to the attack, and the
wolf or bear who should face him would
have to deal with an exceedingly formidable
foe, whose quickness of decision and adroit-
ness in combat might be compared with the
trained skill of the fighting dog of the arena.

So trusty was this canine guardian of the
fold, that the shepherd could with confidence
leave him at intervals for two or three days
at a time, knowing that during his absence
the dog would tend the sheep unaided,
never deserting his post of duty. His
watchfulness was incessant. At nightfall
he was accustomed to take up a position
commanding his woolly charge, and there
remain sleepless and vigilant until dawn ;
or if there were two of them, one would
make a periodical tour of the mountain to

FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. 517

assure himself that the lambs were safe,
and that no enemy was lurking near.

These were his duties. But when wolves
and bears grew scarce the shepherds ceased
to value guardians who were no longer
necessary, and who were less practically
useful in the work of driving or rounding up
the flock than the ordinary sheepdog proved
to be. As a consequence the great dogs of
the Pyrenees ceased to be bred, or were only
bred to be sold to occasional admirers. A
Belgian officer some years ago imported
several, and the descendants of these per-
haps still survive in a deteriorated type.
Inferior cross-bred specimens may even
yet be discovered in their original home,
but the true dog of the Pyrenees is ex-
ceedingly rare. M. Dretzen not very
long ago searched through the whole range,
and out of three hundred and fifty dogs that
he examined he found only six presenting
the characteristics of the pure race. These
six he purchased, and took home to his
kennels at Bois-Colombes, and they and
their offspring are probably the only ex-
amples now existing of the genuine breed.
M. Dretzen 's most famous dog was Ch.
Porthos, who was exhibited throughout
Europe, and who died only a few months
ago, and it was perhaps with justification
that last year this splendid specimen of his
kind was introduced to the President of the
Republic as " the most beautiful dog in
France," for he was truly a magnificent
animal.

Of M. Dretzen's other dogs the most
notable are Ch. Birouk, Patou, Fracuesarou
Zailea, Fachon Zailea, Dom Bias Zai'lea,
and Ch. Birouk Zailea ; and his bitches
Pastoure and A'ida are hardly less typically
representative. Most of these, like Porthos,
are pure milky white, but some have been
touched with brindle grey or orange mark-
ings about the ears and the tip of the
tail.

In general appearance the Pyrenean dog
might be mistaken for a white St. Bernard,
but the head is small in comparison with the
body, the skull slightly rounded, and the
muzzle long and rather snipy. The nose
and lips are always black, and the eyes dark

and not large. The somewhat small and
triangular ears hang close to the head.
There is not much wrinkle about the face
or forehead^ and the flews are not heavy
enough to weigh down the cheeks and
disclose the haw. With strong, sloping
shoulders, deep and well-rounded chest, a
broad, slightly arched back, and powerful
loins, the dog stands upon straight and
well-boned legs and ample, rounded feet.
His brush is usually one of his most attractive
points ; it is long, carried low, and heavily
feathered. The coat is long, straight and
dense, lying close to the body. The dogs
may be as high as 30 inches at the shoulder,
with a weight of 155 lb., but Porthos con-
siderably exceeded this size.

About 1900 Mr. A. Muller used to show
Bob, a magnificent dog of the breed, of vast
size, white with a yellow patch on one ear.
His height was about 30 inches, undoubt-
edly the best seen in England. Mr. W. K.
Taunton's Malcolm is a typical specimen.

The Komondor. — A dog which is some-
times in error described as a Pyrenean dog
is the smaller Komondor, or Hungarian
sheepdog. Possibly they are related, for
their points agree, but the Hungarian dog
is seldom higher than 25 inches. His eyes
are more oblique and set closer together
than those of the Pyrenean, and his ears
are rounder and more elevated, he is also
longer in the couplings. One of the
breed, by name Csinos, now the property
of Miss Lefroy, of Norwich, was imported
by the Baroness von Boeselager seven years
ago. He is possibly the only specimen at
present in England. Csinos is 23 inches at
the shoulder, and he measures 43 inches
from the tip of his nose to the set-on of his
tail. He is light-eyed, and his nose is not
black, but otherwise he is a good average
example of his breed. He carries a beautiful,
dense, cream-coloured coat. In Hungary
these dogs are used for guarding the flocks
from wolves, and they are not, properly
speaking, sheepdogs. The pastoral dogs of
the country are of various kinds. Those of
the plains are reddish brown, with a sharp
nose, short erect ears, shaggy coat and
bushy tail, and they so much resemble the

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

wolf that a Hungarian has been known to
mistake a wolf for one of his own collies.
Dogs of the Pyrenean and Kornondor

MISS LEFROY'S KOMONDOR CSINOS.

type, with drop ears and deep white coats,
are curiously distributed over Europe. The
pastoral dog of the Abruzzes, often called
the sheepdog of the Maremmes, is decidedly
of this character, and might readily pass for
the Komondor.

The Leonberg. — It may be
expected that something should
here be said of the Leonberg
dog, as it is supposed also to
be a worker among flocks and
herds. The variety is recog-
nised in Germany and France
as a legitimate breed, and spe-
cimens may be seen at most of
the Continental shows, but in
England we have discarded the
dog as a transparent mongrel,
even as we rejected the Berg-
hund.

Some thirty years ago, when
large dogs were in much re-
quest, efforts were made to
establish the Leonberg in this
country, but it was admittedly
a cross between the Newfound-
land and the St. Bernard, and its
merits were recognised by none so much as
by the enterprising gentlemen who presented
it as " a new breed." Its history is very

simple. When a disastrous avalanche and a
visitation of distemper decimated the kennels
of the St. Bernard Hospice, Herr Essig, of
Leonberg, generously returned to the superior
of the hospice a St. Bernard dog and bitch,
which had been presented to him. Before
returning them he allowed the dog to be
mated with a Newfoundland, and the result
was the so-called Leonberg dog. This was
some fifty years ago, since when the variety
has prospered spasmodically. At the Paris
dog show of 1907, ten Leonbergs were
entered in the Chiens de Montagne class.
They were good-looking dogs, favouring the
Newfoundland rather than the St. Bernard.
Most of them were sables with dark points ;
but the English visitor, remembering their
origin, reflected that in a country where we
have St. Bernards such as Cinq Mars, and
Newfoundlands such as Shelton Viking, there
is no occasion to covet the descendants of
Herr Essig's experiment.

Of the Berghund it is enough to say that
it was a large dog fabricated in Waldheim as
a rival to the Leonberg.

The Owtchar, or Russian Sheepdog. —

RUSSIAN OWTCHAR (SHEEPDOG) OLGA.

It is pleasing to turn from a mongrel
to a genuine breed. Such certainly is the
old Russian Sheepdog, who is a yeoman of

FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. 519

long descent and respectability. He is inter-
esting mainly because of his resemblance
and probable relationship to our familiar
friend the Old English Bobtail. He is the
largest of all the European shepherds' dogs,

BELGIAN ROUGH-HAIRED SHEEPDOG.

standing very often as high as 31 inches,
and strong in proportion, as he need be,
for he must be capable of defending his
flock against predatory wolves. His chief
characteristic is his very dense long coat,
resembling the fleece of a neglected High-
land blackface, tangled and towsled
and matted. But for his untidiness, his
greater bulk and blockiness, and the
fact that he is often to be seen with a tail
of natural length, he might easily be mistaken
for an Old English Sheepdog. He has the
same massive head, but occasionally his
ears are cropped, and, thus lightened, are
carried semi-erect. Like the Bobtail, he
is square ; that is to say, his length is equal
to his height. His colour is usually slatey-
grey and dirty white, or sometimes nearly
black or rusty brown. These dogs used often
to be brought to England in the Baltic trading
ships, and were frequently called Russian
Terriers, but there is nothing of the terrier
about them. They are true sheep and cattle
dogs, and as such are excellent workers.

French, German, and Other Sheepdogs.
— As in Great Britain, where we have our

rough and smooth Collies, our Beardies and
Bobtails, in most of the European countries
there are more than one variety of- sheep-
dogs. In Belgium, where the sheep farms
are admirably conducted, there are many
kinds, most of them of ancient lineage,
and all of them prick-eared, and bear-
ing a suggestion of the wolf type in
their general appearance. It is possible,
indeed, that the wolf has at frequent
intervals contributed to the litters of
bitches tending sheep on the outly-
ing pastures. Efforts have recently been
made to classify the Belgian varieties, and,
generally distinguishing them, they may
be separated into three types, differen-
tiated according to the character of coat,
that is to say, wire-haired, long, or rough-
haired, and smooth-haired. The rough-
coated variety is commonly self-coloured
black with maybe a tuft of white on the
chest. It is a particularly handsome dog.
The wire-haired kind are grizzled grey, and
somewhat akin to our smooth Merle Collie,
but with ears more pointedly erect. Among

BELGIAN SMOOTH-COATED SHEEPDOG.

the smooth-coated dogs, fawn colour or
light sable prevails. These last, when
brought into show form, are particularly
attractive. All three are allowed to retain
their drooping tails.
The Dutch sheepdogs are much the

5 2O

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

same in type as those of Belgium, but are
perhaps less carefully bred. Those of Ger-
many may also be divided into three types

BELGIAN WIRE-HAIRED SHEEPDOG.

of rough-haired, smooth-haired, and wire-
haired dogs, and there is one variety not
very different from the Highland bearded
Collie, with drop ears. Many of the German
sheepdogs approximate to the Spitz type,
and this type is even more marked when
one goes further north, to Denmark, Norway,
and Sweden, where there is difficulty in
distinguishing the sheepdog from the Elk-
hound or the Samoyede. The best of the
German pastoral dogs, however, are those
which still show traces of the wolf blood,
which was particularly apparent some
twenty-five years ago. They are now bred
with extreme care not only
for work among the sheep,
but also for competition in
shows, and in this latter
respect they have reached
a very high order of per-
fection. Much of the im-
provement in the breed
has been due to the efforts
of Herr Rittmeister von
Stephanitz, of Oberbayern,
who has devoted years to
the work of eliminating the
wolf character and impart-
ing a fixity of type to a
breed which for beauty of

shape and purity of strain is second only
to the British Collie.

In France two types of shepherd dogs are
recognised, and these are classified respec-
tively as the Chien de Berger de Beauce, and
Chien de Berger de la Brie. The cattle dogs
seem merely to be declasse sheepdogs.
The Chien de Beauce is a large well-built
short-coated dog. Often he is black, or
black with tan markings, occasionally grizzle
and grey, with black patches. The ears are
sometimes cut, but when uncut they are
semi-erect. The tail is never docked. The
Chien de Brie has a shorter head than the
Beauce variety, the muzzle is less pointed, and
the ears are short and erect, never pendulous.
He wears a shaggy woolly coat, which is
either black or slate coloured, grizzle or
ruddy brown with darker brown shading.
The hair is lank rather than fluffy, and it
lends itself to grooming. The general shape
of the dog is not unlike the Old English
Sheepdog, but the tail grows naturally long,
and is kept so. A good example of the
breed is Madame Victor-Thomas's Ch. Polka
de Montjoye.

Other French varieties of shepherd dogs
are those of Languedoc, La Camargue, La
Crau, Picardie, the Ardennes, and the
Garigues, but they are not recognised as
distinct breeds.

The Rottweil Dog. — The early pictures
of wild-boar hunting in Germany show
that the ancient Boarhounds from which
the modern race was evolved were much

TYPICAL GERMAN SHEEPDOGS.

FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. 521

coarser than the elegant Deutsche Dogge
of to-day. The bristly game was hunted
in a more manly fashion than is now
usual. He was bayed by light, active
dogs, frequently a cross between the sheep-
dog and the Spitz (Saufinder), and then
attacked, covered, and held by powerful,
heavy dogs (Hatzriiden), to be ultimately
given the coup de grace with the Saufeder, or
boarspear. The hound needed to be very
powerful to attack an animal able to cleave
his way unscarred through the thickest
brushwood, and the fine coat and skin of
our modern Great Dane was not sought for
in the old Hatzriide ; but with the advent
of firearms and of the more comfortable
methods of pursuing the grim Eber or his
scarcely less dangerous consort the Bache,
the original breed of heavy Hatzriiden
disappeared, although his loose dewlap and
coarse, hard coat recurred with persistency
in some of the early strains of the Dane.

Of existing breeds the one bearing the
closest resemblance to the original German
Boarhound is not the Great Dane, which
should not be called a Boarhound at all,
but the Rottweil Dog, usually called the
Rottweiler Metzgerhund, or butcher's dog
of the town of Rottweil in South Ger-
many, in which district it is, or was,
largely used by the knights of the cleaver

for driving cattle. It is a strong, powerfully
built breed, not so tall or so graceful as the
Great Dane. Its height averages 23 inches.

FRENCH SMOOTH-COATED SHEEPDOG VOLTIGEUR
(CHIEN DE BERGER DE BEAUCE).

FRENCH SHEEPDOG OF LA BRIE

CH. POLKA DE MONTJOYE.

PROPERTY OF MADAME VICTOR-THOMAS.

The head is broad and domed, the ears are
pendant, the expression is intelligent and
courageous. The coat is not long, but thick,
coarse and weather-resisting. The tail is
thick, with the hair longer on the underside.
The colour is black and rich tan, the
markings being distributed in the manner
common to dogs of this colour ;
but occasionally red specimens
are seen.

The breed is already very
scarce, and as there are no
great inducements to its con-
tinuance, even as a drover's
assistant, it seems probable
that in a few years' time it
will have become extinct unless
preserved from that fate by the
club which has recently been
revived in Germany with the
purpose of resuscitating the
breed.

Police Dogs. — Considerable
attention has been paid in
various countries to the train-
ing of dogs in the assistance
of the police. The police dogs

522

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

of Belgium are especially notable. Those
of the town of Ghent, indeed, are famous
throughout the world, and specimens exhi-
biting particular skill in the detection and
tracking of evil-doers have been exported to
countries so far away as China and Japan.
The most intelligent of the Ghent police
dogs have usually been of Collie type. They
are systematically schooled in the pursuit
of their man whom they will follow over
high walls, through intricate alleys, across

have been saved, and the riverside has been
rendered more safe for respectable pedestrians
in the hours of darkness. The dogs, which
are mostly of Retriever, cross-bred New-
foundland and Leonberg type, are kept in
special quarters in the police station on the
Quai de la Tournelle, and are told off for
duty in the daytime as well as at night.

Travellers on the Continent may often
notice the dogs kept at the various octroi
cabins on the frontiers. These are used to

DOGS OF THE RIVER BRIGADE, PARIS.

country, and even into water until they
catch him, seize him, and hold him. They
perform regular service, and are sent on
their beat with policemen from ten o'clock
at night until dawn.

With a number of Belgian Collies intro-
duced to form the nucleus of a working team
many of the American cities have lately
acquired the services of dogs as an assistance
to the police, not only in the tracking of
criminals but also in the work of finding lost
children and missing property, and in giving
the alarm on the outbreak of a fire.

In much the same way the chiens plongeurs,
or swimming dogs, attached to the river
police, on the banks of the Seine in Paris,
are trained. In addition to tracking down
malefactors infesting the river banks, these
dogs are taught to rescue persons who have
accidentally fallen or intentionally thrown
themselves into the water from bridge or
quay. Since the inauguration of these useful
teams in 1900, a considerable number of lives

assist in the detection and pursuit of
smugglers, at which work they arc remark-
ably clever ; but there is an even more
active and cunning class of dog employed by
the contrabandists themselves, who train
them to evade the vigilant douanier and his
canine assistants, and to carry consignments
of illicit goods across the frontiers at night
and in stormy weather, the loads of silk,
lace, tobacco, spirits, or other taxable com-
modities being packed in small compass
about their bodies and covered with a false
coat. The method of training these smug-
gling dogs is that of implanting in their
minds a rooted fear of all men in uniform,
and they are taught to make their journey
by unfrequented paths ; consequently they
steer clear of the uniformed guards at the
frontier stations, and make their way to
their destination by secret routes which are
frequently changed. The police dogs are
seldom a match for these cunning four-footed
contrabandists.

FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. 523

At Arlon-Vitron, on the borders of Luxem-
bourg, and probably at many other places in
Europe, dogs are attached to the postal
service to carry the mails to the outlying

It is doubtful whether the dogs who
fought in such a battle as that of Marathon
were set against the enemy's soldiers or
against the chariot horses ; which seems

districts, and even to deliver separate letters more probable. But nowadays when we

at various destinations. This is work to
which most breeds may be easily trained,
as many of us know who are accustomed

; let slip the dogs of war," it is for a more
humane purpose than either of these.
At the present time there are few of the

to send messages tied to the collars of great armies of the world in which dogs are

GUARDING THE BAGGAGE :
AMBULANCE DOGS.

our canine friends. It is merely a matter
of putting the dog's
homing instincts to
practical use.

The Dogs of War.
— It is certain that the
great Molossian dogs
of the ancient Greeks
and Romans were oc-
casionally taken into
battle, provided with
spiked collars as weap-
ons of offence in addi-
tion to the weapons
which nature had given
them. Plutarch has
made frequent refer-
ence to these formid-
able dogs of war. In
the middle ages, too,
dogs often entered into
the strife of the battle-
field dressed, like the chargers, in full suits
of protective armour surmounted with a
head piece and crest. Suits of such armour
for war dogs may be found in many Con-
tinental museums, and a particularly fine
example is preserved in Madrid. There is
a less perfect suit in the armoury of the
Tower of London. Protective armour was
also used in early times for the especial
hounds of the chase which were slipped
upon such dangerous quarry as the wild
boar, the dogs being furnished with richly
damasked corselets and back plates, " to
defend them from the violence of the
swine's tusks," as we are reminded by
Cavendish, who saw them armed in this
manner at Compiegne ; and a hound thus
apparelled is represented in the mid-dis-
tance of the fifteenth century tapestry pho-
tographed on page 141 of this present work.

not trained for the particular work of carrying

ONE OF MAJOR RICHARDSON'S

messages or cartridges into the fighting lines,
and for the yet more important work of
taking succour to the wounded.

The idea of utilising the dog upon the
modern battlefield originated with Herr J.
Bungartz, the celebrated German animal
painter. It was in 1885 that he began to
devote his energies to selecting and training
the most suitable dogs, and it is interesting
to note that of all breeds the Scottish Collie
was found to be by far the most adaptable
and clever, although in finding the wounded
the German Pointer has proved almost
equally successful. The French Army favour
a cross with the Pyrenean dog for ammuni-
tion serving on account of his strength,
which enables him to carry as many as five
hundred cartridges. The Barbet seems also
to be a useful breed in this capacity. In
Russia, Austria, and Italy, St. Bernards,

524

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Sheepdogs, and Spaniels are variously used,
but the Japanese officers who visited Europe
some years ago to study the relative merits
of the different dogs decided in favour of the
Collie, which is also the breed approved in
the army of the Sultan.

In the British Army it is of course the
Collie that is used for ambulance work,
and the greater number have been trained
under the instructions of Major E. H.
Richardson, late West Yorkshire Regiment,
some of whose dogs were used with excellent
results in the recent campaign in Manchuria
by the Russian Red Cross Society. The
invaluable aid which these dogs rendered
resulted in the saving of many a wounded
soldier's life. Ambulance trials are periodic-
ally held at Aldershot, and other military
camps. Men are hidden in ditches, tall
grass, and woods, and the Collies, started
off by word of command, speedily find
them.

Pariah Dogs. — Pariah dogs are to be
found in almost all Oriental towns prowl-
ing about their own particular encampment,
and in a measure protecting the greater
encampments of their human friends.
Primarily they are not wild dogs attracted
towards the dwellings of men by an easy
means of obtaining food, but descendants of
the sentinel and scavenger dogs of a nomad
race, domestic dogs which have degenerated
into semi-wildness, yet which remain, as by
inherited habit, in association with mankind.
They vary considerably according to their
abode, and there is no fixed type ; they are
all mongrels. But by the process of in-
discriminate interbreeding and the influence
of environment, they acquire local character
which may often be mistaken for type.
And, indeed, they are sufficiently alike to
be described generally as about the size of
the Collie, resembling the Dingo, tawny in
colour, with a furry coat, a bushy tail, and
pointed ears. Everywhere they are master-
less, living upon what they can pick up in
the streets. Everywhere they gather in
separate communities restricted by recog-
nised frontiers beyond which they never
stray, and into which the dogs of no other
community are permitted to enter. Every-

where each separate pack has its chosen
leader or sentinel who is followed and
obeyed and who alone has the privilege of
challenging the leader of a rival pack and of
keeping his subjects within bounds.

It is the common custom to speak and
write of Pariah dogs as diseased and de-
testable scavengers, feeding on garbage,
snarling and snapping at all strangers, and
making night hideous by their unearthly
howling. But no lover of dogs can live for
any length of time in an eastern city such as
Constantinople without being intensely
interested in these despised and rejected
waifs. Studying them for their points, he
will acknowledge that when in good condition
many of them are handsome beasts, not
wholly destitute of the qualities desired in
the more favoured breeds. Studying them
for their habits, he will discover what is
often missed by the inattentive observer,
that they have characteristics meriting
admiration rather than disgust and con-
tempt.

They are not scavengers in the literal
sense. They do not feed on filth and offal,
but merely select such scraps as serve their
purpose out of the dustbins placed at night
outside the door of every house to be re-
moved in the early morning. Frequently,
on account of the dogs, these bins contain
more and better food than would otherwise
be thrown away. Where Pariahs are not
ill-used they are rarely aggressive, and often
very sociable, and when kindly notice is
taken of them they will return the civility
with a canine caress. The Turks, who
consider the dog an unclean animal, never
willingly touch them ; but otherwise they
treat them most humanely. In hot weather
they supply them regularly with water,
and when a bitch is with whelp, a box is
reserved for her in some sheltered corner,
in which the puppies are born. As the
pups are remarkably pretty, they are petted
by the children, and fed with scraps of a
better quality of food than their parents are
able to find.

There are more dogs in Pera than in
Stamboul, a fact which is no doubt due to
the greater number of hotels and restaurants

FOREIGN NON-SPORTING AND UTILITY BREEDS. 525

in the aristocratic quarter, where more
dainty food may be gathered.

The Pariah dog never attempts to enter
a dwelling, but will patiently wait outside
until the expected food is brought out, and
one may notice with what regularity they
divide into packs, each pack taking up its
station at a particular spot.

This separation into packs is one of the
most curious characteristics of these dogs.
They keep strictly within the bounds of
their own quarter, and if one dares to stray
into a rival camp he is immediately attacked,
and probably killed. No dog of any other
breed is safe in the streets of Constantinople,
but instances have been known of Pariah

dogs chivalrously protecting the pet dog
of persons who have been kind to them.
It is rarely that anyone is bitten by them,
although they may snap when kicked or
trodden upon. Cases of rabies very seldom
occur among Pariah dogs. Distemper is in-
frequent ; in hot weather mange is common.
Some years ago, in the time of the Sultan
Mahmud II., an attempt was made to get
rid of these dogs from Constantinople, and
as it is contrary to the Mohammedan law to
kill an animal, they were shipped to an
island off the coast. They all swam back
to the mainland, however, and returned to
their original quarters in the city, where
they have never since been molested.

PARIAH DOGS OF CONSTANTINOPLE

526

SAMOYEDE DOGS HARNESSED TO ANTARCTIC SLEDGE.
THE NEAR MIDDLE DOG IS MRS. RINGER'S OUSSA.

CHAPTER LX.
ARCTIC AND OTHER DRAUGHT DOGS.

" Unmeet we should do

As the doings of wolves are,
Raising wrongs 'gainst each other
As the dogs of the Norns,
The greedy ones nourished
In waste steads of the earth."

LAY OF HAMDIR.

THE uncivilised Polar tribes, both those
who inhabited the Siberian tundras,
and the Eskimos of America and
Greenland, had discovered long before Arctic
expeditions had begun, , a safe and easy
means of traversing the barren, trackless
regions of the frozen North : namely the
sledge drawn by dogs They were a semi-
nomadic people, moving their habitations
at certain seasons of the year in accordance
with the varying facilities for procuring
food, and the need for a convenient method
of locomotion by land and the absence of
any other animal fitted for the work of
hauling heavy burdens very naturally
caused them to enlist the services of the dog.
Nor could a more adaptable animal have
been chosen for travelling over frozen ground
and icebound seas, had these inhabitants of
the frigid zone been at liberty to select from
the fauna of the whole earth. Had the
horse been possible, or the reindeer easily
available, the necessity of adding fodder to
the loaded sleds was an insuperable diffi-

culty ; but the dog was carnivorous, and
could feed on blubber, walrus skin, fish,
bear, or musk ox, obtained in the course of
the journey, or even on the carcases of his
own kind ; and his tractable character, the
combined strength of an obedient pack, and
the perfect fitness of the animal for the
work required, rendered the choice so
obvious that there can hardly have been a
time when the Arctic peoples were ignorant
of the dog's value.

The Eskimos are not an artistic race ;
but the few ancient records rudely inscribed
on rock or bone give proof that in the very
earliest times their sledges were drawn by
dogs. In the sixteenth century Martin
Frobisher, who voyaged to Greenland in
search of gold, and the early navigators who
penetrated far into the Arctic seas to seek
a north-west passage, observed with interest
the practical uses to which the wolf-like dog
of the north was put. In later times the
European explorers recognised the advantage
of imitating the Eskimo method of locomo-

ARCTIC AND OTHER DRAUGHT DOGS.

527

tion in circumstances which made the use
of the sailing boat impossible, and the
modern explorer into Arctic regions regards
his teams of sledge dogs as being as much a

SAMOYEDE CH. OLAF OUSSA.
PROPERTY OF MRS. FREDERIKA RINGER.

necessary part of his equipment as fuel and
provisions.

It was in Siberia that the sledge dog
was first applied to the service of Polar ex-
ploration. Already in the seventeenth and
eighteenth centuries the Russians undertook
very extensive sledge journeys, and charted
the whole of the Siberian coast from the
borders of Europe to Behring Strait. But
this means of covering great distances with
dog-drawn sledges attained its highest de-
velopment under McClintock. While the
Russians, however, travelled with a large
number of dogs and only a few men,
McClintock and other adventurous Britons
used few dogs and many men. The American
explorer, Lieutenant Peary, saw the wisdom
of employing as many dogs as possible, often
having a hundred and more together.
Nansen, who knew the utmost importance
of having good sledge haulers, took as large
a kennel as he could accommodate, and
added many of his own later breeding to be

ready for his great drive in search of the
Pole. Thirty of them were Ostiak dogs,
but as many more were of the East Siberian
breed which are better sledge workers than
those of the West. Nansen owed the success
of his expedition to his canine companions ;
without them his memorable journey with
Johansen would have been impossible. The
hardships of this adventure into the polar
loneliness were severe upon the dogs, and
many had to be killed in turn to provide
food for their comrades of the trace.

" On Wednesday evening Haren was killed ;
poor beast, he was not good for much latterly,
but he had been a first-rate dog, and it was
hard, I fancy, for Johansen to part with him ;
he looked so sorrowfully at the animal before
it went to the happy hunting-grounds, or
wherever it may be that draught dogs go to ;
perhaps to places where there are plains of
level ice and no ridges and lanes. There are
only two dogs left now — Suggen and Kaifas —
and we must keep them alive as long as we can,
and have use for them." *

A HARD-WORKING ESKIMO FOREGOER.
PROPERTY OF THE HUDSON BAY COMPANY.

* The quotation is from Nansen's " Farthest
North," and the implication in the last phrase
is a doubt as to whether the two travellers or
the two dogs would be the survivors.

528

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Nansen's dogs were mostly of the white
or white and black Samoyede breed. Peary's
were of the larger and more wolf-like
Eskimo race. Both travellers have much
to say in their published records of the
working capabilities of their dogs, and
from them and the writings of other Arctic
and Antarctic explorers one gathers much
that is enlightening concerning the nature
of the various breeds.

The Samoyede, or Laika, is the smaller

YOUNG SAMOYEDES BY PETER THE GREAT ALASKA

BRED BY THE HON. MRS McLAREN MORRISON.

dog, and the less powerful, as it is also the
more decoratively beautiful, with its thick
fur of pure snowy white. Some of them are
entirely black with a white patch on the
chest, and many of the white ones have
black about the head, while occasionally
brown or fawn occurs ; but unblemished
white is the colour most admired, giving
distinction to the black nose and the bright
dark eyes. With its pointed muzzle, and
sharply erect ears, its strong, bushy tail,
and short body, the dog is obviously of
Spitz type, but the wolf nature is always
more or less apparent, and one cannot doubt
that the white Arctic wolf has contributed
largely to its origin. In height the Samoyede
is from 18 to 22 inches; weight about 60 Ib.

The Eskimo, although less comely in
appearance, is larger by a few inches, and
zoologically a more interesting dog, as
being much more nearly allied to the wolf.
Personally he is a sturdy, well-boned animal,
with excellent body qualities, and admirable
limbs. His resemblance to his wild relative
is accentuated by his long, snipy muzzle,
and his erect triangular ears, although it
may be noted that his Eskimo owner has a
fancy for the ear carried low. The eyes are
set obliquely, like those
of the wolf, and the
jaw is formidable, with
excellent dentition.
With a strong, arched
neck, a broad chest,
and muscular quarters,
he is apparently made
for work, and for ac-
complishing long jour-
neys, with tireless en-
durance. His tail is
long and bushy, and
in the adult is usually
carried over the back.
His coat is dense, hard
and deep, especially on
the back, where it may
be from two to four
inches in length, with
a woolly undercoat to
resist the penetrating
snow and cold. It is

longer about the neck and the thighs, but
shorter on the legs and head. In colour it
is the same as that of the wolf, black or
rusty black with lighter greyish markings
on the chest, belly and tail. Often a pure
white dog may be seen, as Peary's Lion,
who was very little different from the
Siberian breed, and in all there is the
characteristic light spots above the eyes.
The height of the Eskimo dog may average
22 inches at the shoulder.

Many lupine traits are observable in the
Eskimo dog. He does not habitually bark,
but has a weird wolfish howl ; and he is re-
markable for his thievishness and his destruc-
tiveness towards smaller animals. Possibly
he inherits from the wolf, with whom he is

ARCTIC AND OTHER DRAUGHT DOGS.

529

so often crossed, his facility, noticeable even
in imported specimens of his kind, in picking
the flesh from a fish as cleanly as if the bones
had been scraped by a surgical instrument.
One wonders if dogs bred in civilisation
would lose this facility. They are irregular
in their feeding, and are content if they get
a good meal thrice a week, and for lack of
better food they will devour almost anything,
from a chunk of wood to a coil of tar rope,
their own leather harness, or a pair of
greasy trousers. In the severest Arctic
weather they do not suffer from the cold,
but they are subject to diseases uncommon
in civilised kennels. Paralysis of the legs,
and convulsions, are deplorably frequent,
but the worst complaint is the epidemic
madness which seems to attend them during
the season of protracted darkness. True
rabies are unknown among the Eskimo and
Indian dogs, and no one bitten by an afflicted
dog has ever contracted the disease.

Characteristic of the Eskimo dog is the

MR. H. C. BROOKE'S FAMOUS ESKIMO

ARCTIC KING.

fact that each team has its king, who is
not always the strongest, but usually the
most unscrupulous bully and tyrant. In
North Greenland a marriage between a dog
and a bitch of this breed is binding for life.
They are monogamous, and any interference
with the sanctity of the marriage tie results
in a fight to the death.

The ordinary load taken over good ground
by a team of six Eskimo dogs is 800 lb.,
at a rate of seven miles an hour. The speed
necessarily-depends upon the ground, the
weight of the sledge, and the condition of
the dogs. Kane was carried for seven hundred
miles at a rate of fifty seven miles a day, but
the record speed of a dog sledge was made
in the rescue of a sailor in Lieutenant
Schwatka's expedition. The man was seen

WEST SIBERIAN (OSTIAK) SLEDGE DOG.

IMPORTED WITH OTHERS FOR ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION.

Photograph by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.

at a distance of ten miles across an
ice-covered bay, just before nightfall.
To leave him there involved his death
from frostbite, and two Eskimo na-
tives with a double team of forty
dogs were sent to fetch him. The
runners were " iced " and the men
armed with knives to cut adrift any
dog who might lose his footing, and
be dragged to death, for there was no
stopping when once started. They did the
ten miles in twenty-two and a half minutes.
Probably the dogs employed for draught
in Northern America are generally more
expert at their work than those used by the
Arctic explorers. The Hudson Bay hauling
dogs have been known to do more than 2,000

530

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

miles on a winter journey, and forty miles
a day has been an average record for a
good team with a load of, say, a hundred
pounds in weight.

The Eskimo is largely used in the North
West, but a half breed is considered better.
Many are a cross between the Eskimo and the

ESKIMO FARTHEST NORTH.

SURVIVOR OF ONE OF THE PEARY EXPEDITIONS.
Photograph by Mr. W. H. Slrick.

wolf, but the superlative dog for hauling is
the offspring of the Eskimo and what is
known in Canada as the Staghound. For
speed, strength, and staying power, these
are second to none. Many breeds, however,
are employed, including the pure Newfound-
land, who is too heavy and clumsy for
winter travelling. The Hare Indian, or
Mackenzie River dog, was formerly used,
and even the Greyhound and the Spaniel.
The " Huskies" so frequently referred to in
Jack London's " Call of the Wild," are of
the Eskimo and wolf cross, and the " Giddies"
are of similar parentage, bred specially
by the Indians for hauling purposes. These
last are willing workers, but vicious brutes,
who fight their way through summers of

semi-starvation and winters of too much
ill-treatment, hunger and the lash.

In the Hudson Bay territory four Huskies
are harnessed to the sled in tandem order,
the harness consisting of saddles, collars,
and traces. The leader, or " foregoer," sets
the pace, and changes his course at a word
from the driver, who, whatever his nation-
ality, speaks to his team in the patois of the
North. " Hu " and " Choic," anglicised to
" you " and " chaw," are the words necessary
to turn the foregoer to right or left. The
team is started by the command " Marche."
The sled or steer dog is the heaviest and
strongest of the team, trained to swing the
ten foot long sled away from all obstacles.
Some of the Indians and the Eskimos have
a separate trace for each dog, which enables
the team to spread out fan wise, when travel-
ling over thin ice ; but for land journeys the
tandem method is better alike for speed
and for safety. In the North West the
harness is made of moose skin, and is often
decorated with ribbons and little bells. The
dogs seem to enjoy the tinkling, and if the
bells are taken away from them they sulk,
and do not go half so well. As a protection
against frozen snow the dogs' feet are pro-
vided with skin shoes. Their food consists
of dried and fresh fish, dried and fresh meat,
blubber, pemmican and imported dog biscuit,
according to the yield of the country.

In summer the dogs are turned loose,
and go off by themselves in packs, but before
the winter comes on they return to their
old masters, usually accompanied by puppies.

Both the Samoyede and the Eskimo dog
may occasionally be seen at shows in Eng-
land. The former, indeed, appears to be
becoming popular as a ladies' pet, probably
on account of its great beauty. The puppies
of the Samoyede are more delightfully pretty
than those of perhaps any other breed, and
are always attractive to visitors who see
them in the litter classes. They are like
fluffy balls of pure white wool.

Mrs. Kilburn Scott, the Hon. Mrs.
McLaren Morrison, Mrs. Ringer, and Mrs.
Everitt, are among the ladies who have
given most attention to the breed. Mrs.
Ringer's Ch. Oussa and Ch. Olaf Oussa are

531

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532

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

perhaps the best specimens of the white
variety seen within recent years, and Mrs.
Morrison's Alaska and Rex Albus are an
admirable pair. Of the black or black-and-
white variety Mrs. Morrison's Peter the
Great and Mrs. Everitt's imported Malchik.
have been among the most notable.

The Eskimo has never been fashionable
as a companion, but some excellent specimens
of the breed have been imported from time
to time. Perhaos Mr. W. K. Taunton's Sir

BELGIAN DRAUGHT DOGS.

John Franklin was as perfectly typical as
any. Mr. H. C. Brooke's Arctic King,
a Hudson's Bay dog, was another good one
of the pure strain, brought from his native
land as a puppy by a Dundee whaler. He
was 22 inches at the shoulder, in colour grey
with white points. Arctic King was fre-
quently exhibited in Great Britain and
France, and was the winner of over seventy
first prizes. Farthest North, who also be-
longed to Mr. Brooke, and later to Miss Ella
Casella, was the last surviving dog member
of the historic pack used by Lieutenant
Peary in his crossing of Greenland. He
was very much like Arctic King, but taller
and more gaunt and wolf-like. He was also
less of a savage bully. With other dogs he
was ill-tempered, but with humans most

affectionate and gentle. He died in January,
1902 — curiously enough for a dog that had
lived most of his life within the Arctic circle —
from the effects of a chill on the liver. His
outer self is preserved in a glass case in
the Natural History Museum at Kensington.
Other notable Eskimo dogs of recent
years have been Mr. Temple's Boita, a huge
dog ; Mr. H. C. Brooke's Arctic Imperator,
bred at the Zoo ; Mr. Temple's Arctic Queen ;
Arctic Prince — a black son of Arctic King,
Mr. Stoneham's Eric,
and Messrs. Brooke and
King's imported pure
white bitch Greenland
Snow, who is still alive.
Belgian Draught
Dogs. — The stranger
resting for a while in
Brussels, Antwerp,
Bruges or Ghent, or in
any one of the pictur-
esque towns of Flanders,
and taking his morning
walk through the old-
world streets is usually
impressed by the num-
ber of little carts which
he sees busily minister-
ing to the needs of the
inhabitants, loaded wifh
milk cans, loaves,
butcher's meat, or vege-
tables, and drawn by dogs. Any sunny
morning in the thronged market-place
of a town like Antwerp or Malines, one
may see a crowd of vendors' stalls or
barrows, each shaded with its coloured
awning, and lying near it the two or three
muscular canines which have drawn it
thence from the outlying market gardens.

In hot weather, when the dogs pant under
their burdens as they strain at the shafts or
between the wheels, it may be that they
give the. impression of being cruelly over-
worked. They often drag considerable loads
which seem too much to tax their strength.
Many of them, too, may be muzzled, con-
veying the idea that hard labour and ill-
usage have made them dangerously savage.
But as a matter of fact cruelty and over-

ARCTIC AND OTHER DRAUGHT DOGS.

533

work are exceptional. The owners of the
dogs know too well their value to spoil
them by harsh treatment, and as for over-
work, one needs but to cast a judge's critical
eye upon the animals to be convinced that
they are marvels of strength, that they are
usually in the prime of condition, and that

unencumbered by the weight of the vehicle ;
the whipple-tree is mounted on a pivot,
enabling the dog to turn without being
violently struck by the shafts, and the
light harness must be so distributed as to
prevent all rasping, or the over-exercise of
any particular set of muscles. The carts

"THEY OFTEN DRAG CONSIDERABLE LOADS."

so far from resenting their duties they
positively enjoy their work. It is said,
indeed, that there is only one day in the
week on which a Belgian draught dog is
unhappy, and that is Sunday, when he
remains at home inactive. Furthermore,
the Belgian club for the amelioration of
draught dogs encourage kind treatment by
offering generous prizes for the best-kept
and most capable dogs, and breeding for
quality and bone is studied with extreme
particularity. The construction of the carts,
too, and the manner of harnessing the dogs
so that the burden may be equalised, and
the stra'n lessened, is scrupulously attended
to by municipal bye-laws. The shafts are
so placed that the dog may lie down at ease,

are always on springs, and a brake is im-
perative. The most approved position for
the dog or dogs is under the cart, with the
traces attached to the axle ; this method
relieves the animals of the weight which
they must bear when between the shafts
of a two-wheeled vehicle.

The foreigner has difficulty in identifying
the breeds most generally used for traction
in Belgium, and only realises that the dogs
are of immense build and strength with
wonderful legs, broad thick withers, and
straight backs. Long coated dogs are not
often employed. The favourite breed is
a descendant oi' the old Flemish Matin
often crossed with a dog of Great Dane
type. Apart from the Matin, any tall and

534

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

muscular breed may be employed. Strength
and adaptability are naturally of greater
consideration than purity of pedigree. But
there seems to be a disposition to breed
certain recognised strains, and the peri-
odical shows of working dogs held in
Belgium are doing excellent work in this
direction.

Interesting statistics were published some
months ago in The Kennel Gazette, pointing to
the immense number of dogs engaged in
draught work in Belgium. It was stated
that at the smallest estimate some 150,000
dogs were so employed throughout the
Kingdom, and that each dog worked 300
days in the year ; the value of each dog's
earnings was estimated at not less than a
franc a day, totalling 45,000,000 francs per
annum. This is equivalent to an earning
capacity of £1,800,000. But large as these
earnings appear, they do not represent the
actual number of dogs now used in Belgium
for traction. The return quoted was made
in 1901, and allowing for the rate of increase
indicated in the previous eight years, and
assuming that the increase since 1901 has
been proportionate, there ought now' to be
300,000 working dogs, earning in the year
£3,600,000 sterling.

In the agricultural districts of Belgium,
Holland, Germany, and France, dogs are
commonly used for light draught work.
The writer has even seen them engaged in
drawing the plough. In Paris and Berlin
they are less frequently employed, but occa-
sionally in the early morning they may be
noticed attached to small delivery carts
straining willingly and powerfully at their
auxiliary traces, their masters taking an
easier position between the shafts.

Draught Dogs in England. — Many per-
sons not yet very old, can remember
a time when dogs were commonly used
for draught work in England. They were
most often to be seen hauling or helping
to haul bakers', butchers', or milkmaids'
carts, or tinkers' barrows, and the phrase
" tinkers' cur " has a direct historical appli-
cation. Two or more muscular mongrels
might be employed to drag a light vehicle,
and it was a frequent sight in the parks and

country roads to see a brace of dogs of the
better sort harnessed to children's carriages.
Costers would often take out their sweet-
hearts on a Sunday afternoon in a chaise
drawn by dogs. At one time dogs did
almost all the traction labour that is now
done by the donkey, and there is no room
for doubt that they were so shamefully
treated and overworked that it was necessary
for the law to prohibit their employment.

In the light of our modern knowledge we
recognise that a wiser plan of averting ill-

Thefe children appear to
ride very quietly. Dogs are
capable of drawing a great
weight, and two of them may
travel feveral miles in a day
with a child or two in a chaife.
In Newfoundland dogs are ufcd
for drawing wood from the fo-
reils to the houfes.

FROM "TRIFLES FOR CHILDREN." (LONDON, 1801).

usage would have been the one now adopted
in Belgium of offering prizes for the best
kept hauling dogs, rather than altogether
to prohibit their use as draught animals.
Many of our larger breeds such as the Mastiff,
the St. Bernard, the Newfoundland, and the
Great Dane, would benefit incalculably in
an increase of sinew and stamina if within
limits they were allowed to do strenuous
work. One can well imagine how majestic
a team of Irish Wolfhounds would look in
a suitably appointed equipage.

535

CHAPTER LXI.

PET DOGS AND HAIRLESS DOGS.

" Plus qui je vois les hommes, plus j'aime les chiens."

IN most of the Continental countries, as very little, if anything, larger than a rat,

in the United States, the little dogs and, as if to prove her of mature growth,

of which in Great Britain we make pets beside her were her two pups, about as

and drawing-room companions are commonly big as mice.

kept, the active Fox-terrier, the silky-coated It is a native of Mexico, where there are

Yorkshire, the fluffy Pomeranian, or Loulou, other very small lap-dogs. But the Chi-

huahua is a breed
distinct in itself, and
is not to be con-
founded with the
tiny long-haired and
large -eared Mexican
" Poodle." A re-
markable fact in
connection with the
dog is that when
taken away from
Chihuahua, and bred
for a time in another
part of the world, or
even in any other
district of Mexico
the progeny increases
in bulk and becomes
as the natives say
" degenerado." Cap-
tain Mayne Reid

going pages. Then, too, there is the curious noticed this in the case of individuals met
tribe of hairless dogs of which so little is with in the Mexican capital, where the
yet understood. It is necessary that these little creature is greatly prized as a pet.
should be mentioned. He thought it possible that the climate

The Chihuahua. — The dog of Chihuahua and soil had something to do with the
(pronounced Chee-wa-wa) is, perhaps, the increase of size under expatriation from
smallest of the canine family. A full the high table -lands of Chihuahua, and
grown specimen may be so minute as to certainly it seems to be impossible to main-
stand with all four feet upon a man's tain the small size for many generations
hand. Some mature dogs have failed to in any other country than Chihuahua,
turn the scale at twenty-three ounces ; but Presumably the Conquistadores of Mexico,
a larger specimen may weigh as much as finding it there, carried it not only to old
four pounds, which is a trifle over the weight Spain, but throughout all Spanish America,
of Mrs. Lilburn MacEwan's Chadro. In There are some persons who believe that
the British Museum some years ago there the Chihuahua was the original of the Belgian
was the stuffed skin of a bitch of this breed Papillon, but this is to confuse the smooth-

t h e snowy - coated
Maltese, the impu-
dent Brussels Grif-
fon, and the many
varieties of Toy
Spaniels and minia-
ture termers — all
these and many
more of the smaller
breeds that are so
familiar to us are
treasured as com-
panions in other
fends. But there are
some in addition
which are compara-
tively little known
in the British dog
shows, and which
have not been no-
ticed in the fore-

CHIHUAHUA DOG CHADRO.
IMPORTED FROM MEXICO BY
R. RENTOUL SYMON, ESQ.

536

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

coated Chihuahua dog with the less interest-
ing lap-dog of Mexico, whose longer, silkier
hair and butterfly ears would indeed justify
the belief that it is the ancestor of the
Papillon. The portrait of Chadro, lent by

PAPILLON DOG CARLO.

PROPERTY OF MADAME MOETWIL, BRUSSELS.

Mr. H. C. Brooke, is of a typical specimen
which was imported from Mexico by Mr.
R. Rentoul Symon. The colour is not
always white. Chadro has pale fawn
points ; Lady Fairbairn's Feo was a tiny
white dog, with black patches on the head ;
the Hon. Mrs. Bourke's dog was a delicate
fawn, and others have been of a delicate
blue with tan points. Madame Adelina
Patti's Bonito, presented to her by the
President of Mexico enclosed in a bouquet,
was black and tan. Her Rigi was a fawn.

The Papillon. — A very engaging little
dog is the Papillon, or Squirrel Spaniel.
It is generally regarded as a Belgian dog,
possibly because in that country it is kept
in greater numbers than anywhere else.
It can hardly be said to be a native of
Belgium. The fact that it is called an
Epagneul would seem to point to Spanish
origin. It is not a Spaniel properly speak-
ing, any more than the Pekinese is a true
Spaniel. One might venture almost to
premise that it is a descendant of the tiny
silky haired lap-dog which the Spaniards
brought over from Mexico in the sixteenth
century, and may have imported into the

Netherlands. It is certainly not a new dog.
Lap-dogs of similar type and size may often
be seen in early portraits in the Spanish
galleries, as also n the paintings by Watteau,
Fragonard, and Boucher. Madame de Pom-
padour possessed one named Inez, and
Marie Antoinette was especially fond of
this diminutive breed.

The name Papillon is obviously g ven to
the dog in reference to its ears, which stand
out large and erect like the wings of a
butterfly, heavily feathered. But there is
another variety with drop ears. The name
Squirrel applies to the tail, which is long,
bushy, and carried over the back like that
of a squirrel. They are very lively and
sensible little dogs with an abundant coat
of long and silky hair. They may be self-
coloured red mahogany, ruby, reddish chest-
nut, dark yellow, or white with these patches.
The head is small, the skull slightly domed,
the muzzle rather snipy. About the face
and on the front of the legs the coat is
short. The dark eyes are round and set

PAPILLON BITCH MIGNONNE.

OWNED BY MADAME DELVILLE, BRUSSELS.

somewhat low, with an alertly intelligent
expression. The back is straight and not
long, and the body is not so cobby as that
of the Blenheim Spaniel or the Toy Pomer-
anian. The legs are short, straight, and
rather fine. The average height of the Pa-
pillon is nine inches, and the weight from
five to eight pounds. Many do not weigh

FOREIGN PET DOGS.

53?

more than four pounds, and these are
regarded as the more precious. Some of
the best specimens shown recently have
been owned by Madame Delville, of
Brussels, Madame Fritch, of Paris, M.
Nicolai, of Litge, and Madame Moetwil, of
Brussels.

The Little Lion Dog. — Russia is sup-
posed to be the original home of the Little
Lion dog, but the breed has now no dis-
tinctively local habitation, and it may be
found as often in Germany or Holland as

GERMAN TOY TERRIERS

in any other
country. It is
a dog of about
five pounds in
weight with a
long wavy coat
which may be
of almost any
colour; but
white, lemon or
black are to be
preferred. Some
are parti - col-
oured. The

German Toy Dogs. — The Seidenspitz

is a not very common German toy breed,
in general appearance something between
a Maltese and a Pomeranian. As its name
implies, it is really a silky coated Pomer-
anian, and it conforms in all points with
the Toy Pomeranian excepting that its
feet are finer and longer, and that its
coat instead of being fluffy lies in soft
silky locks about six inches in length.
The hair, which is always white, is shaved
on the muzzle to the eyes, although occa-
sionally a moustache is left as on the Poodle.
The legs, from the feet to the stifles, are also
shaved, and the hair on the ears is clipped,
But the less he is trimmed the better. The
nose is black and the eyes are dark. The
average weight is 5 Ib. The example in the
photograph is Pussl-
Erdmannsheim, the
property of Frau Ilgner,
Bad Soden. He took
first prize in his class
at a recent show at
Frankfurt. The Zwerg
Pinscher is a smooth-
coated toy terrier, re-
sembling our miniature
Black-and-tan. Some
are bred exceedingly

SEIDENSPITZ

PUSSL-ERDMANNSHEIM.

OWNED BY FRAU E. ILGNER,
BAD SODEN.

name comes
from the fashion of clipping the coat from
the shoulders to the tuft of the tail,
leaving a profuse mane which gives the
appearance of a lion in miniature. It is an
active, well proportioned dog, with a winning
disposition, which makes one wonder why it
has not become fashionable. At the present
time Madame M. de Conninck, of Dieghem,
is one of the few owners who breed the Lion

dog with success.
68

SMOOTH BLACK-AND-TAN PINSCHERS.

small, and the maximum weight is 9 Ib.
A variety of this miniature breed is the
Rehpinscher, of which a typical example
was seen at Cruft's in February, 1907, ex-
hibited by Miss A. Liebmann.

The Bolognese. — Another ladies' toy
dog which deserves mention is that of
Bologna. It is somewhat sad and plaintive

533

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

in nature ; an impression which is perhaps
due to its large dark eyes which seem al-
ways to be tearful. The coat, which is of
pure white, is long, silky and curly. The
ears hang down squarely, and are covered
with long curly hair. The tail is carried

THE HON. MRS. McLAREN MORRISON'S
THIBET SPANIELS. THE SECOND DOG
IN THE GROUP IS YEZO (IMPORTED),
AND NEXT TO HIM HIS SON GRAND LHAMA.

over the back, mingling its hair with the
body coat. The Bolognese dog is rarely
higher than 10 inches, with a weight of
about 5 Ib.

The Petit Brabanson.— The Toy Bra-
bantine dog is often regarded as a separate
breed, but in reality it is identical with
the Brussels Griffon, which it resembles in
every respect excepting that its coat in-
stead of being wiry, is short and smooth.
In colour it is usually a darker red, and
may also be black and tan.

The Thibet Spaniel. • — Until compara-
tively recently the engaging little Thibet
Spaniel was not known in England, but it
is now frequently to be seen at shows where
foreign dogs are admitted; thanks mainly

to the efforts of the Hon. Mrs. McLaren
Morrison, who has probably done more
than any other dog owner of the present
time to introduce and acclimatise unfamiliar
breeds.

Mrs. Morrison is no doubt right in her
belief that the Thibet Spaniel is the true
ancestor of all Pekinese, Japanese, and even
English toy Spaniels. The similarity in
appearance and type between her imported
dog Yezo and the Spaniels from Pekin is
too close to admit of any question as to
their relationship. The examples of this
breed first imported from the monasteries
of Thibet were black and white, and also
black and tan ; but Mrs. Morrison has suc-
ceeded in breeding specimens of a beautiful
self-coloured sable, and some of a rich tan and
ruby, as well as brown, are now to be seen.
They are fascinating little dogs, of a most
loving and devoted disposition ; and their
sagacity is remarkable. They are hardy
and by no means difficult to rear in our
climate, and there is every probability that
they will soon achieve the popularity which
they deserve.

It is important to know that there are
two types of Thibetan Spaniel, each of which
has its particular votaries among English
breeders. Mrs. Frank Wormald, for instance,
who has imported several from the original
source, is strongly in favour of maintaining
the long nosed variety, in contradistinction
to those who hold that the Thibetan should
resemble in regard to nose its relative the
Pekinese. Mrs. Wormald considers that the
long nose is characteristic of the true type.
It is not a very uncommon breed in Northern
India, as these dogs are frequently brought
over the frontier. %

The Hapa Dog. — This is a variety of
the Pekinese Spaniel, to which it is similar
in general shape, the great difference being
that the Hapa is a smooth-coated dog,
and is therefore destitute of one of the
chief attractions of the Pekinese. It is
only very recently that specimens have
been seen in England. One named Ta Jen
was imported by the Hon. Mrs. Lancelot
Carnegie, and exhibited at the first show
of the Pekinese Club in July, 1907. It was

HAIRLESS DOGS.

539

led into the ring by a Chinese nurse in native
costume. In appearance, Ta Jen was not
unlike a tiny Miniature Bulldog, with a
quaint fierce face and large eyes set far
apart, and with ears "like the sails of a
war junk." His tail was short but not
docked. His weight might be 5 Ib. or 6 lb.,
and in colour he was black and tan. A dog
of the same variety, but fawn and white,
is owned by Lord Howe. Both were im-
ported by Mrs. Carnegie from Pekin, where
they were said to have been purloined from
the Imperial Palace.

The Havana and Manilla Spaniels.—
These two little toy Spaniels are no doubt
varieties of the ancient Maltese dog, from
which they differ only in minor points,
although owners both in Cuba and the
Philippines claim them as native breeds.
The Manilla is somewhat larger than the
Maltese and may attain to a weight of 16 lb.
Usually it is white, and the coat instead
of falling straight lies in wavy strands. The
eyes are large, black, and lustrous, and the
nose, also, is jet black. Miss Pidgeley en-
deavoured to form a kennel of the variety,
and her Tina was a very good specimen
who lived to be over eighteen years old,
with her senses unimpaired. Tina was the
dam of Archer, also a typical one. The
Manilla Spaniel is an uncommonly intelligent
little dog, and is as quick as a Poodle at
learning tricks.

The Havanese dog has a softer coat, and
in colour it may as often be brown as white.
A very good bitch was shown by Mme.
Malenfer at the Tuileries Gardens in 1907,
Poulka de Dieghem by name, bred by M.
Max de Conninck, who has kept many of the
bleed in France. Poulka is a chestnut brown,
or cafe au lait colour, with an excellent con-
sistency of coat, and a good head with large,
expressive eyes. In general appearance she
reminds one of the Lhasa Terrier. Another
good specimen was M. Desmaison's Titine,
but Poulka was the more typical, and gained
the first prize under Mr. F. Gresham. The
Havanese makes an admirable pet, and like
its Cuban relative it is remarkably wise.

The Mongolian Dog. — Another inter-
esting and unfamiliar variety of what the

French call the chiens de luxe, is the Mon-
golian dog. It resembles the Poodle in
general shape, but is remarkable for its
very thick_and closely packed coat of white
hair, which is as dense and deep as that

'
-

HAVANESE DOG POULKA DE DIEGHEM.

PROPERTY OF MADAME MALENFER, PARIS.

of a Leicestershire sheep. The head is long,
with drop ears, and a square muzzle. It
is somewhat high on the leg, and round
bodied. Three French bred specimens were
lately exhibited in Paris.

Hairless Dogs. — Here may be mentioned
the curious hairless and semi-hairless dogs
which occur in Central and South America,
the West Indies, China, Manilla, and certain
parts of Africa.

There seem to be two types : one built
on the lines of the Manchester Terrier, and
sometimes attaining the racy fineness of the
Whippet ; and the other a short legged,
cloddy animal, less elegant and prone to
run to ungainly obesity. The size varies.
Some are small dogs of four or five pounds
in weight ; others may average from ten to
fifteen pounds, while some are as heavy as
twenty-five pounds. These last are decidedly
unpleasant in appearance ; their bareness
giving the impression of disease. It is
quite possible that the hairless dog is in
actuality a degenerate animal, although this
might seem to be disproved by the cir-
cumstance that most specimens are very

540

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

active and remarkably intelligent. The
dentition is abnormal and imperfect ; a
fact which reminds one of Darwin's state-

MEXICAN HAIRLESS DOG.
MR. H. C. BROOKE'S

PADEREWSKI JUNIOR.

ment that in most ani-
mals the teeth or horns
have some relation to
the growth or absence
of hair, and that bald
mammals seldom have
large horns or tusks,
while the long coated
animals, such as the
Highland cattle, the wild
boars, and the hairy
mammoth elephant, are
remarkable for the
length of their horns or
tusks. A dry climate
may have had some
effect in producing dogs
without hair. The skin
of the hairless dogs is

usually extremely delicate. It easily blis-
ters in summer if exposed to the sun, and
therefore requires to be smeared with grease.
It is soft to the touch. The colours vary
from black to slate colour or blue. In
some specimens it is shrimp pink with
black, blue, or chocolate spots, in others
blue and tan, or mottled brown.

Some are absolutely hairless, but for a
crest between the ears, coming down as far
as the stop, and a tuft at the tip of the tail
of fine silky hair or bristles. Those with a
tail tuft are believed invariably to have also
the crest. Occasionally hairs or bristles are
found between the toes. The small, cloddy
dogs usually show bristly toes. A pink
specimen, described by a correspondent, had a
silky crest of silvery hair eight inches long,
falling over the neck. This dog had a very
bushy tail tuft. The colour of the hair
in the dark dogs usually corresponds with
the colour of the bald skin. But at times
the pink or mottled dogs have silvery or
brown crests. One of the prettiest of the
hairless dogs seen in recent years was a

JT<r '**?;,'

'/a-vlBS

MEXICAN HAIRLESS AND CRESTED DOG
MR. H. C. BROOKE'S HAIRY KING.

HAIRLESS DOGS.

541

light slate blue with pure silver crest. In
some instances the crest is stiff and upright,
in others it falls softly over the back of the
head.

In character the hairless dogs are dissimilar.
Some are mere soft, sleepy, and not very
interesting curiosities, but others are par-
ticularly vivacious and game. Mr. Brooke's
Hairy King and Paderewski were exceedingly
intelligent, and were apt in hunting rabbit
or rat. Miss Pinto's black Cheno was
especially tested by Lord Avebury, and
found to be of singularly alert mentality,
showing considerable acquaintance with the
principles of arithmetical calculation. Both
of Miss Pinto's hairless dogs, Cheno and
Juanita, were believed to be Mexican, as
were Mr. Brooke's Hairy King, Oh Susannah !
and Paderewski Junior, and Mr. Temple's
Alice. Mr. J. Whitbread's Twala was
African, and so was Zulu Chief, owned by
Mr. S. Woodiwiss. Mrs. Foster's Fatima
and Coffee were South American. In the

pied specimens the colour changes curiously
with age. In youth the dog may be
entirely pink with a few black spots, which
increase in size, and mingle together until
the whole of fhe back is black. Some of the
hairless dogs never bark, others are as
noisy as terriers.

The breeding of these dogs, except with
their own kind, is attended with curious
results. A Fox-terrier bitch was once put
to Hairy King, as it was desired to use her
as a foster mother for Bull puppies. Several
of the litter were Fox - terriers and fair
specimens, but two were weird looking
creatures. They had Fox - terrier heads,
and they were hairless, the skin being
mottled along the body to the hips, where,
on each side, was a tuft of terrier hair about
the size of a crown piece. The tail was
bare from the root to the middle, the end
being that of a Fox-terrier. Whilst the legs
were bare down to the knee joint, the feet
were like a terrier's.

ZULU SAND DOG.
Photograph by C. Reid, Wishau

542

NON-SPORTING CHAMPIONS IN COMPETITION.

THE WINNING DOG ON THE BOARD IS CH. SILENT DUCHESS.

SECTION VI.
THE DOG'S STATUS, SOCIAL AND LEGAL.

CHAPTER LXII.
THE KENNEL CLUB.

BY E. W. JAQUET.

"Ay, in the catalogue ye go for men;
As hounds, and greyhounds, mongrels, spaniels,

curs,

Sloughs, water-rugs, and demi-wolves are clepped
All by the name of dogs; the valued file
Distinguishes the swift, the slow, the subtle,

ON June 28th and agth, 1859, was
held, in ttie Town Hall of Newcastle-
upon-Tyne, the first dog show ever
organised under modern conditions ; the
precursor of all succeeding canine ex-
hibitions and an event which indirectly was
to lead to the formation of the Kennel Club

The housekeeper, the hunter, everyone
According to the gift which bounteous nature
Hath in him closed; whereby he does receive
Particidar attention from the bill
That writes them all alike : And so of men."

— SHAKESPEARE.

itself. For the new departure immediately
" caught on," and dog shows at once be-
came so popular that within a very short
time they were taking place at frequent
intervals in every part of the country.

Six years after the Newcastle show —
viz. on April i8th, 1865 — the first trial of

THE KENNEL CLUB.

543

dogs in the field was held over the estate
of Mr. Samuel Whitbread, M.P., at Southill,
in Bedfordshire. For fourteen years after
the holding of the first regular dog show, no
organisation was established possessing any
authority to govern or regulate the pro-
ceedings in connection with the exhibition
of dogs. It is hardly necessary to say
that during this interval irregularities and
scandals had arisen ; so much so, that if
such exhibitions were to continue, especially
upon a basis which would enable reputable
persons to take part in them, it had be-
come evident that some authority having the
power of control and guidance must be
established. As I have remarked else-
where, this necessity arises in connection
with all forms of sport as soon as they be-
come popular, and as in the main the aims
and objects of the dog-owner are similar
to those which prevail among owners and
breeders of blood stock, it was felt that a
body with power to enforce its decrees
should be brought into existence, to do
for dogs and dog-breeders and exhibitors
what the Jockey Club had done in con-
nection with equine affairs. Prominent
amongst those persons of influence, who
at this time took a deep interest in canine
matters, was the late Mr. Sewallis Evelyn
Shirley, of Ettington, the head of one of the
most ancient families in the kingdom, a
gentleman possessing a most intimate know-
ledge of everything relative to the breeding
and exhibition of dogs, and to him pre-
eminently belongs the honour of founding
the Kennel Club.

Long before Mr. Shirley took public
.action, he had seen that unless a responsible
authority took affairs in hand, dog-showing
.and breeding must eventually become a
pursuit with which no person who valued
his reputation would care to be connected.
It was not, however, until April, 1873, that
he was able to accomplish the task to which
he had long devoted his energies, and that
the Kennel Club was actually established.
It is entirely owing to the influence of the
Kennel Club that to-day dog breeding and
dog showing are pursuits which may be in-
dulged in by gentlewomen, and that dog

shows held under Kennel Club rules are
patronised by every section of the com-
munity, from Their Majesties the King and
Queen, down to the humblest artisan ;
certainly a -wonderful . testimony to the
acumen and foresight of Mr. Shirley.

Without detracting in the least from
the credit due to its founder, it must be
granted that the direct inception of the
Kennel Club was the outcome of the earlier
Crystal Palace dog shows. In February,
1869, the National Dog Club was formed,
and in the June following the society held
its first and only show at the Crystal Palace.
Financially this show was not a success,
and shortly after its first and last exhibition
the National Dog Club ceased to exist.
The promoters of the show were, however,
not dismayed at their failure, and felt san-
guine of ultimate success ; and although —
owing to the risk involved — it was no easy
matter to form a committee who would
undertake to hold another exhibition near
London, yet a second show was held at the
Crystal Palace in June, 1870, the details
of which were jointly arranged by Mr.
Shirley and the late Mr. J. H. Murchison,
with the assistance of a large and influential
committee. In 1871, although several mem-
bers of the 1870 committee had declined to
act, a second exhibition was held under the
same auspices, and on this occasion, al-
though a loss occurred, it was much less
than that sustained in the previous year.
The promoters of these exhibitions, still un-
daunted by their earlier experiences, deter-
mined to persevere in their enterprise ;
but the inconvenience of organising a fresh
committee each year, and the fact that
the association had no permanent secretary,
no funds, no regular office, nor any clerical
staff, was so real, that Mr. Shirley set about
the founding of the Kennel Club, and, as
already stated, its first meeting was held
in April, 1873. Associated with Mr. Shirley
in this undertaking were twelve other
gentlemen— namely, the late Mr. S. Lang,
of Bristol, Mr. H. T. Mendel, Major (now
Colonel) Platt, Mr. T. W. Hazelhurst, the
late Mr. Whitehouse, the late Mr. W. Lort,
Mr. George Brewis, the late Mr. J. C. Mac-

544

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

dona, the Hon. R. C. Hill (afterwards
Viscount Hill), Mr. J. H. Dawes, Mr. C. W.
Hodge, and Mr. F. Adcock.

From the very beginning His Majesty
the King (then Prince of Wales) took the
warmest interest in the Club's welfare, and
became its patron in the first year of its
existence. From that time until the present,
the Kennel Club has continued to receive
many marks of royal favour. On his acces-
sion to the throne His Majesty signified his
gracious intention to continue his patronage,
and on the death of Mr. Shirley in 1904
His Royal Highness the Duke of Connaught
was elected by acclamation to the vacant
presidentship of the club, a position which
he was pleased to accept.

At its foundation the membership of
the club was limited to one hundred, but
later it was decided that the number of
members should not exceed three hundred,
and this rule remains unaltered to the
present time.

The first business of the newly formed
club was to draw up a code, of rules for the
guidance of dog shows, and a further code
for the guidance of field trials of sporting
dogs. The former were ten in number,
and the latter eleven. Both these codes
now appear crude and archaic. To take
two instances from the " Rules for Dog
Shows." One enacted that if a dog were
entered without being clearly identified,
it should forfeit any prize which had been
awarded to it, and that if the omission were
detected in time the dog should not be
allowed to compete. In the other rule, the
need of strict veterinary inspection was not
insisted upon, and only where the total
entry of dogs amounted to two hundred was
it considered essential that a duly appointed
veterinary inspector should be in attend-
ance. It appears remarkable, now that
strict veterinary inspection is a sine qua non,
to find that, perhaps by inadvertence, this
rule was the next year omitted altogether.
It did, however, appear again in 1876, but
was again omitted for a number of years,
and although the presence of a veterinary
inspector was implied, no rule existed pro-
viding for his compulsory appointment.

In the year 1879 a thorough revision of
both the show and field trial rules had
become a pressing necessity, and sub-
committees were appointed to undertake
this revision. When the new show rules
came into force in 1880, their number had
been augmented to fifteen. Two of these
new rules were of far-reaching importance.
The first made provision for the registration
of dogs ; the other imposed penalties upon
persons guilty of fraudulent or discreditable
conduct. Such offences were now for the
first time taken cognisance of in the rules,
although the committee had on many oc-
casions previously dealt with such charges,
when complaints had been laid before them.

The rules for field trials, which, when
first framed in 1874, numbered eleven,
were by the revision of 1879 increased to
thirty-one, the old rules having been found
totally inadequate to the purpose for which
they had been originally framed, owing to
the increasing popularity and importance
of these meetings.

Since 1880 the rules have been many
times revised, and have received many
additions as occasion has arisen, and scarcely
a general meeting of the members takes
place without some needed amendment or
addition being made to the code.

After formulating codes of rules, the
earliest undertaking of the newly-formed
club was the compilation of a Stud Book.
In arranging for the preparation of this
book, Mr. Shirley consulted the late Mr.
Walsh, at that time editor of The Field.
That gentleman strongly recommended that
Mr. Frank C. S. Pearce should be entrusted
with this important task, and he was ulti-
mately selected for the office. Mr. F. C. S.
Pearce was the son of the Rev. Thomas
Pearce, a well-known writer on sporting
and canine subjects, who, under the nom de
guerre of " Idstone," was a popular and
regular contributor to the columns of The
Field, and the author of an excellent treatise
on " The Dog." The selection was in
every respect an excellent one, the work
was commenced forthwith, and the first
volume of the Kennel Club Calendar and
Stud Book was published in December,

THE KENNEL CLUB.

545

1874. The volume contains over six hun-
dred pages, and is certainly a most admirable
production. It comprises the pedigrees of
4,027 dogs, arranged under forty classes.
Considering the difficulties which must
necessarily attend the preparation of an
entirely new work of such magnitude, it
is remarkably accurate. Under successive
editors the work has been published annually,
and now extends to thirty-four volumes,
and within its scope and intention it is a
work of extreme value.

In connection with the publication of
the first volume of the Stud Book, the
committee of the club arranged for the
publication of a classification of breeds.
These numbered forty, divided into
" sporting " and " non-sporting " sections.
This arrangement continued until 1884,
when the divisions were abandoned, and
remained in abeyance until 1902. The
new breeds added to the register since
1873 are about forty in number ; one
or two breeds that appeared on the first
register have been subjected to re-
arrangement or their nomenclature has
been altered, but the changes have been
principally in the direction of the addition
of new breeds or varieties, mostly of foreign
origin. It is noticeable that in the first
classification neither Irish Wolfhounds nor
Poodles, amongst other breeds which have
since become extremely popular, find a
place. Previous to 1877, although champion
classes for dogs were certainly provided at
shows, they appear to have been under no
definite regulations, nor did the rules pro-
vide for the title of " Champion." In that
year, however, a resolution was passed at
a general meeting of the members that the
title should not be assumed until a dog had
won three prizes ; but it was not until
1880 that the rules contained an enactment
that no dog should be entitled to be called
a champion that had not won four first
prizes at shows registered in the Stud
Book, one of the four being in a champion
class. The subject was a frequent matter
of legislation. The title " Championship
prize " was found to be misleading, and it
was finally abolished in 1900, the designa-

tion "Challenge certificate" being substi-
tuted, three such certificates won under
three different judges entitling a dog to
be called a champion. The year 1880
was one of the most eventful in the annals
of the club, for it was during this year
that the system of registration for dogs
was adopted. A system which, strange
as it may now appear, at first met with a
storm of opposition, not only from inter-
ested breeders and exhibitors, but from
influential and usually well-informed organs
of the press.

In April of this same year The Kennel
Gazette was published for the first time ;
originally the Gazette was intended as a
private enterprise of Mr. Shirley's, and
although intimately connected with the
club, and containing much official informa-
tion, it was not the official organ. Its
value as a means of intercommunication
between the club and its members, and the
general public, was, however, so obvious,
that in 1881, in accordance with the
generally expressed opinion of the members
that it was desirable that The Kennel
Gazette should belong to the Kennel Club
as its official organ, Mr. Shirley generously
handed it over to the members.

In September, 1896, the committee had
under consideration a letter which had
been received from Lady Auckland, in
which she suggested that facilities should
be offered to ladies to become members of
the Kennel Club. A sub-committee was
appointed to consider the question, who
subsequently presented a report recom-
mending the formation of a Ladies' Branch,
and in July, 1899, the first committee was
elected, with Her Grace the Duchess of
Newcastle as Chairman.

In 1901, the Council of Representatives
was instituted, a body consisting of repre-
sentatives of registered associations, clubs,
and societies, who each year are invited
by the committee of the Kennel Club to
elect delegates to represent them on the
Council. The Council has proved a valued
auxiliary of the Kennel Club, as repre-
senting the views and wishes of the various
specialist clubs and societies upon matters

546

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

affecting their interests and the welfare
of the canine community in general. From
time to time many recommendations of the
greatest importance have been sent up to
the committee for consideration, and much
useful legislation has resulted from their
suggestions.

It now remains to give some account of
the Kennel government. This is vested
in a body of thirty-five gentlemen, the
general committee of the Kennel Club,
annually elected from the whole body of
members, with sub-committees for special
departments of work, such as Field Trials,
Finance, House, Show, Stud Book and
Challenge Certificates and Shows Regula-
tion. The general committee meet at
least twice a month, on the second and
fourth Wednesdays, sometimes oftener, the
meetings lasting from eleven o'clock in
the morning until six or seven o'clock in
the evening or even later. The Shows Re-
gulation sub-committee also usually meets
not less frequently than bi-monthly. The
amount of work which often has to be
transacted at these meetings can hardly
be estimated, even by readers of the reports
which appear in The Kennel Gazette, as
much of the business is necessarily of a
routine character. But besides this general
business, it frequently happens that appeals
or complaints have to be investigated, in
which important interests are involved,
and which require the very closest attention
to evidence or to detail on the part of the
committees. The general work of the
club is conducted by the secretary, with
the aid of an assistant secretary and a staff
of eighteen clerks. Some idea of the magni-
tude of the business transacted may be
gathered from the fact that the number
of letters received and requiring an answer
in a single day frequently reaches three
hundred. In addition, daily attention has
to be given to a large number of callers on
business connected with the various depart-
ments, many of whom require personal
interviews. This is only part of the ordinary
daily routine of the office. At special
periods of the year the work is greatly
increased in anticipation of the field trials,

the annual show at the Crystal Palace,
the compilation of the Kennel Club Calendar
and Stud Book and the monthly issues of
The Kennel Gazette. A moment's consider-
ation of these particulars will certainly
convince any observer that the responsi-
bilities of the members of the committee
are very onerous, and that the Kennel Club
more than justifies its existence, and de-
serves the thanks of the canine world for
the vast amount of time and attention
which is ungrudgingly and unceasingly be-
stowed upon its behalf.

One of the most important functions of
the Kennel Club is that which gives the
committee power of jurisdiction. In every
branch of sport which has the advantage of
being governed by a properly constituted
authority, with a code of rules for its guid-
ance, it has been found necessary to embody
a rule giving power to deal with cases of
fraudulent or discreditable conduct. The
necessity of such a rule is made apparent
by the records of the various governing
bodies, and the power to enforce decisions
must be absolute if sport is to be purged
of the scandals and malpractices which un-
fortunately still exist.

The perusal of the official columns of
The Kennel Gazette will furnish much food
for thought, and the most casual observer
of the administration of the law by the
authority governing dog-showing, must ad-
mit that a stringent penal rule is absolutely
indispensable if such practices as have
been alluded to above are not to be allowed
to increase and multiply to an extent which
would in a very short time relegate dog
showing and breeding to the position it
occupied prior to the foundation of the
Kennel Club.

The power which a penal rule gives to
authorities governing the various branches
of sport is very great — a power which can
damage the character of an individual, and
make him or her a person quite unfit to be
a member of any society whose aim it is
to maintain the purity of the sport it is
founded to uphold. To be " warned off "
by the authorities governing any form of
sport involves most unpleasant conse-

THE KENNEL CLUB.

547

quences socially. It therefore behoves the
various bodies possessing power to decide
that a man or a woman is unfit to take
part in racing, coursing, dog showing, foot-
ball, or what not, to see that the very ut-
most care is exercised that nothing has
been overlooked in their investigations which
shall give the accused person every oppor-
tunity of proving innocence.

It may be stated that the procedure
adopted by the Kennel Club in cases under
the penal rule is as near perfection as it
can be, and that accused persons have
every opportunity given them of defending
themselves. The taking of evidence is based
on the procedure in the Courts of Law, and

where witnesses are unable to attend at
the hearing of a complaint, their statutory
declarations are necessary, if their evidence
in writing is to be admitted.

If authorities are to repress malpractices,
they must use their power in no uncertain
manner, but, as the Kennel Club has dis-
covered, there is no stronger aid to such
power than full publicity being given to
the proceedings before them, and so long
as the public know why a person is declared
to be unfit to race, course, exhibit dogs,
etc., the decision will be received, if with
regret for the necessity, at any rate with
a full knowledge of the facts which led the
authorities to arrive at their decision.

KENNEL CLUB.

Patron :
HIS MAJESTY THE KING.

President :
H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CONNAUGHT, K.G.

Vice- Presidents :

HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF PORTLAND, K.G. LORD ALGERNON GORDON LENNOX.

HENRY RICHARDS. J. H. SALTER.

Trustees: MARK BEAUFOY. FRANCIS REDMOND. J. A. HOSKER.
Chairman of Committee : J. SIDNEY TURNER.
Vice-Chairman of Committee : J. C. TINNE.

C. H. Backhouse.

Mark Bcaufoy.

A. Bromet.

Colonel Claude Cane.

Harding Cox.

A. Croxton- Smith.

T. Duerdin Dutton.

Arnold Gillett.

Honorary Treasurer : DESMOND O'CONNELL.

Committee for 1907 :
J. Babington Gilliat, D.S.O.
Walter S. Glynn.
Percy Heaton.
Lieut. -Col. C. Heseltine.
V. B. Johnstone.
Harry Jones.
A. Maxwell.
C. A. Phillips.

J. W. Ross.

L. Allen Shuter.

H. Handley Spicer.

W. Stephens.

W. R. Temple.

J. C. Tinne (Vice-Chairman).

J. Sidney Turner (Chairman).

T. Whaley.

Representatives on the Committee ;

Birmingham Dog Show Society. Scottish Kennel Club.

H. Richards. C. H. Graham.

John Wilmot. G. G. Tod.

Committee of the Ladies' Branch :

Mrs. G. Thorburn Addis.
Mrs. F. M. Barnett.
Mrs. Barry.
Mrs. Bennett-Edwards
( Vice-Chairman).

Mrs. Claude Cane.
Mrs. Charles H. Chapman.
Comtesse de Cholet.
Mrs. Harcourt Clare.
Mrs. Ashton Cross.
Mrs. Graves.

Secretary .- E. W. JAQUET.
Offices : 7, Grafton Street, London, W.

Lady Lewis.

Mrs. Oliphant (Chairman).

Mrs. Scaramanga.

Mrs. Gerald Spencer.

Mrs. Strick.

548

SPORTING CHAMPIONS IN COMPETITION.

THE WINNER ON THE BOARD IS CH. HIGH LEGH BLARNEY.

CHAPTER LXIII.

THE LADIES' KENNEL ASSOCIATION (INCORPORATED).

BY MRS. H. AYLMER.

"I see you are fond of dogs, sir. So am /."—MR. JINGLE.

temps, autres moeurs. —
When, in 1862, three years after
the first dog show on record took
place, the names of two ladies, the Hon.
Mrs. Colville and Mrs. Burke, appeared
among the prize winners at Birmingham,
there was probably the usual outcry heard
whenever women strike out a fresh line.
As time went on, however, a few other
ladies had the courage of their convictions,
and joined in placing their dogs in public
competition; but it was not till 1869 that
the custom met with much approval. That
year was a memorable one in the annals of
women exhibitors, as Her Majesty Queen
Alexandra, then Princess of Wales, set the
seal to fashion when, at a show held in
Laycock's Cattle Sheds, Islington, her
Mastiff, Duchess, was second in its class,
and was officially described as "the best
ever exhibited," and when her two Borzois
took first and second prizes in the class for
foreign dogs.

In 1870, at the second show held under
the auspices of what, three years later,
became the Kennel Club, a special prize
was offered for the best dog owned by a

lady, and was won by Miss Hales with a
Mastiff named Lion.

Prejudice is difficult to overcome, and,
in spite of the Royal example, it was not
until 1895 that the dog world awoke to the
fact that women, who had so long been
interested spectators, meant to take a more
active part in the play.

The first Ladies' Kennel Association was
formed with a long list of vice-presidents,
reading almost like an extract from Burke,
and her Majesty graciously consented to
become patron. Under the association's
fostering wing shows were held from time
to time at Ranelagh, Holland House,
Earl's Court, and the Botanical Gardens.

After many ups and downs the associa-
tion was voluntarily dissolved in order
to make place for a new incorporated
association, the members of which run no
risks beyond their subscription and IDS. 6d.
When, in 1903, the financial affairs of the
old association could no longer be ignored,
the committee was reorganised, and con-
sisted of the Countess of Aberdeen (chair-
man), the Lady Evelyn Ewart, Lady
Gordon Cathcart, Lady Reid, Mrs. Preston

THE LADIES' KENNEL ASSOCIATION.

549

Whyte, Mrs. Hughes, Mrs. Thomas, Mrs.
Jenkins, Mrs. Carlo Clarke, Mrs. Morgan
Crofton, and Mrs. Handley Spicer, with
Mr. R. Hunter as the legal adviser and
Mr. G. B. Manley as secretary and trea-
surer pro tern. After much assiduous
work the liabilities of the old association
were entirely cleared with the help of
generous subscriptions, Her Majesty the
Queen heading the list with ^100; and
subsequently, when the proceedings of the
association were called in question in the
courts, they issued from the ordeal with a
clean sheet.

An informal conference had been held
on March 25th, at 58, Grosvenor Street,
between members of the Ladies' Kennel
Association and the ladies' branch of the
Kennel Club. The L.K.A. were repre-
sented by the Countess of Aberdeen, Mrs.
Preston Whyte, Mrs. Handley Spicer; the
L.B.K.C. by Mrs. C. Chapman, Mrs.
Skewes Cox, Lady Lewis, and Mrs. Oli-
phant. It was hoped that an amalgama-
tion with the Kennel Club might be
effected, but the terms asked by the govern-
ing body were not such as the committee
felt justified in asking the L.K.A. to accept.
Another meeting of members only was held
at the Morley Hall, Hanover Square, in
April, under the presidency of the Countess
of Aberdeen, when the various ways of
forming a new association were fully dis-
cussed, and it was unanimously agreed that
some such organisation of dog lovers
among women was a necessity. In spite of
the cloud still hanging over them, the
members pluckily decided to hold the usual
summer show at the Botanical Gardens.
A strong committee was formed, with the
Countess of Aberdeen as chairman and
Mrs. Charles Chapman hon. treasurer,
several other members of the L.B.K.C.
also acting.

The show was an unqualified success,
favoured with glorious weather and a
record entry of 2,301. H.R.H. the
Duchess of Con naught, president of the
association, accompanied by H.R.H. the
Duke and their daughters, visited the show-
on the first day, June 26 ; a parade of prize-
winners was held in their honour, and they
also went round the benches. Her Majesty
the Queen, who was a successful exhibitor

with a Borzoi and a Basset-hound, also
honoured the show, with a visit on the
second day. Her Majesty was much in-
terested in^ several of the dogs, some of
which, By Tier request, were taken off the
bench for a better inspection. As presum-
ably every woman at the show was inter-
ested in dogs, a meeting was held to
receive the »port drawn up by the pro-
visional committee, appointed at Morley
Hall, and "to consider a draft constitution
and rules for a reconstituted association of
women dog owners," submitted by a joint
committee formed by the L.K.A. and
L.B.K.C. Mr. Farman, a prominent
member of the Kennel Club committee,
was present, and explained the advantages
of a Charter of Incorporation, and the
different methods by which it might be
obtained. It was explained that every
member's liability was limited to the sub-
scription. The question of the name led
to much discussion, whether the old one
should be retained, with all its memories,
pleasant and otherwise, or a new one, such
as " The Ladies' Kennel Union," be taken.
When it was put to the vote the feeling
of the meeting was strongly in favour of
the old title, only two hands being held
up in favour of a change.

The application to the Board of Trade
for Incorporation was, after some delay,
heard before the Parliamentary secretary
to the Board, Mr. Bonar Law. The pro-
ceedings were not held in a public court,
so were not reported ; but the action was
opposed by Mrs. Stennard Robinson, late
hon. secretary of the L.K.A., and others
acting with her, on the grounds that there
were still debts owing by the association,
though it had been dissolved. Mr. Far-
man and Mr. R. Hunter, on behalf of the
applicants, were able to prove to the satis-
faction of the Board that the constitution
of the new association would be very
different from the old one, and that, in
spite of statements to the contrary in the
public press, all just debts incurred by the
association had been discharged. The
proposed rules having been submitted to
the Board, the Charter of Incorporation
was granted ; needless to say with what
satisfaction the intelligence wras received
by tho.se who had worked so enthusiastic-

55°

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

ally for the regeneration of the association.
The ground was now firm to begin build-
ing such an organisation as would do for
women in particular what the Kennel Club
has done for exhibitors in general.

An office was taken at 47, Pall Mall,
and a secretary, Mrs. E. P. Robson,
engaged.

All women were eligible for member-
ship, with two exceptions : an undis-
charged bankrupt, and anyone " who shall
be proved, to the satisfaction of the com-
mittee, to have in any way misconducted
herself in connection with any of the objects
for which the association is founded."

Remembering the large sums of money
which many of the old association had been
called upon to pay, Rule 16, which says,
" The liability of members shall be limited
to the amount of their annual subscription
(£i is.), and to the sum of not more
than IDS. 6d. in the event of a winding
up," is deserving of notice.

Rule n states that "every year the ac-
counts of the association shall be examined
and the correctness of the balance-sheets
ascertained by one or more properly quali-
fied auditors." These two rules should
satisfy even the most apprehensive would-
be member.

There was to be no social side, but the
objects for which the association was
established, as set forth in the rules, are
many and varied, and all have to do with
the dog. " To promote the scientific breed-
ing of dogs and commerce in connection
with the same, to advance the general wel-
fare of the dog, and increase the interest
of ladies in all canine matters. To sup-
press malpractice, to promote and arrange
the settlement of disputes by arbitration or
otherwise, and to decide questions of usage,
courtesy, and custom.

"To promote the interests of art in con-
nection with the study of dogs, and paint-
ing and modelling the same; to promulgate
information on canine matters and subjects
by means of lectures, discussions, pamph-
lets, etc."

In 1904 a new departure was made. In
that year the summer show was thrown
open to all exhibitors, men and women.
Hitherto the Ladies' Fvennel Association
shows had been confined to dogs registered

as owned by women. In the following
April (1905) the first members' show was
held, in the Horticultural Hall, West-
minster. It was managed entirely without
any professional help, and was a splendid
success in every way — a result brought
about chiefly by the untiring efforts ol Mrs.
Carlo Clarke.

The idea of a show confined to members
did not meet with general approval, some
owners considering there was no " kudos "
to be derived from winning in such limited
company. That it was a good move is
proved by the fact that, shortly before the
last show (April, 1907), forty-three new
members joined. Amongst regular exhibi-
tors it is an opportunity for a youngster to
have his first lesson in "ring " manners,
and possibly more than one household pet
has laid the "foundation stone " of a show
kennel by returning home with, perhaps,
nothing more ornamental than a reserve
or third prize card. At the annual general
meeting of the association, held at the
Garden Hall, Crystal Palace, October i8th,
1906, the executive committee were reluc-
tantly called on to accept the resignation
of the chairman. Residence in Ireland
rendered it impossible for the Countess
of Aberdeen to attend committee meet-
ings, etc., and with the permission of
H.M. the Queen and H.R.H. the Duchess
of Connaught, she wished to retire. Refer-
ence having been made to how much the
association was indebted to Lady Aber-
deen, not only for money, time, and
influence, but, when the L.K.A. was with-
out offices, placing her own house at the
disposal of the association for meetings, a
vote of thanks and regret was passed with
unanimous feeling.

Another resignation was also announced,
that of Mrs. Robson, the chairman bear-
ing testimony to the excellent work she had
done as secretary, and the progress made
by the association during her tenure of
office.

The Lady Evelyn Ewart was unani-
mously elected chairman, with the follow-
ing ladies as an executive committee : Mrs.
Preston Whyte (Deputy-chairman), Mrs.
Aylmer, the Hon. Mrs. Baillie, Mrs. Barry,
Mrs. Douglas Beith, Lady Cathcart, Mrs.
Chapman, Mrs. Carlo Clarke, Mrs. Graves,

COLONIAL AND FOREIGN KENNEL ASSOCIATIONS. 551

Miss Ella Casella, Miss Hatfeild, Mrs.
Jardine, Mrs. Jenkins, the Hon. Mrs.
McLaren Morrison, the Duchess of New-
castle, Lady Kathleen Pilkington, Mrs.
Scaramanga, Miss Serena, Mrs. Edgar
Waterlow, Mrs. Whaley.

More commodious offices had been taken
at Belfast Chambers, Regent Street, and
Miss G. Desborough appointed secretary.

With the approach of the Open Show
(1907) it was realised by the executive that,
with the best intentions, the committee
were not as much in touch with the greater
number of members as they wished to be,
so an invitation was sent to specialist clubs
to appoint a lady member to act on a

representative committee. It was well re-
sponded to, and it is hoped that this
council will, in the future, be able to do
much good work for all concerned.

Another jproject at present before the
executive is that of bringing out, periodi-
cally, a pamphlet or magazine, dealing
entirely with matters of interest to the
members.

From Laycock's Cattle Sheds to the
Botanic Gardens is a far cry, but I think
I am justified in saying that, with a present
membership of about 450, and a substantial
balance at the bank, the Ladies' Kennel
Association (Incorporated) bids fair to be-
come a permanent institution.

THE PRINCIPAL COLONIAL AND FOREIGN KENNEL ASSOCIATIONS

AND THEIR SECRETARIES.

AUSTRALIA. — Kennel Club of New South Wales, J. Smith, Sydney.

,, Victorian Kennel Club, W. Simpson, Melbourne.

AUSTRIA. — Delegirten Commission, Freiherr von Wrazda, Vienna.
BELGIUM. — -Societe Royale Saint Hubert, V. du Pre, 42, Rue d'Isabelle, Brussels.
CANADA. — Canadian Kennel Club, H. B. Donovan, 124, Victoria Street, Toronto.
DENMARK. — Dansk Kennelklub, V. M oiler, 53, Nansensgad, Copenhagen.

FRANCE. — Societe Centrale pour I'ameJioration des races de chiens en France, J. Boutroue, 40, Rue
des Mathurins, Paris.

GERMANY. — Delegirten Commission, O. Stein, 52, Steinmetzstrasse, Berlin.

HOLLAND. — -Nederlandsche Kennel Club Cynophilia, Dr. A. J. J. Kloppert, Hilversum.

INDIA. — Northern India Kennel Association. Lionel Jacob (President), Lahore.

NORWAY. — -Norsk Kennelklub, K. Berg, Christiania.

RUSSIA. — Societe d'Amateurs de Chiens de Race, B. de Behr, 39, Spalernaia, St. Petersburg.

SOUTH AFRICA. — South African Kennel Club, Sir James Sivewright (President), Cape Town.

SWEDEN. — Svenska Kcnnclklubben, A. Forssell, 10, Banergaten, Stockholm.

SWITZERLAND. — Schweizerische Kynologische Gesellschaft, A. Muller, 20, Zeltweg, Zurich.

UNITED STATES. — The American Kennel Club, A. P. Vredcnburgh, 55, Liberty Street, New York.

552

CHAPTER LXIV.
THE DOG AND THE LAW.
BY WALTER S. GLYNN.

" Is there not something in the pleading eye
Of the poor brute that suffers, which arraigns
The law that bids it suffer ? Has it not
A claim for some remembrance in the book
That fills its pages with the idle words.
Spoken of man ? " — O. W. HOLMES.

WITHIN the last few years the dog
as an animal, a piece of goods,
a commercial commodity, has in-
creased very considerably in value.

Some few years back such a thing as a
show for dogs was unheard of, and the
several breeds were not rigidly distinguished ;
but now the Kennel Club recognises some
eighty different breeds and varieties, and
there are now many more shows for
dogs in the United Kingdom in one year
than there are days of the year. A great
business is done in all sorts of ways in
connection with them ; thousands and
thousands of pounds change hands over
them, and a vast amount of employment
is directly or indirectly derived from them.
The affairs, the circumstances, of the dog
are now very different indeed from what
they were a short time back ; he is now
a valuable, much-prized animal. In pro-
portion to his size, it is probable that he
fetches more money than any animal in
the world. He has thousands of owners
to-day, where a few years ago he had few,
and although it is true that he has been
much beloved by mankind, has had much
care and attention bestowed on him, and
has had applied to him for a very long
time the somewhat high-sounding title of
" man's best friend," yet it is only of late
years that he has sprung into great promi-
nence, and become the thing of commercial
value that he now undoubtedly is.

If any proof were needed of this enormous

change that has taken place in the status
of the dog, one cannot do better than
examine into the condition of the law
affecting him in ancient times, and con-
sider it in comparison with that prevailing
at the present day.

It may, for example, be interesting to
remember that at common law dogs were
regarded as of a base nature, and not
sufficiently subjects of private ownership
to be the objects of larceny ; for which
result the reason was said to be " that
however they are valued by the owner,
yet they shall never be so highly regarded
by the law that for the sake of them a
man shall die." It seems, however, some-
what extraordinary that though it was not
larceny to steal the live article, yet if a
person stole the skin of a dead dog he could
be found guilty of larceny and sentenced
to be hanged. In the year 1770, however,
dog stealing was made an offence punish-
able summarily, and stealing a dog or
unlawfully having in possession or on the
defendant's premises a stolen dog, or the
skin of a stolen dog, was punishable by
a court of summary jurisdiction either by
imprisonment, with or without hard labour,
for not more than six months, or by an
order to forfeit and pay the value of the dog,
and also a sum not exceeding £20. Stealing
a dog, or unlawfully having one in posses-
sion, etc., after a previous conviction of dog
stealing, either before or since the year
1861, is a misdemeanour triable at quarter

THE DOG AND THE LAW.

553

sessions, and punishable by imprisonment,
with or without hard labour, for not more
than eighteen months, and (or) fine and
sureties ; and corruptly taking any money
or reward, directly or indirectly, under
pretence or upon account of aiding any
person to recover a dog which has been
stolen or is in the possession of a person
not its owner, is a misdemeanour triable
and punishable in the same way.

It will probably be of interest to many
of those who nowadays follow the sport of
Greyhound coursing to know that in the
year 1603 or thereabouts a statute was
passed which enacted that if anybody —
with the exception of some privileged
people — should be found keeping " Grey-
hounds to course deer or hare, he shall
straightway be committed to the common
gaol for three months without bail except
he forthwith pay forty shillings to the
churchwardens of the parish where the
offence was committed."

In the reign of Charles II. no one was
allowed to keep a dog^mless he was fortunate
enough to be (i) an owner of a free warren ;
(2) a lord of a manor ; (3) an owner of an
estate of inheritance of at least £100 per
annum for life ; (4) a leaseholder for ninety-
nine years of £150 per annum ; or (5) a
son or heir of an esquire or one of higher
degree. The penalty for keeping a dog by
any unqualified person was later fixed at a
fine not exceeding -£20 for each dog, a
moiety of which went to the informer and
the rest to the poor of the parish. If the
fine could not be levied by distress, the
offender was sent to a house of correction
with hard labour for any time not exceeding
one month.

Even as late as Queen Anne's reign
several people were not qualified to keep
dogs, and by the statute 5 Anne, c. 14, s. 4,
justices and lords of the manor might
take away dogs from persons not qualified
to keep them, and the case of Kingsworth
v. Bretton, 5 Taunt. 416, decided that
they might also destroy them.

It seems quite plain that in the olden
time every step possible was taken to dis-
courage the ordinary person from becoming

a dog owner, and it is therefore not difficult
to understand that coursing meetings, dog
shows, dog fights, and the like, were not
of frequent occurrence. The statute of
1603 already referred to — which was, of
course, in the time of James I.— was by
no means the only one which was passed
dealing with this subject, for in the third
year of that monarch's reign we find another
statute, which enacted that —

" If persons not having manors, lands,
or tenements of the yearly value of £40,
and not worth goods or chattels of £200,
shall use any gun, bow, or cross bow to
kill deer or conies, or shall keep ' conny
dogges,' then every person having lands
or tenements of £100 yearly value in fee
simple, fee tail, or for life, in his own
right or in that of his wife, may take
possession of such malefactors and keep
their guns, dogges, etc., for his own use."

About one hundred years previous to
this, in the nineteenth year of the reign
of Henry VII., we find an interesting statute
which sets forth : —

" Forasmuch as it is wele undrestand
and knowen that the grettest destruc-
cion of Reed Deer and Falowe within
the Realme in tyme past hath ben and
yet is with Netts called Deere Hayes
and Bukstallys and stalkyng with beest
to the greate displeasure of our Sovereign
Lorde the Kyng and all the Lords and
other noble mene within this his Realme
havyng forests, chaces, or parks in their
possession, rule, and kepyng, so that if
the said netts or stalkyng shuld un-
lawefully be used and occupied in tyme
comyng, as they have been in tyme
past, the most part of the forests, chaces,
and parks of this Realme shuld be ther-
with destroied ; Be it therfore established
and enacted by the Lords spirituell
and temporell and the Commons in this
present Parliament assembled and by
the authority of the same that eny person
or persons spirituell or temporell having
no park, chace, or forest of their owne,
kepe nor cause to be kepte eny netts called

554

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Deere Hayes or Bukstallys by the space
of a moneth next after proclamacion of
this Acte made, uppon payne of forfeicte
for every moneth that he or they so kepe
or cause to be kepte the same netts, Hayes,
or Bukstalles X T I ; and that no person
from hencforth stalke nor cause eny other
person to stalke with enys boussh or bestys
to eny Deere being in eny parke, chace
or forest or without, but if it be withyn
his oune ground, chace, forest, or park,
without licence of the ouner maist' of the
Game or keper of the same Ground, etc.,
upon payne of forfeicture of every tyme
that he or they so stalkith X T I."

This meant, in plain language, that in
the year 1503 there was an amount of
skilful poaching going on with nets, bushes,
and dogs, and that if anyone was unlucky
enough not to be possessed of parks, etc.,
and yet dared to go out for a bit of sport in
the way of stalking, etc., he was fined the
sum of £10 for every time he was caught.

Going back still earlier, a somewhat
amusing Act of Parliament will be found
to have been passed in the thirteenth year
of the reign of Richard II. — that is, about
the year 1389. Translated, it runs as
follows : —

" Forasmuch as divers Artificers,
Labourers, Servants, and Grooms keep
Greyhounds and other dogs, and on
Holidays, when good Christian People
be at Church, hearing Divine service,
they go hunting in Parks, Warrens, and
Connignes of Lords and others to the
very great destruction of the same, and
sometime under such colour they make
their assemblies, conferences, and con-
spiracies for to rise and disobey their
Allegiance ; It is ordained that no man-
ner of Artificer, Labourer, nor any other
Layman which hath not lands and tene-
ments of the value of £40 by year nor
any priest or clerk, if he be not advanced
to the value of £10 by year, shall have or
keep Greyhounds (Hound, nor any other
Dog) to hunt, under pain of one year's
imprisonment."

Of course, in considering the effect of
these early statutes and the way they
would handicap the dog owner of the
period, it must not be forgotten that the
value of money was very different from
what it is in the present day.

The Early The early forest laws of
Forest Laws, ancient times are again most
interesting in so far at any rate as they
relate to dogs.

Forest Law, which dates as far back as
the canons of Canute, was the law of " cer-
tain territorie of woody grounds and fruitful
pastures, privileged for wilde beasts and
foules of forest, chase and warren, to rest
and abide in, in the safe protection of the
King for his princely delight and pleasure,
which territorie of ground so privileged
is meered and bounded with unremovable
markes, meers, and boundaries either known
by matter of record or else by prescription."
The forest laws which related to dogs,
however, referred only to the King's forests,
and not to chases and warrens.

For the preservation of game, and to
ensure to its fullest extent the King's
" princely delight and pleasure," these
laws concerning the keeping of dogs were
of the most stringent character. Mainwood
tells us that solely for the safety of men,
goods, and houses, every gentleman, hus-
bandman, farmer, and housekeeper of any
worth dwelling within the forest might
keep dogs of certain specified kinds, and
no others ; that is to say : —

(1) Mastiffs, expeditated according to the
laws of the forest.

(2) The little dogs, " because it stands to
reason there is no danger in them."

No other dog was allowed in the forest
except under special grant from the Crown.
" Men have claimed," says the same great
authority, " to hawk, hunt the hare, and
keep Spaniels within the liberties of the
forest, which is unlawful without such
claim, for it would be in vain to claim the
keeping of a thing which was lawful to be
kept without any claim."

Canute was undoubtedly a monarch who
would stand no nonsense, and who had

THE DOG AND THE LAW.

555

decided opinions ; for we find that he or-
dained " Quod nullus mediocris habebit
nee custodiet canes quod Angli Greyhounds
appellant," which means " that no one of
the middle class " (or perhaps more cor-
rectly, " lower order ") " shall be possessed
of or keep dogs which the English call
Greyhounds."

It is probably unknown to what sort
of breeds the little dogs referred to belonged,
but they were apparently insignificant little
toy dogs, for we are told that they were
regarded as so harmless that the mowers
took them into the fields with them. It
is certain that Spaniels (called by Budceus
" canis odoriferus ") could not be kept in
the forest without a special grant. The
test in any case was one of size, and
foresters were provided with a fixed gauge
in the form of a hoop. Only the little
dogs which could creep through this were
exempt, and as the diameter of the gauge
was hardly more than seven inches most
of the privileged dogs must have been very
little indeed.

The Mastiff, apart from these little dogs,
was the only dog allowed in the forest,
and he, except under special grant or
possibly by prescription, had to suffer
expeditation.

In old British language, Mastiffs and all
other barking curs about houses in the
night, were called " masethefes," because
" they maze and fright thieves from their
masters."

Every third year the Regarders of the
Forest — twelve lawful men accommodated
with ministerial' functions — made inspection
of all the dogs within their jurisdiction, and
presented such Mastiffs as they found to
be unmutilated to the Court of Swainmote.
There being no official executioner appointed
by Forest Law, it became the practice of
the court " to cause the foresters within
whose Bailiwick the owners of such Mastiffs
dwelt, to bring them thither where the
court might appoint one to expeditate
them (the dogs)."

The Thirty-first Canon of Canute tells us
that the lawing of dogs was called " Genus-
cissio," which was a cutting or laming of

them in the hams, and therefore the old
foresters called it " harming." But much
the more approved form of mutilation for
the object in hand seems to have been the
cutting off of three toes of the forefeet in
the following simple and effective, but
extremely brutal, manner.

" A forefoot was placed on a piece of
wood eight inches thick and a foot square,
and then setting a chisel of two inches
broad upon the three claws, he struck them
off with one blow of a mallet."

After such operation, apparently on both
forefeet, the dog was considered safe, and

A DOG GAUGE OF CANUTES DAYS.

" if any Mastiff was found on any wild
animal and he (the dog) was mutilated,
he whose dog he was was quit of the deed ;
but if he was not mutilated, the owner of
the mastiff was guilty as if he had given it
with his own hand."

The fine for keeping an unexpeditated
Mastiff was not more than three shillings ;
but if hurt was done to any beast, the
master was punished according to the
quality of the offence. If one man had
two unexpeditated dogs, he was not amerced
three shillings for each, but so much for
both ; if, however, two men had jointly
or in common one such dog, each of them
was severally amerced.

There cannot be the slightest doubt that,

556

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

looked at from his point of view, the dog
has had a terrible unrelenting enemy from
the very commencement of things in that
heterogeneous mass of beasts and birds which
are all included in the one word " Game."
One could almost say in sporting parlance,
that, at any rate in olden time, he had not
a 100 to i chance. Everything that could
be done for the perfect security of game
was done, and would be done even if it
meant annihilation, almost to extinction of
the dog. If he were found even looking
at game when he ought not to, one may
be sure the death knell of that particular
dog was sounded, and when one thinks over
these matters and considers the great
handicap that was always on him it is
surely somewhat astounding to find now-
adays any specimens of the canine race in
existence at all.

Relics of the old Forest Laws are, how-
ever, still with us. The lord of a manor has
still some rather autocratic powers which
might work great hardship on the owner
of a valuable dog, e.g. the I3th section of
the Game Act, 1831, enacts that a lord of
manor or steward of any Crown manor, has
power by writing under hand and seal to
appoint one or more gamekeepers to seize
and take for the use of lord or steward, or
kill all dogs used within the manor for killing
game by any person not holding a game
licence.

Badger- and Previous to the reign of Queen
Bull-baiting, Victoria, a great deal of sport
of the nature of badger- and
bull-baiting seems to have been carried
on, especially within the Metropolitan Police
district. Doubtless it came to the ears of
the legislature that the traditions of these
sports were in London somewhat abused,
and the crowds who collected to witness
them no doubt gradually became worse and
worse, many rowdy and objectionable scenes
being witnessed, until it was felt at last that
a whole batch of these forms of sport must
be made illegal. Accordingly the statute
2 and 3 Viet., c. 47, was passed, which
enacted that (i) Within the Metropolitan
Police District every person keeping, using,

or managing any place, room, house, or pit
for baiting or fighting lions, bears, badgers,
cocks, dogs, or other animals, shall be liable
to a fine of £5, or be sent to a House of
Correction for not more than one month,
with or without hard labour, and that all
persons found upon the premises at the
time of such exhibitions being given, were
liable to a fine of 55. a piece.

(2) Every person who, within the Metro-
politan Police District, shall turn loose any
horse or cattle, or suffer to be at large any
unmuzzled ferocious dog, or set on or urge
any dog or other animal to attack, worry or
put in fear any person, horse or other
animal, shall be liable to a fine of 405.

(3) Any person who, in the Metropolitan
Police District shall use any dog for drawing,
or helping to draw, any cart, carriage, truck,
or barrow, shall be liable to a penalty of 405.
for first offence (by a later act it was made
not exceeding £5 for the second and every
subsequent offence).

This statute must, indeed, at the time it
was passed, have created a certain amount
of consternation among the several different
classes of society. One can only feel glad
that such brutal exhibitions as dog fights,
bear- and badger- baiting and the like, were
put a stop to as far as the Law-makers of
the day were able, and perhaps also the
same remarks apply with regard to the
making illegal the use of the dog as a draught
animal, though it is true in reference to this
latter, dogs as long as they are well treated
and properly fed and kept, do not seem to
object to being used as such ; on the contrary,
in the writer's experience they seem rather
to enjoy any such employment, always
providing they are with their master or the
person they look upon as such.

London is always said to be the centre of
all evil, and whatever truth there may be
in this, it seems so to have been considered
in the early part of Queen Victoria's reign,
for although as stated above, these " sports "
were made illegal by the statute referred to,
it was not until some years later that the
provisions of that statute were extended to
all parts of the United Kingdom, this being
affected by 17 and 18 Viet., c. 60. Whereas

THE DOG AND THE LAW.

557

another statute of the same reign, viz.
12 and 13 Viet., c. 92, enacted that the
keeping or assisting to keep, or the using
or acting in management of places for
fighting or baiting of any bull, bear, badger,
dog, cock, or other animal, was subject to
a £5 penalty for every day, and also that
any person aiding, encouraging, assisting, or
baiting any such animals, was liable to a
fine of £5 for each offence. This statute
imposed a similar penalty on anyone found
guilty of any cruelty to any animal.

Privileges of It is popularly, but rather
First Bite, erroneously, supposed that
every dog is entitled to one bite. Perhaps
it would be more accurate to state that
every dog may with impunity have one
snap or one intended bite, but only dogs
of hitherto irreproachable character are
permitted the honour of a genuine tasteful
bite. The law quite correctly classes dogs,
not among animals " ferce natures" as
naturally disposed to be vicious, but as
" mansuctce naturce" which means by nature
peaceable.

The late Mr. Justice Wright once held
that the fact that certain dogs were by
nature of a fierce breed was evidence to go
to the jury that their owner of necessity
knew they were dangerous. This is a
dictum that would not be accepted by dog
owners or anyone with practical knowledge
of several varieties of the dog, for it seems
impossible to say that any one breed is more
fierce by nature than another, inasmuch as
every breed from the Mastiff to the lap dog
is bound to have a specimen or two who
will develop a more or less savage or
snappy nature. " Dog," said the late
Chief Justice Holt, " is not fierce by
nature, but rather the contrary." So
long, therefore, as a dog behaves himself,
and shows no tendency to attack human
beings, the owner is entitled to assume that
his dog is innocent of vice, and should the
dog suddenly bite a person, he is on this
first occasion under no liability for any
damage suffered. Once a dog, however, has
displayed dangerous propensities, even
though he has never had the satisfaction of

effecting an actual bite, and once his owner
or the person who harbours him (McKane v.
Wood, 5 Car. and P.I.) becomes aware of
these evil inclinations (scienter) either of
his own knowledge or by notice, the Law
looks upon such dog as a dangerous beast
which the owner keeps at his peril.

" Although there is no evidence," said
Erie, C.J., (Worth v. Gilling, L.R. 2, C.P. i)
" that the dog has ever bitten anyone, it is
proved that he uniformly made every effort
in his power to get at any stranger who
passed by, and was only restrained by his
chain. There is abundant evidence to
show that the defendants were aware of the
animal's ferocity ; and if so they are clearly
responsible for the damage the plaintiff has
sustained."

The onus of proof is on the victim to
show that the owner had previous knowledge
of the animal's ferocity, though in reality
very little evidence of scienter is as a rule
required, and notice need not necessarily
be given directly to the owner, but may be
to his wife, or any servant, who has charge
of the dog.

The person attacked has yet another
remedy. He can, if he is able, kill the dog
before it can bite him (Powell v. Knights,
26 W.R. 721), but he is not justified in
shooting the animal as it runs away, even
after being bitten (Morris v. Nugent, 7 C.
and P., 572).

By 28 and 29 Viet., c. 60, the owner of
a dog which attacks sheep or cattle — and
cattle includes horses (Wright v. Pearson,
L.R. 4, Cj.B. 582) — is responsible for all
damage, and there is no necessity to prove
previous evil propensities. This Act is
wholly repealed by the Act called the Dogs'
Act, 1906, which came into force on January
ist, 1907, but the new Act re-enacts the
section having reference to damage to cattle,
and says that in such cases it is not necessary
for the persons claiming damages to show a
previous mischievous propensity in the dog
or the owner's knowledge of such previous
propensity or to show that the injury was
attributable to neglect on the part of the
owner, and it defines the word " cattle " to
include horses, asses, sheep, goats, and swine.

558

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

The Law looks upon fighting between dogs
as a natural and necessary incident in the
career of every member of the canine race,
and gives no redress to the owner of the van-
quished animal, provided the fight was a
fair one, and the contestants appear to
consider it so. The owner, however, of a
peaceably disposed dog which is attacked
and injured, or killed, by one savage and
unrestrained, has a right of action against
the owner of the latter. The owner of the
peaceably disposed animal may justifiably
kill the savage brute in order to save his
dog, but if he takes upon himself to do this
he must run the risk of being able to prove
that this course was the only means of
putting a stop to the fight. The approved
method of saving your dog in such a crisis
according to a case which has been decided
(Wright v. Rainwear, i Sid. 330) is to beat
off your dog's opponent with a stick, but,
as is pretty well known, this, with a game
dog, is a useless method of procedure, and
is also an extremely foolish one ; there are
much better ways of parting two fighting
dogs, especially when they belong to the
smaller breeds, such as Terriers, in which
the writer has some experience. When two
specimens of the large sized breeds, such as
Mastiffs or Great Danes, are exchanging
courtesies in this way, and get a hold of
one another there is nothing better than a
good big pinch of snuff adroitly placed, and
one gentleman whose kennel of Danes was
world-famed, always made it a rule when
out with his hounds, to carry with him a
well-filled snuff-box of substantial size,
which he used with invariable success on all
such occasions.

"Beware of are two n°tices which it is
the Dog" not uncommon, especially in
and "Dogs country places, to observe

will be Shot" ... . , j

written or painted upon gates
or in covers respectively. It may there-
fore be interesting in this section to
inquire as to the way in which the Law
looks upon them, and what they mean.

With regard to the former, it is more or
less a common practice, especially in lonely
districts and in factory yards, where at

times goods and other tmngs nave perforce
to be left about, for householders and
owners to keep fierce watch dogs, and turn
them loose or keep them on a long chain,
at night, as a guard against burglars and
tramps. The danger of this proceeding is,
however, that the natural sagacity of the
dog does not enable him to discriminate
with absolute infallibility, and particularly
by night, between these trespassers and
other persons who may be coming on lawful
business ; consequently any person who
guards his property in this manner against
one source of danger thereby runs the risk
of being mulct in damages at the suit of an
innocent person who has fallen a victim to
his dog's ferocity, " for although," said
Tindal, C.J., "a man undoubtedly has a
right to keep a fierce dog for the protection
of his property, he has no right to put the
dog in such a situation in the way of access
to his house that a person innocently
coming for a lawful purpose may be injured
by it."

Now it is a well-established legal prin-
ciple that he who keeps anything by
nature dangerous (and a fierce dog is un-
questionably dangerous), keeps it at his
own peril. " Who ever," said Lord Den-
man, CJ. (in May v. Burdett, 9 Q.B. 101),
" keeps an animal accustomed to attack
and bite mankind, with knowledge that it
is so accustomed, is -prima facie liable in an
action on the case, at the suit of any person,
attacked and injured by the animal, without
any averment of negligence or default in
the securing or taking care of it." Now a
householder's obligations towards persons
coming upon his premises vary according
to the class to which such persons happen
to belong, or, in other words, according to
what right they have to be upon the premises.
A person may come upon lawful business or
by invitation, and in this case the duties
cast upon the householder are to see that the
premises are reasonably secure, and to use
proper care to prevent damage from unusual
danger which he knew, or should have
known of. He may come as a licensee, and
here the only duty on the householder is to
prevent danger of a latent character ; i.e.

THE DOG AND THE LAW.

559

lay no trap. Or again, he may come as a
trespasser, and as such he can only recover
when the cause of his injuries takes the
form of a nuisance or is intrinsically un-
lawful— e.g. the setting of spring guns. In
each of these three cases, however, it may
be open to the householder to set up " No-
tice " as a defence, which means that he
must show he gave notice of the danger,
and that this danger was known and appre-
ciated to its fullest extent.

The bare notice " Beware of the Dog " is,
perhaps, with one exception only, of no
practical value, as it serves merely to intimate
that a dog is kept, and does nothing to indicate
from what quarter danger may be expected.

The notice, to be legally effective, must be
more precise. It should state, for example,
that a fierce dog is at large, and if after this
warning a person elects to run the risk, and
is injured in consequence, he will be held
to be the author of his own hurt, upon the
maxim Volenti non fit injuria. (Brock v.
Copeland, i Esp., 203. Daly v. Arral, 24 Sc.,
L.R. 150. Smillie v. Boyd, Sc. L.R. 148.
Stolt v. Wilks, 22 F. and F.). Further, the
notice must be fairly brought home to the
plaintiff, and fully understood by him.
Thus in Sarch v. Blackburn, 4 C. and P. 297,
the plaintiff was enabled to recover because,
although a notice was published, it was
proved that he was quite unable to read.
Again in Curtis v. Mills, 5 C. and P. 489, the
plaintiff was warned not to go near the
dog, which was tied up and insufficiently
secured. In this case it was held he was
entitled to recover if the jury were of opinion
that he had not himself been negligent.

If no warning or an inadequate warning
is given, any person coming on lawful
authority or by licence will be entitled to
recover damages for injuries received, pro-
vided he did not know from other sources
the extent of the existing danger.

As regards a trespasser by night the bare
notice " Beware of the Dog " will be suffi-
cient (Stolt v. Wilks, supra), for it is precisely
against this class that watch dogs are let
loose. But in all cases it is well to bear in
mind that the man who chooses to keep a
savage dog and allow him to roam at large

is prima facie liable, and upon him rests the
burden of proving that the aggrieved party
either (i) fully appreciated the risk he was
running under the above maxim, or (2)
was a trespasser.

With regard to the other notice referred to
above, viz. " Dogs will be shot," this is a
notice which is frequently to be seen in
sporting districts ; whether it is of any value
or not is extremely doubtful. As far as the
law is concerned, if it has any significance
at all, it can only serve merely as a warning
to dog owners that if the owner or occupier
of the place wherein it is exhibited, or any
of his servants, catch a dog red-handed in the
act of trespassing and actually doing damage
to the freehold or animals thereon, he or
they are justified in shooting him if unable
otherwise to prevent his doing the damage.
It does not mean that stray dogs although
trespassing and hunting about in search of
game can be shot at sight. Cases on this
point are: Vere v. Cawdor, 1809, n East 568,
Clark v. Webster, i C. and P. 104, Corner
v. Champneys, 2 March, 584. " A dog,"
said Lord Ellenborough, " does not incur
the penalty of death for running after a
hare on another man's ground." To justify
shooting it must be proved that the dog
at the time was actually in the act of killing ;
(Jansen v. Brown, i C. 41), and in Wells v.
Head, 4 C. and P. 568. Shooting was held
unjustifiable because, although a sheep had
been worried to death, the dog was running
away when shot, and the killing was not,
therefore, in the protection of property.

It appears, however, that in ancient parks
and free warrens remnants of the old Forest
Law still survive, and in Protheroe v.
Matthews, 5 C. and P. 581, it was decided
that the owner of a park was entitled to
shoot dogs which were chasing deer, although
they were not actually chasing at the
moment, and it was not absolutely necessary
to destroy them to preserve the game.
Again in the case of Barrington v. Turner,
3 Lev., 28, the applicant's deer had trespassed
on land belonging to the respondent, who
set his dogs on to drive them back. The
dogs, as is their nature on such occasions,
exceeded their orders, and not only did they

560

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

drive the deer back into their own park
but chased them far into it, whereupon the
park owner shot them, one and all, and he
was held j ustified in so doing. The poisoning
of trespassing dogs is prohibited by 27 and
28 Viet., c. 115, whereby every person who
places or causes to be placed in or upon any
lands (except in a dwelling house or enclosed
garden for the purpose of destroying vermin)
any poisoned flesh or meat is liable on
summary conviction to a fine of £10.

It may be said in passing that as a general
rule an owner is not liable for his dog's
damage unless done with his consent (Brown
v. Giles, i C. and P. 119), or unless knowing
its evil propensities he allows it to be at
large (Read v. Edwards, 17 C.B., N.S. 245).
An interesting case on this point is Grange v.
Silcocks, 77 L.T. 340. In that case sheep
belonging to the plaintiff were trespassing
on the defendant's property, and were
attacked by the defendant's dog, whom it
was proved the defendant knew did not
bear an irreproachable character. It was
held that, notwithstanding the fact that the
sheep were so trespassing, the plaintiff was
entitled to recover on the ground that the
defendant was responsible for the safe
keeping of a dog which he knew to possess
an evil nature. With regard to sheep and
cattle, of course, since the passing of 28
and 29 Viet. c. 60, mentioned above under
" Privilege of First Bite," this scienter or
previous knowledge of a savage disposition
is of no importance. The proper course for
the land owner to pursue is to saize and
impound (distress damage feasant) the dog
which has done damage until its master
has given redress (Bunch v. Kennington,
i Q.B. 679), and if the distrainer demands
an excessive sum, and the owner, to obtain
the release of the dog, pays the amount
under protest, he can subsequently recover
the balance (Green v. Duckett, 52 L.J.,
Q- B. 435)-

Dog
Stealing.

This matter has already been
referred to in the early part
of this chapter, but it deserves perhaps
a little further attention. We know that
at Common Law dogs were not the subject

of larceny, one of the reasons being that, not
being animals available for food, they were
considered of no intrinsic value. Dogs,
according to Chief Justice Eliot, were
vermin, and " for that reason the Church
would not debase herself by taking tithes
of them."

The Act, 10 Geo. III., c. 18, however,
made dog stealing a statutable offence, the
punishment for which was a fine of £20-
£30, or imprisonment for not less than 12
months, whereas a second offence meant a
fine of £30-^50, or eighteen months' im-
prisonment, and in addition to these
substantial punishments the offender had
in both cases to be publicly whipped be-
tween the hours of noon and one p.m., within
three days of his conviction, after which he
could appeal to Quarter Sessions. It seems
that the legislature suddenly became aware
of the wickedness of stealing a dog, and
were determined, by somewhat drastic
measures, to put a stop to a practice which
had apparently become rather too prevalent.

The Larceny Act of 1861 revised punish-
ments inflicted under the previous Act dealing
with this subject, and made the punishment
on summary conviction a fine of £20 or
imprisonment for not more than six months,
with or without hard labour, whereas to
be in unlawful possession of a stolen dog or
its skin is under it a misdemeanour triable
at Quarter Sessions, and punishable by im-
prisonment up to eighteen months, with or
without hard labour, or by fine not exceeding
£20.

By section 102 of the same Act, whoso-
ever shall publicly advertise rewards for the
return of lost or stolen property, and shall
use words purporting that no questions will
be asked, or that the reward will be paid
without seizing or making any inquiry after
the person producing the property, shall
forfeit £60 for each offence to any person
who will sue for the same by action of debt.
This is a rather extraordinary section, and
it is perhaps important in these days to
bear it in mind. It will be remembered
that a short time ago an endeavour was
made to enforce it against one of the papers
dealing with dogs. Section 101 of this Act

THE DOG AND THE LAW.

says that any person corruptly taking any
money or reward directly or indirectly under
pretence or upon account of aiding any
person to recover any dog which shall have
been stolen or shall be in the possession of
any person except the owner, is guilty of a
misdemeanour, and upon conviction is liable
to imprisonment for eighteen months with
or without hard labour. In this connection
it is useful to add that the statute 24 and 25
Viet., c. 96, s. 100, enacts that the property
in stolen goods reverts to the original owner
upon conviction of the thief, and he is
entitled to recover it even from an innocent
purchaser.

Licences.

Every dog owner must an-
nually take out a licence for
each dog he keeps. The licence, which
is obtainable at all post-offices at the
cost of 73. 6d., is dated to run from
the hour it is taken out until the fol-
lowing 3ist December, and no rebate is
allowed under any circumstances. The per-
son in whose custody or upon whose premises
the dog is found will be deemed its owner
until proved otherwise

The owners of certain dogs for certain
purposes are, however, exempted from tak-
ing out licences, viz. : (i) Dogs under the
age of six months (30 and 31 Viet., c. 5., s. 10);

(2) hounds under twelve months old neither
used nor hunted with the pack, provided
that the Master has taken out proper
licences for all hounds entered in the pack
used by him (41 and 42 Viet., c. 15, s. 20),
the Master of the pack is deemed the owner ;

(3) one dog kept and used by a blind person
solely for his or her guidance (41 and 42
Viet., c. 15, s. 21) ; (4) dogs kept and used
solely for the purpose of tending sheep or
cattle or in the exercise of the occupation
or cal'ing of a shepherd. The number of
dogs so kept is limited to two, except on
farms where over 400 sheep are grazing, in
which case a third dog is allowed. If as
many as 1,000 sheep are kept a fourth dog
is permitted, and for every 500 sheep over
and above 1,000 an additional dog up to
the number of eight (41 and 42 Viet., c. 15,

S. 22).

To secure this last exemption a declaration
must be made by the person seeking ex-
emption, on receipt of which a certificate
will be issued by the Inland Revenue
Commissioners. The Dogs Act, 1906, lays
it down with regard to this exemption for
shepherds' dogs etc., that "the grant of a.
certificate under section 22 of the Customs
and Inland Revenue Act, 1878, of exemption
from duty in respect of a dog shall require
the previous consent in England of a petty
sessional court, and in Scotland of the
sheriff or sheriff -substitute having juris-
diction in the place where the dog is kept,
but such consent shall not be withheld if
the Court is of opinion that the conditions
for exemption mentioned in the said section
apply in the case of the applicant."

Muzzling.

Just as bull baiting, etc., was

first abolished in " wicked
London," so to the undoubted discomfiture
of countless dogs did the muzzling
order first see light in the same place.
The Metropolitan Police Act, 1867 (30 and
31 Viet., c. 134), enacted : —

(1) The Commissioner of Police may,
if he think fit, issue a notice requiring
any dog whilst in the streets (if not led)
to be muzzled.

(2) Any policeman may take possession
of and detain any dog found unmuzzled
in the streets until a muzzle be provided,
and the expenses of his detention are
paid.

(3) Where the dog wears a collar bear-
ing the address of its owner, notice of its
detention shall be sent to the owner.

(4) Unclaimed dogs may be destroyed
after three days' detention.

Under the Contagious Diseases (Animals)
Acts, 1878-1894, local authorities (i.e. county,
borough, or district councils) were em-
powered to issue orders regulating the
muzzling of dogs in public places and the
keeping of dogs under control (otherwise
than by muzzling). Offenders under these
Acts are liable to a fine not exceeding
£20.

562

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

The Statute 57 and 58 Viet., c. 57, gives
the Board of Agriculture power to make
orders for muzzling dogs, keeping them under
control, and the detention and disposal of
stray dogs ; and section 2 of the Dogs Act,
1906 (known by some as the Curfew Bell
Act), says that the Diseases of Animals Act,
1894, shall have effect as if amongst the
purposes for which the Board of Agriculture
may make orders there were included the
following purposes : —

(a) For prescribing and regulating the
wearing by dogs while in a highway or in
a place of public resort of a collar with
the name and address of the owner in-
scribed on the collar or on a plate or
badge attached thereto :

(b) With a view to the prevention of
worrying of cattle for preventing dogs
or any class of dogs from straying during
all or any of the hours between sunset and
sunrise.

Orders under this section may provide
that any dog in respect of which an
offence is being committed against the
orders may be seized and treated as a
stray dog.

The Dogs Act, 1906, has also some im-
portant sections dealing with seizure of stray
dogs, and enacts that where a police officer
has reason to believe that any dog found
in a highway or place of public resort is a stray
dog, he may seize and retain it until the
owner has claimed it and paid all expenses
incurred by reason of its detention. If the
dog so seized wears a collar on which is the
address of any person, or if the owner of the
dog is known, then the chief officer of police
or some person authorised by him in that
behalf shall serve on either such person a
notice in writing stating that the dog has
been seized, and will be sold or destroyed
if not claimed within seven clear days of
the service of the notice.

Failing the owner putting in an appear-
ance and paying all expenses of detention
within the seven clear days, then the chief
officer of police or any person authorised by
him may cause the dog to be sold, or destroyed

in a manner to cause as little pain as possible.
The dog must be properly fed and maintained
by the police, or other person having charge
of him, during his detention, and no dog so
seized shall be given or sold for the purpose
of vivisection. The police must keep a
proper register of all dogs seized, and every
such register shall be open to inspection at
all reasonably times by any member of the
public on payment of a fee of one sh'lling,
and the police may transfer such dog to any
establishment for the reception of stray
dogs, but only if there is a proper register
kept at such establishment open to inspec-
tion by the public on payment of a fee not
exceeding one shilling.

Another section enacts that any person
who takes possession of a stray dog shall
forthwith either return the dog to its owner
or give notice in writing to the chief officer of
police of the district where the dog was
found, containing a description of the dog
and stating the place where the dog was
found, and the place where he is being
detained, and any person failing to comply
with the provisions of this section shall be
liable on conviction under the Summary
Jurisdiction Acts to a fine not exceeding
forty shillings.

It is possible that this Act will serve a
useful purpose in identifying stray dogs,
and underlying many of its sections there
seems to be a somewhat unusual wish to
prevent a too great display on the part of
the police of that objectionable red tape
which one has become accustomed to expect
Acts of Parliament to assist rather than
discourage.

It is to be doubted very much, however,
whether it will benefit the cause for which
in reality it was brought into being, viz.
the prevention of sheep-worrying. The sheep-
worrying dog as a rule is an exceedingly
clever, wily animal, and is not at all likely
to be caught straying by the ordinary
country policeman. It is further a pretty
generally accepted fact that by far the
greater part of sheep-worrying is done by
the farmers' dogs themselves, and they in
most cases would keep well clear of all
places where policemen are likely to be, for

THE DOG AND THE LAW.

563

the simple reason that there would be no
necessity for them to frequent any such
places.

There are all sorts of rumours and state-
ments, however, about the enormous increase
of stray dogs since the Act came into opera-
tion, attributable, it is said, to the fact that
the poorer classes who do not understand
the Act, and have no means of doing so, are
so afraid of getting into trouble over it that
they turn their dogs out into the streets,
lose, and disown them. There is, however,
one class of persons who hail with delight
the passing of the Act. They — the anti-vivi-
sectionists — feel they have scored a point, in
that sub-section 5 of section 3 enacts that
no seized dog shall be given or sold for the
purposes of vivisection, though looking at
it fairly it is difficult to see why the owner-
less street cur should be the only dog so
favoured.

Importation
of Dogs.

The power of making Orders
dealing with the importation
of dogs is vested in the Board of Agri-
culture, who have absolute authority in
the matter. They from time to time issue
somewhat voluminous orders, the result of
which is that any importation of a dog is
attended with considerable difficulty and
expense.

The initial step to be taken by a person
wishing to import any dog into Great Britain
from any other country excepting Ireland,
the Channel Islands, and the Isle of Man,
is that he must fill up an application form
to the said Board, which he has previously
obtained from them, in which he applies
for a licence to land the dog under the con-
ditions imposed by the Board, which he
undertakes to obey.

On the form he has to give a full descrip-
tion of the dog, the name and address of the
owner, the proposed port of landing, and
the approximate date of landing, and further
from lists which he will receive from the
Board he must select the carrying agents
he proposes should superintend the move-
ment of the dog from the port of landing to
the place of detention, and also the premises
of a veterinary surgeon on which he proposes

the dog shall be detained and isolated as
required by the Order. With regard to this
latter the Board have already approved
certain premises for the purpose, viz. at
Croydon.TVTitcham, Southampton, and Liver-
pool ; but any premises in the occupation of
a veterinary surgeon may be proposed and
approved if found suitable. An imported
dog must be landed and taken to its place of
detention in a suitable box, hamper, crate
or other receptacle, and as a general rule
has to remain entirely isolated for a
period of six months. An Order of the
Board dated I2th December, 1901, gives
full particulars as to the importation of
dogs, and will be sent to anyone applying
to the Board for it. Noticeable under it is
the fact that the article dealing with the
detention and isolation of a dog does not
apply to "an imported dog which is shown
to the satisfaction of the Board to be a bond
fide performing dog " (why any such dog
should be so favoured in preference to other
much more valuable animals it seems hard
to understand), "or to an imported dog
which is intended to be exported within
forty-eight hours after its landing."

The Order does not say so, but it is a fact
that a dog belonging to any person in the
Diplomatic Service of any other country will
be allowed into this country, and is not
subject to any of the importation rulas.

Another matter which is not referred to
in the said Order, and about which the Board
is very reticent, is that there is an alter-
native to detention and isolation. This was
brought in under the last Ministry, and it
is highly probable that on account of its
objectionable features very few people have
availed themselves of it. A dog under it
has for a certain period to wear a suit of
harness sealed by a Board inspector, so that he
can be at once identified ; a sum of money
has to be deposited with the Board, the dog
has to be muzzled, and the Board has always
to know his whereabouts for the purposes of
periodical inspection. Whether this alterna-
tive is still allowed or not is unknown to the
writer ; all he knows is that several letters
written on his behalf to the Board a few
months ago, asking for information on the

564

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

point, could only extract the information
that "it is only in very exceptional circum-
stances that the Board are prepared, subject
to a cons' derat on inter alia of the position
as to Rabies existing at the time of importa-
tion, to grant a Special Order authorising
the removal of an imported dog from
veterinary to private premises during the
period of quarantine, and any application
by the owner of the dog for a Special Order
is required to be supported by a full state-
msnt of the reasons for which this exceptional
treatment is asked, and the Board cannot
consider any application for a Special Order
until after the Licence to land the dog in
question has been issued."

The Board of Agriculture rightly or
wrongly discourage the importation of dogs
as much as they can. There is no doubt
that their action in the matter of some years
back, however clumsily it was carried out,
had the effect of stamping out rabies in this
country, and it is quite natural that there
should be anxiety on their part to lessen the
chance of any further outbreak of that fell
disease. The " performing " dog, the pet
of the diplomat and his friend, must always
be a constant source of anxiety, however
few there may be of these species which
find their way into this country.

To anyone who knows anything about
rabies it is a matter of regret that the Board
do not make one hard and fast rule for all
dogs, and in doing so act on the advice of
those scientific gentlemen who know most
about the subject. The best authorities
tell us that proper quarantine for three
months is ample for the purpose, and it is
hard to understand why an extra three
months should be thought necessary in
many cases.

It is true that in some cases the Board do
allow a dog out of quarantine when he has
done only three months, but they do not
advertise this fact, and seem therefore to
wish that it should not be generally known.
The sort of dog that is let out at three
months is the pet dog whose owner is in
a position solemnly to declare that it has been
living with him continuously for a certain
stated period previous to his landing ; but,

if six months is necessary in any case, it is
very much to be doubted whether this dog,
who has maybe with his owner been travelling
and never on a "lead" through all the capitals
of Europe, is not the very one of all others
who shouM suffer the full term. No such
concession is allowed to the valuable show
dog, every minute of whose life has been
watched, and who has never had any possible
chance of coming into contact with a rabid
stray dog, and, moreover, whose owner is
prepared to swear to and prove this beyond
any question or doubt.

Motor Cars Unquestionably the greatest
and Dogs. enemy that the dog possesses
at the present time is the motor car. If
any such statistics were obtainable it
would be interesting to know how many
thousand specimens of the canine race have
lost their lives by being run over by
motor cars and cycles since these machines
came into being. A dog almost invariably
leaves it till the last moment to get out of
the way of any vehicle on a road ; he is, in
fact, in this respect somewhat like the idea
of an Englishman given by an American
when asked to express the same, his reply
being that having been in London a few
days he had come to the opinion that the
sole idea dominating an Englishman's life was
to see how near he could get to being run
over without actually performing the feat. In
these circumstances it can well be understood
that a dog, accustomed as he only has been
to the steady and reliable gait of his friend
the horse, who also will never, if he can
possibly help it, tread on him, is entirely out
of his reckoning with the, in most cases,
terribly fast running motor car ; he is unable
to gauge its speed, and pays the penalty.
In towns where dogs learn to be very careful,
and motors are bound to be, the risk is not
so great, but on any country roads and
lanes which are at all popular with motorists
the mortality amongst puppies " at walk "
and all dogs is very serious.

Presuming the owner of the dog is fortunate
enough to know whose car it was that ran
over his dog, and to have some evidence of
excessive or unreasonable speed or other

THE DOG AND THE LAW.

565

negligence on the part of the car driver at
the time of the accident, he will find the law
ever ready to assist him. In most cases no
doubt the motor owner pays without recourse
to law. and in nearly all cases he is probably
insured against such accidents, but if he
refuses to pay voluntarily, and the owner
•of the dog is reasonable and proper in his
demands, a necessary action at law may as
a rule be entered upon v.'ith every confidence
by the latter.

A dog has every bit as much right to the
high road as a motor car. Efforts have been
made on the part of motor owners to get
the Courts to hold that dogs on a high road
are only under proper control if on a " lead,"
and that if they are not on a " lead" the owner
of them is guilty of negligence in allowing
his dog to stroll about, and therefore is not
entitled to recover: such efforts have not
been successful. In the first place, even
supposing a Court to hold that the fact of a
dog being loose in this way or unaccompanied
was evidence of negligence against his
owner — and as far as the writer, is aware no
Court has held any such thing — this would by
no means defeat his owner's claim, for the
law is, that though a plaintiff may have
been negligent in some such way as this, yet
if the defendant could, by the exercise of
reasonable care, have avoided the accident,
the plaintiff can still recover. There are
several cases that decide this valuable
principle, but there is especially one which
is best quoted in any such action, viz.
Davies v. Mann (loM.andW. 546). In that
•case the owner of a jackass, which had been
negligently left hobbled and unguarded on
a highway, sued the defendant, by the
negligence of whose servant in driving along
the highway at too rapid a speed the jackass
was run over and injured. Baron Parke in his
judgment says, " Although there may have
been negligence on the part of the plaintiff,
yet unless he might by the exercise of ordinary
care have avoided the consequence of
defendant's negligence he is entitled to
recover. Although the ass may have been
wrongfully on the high road, still defendant
was bound to go along the road at such a
pace as would be likely to prevent mischief.

If this were not so a man might justify the
driving over goods left on a public highway,
or even over a sleeping man, or the purposely
running against a carriage going on the
wrong side- of the road."

Another method by which the motor
owner endeavours to escape liability is by
contending that the accident was a sudden
one, so sudden that it was inevitable, that
nothing that he could have done would have
prevented it, and that he did everything that
it was possible to do.

If, however, the motor is going slowly,
these accidents do not occur, and a motorist
in going along a road must have due regard
for all things that may occur, and must
always remember that he is not entitled to
go along at such a pace as would be likely
to cause accident. In a case decided a
short time back the motor driver proved
that the dog was in a ditch, and just as he
passed by it jumped out in front of him, and
did not give him time to pull up. The Court
held that that was no answer to the claim,
that the driver, knowing full well the eccen-
tricities of a dog, ought to have been pre-
pared for such a contingency taking place ;
instead of this he, knowing the dog was
there, took the risk, did not slow up at all,
and must pay the penalty.

An interesting and certainly far-reaching
case is Millns v. Garratt, which came up
on appeal from the Gravesend County Court,
in March, 1906, before a Divisional Court
presided over by the Lord Chief Justice.
In this case the plaintiff and another man
were riding along a road on bicycles, when
a dog, which it was found was blind, ran
in front of them, and collided with the
plaintiff's machine, which caused him to
be thrown violently to the ground, and
severely injured him. It appeared that the
dog had been shouted at, and escaped the
leading bicycle, but ran into the other, and
it was admitted that he had run into the
road of his own accord entirely unaccom-
panied, and was blind. The County Court
judge held that the accident was caused by
the blindness of the dog, that it was dangerous
to traffic, and that there was no evidence of
precautions being taken to prevent it

566

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

straying in the road, that it was not in fact
kept under proper control, and awarded the
plaintiff £23 damages.

The Divisional Court, however, reversed
the decision of the Court below, and allowed
the appeal of the dog owner, against whom
it was strenuously argued that the fact that
the dog was blind was known to its owner,
that it was negligently not kept under
proper control, and further that a person
was entitled to assume that a dog on a
highway could see and would behave as a
seeing dog, and therefore not blindly run
into danger. The Court were unanimous in
allowing the appeal, the Lord Chief Justice
saying that there was clearly no evidence of
negligence on the part of the dog owner.

Carriage of At common law railway corn-
Dogs by Land panies are not common car-
and Sea. riers of dogs, which means

that unless it were their wish to do so they
could not be compelled to carry them, and
if they did so, they would not be liable for
loss or injury unless such injury arose from
the negligence or misconduct of the com-
pany's servants. By statute, however, a
railway company is bound to carry dogs if
it has facilities for doing so, but the law
does not impose on the company the obliga-
tion of an insurer with regard to animals,
and as a result the company is only liable
to the owner when a dog is injured or killed
through the negligence or default of the
servants of the company. Unfortunately,
however, a railway company is permitted to
make conditions limiting the liability it is
prepared to assume, but in order to make
any such conditions binding on the public
two things must necessarily be shown, viz.
that the conditions are reasonable, and that
there exists a memorandum of the contract
between the parties which has been duly
signed by the consignor or agent acting for
him in the matter.

Before the Railway and Canal Traffic Act
(1854) was passed railway companies acted in
a most dictatorial manner to all owners of
live stock ; they simply said we will not
carry your animals except on the terms that
we are not liable in any event ; but the above-

mentioned Act changed all this, and under
it every railway company is bound to-
provide proper facilities for receiving and
forwarding traffic, and it especially defined
the word " traffic " to include animals.
The important section, viz. 7, of this Act,
enacted that every company shall be liable
for the loss of or for any injury done to
any horses, cattle, or other animals in the
receiving, forwarding, or delivering thereof,,
occasioned by the neglect or default of such
company, or its servants, notwithstanding
any notice, condition or declaration made
and given by such company contrary thereto,,
or in anywise limiting such liability — every
such notice, etc., being declared null and
void — but always providing that nothing in
the Act should be construed to prevent the
said companies from making such conditions-
as shall be adjudged by the Court or judge
to be just and reasonable. The section then
goes on to say what limit of liability in
respect of certain animals might be put upon
them by the railway companies unless the
persons delivering the same to the railways.
should declare at the time of such delivery
a higher value, in which case it shall be
lawful for the company to demand and
receive, by way of compensation for the
increased risk and care thereby occasioned,,
a reasonable percentage upon the excess of
the value so declared above the respective
sums so limited as aforesaid, and which shall
be paid in addition to the ordinary rate of
charge. The Act, of course, puts the onus
of proof of value of the animal, and also the
amount of the injury done thereto, on the
person claiming the compensation.

In limiting the liability of railway com-
panies in respect of certain animals, the
section does not specifically mention dogs,
but inasmuch as the section clearly refers-
to all animals, dogs are held to be included
for this purpose, and the case of Harrison v.
London Brighton and South Coast Railway
(31 L.J, Q.B., 113) is an authority on the
point. It has become the general custom,
of all railway companies to limit their
liability with respect to dogs to the sum of
/2, unless as aforesaid the owner, etc.,,
declares a higher value.

THE DOG AND THE LAW.

567

A very important case dealing with this
subject was Dickson v. Great Northern Rail-
way Company (18 Q.B.D., 176). In this
case a valuable Greyhound was sent from
London to Newcastle, the ordinary fare
being six shillings. The plaintiff's man
signed the printed form exonerating the
company from liability beyond £2, unless
the higher value were declared and paid for
extra at the rate of five per cent. No
higher value was declared and nothing but
the ordinary rate was paid. During the
journey the Greyhound was injured by a
porter (in the usual slipshod, careless, and
stupid manner so closely identified with the
actions of many porters) running a trolley
over its tail. The County Court judge held
that the alternative terms offered by the
railway company were unreasonable, and
gave judgment for the plaintiff for £25.
The Divisional Court on appeal reversed this
decision, but on the plaintiff appealing to
the Court of Appeal the judgment of the
Divisional Court was upset, and that of the
County Court judge affirmed. The late
Lord Esher in his judgment, shortly put,
asked, What was the nature of the condition ?
In his opinion, it was one of a most violent
description. It absolved the company from
liability for any negligence, however gross,
and for wilful misconduct and dishonesty of
their servants. If a reasonable alternative
is offered it was true even such a sweeping
exemption from liability might become
reasonable. In his opinion no reasonable
alternative had been offered in this case,
for if the percentage asked for had been
paid, the dog's fare would have been £3 43.,
which was more than that for a first-class
passenger for the same distance, with all
the liabilities attaching to the carriage of
such a passenger.

The above case is undoubtedly a most
important one. It is strong authority for
the principle that a railway company must
offer to the public a reasonable agreement,
and it finds as a fact that an extra charge of
five per cent, is too much for a railway
company to seek to impose under the
powers given them by section 7 of the
above-mentioned Act. As was natural, rail-

way companies adopted this finding of fact,
and we know now that they ask for a much
smaller percentage, as an extra rate, where
a higher value is declared.

One thing which is always in a railway
company's favour is that individuals natur-
ally fear to tackle them; the railway company
or other large corporation has, as a rule, an
eminent permanent solicitor with a large
staff of clerks at his disposal who must at
times have very slack periods, and who
therefore are only too anxious for someone
to commence an action against them. They
have unlimited resources, and the result
from a financial point of view does not
matter one jot to them. It is very different
with the individual who stands to lose a
considerable amount of his own money if he
has the temerity single-handed to tackle such
a dangerous machine — a machine, too, which
he knows is spoiling for a fight at all times,
and will fight it out to the bitter end as far
as the law will allow it. This is doubtless
responsible for the fact that, although, with
the growth of the dog in recent years the
numbers of accidents to dogs, and their
deaths whilst in transit on railways, caused
almost invariably by the negligence and
stupidity of railway servants, have naturally
increased enormously, yet very few actions
in regard to these things have found their
way into the courts, and though some
have been commenced while the claimant
was in the initial heat of the annoyance of
having his dog done to death or badly
injured, when the calmer mood has come
upon him, he has thought better of it, and
quietly dropped his action.

A useful case has, however, recently been
tried which cannot fail to be of some interest
to dog owners by the time it is finally dis-
posed of. It was an action against the Midland
Railway Company, and in it the plaintiff,
who had the good fortune to have his action
tiled by one of the most able judges on the
Bench, got judgment for £300, which was
the sum claimed by him as damages for the
loss of a valuable Pointer bitch which was
burnt to death in its hamper in the parcels
office at Chesterfield station. The railway
company admitted that the dog's death was

568

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

caused by the negligence of someone for
whom they were responsible, but relied on
the special contract which had been signed
on behalf of the plaintiff, among the con-
ditions of which was the following : ' The
company will not in any case be responsible
beyond the following sums : dogs, deer or
goats, £2 each, unless a higher value be
declared at the time of delivery to the
company, and a percentage of ij per cent,
(minimum 3d.) paid upon the excess of the
value so declared."

The value of the dog being agreed, the
only question in the case was whether or
not this special contract was in its terms
just and reasonable within the meaning of
Section 7 of the Railway and Canal Traffic
Act, 1854.

The dog was sent from Neath to Chester-
field, the ordinary rate of 45. being paid,
and no declaration of its value was made
by the sender. The railway company con-
tended they were only liable for £2, and
paid that amount into court. The plaintiff
contendedthat the contractwas unreasonable,
and in proof of this pointed out that i^ per
cent, on the value would make the rate come
to £3 155. for the journey, which was out
of all proportion to the risk, that it would
amount to five times as much as a third
class passenger would have to pay for the
same distance, his fare being admitted to
be 155. 6d., and also that it would not
be reasonable to seek to impose one rate
applicable irrespective altogether of distance.
The defendants called evidence to show that
the special rate of i£ per cent, was the usual
charge made by all railway companies, and
that there was extra risk in the carriage of
dogs, and contended that the special con-
tract was just and reasonable, that the
argument of the plaintiff, based upon a
comparison of the rate charged for a passenger
and that for a dog, was fallacious, inasmuch
as the risk in the case of a passenger was
infinitesimal, whereas it was very appreciable
in the case of a dog, and that for the extra
risk the company were entitled to impose an
extra rate, and the suggested rate was fair
and reasonable, and the one commonly
made.

The learned judge in giving a reserved
judgment went fully into the law on the
subject, saying that the case was in principle
on all fours with Dickson v. Great Northern
Railway, decided in the Court of Appeal, and
agreed with the judgment of Lord Lindley
in that case, wherein he held " that the
burden of proving a contract of this sort
to be reasonable is thrown by the statute on
the defendants." Mr. Justice Walton said :
To give evidence of the reasonableness of
this contract might present some difficulty,
but the burden of proof was on the company.
There was another thing, in considering
whether a condition like this was reasonable,
he might — as appeared from the judgment
in Dickson v. Great Northern Railway-
rightly look not merely at the particular
journey which this dog made, but also with
reference to the question as to whether it
was reasonable, having regard to the public
generally. He must look, as it were, at an
average journey. That being so, what was
the evidence ? There was evidence that
the carriage of dogs by railways was attended
by considerable risk of loss arising mainly
from the fact that they were trying to
escape all the time, often in most extra-
ordinarv ways. One of the witnesses for
the railway company had said, in comparing
the risk of carrying passengers with that of
carrying dogs, that it was as a million to one.
That was rather poetical or metaphorical
language, and did not pretend to be in any
way statistical, and only established that
the risk in the case of a dog was much greater
than in that of a passenger. That kind of
evidence did not assist him very much, and
still left the question whether this charge
was a reasonable one to protect the company
from the risk of liability for loss. He had to
decide whether this was a reasonable premium
to attempt to impose for this risk. It was
idle, he thought, to compare fares for passen-
gers with those for dogs as had been done in
argument. He could take as an illustration
an ordinary journey by a dog, of, say, forty
miles. The charge would be is., and would
include the liability of the company up to £2.
Suppose, then, that the owner declared excess
value to the amount of £2, he would have to

THE DOG AND THE LAW.

569

pay under this special contract 6d. extra,
to cover that amount. That seemed to him
unreasonable. What was the risk ? Though
perhaps it would have been troublesome, the
defendants might have brought evidence to
show what it was. They had not done so, and
he had no evidence to show whether a rate
of i£ per cent, was reasonable or not, and
therefore could not decide the question,
although the inclination of his mind was to
say that it was a very high premium. The
defendants had not discharged the burden
put upon them, and he must therefore give
judgment for the plaintiff for the amount
claimed with costs.

A matter seriously affecting some dog
owners, especially shooting dog owners,
who mostly send their dogs on railway
journeys with simply a collar and chain,
is the very poor accommodation provided
for dogs sent in this way, in guards' vans,
and especially on railway stations. Guards'
vans with kennels in them which one used
to see fairly often on some of the lines seem
to be on the decrease, and there are very
few stations which have any suitable kennels
at all, and those which are occasionally to
be seen are invariably used for some other
purpose, such as storing oil cans, waste, etc.,
and are always in a filthy state. Several
attempts have been made to remedy this
state of things, but little or no success has
been met with. The railway companies have
been approached, deputations have attended
on the Ministers of Agriculture, but nothing
tangible has resulted. The writer has twice
attended as a member of a deputation to
different Ministers of Agriculture, with the
object of inducing the Board of Agriculture
to include dogs in the Orders which they
issue under the Diseases of Animals Act,
1894, which, if they care to exercise it, they
have the power to do. The Board have,
however, definitely refused to do this, con-
tending that it is impracticable to issue
Orders with regard to the cleansing and
disinfecting of dog pens and vehicles used
for their conveyance in the same way as
they do for cattle and other animals. There
wouldbe, no doubt, some difficultyin carrying
out in the present state of things anything

like systematic disinfection, as the vehicle in
which the dog has travelled does not, as in the
case of the horse box or cattle truck, remain
at the place of destination of the dog, and it
is of course- probable that the same guard's
van .will carry several dogs for different
portions of the same journey ; but there is
also no doubt that the conveyance and
management of dogs on our railway systems
ought to be and could be much better carried
out than they are at present. A suggestion
made by one of the deputations above-
mentioned was that railway companies
should be obliged to provide proper movable
dog boxes which could be carried in the
guard's van, and might be ordered by the
person desiring to do so in the same way as
one now orders a horse box or cattle truck
when it is needed. The Board seemed at
first to be struck with the idea, for of course
proper disinfection of these boxes would be
easy, and a dog would stand a much better
chance of being properly looked after, and
kept immune from disease ; they went
so far as to receive carefully drawn - up
sketches of desirable boxes, which it was
suggested should be constructed so that
they could fit easily one on top of the other,
and that a dog could, when necessary, be
easily fed and watered while still in the
box ; but the Board eventually would have
none of it, and intimated that all they
could do would be to communicate with
the railway companies and ask them to do
what they could in the matter, which has
of course resulted in nothing.

With regard to the carriage of dogs by
sea, the situation may be fairly summed up
by saying that the shipowner has by far the
best of the bargain. There seems to be
some uncertainty as to whether or not a
shipowner is a common carrier, but whether
he is or not there seems to be very little
difference, if indeed there is any, between
shipowners and common carriers, in so far
at any rate as responsibility for failure to
deliver goods at their destination is con-
cerned. The question whether the owner
of a chartered ship carrying goods for one
person exclusively has the same liability
as the owner of a general ship, has given rise

57°

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

to conflicting judicial opinions. Blackburn,
J., in the case of Liver Alkali Company v.
Johnson, said : " It is difficult to see any
reason why the liability of a shipowner who
engages to carry the whole lading of his
ship for one person should be less than the
liability of one who carries lading in different
parcels for different people." And he added
that the liability of a lighterman was ex-
pressly recognised as being the same as that
of a common carrier. Brett, J. (afterwards
Lord Esher, M.R.), held on a review of
the authorities that shipowners, though not
common carriers, yet by custom, i.e. the
common law of England, have the same
liability. " Every shipowner who carries
goods for hire in his ship, whether by inland
navigation or coastways or abroad, under-
takes to carry them at his own risk, the act
of God and the Queen's enemies alone
excepted, unless by agreement between
himself and the particular freighter on the
particular voyage he limits his liability by
further exceptions." In the case of Nugent
v. Smith (I.C.P.D. 25 and 427), Brett, J.,
repeated this opinion, but when this case
was taken higher on appeal, Cockburn, C.J.,
in his judgment, dissented emphatically from
Brett, J., and also from Blackburn, J., in
his judgment in the other case, saying there
was a clear distinction between the common
carrier and the private ship. It seems,
however, that the balance of authority and
principle is in favour of the view expressed
by the late Lord Esher, supported as it is
by the judgments of other able judges, such
as Lord Justice Bowen, who in the well-
known case of Hamilton v. Pandorf, used
very similar language.

The shipowner, nowadays, in carrying
anything, seeks to limit his liability in every
way that he possibly can, his bill of lading
is invariably full of exceptions, limiting his
liability as far as it is possible for the human
mind to conceive. This is especially so in
connection with the shippers of dogs, horses,
and other animals, and when a dog does on
its voyage meet with any injury, or is maybe
lost, it may, as a general rule, be safely stated
that it is hopeless to bring any action against
the shipowner on account of the same, no

matter how the injury or loss has occurred.
Of course if a shipowner is so foolish as to
ship a dog without a bill of lading, and
the dog be injured or lost on account of
something which cannot be called an act
of God or of the King's enemies, another
situation altogether arises, and the dog
owner would find himself in clover, but
" Simple Simons " among shipowners are
nowadays not numerous, and though it is
true no number of express exceptions in a
bill of lading can of a certainty be said to
be exhaustive, yet so many cases have
arisen of recent years between shipowners
and shippers, and so many judgments have
been given that the exceptions in these
agreements must now not only cover almost
everything, but are worded in such a way
that even the ingenuity of great lawyers
will, as a rule, fail to get behind them.

An interesting case, recently tried in the
High Court before Mr. Justice Walton, is a
good example of what a poor chance a dog-
owner has against a shipowner. In this
case (Packwood v. Union Castle Mail Steam-
ship Company) the plaintiff shipped two
prize Collies in a kennel from London to
Cape Town under a bill of lading, which
contained the following among other terms
and conditions: "On deck at shipper's
risk. Ship not accountable for mortality,
disease or accidents " ; " The company are
not liable for, or for the consequences of, any
accidents, loss, or damage whatsoever arising
from any act, neglect, or default whatsoever
of the masters, officers, crew or any agent
or servant of the company " ; and "No claim
that may arise in respect of goods shipped
under this bill of lading will be recoverable
unless made at the port of delivery within
seven days from the completion of the ship's
discharge there."

The dogs were duly shipped on board
the s.s. Galician, and during the voyage one
of them was lost overboard, in consequence
of its being let out of its kennel by someone
in the employ of the defendants, and being
allowed to go loose about the ship for the
purpose, as the defendants alleged, " of
getting exercise, which was a reasonable
measure necessary for the health of the said

THE DOG AND THE LAW.

dog." The inevitable result of such
treatment was that the dog, which was
admitted to be of a nervous disposition,
either jumped or was knocked overboard,
and was seen swimming in the sea astern
of the ship, and, though every effort was
made to recover it, was lost.

The defendants in their defence alleged
that they had not been guilty of any negli-
gence, and alternatively relied on the terms
of the bill of lading quoted above. The
learned judge apparently found that the
letting of the dog loose was negligence on the
part of the defendants' servants, but he said
the point was of no importance, as in any
event, owing to the terms of the bill of lading,
the defendants could not be held liable, for
it was expressly agreed that the dog was
shipped on deck solely at shipper's risk, and
that the defendants were not to be liable
for any negligence of any of their servants, etc.
Dealing first with this part of the case, the
writer, despite the well-known ability of
the judge in this particular class of case
especially, has always been of opinion, of
course with great deference, that at any rate
with regard to this point the judgment was
appealable. It was not the Collies that
were shipped on deck at shipper's risk, but
it was the Collies in a double kennel, and
this was so stated in the bill of lading.
The matter that could only be in the minds
of the parties at the time the agreement was
made is alone the matter governed by it.
Had the Collies, kennel and all, gone over-
board, the plaintiff clearly had no case,
even although the kennel had been knocked
overboard in consequence of gross negligence
on the part of the defendants or their
servants. Collars and chains were provided
for the proper exercise of the dogs, and they
could therefore easily, for the purposes of
health and cleanliness, have been tied up
somewhere in security, even to the kennel

itself, or been led about, and the high rate
charged for their conveyance seems to
imply that some care and trouble would be
taken. The plaintiff can never possibly
have contemplated that the ship's people
would be so foolish as to let his dog run
about loose, especially when he had pro-
vided sufficient means for its proper exercise.
Let us suppose a person ships a number of
golden balls in a box to be carried on deck
at shipper's risk under a similar bill of
lading ; it is essential the balls must have
air, and therefore for this purpose the box
has affixed to it a wire-netting lid. Let us
further suppose some person in the employ
of the ship thinks it proper to turn the balls
loose on the deck for the purpose of airing
them, otherwise than by the wire lid.
The balls, of course, at once roll overboard —
and they are not one bit more likely to do
this than the dog was, in the above-mentioned
case. Can it be said that the shipowner in
such case is not liable ? has he not acted right
outside the contract altogether, and done
something which can never have been in
the contemplation of the parties at the
time the contract was made, and which,
therefore, cannot be covered by its terms ?
However this may be, the case quoted did
not go higher ; it is quite possible other
difficulties stood in the way, such as, for
instance, that further clause in the bill of
lading about notice of any claim having
to be given at the port of delivery within
seven days from the completion of the
ship's discharge, which, maybe, had not
been complied with.

The shipowner has invariably in such
cases more than one string to his bow, and
is a troublesome customer to tackle. The
law rightly or wrongly allows him to protect
himself so fully that, as has been said, as a
general rule dog owners will find he is best
left alone.

572

SECTION VII.
PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER LXV.

BUYING AND SELLING, HOUSING, FEEDING, EXERCISE, ETC.
" First let the kennel fo the huntsman's care." — SOMERVILLE.

MANY people are deterred from keep-
ing dogs by the belief that the hobby
is expensive and that it entails a
profitless amount of trouble and anxiety;
but to the true dog-lover the anxiety and
trouble are far outbalanced by the plea-
sures of possession, and as to the expense,
that is a matter which can be regulated at
will. A luxuriously appointed kennel of
valuable dogs, who are pampered into sick-
ness, may, indeed, become a serious drain
upon the owner's banking account, but if
managed on business principles the occu-
pation is capable of yielding a very respect-
able income ; while those who do not make
an actual business of it may still, with
economy and foresight, cover their ex-
penses by the possible profits. One does
not wish to see dog-keeping turned into a
profession, and there seems to be some-
thing mean in making money by our pets ;
but the process of drafting is necessary
when the kennel is overstocked, and buying
and selling are among the interesting ac-
cessories of the game, second only to the
pleasurable excitement of submitting one's
favourites to the judgment of the show-
ring. The delights of breeding and rear-
ing should be their own reward, as they
usually are, yet something more than mere
pin-money can be made by the alert ama-
teur who possesses a kennel of acknow-
ledged merit, and who knows how to turn
it to account ; for, in addition to the selling
of dogs whose value has been enhanced by
success in the ring, there may be a large
increment from the marketing of puppies;
there are stud fees to be counted, and there
is the money-value of prizes gained at a
succession of shows. A champion ought

easily to earn his own living : some are a
source of handsome revenue.

Occasionally one hears of very high
prices being paid for dogs acknowledged
to be perfect specimens of their breed. For
the St. Bernard Sir Belvidere sixteen hun-
dred pounds were offered. Plinlimmon
was sold for a thousand, the same sum that
was paid for the Bulldog Rodney Stone.
For the Collies Southport Perfection and
Ormskirk Emerald Mr. Megson paid a
thousand sovereigns each. Size is no cri-
terion of a dog's market value; the Hon.
Mrs. Lytton refused a thousand pounds
for her Toy Spaniel Windfall, and there
are many lap dogs now living that could
not be purchased for that high price. These
are sums which only a competent judge
with a long purse would dream of paying
for an animal whose tenure of active life
can hardly be more than eight or ten years,
and already the dog's value must have been
attested by his success in competition. It
requires an expert eye to perceive the poten-
tialities of a puppy, and there is always an
element of speculative risk for both buyer
and seller. Many a dog that has been sold
for a song has grown to be a famous cham-
pion. At Cruft's show in 1905 the Bulldog
Mahomet was offered for ten pounds. No
one was bold enough to buy him, yet eigh-
teen months afterwards he was sold and
considered cheap at a thousand. Uncer-
tainty adds zest to a hobby that is in itself
engaging.

Thanks to the influence of the Kennel
Club and the institution of dog shows,
which have encouraged the improvement of
distinct breeds, there are fewer nondescript
mongrels in our midst than there were a

PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT.

573

generation or so ago. A fuller knowledge
has done much to increase the pride which
the British people take in their canine com-
panions, and our present population of
dogs has never been equalled for good
quality in any other age or any other land.

The beginner cannot easily go wrong or
be seriously cheated, but it is well when
making a first purchase to take the advice
of an expert and to be very certain of the
dog's pedigree, age, temper, and condi-
tion. The approved method of buying a
dog is to select one advertised for sale in
the weekly journals devoted to the dog and
dog-fancying — The Field, Our Dogs, The
Illustrated Kennel News, and the Lady's
Field, offer abundant opportunities. A
better way still, if a dog of distinguished
pedigree is desired, is to apply direct to a
well-known owner of the required breed, or
to visit one of the great annual shows, such
as Cruft's (held in February), Manchester
(held in March), The Ladies' Kennel Asso-
ciation (Botanic Gardens, Regent's Park,
in June), The Kennel Club (Crystal Palace,
in October), The Scottish Kennel Club
(Edinburgh, in October), or Birmingham
(December), and there choose the dog from
the benches, buying him at his catalogue
price.

If.-.,you are a potential dog-owner, you
have need to consider many things before
you decide to establish a kennel. In the
first place, you ought to ask yourself if
you are worthy to keep a dog, and if you
are prepared to return his devotion with
the care and kindness and unfailing atten-
tion which are his due. Will you give him
wholesome food with regularity, and a
comfortable bed ? Will you give him his
daily exercise, and keep him clean, and
nurse him in sickness, never be unjust
to him, or deceive him, or forget him, or
punish him without cause? If you are pre-
pared to do these things, then you are
worthy ; but all people are not so, and
there are some to whom the present writer
would not entrust the meanest cur that ever
was whelped. One owes a duty to one's
dog, and to neglect that duty is a shame
not less than the shame of neglecting one's
children.

»In determining the choice of a breed it
is to be remembered that some are better

watchdogs than others, some more docile,
some safer with children. The size of the
breed should be relative to the accommoda-
tion available. To have a St. Bernard or
a Great Dane gallumphing about a small
house is an inconvenience, and sporting
dogs which require constant exercise and
freedom are not suited to the confined life
of a Bloomsbury flat. Nor are the long-
haired breeds at their best draggling round
in the wet, muddy streets of a city. For
town life the clean-legged Terrier, the
Bulldog, the Pug, and the Schipperke are
to be preferred. Bitches are cleaner in the
house and more tractable than dogs. The
idea that they are more trouble than dogs
is a fallacy. The difficulty arises only
twice in a twelvemonth for a few days, and
if you are watchful there need be no mis-
adventure.

If only one dog, or two or three of the
smaller kinds, be kept, there is no impera-
tive need for an outdoor kennel, although
all dogs are the better for life in the open
air. The house-dog may be fed with meat-
scraps from the kitchen served as an even-
ing meal, with rodnim or a dry biscuit for
breakfast. The duty of feeding him should
be in the hands of one person only. When
it is everybody's and nobody's duty he is
apt to be neglected at one time and overfed

SPRATTS PATENT I

TOY DOG KENNEL ON CASTORS FOR INDOORS.

at another. Regularity of feeding is one
of the secrets of successful dog-keeping.
It ought also to be one person's duty to see
that he has frequent access to the yard or
garden, that he gets plenty of clean drink-
ing water, plenty of outdoor exercise, and
a comfortable bed.

For the toy and delicate breeds it is a
good plan to have a dog-room set apart,
with a suitable cage or basket-kennel for
each dog. Spratt's Toy-dog kennel and
run (No. 171), which is mounted on castors,

574

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

is admirable for this purpose, as also is
the Maisonette, designed by Mrs. Handley
Spjcer. The dog-room should have a tire-
place or an anthracite stove, for use in win-
ter or during illness, and, of course, it must
be well ventilated and be open to the sun-
light. A Parish's cooker is a most useful
addition to the equipment, especially when
a kennel maid is employed. There should
be lockers in which to keep medicine, spe-
cial foods, toilet requisites, and feeding
utensils, a water-tap and sink, and a table
for grooming operations. The floor of
such a room is best kept clean with Sanitas
sawdust. For bedding, Elastene wood-
wool is to be recommended. It is ab-
sorbent, antiseptic, clean and comfortable.

Even delicate toy-dogs, however, ought
not to be permanently lodged within doors,
and the dog-room is only complete when
it has as an annexe a grass plot for play-
ground and free exercise. Next to whole-
some and regular food, fresh air and sun-
shine are the prime necessaries of healthy
condition. Too much coddling and pam-
pering is bad for all breeds. It is to be
remembered that the dog is a domesticated
wild animal, and that the most suitable
treatment is that which nearest approxi-
mates to the natural life of his ancestors.
Weakness and disease come mpre fre-
quently from injudicious feeding and
housing than from any other cause.
Among the free and ownerless pariah dogs
of the East disease is almost unknown.

It is necessary to insist upon suitable
housing, since even the scientific managers
of our zoological gardens are not always
blameless in this respect, for they have
been known to keep Arctic dogs in cages
exposed to the mid-day sun of a hot sum-
mer, with the inevitable consequence that
the animals have rapidly succumbed. All
dogs can bear severe cold better than in-
tense heat.

For the kennels of our British-bred dogs,
perhaps a southern or a south-western
aspect is the best, but wherever it is placed
the kennel must be sufficiently sheltered
from rain and wind, and it ought to be pro-
vided with a covered run in which the
inmates may have full liberty. An awning
of some kind is necessary. Trees afford
good shelter from the sun-rays, but they

harbour moisture, and damp must be
avoided at all costs.

When only one outdoor dog is kept, a
kennel can be improvised out of a packing-
case, supported on bricks above the
ground, with the entrance properly
shielded from the weather. An old square
zinc cistern is a good substitute for. the
old-fashioned and unsatisfactory barrel-

SHOW DOG CHAIN WITH SPRING HOOKS
AND SWIVELS

kennel, if it is proportionate to the dog's
size. No dog should be allowed to live in
a kennel in which he cannot turn round at
full length. Properly constructed, port-
able, and well-ventilated kennels for single
dogs are not expensive, however, and are
greatly to be preferred to any amateurish
makeshift. A good one for a Terrier need
not cost more than a pound. It is usually
the single dog that suffers most from im-
perfect accommodation. His kennel is
generally too small to admit of a good bed
of straw, and if there is no railed-in run
attached he must needs be chained up.
The dog that is kept on the chain becomes
dirty in his habits, unhappy, and savage.
His chain is often too short and is not
provided with swivels to avert kinks. On
a sudden alarm, or on the appearance of a
trespassing tabby, he will often bound for-
ward at the risk of dislocating his neck.
The yard-dog's chain ought always to be
fitted with a stop link spring to counteract

SPRATTS' STOP LINK SPRING.

the effect of the sudden jerk. If it is neces-
sary for a dog to be chained at all, and this
is doubtful, the most humane method is to
bend a wire rope between two opposite
walls or betw:een two trees or posts, about
seven feet from the ground. On the rope
is threaded a metal ring, to which the free
end of the dog's chain is attached. This
enables him to move about on a path that
is only limited by the length of the wire
rope, as the sliding ring travels with him.

PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT.

575

The method may be employed with advan-
tage in the garden for several dogs, a
separate rope being used for each. Un-
friendly dogs can thus be ' kept safely
apart and still be to some extent at liberty.

A POPULAR AND CONVENIENT FORM OF
KENNEL FOR TERRIERS OR FOR BREEDING.

(SPRATT'S NO. 147.)

There is no obvious advantage in keep-
ing a watch-dog on the chain rather than
in an enclosed compound, unless he is ex-
pected to go for a possible burglar and
attack him. A wire netting enclosure can
easily be constructed at very little expense.
For the more powerful dogs the use of
wrought-iron railings is advisable, and

capacity, and price that a choice can only
be determined by the dog-owner's require-
ments. A loose box makes an admirable
kennel for a large dog, and a stable with
its range of stalls can always be converted
into a dog-house. If two or three Terriers
are kept, a small lean-to shed, combining
a sleeping-room and a covered run, should
serve. Spratt's No. 147 is a convenient
type. It is cosy, well-ventilated, and easily
kept clean. Such a kennel is as good as
any for the accommodation of a brood
bitch and her family. The floor of the run
should be paved with concrete, and for
warmth in winter this jnay be strewn with
a layer of peat-dust or Sanitas sawdust,
periodically renewed. When the number
of dogs kept varies, or when there are dis-
agreements and jealousies, it is well to have
several of these portable kennels situated
in various parts of the garden or grounds ;
but they are handy and look well ranged
side by side along a blank wall. Many
owners and breeders prefer to have their
kennels compactly centred under one roof.
In such cases the best plan is to have a
well-designed building properly constructed

°rr

rMMM

.•~r

1 i

- ia '

••'( L'H

R UN

ao'»- IB'

BOULTON AND PAUL'S HOUND KENNELS.

these can be procured cheaply from
Spratt's or Boulton and Paul's, fitted with
gates and with revolving troughs for feeding
from the outside. For puppies, which are
so destructive to a garden, the movable
wire-netting hurdles, such as those referred
to by Lady Gifford (ante pp. 223, 224)
are to be recommended, the advantage
being that the enclosure may be removed
to fresh ground every few days.

Kennels vary so much in construction,

with bricks. The sleeping apartments and
feeding and breeding rooms may be formed
in a block from which the separate enclosed
yards radiate, or in a quadrangle with the
yards in the centre ; but as a rule it is better
to have the runs outside, for dogs love to
have an outlook upon the world around
them. Apart from the expense, there is no
reason why the kennels, like the racing
stables, should not be ornamental as
well as sanitary and convenient. Messrs.

576

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Boulton and Paul, of Norwich, supply ad-
mirably designed hound kennels. Their
wood hunting establishment (No. 760)
comes very near to sanitary perfection.
Its approximate cost is £800, but the
kennels on some sporting estates cost as
many thousands — those at Goodwood are
said to have cost .£18,000. A more modest
erection, of which the plan on the previous
page is an example, can be had complete
for about ,£170. This may be taken as a
suggestion for either a smaller or larger
building. In a larger establishment, and
where there is a plentiful water supply, it
is well to have a sunken hound-bath in the
corner of one of the yards, and, of course,
separate runs for dogs and bitches.

Whether the yard be encompassed with
iron rails or with wire netting, it is well to
have the lower part so partitioned at the
sides that the dogs in neighbouring runs
cannot see each other and quarrel ; and
this lower partition ought to have no shelf
or ridge within reach of the dogs' fore-feet,
as the continual climbing to look out is a
practice which has a tendency to distort
the elbows. But at the front the rails
should be open to the ground, and so close
together that the dog is not tempted to
push his nose through and rasp his muzzle.

Opinions differ as to the best material
for the flooring of kennels and the paving
of runs. Asphalte is suitable for either in
mild weather, but in summer it becomes
uncomfortably hot for the feet, unless it is
partly composed of cork. Concrete has its
advantages if the surface can be kept dry.
Flagstones are cold for winter, as also are
tiles and bricks. For terriers, who enjoy
burrowing, earth is the best ground for the
run, and it can be kept free from dirt and
buried bones by a rake over in the morning,
while tufts of grass left round the margins
supply the dogs' natural medicine. The
movable sleeping bench must, of course,
be of wood, raised a few inches above the
floor, with a ledge to keep in the straw or
other bedding. Wooden floors are open
to the objection that they absorb the urine ;
but dogs should be taught not to foul their
nest, and in any case a frequent disinfecting
with a solution of Pearson's or Jeyes' fluid
should obviate impurity, while fleas, which
take refuge in the dust between the planks

may be dismissed or kept away with a
sprinkling of paraffin. Whatever the floor-
ing, scrupulous cleanliness in the kennel is
a prime necessity, and the inner walls
should be frequently limewashed. It is
important, too, that no scraps of rejected
food or bones should be left lying about
to become putrid or to tempt the visits of
rats, which bring fleas. If the dogs do not
finish their food when it is served to them,
it should be removed until hunger gives
appetite for the next meal.

Many breeders of the large and thick-
coated varieties, such as St. Bernards,
Newfoundlands, Old English Sheepdogs,
and rough-haired Collies, give their dogs
nothing to lie upon but clean bare boards.
The coat is itself a sufficient cushion, but
in winter weather straw gives added
warmth, and for short-haired dogs some-
thing soft, if it is only a piece of carpet or
a sack, is needed as a bed to protect the
hocks from abrasion.

With regard to feeding, this requires to
be studied in relation to the particular
breed. One good meal a day, served by
preference in the evening, is sufficient for
the adult if a dry dog-cake or a handful of
rodnim be given for breakfast, and perhaps
a large bone to gnaw at. Clean cold water
must always be at hand in all weathers,
and a drink of milk coloured with tea is
nourishing. Goat's milk is particularly
suitable for the dog : many owners keep
goats on their premises to give a constant
supply. It is a mistake to suppose, as
many persons do, that meat diet provokes
eczema and other skin troubles; the con-
trary is the case. The dog is by nature a
carnivorous animal, and wholesome flesh,
either cooked or raw, should be his staple
food. Horseflesh, which is frequently used
in large establishments, is not so fully to
be relied upon as ordinary butcher meat.
The horse is never specially bred for yield-
ing food, and unless it has been killed by
an accident or slaughtered because of
physical injury, it either dies of disease or
of old age. It is necessary, therefore, to
be certain where the flesh comes from
before it is distributed in the kennels, and
it ought always to be promptly and well
boiled. There is no serious objection to
bullocks' heads, sheeps' heads, bullocks'

PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT.

577

tripes and paunches, and a little liver given
occasionally is an aperient food which most
dogs enjoy. But when it can be afforded,
wholesome butcher meat is without ques-
tion the proper food. Oatmeal porridge,
rice, barley, linseed meal, and bone meal
ought only to be regarded as occasional
additions to the usual meat diet, and are
not necessary when dog cakes are regularly
supplied. Well-boiled green vegetables,
such as cabbage, turnip-tops, and nettle-
tops, are good mixed with the meat; pota-
toes are questionable. Of the various
advertised dog foods, many of which are
excellent, the choice may be left to those
who are fond of experiment, or who seek
for convenient substitutes for the old-
fashioned and wholesome diet of the house-
hold. Sickly dogs require invalid's treat-
ment ; but the best course is usually the
simplest, and, given a sound constitution
to begin with, any dog ought to thrive if
he is only properly housed, carefully fed,
and gets abundant exercise.

This last necessity comes as a natural
attendant on life in the country. It is the
town dog who is most often neglected. A
sober walk at the end of a lead in crowded
streets is not enough. The dog should be
at liberty, and taught when young to keep
to the pavement, and not endanger his life
and limb by approaching the track of on-
rushing motor-cars and other vehicles. If
he is not led he will, by his naturally rest-
less habit, do considerably more walking
than his master. But it is due to him to
give him, as often as possible, a run in
some park or field, where he can fetch and
carry and thoroughly enjoy himself. If
such a morning run is not possible, his
owner can still give him exercise in the
back yard, or even within doors, using a
ball, an old slipper, or a cat-skin tied at the
end of a length of string and dangled
before him, or hung against a wall just
above his reach, to induce him to jump up
at it. Half an hour of such exciting exer-

cise once a day will keep him in good
health. No dog can possibly be in proper
condition if he is allowed to spend an in-
dolent life on hearthrug or sofa, and if he is
not mentally happy as well as physically
comfortable.

In the well-organised kennel the dogs'
accessories, such as feeding utensils, col-
lars, chains, leads, and travelling coats,
are kept perfectly clean, and the toilet
requisites, such as brushes, combs, and
sponges, are regularly attended to and dis-
infected. When the time for a show ap-
proaches, the travelling boxes are inspected
to ascertain that the hinges, locks, and bolts
are in working order and the staples secure.
These travelling boxes are an important
part of the show dog's equipment. They
must be strong and of appropriate size, in
shape not too much resembling an ordinary
packing case which can be overturned and
stowed by mistake beneath a pile of goods
in a railway van. Perhaps the roof -shaped
lid is best, as it ob-
viously suggests the
proximity of a live
dog. The ventila-
tion apertures must
be properly pro-
tected, so that by no
possibility can air
be excluded. In
such a box as the
one figured in this

column a valuable dog can travel hundreds
of miles in safety and comfort. Such boxes
are convenient when sending a bitch on a
visit. No bitch in season should travel in
any receptacle that is not properly venti-
lated, that does not allow her plenty of
room in which to move, and that is not
absolutely secure. If she is not to be at-
tended on her journey a duplicate key of
the padlock should be sent in advance by
registered post. Address labels for use on
her return journey should on no account
be forgotten.

A TRAVELLING BOX.

578

CHAPTER LXVI.
BREEDING AND WHELPING.

" For every longing dame select
Some happy paramour ; to him alone
In leagues connubial join. Consider well
His lineage ; what his fathers did of old,
Chiefs of the pack, and first to climb the *ock,
Or plunge into the deep, or tread the brake

modern practice of dog-breeding
in Great Britain has reached a con-
dition which may be esteemed as an
art. At no other time, and in no other
country, have the various canine types been
kept more rigidly distinct or brought to
a higher level of perfection. Formerly
dog-owners — apart from the keepers of
packs of hounds — paid scant attention to
the differentiation of breeds and the con-
servation of type, and they considered it
no serious breach of duty to ignore the
principles of scientific selection, and thus
contribute to the multiplication of mon-
grels. Discriminate breeding was rare,
and if a Bulldog should mate himself with
a Greyhound, or a Spaniel with a Terrier,
the alliance was regarded merely as an in-
convenience that brought about the inevit-
able nuisance of another litter of plebeian
puppies to divert the attentions of the
dairymaid from her buttermaking or the
stable boy from his work among the horses.
So careless were owners in preventing the
promiscuous mingling of alien breeds that
it is little short of surprising so many of our
canine types have been preserved in their
integrity. Even at the present time there
are people who wantonly permit their pure-
bred dogs to form misalliances, and con-
sider that no harm is done. But happily
this inattention is rapidly giving place to
a sense of responsibility, with the result
that it is becoming more and more uncom-
mon to meet a dog in the streets who does
not bear resemblance to a recognisable
breed.
The elimination of the nondescript cur

With thorn sharp-pointed, plashed, and briars

inwoven.

Observe with care his shape, sort, colour, size.
Nor will sagacious huntsmen less regard
His inward habits."

SOMERVILE.

is no doubt largely due to the work of the
homes for lost dogs that are instituted in
most of our great towns. Every year some
26,000 homeless and ownerless canines are
picked up by the police in the streets of
London, and during the forty-five years
which have elapsed since the Dogs' Home
at Battersea was established, as many as
800,000 dogs have passed through the
books, a few to be reclaimed or bought,
the great majority to be put to death. A
very large proportion of these have been
veritable mongrels, not worth the value
of their licences — diseased and maimed
curs, or bitches in whelp, turned ruth-
lessly adrift to be consigned to the
oblivion of the lethal chamber, where the
thoroughbred seldom finds its way. And
if as many as 500 undesirables are de-
stroyed every week at one such institution,
'tis clear that the ill-bred mongrel must
soon altogether disappear. But the chief
factor in the general improvement of our
canine population is due to the steadily
growing care and pride which are bestowed
upon the dog, and to the scientific skill
with which he is being bred.

Even the amateur dog-owner, who has no
thought of shows and championships, is
alive to the common interest of keeping the
breeds distinct, whilst the experienced
breeder of the show dog not only attends
to the preservation of his favourite variety,
but often goes so far as to keep the in-
dividual strains of that same variety apart.
The capable judge knows at a glance the
various strains of the same breed, and has
no difficulty in recognising a Jefferies Bull-

BREEDING AND WHELPING.

579

dog, a Redgrave Dane, an Arkwright
Pointer, a Chatley Bloodhound, a Red-
mond Fox Terrier, a Goodwood Pekinese,
or a Copthorne Griffon.

Throughout the whole series of sporting
and non-sporting dogs there is hardly a
breed which has not been stamped with
the character appertaining to particular
kennels. Fashion and nattering imitation
have been influential in the breeding of
dogs as in the breeding of horses and cattle.
As a rule, the influence has been for good;
but by no means invariably so, since the
desire for dogs possessing certain pre-
scribed peculiarities has too often led to the
exaggeration of fancy points and to the
deterioration of natural type and character.
Perhaps the judges who appraise a dog
by his head alone, overlooking his qualities
of body and limb, or by his colour and
coat, and not by the frame that is beneath
them, are no less to blame than the breeders
who yield to the dictates of temporary
fashion and strive for the extreme develop-
ment of accredited points rather than for
the production of an all-round perfect dog
who is capable of discharging the duties
that ought to be expected of him. Admit-
ting that the dogs seen at our best contem-
porary shows are superlative examples of
scientific selection, one has yet to acknow-
ledge that the process of breeding for show
points has its disadvantages, and that, in
the sporting and pastoral varieties more
especially, utility is apt to be sacrificed to
ornament and type, and stamina to fancy
qualities not always relative to the animal's
capacities as a worker. The standards of
perfection and scales of points laid t'own
by the specialist clubs are usually admir-
able guides to the uninitiated, but they are
often unreasonably arbitrary in their in-
sistence upon certain details of form —
generally in the neighbourhood of the
head — while they leave the qualities of
type and character to look after themselves
or to be totally ignored. In the estimation
of many judges and reporters in the canine
press it seems to be necessary, in order to
gain a high place in the show ring, that a
dog should, above all things, possess a
magnificently shaped head — a " grand
head " is the stereotyped phrase — and
breeders, conscious of this predilection,

concentrate their efforts upon head quali-
ties. To be successful, a Bulldog, for
example, must have a good turn-up of
under jaw, whatever his body failings may
be, and a specimen which has straight legs,
short back, massive bone, and the charac-
teristic barrel and hindquarters is passed
over if he does not happen to have the jaw
that is looked for. The Bulldog has suf-
fered more than almost any other breed
from the desire for a "grand head " and
front. His body behind the arms and back
parts generally have been so neglected that
one is repeatedly hearing of prize dogs that
are useless at the stud and of bitches that
are incapable of producing a healthy litter,
or a litter of any kind. It is the same with
many of the short-faced Toy varieties, in
which the head is considered of paramount
importance, with the consequence that it
is rare to see a King Charles Spaniel with
good body action. With the Fox Terriers
straightness of forelegs is the one thing
aimed at; in the Scottish Terrier it is a
"punishing jaw " that is desired, and many
an otherwise excellent dog has been thrown
out because his teeth did not meet with the
precision of cogwheels. A " level mouth
is a desideratum in most breeds, and the
Collie may as well be an inveterate sheep-
worrier as appear in the ring with an over-
shot jaw. The eye is another point upon
which many judges hang their faith, and a
dog with a light eye is condemned as a
criminal. Dark eyes are indeed more
beautiful than light, but oculists are of
opinion that the light eye is the stronger
and more permanently useful instrument.

These are a few of the anomalies which
come of the custom of breeding to points,
and it is necessary to assure the beginner
in breeding that points are essentially of
far less moment than type and a good
constitution. The one thing necessary in
the cultivation of the dog is to bear in
mind the purpose for which he is supposed
to be employed, and to aim at adapting or
conserving his physique to the best fulfil-
ment of that purpose, remembering that
the Greyhound has tucked-up loins to give
elasticity and bend to the body in running,
that a Terrier is kept small to enable him
the better to enter an earth, that a Bulldog
is massive and undershot for encounters in

580

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

the bullring, that the Collie's ears are
erected to assist him in hearing sounds from
afar, as those of the Bloodhound are pen-
dant, the more readily to detect sounds
coming to him along the ground while his
head is bent to the trail. Dogs that hunt
by scent have long muzzles to give space
to their olfactory organs. Hounds that
hunt in packs carry their sterns gaily for
signalling to their companions. Rough,
oily hair is given to water dogs as a pro-
tection against wet, as the Collie's ample
coat protects him from snow and rain.
Nature has been discriminate in her adapta-
tions of animal forms, and the most perfect
dog yet bred is the one which approaches
nearest to Nature's wise intention.

But when man's requirements have not
been wholly met by Nature's crude designs,
he has found it expedient to introduce his
artificial processes, and to adapt what he
has found to the purposes which he has
himself created.

The foregoing chapters have given abun-
dant examples of how the various breeds
of the dog have been acquired, manufac-
tured, improved, resuscitated, and retained.
Broadly speaking, two methods have been
adopted : The method of introducing an
outcross to impart new blood, new strength,
new character; and the method of inbreed-
ing to retain an approved type. An out-
cross is introduced when the breed operated
upon is declining in stamina or is in danger
of extinction, as when the Irish Wolfhound
was crossed with the Great Dane and the
St. Bernard with the dog of the Pyrenees;
or when some new physical or mental
quality is desired, as when the Greyhound,
lacking in dash, was crossed with the Bull-
dog to give him greater pluck. When
this is done, and the alien blood has been
borrowed, it is usual to breed back again
to the original strain, which thus profits
without being materially marred by the
admixture. The plan may be exercised for
a variety of reasons, as, for example, if
you desired to introduce a race of pure
white Collies, you might attain your end by
crossing a chosen bitch with a snowy
Samoyede; or if you wished to put prick
ears on your Old English Sheepdog you
could do it by crossing one with a French
Ckicn de Brie. New types and eccentrici-

ties are hardly wanted, however, and the
extreme requirements of an outcross may
nowadays be achieved by the simple pro-
cess of selecting individuals from differing
strains of the same breed, mating a bitch
which lacks the required points with a dog
in whose family they are prominently and
consistently present.

Inbreeding is the reverse of outcrossing.
It is the practice of mating animals closely
related to each other, and it is, within
limits, an entirely justifiable means of pre-
serving and intensifying family character-
istics. It is a law in zoology that an animal
cannot transmit a quality which it does not
itself innately possess, or which none of its
progenitors have ever possessed. By
mating a dog and a bitch of the same
family, therefore, you concentrate and en-
hance the uniform inheritable qualities into
one line instead of two, and you reduce -the
number of possibly heterogeneous ancestors
by exactly a half right back to the very
beginning. There is no surer way of
maintaining uniformity of type, and an
examination of the extended pedigree of
almost any famous dog will show how com-
monly inbreeding is practised. In many
aristocratic breeds, indeed, it is not easy
to discover two dogs who are not descended
from an identical source, and breeders
anxious to secure litters of an invariable
type purposely contrive the mating of near
relatives. Inbreeding is certainly advan-
tageous when managed with judgment and
discreet selection, but it has its disadvan-
tages also, for it is to be remembered that
faults and blemishes are inherited as well
as merits, and that the faults have a way
of asserting themselves with annoying per-
sistency. Furthermore, breeding between
animals closely allied in parentage is prone
to lead to degeneracy, physical weakness,
and mental stupidity, while impotence and
sterility are frequent concomitants, and
none but experienced breeders should
attempt so hazardous an experiment. Ob-
servation has proved that the union of
father with daughter and mother with son
is preferable to an alliance between brother
and sister. Perhaps the best union is that
between cousins. For the preservation of
general type, however, it ought to be suffi-
cient to keep to one strain and to select

BREEDING AND WHELPING.

from that strain members who, while ex-
hibiting similar characteristics, are not
actually too closely allied in consanguinity.
To move perpetually from one strain to
another is only to court an undesirable
confusion of type.

In connection with the theory of breed-
ing it is to be noted that many dogs and
bitches are more powerfully prepotent than
others. That is to say, they are found to
be more apt in impressing their likeness
upon their progeny. The famous prize-
winning dogs are not necessarily to be
relied upon to beget offspring similarly
endowed with merits, and a champion's
brother or sister who has gained no honours
may be far more profitable as a stock-getter.

There are many perplexing points to be
taken into consideration by breeders, and
the phenomenon of atavism is one of them.
A dog is to be regarded not only as the
offspring of its immediate parents, but also
of generations of ancestors, and many are
found to be more liable than others to throw
back to their remote progenitors. Thus,
even in a kennel of related dogs, all of
whom are similar in appearance, you may
sometimes have a litter of puppies in no
visible sense resembling their parents. A
white English Terrier bitch, for instance,
mated with a dog equally white, may have
one or more puppies marked with brown
or brindle patches. Research would prob-
ably show that on some occasion, many
generations back, one of the ancestors was
crossed with a mate of brindle or brown
colouring. But the old-established breeds
seldom reveal a throwback, and one of the
best indications of a pure strain is that it
breeds true to its own type.

Then, again, there are the influences of
environment and mental impression. Our
domesticated dogs lead artificial lives, and
we artificially restrict and direct their breed-
ing. It is therefore not to be wondered at
if occasionally our experiments lead to
sterility. Mr. Theo Marples has declared
that probably forty per cent, of prize-bred
bitches which visit prize-bred dogs are un-
productive, and his estimate is to be relied
upon. In a wild state dogs would exercise
the freedom of natural selection, but we
do not permit them to do that. Still the
instinct to follow their own choice remains

strong, and most dog-owners must have
experienced difficulties with what is called a
" shy breeder." It may be of either sex,
but usually it is a bitch who, refusing to
mate herself with the dog that we have
chosen, yet exhibits a mad desire for one
with whom .we would not on any account
have her mated. The writer is of opinion
that, apart from the possibility of physical
defect on either side, this enforced and love-
less mating is accountable for the small and
feeble litters which frequently occur in
many of our modern breeds. To send a
bitch who is in temporarily delicate condi-
tion boxed up in a railway van on a long
journey, and to assist her immediately on
her arrival to a strange and possibly ab-
horrent dog cannot be good; yet this is
very frequently done. The chances of a
good and healthy litter are immeasurably
increased when inclination is added to
happy opportunity, and there is a possi-
bility of natural wooing and consent.

On the other hand a too great familiarity
is not to be advised, and one has known
many instances of a bitch in season refus-
ing to be allied with a kennel mate with
whom she has fed and lodged and hunted
all the days of her life. The natural pro-
clivities and preferences of a bitch ought,
to some extent, to be considered. Give her
the privilege of choosing one out of three
or four approved mates; she will probably
select by instinct the one best suited to be
the sire of her puppies. But force her to
form an alliance with a dog whom she
hates, and the resulting litter is likely to
be a disappointment.

Mental impression, both at the time of
connection and during the period of preg-
nancy, exercises a very considerable influ-
ence upon the physical condition and the
individual appearance of the offspring.
Even the bitch's surroundings during the
sixty-three days before the puppies are born
are believed to have a determining effect.
Obviously they must be of a kind calculated
to contribute to her comfort and peace of
mind; but some breeders go further, and
argue that even the colour of the immedi-
ate surroundings influences the colour of
the progeny, as that if you wish for pure
white puppies the interior of the kennel
should be white, and that black \valls are

582

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

likely to intensify the richness of a black
coat. But the breeders of Dalmatians and
Harlequin Great Danes do not appear to
appreciate this theory, for it is not known
that their kennels are decorated either with
spots or parti-coloured patches.

In the correspondence columns of the
canine press one often comes upon refer-
ences to the influence of a previous sire. A
bitch forms an alliance with a dog of
another breed than her own. Her whelps
are, of course, mongrels ; but does the mis-
alliance affect her future offspring by a sire
of her own breed ? This is a question that
has been frequently discussed. The
majority of dog-breeders declare that there
is no subsequent effect. Scientific zoolo-
gists, however, aver that the influence of
the male extends beyond his own immediate
progeny, and there is the well-known ex-
ample quoted as a proof by Darwin of the
mare who was paired with a zebra. Her
foal by the zebra was distinctly marked,
which was to be expected ; but afterwards,
when she was mated with stallions of her
own kind, the zebra stripes were still ob-
vious, although in diminishing degrees, in
all of her successive offspring. There is a
closer affinity between the various breeds
of dogs than between the zebra and the
horse, and the influence of a previous sire
is far less apparent; but it is against the
tenets of science to declare, as many do,
that there is no influence whatever. At the
same time, the bearing of telegonous pro-
geny is so rarely detectable in the dog that
the possibility need not be seriously con-
sidered, and if a pure-bred bitch should
misconduct herself with a mongrel it is a
misfortune, but she need not for that reason
be rejected for future breeding operations.

In founding a kennel it is advisable to
begin with the possession of a bitch. As
a companion the female is to be preferred
to the male ; she is not less affectionate and
faithful, and she is usually much cleaner
in her habits in the house. If it is in-
tended to breed bv her, she should be very
carefully chosen and proved to be free from
any serious fault or predisposition to
disease. Not only should her written pedi-
gree be scrupulously scrutinised, but her
own constitution and that of her parents on
both sides should be minutely inquired into.

A bitch comes into season for breeding
twice in a year; the first time when she is
reaching maturity, usually at the age of
from seven to ten months. Her condition
will readily be discerned by the fact of an
increased attentiveness of the opposite sex
and the appearance of a mucous discharge
from the vagina. She should then be care-
fully protected from the gallantry of suitors.
Dogs kept in the near neighbourhood of a
bitch on heat, who is not accessible to them,
go off their feed and suffer in condition.
With most breeds it is unwise to put a
bitch to stud before she is eighteen months
old, but Mr. Stubbs recommends that a
Bull bitch should be allowed to breed at
her first heat, while her body retains the
flexibility of youth ; and there is no doubt
that with regard to the Bulldog great mor-
tality occurs in attempting to breed from
maiden bitches exceeding three years old.
In almost all breeds it is the case that the
first three litters are the best. It is accord-
ingly important that a proper mating
should be considered at the outset, and a
prospective sire selected either through the
medium of stud advertisements or by
private arrangement with the owner of the
desired dog. For the payment of the re-
quisite stud fee, varying from a guinea to
ten or fifteen pounds, the services of the
best dogs of the particular breed can usually
be secured. It is customary for the bitch
to be the visitor, and it is well that her visit
should extend to two or three days at the
least. When possible a responsible person
should accompany her.

If the stud dog is a frequenter of shows
he can usually be depended upon to be
in sound physical condition. No dog who
is not so can be expected to win prizes.
But it ought to be ascertained beforehand
that he is what is known as a good stock-
getter. The fee is for his services, not for
the result of them. Some owners of stud
dogs will grant two services, and this is
often desirable, especially in the case of a
maiden bitch or of a stud dog that is over-
wrought,, as so many are. It is most im-
portant that both the mated animals should
be free from worms and skin disorders.
Fifty per cent, of the casualties among
young puppies are due to one or other of
the parents having been in an unhealthy

BREEDING AND WHELPING.

583

condition when mated. A winter whelping
is not advisable. It is best for puppies to
be born in the spring or early summer, thus
escaping the rigours of inclement weather.

During the period of gestation the breed-
ing bitch should have ample but not
violent exercise, with varied and wholesome
food, including some preparation of bone
meal ; and at about the third week, whether
she seems to require it or not, she should
be treated for worms. At about the sixtieth
day she will begin to be uneasy and rest-
less. A mild purgative should be given ;
usually salad oil is enough, but if con-
stipation is apparent castor oil may be'
necessary. On the sixty-second day the
whelps may be expected, and everything
ought to be in readiness for the event.

A coarsely constituted bitch may be
trusted to look after herself on these occa-
sions ; no help is necessary, and one may
come down in the morning to find her with
her litter comfortably nestling at her side.
But with the Toy breeds, and the breeds
that have been reared in artificial condi-
tions, difficult or protracted parturition is
frequent, and human assistance ought to be
at hand in case of need. The owner of a
valuable Bull bitch, for example, would
never think of leaving her to her own un-
aided devices. All undue interference,
however, should be avoided, and it is abso-
lutely necessary that the person attending
her should be one with whom she is fondly
familiar.

In anticipation of a possibly numerous
litter, a foster mother should be arranged
for beforehand. Comfortable quarters
should be prepared in a quiet part of the
house or kennels, warm, and free from
draughts. Clean bedding of wheaten straw
should be provided, but she should be
allowed to make her own nest in her own
instinctive fashion. Let her have easy
access to drinking water. She will prob-
ably refuse food for a few hours before her
time, but a little concentrated nourishment,
such as Brand's Essence or a drink of
warm milk, should be offered to her. In
further preparation for the confinement a
basin of water containing antiseptic for
washing in, towels, warm milk, a flask of
brandy, a bottle of ergotine, and a pair of
scissors are commodities which may all be

required in emergency. The ergot, which
must be used with extreme caution and only
when the labour pains have commenced, is
invaluable when parturition is protracted,
and there is difficult straining without re-
sult. Its effect is to contract the womb and
expel the contents. But when the puppies
are expelled with ease it is superfluous. For
a bitch of 10 Ib. in weight ten drops of the
extract of ergot in a teaspoonful of water
should be ample, given by the mouth. The
scissors are for severing the umbilical cord
if the mother should fail to do it in her
own natural way. Sometimes a puppy
may be enclosed within a membrane which
the dam cannot readily open with tongue
and teeth. If help is necessary it should
be given tenderly and with clean fingers.
Occasionally a puppy may seem to be in-
ert and lifeless, and after repeatedly licking
it the bitch may relinquish all effort at
restoration and turn her attention to another
that is being born. In such a circumstance
the rejected little one may be discreetly
removed, and a drop of brandy on the point
of the finger smeared upon its tongue may
revive animation, or it may be plunged up
to the neck in warm water. The object
should be to keep it warm and to make it
breathe. When the puppies are all born,
their dam may be given a drink of warm
milk and then left alone to attend to their
toilet and suckle them. If any should be
dead, these ought to be disposed of.
Curiosity in regard to the others should
be temporarily repressed, and inspection
of them delaved until a more fitting oppor-
tunity. If any are then seen to be mal-
formed or to have cleft palates, these had
better be removed and mercifully destroyed.
It is the experience of many observers
that the first whelps born in a litter are the
strongest, largest, and healthiest. If the
litter is a large one, the last born may be
noticeably puny, and this disparity in size
may continue to maturity. The wise
breeder will decide for himself how many
whelps should be left to the care of their
dam. Their number should be relative to
her health and constitution, and in any case
it is well not to give her so many that they
will be a drain upon her. Those breeds
of dogs that have been most highly de-
veloped by man and that appear to have

584

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

the greatest amount of brain and intelli-
gence are generally the most prolific as to
the number of puppies they produce. St.
Bernards, Pointers, Setters are notable for
the usual strength of their families. St.
Bernards have been known to produce as
many as eighteen whelps at a birth, and it
is no uncommon thing for them to produce
from nine to twelve. A Pointer of Mr.
Barclay Field's produced fifteen, and it is
well known that Mr. Statter's Setter Phoebe
produced twenty-one at a birth. Phoebe
reared ten of these herself, and almost every
one of the family became celebrated. It
would be straining the natural possibilities
of any bitch to expect her to bring up
eighteen puppies healthily. Half that
number would tax her natural resources
to the extreme. But Nature is extra-
ordinarily adaptive in tempering the wind
to the shorn lamb, and a dam who gives
birth to a numerous litter ought not to have
her family unduly reduced. It was good
policy to allow Phcebe to have the rearing
of as many as ten out of her twenty-one.
A bitch having twelve will bring up nine
very well, one having nine will rear seven
without help, and a bitch having seven will
bring up five better than four.

Breeders of Toy dogs often rear the over-
plus offspring by hand, with the help of a
Maw and Thompson feeding bottle, pep-
tonised milk, and one or more of the various
advertised infants' foods or orphan puppy
foods. Others prefer to engage or prepare
in advance a foster mother. The foster
mother need not be of the same breed, but
she should be approximately of similar size,

and her own family ought to be of the same
age as the one of which she is to take addi-
tional charge. One can usually be secured
through advertisement in the canine press.
Some owners do not object to taking one
from a dogs' home, which is an easy
method, in consideration of the circum-
stance that by far the larger number of
"lost " dogs are bitches sent adrift because
they are in whelp. The chief risk in this
course is that the unknown foster mother
may be diseased or verminous or have con-
tracted the seeds of distemper, or her milk
may be populated with embryo worms.
These are dangers to guard against. A
cat makes an excellent foster mother for toy
dog puppies.

Worms ought not to be a necessary
accompaniment of puppyhood, and if the
sire and dam are properly attended to in
advance they need not be. The writer has
attended at the birth of puppies, not one
of whom has shown the remotest sign of
having a worm, and the puppies have
almost galloped into healthy, happy
maturity, protected from all the usual
canine ailments by constitutions impervious
to disease. He has seen others almost
eaten away by worms. Great writhing
knots of them have been ejected ; they have
been vomited ; they have wriggled out of
the nostrils ; they have perforated the
stomach and wrought such damage that
most of the puppies succumbed, and those
that survived were permanently deficient in
stamina and liable to go wrong on the least
provocation. The puppy that is free from
worms starts life with a great advantage.

(Photograph by T. Reveley, Wantage.)

SECTION VIII.
CANINE MEDICINE AND -SURGERY.

BY W. GORDON STABLES, M.D., C.M., R.N.

CHAPTER I.
DIAGNOSIS AND SOME SIMPLE REMEDIES.

MY aim and object in the following
pages is to describe, in plain and
simple language, the various
diseases to which the dog is subject, their
causes, their signs and symptoms, the
course these run, and the most rational
method of conducting them to a successful
termination.

I have arranged the various diseases,
accidents, and other maladies in alpha-
betical order, so that the reader may have
no difficulty in referring to any one of them
at a moment's notice. The w:ork, there-
fore, is a sort of A B C guide to the ail-
ments of the dog. But I earnestly advise
every owner of a dog or dogs to read care-
fully and leisurely this preliminary chapter.

By studying the probable causes of any
given malady, we gain an insight into the
laws that regulate the health of the animal,
and good may thus be done, on the prin-
ciple that prevention is better than cure.
But I do not consider it expedient to bur-
den the reader with a description of the
anatomy of any particular organ, further
than is necessary for a clear understanding
of the nature of the malady or accident;
nor with more of physiology and pathology
than is barely requisite to the elucidation
of the plan of treatment adopted.

Very nearly, if not quite all the numer-
ous ailments that canine flesh is heir to
will be found described in brief. The
diagnosis of the disease is given wherever
necessary, that is, in all cases where there
are two or more ailments which somewhat
resemble each other, though the treatment
required may be different. It is an easy
matter for anyone who is in the habit of
being among dogs to tell when one of them
is ill, but often a difficult matter to tell what

is the matter with him. The state of health
is the dog's normal and natural condition,
in which there is freedom from pain and
sickness, and the proper performance of
every vital function, without either dulness
or irritability of temper.

Diagnosis. — As the natural standard of
health varies somewhat in every dog, the
owner of one is often better able at first to
know when something is wrong than even
a veterinary surgeon. The bright, clear
eye of a healthy dog, the wet, cold, black
nose, the active movements, the glossy coat,
the excellent appetite, and the gaze, half
saucy, half independent, but wholly loving,
combine to form a condition which only the
owners of dogs know how to appreciate
fully. But nearly all this is altered in ill-
ness ; and to treat a dog at haphazard, with-
out first taking all possible care to discover
what is really the matter, is cruel.

The first thing we must try to find out
is whether he is in any pain. For this pur-
pose, if the case be difficult, he should
be examined carefully all over, beginning
with the mouth, gently opening the jaws,
feeling along the neck, down the spine,
and down each limb, inside and outside ;
then, having laid him on his back, we ought
to examine the chest and abdomen well,
especially the latter, which should be gently
kneaded. Sometimes a hardness will be
found in the intestines, which, coupled with
existing constipation, may be enough to
account for the animal's illness, and the
removal of this state of system is at least
one step in the right direction. By such
an examination any swelling or tumour,
bruise or fracture, will be readily dis-
covered. The dog ought now be made to
walk about a little, talked to kindly, and

586

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

his gait and manner noticed. Some dogs
will almost speak to a person after their
own fashion, that is, in sign language, and
tell the whereabouts of their trouble.

Before prescribing for a dog, it is always
best to have the whole history of the case,
from the very first noticeable deviation
from the straight line of health. We have
various signs and symptoms afforded us
which, although the dog cannot express his
feelings and sensations, generally guide us
to a correct diagnosis of the case.

i. First let us take the COAT and SKIN.
A dry, staring coat is always a sign of ill-
ness, present or to come. Shivering is
important. It usually denotes a febrile
condition of the body, and it is generally
seen at the commencement of most acute
disorders; and if it amounts to an actual
rigor, we may be prepared for inflammation
of some important organ. Shiverings take
place, again, when the inflammation has
run to suppuration. In continued fever
these chills recur at intervals in the course
of the illness.

The skin of an animal in perfect health
- — say the inside of a dog's thigh — ought to
feel gently, genially warm and dry, with-
out being hot. In the febrile condition it
is hot and dry, with a more frequent pulse
than usual. A cold, clammy skin, on the
other hand, with a feeble pulse, would in-
dicate great depression of the vital powers.
Death-cold ears and legs are a sign of sink-
ing. The ears, again, may be too hot,
indicating fever.

Elevation of temperature is more easily
determined by the use of the clinical ther-
mometer. Everyone who keeps a large
kennel of dogs should possess one, and it
ought to be used in health as well as
disease, so that changes may be more easily
marked.

The Temperature. — Get the same ther-
mometer that is used for human beings,
and one that will take the temperature
quickly. Learn to use it on the dog in
health. Vets, or medical men may take
it from mouth or rectum, but for fear of
accidents the amateur should take it in
the armpit only. In health the temperature
here would be a little over 100. The bulb
of the small instrument should be well
covered with the skin, and it should be held

so for fully two minutes before being read
off. A higher temperature indicates fever,
a lower vital depression.

The colour of the skin is, of course, of
great importance, often giving the first
clue to liver mischief. The skin of a dog
in health ought to be soft and pliant and
thin ; in diseases of the skin it often gets
thickened, and frequently scurfy.

2. The Mucous MEMBRANES. — Take that
of the conjunctiva, for instance. The white
of the eye of a dog should be like that of a
well-boiled egg, with here and there, per-
haps, a little capillary vessel making its
appearance. In febrile disorders the eye is
invariably injected. In jaundice it is a
bright yellow. An injected eye without
other symptoms, however, must not make
one think one's dog is ill ; it is very often
indeed injected in animals who sleep out
of doors, and exercise will also redden the
conjunctiva.

The mucous membrane of the mouth
ought to be of a pale pinkish hue. Very
pale gums in a white dog indicate a con-
dition of anaemia.

3. MOUTH and TONGUE. — The tongue of
a healthy dog should be of a beautiful pink
colour, and soft and moist. A dry tongue,
or a tongue covered with whitish saliva, is
indicative of excitement of circulation. If
the tongue is a darkish red, it shows that
the mucous membrane of the digestive
canal is out of order. A brown tongue
indicates a greater amount of inflammation
of the mucous membranes.

Running of saliva at the mouth usually
denotes some disturbance of the system.
It is present in many inflammatory diseases
of the chest and throat, especially if accom-
panied by nausea and sickness. It may,
however, only indicate some diseases of the
teeth, and the mouth ought to be examined,
for possibly a bit of bone or wood may
be found to have penetrated the gum, or
become wedged between the teeth.

A foul mouth, with ulcerated gums and
teeth covered with tartar, indicates indiges-
tion from errors in feeding, and must be
seen to.

4. The PULSE. — The pulse of the dog
in health is a firm, tense pulse. It gives
you the idea of bounding life and spirits,
a pulse that will not be repressed. Now,

DIAGNOSIS.

587

as to its frequency, this varies with the
breed of the dog and with his age. In
tiny dogs the pulse of the adult may be
100 and over, in the Mastiff and St.
Bernard it should be about 80 or 85 beats
to a minute. In young dogs it is very
much more frequent, and in old animals
it ranges from 60 to 80, according to the
breed. The owner of a pet dog should
make himself acquainted with its pulse by
frequently feeling it in health. The pulse
is most easily felt on the upper part of the
femoral artery, just about the middle of the
inside of the thigh, near to where it joins
the body.

Now it is sometimes very difficult to
judge of the state of a small dog's health
from the pulse with regard to fever or in-
flammation, so much so that we have to
trust to other signs and symptoms, but in
large animals the state of the pulse often
aids one materially in forming a diagnosis.
Taking the state of the pulse, however, of
any animal requires some considerable
experience.

Any transient frequency of the pulse
might be caused by mere excitement, and,
unless other symptoms were present, would
not indicate fever.

By a hard pulse is meant a pulse small
in volume but of considerable force. A
wiry pulse is the same, only it is of still
smaller volume.

A soft pulse means a pulse with plenty
of volume but little force.

A hard pulse is met with in many inflam-
mations ; a hard, wiry, or thready pulse is
often present during the first rigors of
inflammation.

A soft pulse is indicative of general de-
bility, and points to the necessity for good
nutriment and support, especially if it is
not only soft but small withal.

5. BREATHING. — There are certain symp-
toms of disease connected with the breath-
ing which every dog-owner would do well
to make himself acquainted with. Panting,
or quickened breathing, is present in many
inflammations of the lungs, as well as in
other diseases. If persistent it points to
illness of some sort, but it may be brought
about by over-exertion or confinement in
a close room, especially after a full meal.
Difficulty in breathing is always a dan-

gerous symptom. It is present in many
diseases : in pneumonia and pleurisy,
where we have other signs of inflamma-
tion to guide us to a correct diagnosis.
The air-cells may be blocked up with
exudation, or exudation into the pleura
may be pressing on the lungs and imped-
ing the breathing. But from whatever
cause dyspnoea may arise, it must always
be looked upon as a very serious symptom
indeed, for if the blood cannot be properly
oxygenated, it is of course poisoned.
Snoring or stertorous breathing is present
in disease of the brain. So long as the
breathing is regular and comparatively
easy, it is not a dangerous symptom. If,
however, this is not the case, and the
breathing is slow and laboured, and the
animal cannot be roused, the case is bad
indeed. Snoring in simple sleep is nothing
to speak of, but it points nevertheless to
deranged digestive organs, and ought to
be looked to. Abdominal breathing points
to pleurisy or some other painful disease of
the chest. Thoracic breathing, again,
when the abdomen does not partake of a
share in the rise and fall, points to some
mischief in the regions below the dia-
phragm. Coughing is either dry or moist.
Whenever the discharge from the mucous
membranes of the chest is abundant, it is
moist. In the first stages of catarrh and
bronchitis, while yet the membranes are
merely roughened, the cough is dry ; and
in pleurisy, unconnected with bronchitis
or pneumonia, it will continue dry. The
cough of chronic laryngitis is harsh, that
of croup a ringing cough. The cough of
emphysema, again, is a soft, wheezy, voice-
less kind of a cough, for the air-cells are
enlarged, and have not the power properly
to expel the air. Other dry coughs are
caused by reflex action, indicating various
diseases — teething, worms, indigestion, etc.
6. The SECRETIONS in disease of an in-
flammatory nature are diminished ; the
urine, for instance, is scanty and high
coloured, there may be more or less con-
stipation, and the skin becomes dry and
hot. The secretion of the inflamed surface
— say of a mucous membrane, as in bron-
chitis, or a serous membrane, like the
pleura — is at first dry, and afterwards in-
creased and perverted.

588

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

7. The state of the BOWELS and KIDNEYS
should never be overlooked in disease. An
abundance of pale urine proves indirectly
that no fever is present.

8. Loss OF APPETITE is usually, but not
always, present in disease; hence the fal-
lacy of believing that so long as a dog
takes his food well he is all right.

9. THIRST alone does not indicate fever;
any large discharge, from either the in-
testines or the kidneys, induces it. In
diuresis, diabetes, and diarrhoea there is
thirst.

10. PAIN does not, as some people
imagine, always indicate inflammation.
There are nervous pains, and pains of
many different descriptions.

11. TENDERNESS. — This is an important
point in our diagnosis, for the pain of in-
flammation is almost invariably of a tender
nature ; that is, it is increased by pressure,
and sometimes cannot be felt without
pressure.

12. VOMITING. — A dog can vomit at will,
or by merely eating a little grass or some
rough leaf, such as that of vegetable mar-
row. The character of the vomit is often
characteristic of some organic or functional
disorder, as the bilious, yellow-looking
matter dogs bring up of a morning when
stomach and liver are out of order, or the
vomit mixed with blood in cases of gas-
tritis or gastric catarrh.

13. EXPRESSION OF THE COUNTENANCE. —
When the animal is in pain and suffering,
his face is pinched, he looks nervous and
thin ; even if he does not moan, he appears
by his countenance to think that he is being
badly treated in some way. In dyspncea
there is a look of anxiety mingled with
that of terror.

14. EMACIATION is always a bad sign, but
taken alone it is not diagnostic. It is very
rapid, however, in many febrile disorders,
such as distemper, for example. Emacia-
tion, when coming on slowly, indicates mal-
nutrition of the body in some way, some
interference with the blood-making process,
and great debility.

15. OBESITY is to all intents a disease.
It must not be confounded with anasarca
or general dropsy of the flesh. A fat dog
feels firm, the flesh of a dropsical dog gives
way to the fingers — pits on pressure.

16. POSITION OF BODY. — The wish to lie
on the belly in disease of the liver, especi-
ally in some cold corner; the persistent
standing or sitting up in cases of pneu-
monia ; the arched back of inflammations
in the abdominal regions (arched in order
to release the muscles and prevent press-
ure on the painful parts); the pitiful
appearance of a dog in rheumatism — all tell
their own tale, and speak volumes to the
skilled veterinary surgeon. A slow gait is
indicative of debility, stiffness of rheu-
matism, or old age, and the curious twitch-
ing or jerking movements of St. Vitus's
Dance need only be once seen to be
remembered.

Simple Remedies. — Much good may at
times be done to sick dogs by administer-
ing even seemingly simple medicines, and
these do all the more good if given in time,
for little ailments, if not seen to, often lead
to very serious mischief.

Take, then, a case of simple fever. This
is sometimes called ephemeral fever, be-
cause it is supposed only to last for about
a day.* Towards evening the dog will
seem dull and dispirited, and either refuse
his food or eat lazily ; his nose may not
be hot, nor his eye injected, but under the
thighs greater heat than usual will be felt;
and if the dog's owner has been in the
habit of feeling his pulse in health, he will
now find it is increased in frequency, and
he will be sensible, too, of a greater heat
than usual on the top of the head. Now
what has to be done in this case is sim-
plicity itself. First give a pill, compounded
of from one-sixteenth of a grain of podo-
phyllin for a Toy up to half a grain or
more for a St. Bernard or a dog of that size,
mixed with from three to fifteen grains of
extract of dandelion.t This at once; then,
before sleeping time, give from a teaspoon-
ful up to six drachms of the solution of
the acetate of ammonia in a little water,
adding thereto from ten drops to two tea-
spoonfuls of sweet spirits of nitre. In the
morning give a simple dose of castor-oil —

* In the dog its usual duration is from one to
five days.

t In this treatise, wherever such words occur as
say, " Dose from two drachms to one ounce," the,
smaller dose has reference to a Toy dog, the larger
one to St. Bernard or Mastiff size.

SIMPLE REMEDIES.

589

from one teaspoonful to one ounce. Exer-
cise (moderate) and a non-stimulating diet
will soon make matters straight.

HEADACHE. — Dogs frequently suffer from
headache. The symptoms are dulness,
quietness, slight injection of the eye, and
heat on the top of the head. Bathe the
head for a quarter of an hour at the time
with cold water. Give in the morning a
dose of Epsom salts, with a little spirits
of nitre. Give sulphur, a small dose, half
a drachm to three drachms, every second
night; reduce the diet, and let the dog
have abundance of fresh air.

SIMPLE CATARRH succumbs readily to a
dose of mindererus spirit at night, or to a
dose of Dover's powder. Foment the fore-
head and nose frequently with hot water.
Give Epsom salts, with a little spirits of
nitre, in the morning, adding thereto from
one to six grains of quinine. Light diet.

SIMPLE CONSTIPATION is relieved by the
bucket bath every morning, or a quarter of
an hour's swim before breakfast. A piece
of raw liver is a good aperient. Opening
the bowels is not curing constipation.
The cause must be sought for and removed.
Plenty of exercise and a non-binding diet
will do much good.

SIMPLE SKIN DISEASES usually yield to
application of the home-made lotion, com-
posed of one part of paraffin, two parts of
salad oil, mixed with sufficient powdered
sulphur to form a cream.

PAIN. — Pain is inseparable from animal
life, but much can be done to relieve it.
No one except a professional man ought to
handle such powerful narcotics as opium
and its preparations, but there are other
means which anyone can apply. The
warm bath (not hot) is an excellent remedy
for little dogs. Then we have hot fomenta-
tions. These are used thus : Have two
pieces of flannel, each large enough to well
cover the part. The flannel must be three
or four ply. Wring each piece, time about,
out of water as hot as the hand will bear
it, and apply to the seat of pain ; keep on
fomenting for half an hour at a time. This
is best suited for short-haired dogs. For
long-haired there is nothing better than
the bag of hot sand, or ironing with a
heated iron, if there is no skin tenderness.
Chloral hydrate is seldom to be given to

produce sleep, or allay internal pain, with-
out the orders of a skilled veterinary sur-
geon ; but in cases of rheumatism, or great
pain from injury, such as broken bones,
etc., a little may be given. The dose is
from five grains to twenty or thirty.

The hydropathic belt often does much
good. It is used thus : A bandage is to
be wrung out of cold water and wound
several times round the animal's body —
the hair being previously wetted — and then
covered with a dry bandage, or oiled silk
may be placed over the wet bandage. It
must, however, be kept wet. This, worn
for a day or two, is found useful in cases
of chronic or sub-acute bowel disorder,
whether diarrhoea or constipation.

Two grains of powdered alum to an
ounce of water is a nice little wash for sore
eyes. Drop a little in night and morning.
Cold green tea infusion is another.

Tincture of arnica half an ounce, one
ounce of brandy, and a tumblerful of cold
water make a soothing wash for sprains or
'r-uises from blows.

When the skin is not off, turpentine acts
like a charm to a burn.

Quinine and Virol are capital restoratives
when a dog is thin and out of sorts.

Examples might be multiplied, but
enough has been said to prove that simple
remedies are not always to be despised.

So valuable an animal as the dog de-
serves all the care and attention we can give
him when ill. It is not possible to cure
every case, but in the very worst cases
there is one thing that can always be done
— we can alleviate suffering.

It is well to conclude this chapter with a
warning to over-anxious owners of dogs.
These are generally very tender and affec-
tionate masters or mistresses, but make ex-
ceedingly bad nurses. The practice I wish
to mention, and at the same time to con-
demn, is that of recklessly dosing a sick
dog with nutriment when he has no inclina-
tion but probably a loathing for food. It
is impossible for anything forced into the
stomach at such a time to do the slightest
good, because it remains undigested; but it
will do much harm by acting like a foreign
body in the stomach, and at such a time,
if nature makes an attempt to assimilate
such nourishment, it will be added to the

59°

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

fever of the system and cause greater ex-
penditure of the much-needed nervous
force. Yet men, and especially women,
who have sick pet dogs will persist in
cramming them with spoonfuls of beef-tea
and doses of port wine. Such a silly prac-
tice tends to lead to a fatal termination to
the case. In all cases of severe illness let

a skilled veterinary surgeon be called, and
if he be a. skilled one, and not a mere rule-
of-thumb man, he will give full directions
about food and nursing, and tell the owner
straight, as I do here, that these are more
important than medicine, which, after all,
is merely adjunctive, and never to be ad-
ministered haphazard.

CHAPTER II.

RULES FOR PRESCRIBING— ADMINISTERING MEDICINES— PREVENTION OF
DISEASE— POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.

THE medicines or drugs used in treating
the ailments of dogs need be but very few
and simple. Blind faith should never be
placed in medicine alone for the cure of
any ailment. If we can, first and foremost,
arrive at a correct knowledge of the nature
of the disease which we propose to allevi-
ate, there need not be much difficulty in
prescribing secundum artem; but medicine
alone is only half the battle, if even so
much ; for good nursing and attention to
the laws of hygiene, combined with a
judiciously-chosen diet, will often do more
to cure a sick dog than any medicine that
can be given. The following rules are
worth remembering : —

1. In prescribing medicines we should
rather err on the side of giving too little
than too much.

2. A strong medicine should never be
prescribed if a milder one will suffice.

3. The time at which medicines are given
ought to be well considered, and the vet-
erinary surgeon's orders in this respect
strictly obeyed ; if a drug is ordered at bed-
time, the dog should on no account be
allowed his freedom that night after the
administration of the dose.

4. Age must be considered as well as
weight, and a young dog and a very old
dog require smaller doses.

5. Mercury, strychnine in any form,
arsenic, and some other medicines require
extreme caution in their administration.
They should never be used by an amateur.

6. Quack medicines should be avoided,
for many and obvious reasons.

7. Never despair of a dog's restoration
to health ; he may begin to come round
when least expected.

8. Cleanliness of all surroundings is
most essential to sick dogs ; so are gentle
warmth, fresh air, and perfect quiet.

9. Be very careful in dividing the doses,
i.e. never guess at the quantity, but always
measure it.

10. One word as to the quality of the
medicine prescribed. Expensive remedies,
such as quinine, etc., are greatly adulter-
ated. Get all articles, therefore, from a
respectable chemist. The best are cheapest
in the end. For example, never give to a
dog — for how dainty and easily nauseated
his stomach is we all know — the castor oil
usually administered to horses, nor ordinary
coarse cod liver oil, nor laudanum that has
been made with methylated spirit, nor any
medicine one would not take one's self.

Of late years there has been a scarcity
of cod liver oil of a good quality almost
amounting to a famine, and it has conse-
quently been very much adulterated. At
the best this oil is now almost out of date,
and in a very large number of hospitals
Virol has taken its place. This is prepared
from the red marrow of the ox, and for
puppies that are not thriving, also for
leanness in dogs, and chronic chest com-
plaints of all kinds, as well as the hacking
cough of old dogs, I find it of very great
value indeed. Plasmon is also excellent.

1 1 . Do not force a dog with medicine if
he is going on well without it ; recovery
must be slow to be safe.

ON ADMINISTERING MEDICINES.

591

On Administering Medicines. — A dog

should never be roughly treated. Strug-
gling with a sick animal often does him
more harm than the medicine to be given
can do good.

Medicines are prescribed in the form of
either pill, bolus, mixture, or powder.

When giving a dog a pill or bolus, if a
small dog, he may be held either on the
administrator's knee or on that of an
assistant. The mouth is then gently but
.firmly opened with one hand, and the pill
is thrust as far down as possible before it
is let go, the head being meanwhile held
at an angle of 45° or thereabouts. Close
the mouth at once thereafter, and give a
slight tap under the chin to aid deglutition
by taking the dog by surprise. See that
the upper lips are folded under the teeth
during the operation, th'us protecting the
fingers from being bitten, for the dog will
hardly care to bite through his own lips
to get at the hand. With a very large dog
the best plan is to back him up against
the inner corner of a wall and get astride
of him.

Tasteless medicines can generally be
given in the food; those, however, that
have a bad flavour must be forcibly put
over the throat. Hold the dog in the same
position as in giving a bolus, only there
is no necessity for opening the mouth so
wide, although the head is to be held well
back, gradually then, and not too much
at a time, pour the mixture over the front
teeth well down into the back part of the
throat. When it is all down, giving the
animal a morsel of meat, or anything tasty,
will often prevent him from bringing it
back again. The ease with which he can
vomit is characteristic of the dog, but may
often be overcome by taking the animal
out into the open air for a little while after
he has been drenched. Powders, if taste-
less, are mixed with the food, or, if nause-
ous and bitter, and still not bulky, they
may be given enclosed in a thin layer of
beef, only do not let the dog see you pre-
paring it; or they may be mixed with
butter, syrup, or glycerine, rolled in tissue
paper, wetted or greased, and placed well
back on the tongue, or given as a bolus.
Close the mouth after placing it there until
you hear the act of deglutition performed.

A better plan of drenching and a safer
is to keep the mouth shut and form the
upper and lower lips of one side into a
funnel. Get an assistant to pour the medi-
cine, a little at a time, into this funnel, and
keep the mouth closed, or mouth and nose
shut, until each mouthful is swallowed.

N.B.— In giving medicine to a dog one
must keep very cool, and on no account
make a fuss, or any great display of bottles
and preparations, or the poor animal may
think some great evil is going to happen
to him, and be obstreperous accordingly.

Medicines are sometimes administered
by enema; in this case it is well to oil both
the anus and nozzle of the syringe, and to
be exceedingly gentle ; it is a tender part,
and we must therefore assure the animal
we mean no harm.

Powders may be rolled in greased tissue
paper and given in the form of bolus.

Prevention of Disease. — Property hath
its duties, and, apart from the sin of
keeping any animal in an unhealthy con-
dition, by so doing we bring upon our-
selves endless trouble, disappointment, and
mortification. It might be said, with but
little fear of contradiction, that every
ailment of the dog is preventible, but
as many of these are contracted by the
breathing of germ-laden air or the drink-
ing while out of doors of impure water,
diseases are contracted without our know-
ledge. But with ordinary care every dog
should live until he is thirteen or fourteen
years of age. The following hints may
well be borne in mind by dog-owners : —

1. To keep a dog in health trust to food
more than to physic. Food makes blood,
physic never. Even iron itself only in-
creases the number of red corpuscles in
the blood, and this is often less advan-
tageous than it may appear, for dogs whose
blood is too rich are more subject to in-
flammatory ailments than those who are
less strong, though wiry and fit.

2. Next in importance to well-selected
food is fresh air. The food is assimilated
or taken up by the absorbents as chyle,
and poured directly into the blood; but it
must be properly oxygenated, for if it be
not it will not nourish. If it be but par-
tially purified, owing to the air breathed
being foul, digestion is hindered, nerves

592

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

are weakened, the heart is slowed, and the
brain is rendered 'dull. It is from amongst
dogs who are kept constantly in the house
or in badly-ventilated kennels that most
ailments originate.

3. Impure water is the cause of many
diseases, including skin complaints, and
some forms of internal parasites, whose
larvas may have found their way into such
water.

4. Cleanliness of the dog's coat is essen-
tial to health. There is no rule as to how
often a dog should be washed. As a
general thing, say, once a month or three
weeks. It should be done very thoroughly
when it is done; the best of soap is essen-
tial. Spratt's Patent have all kinds, and
I know they are good, but their finer sorts
should be used for Toy and other house
dogs. Good drying, without too much
rubbing, a bit of food immediately after
the washing, then a run on the grass,
another rub down, and off to kennel and
to sleep.

5. Prevent disease also by keeping the
dog-dishes, the dog's bedding, his collar,
his clothing, and even his leading-strap
scrupulously clean.

6. Prevent it by extra care when at a
dog show. See that the bench is clean,
and those adjoining his. Many a splendid
specimen contracts a fatal ailment at such
shows, and this, perhaps,- from no fault
of those in charge of the benches. Don't
let your specimens make acquaintance with
any strange dog while leading him in or
out of the show hall or round the exercise
ground. Don't cuddle strange dogs your-
self, or you may bring distemper to your
own at a show.

7. Prevent disease by open-air exercise.
Swimming is one of the best forms of this.
So is racing or chasing on the grass after
a piece of stick or a ball.

8. Prevent disease (going thin, worms,
etc.) in puppies by seeing to it that the
dam's whelping bed is perfectly clean, and
that she herself has been washed in tepid
water and rinsed with tepid water (not cold)
a week before her time. A single flea or
dog-louse (in which some species of worms
spend their intermediate stage), if swal-
lowed by a puppy, may cost the little thing
its life or its constitution. The worms so

bred suck the blood or juices of the in-
testines, the puppy gets thin, and is liable
to rickets and many other troubles, of
which skin ailments, though bad enough,
are not the worst.

9. Prevent disease in puppies after they
are weaned by feeding five times a day at
least — early in the morning and last thing
at night — on well selected diet, and always
boil the milk they drink, because a flea
or louse drowned in it might give rise to
worms, and, independently of this, milk
may be laden with evil germs. A Spratt's
puppy biscuit given to gnaw will do good
when the pup is old enough — it helps the
milk teeth. Biscuits should be given dry
to all dogs, if they will take them, and
hunger is sweet sauce. Dry biscuits clean
the teeth.

10. In the prevention of diseases the sun
is a most powerful agent. You cannot
keep a dog healthy unless you arrange his
kennel so that he can have a sunshine bath
as often as possible. Dogs delight to bask
in the sunshine and fresh air.

n. Rabies, or canine madness, is an un-
known disease when dogs have freedom
and are never muzzled. This was never
more completely exemplified than during
the mad dog scare in England a few years
ago. In Edinburgh and other northern
cities, where dogs were free to roam un-
muzzled, there was no rabies, spurious or
real, and no panic among the people.

12. Prevent disease by bedding the out-
door dog well and giving shelter summer
and winter, and by never chaining a dog
under a cart in motion, or letting him run
after a bicycle.

Poisons and their Antidotes. — Whether
as the result of accident or by evil design,
dogs are exceedingly liable to suffer from
poisoning. Independently of either acci-
dent or design, the animal is sometimes
poisoned by his owner unwisely adminis-
tering to him drugs in too large doses.
Poison is often put down to rats and mice,
and in a form, too, which is usually just
as palatable to the house-dog as to the
vermin. There are so many ingenious
traps nowadays sold for the catching of
mice and other vermin that really the
practice of poisoning rats should seldom be
resorted to.

POISONS AND THEIR ANTIDOTES.

593

The symptoms of poisoning always ap-
pear very rapidly, and this fact, combined
with the urgency of the symptoms and the
great distress of the animal, usually leads
us to guess what has happened.

Poisons are divided into three classes :
the irritant, the narcotic, and the narcotico-
irritants.

The irritant class give rise to great pain
in the stomach and belly, which is often
tense and swollen, while the vomited mat-
ters are sometimes tinged with blood. The
sickness and retching are very distressing ;
so, too, at times is the diarrhoea.

The narcotic, such as opium, morphia,
etc., act upon the brain and spinal cord,
causing drowsiness, giddiness, and stupor,
accompanied at times by convulsions 01
paralysis.

The narcotico-irritants give rise to in-
tense thirst, great pain in the stomach, with
vomiting and purging.

Whenever it is suspected that a dog
has swallowed narcotic poison, the first
thing to do is to encourage vomiting by the
mouth. We must get rid of all the poison
we can as speedily as possible. Sulphate
of zinc — dose, five to twenty grains or more
in water — is one of the speediest emetics we
have; or sulphate of copper — dose, three
to ten grains — is good. At the same time
the dog must be well drenched with luke-
warm water.

The symptoms and general treatment of
the more common poisons are given below,
but I advise the amateur to send at once
for a veterinary surgeon when the sudden
on-coming of pain, distress, restlessness,
vomiting, etc., indicate that the dog has
picked up something.

ACID, CARBOLIC. — In whatever way this
is introduced into the system it is followed
by symptoms of great pain, sickness,
shivering, and trembling, prostration or
collapse. Olive oil or white of egg drench.
Drench of sulphate of magnesia. Wrap-
ping in hot rug, with hot-water bottles; the
administration of brandy and water with
sal-volatile.

ANTIMONY, or tartar emetic, rare in dog
poisoning, but there are cases seen. — Give
emetics and demulcents, barley water, white
of egg mixed in water, magnesia, arrow-
root and milk. Afterwards stimulants for

collapse. Wrap warmly up in a rug and
put near fire.

ARSENIC. — The poison may have been
put down for cats or dogs. It is found in
many rat pastes and in vermin killers, also
in fly papers, which should never be placed
in the way of puppies.

Symptoms. — There is depression at first,
soon followed by terrible pain in stomach
and throat, hacking and coughing, vomit-
ing of brown matter and mucus, purging,
great thirst, exhaustion, and collapse.

Treatment. — Emetic to encourage vomit-
ing, drenching with salt and water or soapy
water; milk, flour and water. Magnesia*
in large doses, or from a drachm to an
ounce of dialysed iron after more urgent
symptoms have abated, barley water, stimu-
lants to overcome depression, hot fomenta-
tions and linseed poultices to stomach ;
rest.

CANTHARIDES, or fly blister. — A puppy
has been known to pick up and swallow
this. Pain, great restlessness, and vomit-
ing of mucus and blood. Emetics, fol-
lowed by demulcents, white of egg, milk,
or gruel. (N.B.- — No fat or oil of any
kind.) When the urgent symptoms are re-
lieved, linseed poultices to abdomen, rest
and warmth.

COPPER (in form of verdigris, perhaps).
— Same treatment as for cantharides.

IODINE OR IOBIDE OF POTASSIUM. — The
former is sometimes used to reduce glandu-
lar swellings, and too much of the latter is
often given in medicine. Iodide of potas-
sium, long administered, destroys appetite,
and reduces the flesh. Emetic, if the
poisoning be acute ; wine of ipecacuanha
or sulphate of zinc in hot water; demul-
cents, plenty of starch and gruel in full
doses, and stimulants.

LEAD, as in white paint, crayons, French
chalk. — Give emetics, Epsom salts in hot
water; then demulcents and poultices to
stomach.

MERCURY. — -In the older books the green
iodide of mercury, white precipitate, etc.,
were recommended for skin and parasite
troubles. Well, they killed the parasites
and often — the dog. Care should be taken
when putting ointments of any kind on the
skin that the dog does not lick the dressing
off. Dogs believe in the curative efficacy

594

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

of their own tongues, and the animal's
saliva is certainly an antiseptic, but he must
not have a chance of licking the dressings
from sore patches. In suspected poison-
ings by mercury there is the usual sort of
vomit, with great pain and. .distress and
difficulty of breathing; depression, leading
to convulsions, death.

Give drenches of white of egg and water,
or flour and water; then an emetic; after-
wards demulcents and stimulants for de-
pression or collapse. Send for a good vet.

OPIUM. — An emetic ; strong coffee as a
drench ; electric shock to spine.

STRYCHNINE, or Nux VOMICA, may be

thrown down to a dog in some form or
picked up in some of the vermin killers.
The vomiting to be kept up with emetics.
Antidotes are animal charcoal, olive oil,
brandy and ammonia ; perfect rest and
quiet, artificial respiration, hot poultices to
stomach, hot bottle to back.

In all cases of poisoning where the vet.
quite despairs of life, it is probably best to
permit the dog to pass quickly away. Still
it is not well to give up hopes too soon.

The greatest difficulty we have to contend
with in such cases, lies in the fact that it is
sometimes impossible to find out what the
dog has swallowed.

CHAPTER III.
ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

Abrasion or Chafe. — Caused in many ways, and
on any part of body. Usually by dog's own teeth,
as in biting an itching part. By skin trouble or
accident.

Treatment. — If accidental a little oxide of zinc
ointment. Wash dog after healed ; a very little
borax in the rinsing water. If by bitinjr. damp
with solution of alum, zinc, or borax. If skin
disease, -vide mange. Prevent biting and scratch-
ing.

Abscess. — Forms on any portion of body, and
may be caused by blows, foreign bodies — as
thorns — and bruises. There are swelling, pain,
and heat, sometimes fever.

Treatment. — Hot fomentations at first, then
poultice or wet lint kept damp by piece of oiled
silk. These will either disperse or bring to a
head. When matter forms, which can be ascer-
tained from the boggy feeling, free incision,
.gently squeezing out of matter. Keep wound open
by pledget of boric lint, that it may heal from
the bottom. Dress daily with sterilised lint, pad
of wool, and bandage. Constitutionally : Milk
•diet, a little gravy and meat, and green vege-
tables.

Albuminuria or Chronic Bright 's Disease. —
Only diagnosed by examination of urine. If a
little be boiled in test tube, and a drop or two of
strong nitric acid added, cloudiness or white sedi-
ment. General symptoms : Loss of condition, dry
nose, staring coat, frequent micturition ; some-
times a little paralysis of bladder.

Treatment. — Unsatisfactory. Care in diet : Milk,
barley water — easily prepared from the patent
barley of the shops, which is also one of the best
•of demulcents. Mixed diet : Steeped biscuits, meat,
fish, Bovril, eggs, pudding. Medicine: Oxide or

carbonate of iron pills, as for human beings, one-
quarter pill for Toys, half for Terriers, while for
large dogs two pills thrice a day.

Amaurosis (also called gutta serena from the
dilated pupil and glassy look). — A form of blind-
ness seen in the dog, and depending on a par-
tially paralysed state of the nerves.

The eye is peculiarly clear and the pupil
dilated, perhaps immovably so. The gait of the
animal attracts attention; he staggers somewhat,
and seems unable to avoid stumbling against ob-
jects in his way, while his expression seems
meaningless.

Treatment. — Unsatisfactory. The strictest atten-
tion, however, must be paid to the general health
and the feeding. If the disease seems induced
by the presence of worms, they must be got rid
of ; if by foul mouth and decayed teeth, see to
these. If the gutta serena follows violence to the
head, in which case it is more often limited to one
eye, put the animal on low diet, give a cooling
aperient, and keep him strictly quiet for a time.

In amaurosis from weakness, tonics, such as the
tincture of iron, to begin with, followed in a week
by zinc, from half to four grains of the sulphate
in a pill, with extract of dandelion. This is an
excellent nervine tonic, but must be used for a
month at least. A small blister behind each ear
may also be tried.

Anaemia (want of blood). — General weakness,
paleness of gums and tongue. Sometimes con-
stipation, and many complications. Loss of appe-
tite.

Treatment. — Generous diet. Life in the fresh
air. Tincture of iron, three drops for Toy, twenty
for Mastiff size, thrice daily. Or pill containing
from one to five grains of reduced iron thrice daily.

595

THE PRINCIPAL SUPERFICIAL MUSCLES OF A DOG.

9.
10.
ii.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
1 8.
19.
20.
21.
22.

Temporalis or temporal muscle. 23.

Orbicularis palpebrarum. 24.

Levator labi superioris. 25.

Dilator naris. 26.

Orbicularis oris. 27.

Buccinator. 28.

Lygomaticus. 29.

Masseter. 30.

Sterna hyoidrus. 3 1 .

Sterna maxillaris. 32.

Jugular vein. 33.

Scapular deltoid. 34.

^cromzoM deltoid. 35.

Triceps. 36.

Bracliialis. 37.

Extern, carp, radialis. 38.

Extern, digit, communis. 39.

Extern, carpi ulnaris. 40.

Annular ligament. 41.

Flexor, carpi ulnaris. 42.

Pectoralis mayor. 43.

Pectoralis minor. 44.
45. Parotid gland.

Intercostal muscle.

Rectus abdominis.

Tibialis.

Internal saphena vein.

Extensor pedis.

Point of Hock or Os calcis.

Gastrocnemius.

External saphena vein.

Biceps femoris.

Semitendinosus.

Semimembranosus,

Gluteus maximus.

Erector coccygis.

Gluteus medius.

Tensor vagina femoris.

Great oblique.

Latissimus.

Posterior trapezius.

Infraspinatus.

Anterior trapezius.

Cephalo-humeral.

Mastoideus.

596

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Liver, boiled or raw, to keep bowels just gently
open. Bovril if much weakness, and a little port
wine. Milk, cream, eggs, raw meat.

Anaesthetics. I mention but to condemn, except
in the hands of a skilled vet., who will put a dog
under chloroform or ether before performing dan-
gerous operations. But dogs bear pain well when
they know it is for their good. I have opened
abscesses in large Mastiffs, and cut off toes from
Setters, without chloroform, and the dops sub-
milted cheerfully to after-dressing.

Anus, Inflamed Glands of. — The dog may be
in actual pain, or there may be only itching, and
he sits down to rub himself along the grass or
floor, or he frequently bites or licks under his
tail. May be caused by PILES, which see.

Treatment. — Examine the part, and if a boggy
abscess, incision whh clean lance and dressing
with carbolic lotion (any chemist). If deep wound
remains plug with sterilised lint, and dress with
oxide of zinc ointment.

Anus Prolapsed. — Most common in puppies
suffering from diarrhcea. It is a protrusion of the
lower part of the bowel, which may be swollen
and painful.

Treatment. — Wash in warm water with a pinch
of borax in it. Return after applying a little
vaseline, zinc ointment. If it keeps protruding,
the only thing to do is to get a vet., because an
operation may be necessary.

Appetite, Loss of. — Vide INDIGESTION or DYS-
PEPSIA.

Asthma. — Symptoms : Distressed breathing com-
ing on in spasms. In the dog it is nearly always
the result of careless treatment, especially if the
animal has been allowed to get too fat. A
skilled vet. should examine the lungs and heart.
Lower the diet. Be careful in exercise. Aperient
medicines. Avoid all starchy foods and dainties.
Vide OBESITY.

Back, Stiffness of. — May be the result of
chronic rheumatism in old dogs or of lumbago,
or injury as if from blows. A stimulating lini-
ment of ammonia and turpentine will do good in
any case, but rest is the best cure. No violent
exercise must be encouraged, and a soft bed is to
be given at night. Massage if the case continues
a long time.

Balanitis.— Vide GENITAL ORGANS.

Bald Spots. — If caused by eczema, rub in very
sparingly a little green iodide of mercury. Wash
next day and dress daily with Zam-Buk, an ele-
gant preparation for the skin troubles of valuable
or valued pets.

Biliousness. — Vomiting in the morning, after
eating grass, of frothy yellow bile. Bad appetite,
hot nose and mouth.

Treatment. — Castor oil first, then keeping of
the bowels open by bile of liver. If loathing of
food, from eighth of a grain to one grain of
quinine in pill, mixed up with extract of taraxa
cum. Vide LIVER and JAUNDICE.

Bites.— See WOUNDS.

Bladder, Irritability of. — Frequent micturi-
tion, much straining if there be stone in the blad-
der, passing of a little blood in last portion of
urine voided. A case for the vet., as a careful
diagnosis is necessary to treatment. Patent barley
water to drink, with or without a little beef tea.
Milk and milk puddings. Liver as an aperient.
Steeped Spratt's Invalid biscuits, with a little
gravy or Bovril. Moderate exercise.

Blain. — See To.NGUE.

Blotch or Surfeit. — Vide MANGE or ECZEMA.

Boils. — A dog who has these is in bad form or
diseased. May be caused by general weakness,
by worms, or may come as a sequel to DISTEMPER,
which see.

These are similar to the well-known boils of
the human being, and appear in the dog where the
skin is thinnest. They are very painful, and
make the dog cross. Common in distemper or
among young puppies. They indicate in older
dogs foulness or over-richness of the blood. Re-
form the diet scale. Give more green food, the
bath, and exercise. Foment with hot water to
bring to a head, or poultice. Early incision when
they are soft. Antiseptic dressing.

Bones, Dislocation of. — By dislocation is
meant the displacement from their normal posi-
tion of the joint ends of bones. The signs of dis-
location of a joint are : A change in the shape
of it, the end of the bone being felt in a new posi-
tion, and impaired motion and stiffness. This
immobility of the joint and the absence of any
grating sound, as of the ends of broken bones
rubbing against each other, guide us in our diag-
nosis between fracture and dislocation, though it
must not be forgotten that the two are sometimes
combined.

Treatment. — Try by means as skilful as you
possess to pull and work the joint 'back again
into its proper position, while an assistant holds
the socket of the joint firmly and steadily. It is
the best plan, however, to call in skilled assist-
ance. Do this at once, for the difficulty of effect-
ing reduction increases every hour. Only a care-
ful study of the anatomy of the dog enables one
successfully to reduce dislocations; the assistance
of a good veterinary surgeon should therefore be
always called in.

After the bone has been returned to its place, let
the dog have plenty of rest, and use cold lotions
to the joint to avert the danger of inflammation.

Bones, Fractures of. — By a fracture surgeons
mean the solution of continuity between some
parts of a bone — a broken bone, in other words.

Fractures are called simple when the bone is
only broken in one place, and there is no wound;
compound or open when there is a wound as
well as the fracture and communicating there-
with ; and comminuted when the bone is smashed
into several fragments.

The usual cause of a fracture is direct or in-
direct violence.

The diagnosis is generally simple enough. We
have the disfigurement, the displacement, the pre-

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

597

ternatural mobility, and grating- sounds for our
guides. If the fracture be an open one, the end of
the bone often protrudes. We mentioned the
mobility; this to the hands of the surgeon, remem-
ber, for the dog himself can rarely move the
limb.

Treatment. — We have, first and foremost, to
reduce the fracture — that is, to place the bones in
their natural position; and, secondly, we must so
bandage or splint the bone as to prevent its get-
ting out of place again, and thus enable it to
unite without disfigurement.

Very little art suffices one to fulfil the first
intention, but correct and successful splinting is
more difficult to attain, owing to the restlessness
of the clog's nature and the objection he generally
evinces to all forms of bandaging. Happily, the
fractures that are most easily set and reunited are
just those that are commonest in the dog — namely,
those of the long bones of either fore or hind
legs. The splints used may be either wood or
tin, or better perhaps than either — because more
easily shaped and moulded — gutta percha. This
latter is cut into slips, and placed in moderately
hot water to soften it. The fractured limb is mean-
while set and covered with a layer or two of lint,
to arm it against undue pressure. The slips of
softened gutta-percha are next placed in position
lengthwise, before and behind, and gently tied
with tape. If a layer of starched bandage is now
rolled round, all the splinting will be complete.
I have been successful in treating fractures with
the starched bandage alone. Care must be taken,
however, not to apply either splints or bandages
too tightly, else stoppage of the circulation may
be the result, and consequent inflammation or gan-
grene itself. Some little care and " can " is neces-
sary in applying the starched bandage. After
setting the limb, pad it well with lint, then apply
two or three strips of strong brown paper dipped
in the starch ; over this goes the roller, well
saturated with thick starch, over all the limb,
including the joints, upper and lower. Remem-
ber, it must go very lightly over the actual seat
of injury, your object being to keep the parts
in apposition without doing anything that is likely
to excite inflammation. Put over all a tem-
porary splint — say of tin — to be kept on until the
starch dries, which will take fully thirty hours.
If there be a wound, a trap can be cut in the
bandage for the purpose of dressing.

Fracture of a rib or ribs is not an uncommon
occurrence, and is to be treated by binding a broad
flannel roller around the chest, but not too tightly,
as this would give the animal great pain, as well
as dvspncea. Keep him confined and at rest, to
give the fractured parts a chance of uniting.

Little constitutional treatment is required. Let
the diet be low at first, and give an occasional
dose of castor-oil.

Bowels, Inflammation of. — Great pain and
tenderness, restlessness ; dog cannot bear the parts
touched. Heat and fever. Examination guides
to diagnosis. Vomiting, diarrhcea, or constipa-

tion. May be mistaken for poisoning. Generally
caused by worms, indigestible food, eating car-
rion, or the impaction of a bone.

Treatment. — Castor oil, with a few drops of
laudanum, to begin with. Hot fomentations and

poultices Keep quiet and cool. A little cold

water to drink, or equal parts of milk and lime
water. After bowels are moved, a little laudanum
in solution of chloroform thrice daily. Sloppy
diet, corn flour made with egg, arrow-root, beef-
tea, or Bovril. The dog in convalescence to wear
a broad flannel bandage.

Breeding, To Prevent. — To prevent a bitch from
breeding when she has gone astray syringe out
the womb with a solution of alum and water, a
solution of Condy's fluid, or of quinine. This
should be done promptly.

Bronchitis. — Might be called very severe cold,
or its extension downwards to lining membranes
of bror.chi and lungs. Caused by cold, chill, or
long exposure while no food in stomach.

Symptoms. — There is always more or less of
fever, with fits of shivering and thirst, accom-
panied with dulness, a tired appearance, and loss
of appetite. The breath is short, inspirations
painful, and there is a rattling of mucus in chest
or throat.

The most prominent symptom, perhaps, is the
frequent cough. It is at first dry, ringing, and
evidently painful ; in a few days, however, or
sooner, it softens, and there is a discharge of
frothy mucus with it, and, in the latter stages,
of pus and ropy mucus. This is often swal-
lowed by the dog ; and when a good deal of it is
ejected it gives the animal great relief. Often
the cough is most distressing, and there may be
fits of shortness of breath. As additional symp-
toms we have a hot, dry mouth, and very prob-
ably constipation and high-coloured urine. Some-
times one of the bronchial tubes during the pro-
gress of the disease gets completely plugged by a
piece of lymph or phlegm. The portion of lung
thus cut off from all communication with the air
gets collapsed and finally condensed.

Prognosis. — Generally favourable, unless in old
dogs, in which debility soon becomes marked. A
slight case can be cured in a few days, a more
severe may last for weeks.

Treatment. — Keep the patient in a comfortable,
well-ventilated apartment, with free access in and
out if the weather be dry. Let the bowels be
freely acted upon to begin with, but no weakening
discharge from the bowels must be kept up. After
the bowels have been moved we should commence
the exhibition of small doses of tartar emetic with
squills and opium thrice a day. If the cough is
very troublesome, give this mixture : Tincture of
squills, 5 drops to 30; paregoric, 10 drops to 60:
tartar emetic, one-sixteenth of a grain to i grain ;
syrup and water a sufficiency. Thrice daily.

We may give a full dose of opium every night.
In mild cases the treatment recommended for
:atarrh will succeed in bronchitis. Carbonate of
ammonia may be tried ; it often does good, the

59^

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

dose being from two grains to ten in camphor
water, or even plain water.

The chronic form of bronchitis will always
yield, if the dog is young, to careful feeding,
moderate exercise, and the exhibition of cod-liver
oil with a mild iron tonic. The exercise, however,
must be moderate, and the dog kept from the
water. A few drops to a teaspoonful of paregoric,
given at night, will do good, and the bowels
should be kept regular, and a simple laxative pill
given now and then.

Bruises. — Rest, hot fomentations, afterwards
lead lotion and cooling lotions generally. Arnica
lotion if bruise be slight.

Burns and Scalds. — If skin not broken, the ap-
plication of a little turpentine will take out the
heat, or carron oil, which is made of lime
water and oil equal parts. If charring or skin
broken, the air must be carefully excluded, by
application of carron oil on linen or rag, a cotton
wool pad or bandage. If very extusive, stimu-
lants and laudanum to guard against shock.
Afterwards dress with boracic ointment.

Calculus (or Stone in Bladder). — The symptoms
•are frequent straining while making urine, pain-
ful urination, occasional bleeding, and general
irritation of the urinary organs and penis.

Treatment must be palliative; sometimes an
operation is necessary, but unless the dog be very
valuable indeed it were less cruel to destroy him.
The treatment likely to do most good is the
careful regulation of the bowels, not only by occa-
sional doses of the mildest aperients — Gregory's
powder in the morning, for instance — but by
moderate exercise and the morning douche, and
occasional washing to keep the skin clean and
wholesome. The dog's kennel must be very clean
and warm, and ought to have all the fresh air
possible.

The focd must be wholesome and nutritious, but
not stimulating. Avoid flesh, therefore, or give
it only in very small quantities.

Small doses of hyoscyamus or opium given as a
bolus, with extractum taraxaci, will ease the pain,
or an opium and belladonna suppository will give
relief.

Canker of Mouth. — Vide MOUTH.
Canker of the Ear. — This is a distressing
chronic inflammation of the ear to which -many
dogs are liable. The inflammation is in the in-
side or lining membrane of the ear, and often
causes partial deafness.

Symptoms and Diagnosis.— The first symptom,
or sign rather, we see, is the poor animal shaking
his head, generally to one side, for all the -world
as a dog does who has a flea in his lug. If you
look into the ear now, you will — but not always,
as the inflammation may be deep-seated — find
a little redness. There is also a bad odour. This
is diagnostic in itself. When the disease is a
little farther advanced, by gently working the ear
backwards and forwards, you will hear a crackling
sound, and the dog will evince some signs either
of pain or itchiness.

When the disease has fairly set in, the symp-
toms are running of dark matter, mingled with
cerumen from the ear, frequent head-shakings,
dulness, capricious appetite, and very often a low
state of the general health.

Treatment. — Whenever you find a dog showing
the first signs of canker, take the case in hand at
once. Do not begin by pouring strong lotions
into his ear. The ear is such a very tender organ,
disease and inflammation are so easily induced
therein, that harsh interference is positively sinful.
Begin by giving the dog a dose of some mild
aperient, either simple castor oil, or, better still,
from one to four drachms of Epsom salts, with
quinine in it. Let the dog have good nourishing
diet, but do not let him over-eat. Let him have
green, well-boiled vegetables in his food to cool
him, a nice warm bed, exercise, but not to heat
him, and try to make him in every way com-
fortable. Then give him a tonic pill of sulphate
of quinine, sulphate of iron, and dandelion ex-
tiact.

Fomentation is all that is needed in the early
stages. Place cotton wadding gently in each ear,
lest one drop gets in to increase the irritation;
then apply your fomentation to both sides of the
ear at once, using four flannels or four woollen
socks alternately. A quarter of an hour will be
long enough each time. But if the dog has been
neglected in the beginning, and the discharge
has been allowed to increase and probably be-
come purulent, then our chance of resolving the
inflammation has passed, and local applications
will be needed.

Previously to pouring in the lotion, be careful
to wash out the matter from the dog's ears as
gently as possible. Purchase half an ounce of the
red 'salt called permanganate of potash, dissolve
this in two pints of water, and pour as much of
the solution into the warm water you use as will
redden it.

We have several astringent lotions for canker.
The first we should try is the infusion of green
tea. It should be strong enough -to resemble the
colour of pale brandy, 'and if it is used lukewarm
all the better. Then we have a lotion of dried
alum, from one grain to five, to an ounce of dis-
tilled water; or nitrate of silver, sulphate of
copper, or sulphate of cadmium, which are used
in the same proportions. Lastly, but not least,
we have the liquor -plmnbi subacetatis, ten to
twenty drops to an ounce of water, to which a
little glycerine may be added, but greasy mix-
tures should, I think, be avoided.

The canker cap may be used, but not con-
stantly, as it heats the head too much and adds
to the trouble.

Cataract (an eye disease). — In one or botli
eyes. A speck on the pupil, or in young dogs
the whole pupil may be covered. The case may
be taken to a vet., but in old dogs it is usually
a hopeless case. Good feeding for old dogs.
but no pampering. Meat daily, and not too much
starchy food.

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

599

Catarrh. — Sometimes called coryza or a com-
mon cold.

Causes. — It is usually the result of neglect in
some form or another. The kennel probably is
leaky, or the dog has been left out to shiver in
the rain, or has been sent into the water towards
nightfall and allowed to go to kennel in his wet
coat. Exposure to cold and wet when the dog
is tired, and the system consequently weak, will
be very apt to produce it.

Catarrh is very common among puppies, and
dogs that are much confined to the house, and
get but little exercise, are more liable to colds
than rough out-of-door dogs.

Xo\v this catarrh may seem a very simple
matter to many, and no doubt it is, and it speedily
yields to judicious treatment; but the results of
a neglected cold are sometimes disastrous in the
extreme, and one never knows where a cold may
end.

Symptoms. — In severe cases the dog or puppy
exhibits unwonted lassitude, is more dull and
sleepy than usual, has slight shiverings, and may-
be loss of appetite or a capricious appetite. This
is followed by running at the nose and a slight
discharge from the eyes, and if the conjunctiva is
examined it will be found either redder or darker
than usual, showing that it is injected. Sneezing
is a frequent symptom, but unless the catarrh ex-
tends downwards there will not be any cough.
The discharge from the nostrils will indicate the
extent of the disorder, and the dryness of the nose
and heat of the mouth the amount of fever.

Treatment. — By the tyro a common cold is often
called distemper, and " cured " by a specific. A
simple cold is easily got rid of, but there is no
reason why it should be utterly neglected, espe-
cially in valuable dogs, for this reason, that it
is apt to recur, and will each time evince a greater
downward, tendency.

Give the animal a dose of castor-oil when he is
first observed to be ailing, and let him have a
dry, warm bed at night, and from two drachms
to an ounce (according to the animal's size) of
mindererus spirit. Let him have plenty of water
to drink, in which you may dissolve a teaspoon-
ful of chlorate of potash and also a little nitre,
or you can give a dose or two of nitre made into
a bolus with soap and sulphur.

Give the following simple medicine thrice
daily : Syrup of squills, 5 drops to 30; paregoric,
10 drops to 60; syrup of poppies, half a drachm
to 4 drachms. Mix.

Choking. — If the bone or piece of wood is visi-
ble, it should be removed with forceps, or, if too
far down, a probe may be used to force it into
the stomach. Only a vet. can do this.

Chorea or St. Vitus' Dance. — A somewhat rare
complaint in dogs.

Symptoms. — A whole or part of the body is
affected, as the neck or leg or one side. It is a
form of irregular palsy, and depends on impover-
ished blood and nerves. Sometimes spasmodic
twitchings of the face, or whole head may shake.

It is often a sequel to distemper, and may con-
tinue long after the dog is well.

Treatment. — Improvement of health. Nutri-
tious diet, milk in abundance, flour food, Spratts'
invalid biscuits. Plenty of milk and eggs if
possible.

Colic. — This is a most distressing complaint,
far from uncommon among the canine race, and
not unattended with danger. It is a non-inflam-
matory disease, usually termed "the gripes," or
" tormina," due to an irregular and spasmodic
action of the bowels.

Symptoms. — Great pain in the region of the
abdomen, restlessness and distress. The pain
comes on every now and again, causing the dog
to jump up howling, and presently, when the pain
in some measure subsides, to seek out another
position and lie down again. During the attacks
the breathing is quickened and the pulse accele-
rated, and the animal's countenance gives proof
of the agony he is enduring.

The pain of colic is relieved by pressure or
friction; in inflammation pressure cannot be
borne. The pulse, too, is not of the inflammatory
character. The suddenness of the attack is like-
wise a good clue.

Treatment. — The first indication of the treat-
ment of colic is to get rid of the cause. If the
dog is otherwise apparently in good health, give
the following : Of castor-oil three parts, syrup
of buckthorn two parts, and syrup of poppies one
part, followed immediately by an anodyne
draught, such as : Spirits of aether, 10 to 60 drops ;
spirits of chloroform, 5 to 20 drops ; solution of
muriate of morphia, 3 to 20 drops ; camphor water
a sufficiency. Mix.

In less urgent cases of colic, a simple dose of
castor-oil will be found to answer quite as well,
and the oil is to be followed by a dose of brandy
in hot water.

If there be much drum-like swelling of the
abdomen, hard rubbing will do good, with a
draught proportioned to size of dog and contain-
ing 10 to 60 grains of bicarbonate of soda, 2 to
10 drops of oil of cloves, and 5 to 10 of laudanum
in camphor water.

Constipation, more commonly called costive-
ness, is a very common complaint. It often
occurs in the progress of other diseases, but is
just as often a separate ailment.

Perhaps no complaint to which our canine
friends are liable is less understood by the non-
pfofessional dog doctor and by dog owners them-
selves. Often caused by weakness in the coats of
the intestine. The exhibition of -purgatives can
only have a temporary effect in relieving the
symptoms, and is certain to be followed by re-
action, and consequently by further debility.
Want of exercise and bath common cause.

Youatt was never more correct in his life than
when he said : " Many dogs have a dry con-
stipated habit, often greatly increased by the
bones on which they are fed. This favours the
disposition to mange, etc. It produces indiges-

6oo

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

tion, encourages worms, blackens the teeth, and
causes fetid breath."

Symptoms. — The stools are hard, usually in
large round balls, and defecation is accomplished
with great difficulty, the animal often having to
try several times before he succeeds in effecting
the act, and this only after the most acute suffer-
ing. The faeces are generally covered with white
mucus, showing the heat and semi-dry condition
of the gut. The stool is sometimes so dry as to
fall to pieces like so much oatmeal.

There is generally also a deficiency of bile in
the motions, and, in addition to simple costive-
ness, we have more or less loss of appetite, with
a too pale tongue, dulness, and sleepiness, with
slight redness of the conjunctiva. Sometimes con-
stipation alternates with diarrhoea, the food being
improperly commingled with the gastric and other
juices, ferments, spoils, and becomes, instead of
healthy blood-producing chyme, an irritant pur-
gative.

Treatment. — Hygienic treatment more than
medicinal. Mild doses of castor-oil, compound
rhubarb pill, or olive-oil, may at first be neces-
sary. Sometimes an enema will be required if
the medicine will not act.

Plenty of exercise and a swim daily (with a
good run after the swim), or instead of the swim
a bucket bath — water thrown over the dog.

The use of the morning bucket bath, first thing
after the animal has been turned out, is much to
be recommended, but care must be taken to dry
well down afterwards.

Give oatmeal, rather than flour or fine bread, as
the staple of his diet, but a goodly allowance of
meat is to be given as well, with cabbage or boiled
liver, or even a portion of raw liver. Fresh air
and exercise in the fields. You may give a bolus
before dinner, such as the following : Compound
rhubarb pill, i to 5 grains; quinine, '/i to 2 grains;
extract of taraxacum, 2 to 10 grains. Mix.

Claws. — The dew-claws give great trouble
sometimes. They are really rudimentary claws,
and are of little use nowadays, but much in the
way. Whenever, therefore, they are not a show
point, they should be got rid of when the puppy
is young. In older dogs they may become too
long, and be inflamed about the roots. They are
easily cut with sharp scissors, then the root should
be dressed with zinc ointment and bandaged, to
prevent the dog's interference.

Cracks and Chaps. — Commonest on the feet.
Perfect cleanliness is absolutely necessary.
Condy's fluid, or water reddened with perman-
ganate of potash. The same treatment will do
when on the bitch's teats. Boracic lotion to all
kinds of cracks. The animal needs cooling medi-
cine or alteratives, such as are found in Spratts'
medicine chest.

Cystitis. — This is the name given to inflamma-
tion of the bladder. May be caussd by irritant
medicines given internally, or from cold. In bad
cases a vet. should be called, as it may be stone
or the passage of gravel into the urethra.

Symptoms. — The dog is anxious and excited.
He pants, whines, and makes frequent efforts to
pass his urine, which comes only in drops and
driblets, while he cries out with the pain the
effort gives him. His appetite fails him, he is
feverish, and, if examined, the lower part of the
belly will be found swollen and tender to the
touch. Just after the dog has made a little water
there is ease for a short time, but as soon as the
urine collects the pain comes on again. Usually
the bowels are affected, but they may simply
be bound up, or there may be straining, and slight
diarrhoea of a mucous character, sometimes stained
with blood.

Treatment. — If a small dog, a hot bath will be
found to give great relief. In order to relieve
pain and calm excitement, opium must be given
in repeated small doses, and the bowels must on
no account be neglected, but the rule is not to
give any irritant purgative like aloes or black
draught. However useful such aperients may be
in some disorders and inflammations, they simply
mean death in this. Small doses of castor-oil
may be given if they seem to be needed.

N.B. — Diuretics are to be avoided, but a little
cooling mixture of mindererus spirit, i drachm
to 4 in camphor water, may be given every four
hours. If the water cannot be passed and the
belly is swollen, with moaning and evident dis-
tress, a qualified veterinary surgeon should be
called in, wrho will no doubt pass the elastic
catheter. The use of the catheter should be fol-
lowed up with nice hot poppy fomentations, and a
large linseed-meal poultice to the region of the
abdomen, and an opium pill may now work
wonders, or the morphia suppository of the Phar-
macopoeia may be placed in the rectum.

Food, and Drink. — Food must be light, tasty,
and easily digested, but rather low, especially at
first. Drink : Milk demulcent, linseed-tea," bar-
ley-water, etc.

Dandruff. — A scaly or scurfy condition of the
skin, with more or less of irritation. It is really
a shedding of the scaly epidermis brought on by
injudicious feeding or want of exercise as a
primary cause. The dog, in cases of this kind,
needs cooling medicines, such as small doses of
the nitrate and chlorates of potash, perhaps less
food. Bowels to be seen to by giving plenty of
green food, with a morsel of sheep's melt or raw
liver occasionally. Wash about once in three
weeks, a very little borax in the last water, say
a drachm to a gallon. Use mild soap. If bald
spots, treat for these. Vide SKIN COMPLAINTS.
Never use a very hard brush or sharp comb. Tar
soap (Wright's) may be tried.

Deafness. — Sometimes congenital. In such
cases it is incurable. Caused also by accumula-
tion of wax in the ear; pour a few drops of warm
oil in and move the ear gently about. In an
hour's time syringe out with warm water red-
dened by the permanganate of potash. Deafnc-s
of old age cannot be cured. Beware of harsh
treatment or advertised quack remedies. Attend

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

60 1

to the general health. If fat, reduce diet and
avoid all starchy foods. If thin, feed well, exer-
cise, and give Virol.

Deformities. — Can only be treated by an ex-
pert after careful examination and thought.

Destroying Puppies. — Drowning, even in warm
water, is painful, because lingering. The best
plan is the ugliest. Take one up and dash with
great force on the stone floor. It is dead at once.
N.B. — Never do so before the dam.

Destroying Useless Dogs. — I have often coun-
selled the giving of morphia in sufficiently large
doses to cause sleep, and then carefully chloro-
forming. After all, the strongest prussic acid is
the most certain and the quickest, but a vet. only
should administer it.

Diabetes. — Both that form called Mellitus or
sugary diabetes and Diabetes insipidus are in-
curable ; the former, at all events.

Symptoms. — The earliest symptom will be ex-
cessive diuresis, combined with inordinate thirst.
The coat is harsh and dry and staring, the bowels
constipated, the mouth hot and dry, and probably
foul. Soon emaciation comes on, and the poor
animal wastes rapidly away. Sometimes the ap-
petite fails, but more often it is voracious, especi-
ally with regard to flesh meat. The dog is
usually treated for worms, and the case made
worse. The disease is a very fatal one, and if
fairly set in, can seldom be kept from running
its course onwards to death. Death may take
place from other and secondary diseases.
Tumours form in the lungs, the liver becomes
diseased, and the bowels seldom escape till the
last.

Treatment. — Exceedingly unsatisfactory. I
have found the most benefit accrue from treating
canine patients in the same way as I do human
beings suffering similarly. I therefore do not
hesitate to order the bran loaf if the animal is
worth the trouble, and forbid the use of potatoes,
rice, flour, oatmeal, and most vegetables, and
feed mostly on flesh, and occasionally beef-tea
and milk. Give from }4 grain up to 3 grains of
opium (powdered), and the same quantity of
quinine in a bit of Castile soap, twice or thrice
daily. You may try Virol and nux vomica.

Diarrhoea, or looseness of the bowels, or purg-
ing, is a very common disease among dogs of all
ages and breeds. It is, nevertheless, more com-
mon among puppies about three or four months
old, and among dogs who have reached the age
of from seven to ten years. It is often symp-
tomatic of other ailments.

Causes. — Very numerous. In weakly dogs ex-
posure alone will produce it. The weather, too,
has no doubt much to do with the production of
diarrhoea. In most kennels it is more common
in the months of July and August, although it
often comes on in the very dead of winter. Pup-
pies, if overfed, will often be seized with this
troublesome complaint. A healthy puppy hardly
ever knows when it has had enough, and it will,
moreover, stuff itself with all sorts of garbage ;

acidity of the stomach follows, with vomiting of
the ingesta, and diarrhoea succeeds, brought on by
the acrid condition of the chyme, which finds its
way into the duodenum. This stuff would in
itself act as a purgative, but it does more, it
abnormally ^excites the secretions of the whole
alimentary canal, and a sort of sub-acute mucous
inflammation is set up. The liver, too, becomes
mixed up with the mischief, throws out a super-
abundance of bile, and thus aids in keeping up
the diarrhoea.

Among other causes, we find the eating of in-
digestible food, drinking foul or tainted water,
too much green food, raw paunches, foul kennels,
and damp, draughty kennels.

Symptoms. — The purging is, of course, the
principal symptom, and the stools are either quite
liquid or semi-fluid, bilious-looking, dirty-brown
or clay-coloured, or mixed with slimy mucus.
In some cases they resemble dirty water. Some-
times, as already said, a little blood will be found
in the dejection, owing to congestion of the
mucous membrane from liver obstruction. In
case there be blood in the stools, a careful ex-
amination is always necessary in order to ascer-
tain the real state of the patient. Blood, it must
be remembered, might come from piles or polypi,
or it might be dysenteric, and proceed from ul-
ceration of the rectum and colon. In the simplest
form of diarrhoea, unless the disease continues for
a long time, there will not be much wasting, and
the appetite will generally remain good but
capricious.

In bilious diarrhoea, with large brown fluid stools
and complete loss of appetite, there is much thirst,
and in a few days the dog gets rather thin,
although nothing like so rapidly as in the emacia-
tion of distemper.

The Treatment will, it need hardly be said,
depend upon the cause, but as it is generally
caused by the presence in the intestine of some
irritating matter, we can hardly err by adminis-
tering a small dose of castor-oil, combining with
it, if there be much pain — which you can tell
by the animal's countenance — from 5 to 20 or 30
drops of laudanum, or of the solution of the
muriate of morphia. This in itself will often
suffice to cut short an attack. The oil is prefer-
able to rhubarb, but the latter may be tried — the
simple, not the compound powder — dose, from
10 grains to 2 drachms in bolus.

If the diarrhoea should continue next day, pro-
ceed cautiously — remember there is no great
hurry, and a sudden check to diarrhoea is at times
dangerous — to administer dog doses of the aro-
matic chalk and opium powder, or give the follow-
ing medicine three times a day : Compound pow-
dered catechu, i grain to 10; powdered chalk
with opium, 3 grains to 30. Mix. If the diar-
rhoea still continues, good may accrue from a trial
of the following mixture : Laudanum, 5 to 30
drops; dilute sulphuric acid, 2 to 15 drops; in
camphor water.

This after every liquid motion, or, if the

6(32

THE NEW. BOOK OF THE DOG.

motions may not be observed, three times a day.
If blood should appear in the stools give the
following : Kino powder, i to 10 grains ; powder
ipecac., l/\ to 3 grains; powdered opium */•* to
2 grains. This may be made into a bolus with
any simple extract, and given three times a day.

The food is of importance. The diet should
be changed ; the food requires to be of a non-
stimulating kind, no meat being allowed, but
milk and bread, sago, or arrowroot or rice, etc.
The drink either pure water, with a pinch or
two of chlorate and nitrate of potash in it, or
patent barley-water if he will take it.

The dog's bed must be warm and clean, and
free from draughts, and, in all cases of diarrhcea,
one cannot be too particular with the cleanliness
and disinfection of the kennels.

Dislocation of Bones. — Vide BONES.

The distinguishing signs of fracture and dis-
location are as follows : —

FRACTURE.

Deformity and pain.
Crepitus or grating

sound.

Mobility unnatural.
Easily replaced.
Leg is shortened.
Seat of injury any part

of bone.

DISLOCATION.

Deformity and pain.
No crepitus.
No mobility.
Replaced only with

force.

About san'e length.
Seat of injury only at

a joint.

Distemper. — Although more than one hundred
years have elapsed since this was first imported
to this country from France, a great amount of
misunderstanding still prevails among a large
section of dog-breeders regarding its true nature
and origin. The fact is, the disease came to us
with a bad name, for the French themselves
deemed it incurable. In this country the old-
fashioned plan of treatment was wont to be the
usual rough remedies — emetics, purgatives, the
seton, and the lancet. Failing in this, specifics
of all sorts were eagerly sought for and tried,
and are unfortunately still believed in to a very
great extent.

Distemper has a certain course to run., and in
this disease Nature seems to attempt the elimina-
tion of the poison through the secretions thrown
out by the naso-pharyngeal mucous membrane.

Our chief difficulty in the treatment of dis-
temper lies in the complications thereof. We
may, and often do, have the organs ofc respiration
attacked ; we have sometimes congestion of the
liver, or mucous inflammation of the bile ducts,
or some lesion of the brain or nervous structures,
combined with epilepsy, convulsions, or chorea.
Distemper is also often complicated with severe
disease of the bowels, and at times with an
affection of the eyes.

Causes. — Whether it be that the distemper virus,
the poison seedling of the disease, really origin-
ates in the kennel, or is the result of contact of
one dog with another, or whether the poison floats
to the kennel on the wings of the wind, or is

carried there on a shoe or the point of a walking-
stick, the following facts ought to be borne in
mind : (i) Anything that debilitates the body or
weakens the nervous system paves the way for
the distemper poison; (2) the healthier the dog
the more power does he possess to resist con-
'tagion ; (3) when the disease is epizootic, it can
often be kept at bay by proper attention to diet
and exercise, frequent change of kennel straw, and
perfect cleanliness ; (4) the predisposing causes
which have come more immediately under my
notice are debility, cold, damp, starvation, filthy
kennels, unwholesome food, impure air, and grief.

The Age at which Dogs take Distem-per. — They
may take distemper at any age ; the most common
time of life is from the fifth till the eleventh or
twelfth month.

Symptoms. — There is, first and foremost, a
period of latency or of incubation, in which there
is more or less of dulness and loss of appetite,
and this glides gradually into a state of feverish-
ness. The fever may be ushered in with chills
and shivering. The nose now becomes hot and
dry, the dog is restless and thirsty, and the con-
junctivas of the eyes will be found to be consider-
ably injected. Sometimes the bowels are at first
constipated, but they are more usually irregular.
Sneezing will also be frequent, and in some cases
cough, dry and husky at first. The temperature
should be taken, and if there is a rise of two or
three degrees the case should be treated as dis-
temper, and not as a common cold.

At the commencement there is but little exuda-
tion from the eyes and nose, but as the disease
advances this symptom will become more marked,
being clear at first. So, too, will another symp-
tom which is partially diagnostic of the malady,
namely, increased heat of body, combined with a
rapid falling off in flesh, sometimes, indeed, pro-
ceeding quickly on to positive emaciation.

As the disease creeps downwards and inwards
along the air-passages, the chest gets more and
more affected, the discharge of mucus and pus
from the nostrils more abundant, and the cough
loses its dry character, becoming moist. The dis-
charge from the eyes is simply mucus and pus,
but if not constantly dried away will gum the in-
flamed lids together; that from the nostrils is not
only purulent, but often mixed with dark blood.
The appetite is now clean gone, and there is often
vomiting and occasional attacks of diarrhcea.

Now in mild cases we may look for some abate-
ment of the symptoms about the fourteenth day.
The fever gets less, inflammation decreases in the
mucous passages, and appetite is restored as one
of the first signs of returning health. More often,
however, the disease becomes complicated.

Diagnosis.. — The diagnostic symptoms are the
severe catarrh, combined not only with fever, but
speedy emaciation.

Pneumonia, as we might easily imagine, is a
very likely complication, and a very dangerous
one. There is great distress in breathing, the
animal panting rapidly. The countenance is

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

603

anxious, the pulse small and frequenr, and the ex-
tremities cold. The animal would fain sit up on
his haunches, or even seek to get out into the fresh
air ; but sickness, weakness, and prostration often
forbid his movements. If the ear or stethoscope
be applied to the chest, the characteristic signs
of pneumonia will be heard; these are sounds of
moist crepitations, etc.

Bronchitis is probably the most common compli-
cation; in fact, it is always present, except in
very mild cases. The cough becomes more severe,
and often comes on in tearing paroxysms, causing
sickness and vomiting. The breathing is short
and frequent, the mouth hot and filled with viscid
saliva, while very often the bowels are consti-
pated.

Liver Disease. — If the liver becomes involved,
we shall very soon have the jaundiced eye and the
yellow skin.

Diarrhoea. — This is another very common com-
plication. We have frequent purging and, maybe,
sickness and vomiting.

Fits of a convulsive character are frequent con-
comitants of distemper.

Epilepsy is sometimes seen in cases of dis-
temper, owing, no doubt, to degeneration of the
nerve centres caused by blood-poisoning. There
are many other complications seen in distemper.
JAUNDICE, for example, which see. Skin com-
plaints common after it.

Treatment. — This consists firstly in doing all
in our power to guide the specific catarrhal fever
to a safe termination; and, secondly, in watching
for and combating complications. Whenever we
see a young dog ailing, losing appetite, exhibiting
catarrhal symptoms, and getting thin, with a rise
in temperature, we should not lose an hour. If
h->. be an indoor dog, find him a good bed in a
clean, well-ventilated apartment, free from lumber
and free from dirt. If it be summer, have all the
windows out or opened ; if winter, a little fire will
be necessary, but have half the window opened at
the same time ; only take precautions against his
lying in a draught. Fresh air in cases of dis-
temper, and, indeed, in fevers of all kinds, cannot
be too highly extolled.

The more rest the dog has the better; he must
be kept free from excitement, and care must be
taken to guard him against cold and wet when he
goes out of doors to obey the calls of nature.
The most perfect cleanliness must be enjoined.
and disinfectants used, such as permanganate of
potash, carbolic acid, Pearson's, or Izal. If the
sick dog, on the other hand, be one of a kennel
of dogs, then quarantine must be adopted. The
hospital should be quite removed from the vicinity
of all other dogs, and as soon as the animal is
taken from the kennel the latter should be
thoroughly cleansed and disinfected, and the other
dogs kept warm and dry, well fed, and moderately
exercised.

Food and Drink. — For the first three or four
days let the food be light and easily digested. In
order to induce the animal to take it, it should

be as palatable as possible. For small dogs you
cannot have anything better than milk porridge.*
At all events, the dog must, if possible, be in-
duced to eat ; he must not be " horned " unless
there be great emaciation; he must "not over-eat;<
but whatjie j^ets must be good. As to drink, dogs
usually piefer clean cold water, and we cannot
do harm by mixing therewith a little plain nitre.

Medicine. — Begin by giving a simple dose of
castor-oil, just enough and no more than will
clear out the bowels by one or two motions.
Drastic purgatives, and medicines such as mer-
cury, jalap, aloes, and podophyllyn, cannot be
too highly condemned. For very small Toy dogs,
such as Italian Greyhounds, Yorkshire Terriers,
etc., I should not recommend even oil itself,
but manna — one drachm to two drachms dis-
solved in milk. By simply getting the bowels to
act once or twice, we shall have done enough for
the first day, and have only to make the dog
comfortable for the night.

On the next day begin with a mixture such as
the following : Solution of acetate of ammonia,
30 drops to 120; sweet spirits of nitre, 15 drops
to 60; salicylate of soda3 2 grains to 10. Thrice
daily in a little camphor water.

If the cough be very troublesome and the fever
does not run very high, the following may be
substituted for this on the second or third day :
Syrup of squills, 10 drops to 60; tincture of hen-
bane, 10 drops to 60; sweet spirits of nitre, 10
drops to 60, in camphor water.

A few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid should
be added to the dog's drink, and two teaspoon-
fuls (to a quart of water) of the chlorate of potash,
'ihis makes an excellent fever drink, especially if
the dog can be got to take decoction of barley —
barley-water — instead of plain cold water, best
made of Keen and Robinson's patent barley.

If there be persistent sickness and vomiting,
the medicine must be stopped for a time. Small
boluses of ice frequently administered will do
much good, and doses of dilute prussic acid, from
one to four drops in a little water, will generally
arrest the vomiting.

If constipation be present, we must use no rough
remedies to get rid of it. A little raw meat cut
into small pieces — minced, in fact — or a small
portion of raw liver, may be given if there be
little fever ; if there be fever, we are to trust for
'a time to injections of plain soap-and-water.
Diarrhcea,»al though often a troublesome symptom,
is, it must be remembered, generally a salutary
one. Unless, therefore, it becomes excessive, do
not interfere; if it does, give the simple chalk
mixture three times a day, but no longer than is
needful.

The discharge from the mouth and nose is to
be wiped away with a soft rag, wetted with a weak
solution of carbolic, or, better still, some tow,
which is afterwards to be burned. The forehead,
eyes, and nose may be fomented two or three

* Oatmeal porridge made with milk instead of water.

604

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

times a day with moderately hot water with great
advantage.

It is not judicious to wet long-haired dogs
much, but short-haired may have the chest and
throat well fomented several times a day, and well
rubbed dry afterwards. Heat applied to the chests
of long-haired dogs by means of a flat iron will
also effect good.

The following is an excellent tonic : Sulphate of
quinine, }i to 3 grains; powdered rhubarb, 2 to
10 grains; extract of taraxacum, 3 to 20 grains;
make a bolus. Thrice daily.

During convalescence good food, Virol, Spratts'
invalid food and invalid biscuit, moderate exer-
cise, fresh air, and protection from cold. These,
with an occasional mild dose of castor oil or
rhubarb, are to be our sheet-anchors.

During convalescence from distemper and from
various other severe ailments, I find no better
tonic than the tablets of Phosferine. One quarter
of a tablet thrice daily, rolled in tissue paper, for
a Toy dog, up to two tablets for a dog of Mastiff
size.

Dysentery.

Symptoms. — Most troublesome and frequent
stools, with great straining, the dejections are
liquid, or liquid and scybalous, with mucus and
more or less of blood. Frequent micturition, the
water being scanty and high-coloured. The dog
is usually dull and restless, and there is more
or less of fever, with great thirst. If the anus be
examined it will be found red, sore, and puffy.

Treatment.— The animal should be properly
housed, and well protected from damp and cold,
which in dogs very often produce the disease.
Give a dose of castor-oil with a few drops, accord-
ing to the dog's strength, of the liquid extract
of opium ; follow this up in about two hours with
an enema or two of gruel, to assist its operation.
Much good may be done by hot fomentations to
the abdomen, and by linseed-meal poultices, in
which a tablespoonful or two of mustard has been
mixed, to the epigastrium, followed by a full dose
of the liquid extract of opium.

This may be followed by from 5 grains to 30
of the trisnitrate of bismuth, in conjunction with
from /4 grain to 2 grains of opium, thrice a day.

Judicious diet is of great importance in the
treatment of this disease. It must be very light,
nutritious, and easily digestible, such as jellies,
bread-and-milk, cream, eggs, patent barley,
Bovril, with an allowance of wine if deemed
necessary. The drink may be pure water, fre-
quently changed, barley-water, or other demul-
cent drinks.

When the disease has become chronic, our
principal object is to sustain the animal's strength,
and give the bowels all the rest we can. The
mixture recommended for diarrhcea must be per-
sisted in, and great fcetor of the dejections indi-
cates the use of some deodoriser, as the hyposul-
phite of soda, with from 20 to 60 grains of wood
cnarcoal, twice a day.

Dyspepsia. — Usually called Indigestion. A dog

is said to be off his feed. It is one of the com-
monest of all complaints, and is the forerunner
of many serious chronic ailments. In fact, it may
be said to be a symptom more than an actual
disease.

CAUSES.— Improper or irregular feeding; over-
feeding; want of exercise of a pleasant recreative
kind ; want of fresh air ; food of a too dainty kind ;
general irregularity of management, and the foul
air of kennels.

Symptoms. — The dog does not appear to thrive,
his appetite is either lost entirely or capricious;
the eye is more injected than it should be, and the
nose dry. There is generally some irritability of
the skin, and he is out of condition altogether.

Whether fat or lean, he will be found to be lazy,
dull, and listless, and probably peevish and snap-
pish— indication of irritability of the brain and
nervous centres. The dog knows as well as any-
one that he is not well, and he cannot bear good
wholesome food, but may eat beef or steak with a
will. Dogs suffer, too, from flatulence, sleep but
badly, and seem troubled with nightmares ; and as
to their bowels, they may be bound one day and
loose the next, and the stool itself is seldom a
healthy one. Vomiting and retching, especially in
the morning, are by no means uncommon in
dyspepsia.

Treatment. — Begin by giving a dose of opening
medicine, such as castor oil and buckthorn syrup,
from 2 drachms to i ounce of this mixture.

Lower the diet for a day or two, and give
twice a day from 5 to 15 grains of the bicarbonate
of potash in water, with from 5 to 20 grains of
Gregory's powder. A milk diet alone may be
tried. For chronic dyspepsia the treatment re-
solves itself very easily into the hygienic and the
medicinal, and you may expect very little benefit
from the latter if you do not attend to the former.

Begin the treatment of chronic indigestion, then,
with a review of the dog's mode of life and feed-
ing, and change it all if there is a chance of doing
good. Insist upon the necessity .of his being
turned out first thing every morning, and .of hav-
ing a good run before breakfast, unless there be
any disease present which might seem to contra-
inclicate the use of the douche.

Insist upon his being regularly washed,
groomed, and kept sweet and clean, and housed
in a pure kennel — not in a room, unless it be a
large one, has no carpet, and has the window left
fully open every night — likewise upon his having
two hours' good romping or running exercise
every day. Then as to his food, let his breakfast
be a light one, and his dinner abundant, and of
good, substantial, digestible food. Give him a
good proportion of flesh. He is to have simply
the two meals a day, and nothing between them.
Give no sugar, no dainties, and bones most spar-
ingly. Have his dish always filled with pure
water and washed out every morning, so that he
may not swallow and sicken on his own saliva.
See that he has no disease of the mouth, and has
his teeth cleaned.

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

605

The following is a safe and simple tonic pill,
one to be given twice daily : Sulphate of quinine,
1A to 3 grains; sulphate of iron, l/z to 6 grains;
extract of taraxacum, 3 grains to 10. Make into
a bolus.

Dyspepsia, Acute. — Inflammation of the
stomach is a very fatal and very painful disease
in the dog, though happily somewhat rare. It
is supposed by most authorities to be a disorder
that may originate as an idiopathic or primary
disease, but it is more often the result of an irri-
tant poison, or the administration by ignorant
kennel men of excessive doses of tartar emetic.
It is doubtful, however, whether it ever presents
itself as a primary disease. But supposing a case
of acute gastritis to come before a veterinary
practitioner, and granting that a chemical ex-
amination or analysis of the matter vomited may
prove that the animal has swallowed no metallic
poison or any well-known vegetable poison, how
can he be sure that the symptoms have not been
brought on by some animal irritant, or even some
decomposed vegetable matter which the dog may
have eaten ?

Symptoms. — There is vomiting, great thirst,
high fever; the animal stretches himself on his
belly in the very coolest corner he can find, pant-
ing, and in great pain. Enteritis generally ac-
companies bad cases; the ears are cold, and the
limbs as well. Dark grumous blood may be
vomited, or pure blood itself, from the rupture
of some artery. And thus the poor dog may
linger for some days in a most pitiful condition.
Finally he is convulsed and dies, or coma puts
a milder termination to his sufferings.

Treatment of milder forms of gastritis.
Recipe: Dilute hydrocyanic acid, i to 10 drops;
laudanum, 5 to 25 drops; solution of chloroform,
2 drachms to i ounce. This to be given as a
draught.

The warm bath, and hot fomentations after-
wards to the region of the stomach, may give
relief, and the strength must be kept up by
nutritive enemata — beef-tea mixed in cream. In
simple cases 3 to 30 grains of the trisnitrate of
bismuth may be given, a quarter of an hour before
each meal. This is good also in irritative dys-
pepsia, mixed with a little of the bicarbonate of
soda.

Ear in Health. — They are only quacks who,
careless of what sufferings they may entail on
poor dogs or human beings either, pretend that
they can cure almost any ear trouble by nostrums
poured into it. If the deafness and other ear
diseases depended only upon an accumulation of
wax in the tube of the outer ear or even a slight
inflammation of that orifice, there might be some
little sense in such applications. But the deaf-
ness is more deeply seated, and may be caused by
disease of the nerves, which proceed from the brain
itself. The internal ear, or real organ or machinery
of hearing, is never reached by the quack's lotions.
They could only reach it if the drum was pierced
by disease, and then they would produce such

terrible suffering that the dog would become
maniacal. The orifice of the ear is a short tube,
one end open to the outside, the other closed by a
thin membrane called the drum, which separates
it from the inner ear. Across this latter stretches
a chain of beautifully arranged bones of the tini-
est size, three links in all, each link a bone —
tht- malleus, or hammer; the incus, or anvil; and
the stapes, or stirrup, so named from their resem-
blance in shape to these things. The drum is
connected by means of this chain with a delicate
membrane in which the minute branches of the
nerves of hearing are spread. From the back of
the throat to the internal ear is a tube called the
Eustachian, which supplies it with air, and if
this tube is blocked, as it is sometimes in catarrhal
inflammation, deafness is the result. The reader
may see, therefore, how little likelihood there is
of any outward application affecting the hearing.
But these lotions of the quack may, on the con-
trary, do incalculable harm by hardening or in-
flaming the drum.

Ear : External Canker. — A scurfy condition of
the flap, the edge of which may be sore, ragged,
and scaly. The flap also becomes thickened.
Such a thing ought to be seen to in time.

When the ear is buried in long hair, probably
matted, have the latter removed with the scissors.
Perfect cleanliness is the next thing to secure, and
for this reason have the ear well, though gently,
washed with warm water and a little mild soap.
Then apply the ointment mentioned below. It
may be necessary to touch the sores occasionally
with blue-stone, or 2o-grain solution of nitrate of
silver.

The canker-cap must imperatively be worn, and
in order to give the ears a better chance of heal-
ing, we may fold them back over the head and
bind them in that position.

The strictest regulations as to diet and exercise
must be enforced, but the animal must be kept
from the water, and not permitted to overheat
himself.

As to the habit of cropping, adopted by old vets,
and kennelmcn of the present day, I never re-
commend it, though an old-fashioned Dane cr
Bull Terrier looked smart cropped.

Abscesses of the flap of the ear are by no means
uncommon, and cause great pain and irritation.
Sometimes these are accidental, being caused by
blows. They often go away of their own accord,
stimulated only by the use of blue ointment. If
they do not, they must be opened by a free in-
cision, for if only pricked the matter will form
again, while setons do more harm than good.
The incision, then, must be free, and afterwards
a little lint is to be inserted, wetted in water, to
which a few drops of carbolic acid solution have
been added. The cap may be worn, and the ear
turned back, and as soon as suppuration is formed,
the wound will heal if kept perfectly clean and
softened by the zinc ointment or Xam-Buk.

Ear : Inflammation of the Flap. — This may be
merely accidental, as when a long-haired dog gets

6o6

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

it torn in the bush or in fighting. This yields
readily to washing- with permanganate of potash
lotion, and the application of zinc ointment or
Zam-Buk. A stitch or two if much cut, and anti-
septic dressings.

Eczema. Vide SKIN DISEASES.

Emaciation. — Always a bad sign, but taken by
itself it is not diagnostic. Very rapid in some
fevers, such as distemper, more slow in kidney
or liver ailments and in worms. It is, however,
not a good thing to conclude quickly that a dog
has worms or anything else, such as nephritis. A
skilled vet. should examine very carefully.

Enteritis. Vide BOWELS, INFLAMMATION OF.

Enemas. — Sometimes given for the relief of
great constipation. The syringe should be the
ordinary balloon-shape and proportioned to the
size of the dog, holding from two ounces to a pint.
Warm soapy water is as good as anything, but
see that the syringe is completely filled, else air
will be thrown up. Oil both the anus and the tube,
and after the operation keep the dog at rest on
straw for some little time until the matter is likely
to be softened. Warm olive oil, or glycerine and
water, is sometimes used. You do not require so
much, but in all cases the syringe must be full.

Epilepsy. Vide FITS.

Eyeball, Dislocation of. — First clean the eye
with lukewarm water and very soft sponge,
simply squeezing the water over it, freeing it from
all dirt. Then the eyelids 'must be held widely
apart by an assistant while you exert gentle but
firm pressure with clean, oiled fingers, and the
eyeball will slip back into ils place. But this
must be done at once, or much mischief will
ensue.

Eye Diseases. — See AMAUROSIS ; CATARACT.

Eyes : Disease of the Haws. — These get red,
enlarged, and hardened. They may sometimes
curl outwards. Very unsightly, and if persistent
must be cut, but only a vet. can do this safely.
This trouble with the haw is more common among
Bloodhounds, Newfoundlands, Pugs, and Bulls.

Eyes, Inflammation of. — However caused, this
must be treated on general principles. If acute
the animal should be kept for some days in a
darkened room, and as much at rest as possible.
Low diet, milk, beef-tea or Bovril, and slops.
Spratts' invalid food and invalid biscuits after the
inflammation has subsided. Bowels to be opened
with the castor-oil and syrup of buckthorn mixture,
and kept open with a little raw liver. Bathing
thrice daily, or oftcner, with cold water, will do
good, and after a few days use eye-drops, put in
with a camel-hair brush (i grain of sulphate of
zinc to i ounce of water, or 3 grains of powdered
alum to the same quantity. A borax eye-wash
might be used, or a grain of nitrate of silver to
the ounce of water).

In convalescence feed well and often. A little
raw meat, soup, milk, eggs, and Virol. No cod-
liver oil ; this is apt to disagree, especially with
Toy dogs. Don't expose to high winds or wet for
some weeks.

Eyes, Sore. — The trouble is generally in the
eyelids, which may be ulcerated. The eyes them-
selves are congested and the lids sometimes
swollen, and matter discharges. Give purgatives,
lessen diet, no dainties. A little citrine ointment
or lanoline, to prevent eyes sticking together, and
during the day eye-drops.

Eyes, Weeping. — A vet. only should see and
treat, else an abscess may form, as the ducts are
generally closed up. These ducts are called the
lachrymal, and convey the tears from the inner
canthuses to the interior of the nose.

Feet, Sore. — Perfect cleanliness, washing every
night. Clean bed, after anointing with Zam-Buk.
If sores around the nails, dog to wear socks. Zinc
or alum or borax lotion. Cleanliness to be
thorough. Sock not too hot.

Fits. — Whatever be the cause, they are very
alarming. In puppies they are called CONVUL-
SIONS, and resemble epileptic fits. Keep the dog
very quiet, but use little force, simply enough to
keep him from hurting himself. Keep out of the
sun, or in a darkened room. When he can
swallow give from 2 to 20 grains (according to
size) of bromide .of potassium in a little camphor
water thrice daily for a few days. Only milk
food. Keep quiet.

The Epileptic fit, common after distemper, is
easily known. Sudden attack, the dog falls, and
is unconscious, with frothing at mouth and
champing of the jaws.

Treatment. — Just keep him quiet and prevent
his injuring himself. A whiff or two of chloro-
form if it continues long. Then the same treat-
ment as for puppies in fits, but the dose to be
bigger. No occasion for alarm, but the medicine
must be continued for weeks. Afterwards give
from a quarter to a whole tablet of Phosferine
thrice daily. Great care in diet is needed, and
this should never be too stimulating, but nourish-
ing and simple.

Fleas. — Washing with Spratts' medicated soap.
Extra clean kennels. Dusting with Keating, and
afterwards washing. This may not kill the fleas,
but it drives them off. Take the dog on the
grass while dusting, and begin along the spine.
Never do it in the house.

Foods for Sick Dogs. — Do not cram the dog
il possible. A spoonful taken naturally is better
than ten forced. The latter exhausts the dog and
worries him terribly. Little and often should
be the rule. Milk diet ranks highest, but it should
have eggs in it and not be too sweet. Rabbit or
chicken broth, with the meat finely cut up. Liver
boiled is a dainty that few dogs refuse, but it is
to be used with caution. Grilled sweetbreads.
For Toy dogs the milk should be peptonised
(Fairchild's — any chemist). Robinson's patent
barley. Fish, but not the oily kinds. Raw meat
minced and without the fat in early convalescence.
Bovril also; then Virol to pick up the strength
and substance, and Spratts' invalid food and the
invalid biscuits. If one rings the changes on all

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

607

these, and nurses well without fidgeting the
patient, the dog ought to do well.

Gastritis. Vide DYSPEPSIA.

Genital Organs.— There are few troubles of the
genital organs that need attention in either dog
or bitch. What is called BALANITIS is a slight run-
ning of pus from the organ of the male. The
general health needs seeing to, and the feeding
must be carefully regulated. The dog must not
have dainties, nor be pampered. Cleanliness of all
surroundings. If much discharge, syringing once
a day with nitrate of silver lotion, i grain to the
ounce ; or boracic acid, 3 grains to the ounce.
There is a disease of the scrotum sometimes called
"cancer" because it is not. If confined to the
skin, astringent lotions and washing twice daily
with cold water. Careful drying, and afterwards
the application of the benzoated ointment of zinc
will do good, or a mixture of green iodide of mer-
cury ointment with four parts of vaseline. If the
tissues underneath the skin be involved, a course
of liquor arsenicalis or iodide of potassium may
be needed.

Prolapse of either vagina or uterus needs the
attention of a vet. ; but he must be a skilled one,
for an ignorant man has been known to take such
protrusion for a tumour and roughly operate.

Gleet.— For these and all other such troubles
it is best and safest to call in a vet., but good
feeding and perfect cleanliness of all surroundings
will always prevent such ailments.

Goitre or Bronchocele. — This is swelling of the
thyroid gland, which lies in front of the larynx.
It may come on very rapidly in puppies, to whom
it may be fatal. In older dogs more slowly.
Friction with a collar may cause it in some, and
it may cause great difficulty of breathing, brain
trouble, and death. Bulldogs seem to be especi-
ally subject to this complaint. If in a puppy, and
coming on suddenly, hot fomentations will do
good, and, indeed, there is little more to be done.
In old dogs, Terriers and Mastiffs, from '/> to
4 grains each of the iodide and bromide of potas-
sium thrice daily, with a carbonate of iron pill, or
the syrup of the iodide of iron — suitable doses.

Locally. — Rubbing in the official ointment of
iodide. Cut the hair short. Or tincture of iodine
may be used once a day. After swelling reduced
extract of milk and Virol after every meal.

Harvest Bugs. — -These are a species of fleas or
jiggers common in dry grass and vegetables of
many kinds. Found only in summer and autumn.
They are so small that they are seldom visible,
but they burrow under the skin and cause much
annoyance by the intolerable itching they pro-
duce. The application of the ordinary liquor
ammonia may afford relief, and the dog should be
washed and a little oil rubbed in afterwards.

Hsematuria. — -This means blood in the urine,
another disease that a layman should not attempt
to treat, as it may arise from stone in the bladder.
Vide CYSTITIS.
Hepatitis (Inflammation of the Liver).

Symptoms. — As we should naturally expect, we
will find all the symptoms of inflammatory fever,
with some degree of swelling in the region of the
liver, and considerable pain and tenderness. This
pain is often manifest when the dog gets up
suddenly to seek the open air. He will frequently
be found tyifrg on his chest in dark corners, on
cold stones, perhaps, and panting. His eyes are
heavy and dull, his coat stares, he is dull himself
is frequently sick, with loss of appetite, and very
high temperature of body. About the second or
third day jaundice supervenes, the symptoms of
which will be considered presently. Very high-
coloured and scanty urine is another symptom, and
often there is dyspnoea, especially indicative of
inflammation of the upper portion of the liver.

The bowels are constipated, and of the colour of
clay. The disease soon produces emaciation, and
often dropsy of the belly.

Treatment. — Subdue the fever by rest, cold
water to drink, with a little chlorate of potash
in it. A dose or two of mindererus spirit and
sweet nitre.

If ailment not complicated with or the result of
distemper, give after a day or two a pill at night
of from 2 to 20 grains of Barbadoes aloes, 3 to
30 grains of extract of taraxacum, in a bolus,
followed up in the morning by a dose of sulphate
of soda and magnesia, with a little nitre. Give
from 3 to 15 grains of Dover's powder thrice daily.

In very acute cases a large blister will be
needed to the right side. Mustard poultices, hot
fomentations, and a large linseed-meal poultice
will be sufficient in sub-acute cases, and a little
mustard may well be added to the poultice.

When you have succeeded in subduing the
symptoms, if there be much yellowness of the skin,
combined with constipation or scanty faeces, give
the following thrice a day: Powdered ipecac., ^
to 5 grains; extract of taraxacum, 3 to 15 grains.

The food, which was at first sloppy and non-
stimulating, must now be made more nourishing ;
and good may be done by rubbing the abdomen
with a strong stimulating liniment of ammonia,
while a wet compress is to be applied around the
belly, the coat having been previously wetted
with water well acidulated with diluted nitro-
hydrochloric acid, the compress being wrung
through the same solution. Great care must be
taken on recovery with the dog's diet, and moder-
ate exercise only should at first be allowed, and
tonics administered.

Husk. — A form of bronchitis, requiring similar
treatment. It is also associated with deranc*emen.t
of the stomach. Worms are often the originating
cause.

Indigestion. Vide DYSPEPSIA.

Irritation of Skin. — Find out the cause. It
may be from parasites, lice, fleas, ticks, or har-
vest bugs. Washing and perfect cleanliness of all
surroundings. Fresh bedding for outdoor dogs.
Washing with mild but good dog soap.

Jaundice. — This is sometimes called the Yellows,
from the peculiar hue of the skin and conjunctiva

6o8

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

of the eyes. It may be caused by congestion
of the liver, often a result of complication of dis-
temper, or by a sudden chill, or from the dog's
having been allowed to stand long in the wet.
Every dog, as well as every human being, has
some organ of the body weaker than the rest,
and if one is exposed to cold while wet and
hungry this organ is the most likely to be sought
out and settled upon.

The obstruction of the bile duct by the passing
of a gall-stone is another cause, or the duct may
be blocked by the entrance of a round worm.

Symptoms. — Jaundice may come on with some
days of dulness and loss of appetite, with staring
coat, dry nose, and heat on top of the head, or
there may be fever. The stools are dry and clay-
coloured from the absence of bile therein.

Treatment. — If the dog seems to be suffering
much pain, hot fomentations and large poultices
are to be applied to the region of the liver after
smearing the belly with belladonna liniment.
Give also from 2 to 10 or 20 grains of chloral
hydrate and repeat the dose if necessary, and after-
wards, when the pain has somewhat abated,
give either simply an aloes bolus to open the
bowels, or, better still, give an aloes bolus at
night and a draught in the morning, containing
sulphate of soda and sulphate of magnesia, from
yi drachm to 3 drachms of each in water.

As emaciation very soon comes on from the
fever and the want of bile in the food, much
good may often be done by the administration
every morning of purified ox-bile; dose, from 2
to 10 or 15 grains, made into a pill, combined with
from 5 to 20 grains of Barbadoes aloes, especially
if the obstruction is of long standing.

Give light, nutritious, and easily digested food,
and the addition of a little nitre in the animal's
drinking water will do good. Afterwards tonics
(iron and quinine best), and plenty of food and
moderate exercise. In jaundice from suppression
of bile our treatment, of course, must be different.
It must, however, be borne in mind that we must
not weaken the digestion in any way. Our sheet-
anchors here are purgatives, in order to stimulate
the secretion of the bile. We may also use some
of the mineral acids, the dilute nitric, or nitro-
hydrochloric with taraxacum. If the reader cares
to try the effect of mercury in some form, he may
do so, giving small doses of calomel combined
with aloes, in the morning, for two or three days :
Calomel, % to 5 grains; aloe, 2 grains to 20; or
podophyllin will be found as effectual .and less
dangerous, especially if combined with small
doses of rhubarb. Instead of the nitrate of potash
in the dog's drink, the bicarbonate, a teaspoonful
or two, may be given with advantage.

The food should be light and easily digested :
boiled eggs, bread puddings, bread-and-butter
with a little beef-tea, and a very little raw meat
minced.

Kidneys. Vide NEPHRITIS.

Lactation. — The bitch's milk may be deficient.
Give plenty of creamy cow's milk to drink, mixed

and thickened with corn flour ; also Robinson's
patent barley. Massage to the breasts. If there
is a flow of milk from the teats of a bitch who
is not in whelp, with painful swollen glands,
milking may be needed twice a day, but no vio-
lence must be used. Rub the breasts with a little
brandy, and with belladonna liniment, and give
castor-oil. Afterwards liver to keep the bowels
open. Never neglect such a condition, else
tumours may form.

Laryngitis, or Inflammation of the Organ
of Voice. — This may be acute or chronic, the
former sometimes the result of injury or exten-
sion of inflammation of throat, as in colds. There
may be a good deal of effusion and swelling.
If the dog seems in much pain and is making
strange noises and attempts to vomit, better send
for the vet. ; meanwhile fomentations with large
hot poultices will do much good. Open bowels
and put on low diet. Quiet and rest, with ice-
cooled water to drink. In the chronic form a
harsh dry cough, with hacking and evident pain.
This form may or may not be infectious, but the
dog should be kept by himself anyhow. Good
nursing is needed, and, if a thin-coated dog, a
coat had better be worn. Open the bowels and
give a cough mixture.

Lice. — The common dog louse is not unlike the
head louse of mankind, but is not so large, more
squarely built, and of a light-grey or straw-colour.
They are found occasionally on the bodies of all
breeds of dogs, but mostly in long-haired animals
like St. Bernards, Newfoundlands, etc., who have
been allowed to roam about wherever they list
and sleep out on dirty straw.

But lice do not seem to inconvenience those out-
of-door dogs very much. On puppies lice mul-
tiply very quickly indeed, and the agony the
poor things suffer is sometimes really pitiful to
see. I have known a case of a black-and-tan
English Terrier infested with lice, but, strange
to say, in this case they turned out to be not
dog but horse lice, and it was afterwards found
that this dog was in the habit of sleeping every
night on the back of one of the horses. They
did not seem to give him any trouble, however,
and were soon got rid of.

The lice are hatched from nits, which we find
clinging in rows, and very tenaciously too, to the
hairs. The insects themselves are more difficult
to find, but they are on puppies sometimes in
thousands.

To destroy them I have tried several plans.
Oil is very effectual, and h'as safety to recom-
mend it. Common sweet oil is as good a cure as
any, and you may add a little oil of anise and
some sublimed sulphur, which will increase the
effect. Quassia water may be used to damp the
coat.

The matted portions of a long-haired dog's coat
must be cut off with scissors, for there the lice
often lurk. The oil dressing will not kill the nits,
BO that vinegar must be used. After a few days
the dressing must be repeated, and so on three

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

609

or four times. To do any good, the whole of the
dog's coat must be drenched in oil, and the dog
washed with good dog soap and warm water
twelve hours afterwards.

Hunting recommends, to kill lice and fleas, a
solution of soft soap in spirits of wine, medicated
with creosote in the proportion of one ounce to a
pound of the soap. It is very effectual. You
pour a portion of it along the spine and down
the legs and thighs, work it into a lather with
warm water, and well work it all over the coat.
Then wash clean, and give a bucket-bath of soft
water.

Liver. See SLUGGISH LIVER and HEPATITIS ; also
JAUNDICE.

Lock-jaw (technical term Tetanus}. — We sel-
dom meet with this, but it is a most terrible com-
plaint, often called rabies by the ignorant. I
question the utility of forcing the jaws open.
Sedatives, such as hydrate of chloral, 2 to 12
grains, with 5 to 30 grains of bromide of potassium,
in plenty of water, may be given thrice daily.
Liquid nourishment only, beef tea, eggs, milk, and
Bovril. Send for skilled vet.

Lumbago. — Pain, stiffness, semi-loss of power in
hind legs. Stimulating embrocations, ammonia
and turpentine, application of hot iron over
flannel. Bandage to be worn. Otherwise treated
as for rheumatism.

Mange. — Not a very happy term used to denote
many kinds of disease of the skin of the dog.
It 'is no doubt derived from the French manger,
to eat. Vets, of the old school and gamekeepers
use it most. It will be found described in the
paragraphs on Skin Diseases.

Medicines. — I have already mentioned this at
page 591, but I may add here medicine must
always take a second place to the proper manage-
ment of cases, as of sickness with regard to (i)
rest, (2) quiet, (3) light and sunshine, (4) warmth
or cold, (5) fresh air, (6) the sick bed or bedding,
(7) appropriate food, and (8) proper drink. It
should be the aim and object of all medical men,
whether doctors or veterinary surgeons, to teach
those who do not know how to prevent illnesses,
and this will undoubtedly be the practice in the
future.

Though not holding with the doctrine of
homoeopathy and infinitesimal doses, or the
similia similibus curantur, small doses are cer-
tainly less dangerous "than big ones.

Really good dog-doctors are scarce, and it is
always best if advice is needed to have a regularly
qualified veterinary surgeon, and if he is worth
his salt he will explain to the owner of the dog the
physiology and pathology of the case and his plan
of treatment, with its why and its wherefore.

The veterinary surgeon is, however, not always
at hand, especially in the country or at sea. It is
therefore obligatory on all who keep a dog to
know when to physic him, what to give him,
and where to get it. I have therefore considered
it my duty to give in my supplementary chapter,
page 619, a complete description of the Doc's

MEDICINE CUPBOARD, and what it should contain,
witn several hints that will, I trust, be found
handy.

Meningitis, or Inflammation of the Brain,
is a disease we find sometimes among puppies,
especially _if _pver-fed and excited by too much
exercise in the sun. It may be caused by worms
as well as the poison of distemper.

Symptoms. — Fits, convulsions, whining or
moaning, great heat of head, and a rise in the
temperature of several degrees.

Treatment. — On correct diagnosis this entirely
depends, so that, although opening medicine and
salines in the form of nitrate and chlorate of
potash in the drinking water should be given by
the owner, he should seek the assistance of a
skilled vet. as quickly as possible. If one cannot
be had, keep the animal in a quiet, cool, dark-
ened apartment, and give only the lightest of
nourishment, milk, beef-tea, milk and egg mix-
ture, etc., and put ice to the head for fifteen
minutes at a time.

Milk Troubles. Vide LACTATION.

Mouth, Ailments of. — The mouth of the dog is.
one of the most important portions of his anatomy,,
important to himself and to his owner as well.
Nature has not given hands to the dog whereby
he can form weapons of defence, but has pro-
vided him with splendid teeth in lieu thereof.

Like the human being, he is furnished during
his lifetime with two sets of teeth. The first —
the milk teeth — are all cut within a fortnight after
the birth of the puppy. They are exceedingly
beautiful and very fragile. They begin to fall
out and be replaced in the following order : First
the front teeth or incisors go (this in from a month
to seven weeks), and soon after the second, third,
and fourth molars fall out, and in a few months
the other molars follow suit ; so that in from
five to six or eight months the milk teeth are
replaced by the permanent. These latter are
forty-two in number, twenty-two occupying the
lower and twenty the upper jaw. The following
is the correct formula as given by the highest
authorities : —

Upper jaw. — Incisors, 6; Fangs, i — i ;

Molars, 6 — 6 = 20
Lower jaw. — Incisors, 6; Fangs, i — i ;

Molars, 7 — 7 = 22

= 42-

In most breeds of dogs the teeth are level, that
is, the incisors of the two jaws meet when the
mouth is closed, so that you cannot insert your
finger-nail behind either row. But some breeds of
dogs are underhung, and in some the upper jaw
projects. The four middle incisors are called the
pincers, the next four at each side of these the
intermediates, and the last four flanking these
molars.

The teeth of the young dog, and, indeed, of
any dog that has been properly cared for and
correctly fed, are beautifully white and pearly,
one reason for this being that the crown, or ex-

6io

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

posed portion of the tooth, is covered with enamel,
not ccmcntum.

The gums of the dog are hard and solid to
the touch, and firmly embrace each tooth, and
more or less surround each separate tusk.

The soft palate, or curtain that guards the en-
trance to the gullet, is in the dog broad and short,
and has little or no uvula; the opening from the
mouth into the pharynx and larynx is therefore
capacious, and freely admits either food or air,
this latter being so extremely necessary to the
animal after a hard run, when he wants to do a
deal of breathing in a short time.

The tongue of the dog differs considerably from
that of other animals. It is very long and soft,
and extremely mobile. It is covered with long
silky papillae, which give it its peculiar smooth-
ness, so different from the rough tongue of the cat,
with its horny recurvent papillae. The lips of the
dog are thin and pliant. Externally the upper
lip is grooved in the median line, and at the
lower edge at the back parts is beautifully van-
dyked with long papillae all along its free surface.

It is most important for the purposes of sport
and defence, as well as for health and appear-
ance, that a dog's teeth should be properly seen
to. Loose and carious teeth are of very frequent
occurrence, often existing as one of the symptoms
of either dyspepsia or intestinal worms, more
especially in pampered pets, who are allowed to
eat what and when they choose.

As a rule, puppies shed their milk-teeth without
any trouble, but the milk-teeth, after getting loose,
sometimes get fixed again. This is a matter that
wants looking to, for the presence of milk-teeth
often deflects and renders irregular the growing
permanent teeth. Whenever, then, you find a
milk-tooth loose, try to extract it ; this can gener-
ally be done by the finger and thumb covered with
the corner of a handkerchief. If, however, the
tooth has been allowed to remain so long in the
jaw as to become refixed, its extraction becomes
rather more difficult, and requires instrumental
assistance.

After extracting the tooth touch the gums with
a solution of tincture of myrrh and water, equal
parts. As your dog grows up, if you want him to
retain his dental apparatus to a goodly old age,
you must trust to regular and wholesome feeding,
and never permit him to carry stones, nor to in-
dulge in the filthy habit of chewing wood. For
show dogs powdered charcoal should be used to
clean the teeth, with a moderately hard brush,
but tartar should never be allowed to remain on
the teeth of any dog one values. It ought to be
scraped off, or it will give rise to disease.

Mouth, Canker of.

Symptoms. — These are seldom noticed until the
disease is pretty far advanced, and a swelling is
formed on the dog's jaw beneath or over the
carious tooth. This swelling discharges either
pus and blood or thin effusion. The discharge is
offensive. There is pain, as evinced by the un-
willingness of the dog to have his mouth examined

or the jaw touched. If neglected there may come
a nasty fungus-looking growth.

Treatment. — Our attention must first be directed
to the teeth, and any carious tooth or portion
of a carious tooth must be extracted. This opera-
tion will probably have to be performed after
the dog has been placed under the influence of an
anaesthetic, and therefore he must be taken to a
skilled vet., unless, indeed, he can be securely
held and his mouth kept open by aid of an as-
sistant and any means at your command. The
disease must then be treated on general princi-
ples. If there is proud flesh, blue-stone must be
used, or the solid nitrate of silver. If only ulcera-
tion and fcctid discharge, use a wash of Condy's
fluid (i drachm to 3 in a pint of water), and the
alum and myrrh wash (10 grains of alum and i
drachm of tincture of myrrh to i ounce of water)
ought to be used several times a day, by means
of a rag or bit of sponge tied to the end of a
stick.

Attention must be paid to the general health,
and especially to the state of the stomach. Give
an occasional dose of oil and buckthorn.

Mouth, Foul, is a condition of the canine
mouth very often seen. The highest-bred dogs
are the most subject to it, and among these it is
more frequently seen among household pets. The
symptoms vary in degree, but in a well-marked
case you will find your patient is generally some-
what surly and snappish, and on inquiry we shall
not be surprised to learn that he gets but little
exercise — perhaps because he has become too fat
to take it — that he gets what he likes to eat,
everybody gives him tit-bits, and perhaps that he
sleeps before a fire, or in a bed, or on the couch,
and is restless at night, and often troubled with
bad dreams. Examination of the mouth reveals,
first, a very obnoxious breath, the gums are
swollen, may be ulcerated at the edges, but at
all events bleed with the slightest touch. Some
of the teeth may be loose or decayed, but in-
variably even the sound ones are encrusted with
tartar.

Treatment. — Begin by thoroughly cleansing and
scaling the teeth ; this done, use a wash — water
well reddened with permanganate of potash. The
teeth are to be cleansed every morning with vine-
gar and water. The only medicine needful will
be an aloetic aperient once or twice a week, with
a dinner pill.

Quinine, >fj to 3 grains ; powdered rhubarb and
ginger, of each 2 to 5 grains; extract of taraxa-
cum, sufficient to make a bolus.

The feeding must be altered for the better. If
the dog is fat and gross, meat, and especially
sugar and fat, must be prohibited. Put him on
oatmeal porridge and milk, or Spratts' cake. If
lean and poor, an allowance of meat must be
given, or the thirty per cent. Spratts' cake, and
also Virol twice a day. Let the drink be pure
water or butter-milk.

Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidney. —
Sometimes called acute Bright's disease. It is

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

611

a very serious disease, and somewhat difficult of
diagnosis by the layman, so that if it be even
suspected, as it may be is, there is great pain and
stiffness in the loins, with high temperature and
rapid pulse, a vet. should be called in.

Causes.— Cold and damp, especially if it be
applied directly to the loins, as in the case of a
dog left to sit out of doors all night in the rain,
a dog, that is, who is in a weak state of health,
or whose blood is impoverished by bad feeding.
Blows and kicks occasionally produce it ; the
presence of a stone in the pelvis of the kidney
may give rise to it ; so may many irritating medi-
cines, such as copaiba, cubebs, turpentine, and
cantharides, when given in too large doses.

Symptoms. — The disease is ushered in with
shivering, staring of the coat, and a gener-
ally dejected appearance of the dog. We
then have thirst and fever, with a hard, quick
pulse, if you care to examine it, with perhaps
sickness and vomiting. There is pain, there is
stiffness in the region of the loins, with some
degree of tenderness on pressure. A frequent de-
sire to micturate, and sometimes suppression of
urine ; or the urine, if passed, is scanty, high-
coloured, and may contain blood, or even pus.
Bowels constipated, and belly probably tym-
panitic. If not, and the retention of urine is
not relieved, delirium may occur, succeeded by
coma and death.

Treatment. — We must try to give the kidneys
all the rest we can, and endeavour to reduce
the inflammation, and get rid of a portion at least
of the urea of the blood by the bowel. This may
be done by purgatives, podophyllin, and jalap, or
elaterium may be tried.

Resin of jalap, i grain to 5; podophyllin, ^
grain to 2 grains ; extract of hyoscyamus, i grain
to 5. Mix; make one pill, to be given every
morning.

Plenty of hot poppy fomentations must be ap-
plied to the loins (occasionally the flat iron heated
may do good), and followed up by large linseed-
meal and mustard poultices. Enemas of hot water
(not too hot) often do good, and the vomiting and
sickness may be relieved by giving occasional
doses of dilute hydrocyanic acid, from i to 5
drops, and by applying mustard poultices to the
region of the stomach.

If suppression of urine continue for several
days, the loins may be frequently fomented with
hot infusion of digitalis.

Two things I must warn the reader against —
the use of diuretics and fly blisters. Both are
highly dangerous, although sometimes used.

Diet and Drink. — The diet must be low at first,
low and sloppy ; but we must look out for signs
of weakness and prostration. Do not let the
animal sink for want of nourishment, such as
beef-tea, eggs, a little raw meat, and a little
port wine; and, lastly, Virol and tonics in con-
valescence. The drink, water, or milk-and-water,
or patent barley-water, which is softening and
demulcent.

Nipples. — When giving milk these may become
sore and cracked. Cleanliness, washing with
water reddened with permanganate of potash.
Boracic lotion and ointment. It may be advis-
able to take the puppies away for a short time,
spoon-feeding them.

Nose, Ailments of. — Nasal catarrh is the com-
monest, and if the dog is otherwise ill it may be
mistaken for distemper, especially if the dog has
a cough.

It is also called ozasna, and is usually the result
of cold or the sequel to a common catarrh. There
is a discharge of mucous or muco-purulent matter
from the nostrils, sometimes tinged with blood,
and of a foetid odour.

Treatment. — Careful regulation of diet, which
is to be nourishing ; frequent bathing of the
nostrils in hot water, succeeded immediately by
complete syringing out of the nostrils with warm
water, to which a little Condy's fluid has been
added, and occasional mild injections of sulphate
of zinc or hazeline will effect a cure, all the more
speedily if Fowler's solution of arsenic, i drop to
6 thrice daily, and Virol are given internally.

Nose bleeding may be from blows or from
ulceration. Adrenalin, a dilute solution of which
will stop it. Cold to the head. If discomfort and
pain with sneezing and snuffling continue long,
the nose should be examined by some skilled
vet., who may find a worm therein, a polypus
which must be removed.

Obesity or Fatness. — For many reasons the
treatment of this disease, for disease we must
call it, is very unsatisfactory. Even those who
love their dogs will hardly take the trouble to
follow out instructions, and the animal is a
past master in the art of begging, and knows
exactly the diplomatic value of winning ways.
If any good is to be done he must be put on a
lower scale of diet. Reduced half for quite a
time. No fat, no sugar, no oily fish, no starchy
food of any kind, except a little toasted Spratts'
biscuit, the " Toy " or " Terrier " kind. Food :
Lean meat, eggs, white fish, liver boiled or raw,
and clean, well-boiled tripe without the fat. Oc-
casional purgatives. Medicine of little use of
dangerous.

Ophthalmia. Vide EYES, INFLAMMATION OF.

Pain.— Vide Chapter I. of this section. I may
add, however, that with short-haired dogs the hot
sponge sometimes gives greater relief than the
fomentations. Dip the sponge in very hot water,
squeeze out, and at once pass over the painful
part. The higher the temperature the greater the
relief. Hot water bags or bags of hot sand are
very useful at times ; so are the heat from a
blazing fire, radial heat, sunlight bath, cold rub-
bing, and the alternate application of hot and
cold compress. This last, especially when there is
congestion of internal parts.

Paralysis. — The symptoms of paralysis or loss
of power in a limb or in any group of muscles
are familiar to everyone. It arises from pressure
on the roots of the nerve, pressure by effusion

6l2

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

or otherwise upon the spinal cord or brain itself.
It may arise from constipation in the case of the
hindquarters.

Paralysis is sometimes the result of a blow or
injury to the spinal column. Another cause of
paralysis, which we sometimes see in puppies, is
the irritation of teething, and it may be a com-
plication of distemper — a bad sign.

Treatment. — The castor-oil and buckthorn mix-
ture, 2 parts of oil, i of syrup of buckthorn
first. See that the medicine has acted ; if not, it
must be repeated or an enema given. Keep his
strength well up, and use this prescription : —

Iodide of potassium, yi to 5 grains ; extract of
belladonna, ^ to 2 grains; extract of gentian,
2 to 10 grains. Make into a bolus; give thrice
daily.

Continue this treatment for a week ; if little
improvement, the dose is to be slightly increased
and Virol given.

Gentle friction, or shampooing with the warm
hand, will go far to maintain the nutrition of the
limbs, and prevent ataxy or wasting. The blad-
der must be attended to, and, if necessary, the
catheter passed and the water drawn off.

Parasites, External. Vide FLEAS, HARVEST
BUGS, LICE, and TICKS.
Parasites, Internal. Vide WORMS.
Piles or Haemorrhoids. — Most common things
among dogs who are roughly fed and get but
little exercise. Caused by constipation or slug-
gish liver.

Symptoms. — Pain while sitting at stool should at
once arouse suspicion, or he may be observed fre-
quently to lick the regions under the tail, or sit
down and trail the anus along the ground.

Upon examination the anus will be found to
have lost its usual healthy contracted appear-
ance, and is puffy and swollen. There are seldom
external piles without internal as well. The
stools, too, will often, especially if the dog be
constipated, be found tinged with blood. Old
dogs are more frequently troubled with piles
than young ones.

Treatment. — This must be both local and con-
stitutional. The food ought to be of a non-
constipation nature, and contain a due amount of
flesh. Boiled greens ought to be given frequently,
and occasionally a piece of raw bullock's liver.
Exercise is most essential. At the same time any
bad habits he may have formed, such as eating
wood, or even too much dog grass, must be cor-
rected. Gentle purgatives may be required, just
enough to keep the bowels moderately free, such
as a little sulphur in the food, or a little castor-
oil given the last thing at night. If he seems very
dull, with a dry nose and little appetite, and
sometimes vomits a yellow fluid, a ball, consisting
of a little sulphur, with from 5 to 10 grains of the
extract of taraxacum, should be given every
morning.

Locally. — Cleanliness of the parts. An oint-
ment will also be of great service, and ought to
be not only well smeared on twice or oftener

every day, but a little inserted into the rectum.
The compound ointment of galls, with a double
proportion of powdered opium, is very useful; or
the benzoated oxide of zinc ointment may be
used, but if there be much tenderness the dog
does not like it so well.

Pleurisy. — Is a most painful disease, being
inflammation generally at one side of the anti-
friction closed sack or pleura, which Nature has
placed 'twixt the walls of the chest and lungs,*
and the sack is inflamed inside and roughened.
Effusion is the result and the usual products of
such inflammations.

Caused by cold and damp while the dog is
hungry and tired, or may be the extension of the
inflammation of the lungs, pneumonia, constitut-
ing the disease pleuro-pneumonia.

In pleurisy without pneumonia the ailment
commences with rigor or shivering. Uneasiness,
countenance anxious, coat staring. Thirst, pain,
panting, and a dry, harsli cough. Fever and
high temperature, and all the usual symptoms of
inflammation. Rough sounds at first on apply-
ing the ear to the chest. No sound after the
effusion takes place. If matter forms, distinct
rigors or shivering.

Treatment. — Both this disease and -pneumonia
will need all the skill of a good vet., but much
good can be done before he comes, or the case
may be treated without him. Give a dose of
castor-oil at once, enough to open the bowels
well, but no lowering medicine. Hot fomenta-
tions, poultices, and the usual local means of
relieving pain (vile PAIN). Let his bed be warm
and dry, but the apartment itself cool and well-
ventilated. After the oil has acted, i grain to
6 grains of James's powder may be given at once,
and repeated at intervals of five hours until eight
powders have been given. The following mixture
may be used thrice daily for the first two or three
days: Cream of tartar, from 10 to 30 grains;
mindererus spirit, from 20 or 30 drops to 2
drachms, in a little camphor water. When the
fever has abated, some blistering fluid might be
rubbed in, if the seat of the pain can be positioned,
but the coat would have to be cut and shaved at
the place.

Low diet at first. In convalescence after the
fever, support the system with the usual foods
for the sick (vide FOODS), and a little wine or
brandy and water may be needed thrice daily,
but its effect must be watched on pulse and tem-
perature. Diarrhcea, if it comes on, must not be
stopped at once. It is generally salutary.

Tincture of aconite is often of use in the first
stages instead of the fever mixture ; dose, from
2 to 15 drops every three hours, in a little water.

Iron tonics also in convalescence, and the tonic
food Virol.

Pneumonia. — Vet.'s assistance if possible, and

* It is the smooth lubricated inner surfaces of this bag that rub
a«ainst each other, thus preventing friction. A sack of the same
kind is placed between all joints for the same purpose.

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

613

trust all to him. It is inflammation of the lungs,
and may be an extension of bronchitis.

Symptoms. — The disease is ushered in by rest-
lessness, thirst, and some degree of rigor, which
often escapes observation. It is seldom, therefore,
until the animal is really ill that any notice is
taken of him. There is evidence of pain now, and
the breathing is quickened and laborious. " The
extended head," Youatt graphically tells us, " the
protruded tongue, the anxious, blood-shot eye,
the painful heaving of the hot breath, the obstin-
acy with which the animal sits up hour after
hour until his feet slip from under him and the
eye closes and the head droops through extreme
fatigue, yet in a moment being aroused again by
tht Reeling of instant suffocation, are symptoms
that cannot be mistaken."

Add to these symptoms a disagreeable short
cough, dry at first, but soon accompanied by the
hacking up of pellets of rusty-coloured mucus.
Extensive lung inflammation may go on to death
without any cough at all. Unlike the breathing
of pleurisy, where inspiration is short, painful,
and interrupted, that in pneumonia has expira-
tion, longer, if anything, than inspiration. We
generally have, in addition, constipation of the
bowels, high-coloured urine, and perspiration on
the internal parts of the thighs.

Pneumonia may often be complicated with
pleurisy, or with bronchitis, or inflammation of
the pericardium, the liver, or even the peritoneum
itself, which latter is more rare. Again, fits are
not infrequent in pneumonia, especially if it is
occasioned by distemper. These fits are adyuamic
in their character, and depend upon the anaemic
condition of the blood, and should therefore never
be treated by setons and such rough remedies.

Treatment. — In general principles the same as
that for pleurisy, but remember, please, that good
nursing is half the battle.

Poisons. — Vide Chapter II. of this section.

Prolapsus Ani, or a coming down or falling
out of the end of the rectum, is occasionally
met with in dogs of a weakly disposition, and, if
not understood or improperly treated, it may end
in gangrene, sloughing, and death. At first the
prolapsus only occurs during defecation, but
latterly the rectum protrudes at any time, and is
generally more or less inflamed and excoriated.

Treatment. — Careful regulation of the bowels
with the simplest laxatives, or by means of food,
fresh air, and gentle exercise. It is advisable to
employ cold water enemas containing 3 or 4 drops
of the tincture of iron to an ounce. Not more
than from % ounce to 3 ounces should be injected,
as it is meant to be retained. Do this three times
a day; or the sulphate of iron may do as well,
2 or 3 grains to an ounce of water.

The protruded portion of the gut is to be care-
fully returned before the injection is used.

Prurigo. — Included in SKIN DISEASES, which
see.

Ptyalism or Salivation. — An excessive secre-
tion of the salivary glands. May be the result of

the abuse of mercury, or it may arise from de-
cayed teeth or foul mouth, or simply from some
local irritation of the glands themselves, or from
want of care in using mercurial ointments.

Treatment. — If from the abuse of mercury, re-
move the cause and give a gentle aperient, and
food of a light nutritious kind. The mouth, too,
had better be plentifully rinsed out with cold
water. If arising from decayed teeth, the treat-
ment recommended for foul mouth will be in-
dicated. If there be no apparent cause for the
salivation, in all probability the animal is not
thriving, and probably is losing flesh. Give a
bitter tonic or dinner pill, see that the dog is
well housed and properly fed, and rub in every
morning and evening, with some degree of fric-
tion, under the jaws a stimulating liniment, such
as strong hartshorn and oil.

Rabies. — In a treatise like this, which is not
meant for either students or veterinary surgeons,
but to be used as a ready reference for the general
public, an article on a subject such as this could
serve no useful purpose. Medical authorities
themselves dispute as to its diagnosis — which is
certainly most difficult — some going as far as say-
ing that no such disease is ever seen in Britain.

During the scare in London some years ago
and the enactment of the Muzzling Order thou-
sands of healthy dogs were hounded to death in
the streets or cruelly murdered by mad police-
men. There were no proved cases of rabies, and
none of real hydrophobia. When the scare was
at its worst in England, just across the border
there was no muzzling, no panic, and of course
no mad dogs. I went to Edinburgh and several
other cities of Scotland at this time, and found
the dogs running about, free, happy, healthy, and
contented.

Rectal Abscess. — Often forms around or near
the anus, filled with pus of a peculiarly fetid
odour. In these cases not only must the treatment
be directed to the improvement of the general
health, but as soon as fluctuation can be detected
the abscess is to be freely opened in the dependent
position ; then, after the matter has been evacu-
ated, it may be treated as a simple ulcer. Clean-
liness, and washing frequently with water to
which a few drops of strong solution (50 per cent.)
of carbolic acid has been added. If the ulcer
becomes indolent, it is to be brushed every morn-
ing with a lo-grains-to-the-ounce solution of
nitrate of silver.

Rectum and its Ailments. — I have already men-
tioned piles. Much the same treatment will do
for all irritations at the end of the gut or anus.
Great cleanliness is needed, and the parts should
be kept soft by cooling ointments, or boracic, or
Xam-Buk.

Rheumatism, Acute.

Causes.- — It is generally found in dogs that have
been neglected, not only as to the comforts of their
kennels, but as to their food. Also in dogs that
are over-pampered. If a dog has one attack of
rheumatism, either acute or chronic, that usually

614

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

predisposes to another. The proximate cause of
rheumatism is exposure to damp and cold, or
alternate heats and chills combined with damp.

Symptoms. — The first noticeable symptom is
stiffness in the dog's movements. He feels unable
or unwilling to get up with his wonted ease.
Perhaps he cries out, and he will have to go some
distance before this pain and stiffness be shaken
off. This may go on for a day or two, or even
much longer.

At length acute or sub-acute inflammation of
the ligaments, tendons, and sheaths of the muscles
takes place, it may be in the shoulder, the leg
or legs, the neck, the chest or back, in any of
these regions, or in all combined. The dog now
becomes restless and feverish, he moves about
anxiously, stopping at times and crying out, as if
he had hurt himself; or he seeks out a quiet
corner, generally under something, where he can
lie unmolested.

Even in slight cases there is always more or
less of fever. The nose is dry, the breath and
mouth hot, and the tongue furred. The dog's
temper is bad, as a rule; he is peevish at least,
and often snarly. All he seems to wish is to be
left alone.

Urine is scanty and high in colour, and if
tested with litmus-paper, it gives a strongly acid
reaction. Bowels often confined. Paralysis of the
hind-quarters, either complete or partial, is not
an unusual concomitant of acute rheumatism.

Treatment. — Constitutionally the indications of
treatment are to allay the pain and assuage the
fever. We may fulfil the first indication by
opium and belladonna in conjunction, as by a pill
like the prescription : —

Powdered opium, % grain to 2 or 3 grains ; ex-
tract of belladonna, % to 2 grains; extract of tar-
axacum, 3 to 10 grains. Mix. Given every night,
and if there seems to be very much distress, give
also from 3 to 10 or 15 grains of this powder: —

Powdered opium and powdered ipecac., 2
drachms ; nitrate of potash, powdered and dry,
2 ounces. Mix. Give thrice daily.

Let the dog have a soft, warm, comfortable bed,
with plenty of fresh air, but with freedom from
draughts. Let his water, in which a teaspoonful
or two of nitre and the same of bicarbonate of potash
should be mixed, be placed handy to him, and
always kept fresh. When the dog is first attacked
his bowels ought to be cleared with a saline pur-
gative, and afterwards kept open with from i
drachm to 4 drachms of Epsom salts every morn-
ing, combined with 3 to 10 drops of tincture of
hyoscyamus and 5 to 20 of dilute sulphuric acid.
Sometimes from 5 drops to i1/* drachms of the
tincture of colchicum may be added with advan-
tage to the morning draught.

Food. — Low at first, but if signs of weakness
exhibited, resort to beef-tea, mutton-broth, milk,
and eggs.

Locally, in a case of really acute rheumatism,
very little can be done. In small dogs the warm
bath may effect some good. Embrocations are

better suited to chronic or sub-acute cases. Heat
applied to the seat of pain by means of a common
flat iron I have found do most good, or the use
of bags of heated sand. After the acute stage is
got over, give the following : —

Sulphate of quinine, J< grain to 3 grains ; iodide
of potassium, i grain to 5 grains.

And now the diet must be more generous.

Rheumatism, Chronic. — This is known by the
name of chest founder and kennel lameness.
It is very often situated in the shoulder and in
the chest. It is common in the back and loins,
when it is termed lumbago. It is less common
in the hind-quarters, but the feet are often
affected. There is usually some degree of swell-
ing, if it be in the limbs; there is little or no
fever, though sometimes the appetite is lost ; but
the animal is stiff and lame, and cries out when
you handle the tender part, and even when at-
tempting to walk.

Treatment. — Cleanliness, dryness, and purity of
the kennels. Give the dogs their food regularly,
and see that they are never allowed to lie out in
the wet and cold. Regulate the bowels, and give
tonics, or arsenic may do good. Virol cannot
fail to improve the animal's condition, unless he is
gross. Avoid sugar, or, indeed, dainties of any
kind.

Locally. — The flat iron. Do not make it too
hot, but just as hot as the animal can comfortably
bear it. Do this three or four times a day, and
always at least a quarter of an hour at a time.
The bags of hot sand may also be tried. Another
simple application in lumbago is common sulphur
well dusted into the coat and allowed to remain
in, a flannel roller being applied around the dog's
body all night. It may, if desired, be brushed
out in the morning and more dusted in again at
night. Other local applications which may be
tried are the liniments of opium, belladonna, or
aconite. In some cases a blister does good.

Rickets. — Improper food is one great cause ;
taking the puppy too soon from its dam, and sup-
plying it with a diet unsuited to its digestion, may
produce rickets. A weakly bitch will often have
rickety puppies. A damp kennel, and the breath-
ing of foul air, with little exercise in the warm
sunshine, will be very likely to produce rickets
in a puppy.

Symptoms. — Decline of the general health. The
pup is not so lively as he ought to be, and has
occasional attacks of diarrhoea. The coat is dirty
and harsh. At the same time there will be more
or less tumefaction of the belly. Soon the bones
begin to bend, especially the fore-legs, and there
is no longer any doubt about the nature of the
complaint, although ten to one the puppy has been
previously treated for worms.

You must give the puppy good, wholesome,
nourishing food ; his sleeping-berth ought to be
drv and warm, and free from all bad smells, and
he must have sufficient exercise and sunshine.
Good milk with a little lime-water, and beef-tea
ot Bovril, may be given with advantage.

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

The only medicine you need use is an occa-
sional dose of castor-oil, say once a week, or when
the dog is constipated. Parrish's syrup of the
phosphates will help to strengthen the constitu-
tion, in conjunction with Virol. Bone-meal does
good in these cases. Spratts' Patent, I think,
make this.

Skin Diseases. — In the whole range of dog
ailments included in the term canine pathology
there are none more bothersome to treat success-
fully nor more difficult to diagnose than those of
the skin. There are none either that afford the
quack or patent-nostrum monger a larger field
tor the practice of his fiendish gifts. If I were
to be asked the questions, " Why do dogs suffer
so much from skin complaints ? " and " Why does
it appear to be so difficult to treat them ? " I should
answer the first thus : Through the neglect of their
owners, from want of cleanliness, from injudicious
feeding, from bad kennelling, and from permit-
ting their favourites such free intercourse with
other members of the canine fraternity. Over-
crowding is another and distinct source of skin
troubles. All diseases arose spontaneously at one
time, and Nature is still busy in the manufacture
of new disease germs. As a scientist I cannot
help believing this, but it is equally true that we
can employ means to prevent disease.

My answer to the second question is that the
layman too often treats the trouble in the skin
as if it were the disease itself, whereas it is, gener-
ally, merely a symptom thereof. Exam-fries : To
plaster medicated oils or ointments all over the
skin of a dog suffering from constitutional eczema
is about as sensible as would be the painting white
of the yellow skin in jaundice in order to cure
the disordered liver.

But even those contagious diseases that are
caused by skin germs or animalcules will not be
wholly cured by any applications whatever. Con-
stitutional remedies should go hand in hand with
these. And, indeed, so great is the defensive
power of strong, pure blood, rich in its white cor-
puscles or leucocytes, that I believe I could cure
even the worst forms of mange by internal
remedies, good food, and tonics, etc., without the
aid of any dressing whatever except pure cold
water.

Now the microscope is a valuable aid to the
diagnosis of skin diseases, but it can only be
useful in the hands of a skilled dermatologist,
and such an individual is rare indeed, even in the
ranks of the medical profession, while he is
seldom to be found among ordinary vets. There-
fore the conclusion at which I arrive and which
I write in italics at the end of this brief article
on skin ailments will, I think, be acquiesced in by
all sensible readers.

In treating of skin diseases it is usual to divide
them into three sections : (i) The non-contagious,
(2) the contagious, and (3) ailments caused by
external parasites.

THE NON-CONTAGIOUS. — (A) ERYTHEMA. — This is
a redness, with slight inflammation of the skin,

the deeper tissues underneath not being involved.
Examples : That seen between the wrinkles of
well-bred Pugs, Mastiffs, or Bull-dogs, or inside
the thighs of Greyhounds, etc. If the skin breaks
there may be discharges of pus, and if the case
is not cured the skin may thicken and crack, and
the dog make matters worse with his tongue.

Treatment. — Review and correct the methods of
feeding. A dog should be neither too gross nor
too lean. Exercise, perfect cleanliness, the early
morning sluice-down with cold water, and a
quassia tonic. He may need a laxative as well.

Locally. — Dusting with oxide of zinc or the
violet powder of the nurseries, a lotion of lead, or
arnica. Fomentation, followed by cold water,
and, when dry, dusting as above. A weak solu-
tion of boracic acid (any chemist) will sometimes
do good. (B) PRURIGO. — Itching all over, with or
without scurf. Sometimes thickening.

Treatment. — Regulation of diet, green vege-
tables, fruit if he will take it, the morning cold
douche, brushing and grooming, but never
roughly. Try for worms, and for fleas, (c)
ECZEMA. — The name is not a happy one as ap-
plied to the usual itching skin disease of dogs.
Eczema proper is an eruption in which the formed
matter dries off into scales or scabs, and dog
eczema, so-called, is as often as not a species of
lichen. Then, of course, it is often accompanied
with vermin, nearly always with dirt, and it is
irritated out of all character by the biting and
scratching of the dog himself. I have seldom if
ever seen a case of simple eczema, so the dog-
owner or vet. may give it any name he pleases so
long as he cures it.

Treatment. — Must be both constitutional and
local. Attend to the organs of digestion. Give
a moderate dose of opening medicine, to clear
away offending matter. This simple aperient may
be repeated occasionally, say once a week, and
if diarrhcea be present it may be checked by the
addition of a little morphia or dilute sulphuric
acid. Cream of tartar with sulphur is an ex-
cellent derivative, being both diuretic and dia-
phoretic, but it must not be given in doses large
enough to purge. At the same time we may give
thrice daily a tonic pill like the following : —

Sulphate of quinine, % to 3 grains; sulphate
of iron, J^ grain to 5 grains ; extract of hyoscya-
mus, % to 3 grains ; extract of taraxacum and
glycerine enough to make a pill.

Locally. — Perfect cleanliness. Cooling lotions
patted on to the sore places. Spratts' Cure.
(N.B. — I know what every remedy contains, or
I should not recommend it.) Benzoated zinc oint-
ment after the lotion has dried in. Wash care-
fully once a week, using the ointment when skin
is dry, or the lotion to allay irritation.

(2) CONTAGIOUS SKIN DISEASES. — These are
usually called mange proper and follicular mange,
or scabies. I want to say a word on the latter
first. It depends upon a microscopic animalcule
called the Acarus folliculoriim. The trouble
begins by the formation of patches, from which

6i6

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

the hair falls off, and on which may be noticed
a few pimples. Scabs form, the patches extend,
or come out on other parts of the body, head,
legs, belly, or sides. Skin becomes red in white-
haired dogs. Odour of this trouble very offen-
sive. More pain than itching seems to be the
symptomatic rule. Whole body may become
affected.

Treatment. — Dress the affected parts twice a
week with the following : —

Creosote, 2 drachms ; linseed oil, 7 ounces ;
solution of potash, i ounce. First mix the creo-
sote and oil, then add the solution and shake.
Better to shave the hair off around the patches.
Kennels must be kept clean with garden soap and
hot water, and all bedding burned after use.
From three months to six will be needed to cure
bad cases.

MANGE PROPER is also caused by a parasite or
acarus, called the Sarcops canis. Unlike eczema,
this mange is spread from dog to dog by touch
or intercommunication, just as one person catches
the itch from another.

The Symptoms. — At first these may escape
attention, but there are vesicles which the dog
scratches and breaks, and thus the disease spreads.
The hair gets matted and falls off. Regions of
the body most commonly affected, head, chest,
back, rump, and extremities. There may not be
much constitutional disturbance from the actual
injury to the skin, but from his suffering so much
from the irritation and the want of rest the
health suffers.

Treatment. — Avoid the use of so-called dis-
infectants. Most of those sold as such are simply
deodorisers, and, applied to the skin, are useless.
Nor are they of much use in cleaning the kennels.
Nothing suits better for woodwork than, first, car-
bolic wash, and then a thorough scrubbing with
hot water and garden soap.

Some ointment must be used to the skin, and as
I am writing for laymen only I feel chary in
recommending such strong ones as the green
iodide of mercury. If you do use it mix it with
twice its bulk of the compound sulphur ointment.
Do over only a part or two at a time. The dog
to be washed after three days. But the com-
pound sulphur ointment itself is a splendid
application, and it is not dangerous.

(3) SKIN COMPLAINTS FROM VERMIN. — The treat-
ment is obvious — get rid of the cause.

And now for my concluding advice in italics.
As their diagnosis is so difficult, whenever the
dog-owner is in doubt, make certain by treating
the dog not only by local applications but con-
stitutionally as -well. In addition to good diet,
perfect cleanliness of coat, kennel, and all sur-
roundings, and the application of the ointment or
oil, let the dog have all the fresh air possible,
and exercise, but never over-exciting or too fatigu-
ing. Then a course of arsenic seldom fails to do
good.

I do not believe in beginning the exhibition of
arsenic too soon. I prefer paying my first atten-

tions to the digestive organs and state of the
bowels. The form of exhibition which I have
found suit as well as any is the tasteless Liquor
arsenicalis. It is easily administered. It ought
to be given mixed with the food, as it ought to
enter the blood with the chyle from the diet.
It ought, day by day, to be gradually, not hur-
riedly, increased. Symptoms of loathing of food
and redness of conjunctiva call for the cessation
of its use for two or three days at least, when it
is to be recommended at the same size of dose
given when left off.

There are two things which assist the arsenic,
at least to go well with it; they are, iron in some
form and Virol. The latter will be needed when
there is much loss of flesh. A simple pill of sul-
phate of iron and extract of liquorice may be
used. Dose of Liquor arsenicalis, from i to 6
drops ter die to commence with, gradually in-
creased to 5 to 20 drops.

Sluggish Liver. — Symptoms very obscure.
Attention to general health. No dainties or
sugar. Fair proportion of meat. Allowance of
liver, boiled or raw, to keep bowels open. Ex-
tract of taraxacum in small doses. The douche
or bucket bath.

Ticks. — I have noticed these disagreeable blood-
suckers only on the heads and bodies of sporting
or Collie dogs, who had been boring for some
time through coverts and thickets. They soon
make themselves visible, as the body swells up
with the blood they suck until they resemble small
soft warts about as big as a pea. They belong to
the natural family, Ixodiadtz.

Treatment. — If not very numerous they should
be cut off, and the part touched with a little turps.
The sulphuret of calcium will also kill them,
so will the more dangerous white precipitate, or
even a strong solution of carbolic acid, which
must be used sparingly, however.

Tongue. — The tongue of a healthy dog should
be soft and of a pinky hue ; if white far back there
is some disorder of stomach or bowels, which must
be seen to.

Tongue : Carbuncle, or unhealthy swelling
underneath. This used to be called blain; caused
by bad feeding and impure blood. The swelling
is under the tongue at one side, and there is an
increased flow of saliva of a fcetid odour. The
swelling must be lanced by a vet., and the mouth
kept constantly clean with permanganate solu-
tion.

Tongue, Inflammation of. — May arise from
bites. If so, wash out well with solution of per-
manganate of potash twice daily, and give a soft
diet, tripe, liver, etc., or porridge, or Spratts'
Invalid Food. If much swelling, give an aperient.
An incision- or two sometimes needed, but a vet.
must do this. The brutal and useless custom of
worming the tongue is now obsolete.

Tongue, Ulceration of, and wounds that heal
badly, must be touched with caustic, and an
astringent boracic lotion used, about 15 grains to
i ounce of water.

SUPPLEMENTARY HINTS.

619

that the vets, have become more observant. But
owners should remember that their dogs cannot
speak and tell them when ailing, and as kidney
trouble must be taken in time if it is to be cured
at all, they should mark the first deviations from
natural staling, the colour and quantity of urine,
etc., and, if anything seems to be wrong, consult
the skilled vet.

Good nursing is half the battle when the dog is
ill. The following simple hints, if acted on, will
greatly aid in restoring a sick animal to health.

The temperature of the sick-room should be
about 60 degrees. This can be secured in winter
by a fire, which will also help to ventilate the
room. In summer the apartment may be kept
cool by ventilation.

A sick dog ought to be kept from his com-
panions. An outdoor dog may be taken into the
house.

He should have low diet at first : Beef-tea,
Bovril, eggs, a little raw meat, invalid food
(Spratts'), wine if needed, etc. The motto must
be the old one of little and often, and by night
as well as by day. A nurse must never for a
moment weary of well doing.

Study cleanliness in everything. A bottle of
strong permanganate of potash should always
be kept in a sick-room, and the water used in
cleaning the eyes and teeth or wiping away any
discharge should be first well reddened with this
solution.

Watch the temperature by means of the clinical
thermometer.

Ventilation or fresh air is a sine qua non.

Xever worry the dog by talking too much to
him, or giving him undesirable attentions or pet-
ting. Do not worry yourself either.

A clean, not too soft, bed, and one that can be
easily changed.

Disinfectants. — These are useful in many ways,
and we have good ones, such as solution of car-
bolic acid, Jeyes', Sanitas, Izal, Pearson's, etc.
But science has now proved that the great bulk
of so-called disinfectants are simply deodorisers,
and have no germ-killing power at all. More-
over, their use often does harm, because people
imagine they can take the place of cleanli-
ness. Garden soap and boiling water should be
used for all kennels, the disinfectant to be used
afterwards.

Dogs in Old Age. — As a dog gets old he ought
to have less work to do and get more care. Not
that he is to be coddled — coddling kills man or
beast — but he needs protection from the weather
and cold, and better diet, though less of it, and
far more kindness and consideration. He has
been faithful and true, a real friend, and he
deserves our especial sympathy when age over-
takes him. Twenty years mark, perhaps, the ex-
treme span of a dog's life. Fourteen is the aver-
age. Bulldogs nowadays seldom live to see their
eighth year.

The Lethal Chamber ? — Certainly not for an
old and valued friend. There is the sending him

away among strangers — the parting with the poor
fellow, which in such a case is certainly not
" sweet sorrow." He is handed over to perfect
strangers, to whom he is "only a dog." Above
all, there is the dog's own grief to be considered,
which is bitterer far, probably, than the pain of
death itself. No; let your old friend have your
kindness, attention, and sympathy to the very
last, and let him die with your hand on his brow.

The Medicine Cupboard.— I am very much
opposed to the giving of too much medicine to
either dog or human being. Physic should never
take the place of well-chosen food, which, with
rest, quiet, cleanliness, and freedom from excite-
ment, will often restore • a dog to health when
nothing else could. Many imagine that when
they give a dog a dose of medicine they have done
their duty by him, and so may have an easy con-
science. They have not half done it.

But a medicine chest, such as that of Spratts'
Patent,* is invaluable in the house, more especi-
ally if one lives far away from veterinary aid. I
always advise the calling in of a skilled vet.
when such services can be procured, and the
earlier this is done the better. But an ignorant
young vet. who treats his patient by rule of
thumb, as too many do, is useless and a fraud.
Nevertheless, every dog-owner should be his own
dog's physician, and know a little about the sort
of drugs' and appliances to place in his medicine
cupboard. Accidents and illnesses come when
least expected.

The medicine cupboard itself should always
be kept locked, and the key labelled and hung
in a handy place. It and all its contents should
be kept not only clean, but chemically clean,
and before any instrument is used it should be
sterilised with a solution of carbolic acid. After
use it should be most carefully cleaned and
disinfected.

Almost every article of either food or physic,
then, that is used for human beings may be
requisitioned for our friend the dog, and the poor
fellow should not only be the better for our
religion, as the great Norman Macleod averred,
but the better for our knowledge of science.

As to foods for the sick, my advice is never to
keep them long in stock, but get them fresh ;
and, luckily for ourselves and our dogs, foods
are fairly cheap.

The greatest friend to the dog in the world is
Spratts' Patent, and from their marvellous fac-
tory is always emanating something new. They
head the list with their invalid food and biscuits,

* Contents of Spratts' Kennel Medicine Chest. — Mange
lotion, eczema lotion, sprain liniment, diarrhoea mixture, hair
stimulant, lucurium for wounds or festering sores, chemical food,
cure for ear canker, purging pills, tonic pills, cough pills, dis-
temper pills, styptic pills, cure for jaundice, vermifuge for puppies,
pills for rheumatism, distemper powders, cooling powders, worm
powders, chronic skin disease cure, caustic, bandages, lint, cotton
wool, scissors, lancet, silk thread, tweezers, and suture needles.
There ought also to be a clinical thermometer.

Sherley's dog medicines can also be recommended, and
Nicholas1 Ruby remedy for worms is particularly valuable.

620

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

which will entice dogs to eat when nothing else
may.

Well, we have Keen and Robinson's patent
barley, which should always be used in the sick-
room and for convalescence; dogs like it, too.

New-laid eggs are invaluable as invalid diet,
so is nice clean tripe, stewed rabbit with the
meat minced, nicely cooked fish, sweetbreads
grilled, or rabbits' and chickens' liver cooked in
the same way.

Milk is a standard sick diet, but it must be
fresh from the cow. Goat's milk is excellent for
dogs.

Tea, if a dog will lap it, is very refreshing,
and chocolates nearly all dogs are fond of. No
medicine cupboard would be complete without
Bovril, which is one of the greatest inventions
of the age. Other beef-teas are merely stimu-
lants, this is a food.

A jar of Virol is not to bt, forgotten. During
convalescence nothing picks a dog up so soon,
and it is, moreover, just the thing for the coat.

Have every drug or medicine carefully kept in
bottles or jars, and all labelled with minimum
and maximum dose, which must accord with the
animal's strength and weight.

No cupboard is complete without the following
articles : A clinical thermometer, a catheter or
two (learn how to use them), scale and weights,
pestal and mortar, minim glasses and glass rod,
a spatula; roller bandages suitable in width, say
from i to 2% inches; a packet of boric lint, ditto
of cotton wool, some oiled paper, tow, scissors,
safety pins, glass tubes containing sterilised
needles and ligatures in case you want to sew a
wound; carbolic acid lotion, Friar's balsam,
carron oil for burns, strong solution of perman-
ganate of potash — all in square glass stoppered
bottles ; a pot of Zam-Buk, a pot of zinc ointment,
and one of vaseline.

The castor-oil and syrup of buckthorn aperient
should be kept handy. It is two parts of the
former to one of the latter.

A pet dog of mine bids me remind my readers
that there is no better medicine in the world for
the canine race than the green blades of the
common couch grass. In large doses it is an
emetic, in smaller a laxative, and in still smaller
it is a blood purifier or anti-scorbutic. In a word,
it is the dog's panacea. He prefers to help him-
self to it, especially early in the morning, but it
may be culled for him and brought home.

A CANINE TURN-OUT.

(By courtesy of " Our Dogs.")

621

INDEX.

Aberdeen Terrier (see Scottish Terrier)

Affenpinscher, 505

Afghan Greyhound, 481

Airedale Terrier, Question of classification of, 355 ;
origin of, 356; as otter hunter, 356; ear-carriage of,
358; question of points for head, 359; sales to
America, 361

Alano, The, 511

Albania, Wolfhound of, 489

Ambulance Dogs, 524

Arctic Dogs, 526

Arcussia, on Field Spaniels, 285

Argus, of Odyssey, 18

Art, The Dog in, 18, 113, 130, 189, 468, 478. 511

Assyria, Records of Dogs in sculpture of, 3, 477, 511

Atavism, Phenomenon of, in breeding, 581

Australasia, Dogs of, 470

Australian Terrier, 472

Badger-baiting, Laws relative to, 556

"Badger-Dog" — The Dachshund, 305

Ban-dog, Description of (1631), 22

Barbet, The, 275, 502; in war, 523

Barukhzy Hound, 481

Basset-hound, Origin of, 300; Sir J. E. Millais on, 302

Batards, 485

Battersea, Number of Dogs passed through Dog's Home
at. 578

Bayeux Tapestry, Dogs in the, 15 ; Terriers in, 315

Beagle, Hunting powers of, 228 ; Rough-coated, 229 ;
noted packs of, 229; Kerry, 231 ; at Eton, 231

Bear as alleged progenitor of domestic dog, 6

Bear-baiting, Mastiffs and, 22

Bear-hound, Russian, 490; Norwegian, 490

Bedlington Terrier, Origin of, 363; size of, 364; as sport-
ing dog, 365; how to breed, 366

Belgian Draught Dogs, 532

Belgian Sheepdogs, 518

Berghund, The, 518

Berners, Dame Juliana, "Book of Field Sports," 18; on
Spaniels, 268; on Terriers, 315

" Beware of Dog," The LawT in relation to notices, 558

Bible, The Dog in, 4

Black -and -Tan Terrier, Wire-hair, of Norfolk and
Suffolk, 318; Dr. Caius on, 324; as ratter, 324;
crossed with Whippet, 325; "Manchester" Terrier,
325; decadence of, 326; crop ears, 326; "falling"
of, 327 ; miniature, 463

Blenheim Spaniel, as sporting dog, 269; description of,
435

Blome, on the Terrier, 315

Bloodhound, in Conquest of Peru, 17, 141; in art, 18;
history and legends of, 140 ; use of in hunting and
war, 141; the Cuban, 142; prejudices against, 143;
trials, 143 ; history of, in England, 144 ; treatment
of puppies, 149

Boarhound, References in Greek literature to, 12;
see "Great Dane," 84; German, 520

Boatswain, Byron's, 18

liohuslan, Prehistoric Record of Dogs at, 3

Bolognese, The, 537

Bordeaux, Dogue de, 508

Boizoi, Origin and use of, 180; development of in Eng-
land, 182 ; treatment of puppies, 185

Bosnian Brack, 489

Boston Terrier, Origin of, 334; points of, 334; various
strains of, 336

liouledogue Franc.ais, 57

Bounce — Pope's Dog, 18

Boxer, The, 505

Brabancon, The Petit, 461, 538

Bracco — Italian Pointer, 498

Bran, Legend of, 16

Braque Charles X., 499

Braque d'Auvergne, 499

Braque de Bourbonnais, 498

Braque de 1'Ariege, 499

Braque Dupuy, 499

Braque St. Germaine, 498

Breeding, Discrimination in, 578; selection in, 579;
methods of, 580; out-crossing and in-breeding,
.. 580; atavism, 581; question of sterility, 581; direc-
tions for, 582; foster-mothers, 583; rearing by hand,

584

Breughel, Skye Terrier by, i

Brocklesby Hunt, 207

Bruno, The, 489

Brussels Griffon, Origin of, 456; introduction to England,
457; breeding for size, 458; treatment of puppies,
459j preparation for shows, 460; varieties of, 460

Buffon, on Origin of Dog, 6

Bull-baiting, Bulldogs in, 35 ; laws relative to, 556

Bulldog, Dr. Johnson and, 18; early references to, 33;
use of in bear and bull-baiting, 34; as fighter, 37;
tenacity of, 38 ; modern history and development of,
39 et seq.\ treatment of puppies, 51; miniature, 52;
French, 57; Spanish, 510

Bull-terrier, as fighting dog, 329; origin of, 329; Hinks'
strain, 330; cropped ears, 331-2; in Lancashire and
Yorkshire, 331; in America, 333; Toy, 465

Bull-terrier, Toy, 465 ; sporting instincts of, 465 ; weight
of, 465 ; colour of, 466

Burns, Robert, on the Collie, 100

Byron, Epitaph on Newfoundland, by, 74

Caius, Dr. John, " Of Englishe Dogges," 19, 33 ; on the
Greyhound, 190; on the Setter, 243; on origin of
the Spaniel, 269; on Terriers, 315, 324, 394; on Toy
Spaniels, 431 ; on Maltese, 448

Carlin a Foil Long, 455

Carriage of Dogs, The Law and, 566

Cave-dwellers, Domestic Dogs, and, 2

Cerberus, 13

Charnigue, The; 492

Chaucer, Mention of Spaniel by, 268

Chesapeake Bay Dog, 265

Chien de Beauce, 520

Chien de Brie, 520

Chien de Franche-Comte, 485

Chien de Gascogne, 487

Chiens de Normandie, Probable Scandinavian origin
of, 15; description of, 486

Chiens Plongeurs, 522

Chihuahua Dog, The, 535

Chow-Chow, "Royal Dog of China," 124

Clumber Spaniel, The, 275

Clydesdale Terrier, Home of, 414; coat of, 415; breed-
ing of, 416

" Coach Dog " (see Dalmatian)

Cocker Spaniel, 294

Collie, The working, 98; the bearded, 102, 114; Sheep-
dog trials, 103 ; the show Collie, 105 ; the smooth
Collie, log; miniature, 469; use in war of, 523,
524

Congo Terrier, 506

Constantinople, Pariah Dogs in, 524

622

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Continental Hounds, 484

Coursing, History of, in England, :go; points in, 191,

meetings, 192
"Cowley" Terriers, 3 IQ
Cox, Nicholas, on Terriers, 315
Cuba, Use of Bloodhounds in, 142

Dachsbrack, The, 489

Dachshund, as Badger hunter, 305 ; origin of, 306 ; breed-
ing and training of, 307 ; varieties of, 309

Dalmatian, Origin of, 92; history and development of
in England, 93

Dandie Dinmont Terrier, as assistant to Otterhound,
152; origin of, 397; Sir Walter Scott, and, 398;
early breeders of, 398 ; exaggeration of points of, 400 ;
as fighter, 403 ; breeding of, 403

Dr.niel, on Terriers, 316

Deerhound, Early British breed of, 15; King Arthur's,
15, 169; origin of, 168; history of, 169, 170; use
of, 171; recent history of, 172 et seq.

Deerstalking, 170

Denmark, Traces of Prehistoric Dogs in, 2

Dickens, Charles, Story of a Newfoundland by, 78

Dingo, Origin and Taming of, 470; in England, 471

Diseases of Dogs, 585 et seq.

Distemper, 602

Dobermann Pinscher, 504

Dog, Domestic, Origin of, 1-5; worship of, in Peru, 3; in
Assyrian sculpture, 3; in Ancient Egypt, 4; in
Grecian literature, 4, 12 et seq.; in Phoenicia, 5; in
Roman literature, 13; in Scandinavian literature, 14;
as sacrifice in Rome, 13; in Scandinavia, 15; intro-
duced to England by Normans, 15

Dog-keeping, Delights of, 572

Dog-stealing, Punishment for, 552; the Law and, 560

Dog-worship in Peru, 3

Domestic Dog, Probable origin of, 1-5

Draught Dogs, Eskimo, 526, 528; Samoyede, 528; Hud-
son Bay, 529; the "Huskies," 530; Belgian, 532; in
England, 534

" Dudley Nose " in Bulldogs, 44

Durer, Albert, " Vision of St. Hubert," 189

Dutch Sheepdogs, 518

Dutch Terriers, 505

Egypt, Domestic Dog in Ancient, 4

Elk-hound, 491

Elterwater Terrier, 319

English Water Spaniel, The, 275

Epagneul de Picardie, 495

Epagneul Ecossais, 495

Epagneul Francais, 495

Eskimo Dogs, 526, 528; in England, 530

Eton, " Beagling '' at, 231

Exenise, The Necessity of, for Dogs, 577

Feeding, Hints on, 576

Field Spaniel, The, 285

" First Bite," Privileges of, 557

Flush, Mrs. Browning's, 18

Foreign Gun Dogs and Terriers, 495 ; Pet Dogs, 535

Foreign Hounds, 484

Forest Laws, Early, 21, 554

Fox as alleged Progenitor of Domestic Dog, 6

Foxhound, Origin of, 206; celebrated packs, 207; pace
of, 208; best twelve hounds, 213; value of, 213;
Peterborough Shows of, 214; puppy walking, 216;
in Wales, 221

Fox-terrier, Smooth, Origin of, 337 ; Burbridge Kennel,
340; Clarke Kennel, 340; Redmond Kennel, 340;
Vicary Kennel, 341; Tinne Kennel, 342; question
of size, 342 ; how to breed, 343

Wire-hair, Origin of, 344 ; disabilities of 345 ; cross-
ing with smooth variety, 347; incompetency of judges
of, 348 ; trimming, 349 ; condition of breed to-day,
351 ; question of size, 353

French Bulldog, 57
French Hounds, 484
French Pointers, 498
French Sheepdogs, 520
French Spaniels, 500
French Terriers, 503

Gainsborough, T., R.A., "Duke of Buccleuch, with an
Old English Sheepdog," 113

Gascon-Saintongeois, 487

Gazehounds, Early British breed of, 15

Gazelle Hound, 474

Geist, Matthew Arnold's, 18

Gelert, Story of, 16

German Hounds, 488

German Pointer, 497

German Setter, 496

German Sheepdogs, 519

German Spaniels, 501

German Terriers, 503

German Toy Dogs, 537

Ghosts, Dogs and, 16

Goldsmith, Oliver, on Irish Wolfhound, 161

Gontschaga Sobaka, 488

Great Dane, the, Origin of, 84; history and development
of, in England, 85 et seg.

Greece, Reference to Dog in literature of, 4, 12 et sea.;
Greyhound in, 189

Greyhound, in Assyrian sculpture, 3 ; Egyptian sculp-
ture, 4, 188; history of, 188; coursing, 190; Waterloo.
Cup, 190; points in coursing, IQI; vinr.ers of Water-
loo Cupj 193 ; Italian, origin of, 467 ; in art, 468 ;
Oriental, 474; Kirghiz, 480; of Sudan, 481 ; Afghan,
481 ; of India, 482 ; Potsdam, 493 ; as draught dog,
530; punishment for keeping, 553

Griffon Basset, 300, 303

Griffon Boulet, 502

Griffon de Bresse, 500

Griffon Korthals, 501

Griffon Guerlain, .soi

Griffon, Vendeen, 486; Nivernais, 486

Hairless Dogs, 539

Halstead Park Beagles, 229

Hapa Dog, The, 538

Harrier, Antiquity of, 222 ; Xenophon, on the, 222 ; in.

England, 222; training of puppies, 223
Havana Spaniel, The, 539
Herodotus, and Greyhound, 189
Hodiin, Legend of, 15, 160
Hogg, James, on Sheepdog, 99
Hollandsche Smoushond, 505
Homer, References to Dog by, 12
Hudson Bay, Hauling Dogs of, 529
Hungarian Sheepdog, 517
" Huskies," The, 530

Icelandic Dog, 491

Importation of Dogs, Law and the, 563

India, Dog in, 16

In-breeding, 580

Ireland, Wolfhound in, 14

Irish Terrier, Merits of, 367 ; origin of, 368 ; size and"

colour, 369

Irish Water Spaniel, 269
Irish Wolfhound (see Wolfhound)
Italian Greyhound, 467
Italian Gun Dogs, 502
Italian Pointer, 498

Jackal, as Progenitor of Domestic Dog, 5, 7
Japanese Spaniel, Origin and home of, 441; breeding,
of, 442 ; treatment of, 442

Kaiser, Matthew Arnold's, 18

ABC GUIDE TO CANINE AILMENTS.

617

Ulcers. — Wherever situated, must be treated on
general principles. Locally an antiseptic lotion
or, if very foul, a touch of blue-stone or lunar
caustic. Poultice if swelling around it, followed
by dressing of zinc ointment, perfect cleanliness,
and good strengthening diet, with or without
arsenic and iron.

Urinary Organs. — Any ailment of these regions,
either in dog or in bitch, should be seen to and
treated by a skilled vet. His rules and directions,
I need hardly say, must be strictly followed out.
Sometimes painful tumours form about these
parts, and if they are left to themselves they
rapidly get worse. A stitch in time saves nine
and may save a life.

Worms or Internal Parasites. — In other and
larger treatises on the ailments of dogs I have
gone fully into their helminthology. This would
serve no useful purpose here, but the life-story of
even a tape-worm is exceedingly interesting and
marvellous.

We have, roughly speaking, two kinds of worms
to treat in the dog : (i) the round, and (2) the
tape.

(i) Round-worms. — They are in shape and size
not unlike the garden worm, but harder, pale,
and pointed.

Symptoms. — Sometimes these are alarming, for
the worm itself is occasionally seized with the
mania for foreign travel, and finds its way into
the throat or nostrils, causing the dog to become
perfectly furious, and inducing such pain and
agony that it may seem charity to end its life.
The worms may also crawl into the stomach, and
give rise to great irritation, but are usually dis-
lodged therefrom by the violence accompanying
the act of vomiting.

Their usual habitat, however, is the small in-
testines, where they occasion great distress to their
host. The appetite is always depraved and
voracious. At times there is colic, with sickness
and perhaps vomiting, and the bowels are alter-
nately constipated or loose. The coat is harsh and
staring, there usually is short, dry cough from
reflex irritation of the bronchial mucous mem-
brane, a bad-smelling breath, and emaciation or
at least considerable poverty of flesh.

The disease is most common in puppies and
in young dogs. The appearance of the ascaris in
the dog's stools is, of course, the diagnostic
symptom.

Treatment. — I have cured many cases with san-
tonin and areca-nut powder (betel-nut), dose
10 grains to 2 drachms; or turpentine, dose from
10 drops to \]4 drachms, beaten up with yolk of

egg-

But areca-nut does better for tape-worm, so we
cannot do better than trust to pure santonin. The
dose is from i grain for a Toy up to 6 grains for
a Mastiff. Mix it with a little butter, and stick
it well back in the roof of the dog's mouth. He
must have fasted previously for twelve hours, and
had a dose of castor-oil the day before. In four
or five hours after he has swallowed the santonin,

let him have a dose of either olive-oil or decoction
of aloes. Dose, 2 drachms to 2 ounces or more.
Repeat the treatment in five days. Spratts' cure
may be safely depended on for worms.*

The perfect cleanliness of the kennel is of para-
mount importance.

The animal's general health requires looking
after, and he may be brought once more into good
condition by proper food and a course of vegetable
tonics. If wanted in show condition we have
Plasmon to fall back upon, and Burroughs and
Wellcome's extract of malt.

There is a round-worm which at times infests
the dog's bladder, and may cause occlusion of the
urethra ; a whip-worm inhabiting the ca;cum ;
another may occupy a position in the mucous
membrane of the stomach; some infest the blood,
and others the eye.

(2) Tape-worms. — There are several kinds, but
the treatment is the same in all cases. The com-
monest in the country is the Cucumerine.

This is a tape-worm of about fifteen inches in
average length, although I have taken them from
Newfoundland pups fully thirty inches long. It is
a semi-transparent entozoon ; each segment is long
compared to its breadth, and narrowed at both
ends. Each joint has, when detached, an inde-
pendent sexual existence.

The dog often becomes infested with this para-
site from eating sheeps' brains, and dogs thus
afflicted and allowed to roam at pleasure over
fields and hills where sheep are fed sow the seeds
of gid in our flocks to any extent. We know too
well the great use of Collie dogs to the shepherd
or grazier to advise that dogs should not be
employed as assistants, but surely it would be
to their owners' advantage to see that they were
kept in a state of health and cleanliness.

Treatment. — We ought to endeavour to prevent
as well as to cure. We should never allow our
dogs to eat the entrails of hares or rabbits.
Never allow them to be fed on raw sheep's in-
testines, nor the brains of sheep. Never permit
them to lounge around butchers' shops, nor eat
offal of any kind. Let their food be well cooked,
and their "skins and kennels kept scrupulously
clean. Dogs that are used for sheep and cattle
ought, twice a year at least, to go under treatment
for the expulsion of worms, whether they are in-
fested or not ; an anthelmintic would make sure,
and could hardly hurt them.

For the expulsion of tape-worms we depend
mostly on areca-nut. In order that the tape-worm
should receive the full benefit of the remedy,
we order a dose of castor-oil the day before in
the morning, and recommend no food to be given
that day except beef-tea or mutton broth. The
bowels are thus empty next morning, so that the
parasite cannot shelter itself anywhere, and is
therefore sure to be acted on by the drug.

Infusion of cusco is sometimes used as an

* Many dog owners swear by the preparation called Ruby,
vhich can be recommended as a cure for worms. — En.

6i8

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

anthelmintic, so is wormwood, and the liquid
extract of male fern, and in America spigelia root
and pumpkin seeds.

The best tonic to give in cases of worms is the
extract of quassia.

Extract of quassia, i to 10 grains; extract of
hyoscyamus, l/i to 5 grains. To make one pill.
Thrice daily.

The action of the quassia here is as an anthel-
mintic as well as tonic, and the hyoscyamus, when
continued for some time, has a gentle action on
the bowels, and, being a narcotic, it is probably
also an anthelmintic. I have the opinion that
many narcotics are.

Wounds. — In all cases of severe wounds a vet.
should be sent for at once, and the person who
takes the message must be instructed to inform
him of the nature of the accident.

Roughly speaking, the immediate treatment of
wounds is (i) to arrest the bleeding, (2) to cleanse
the wound, (3) to keep the parts at rest, (4) to
protect the wound from outward contamination
by clean antiseptic dressing. We must never
touch a wound with dirty hands or dirty instru-
ments. We cannot expect healing by the first
intention if we poison it with dirty hands.

In bleeding from an artery the blood comes
in spurts with every wave of the pulse ; if from
veins it simply runs. Only a vet. can tie an
artery or use torsion or twisting on it, but pres-
sure applied firmly with the fingers in the wound
and in the bleeding spot will arrest it. This
pressure must be kept up for some considerable
time.

Before dressing a wound wash the hands with
hot water, or warm water, and soap. While doing
so, dispatch someone for a little turpentine, and

rub this well over them; or use methylated spirits,
brandy, or whisky for the same purpose.

Cleansing the Wound,. — The water must be as
pure as possible. The wound is now to be gently
washed, having first added some antiseptic solu-
tion to the water. Carbolic acid, i part to 40, is
best. But if this be not handy, two tablespoonfuls
of Condy's fluid to a pint of warm water may be
substituted, or spirits mixed with water that has
been boiled and allowed to cool, or even a dessert-
spoonful of salt in half a pint of water. Having
washed the wound, and taken care not to rub away
any blood clots that may have been formed, pro-
ceed to dress it temporarily — the vet. will do the
rest. Wring a pledget of lint out of your car-
bolised lotion and place it in the wound. Over
this part a layer or two of nice clean cotton-wool ;
then carefully bandage it secundem artem.

The edges of the wound, if big, must be brought
together with strapping before dressing, and a
splint may be needed to go over all in order to
secure perfect rest. Keep the dog quiet, and
prevent his tearing off the dressings, even if you
should have to muzzle him. For contused wounds,
wetted antiseptic wool fixed by a bandage should
be used.

Poisoned Wounds must be most carefully
cleansed with your antiseptic solution, and then
dressed in the usual way. The vet. will know
whether dressing must be repeated every morn-
ing. It is best so, as a rule, for the first three
days.

Bites from other dogs need not be looked upon
as poisoned wounds. Treat in the ordinary way
w'ith antiseptics.

Yellows, The. — This is an ordinary kennel or
keeper's name for JAUNDICE, which see.

CHAPTER IV.

SUPPLEMENTARY HINTS.

PROPERTY hath its duties, and it is unkind, not to
say positively cruel, for anyone to buy and keep
a dog unless he is able to devote that attention
to him which is needed to keep the animal
healthy, happy, and in good spirits.

Irregularity in feeding, careless choice of food,
filth and over-crowding have to account for nine-
tenths of all the ailments incidental to dog-life.

The best food is always the cheapest, and I
should never give to a dog that which I could
not myself eat. Many a time, when Kennel
Editor of The Live Stock Journal, I have dined
in the field upon a Spratts' biscuit -plus an anti-
septic lotion of Scotch whisky and water.

The simple life is best for the dog as well as
for his master, and neither should eat too much
of sweets or dainties.

Warmth and protection from storms are impera-

tive in outdoor kennels. The old-fashioned
open barrel to which dogs are sometimes con-
fined, without much bedding, is quite obsolete,
illegal, and cruel.

A stitch in time saves nine, and a dog's demean-
our should be noted every morning. If he is too
quiet or has lost his appetite he is probably
sickening for something. He must not, therefore,
be forced to eat, and if a good run does not
render his appetite better, give him opening
medicine at once, and no food till it has operated.

No medical man or vet., far less a layman, can
diagnose a case at first sight. It must have time
to develop, but quiet and rest have wonderful
restorative powers.

Dogs, especially household pets, seem nowa-
days more subject to ailments of the kidneys
and urinary organs than formerly; or it may be

INDEX.

623

Kangaroo Hound, 471

Kelpie, The, 472

Kennel Club, the, Foundation of, 542 ; origin of, 543 ;

rules of, 544 ; stud-book, 544
Kennel, Establishment and management of, 573; styles

of, 575

Kennel Gazette, Founding of, 545
Kerry Beagle, 231
King Charles Spaniels, Name of, 430; Dr. Caius on, 431 ;

origin of, 432; as favourites of Charles II., 432;

varieties of, 433 ; Marlborough, 433 ; King Charles,

435; Prince Charles, or tricolour, 435; Blenheim,

435; Ruby, 435; treatment of, 437; breeding of.

439 ; puppies and their management, 439
Kirghiz Greyhound, 480
Komondor, The, 517
Korthals Griffon, 501
Kurzhaariger Vorstehhund, 497

Labrador Dog, 255, 261

Ladies' Kennel Association, Founding of, 548 ; first show,

540 ; incorporation of, 540; liability of members,

550
Landseer, Sir E., "A Distinguished Member of Humane

Society," 74
Lane Basset, 300
Law and the Dog, 552 et seq.
Leonberg, The, 518
Lhasa Terrier, 507
Licences, The Law relative to, 561
Literature, The Dog in, 18, 74
Little Lion Dog, The, 537
Llangibby Pack (Welsh Hounds), 220
Luath, Legend of, 16

Mackenzie River Dog, 530

Maida, Sir Walter Scott's, 18

Maltese Dog, the, Origin of. 448; care of, 449; Dr.

Caius on, 448
Manchester Terrier, 324
Manilla Spaniel, The, 539
Marlborough Spaniel, 433
"Master of Game," by Edward Plantagenet, 18; the

Spaniel in, 267
Mastiff, in Assyrian sculpture, 3, 20; bred by Phoenicians,

4, 20; early British breed of, 15, 20; of Knights of

Rhodes, 17; in Bayeux tapestry, 75; Thibetan, 511;

early laws relative to, 555
Mastiff, the English, Antiquity of, 20 ; in Anglo-Saxon

times 21 ; in bear-baiting, 22; modern records of,

22 el seq.; treatment of puppies, 31
Mathe, Story of, 17
Medelan, The, 490

Millais, Sir J. E., as breeder of Bassets, 300, 302, 303
Miniature Breeds: Bulldog, 52; French Bulldog, 59;

Trawler Spaniel, 440 ; Black and Tan Terriers, weight

and origin of, 463 ; breeding of, 464 ; Toy Bull

Terrier, 465 ; Collie, 469
Moloisian Dog, 20
Mongolian Dog, The, 539
Mopshund, 455
Motor Cars and Dogs, 564
Muz/ling Orders, 561

Newfoundland, The, in literature and art, 74 ; origin and
history of, 75; treatment of puppies, 80; classified
with Labradors, 261 ; as draught dog, 530

Norfolk Retriever, The, 266

Norman Hound, 486

Normans, as Importers of Dogs into England, 15

Norwegian Bear-hound, 490

N6tices, Warning, as to Dogs, 558

Old Braque, 498

Old Working Terrier, The, its origin, 315 ; " Pitch," 316;
described in "Sportsman's Cabinet," 316; "Boxer,"

317; "Jack Russell" strain, 317-18; " Cowley "
strain, 319; Elterwater Terrier, 310

Otter, Habits of, 153

Otterhound, Origin of, 153; development of, 154; cele-
brated packs, 155

Ouida, and Dogs, 18

Outcrossing in Breeding, 580

Ovid and Greyhound, 189

" Owd Bob," 18, 08

Owtchar, The, Russian Sheepdog, 113, 518

Paisley Terrier (see Clydesdal(')

Papillon, The, 536

Pariah Dogs, 524

Pekinese, the, History of, in England, 444; true type
of, 445 > colour of, 446 ; treatment of puppies, 447

Pelleas, Maeterlinck's, 18

Pepys, on Bull-baiting, 35

Pera, Pariah Dogs in, 524

Peru, Dog worship in, 3

Pet Dogs, English, 422 et seq.; foreign, 535

Peterborough, Hound shows at, 214

Phcebus, Gaston, on the Spaniel, 268

Phoenicia, Mastiff and WTater Spaniel in, 5

Phu Quoc Dog, 494

Pinscher, Dobermann, 504 ; wire-hair, 504 ; smooth-
coated, 505

Pittenweem Terrier, 319

Plutarch, Reference to dogs by, 13

Podengo, The, 492

Pointer, Origin of, 232 ; field trials for, 234 ; develop-
ment of English, 235 ; foreign, 496

Poisons and Antidotes, 592

Police Dogs, 521

Poligar Hound, 482

Poltalloch Terriers, 391

Pomeranian, the, German origin of, 422 ; Ouida and,
422; antiquity of, 423; points of, 426; colour varie-
ties of, 427 ; Wolfspitz, 492

Pont-Audemer Spaniel, 500

Poodle, Characteristics of, 128; cleverness of, 129;
origin of, 129; history and development of, 130;
corded variety, 131; curly, 131; puppies, 132; as
progenitor of curly-coated Retriever, 259 ; as pro-
genitor of English Water- Spaniel, 275

Poodle-Pointer, 497

Postal Dogs, 523

Potsdam Greyhounds, 493

Prehistoric Dogs, i

Prevention of Disease, 591

Pug, the, Origin of, 451 ; varieties of, 452; black, 454

Puppies, Treatment of: Mastiff, 31; Bulldog, 51
miniature Bulldog, 56; French Bulldogs, 61 ; New
foundland, 80; Old English Sheepdog, 118; Poodle
132; Bloodhound, 149; Borzoi, 185; Foxhound, 216
Harrier, 223 ; Dachshund, 307 ; smooth Fox-terrier
343; King Charles Spaniels, 4395 Pekinese, 447
Brussels Griffon, 459; at birth, 583

Pyrenean Dog, 515; uses of, 516; in war, 523

Quarantine for Dogs, 563

"Rab and His Friends," 18

Rabies, Board of Agriculture and, 564, 613

Rampur Hound, 482

Ranelagh, Whippet-racing at, 200

Reindeer Period, Traces of Dogs in, 2

Rehpinscher, The, 537

Retrievers, The Flat-coated, 254 ; origin in the Labrador
and the Setter, 255 ; as sporting dog, 255 ; curly-
coated, 259; Labrador, 261; Chesapeake Bay Dog,
265 ; the Norfolk, 266 ; foreign, 496

Rome, Dogs in literature of, 13, 21, 34

Roseneath Terrier, 319

Rothschild, Baron, Staghounds of, 219

Rottweil Dog, The, 520

624

THE NEW BOOK OF THE DOG.

Royal Buckhounds, 219

Ruskin, on the Dog in Art, 13

Russell, Rev. John, and his Terriers, 318

Russian Hounds, 488, 490

Russian Retriever, 496

Russian Setter, 496

Russian Sheepdog, 518

Samoyede Dogs, 401, 528; in England, 530

Scandinavia, Dogs in literature of, 14

Schipperke, Origin and Characteristics of, 135 j history

of, in England, 135
Schweiss-hund, 488

Scott, Sir Walter, as bleeder of Deerhound, 171
Scottish Terrier, Controversy over, 381 ; as show dog,

383 ; origin of, 384 ; known as " Aberdeen " Terrier,

385 ; points of, 388
Sealy Ham Terrier, 317, 318
Seidenspitz, The, 537
Setters, The, English, 243; crigin of, 244; Irish, 248;

Black and Tan, or Gordon, 250; Welsh, 252; field

trials for, 253 ; foreign, 495
Sheepdog, The Old English, as worker, 112; in art, 113;

history of, 114; tail docking, 117; treatment of

puppies, 119; as sporting dog, 254
Sheepdog Trials, 103

Sheepdogs: Russian, 113; of Australasia, 472; Hun-
garian, 517; Russian (Owtchar), 518; French,

Belgian, and Dutch, 519; German, 519
Shirley, Mr. S. E., and Kennel Club, 542
Siberia, Draught Dogs in, 527
Simple Remedies, 588
Skye Terrier, in Painting by Breughel, i ; the " Heavenly

breed," 405; origin of, 406; controversy respecting

the, 407 ; as fox-hunter, 408 ; points of, 408 ; coat

of, 411; breeding of, 413
Sleuth-hound, 140
Slughi, Progenitor of Greyhound, 188; in Greek art,

189; description of, 474; of the Sahara, 480
Smuggling Dogs, 129, 522
Snap Dog (see Whippet)
Snarleyow, 18

Sumerville, William, description of Foxhound, 215
Southern Hound, Origin and use of, 152
Spaniel, bred by Phoenicians for export, 5 ; in history,

178; King Charles, 430; miniature Trawler, 440;

Japanese, 441; Pekinese, 444; as draught Dog, 530;

the Thibet, 538 ; Havana and Manilla, 539
Spaniel, the Sporting, Development of, 267 ; Blenheim,

as sporting dog, 269; the -Irish Water Spaniel, 269;

English Water Spaniel, 275; Clumber, 277; Sussex,

the, 282; Field, the, 285; English Springer, 290;

Welsh Springer, 292; the Cocker, 294; foreign, 500
Spanish Bulldog, 510
Spanish Pointer, 498
Spinone, The, 502
Springer, as Progenitor of English Water Spaniel, 275 ;

English, 290; Welsh, 292
Staghound, 219; Fiench, 484
St. Bernard, the, History of, 63 ; in England, 65 el seq. ;

use of, in war, 523

St. Eustace, Patron Saint of Dogs, 16
St. Hubert, Legend of, 16; festival of, 17; hounds of, 17
Strabo, References to British Pugnaces, 21, 140
Stray Dogs, The Law and, 562
Stu.l-book, Establishment of Kennel Club, 544
Sudan, Greyhound of, 481
Superstition, Dogs and, 16
Sussex Spaniel, The, 282
Swiss Hounds, 489
Switzerland, Traces of Prehistoric Dogs in, 3

Terriers, The old working, 315; "Jack Russell," 317-18;
Sealy Ham, 317-8; Wire-haired Black-and-Tan, 318;
"Cowley" strain, 310; Elterwater, 319; the Rose-
neath, 319; Pittenweem, 319; classification of, 319;
white English, 320; Black-and-Tan, 324; Bull, 329;
Boston, 334; Smooth Fox, 337; Wire-haired Fox,
344; Airedale, 355; Bedlington, 363; Irish, 367;
Welsh, 373; Scottish, 381; "Aberdeen," 385 ;*West
Highland White, 390; Dandie Dinmont, 397, Skye,
405; Clydesdale, or Paisley, 414; Yorkshire, 417;
Maltese, 448; Australian, 472; foreign, 503

Thibet Mastiff, Description of, 511, 513; uses of, 514

Thibet Spaniel, The, 538

Tie-dog, 22

Toy Dogs, Pomeranian, 422; King Charles Spaniels,
430; miniature Trawler Spaniel, 440; Japanese
Spaniel, 441 ; Pekinese, 444 ; Maltese, 448 ; the Pug,
451; Carlin a Foil Long, 455; Brussels Griffon, 456;
miniature Black-and-Tan and Toy Bull-terriers,
463; Italian Greyhound, 467; miniature Collie, 469;
foreign, 535; how to keep, 573

Travelling Boxes, 577

Trawler Spaniel, Miniature, 440

Useful Hints on Dog Keeping, 618

Vendeen Griffon, 486
Vendeen Hound, 485

War, Dogs in, reference by Xenophon, 13

War, Dogs of, 523

Warrigal, The, 470

Waterloo Cup, Establishment and history of, 190; chief

winners of, 193
Water Spaniels, 269-275
Weimar Pointer, 498
Welsh Hound, 220
Welsh Terrier, Colour of, 373; coat of, 374; origin of,

374; Jones of Ynysfor strain, 374; Hughes strain,

374; South Carnarvonshire strains,- 375 ; in poetry,

375; as show dog, 375
West Highland White Terrier, Home of, 390; history of,

391 ; at Poltalloch, 392 ; coat of, 393 ; sporting ability

°f> 393! breeding of, 394; " gameness " of, 395;

points of, 395

Westminster, Dog-pit at, 37
Whelping, Hints upon, 583
Whippet, Description of, 198; racing, 199; training of,

201
White English Terrier, Origin of, 320; crossed with the

Whippet, 322

Wolf, as Progenitor of Domestic Dog, 5, 7 et seq.
W'olfdogs, Early British breed of, 15
Wolfhound, the Irish, Origin of, 160; Goldsmith, on,

161 ; history of, 162; development of, 163 et seq.; of

Albania, 489; Russian (see Borzoi)
Wolfspitz, The, 492
Worms in Puppies, 584
Wurtemburg Pointer, 498

Xenophon, Reference to " Dogs of War " by, 13 ; on
Greyhound, i8g; as keeper of Harriers, 222

Yorkshire Terrier, Origin of, 417; coat of, 418; in
-America, 421; in France and Germany, 421

Youatt, on origin of Domestic Dog, 5; on Newfound-
lands, 76; on origin of English Water Spaniel, 275;
on Sussex Spaniel, 282

Zulu Sand Dog, 541
Zwerg Pinscher, The, 537

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Full text of "The new book of the dog; a comprehensive natural history of British dogs and their foreign relatives, with chapters on law, breeding, kennel management, and veterinary treatment"

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