A
A.
CHEMICAL
NOMENCLATURE
TILLMAN, A. M.,
Professor of Technology in the American Institute of the
City of New York.
ALBANY :
C. VAN BENTHTJYSEN & SONS, PRINTERS.
1866.
STACK
GUT
V
A NEW CHEMICAL NOMENCLATURE.*
BY S. D. TILLMAN, A. M.,
PROFESSOR OF TECHNOLOGY IX THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE
OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.
THE present seems very opportune for the introduction of a Nomenclature
which will more completely methodize the Science of Chemistry. By such aid,
students, who formerly deserted the study because they found themselves gra-
dually sinking into a quagmire of incongruous names, may advance on firm
ground, and view with satisfaction and profit the fair fields opened on every
side by the distinguished chemists of our own time. The old nomenclature,
based on the joint production of DEMORVEAC, LAVOISIER, BERTHOLLET and
FOURCROY, published in 1787, has been frequently amended and enlarged ; yet,
to preserve the connection and consistency of the whole, names and classifica-
tions were retained long after they had lost their original significance. Even
the broad line of distinction between* acids and salts (made when oxygen acids
and neutral salts only were known), gradually diminished with the successive
discoveries of acid salts and the promulgation of new views by DAVY and DULONG,
until it is now no longer recognized by those who regard the whole class of
hydracids as true salts. A fatal error was committed at the outset, in attempt-
ing to define the acids containing most and least oxygen, by adopting1 as ter-
minals (rendered into English) ic and ous, and the corresponding terminals
ate and ite for salts. Subsequent discoveries of higher and lower oxides in-
volved the necessity of using, as prefixes to the words in general use, the terms
hyper or per and hypo. Still these amendments have not obviated the difficulty,
as will be seen by reference to the combinations of oxygen with sulphur. This
conflict of terms was not, however, the greatest evil. The ic and ous terminals
are worse than useless for expressing the degrees of oxidation, because the
same terminal has a different signification in almost every series of oxides.
Similar objection may be made to the use of the terminal a in the names of
oxides; for example, Soda, now Na^O; Magnesia, MgO ; Alumina, AL03; and
Silica, formerly Si03, by many now written Si02. Early in the present century,
the words protoxide, deutoxide, etc. were used to distinguish the several de-
grees of oxidation having the simple ratio of combining proportions, i. f .
1:2, 1:3, 1:4. No more complex ratios than 2 : 3 were provided for.
* Read at the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, held
in the city of Buffalo, Aug. 16th, 1866.
165
Many of these, and similar names applied to electro-negative elements, are
often misused by distinguished authors who have adopted the atomic notation;
for instance, sesqui to designate the combination of. six atoms of a halogen
with two atoms of carbon, or of a biatomic metal.
The comparatively recent discovery of a great number of organic compounds,
so called, required the coinage of many new names to designate radicals.
Simultaneously the attempt was first made by German chemists to state
definitely by prefixes the number of " equivalents" of each element in com-
bination, which has resulted in the formation of names of a frightful length,
scarcely pronounceable and seldom remembered. A complete catalogue of the
chemical bodies now known would embrace several thousand terms. The no-
vice, misled at first by common and commercial names, like " milk of lime,"
"sugar of lead," "cream of tartar," "oil of vitriol," and "butter of an-
timony," but who had advanced far enough to find no sulphur in sulphuric
ether, no copper in copperas, no lead in black lead, no soda in soda water, and
to be assured that "Dutch liquid" is not imported from Holland, might look
with interest and wonder on the accumulated names approved by the highest
authorities, and enquire whether this magnificent patchwork could be of much
service as a chemical chart. To a negative reply, should be added " Yet a
substitute for the whole has been provided by the Notation."
The introduction of chemical symbols by BERZELIUS marks an era of progress
quite as plainly as the first employment of Arabic signs and numerals in the
mathematics. The notation is now frequently employed to the exclusion of
chemical names, in oral as well as written communications. Its general adop-
tion forty years ago, with the atomic signification originally attached to it by
BERZELIUS, would have prevented the confusion of terms and signs now con-
sequent upon the conformation of the atomic volume of gaseous elements to
the one standard. BERZELIUS barred certain letters, to signify that one-half the
combining weight was the atomic weight ; in other words, that the so-called
" equivalent" contained two atoms. GERHARDT, on the other hand, used the
same mark to denote that the combining weight must be doubled to express
the atomic weight. MILLER, in the third edition of his " Elements of Che-
mistry," designates the old notation in the usual way, and the new notation by
italic capitals; while WATT*) in his " Dictionary of Chemistry," still in pro-
cess of publication, just reverses MILLER'S arrangement.
The following symbols, representing a molecule of water according to three
different views, will explain what induced BERZELIUS, who measured volume
and atomic weight on the oxygen scale, to halve the symbols representing the
combining proportion of hydrogen ; and why GERHARDT, who simplified mea-
surements by making the hydrogen atom the unit of weight and bulk, was led
to double the value of the symbol for oxygen, without knowing to how many
other symbols the doubling process would finally be applied.
DALTON. BERZELIFS. GERHARDT.
(2 vol.) H 0 (1 vol.) \ ™{; J | 0 1 vol. '\ ™|; H| 0 1 vol.= H2O2.
1+8 = 9. .5+. 5+8 = 9. 14-1 + 16 = 18.
No inconsistency arises in the interpretation of these symbols ; and although
grave objections have been made by HERSCHEL and ODLING to the mingling of
mathematical and chemical signs in chemical equations, it must be admitted
that the symbol of a compound is universall}7 regarded as the real body which
may be clothed with synonymes more or less expanded to suit the peculiar
views of different schools.
Quite a serious derangement of the nomenclature has followed the introduc-
tion of the atomic notation. A majority of the old names have thus become
inappropriate ; and chiefly for this reason, many well-known European che-
mists, and nearly all American chemists, still prefer to use the old system
expressing combining proportions. No sweeping innovation which changes or
perverts the meaning of old terms, rendering old and familiar works on che-
mistry comparatively worthless, and which tends to eradicate fundamental
ideas, will be accepted by the present generation. How utterly futile would
be the unanimous resolve of a World's Convention to change the value of our
common numerals so as to represent a unit by the figure 2 ! Yet if they should
propose to leave the old signs undisturbed, and to use new characters having
the same numerical value with other important significations, the project could
perhaps be carried into practical operation. Thus in any science it will be found
most feasible to designate new views, or new structures, by new and appropriate
names. This subject has commanded the attention of all advanced chemists. At
the meetings of the London Chemical Society, the question has been discussed
by GRAHAM, WILLIAMSON, MILLER, BRODIE, FRANKLAND, ODLING, HOFMANN and
other distinguished members. GMELIN'S names, as modified by WATT^and his
compeers, seem to be received with most favor. WILLIAMSON, FOSTER and
WILLIAMS have suggested valuable alterations. One would, however, be safe
in predicting that while the ic and ous system predominates, the root of the
perplexity will not be reached.
The nomenclature now presented is the result of an attempt to obviate the
continual embarrassment attending the prosecution of chemical studies. Failing
to remember the exact composition of certain compounds, the writer resorted
to mnemonical methods ; and, after repeated trials, devised, in the year 1850,
a system of words, generally unlike any found in dictionaries, which, with
certain modifications, he has constantly employed since that time. It was ori-
ginally adapted to the old classification of acids, bases and salts, but was so
arranged as to be most conveniently used in defining combinations of hydrogen
or a metal with a radical according to the binary system. It was also early
employed in explaining the now discarded Nucleus theory, as advocated by
LOZWIG in 1851.
Although the importance of the Typical system of classification was clearly
set forth by HUNT in 1848 (Am. Jour. Science, V, 265; VI, 173), not until
after memorable experiments and discoveries by European chemists had de-
monstrated its great value, was the decision made to modify this nomenclature
so as to be used with facility in expressing the new views. In attempting to
take this step, however, another serious obstacle was encountered in the di-
versity of opinion regarding atomic weights. KOPP and REGXAULT had thrown
new light on the subject; yet chemists of the Unitary school still agreed with
the views originally advanced by GERHARDT, and recognized many metals, be-
sides silver and those of the alkaline class, as monatomic. In 1861, however,
GIBBS made it manifest that if the atomic weights of carbon, ox}Tgen and sul-
phur be taken respectively at 12, 16 and 32, the received numbers of at least
fifty elements must be doubled (Am. Jour. Science, XXXI% 246). More recent-
ly, prompted by CANIZZARO, the disciples of GERHARDT have almost unanimously
renounced such opinions on comparative atomic weights as are at variance
with those of BERZELIUS.
The meaning of the new notation having thus been definitely fixed, while the
nomenclature may be said to be still in the transition state, an atomic system
of names, intended to supply the place both of the notatiovi and the. old nomen-
clature, is submitted for candid and critical examination. A leading considera-
tion has been to produce a system which will assist the stutent in acquiring
and retaining a knowledge of fundamental laws : also to provide such brief
technical terms as will enable chemists generally to express their views with
more conciseness.
Doubtless the most rapid advance has been made by students who have daily
witnessed the operations of the laboratory. ]S7o oral description of chemical
experiments could make so deep and permanent an impression. This principle
of retention was well appreciated and expressed by HORACE :
Segnius irritant animos demissa per aurera,
Quam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus.
Next in importance to experimental knowledge, must be ranked a system of
words and symbols which will convey, at sight, by means of their combinations,
a clear idea of the union of the elements, without denoting in every instance
by rational formulae the manner of such union. The ear also should be brought
into service in such a system, by making the very sound of the symbols so
excite the power of association as to bring before "the mind's eye" the whole
series of similar and nearly related compounds. To accomplish these objects,
it was necessary to construct an entirely new scheme, by providing for every
well-investigated chemical body a name which should at once designate the
kind and number of atoms composing it, and to a certain extent its typical and
functional characteristics. This work was accomplished in a true conservative
spirit, by building the new structure from old materials, and upon a foundation
which is the result of the combined labors of those truly great men who have
devoted their lives to the advancement of Chemical science.
The method of construction will be briefly explained under the following
heads :
1. The system is based on abbreviations of the universally received names
of the metals, and on the chemical symbols of the metalloids or non-metallic
elements, with such modifications as were imperatively required.
2. The name of each chemical element relates, not to its mass, but only to
a minimum combining proportion termed an atom, or to some multiple of it.
The atom is therefore the unit of measurement, and the starting point of the
scale in each series of compounds.
3. The atomic name of each metal consists of two syllables, and ends with
the consonant m.
4. The name of each of the thirteen metalloids terminates with a different
consonant. Arsenic and tellurium, classed by French chemists among the me-
talloids, have in this arrangement the terminal letter common to the metals.
5. The number of atoms of any element is designated by the vowel imme-
diately preceding its terminal consonant. The numerical power of the vowels
advances with the order in which they are placed in the alphabet. O?ie, two,
three, four and five are respectively expressed by a, e, i, o and u, having the
short or stopped sound as heard in bat, bet, bit, hot, hut; and six, seven, eight,
nine and ten by the same vowels having a long or full sound. In foreign lan-
guages, it may be best to designate the long sound by a sign placed over the
vowel ; but in our language, it is found by experience more convenient to
place e before each of the vowels, which invariably indicates their long or full
sound as heard in the words great, greet, sleight, yeoman, euphony. These ten
distinctive sounds may be illustrated by a single example. From one to ten
atoms of iron, inclusive, have the following names :
Fe. Ferram; Fe* Ferrem ; Fes, Ferrim ; Fet, Ferrom ; Fe5, Ferrum; Fe6, Ferream ;
Fei, Ferreem; Fe», F err elm ; Fe9, Ferreom ; Feio, Ferreum.
The proper diphthongs are sometimes used for the even numbers between 10
and 20. These will be remembered from the fact that their value is the sum
of their vowel- values, either short or long : thus, oi is 12 = 9 -}- 3 ; ou is
14 = 9 + 5 ; au is 16 = 6 -|- 10 ; oo is 18 = 9 -f- 9. The consonant y
is 10, and used only in connection with vowels, which will express all the
numbers to and including 20 : w is 20, and, with the usual appendage, will
express the numbers to and including 30. X is also used, and when preceded
by a vowel, which thus has the power of an exponent, will express a progression
by tens to one hundred; thus, 10, ax; 20, ex; 30, ix ; 40, ox; 50, ux ; 60,
eax ; 70, eex ; 80, eix ; 90, eox ; 100, eux. In the same manner, these vowels
preceding qu express the hundreds to and including one thousand, and the
intermediate numbers are represented by suffixing some of the characters
previously explained.
Very few chemical compounds, now known, have a composition represented
by atomic numbers higher than one hundred. A large majority of the bodies
of known composition do not require numbers as high as ten. The following
selections will show more clearly the numerical value of each letter, and the
extent to which this numerative system may be carried .
a, I
ea, 6
a* 11
y, 10
w, 20
ax, 10
aqu, 100
e, 2
ee, 7
oi, 12
ya, 11
wi, 23
eq, 20
equ, 200
t. 3
ei, 8
ou, 14
yi, 13
wee, 27
ix, 30
eiqu, 800
o', 4
eo, 9
au, 16
yeo, 19
weo, 29
eix, 80
eoquix, 930
»,g
eu,W
oo, 18
yeu, 20
weu, 30
eux. 100
euqueix.lQSQ
6. The following metalloids have names terminating with their well-known
symbolic letters : one atom of each is here denoted.
Fluorine,
Nitrogen,
Carbon,
fluraf or af;
nitran or an ;
carbac or ac ;
Bromine, bromab or ab ;
Phosphorus, phosap orap;
Sulphur, sulphas or as.
In a few instances where the symbolic letter could not be used, the terminal
letter adopted may be associated with some prominent characteristic of the
element. Thus I represents the lightest of substances, an atom of hydrogen
is hydral or al ; d represents the densest of the gaseous elements, an atom of
chlorine is chlorad or ad; v represents a volatile producing a violet vapor, one
atom of iodine is idav or av. The atom par excellence is at : oxygen, exceeding
in quantity all other elements of the Earth's crust, has for the name of a single
atom oxat or at. An atom of selenium is selaz or az : it bears a strong resem-
blance in its reactions to as. Boron and silicon or silicium, like carbon, are
>L
permanent solids when isolated : their terminals may be remembered by the
association of j and k in the alphabet ; an atom of boron is boraj or aj, an
atom of silicon is silak or ok.
The compounds of carbon and hydrogen are so numerous that it has been
found essential to provide an additional character to represent each. The letter r
may be associated with the radiating and refracting power of carbon; and carbar
or ar, as well as #c, will represent an atom of carbon. As ac might be mistaken
for ak, in radical compounds, the carbon component is denoted generally by r.
The only case in which it has been found advantageous to use one letter to
designate two atoms, is that of h for two atoms of hydrogen, or hydrel ; thus
preserving the ratio of the old combining numbers, CaH208 being cht. It will
be noted that ach, corresponds with C2H.2 in the old notation, and with €H2 in
the new : it is the key to a series of radicals, i.e. methyl, CH3, is adial ;
ethyl, €siH5, echal.
7. Metalloid terminal syllables express as much as the full name, and are
used as suffixes to names of metallic atoms to denote a metallic compound ;
for example, the protoxide of iron is ferramat, which indicates very clearly
that one atom of iron is united with one atom of oxygen. A combination of
metalloid syllables represents anon-metallic compound. In numerous cases, the
number of syllables forming such a word is less than the number of different
elements in the compound, because two or more terminal characters may be
united, and the vowel or diphthong preceding the whole will be applicable to
each ; for instance, elt = H202 is a molecule of oxygenated water, or peroxide
of hydrogen ; am = CN is an atom of cyanogen, and ant = NO is a molecule
of binoxide of nitrogen. It will be seen presently that the names of salts con-
taining one atom of a metal are sometimes slightly abbreviated, by omitting
the a which should precede m; also that m, with a vowel preceding it, is
applied to multiples of any radical playing the part of a metal.
The following table embraces all the chemical elements known with certain-
ty, and their atomic numbers corresponding with the systems of BERZELIUS
and GERHARDT, to each of which the new names are equally applicable. The
highest and lowest known oxides of each element are also added. Names in-
cluded in brackets are hydrates containing three elements. In twelve cases,
where the same metal is known by two names, each name has been adapted to
the new system ; the first name in each couplet is derived from that recognised
by chemists of every nation.
SYMBOLS.
At. wt.
al.= .5.
At. \vt .
al.7l.
Name of
one atom.
Name of a
moiccule [2 at)
Name of lowest
oxide.
Name of highest
oxide.
H
.5
1.
Hydral
Hydrel
HaO hydrelat
HaOa hydrelt
N
7.
14.
riitrau
nitren
N20 nitrenat
N205 nitrenut
O
8.
16.
ox at
oxet
$c
6.
12.
carbac
carbec >
H
«
carbar
carber $
CO carbart
C02 carburet
Si
14.
28.
silak
silek
S02 silaket
B
5.45
10 9
bora]
borej
B203 borejit
P
15.5
31.
phosap
phosep
PO phosapt
P205 phoseput
S
16.
32.
sulphas
sulphes
S02 sulphas et
80s sulphasit
Se
39.75
79.5
selaz
selez
Se02 selazet
(alazot)
F
9.5
19.
fluraf
fluref
Cl
17.73
35.46
chlorad
chlored
C120 chloredat
(aladot)
Br
40.
80.
bromab
bromeb
(alabit)
I
63.5
127.
idav
idev
HIO (alavat)
I207 ideveet
TABLE— (Continued).
SYMBOLS.
At. wt.
al.= .5.
At. wt.
al.= l.
Name of
one atom.
Name of a
molecule (2 at)
Name of lowest
oxide.
Name of highest
oxide.
METALS.
Cs
66.5
133.
Coesam
Coesem
Cs20 coesemat
(coesamalt)
Rb
42.5
85.
rubatn
rubem
rubemat
(rubamalt)
JK
19.5
39.
kalam or
kalem
kalem ai
(kalamalt)
f "
«
«
potam
potem
potemat
(potamalt)
<Na
11.6
23.
natam or
natem
natemat
(natamalt)
I"
«
«
sodam
sodem
sodemat
(sodamalt)
L
3.5
7.
litham
litbem
lithemat
(lithamalt)
Ba
68.5
137.
baram
barem
BaO baramat
baramet
Sr
43.8
87.6
stronam
stronem
stronam at
stronamet
Ca
20.
40.
calcam
calcem
calcamat
Mg
12.15
24.3
magam
magem
rn again at
Al
13.7
27.4
alam
alem
(I I unit
G
4.7
9.4
glucam
glucem
glucemit
Zr
44.75
89.5
ziram
zirem
ziremit
Th
119.
238.
thoram
thorem
thoram at
Yt
30.85
61.7
yttram
yttrein
yttram at
E
56.30
112.6
erbam
erbem
erbam at
Tb
terbam
terbem
terbamat?
Ce
46.
92.
ceram
cerem
ceram at
cerimet
La
46.47
92.94
lanam
lanem
lanamat
Di
48.
96.
didam
didem
didam at
Zn
32.75
62.5
zinara
zinem
zinamat
(zinamelt)
In
35.91
71.82
indam
indem
indamat
Cd
56.
112.
cadam
cadem
cadamat
Co
29.50
59.
cobam
cobern
cobamat
cobemit
Ni
29.87
58.74
nikara
nikem
nikamat
nikemit
U
60.
120.
urara
urem
uramat
uremit
<Fe
28.
56.
ferram or
for rein
ferramat
fer remit
I "
«
«
iram
irem
iramat
iremit
Cr
26.27
52.54
chrara
chreni
(chramalt)
chramit
Mn
27.50
55.
manam
manem
manamat
manamet
5Sn
59.
118.
stanain or
stanem
stanatnat
stanamet
\ "
«
«
tinam
tinem
tinamat
tinamet
Ti
25.
50.
titam
titem
titamat
titamet
(Nb
49.13
98.26
nobam or
nobem
nobemit
nobam et
la
«
«
colam
coleni
colemit
colamet
Ta
91.1
182.?
tanara
tanem
tanemit
tanamet
Mo
48.
96.
molam
molem
molamat
molam it
V
68.46
136.92
vanam
vanem
vanamat
vanemit
5W
92.
184.
wolam
wolem
wolam at
wolamit
1»
<i
«
tunara
tunem
tunamat
tunamit
As
37.5
75.
arsam
arsem
arsam at
arsamut
<Sb
60.15
120.3
stibam or
stibem
stibamat
stibamut
i «
«
«
autain
antem
a nt a in at
antamut
Bi
105.
210.
bisam
bisem
bisam at
bisamot
<Cu
31.75
62.5
cupam or
cupem
C?0 cupem at
cupam et
* "
«
«
coppara
coppem
*" coppem at
coppamet
<Pb
103.5
207.
plubam or
plubem
plttbemat
plubamet
( "
«
«
leadam
leadem
leadamat
leadamet
Tl
101.75
203.5
thallam
thallem
thallamit
Te
64.5
129.
tellam
tellem
teUamet
tellamit
$Hg
100.
200.
hygam or
hygem
hygemat
hy gamut
I "
«
i«
mercam
mercem
mercemat
mercamat
*Ag
54.
108.
argam or
argem
argemat
argamet
i -'•'
«
M
silvam
silvein
silvern at
silvam et
5 Au
98.33
196.66
auram or
aurem
auremat
auremit
J ••
«
ii
goldam
goldem
goldemat
goldemit
Ft
98 56
199.12
platam
platem
platamat
platamet
Pd
Ro
53.24
52.16
106.48
104.32
pallam
rhodam
pallem
rhodem
pallemat
rhodamat
pallam et
rhodemit
Ru
52.11
104.22
rutham
ruthem
ruthamat
ruthamet
Os
99.41
198.82
osmam
osmem
osmamat
osmamot
Ir
98.56
197.12
irdam
irdem
irdamat
irdamet
8
As a whole, the old symbols, representing combining proportions, are ap-
plicable to neither column of atomic weights. Fewer changes are required by
adopting the weights of the first column ; yet the advantages derived from
estimating H rz 1 are so obvious, that the symbols used in the remainder of
this paper will represent the numbers in the second column. Those having the
old value will be denoted by the usual letters, and symbols of doubled value
by full-faced type.
A complete series of known oxides of several metals (excluding hydrates)
are here presented, for the purpose of comparing the old and new system as
to brevity and precision.
1. Protoxide of iron (Ferrous oxide), FeO : Ferramat.
Sesquioxide or Peroxide of iron (Ferric oxide), Fe203 : F err emit.
INTERMEDIATE OXIDES,
Black or Magnetic oxide of iron (Ferroso-ferric oxide), Fe304 : Ferrimot.
A nameless oxide of iron (auct. BERTHIER & GLASSON),
4 FeO F203 = Fe607 : Ferreameet.
Scale oxide of iron (inner layer), 6 Fe 0 Fe203 = Fc809 : Ferreimeot.
The name of the latter, expres.-ing the supposed rational formula, is Ferreameat — Ferremit.
2. Protoxide of manganese (Manganons oxide), MnO : Manamat.
Red oxide of manganese (Manganoso-manganic oxide), Mii304 : Manimot.
Sesquioxide of manganese (Manganic oxide), Mii20a : Manemit.
Peroxide of manganese (Dioxide of M.); Mn02 : Manamet.
3. The Chromium atom, properly Chromam, may be contracted to
Chram; which is especially convenient in denoting chromates.
Protoxide of chromium (Chromous oxide), CrO : Chramat.
Magnetic oxide of chrome (Chromoso-chromic oxide), Cr304 : Chrimot.
Sesquioxide of chromium (Chromic oxide), Cr203 : Chremit.
Monochromate of Sesquioxide of chromium, Cr306 : Chrimeat.
Bichromate of Sesquioxide of chromium, Cr409 : Chromeot.
Neutral chromate of Sesquioxide of chromium, Cr50i2 : Chrumoit.
Acid chromate of Sesquioxide of chromium, Cr60i6 : Chreamyut.
Chromic acid Cr03 : Chramii.
Including hydrates, the oxides of metals, metalloids and organic radicals now
known may be estimated in round numbers at 400. The following oxides of a
halogen are adduced to show the inadequacy of the old nomenclature in de-
fining the higher combining ratios of only two elements :
lodic anhydride, I205, evut ; Hypoiodic acid, I204, evot ; Intermediate oxide (auct.
K.EMMERER), I60i3, eavyit ; Subhypoiodic acid (anct. MILLON), Ii00i9, euvyeot.
A few brief observations will perhaps aid in apprehending the purport of
numerous new combinations, illustrating the doctrine of types and substitutions.
1. An atom has a definite maximum power of holding other atoms in chemi-
cal union. The normal quanti valence or highest saturating capacity of an atom,
that is, its so-called atomicity, decreases as it is duplicated and condensed.
2. Chlorad is ranked in the class of elements having the lowest saturating
power : therefore ad may be taken as the unit of measurement, and thus words
already in use in this connection are made peculiarly appropriate ; for ex-
ample, hydral is a monad, oxat is a dyad, nitran is a triad (often a pentad),
carbar is a tetrad, phosap is a pentad and often a triad. Carber, ferrem, alem,
chromem, and other DOUBLE-ATOMS forming sesquioxides, behave like hexads,
while manam appears to be a heptad. Arsam, bisam and stibam are either
triads or pentads.
3. A molecule is a complete chemical structure, capable of existing in a
separate state : that part of it which can unite with various monad radicals —
known as the residue or remainder of a molecule — being regarded as a broken
structure or imperfect body, may be called a torso.
4. The atomicity of a torso, or of a radical containing one atom of an
element united to one or more atoms of another element, is equal to the dif-
ference between the normal saturating power of its components. The following
arc examples :
COMPOUND MONADS : Ammonium. H4^'" = olan or ilanal' ; Hydroxyl, H'O" = alt' ;
Amidogen, H2N'" = elan1 ; Kitric oxide, ]X'"02'' = anet ' ;
Cyanogen, iivV = arn'.
COMPOUND DYADS : Carbonyl (Carbonic oxide), CivO"= arat or art" :
Mouaraine. HN'"= a/an''; Methyleue, CivH2 = arel orach".
COMPOUND TRIADS : Formene, C;VH = ar/"'; Phospil, PV0" = apt'".
5. The researches of KEKULE have shown that the same number of carbon
and hydrogen atoms, having different saturating powers, are related to different
hydrocarbon series; and the equivalence of such isomers may be determined
by the number of hydrogen atoms they contain. For example, glyceryl, €3H5
(echarl'"), having three less hydrogen atoms than the hydride of propyl (ichel),
€3H8, is a triad; while allyl, €3H5 (arechal1). having one at-m of hydrogen less
than propylene, €3H6 (irlil")t is a monad. Thus also to the series of highest
saturation of carbon belongs acetylene, €2H2 (erel or erliv); and, having four
atoms of hydrogen less than the hydride of ethyl, C2H6 (echel), it is a tetrad.
If two atoms of the monad bromine be added, the saturating power of the
compound will be diminished two degrees; therefore the bibromide of acety-
lene, C2H2Br2 (erleb), is a dyad. The late brilliant elucidations of atomicity by
WURTZ have thrown light on many points, to which reference cannot now be
made.
6. A complex hydrocarbon monad radical may be regarded as the combina-
tion of a monad with an even number of radicals or torsoes in equilibria. The
following are examples :
Acetyl = (CO'' CH2") + H = artachal'.
Propyl = (CH2" €H2") -f CH3' = ichal1.
Butyl = (€H2" CH2" €H2" CH2") + H = ochal1 .
7. GEPHARDT classified chemical compounds under four types, two of which,
the hydrogen and the hydrochloric-acid types, are molecules consisting of two
monads : one molecule should therefore be taken as the primal type, and the
other as a sub-type. The use of only three types would, at first sight, be com-
mended for its simplicity; yet the vast diversity of Nature's combinations
involves the necessity of many multiples, and the formation of mixed types as
proposed by ODLING, in which the saturating power of the several parts is
distinguished by the signs used in this paper. Valid arguments may be urged
in favor of using at least five types, in each of which, one-half the saturating
power expended to form the molecule is derived from a single atom. The
atom-holding power of one half being balanced by that of the other half of
each molecule, it is proposed to distinguish each type by the name expressing
the equivalence of one-half of it The following will show the value of the
new characters in typical expressions :
2
10
MONAD TYPE.
DYAD TYPE.
TRIAD TYPE.
TETRAD TYPE.
PENTAD TYPE.
Chloride
Hydrochloric
Water.
Ammonia.
Marsh gas.
of phosphorus.
acid.
nl \
al}
•n
al )> ad.
if*
III f
al > an,
al)
gu>
al j
al)
all
al /> op.
a/1
\ al)
In representing the most important bodies formed by the replacement of
one or more atoms of hydrogen by one or more monad radicals, the change
consists, as will presently be shown, simply in substituting for al the name of
a radical ending with al. The different views of chemists respecting the typical
form of the same body may be distinctly illustrated by the new characters ;
take for example, acetic acid, C4H404 = C2H402. KOLBE'S carbonic-acid type,
being essentially the same as the water type, is omitted, and the so-called
radical type is added in the following table :
FRANKLAND & DUPPA.
Cal
ar < al
(al
EMPIRICAL.
GERHARDT.
DEBUS.
olert
or
echet.
an +
artachal $ al
C achal'
ar < at"
( alt'.
ar
alt1.
The empirical name echet is the second in a series of which acket (formic
acid) is the first; ichet (propy lie acid), the third; ochet (buty lie acid), the
fourth; uchet (amylic acid ), the fifth; and so on to the highest or most con-
densed molecule weuchet (melissic acid), represented in the old notation by
HOC60H5903, and in the new by C30H6002. These short and simple names,
formed by changes in the first syllable, represent these acids as the result of
successive additions of ach (CHJ ; but they cannot be made available in illu-
strating the changes which occur when an atom of hydrogen is replaced by a
metal or a radical. The other empirical name maybe used by those who prefer
to express no opinion as to the actual constitution of the acid. To carry out
this view, the replaceable atom of hydrogen in the acid may form the first
syllable, and the remaining syllables will be the terminal of the acetates formed
by monad metals, e.g. acetic acid, alilert ; acetate of potash, Kalmilert. The
terminal syllables must be doubled in value, to denote acetates of dyad me-
tals; for example, acetate of lead, Plubmealort . In consideration of the ex-
istence of numerous important bodies, into the construction of which an acid-
forming radical of this series enters, it has been found most desirable to
designate the acids by names which bring the radical more clearly to view.
Preference is therefore given to those which are readily resolved into the water
or dyad type ; thus, acetic acid, as alartachalt or lartachalt, is easily separated
into syllables which reveal its typical structure [al-artachal]at. When al is
replaced by a monad metal, the typical form is still apparent [am-artackal]at.
An atom of a dyad metal replaces the hydrogen atom in two molecules of acid :
therefore the torso artachalt is doubled, which is indicated by the suffix e
having the sound of eh, thus, artachalte. In the sesquiacetates, the double-
torso artachalte is trebled, and indicated by the suffix ea = 6; for example,
the acetate of alumina =~ A12C12H18012, is Alem-artachaltea.
All the types previously enumerated maybe regarded as subtypes, embraced
11
in a regular series of types consisting of condensed molecules of hydrogen,
according to the suggestion originally made by HUNT. In the following table,
containing several new types, the condensed hydrogen molecules are connected
with the types of substantially the same significance by the mathematical
symbol of equivalency. Atoms in brackets in the first series are replaced by
other atoms in the second.
RATIOS. HYDROGEN
MOLECULES.
OLD NAMES. NEW NAMES.
1
; I al-[al]
=0= HC1,
Hydrochloric acid = alad.
2
: I el-[el]
0 H20,
Water = elat.
3
: I il-[il]
0 H3N,
Ammonia = Han.
I
: 4 [ol]-ol
0 CH4,
Marsh gas = arol.
I
: 5 [ul]-ul
0 PCU,
Peutachloride of phosphorus = apud.
I
: 6 [eal]-eal
0 CrF6,
Perfluoride of chromium = ckrameaf.
I
: 7 [eel] -eel
o MnCl7,
Perchloride of manganese = manametd.
I
: 4 [ol]-ol
0 CH3H,
Hydride of methyl (achal-al) = achel.
II
: 6 [eal]-eal
=0= C2H5H,
Hydride of ethyl (echal-al) = echel.
III
: 8 [eil]-eil
=0= C3H7H,
Hydride of propyl (ichal-al) = ichel.
IV
: 10 [cul]-eul
zO= CtHgH,
Hydride of butyl (ochal-ul) = ochel.
V
: 12 [yel]-yel
O C6HiiH,
Hydride of amyl (uchal-al) = uchel.
VI
: 14 [yol]-yol
0 CeHjsH,
Hydride of caproyl (eachal-al) = eachel.
VII
: 16 [yeal]-yeal
-O^ f^xiisH.
Hydride of oenanthyl(eecAa/-a/) = eechel.
VIII
: 18 [yeil]-yeil
=O= CgHivH,
Hydride of capryl (eichal-al) = eichel.
XII
: 26 [weal] -weal
O CiaHusH,
Hydride of lauryl (oichal-al) = oichel.
XVI
: 34 [ixol] -ixol
0 C16H33H,
Hydride of cetyl (auckal-al) = auchd.
XXVII
: 56 [uxeal]-uxeal
=O= CatHssH,
Hydride of ceryl (weechal-al) = weechel.
XXX
: 62 [eaxel]-eaxel
O CsoHeiH,
Hydri de of melissyl (weuchal-al)= weuchel.
It is evident that the so-called " atomicity" does not prevent the union of
atoms in a regular progressive series of ratios. In such cases, the atom-holding
energy has different degrees of development as the result of the reflex influence
of combination. Apparent abnormal action, for instance in the case of Ia07,
eveet, may be accounted for by supposing an even number of atoms of oxygen,
06, in alternately opposite polar conditions, to be united with I20. When mer-
cury and chlorine form calomel, mercamad, the anomaly is explained by the
fact that the volume of the compound corresponds with that of a molecule of
hydrogen ; thus in this, as well as the case of the hydride of copper, cupamal,
a dyad metal plays the part of a monad.
The new names of acids and salts, of simple as well as intricate construc-
tions, are so framed that they may readily be resolved into syllables expressing
their typical relations. This is accomplished by making the replaceable hydro-
gen of an acid the prefix which determines the type on which the compound
is constructed, as explained previously in speaking of acetic acid. The typical
name of an acid or salt embraces, in fact, three terms; the first consists of the
replaceable hydrogen, the second is another portion of the compound of equal
equivalence to the first, and the remaining oxygen atoms will constitute a third
term having the atomic equivalence of the first and second terms combined.
In chemical reactions, the second and third terms generally remain unchanged,
and may therefore be included as one name, and the whole name may be said
to represent the combination of a radical with a torso. Examples ;
Nitric acid,
Sulphuric acid,
Phosphoric acid,
"monatomic'
"biatomic"
"triatomic"
[al'-anet']at" = alanit.
[el"-aset/;]etiv= elasot.
[il'"-apt/y/]itvi = ilapot.
The halogens are powerful electro-negative elements. Having the best struc-
12
tural adaptability, as monads, they are found among the components of many
bodies. Those well investigated may be estimated in round numbers thus :
Chlorides 750, iodides 320, fluorides 160, bromides 150; to which maybe
added another class of very similar structure, the cyanides 220 : total, 1630.
In this estimate, several hundred chlorhydrates, bromhydrates and iodhydrates
are not included. Their new names will be so readily understood, it is only
essential to present such examples as will explain the changes required by the
atomic notation and the typical classification.
MONAD TYPE.
Hydrofluoric acid,
Hydrochloric acid,
Hydrobromic acid,
Hydriodic acid.
Hydrocyanic acid,
HF,
HCI,
HBr,
HI,
HCy,
alaf :
alad :
alab :
alav :
alurn
DYAD TYPE.
Fluor spar, Calcamef.
Chloride of thorium, Ttiora/ned.
Bromide of yttrium, Yttrameb.
Cyanide of iron, Ferramern.
TRIAD TYPE.
Fluoride of arsenic, Jlrsamif.
Bromide of gold, JLuramib.
Bromide of nitrogen, Jlnib.
Fluoride of boron, Ajif.
TETRAD TYPE.
Perfluoride of titanium, Titamof.
Perbromide of tellurium, Tellamob.
Perchloride of tautalium, Tanamod.
PENTAD TYPE.
Pentachloride af antimony, Stibamud. I
Pentabromide of phosphorus, apud. \
Quinquiodide of tetraethyl-ammonium,
HEXAD TYPE.
Perfluoride of vanadium, Vanameaf.
Perchloride of molybdenum, Molamead.
Perbromide of tungsten, Wolameab.
Perfluoride of selenium, JLzeuf. \
SUBTYPE, or RADICAL TYPE.
Chloride of aluminium, Jllemead.
Perchloride of cerium, Ceremead.
Perfluoride of glucinum, Glucemeaf.
HEPTAD TYPE.
Perchloride of manganese, Manameed.
Fluoride of thallium, Thalamaf.
Chloride of sodium, Sodamad.
Bromide of ammonium, Olanab.
Iodide of potassium, Potamav.
Cyanide of silver, JLrgamarn.
Corrosive sublimate. Mercamed.
Bromide of cadmium, Cadameb.
Iodide of zinc, Zinamev.
Cyanide of magnesium, JMagamern.
Chloride of antimony, Stibamid.
Iodide of bismuth, Bisamiv-
Solid chloride of cyanogen, Irnid.
Bromide of boron, Jljib.
Perchloride of tin, Stannamod.
Periodide of platinum, Platamov.
Percyanide of palladium, Pallamorn.
Quinquiodide of arsenic? Jlrsamuv.
Quinquebromide of iodine, avub.
echalomanuv.
Periodide of tellurium, TeUameav.
Perfluoride of chromium, Chrameaf.
Perfluoride of silicon, Akeaf.
Perbromide of silicon, Jlkeab.
Perchloride of iron, Ferremead.
Perfluoride of ruthenium, Ruthemeaf.
Chloride of osmium, Osamead.
Perfluoride of manganese, Manameef.
The sulphides, selenides and tellurides resemble in constitution the oxides.
From nearly 300 well-known sulphides, the following are selected :
Sulphuretted hydrogen, elas. Persulphide of hydrogen, elus.
Bisulphide of carbon, ares. Bisulphide of nitrogen, enes.
Monosulphide of potassium (old name) KS = K2S. Kalemas.
Monosulphide of mercury (cinnabar). Mercmas or Hygamas.
Bisulphide of iron (pyrites), Ferrames.
Tersulphide of gold, duramis.
Quadrisulphide of molybdenum, Molamos.
Pentasulphide of antimony, Antamus or Stibamus.
Sesquisulphide of rhodium, Rhodemis.
A magnetic iron pyrites (with no systematic name); Fe3S4, Ferrimos.
Another variety of pyrites, Fe7S8 (no name), Ferreemeis.
13
The next table contains the known combinations of oxygen with sulphur,
forming oxides and acids :
Sulphurous anhydride, aset.
Sulphurous acid, elasit.
Sulphuric anhydride, asit.
Nordhausen sulphuric acid, alese.at.
Sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol), elasot.
Trithronic anhydride, isut.
Hyposulphurous acid, elesit.
Hyposulphuric acid, eleseat.
Trithionic acid, eliseat.
Tetrathionic acid, eloseat.
Peutathionic acid, eluseat.
In these acids or salts of hydrogen, el may replaced by a dyad metal, or,
atom for atom, by a monad metal, thus forming metallic salts.
From nearly 700 known varieties of sulphates, the following are selected :
Sulphate of protoxide of iron, fermasot.
Sulphate of magnesia, magmasot.
Sulphate of soda, natemasot.
Sulphate of copper,
Sulphate of baryta,
Sulphate of lithium.
cvpmasot.
barmasot.
lithemasot.
Of nearly 200 sulphites, only two will be mentioned :
Sulphite of cerium, cermasit. Sulphite of potash, kalemasit.
From nearly 200 carbonates, only the following are selected :
Carbonate of lime.
Carbonate of soda,
calcmarit
natemarit.
Carbonate of magnesia, magmarit,
Bicarbonate of soda, natmalarit.
Of 300 oxalates, only two are here cited :
Oxalate of baryta, barmerot. Salt of sorrel, potmalerot.
From 100 varieties of silicates, only the following will be noted :
Silicate of alumina (sillimanite), A12S05, alemakut.
Silicate of alumina (kaolin), AUSaOv, alemekeet.
Silicate of potash, potemakit. Silicate of lime, calcmakit.
Silicate of magnesia, magmakit.
From about 50 nitrites, only two are presented :
Nitrite of soda, sodmanet. Nitrite of strontia, stronmenot.
From 400 varieties of nitrates, the following are selected :
Nitrate of potash, kalmanit.
Nitrate of uranium, urmeneat.
Nitrate of sesquioxide of iron,
Nitrate of silver, argmanit.
Protonitrate of iron, fermeifeat.
s, ferremeanoot.
Of 370 phosphates, only the following :
Triphosphate of lime (in bones), Ca3P208, calcimepeit.
Acid or Superphosphate of lime, CaH2P208, calcmelepeit.
Bibasic phosphate of lime, CaHP208. calcemalepeit.
From 90 sulphocyanides, only one will be mentioned :
Sulphocyanide of mercury, HyCy2S, mercmernas.
A few other terminals of salts may be thus briefly enumerated, a monad
metal being denoted by am :
14
210 tartrates, em-orleat.
60 molates, em-orltit.
100 citrates, im-earuleet.
120 chroinates, em-chramot.
270 chioropladnates, ani-platamid.
40 chlorates have the terminal amadit.
60 iodates have the terminal amavib.
330 chlorhydrates have the prefix aid.
50 bromhydrates have the prefix alb.
100 iodhydrates have the prefix alv.
Ferro-cyanhydrates or -cyanides, em-ferramirn.
Ferri-cyanhydrates 'or -cyanides, im-ferremearn.
The monad radicals forming the largest class of alcohols, and the correspond-
ing monad radicals of the fatty-acid series, are in the next table placed side
by side :
ALCOHOL-FORMING RADICALS,
AciD-FORMinO RADICALS.
Methyl,
€H3 = CH2H,
achal.
Formyl,
COH,
artal.
Ethyl,
C2Hs = C2H4H,
echal.
Acetyl,
COCH3,
artjichal.
Propyl,
C3H7 == C3HeH,
ichal.
Propionyl,
COC2H5,
artechal.
Butyl,
C4H*, =€4H8H,
ochal.
Butyryl,
COC3H7,
artichal.
Amyl,
C5Hn = (JsHioH,
uchal.
Valeryl,
COC4H9,
artochal.
Caproyl,
f\ TT - f\ TT TT
1/6-tllS V6-tll2Al«
eachal,
Caproylyl,
COCsHn,
artuchal.
(Enauth)
rl. €7Hi6 = C7Hi4H,
eechal*
(Enanthoyl,
COCeHis,
arteachal.
Capryl,
C8Hi7 == C8Hi6H,
elchal.
Caprylyl,
COC7H15,
a.rteechal.
Wanting.
Pelargonyl,
COC8H17.
arteichal.
if
Kutilyl,
COC9Hi9,
arteochal.
(t
Enodilyl,
COCioH2i
arteuchal.
Lauryl,
CTT .— P TT TT
iai!25 — l/i2±l24±l,
yechal.
Lauril}7!,
COCnHaa
artaxachal.
Wanting.
Coccinyl,
COCi2A25
artaxechal.
K
Meristyl,
COCi3H27
artaxichal.
*t
Benyl,
COCi4H29
artaxochal.
Cetyl, ,
C16H33= CisHsaH
yeachal.
Palmityl,
COCi6H31
artaxuchal.
Wanting.
Margaryl,
COC16H33
artaxeachal.
«
Stearyl,
COC17H35
artaxeechal.
ii
Balenyl,
COC18H67
artaxeichal.
«
Arachidyl,
COCi9H39
artaxeochal.
«
Nardyl,
COC2oH4i
artaxeuchal.
Ceryl,
C27HB5 = C27H54H
weechal.
Cerotyl,
CO€26H&3,
artexeachal.
Melissyl,
f\ TT — r TT TT
VSOJJ-61 li30-tl8oJtl
weuchal.
Melissilyl,
COC29H59,
artexeachal.
In the acid-forming series, the presence of art" makes the sum of the incre-
ments of ach" one less than in the corresponding alcohol-forming radical.
An alcohol formed on the dyad type, like water, contains one monad radical,
and the corresponding ether two. Two examples of each will suffice to show
the manner of illustrating by the new characters their typical form :
ALCOHOLS.
Hydrate of methyl
«r Wood spirit,
Hydrate of ethyl
or Common alcohol,
Methylic oxide or
Methylic ether,
Ethylic oxide or
Ethylic ether,
ETHERS.
j
Achal
al
Echal
al
Achal
Achal
Echal
Echal
at = Achelat.
at = Echelat.
at
= Achalemat.
= Echalemat.
The sulphydrates and sulphides of such radicals have structures similar to
these alcohols and ethers. The following table of names shows the compound
containing oxygen, and the corresponding compound containing sulphur :
1. Methylic
2. Ethylic
3. Propylic
4. Butylic
6. Amylic
6. Caproylic
7. (Enanthylic
fc 8. Caprylic
AIX3OHOLS.
jlchelat.
Echelat.
Ichelat.
Ochelat.
Uchelat.
Eachelat.
Eechdat.
Eichelat.
MKRCAPTANS.
Jlchdas.
Echelas.
Ichelas.
Ochelas.
Uchelas.
Eachelas.
Eechelas.
Eichelas.
ETHERS.
Achalemat.
Echalemat.
Ichalemat.
Ochalemat.
Uchal emat.
Eachalemat.
Eechalemat.
Eichalemat.
SULPHIDES.
Jlchalemas.
Echalemas.
Ichalemas.
Ochalemas.
Uchalemas.
Eachalemas.
Eechalemas.
Eichalemas.
15
As a specimen of the new names of more than 500 compounds containing
an alcohol-forming radical, a few combinations with the most important Ethyl,
echal, are presented :
Fluoride of ethyl,
Bromide of ethyl,
Cyanide of ethyl,
Acetate of ethyl,
Monethylic oxalate,
Diethylic oxalate.
Methyl-ethylic ether,
Methyl-amylic ether,
Ethyl-butylic ether,
Ethyl-amylic ether,
echalf.
echalb.
echalarn.
C2H5-COCH3-02,
C2H5-H-C20202,
(C2H6)a-C20202,
IH3 -f C2H5-0,
CH3 + CVHuO,
C2H5 -f C4H90,
C2H5 + CJInO,
Chloride of ethyl, echald.
Iodide of ethyl, echalv.
Hydride of ethyl, echel.
echal-artachalt.
echelerot.
echalemerot.
achal-echalt.
achal-uchalt .
echal-ochalt .
echal-uchalt.
Acid-forming radicals form anhydrides, corresponding in structure with
simple ethers ; and hydrates (acids) corresponding with alcohols. Examples of
the names of acids of this class are here given : for the first term a/, I is
used to shorten the word.
Formic acid,
Acetic acid,
Propionic acid,
Butyric acid,
Valeric acid,
Caproic acid,
CEnanthylic acid,
Caprylic acid,
Pelargonic acid,
Rutilic acid,
H-COH-0,
H-CO€H3-0,
H-CO€2H5-0,
H-COC3H7-0,
H-€0€4H9-0,
H-COCsHn-O,
H-COC6H13-0,
H-COC7H15-0.
H-COC8H17-0,
H-COC9H19-0,
Lartalt
Lartachalt
Lartechalt
Lartichalt
Lartochalt
Lartuchalt
Larteachalt
Larteechalt
Larteichalt
Larteochalt
achet.
echet.
ichet.
ochet.
uchet.
eachet.
eechet.
eichet.
eochet.
euchet.
Other combinations containing an acid-forming radical, which have been
or may yet be formed, are illustrated by the names of compounds containing
artachal (acetyl).
Chloride of acetyl, artachald.
Aldehyde, artachel.
Sulphydrate of acetyl, lartachals.
Hydrate of chloracetyl, lartachadat.
Hydride of tribromacetyl, artacibel.
Bromide of acetyl,
Acetic anhydride,
Sulphide of acetyl,
Hydrate of bromacetyl,
Chloride of trichloracetyl,
artachalb.
artachalemat
artachalemas.
lartachabat.
artacod.
Twenty-two other radicals, similar to artachal, may form hundreds of compounds by
uniting with electro-negative elements.
ACETONES or KETONES, composed of an acid-forming radical and an
alcohol-forming radical, have the constitution of the monad type. Of the fifteen
bodies now known, seven are here cited :
Methyl-acetyl (Acetone), €H3.€2HS0, achal-artachal.
Methyl-butyryl, CH3,C4H70, achal-artichal.
Methyl-valyl, CH3C5H90, achal-artochal.
Ethyl -propionyl (Propione), C2H5,C3H50, echal-artechal..
Ethyl-butyryl, C2HSJC4H70, echal-artichal.
Propyl-butyryl (Butyrone), C3H7,C4H70, ichal-artichal.
Butyl-valyl (Valerone) , €4H9,C5H90, ochal-artochal.
In the following hydrocarbon homologous series, formed by multiples of
ack and known as the olefiant-gas series, one atom of carbon saturates but
two atoms of hydrogen, the equivalence being thus expressed : ar o el.
These bodies are dyads, each taking the place of two atoms of hydrogen in
the water type.
16
Methylene (not \
yet isolated), $
Propylene,
Amylene,
(Eaanthylene,
Elaene,
CH2.
C8H8,
arlal.
irlil.
urlul.
eerleel.
eorleol.
Ethylene or ?
Olefiant gas, $ C2H4, erlel.
Butylene (Oil gas), C4H8, orlol.
Caproylene, C6Hi2, earlcal.
Caprylene, C8Hi6, eirleil.
Paramylene, CioH20, eurleul.
This series unite with dyads, and also with two atoms of a monad, of which
the annexed are specimens :
Oxide of
Oxide of
Oxide of
Oxide of
Hydrate
Hydrate
Hydrate
Hydrate
ethylene
propylene
butylene
amylene
of ethylene
of propylene or
of butylene or
of amylene or
Glycolic ether,
Propyl-glycolic ether,
Butyl-glycolic ether,
Amyl-glycolic ether,
Ethylic glycol,
Propylic glycol.
Butylic glycol,
Amylic glycol.
erlelat or echat.
irlilat or ichat.
orlolat or ochat.
urlulat or uchat.
erlelelt or eclielt.
irlilelt or ichelt.
orlolelt or oclielt.
urlulelt or uchelt.
The hydrate of glyceryl, [C,HB-HS]0, = echarlilt, is a triad alcohol. If il,
the second term, is replaced by three atoms of the monad anet = ineat, the
interesting explosive compound Nitroglycerine is formed, the three terms of
the type being [echarl-ineat]it = echarlineot. On the other hand, if il in
echarlilt be replaced by three atoms of the monad-acid radical C0C17H35,
artaxeechal, the compound known as Tristearin is formed, containing
C57H11006 = uxuchereat. In like manner, only two or one atom of hydrogen
may be replaced by two or one atom of the acid-radical.
Artificial fats have been formed by the action of acids on glycerin, echarlilt ;
and the following from among the glycerides are presented, with their new
empirical names :
Monacetin, C5Hi004, uchot.
Monobutyrin, C7Hi404, eechot.
Monovalerin, C8Hi602, eichot.
Monolein, C2iH4004, axeucharot.
Monopalmitin, Ci9H3804, axeechot.
Monostearin, C2iH4202, exachot.
. That modification of sugar known as glucose or starch sugar, C6H1206, has
lately been regarded by some chemists as a hexatomic or hexad alcohol. Ac-
cording to this view, its new name is earhalt. There are about thirty varieties
of sugars and gums of nearly the same composition, to which new names should
not be given until there is a general agreement among chemists as to their
composition and constitution.
Artificial alkaloids, or compound ammonias of WURTZ and HOFMANX, formed
on the triad or ammonia type [al-al-al]an, in which an atom of hydrogen is
replaced by a radical, are thus illustrated :
METHYL AMINE.
achilan.
ETHYLAMINE.
AMYLAMINE.
uchal }
al > an,
al )
uchilan.
PHENYLAMINE.
(Aniline).
earolal
an.
Ian
al >
al)
earolilan or eareelan.
DlMETHYLAMINE.
achal )
achal > an,
al )
achalemalan.
DlETHYLAMINE.
echal )
echal > an,
al)
echal em alan.
DlAMYLAMINE.
uchal f
al > an,
al)
uchalemalan.
DlPHENYLAMINE.
earolal ^
earolal > an,
al )
earulemalan.
17
TRIMETHYLAMINE.
achal )
achal > an,
achal )
achaliman. '
TRIETHYLAMINE.
echal }
echal > an,
echal }
echaliman.
TRIAMYLAMINE.
uchal 1
uchal > an,
uchal }
uchaliman.
TRIPHENYLAMINE.
earolal )
earolal > an,
earolal )
earuliman.
Three different radicals may be found in the same compound. To denote
this, requires names somewhat longer than the preceding : thus,
Methyl-ethyl-phenylamine, [CH3-C2H5-€6H5]N, is achal-echal-earvlan.
Diethyl-chloro-phenylamine, [(€2H5)2€6H4C1]N, is echalem-earoladan.
Other triad elements form similar compounds. From the tertiary derivations
are selected the following two :
Bromide of bromethyl-triethyl-phosphonium = echeb-echalimap.
Bromide of ethylene-hexethyl-diphosphonium = echeb-echaleamep.
Some of the denser molecules of hydrocarbons are here presented :
Melissylic alcohol = C3oH620, weuchelat.
Spermaceti (pure)= C32H6402, ixechet.
Myricin = C46H9202, oxeachet.
Chinese wax = C^lLioB
Cetylene = Ci6H32, yeach.
Cetylic alcohol = Ci6H340, yeachelat.
Cerene (paraffin)= C2-H56, u-eech.
Cerylic alcohol = C27H260, weechelat.
Melene (paraffin)= C3oH6o, weach.
Combinations of metals with alcohol-forming radicals, or metallic deriva-
tives of alcohols :
Kakodyl (auct. BUNSEN), As(CH3)2, Arsmereal or achalem-arsam.
Arsenio:monomethyl (auct. BAEYER). As€H3, jlrsmaril or achal-arsam.
Arsenio-trimethyl, As(tH3)3, Jlrsmireol or achalim-anam.
Arsenio-tetramethyl,1 As(€H3)4, Arsmoroil or achalom-arsam.
Quadrichloride of arsenio-monomethyl, AsCH3Cl4, Arsmarilod or achal-arsamod.
Triethyl-bismuthene, (C2H5)3 B5, echalim-bisam.
Trimethyl-stibio, (CH3)3 Sb, Stibmareol or achalim-stibam.
Stibio-tetramethylium, (CH3)4 Sb, achalom-stibam.
Chloride of stibio-tetramethylium, (CH3)4 SbCl, achalom-stibmad.
Oxide of stibio-tetramethylium, (CH3)8 SbO, achaleim-stibemat.
Nitrate of stibio-tetramethylium, (€H3)4 SbN03, achal om-stibmanit.
Neutral Sulphate of stibio-tetramethylium, achaleim-stibemasot.
Zinc-dimethyl, (CH3)2 Zn, Zinmereal or achalem-zinam.
Zinc-diethyl, (C2H5)2 Zn, echalem-zinam.
Zinc-diamyl, (C6Hii)2 Zn, uchalem-zinam.
Cadmium-diethyl, (C2Hs)2 Cd, echal em- cadam.
Magnesium-diethyl, (C2H5)2 Mg, echalem-magam.
Stannic ethide, (C2H5)4 Sn, echalum-stannam.
Plumbo-tetraethyl, (C2H5)4 Pb, echalom-plubam.
Hydrargo-dimethyl. (CH3)2 Hg, achalem-hygam.
From the products of destructive distillation, the following homologous
series is selected, which must be recognized principally by the first syllable
denoting the amount of carbon ; for by substitutions and combinations, the
hydrogen of these bodies may all be displaced, and numerous compounds
formed which are indicated by terms having no part of the original name
except that defining the carbon.
Benzol or Benzene, or Hydride of phenyl, €6H4H2 earl or earohl.
Toluol, C7H6H2, eerealel. Xylol, C8H8H2, eirlel.
Cumol, C9HioH2, eoreulel. Cymol, CioHi2H2; euraild*
3
18
Compounds related to the first body only of this series will be noted :
The Hydride of phenyl, C6H6, earolel, is formed on the monad type.
Chloride of phenyl or Monochloride of benzene, is ear o laid ; and
Bromide of phenyl or Monobromide of benzene, earolalb.
The Hydrate of phenyl, better known as Carbolic or Phenic acid, sometimes called
Phenic alcohol and Phenol, has the empirical name of earlat. As an alcohol, its
new name would be earolelat ; as an acid, learolalt. Its relation with aniline will
be recognized by the empirical name of aniline (as well as of picodine), eareelan,
the typical name being earolilan ; or if the radical is expressed in two syllables,
earulelan, i.e. Monophylamine ; thus Triphenylamine is expressed by earuliman.
In the following table are embraced the known dyad homologues of the
carbonic-acid and the oxalic-acid series, formed by the increment ach :
Carbonic acid (hypothetical hydrate). H2C03, el-arit.
Glycolic acid,
C2H403 = H2 €H2 C03, el-acharit.
Lactic acid,
C3H603 = H2 C2H4 C03, el-echarit.
Butilactic acid,
C4H803 = H2 C3H6 C03, el-icharit.
Phocic acid,
C6Hio03 = H2 C4H8 C03, el-ocharit.
Leucic acid,
C6Hi203 = H2 C5H10 C03, el-ucharit.
Oxalic acid,
H2C204, el-erot.
Malonic acid,
C3H4C4 = H2 CH2 C204, el-acherot.
Succinic acid,
C4H604 = H2 C2H4 C204, el-echerot.
Pyrotartaric acid,
CBH804 = H2 C3H6 C204, el-icherot.
Adiptic acid,
C6H1004 = H2 C4H8 C204, el-ocherot.
Pimelic acid,
C7H1204 = H2 C5H10 C204, el-ucherot.
Suberic acid,
C8Hi404 = H2 C6H12 C204, el-eacherot.
Anchoic acid,
C9Hi604 = H2 C7H14 C204, el-eecherot.
Sebacic acid,
C10H1804= H2 C8H16 C204, el-eicherot.
The substitution of a dyad metal, or two atoms of a monad metal, for el in
this series, will form the corresponding metallic salts.
In a similar manner may be classified alkaloids ; for instance, those obtained
by dry distillation of animal matter :
Pyridine,
Picoline, j
Lutidine,
Collidine,
Pavoline,
€6H5N, urlan.
C6H7N = CH2 C5H5N, achurlan.
C7H8N == (CH2)2 €5H5N, echurlan.
€8H9N = (CH2)SC6H5N, ichurlan.
C9HioN = (CH2)4 C5H6N, ochurlan.
Substitutions. DUMAS s doctrine of substitutions is very clearly set forth
in the following examples
1. Marsh gas = arol. Chloride of methyl (achald) = arildd.
Monochlorinated chloride of methyl, areled.
Dichlorinated chloride of methyl (chloroform), arlid.
Perchlorinated chloride of methyl, arod.
2. Ethylene, erlel. Chlorinated ethylene, erlald.
Dichlorinated ethylene, C2H2C12, erled.
Trichlorinated ethylene, C2HC13, eralid.
Perchlorinated ethylene, C2C14, erod.
3. The action of chlorine on ethylene and chloride of ethyl produces metameric
compounds having widely different boiling points, thus distinguished :
Bichloride of ethylene (Dutch liquid),
Monochloretted chloride of ethyl,
Monochlorinated ethylene,
Dichlorinated chloride of ethyl,
Dichlorinated ethylene,
Trichlorinated chloride of ethyl,
Trichlorinated ethylene.
Tetrachlorinated chloride of ethyl,
Perchlorinated ethylene,
.Perchlorinated chloride of ethyl,
C2H3 HC12,
C2H4 C1C1,
t;2H3 C1C12,
€2H3 C18,
CaH2 C12C12.
C2H2C14,
Call C12C13
C2H 01.,
C CUCla.
erleld.
eched.
erlalid.
ecilid.
erlod.
eclod.
eralud.
ecalud.
eread.
€2 C16, identical with eread.
19
4. Naphthalene, CioH8, eureil. -(Paranaphthaline, €i4Hio, yoreul.)
Chloronaphthaline. eureelad.
Dichloronaphthaline, eurealed.
Trichloronaphthaline, eurulid.
Tetrachloronaphthaline, eurold.
Hexachloronaphthalene, eurelead.
Broraonaphthaline, eureelab.
Dibromouaphthaline, eurealeb.
Tribroraonaphthaline, eurulib.
Tetrabromonaphthaline, eurolb.
Perchloronaphthaline, eureid.
5. CHLORIDES and BROMIDES of NAPHTHALINE,
Hydrochlorate of chloronaphthaline,
Hydrochlorate of chlorobromonaphthaline,
Hydrobromate of quadribromonaphthaline,
Bihydrochlorate of bichloronaphthaline,
Bihydrochl orate of bromochloronaphthaline,
Bihydrochlorate of terchloronaphthaline,
Bihydrochlorate of quadrichloronaphthaline.
Bihydrochlorate of bibromobichloronaphthaline,
Bihydrobromate of bibromobichloronaphthaline,
Bihydrobromate of terbromochloronaphthaline,
Bihydrobromate of quadribromonaphthaline,
Bihydrochlorate of bibromoterchloronaphthaline,
Bihydrobromate of pentabromonaphthaline,
with GMELIN'S names
€ioH7Cl HC1.
C10H6BrCl HC1
Ci0H4Br4 HBr
C10H6C122HC1
CioHeBrCl 2HC1 =
C10H5C132HC1
C10H4C142HC1
C10H4Br2Cl22HCl =
C10H4Br2Cl2 2 HBr =
C10H4Br3Cl 2 HBr =
C10H4Br42HBr
€ioH3Br2Cl3 2HC1 =
CioH3Br52HBr
and formulae :
= eureiled.
= eureelabed.
= eurulb.
— eureilod.
= eureilabid.
= eureelud.
= eureald.
= eurealebod.
= eurealedob,
= eurealadub.
= eurealb.
= eurulebod.
- euruleeb.
Isomerism. By applying the principle of permutation in the arrangement
of letters, the same name is never given to metameric bodies having the same
ultimate composition. A few examples will sufficiertly prove the adaptation of
the new system to cases of isomerism. Each of the following ten bodies has
the empirical formula C10H20Oa :
Rutic or Capric acid.
Formiate of elayl,
Acetate of capryl,
Propionate of cenanthyl,
Butyrate of caproyl,
Yalerate of amyl,
Caproate of butyl,
QEnanthate of propyl,
Caprylate of ethyl,
Pelargonate of methyl,
H CO C9H180,
C9H19 CO HO,
C8H17 CO CH30,
C7H15 CO C2H50,
C6H13 CO C3H70,
C5Hu COC4H90,
C4H9 COC5HHO,
C3H9 COC6H130,
C2H6 COC7H150,
CH8 CO C8H170,
Larteochalt.
eochal-artalt.
eichal-eirtachalt.
eechal-aftechalt.
eachal-artichalt.
uchal-artochalt.
ochal-artuchalt.
ichal-arteachalt.
echal-arteechalt.
achal-arteichalt.
Each of the seven following compound ammonias has the same ultimate
composition, C6H15N :
Triethylamine,
Dipropylamine,
Caproylamine,
Amyl-methylamine,
Butyl-dimethylamine ,
Butyl-ethylamine.
Propyl-ethyl-methylamine,
(C2H5)3 N.
(C3H7)2 HN,
C6H13 H2N.
C5Hn CH3 HN,
C4H9 (CH3)2 N,
C4H9 C2H5 HN,
C3H7 CaHs CHs
echaliman.
ichalemalan.
eachilan.
uchal-achelan.
ochal-achaleman*
ochal-echelan.
ichal-echal-achalan .
Two AMMONIA-COBALT METAMERS, empirical formula (H3N)5 |fci :
/^
Roseo-pentammonia-cobaltic chloride, ilanum-cobamid.
Purpureo-pentammonia-cobaltic chloride, yulun-cobamid.
It has already been admitted that the improved names, as found in WATTES
New Dictionary, have the merit of more precision than the old nomenclature
in designating the proportions of non-metallic elements ; but this precision is
not always observed in that portion of the name defining the metal. For
purpose of comparison, a few of the names given as examples under the
20
on Nomenclature, page 125, are here inserted, with the symbols and the pro-
posed new names :
Platinic dichloride
Diplumbic trioxide
Triplumbic tetroxide
Diplumbo-dihydric trioxide
Triplumbo-dihydric tetroxide,
Bismuthic oxichloride
Diplumbic oxidichloride
Triplumbic dioxidichloride
Trimercurio-dioxidichloride
Hydrargyro-dihydric-chloronitride
Tetramercurio-tetrahydric-trioxidinitride
Tetramercurio-tetrahydric-dioxidichlorodinitride = Hg4H4Cl2N202, hygomoledent.
= PbCl2, Platamed.
= Pb203, plubemit.
= Pb304, plubimot.
== [Pb2H2]03, plubemelit.
= [Pb3H2]C4, plubimelot.
= BiCIO, bisamadat.
= Pb2Cl20, plubemcdat.
= Pb3Cl202, plubimedet.
= Hg3Cl202,
= HgCl H2N,
ide = H4N2 Hg403,
hygimedet.
hygmadelan.
olen-hygomit.
WATER has three distinct functions recognized in the notation, but not in
the common nomenclature, which are clearly defined in the new system.
1. Water as a true chemical component : it is thus designated by elat, alalt
or lalt. The first of these names, when forming a part of another name, may
denote the typical structure and the rational formula of the compound : it
may indicate, likewise, that precisely the same number and kind of atoms,
by another arrangement, would form two independent and stable bodies ; for
instance, echelat denotes that alcohol is formed by the combination of the
radical echal with the water torso alat or alt, and is modeled after the dyad
type ; it also indicates the fact proved by the synthetic process of BERTHELOT,
that alcohol contains all and precisely the components forming olefiant gas and
water. The other name of water, alalt or lalt, shows more clearly how the
torso alt, torn from al, will unite with a monad radical or metal and form a
perfect body, like, for example, hydrate of potash, potamalt ; hydrate of lime;
calcamelt.
2. Water as a mechanical component of certain crystals. Under the plastic
trowel of symmetry, it fills the interstices, so to speak, builds up and com-
pletes the structure. During this mysterious process of construction, the pair
of hydrogen atoms are supposed to still cling to oxygen ; and the molecule
having such close atomic ties is distinguished by the term allt. This is the
only case where the same consonants are found side by side : the relation in
which the word is used will prevent its being confounded with the tono alt.
By changing the vowel prefix, any number of molecules, either of water of
crystallization, or of constitutional water as GRAHAM styles it, may be denoted.
As a general rule, this name precedes the essential name of the compound ;
for example,
Crystallized periodic acid, with 4 atoms of water,
Crystallized oxalic acid with 2 aqua,
Prismatic nitrate of copper with 3 aqua,
Rhomboidal nitrate of copper with 6 aqua,
Nitrate of lime with 4 aqua,
Nitrate of strontia with 5 aqua,
Nitrate of lithia with 5 aqua,
Protonitrate of iron with 6 aqua,
Hyposulphite of soda witb 5 aqua,
Sulphate of soda with 10 aqua,
Carbonate of soda with 10 aqua,
Sulphate of alumina and potash with 24 aqua, .
Sulphate of alumina and thallium with 24 aqua,
ollt-alavot.
ellt-elerot.
illt-cupmeneat.
eallt-cupmeneat.
ollt-calcmeneat.
ullt-stronmeneat,
ullt-lithmanit.
eallt-fermeneat .
ullt-sodemasit. /
eullt-sodemasit. 6 /
eullt-sodemarit.
wolltalem-potemosoit.
wolltalem-thallemosoit.
21
3. Water as a solvent or menstruum, modifying, in proportion to its quan-
tity, the chemical power and functions of the compound held in solution. The
complete and equable diffusion of a soluble body, by which its characteristics
are manifested through the medium of this fluid, may be regarded as the effect
of a contiguity resulting from molecular rather than atomic attraction. In
this case, the pair of hydrogen atoms are designated by the letter A, and the
oxygen atom by t ; and th, as a prefix to the name of a compound, denotes
that such compound is held in solution by an indefinite quantity of water.
Any amount corresponding to a definite number of molecules of water may be
represented by the usual vowels placed before th. The following brief exhibit
of names will show the economy and precision of expression applicable to
substances now commonly called and recognized only by misnomers.
A solution of hydrochloric acid and water, thalad.
Fuming solution containing 43 per cent of HC1 or 6 aqua, eatha/ad.
Solution of HC1 which distils unchanged (20 per cent acid, or 16 aqua), authalad.
Hydrate of chlorine,5/H2Qfcl uthad.
Sulphuric acid, distinguished as oil of vitriol, elasot.
Sulphuric acid with indefinite quantity of water, thelasot.
Glacial sulphuric acid, athelasot.
iNitric acid, indefinite solution by water, thalanit.
Nitric acid, solution containing 60 per cent NOs or 3 aqua, ithalanit.
Solution of ammonia and water, thilan.
Solution of alcohol and water, thechelat.
Solution of carbonic anhydride (soda water), tharet.
In the further progress of chemical investigations, increasing significance
must be given to the state of dilatation of the body under examination. On
passing from the solid to the liquid state, its bulk will undergo but compara-
tively little change. In either state, the restless particles which make up the
apparently unmoved mass are still obedient to the law of cohesion, although
in the liquid the league of homogeneity is not so binding as to prevent the
admission of foreign matter ; but when, by the irresistible power of the almost
infinitesimal motions of a subtle medium, heat accelerates and amplifies the
excursions of particles until they fly simultaneously beyond the dominion of
a common attraction, it must be admitted that the mass thus expanded to the
gaseous state — in reality a vast reservoir of molecular momentum — requires
some distinctive appellation. It is therefore proposed to denote every gaseous
compound, and every volatile body after it has fumed into vapor, by simply
prefixing to its new name the letter g.
Were it desirable to show the degree of condensation of gases produced by
their combination, the number of volumes included in one molecule could be
indicated by the usual vowels before g ; but as the number of atoms now
conforms to the number of volumes of gaseous elements, in most cases, the
amount of condensation can be easily estimated. At present it seems essential
only to indicate that the molecule has assumed a state of gas or vapor.
The succeeding names are illustrations :
22
GASES at ordinary temperatures.
VAPORS at heat stated on centigrade scale.
Carbonic oxide,
gart.
Chloride of ethyl
11°, gechald.
Carbonic anhydride,
garet.
Bromide of methyl
13°, gachalb.
Olefiant gas,
gerlel.
Oxide of ethylene
13°. 5, gechat.
Oil gas,
gorlol.
Hydrofluoric acid
16°, galaf.
Nitrous oxide,
genat.
Peroxide of nitrogen
27°, ganet.
Binoxide of nitrogen,
gant.
Sulphuric anhydride
27°, gasit.
Nitrous anhydride,
ganit.
Prussic acid
33°, galarn.
Sulphuretted hydrogen,
gelas.
Ethylic ether
34°, gachalemat.
Ammonia,
gilan.
Amylene
39°, gurlul.
Phosphuretted hydrogen,
gilap.
Chloride of methylene
40°, gached.
Arseniuretted hydrogen,
gil-arsam.
Protosulphide of methyl,
41°, gachelemas.
Antimoniuretted hydrogen,
gil-stibam.
Iodide of methyl
42° , gachalv.
Cyanogen (molecule),
gern.
Nitric anhydride
45°, ganut.
Sulphurous anhydride,
gaset.
Bisulphide of carbon
47°, gares.
Hypochlorous anhydride,
gedat.
Bromide of ethyl
47°. 7, gechalb.
Euchlorine,
gadadat.
Hydride of methyl
60°, gachelat.
Chlorous anhydride,
gedit.
Chloroform
61°. gar lid.
Hydrochloric acid gas,
galad.
Sulphochloride of carbon
, 70°', garsed.
Hydrobromic acid,
galab.
Caproylene
71°. gear leal.
Hydriodic acid,
galav.
Iodide of ethyl
72°, gechalv.
Oxychloride of carbon,
garted.
Bichloride of carbon
78° , garod.
Carburetted hydrogen,
garol.
Perchloride of phosphorus 78°, gapid.
Hydride of ethyl,
gechel.
Absolute alcohol
78°, gechelat.
Ethylide of ethyl,
gecfialem.
Dichloride of ethylene
85°, gerleld.
Chloride of methyl,
gachald.
CEnanthylene
99°, geerleel.
Methylic ether,
gachalemat .
Steam
100°, gelat.
In anticipation of an inquiry as to the feasibility of applying the new
nomenclature to all known chemical bodies, it may be here observed that new
names have been framed for a large majority of the compounds enumerated
in STOKER'S Dictionary of Solubilities, as well as for many modifications de-
scribed in DANA'S Mineralogy ; yet as these names form a lexicon of chemical
compounds, they cannot properly be applied to the large class about the
composition of which there is still a wide diversity of opinion, particularly to
those treated of in zoochemistry, from whose percentage-analysis no satisfac-
tory formulae have thus far been deduced. No objection can be made, however,
to the application of new terms to those compounds now designated only by
symbols, or to new bodies not yet named ; such, for example, as LOTV^'S new
combination of hydrogen with the sesquisulphide of carbon, aleris.
Should the proposed system be favorably received, the most effectual mode
of bringing it into general use would be to add to the old name of a body
the new name in italics, in lieu of the ordinary symbols which now involve
the use of very small figures not always read with facility. These symbols
have been aptly termed the short-hand of the chemist ; yet in a large majority
of instances, the corresponding new names contain a smaller number of syl-
lables; for example, C02 is pronounced with three syllables, and garet with
two ; H20 with three syllables, elat with two; HO with two, alt with one ;
COC1 with five, and garted with two.
Those objecting to the use of chemical equations, will observe how readily
the new names may be substituted for such expressions by the following
examples :
23
H2C12 + Na20 = Na2Cl2 -f H20 :
eled with sodemat yields sodemed and elat.
H2S04 + ZnSD = ZnSO* + H20 :
elasot with zinamat yields zinmasot and e/#£.
H3S04 + Zn = ZnS02 + H2 :
elasot with zinam yields zinmasot and hydrd.
< €aN206 + Na2S04 = Na» N208 + CaS04 :
\ calcmeneat and sodemasot yield sodemeneat and calmasot.
WILLIAMSON'S original view of the constitution of ethers is illustrated by
the following |ubstitute for the equation explaining the reactions which produce
the oxide of diethyl :
Sodam-echalt with echalv, yields Sodamav and echalemat,
The use of the new nomenclature in conversations on chemical subjects
would correct very soon many vulgar errors, and inculcate, by mere imitation
and habit, clearer views of combinations. He who knows why he calls chloro-
form arlid, knows on the instant, and knows for life, that it is composed of
one of carbon, one of hydrogen and three atoms of chlorine ; or when he
designates laughing gas by genat, he announces at once several facts not in-
dicated by the old names, nitrous oxide or protoxide of nitrogen.
Chemical writers, who are obliged to study brevity of expression, will fully
appreciate the saving of pen and type-work resulting from the use of the new
nomenclature, which may often be as marked as in the following announcement
of a late scientific achievement in old and new phrase placed side by side :
LOSSEN has succeeded in replacing [an atom
of hydrogen in ammonia by an atom of
hydrogen and oxygen, or hydroxyl; thus
forming hydroxalamine] .
LOSSEN has succeeded in replacing [a/ in
ilan hy alt ; thus forming altelan] .
al } alt1 )
al > an O al >
aO al )
Very few of the best practical chemists attempt to tax the memory with
the exact symbolic formulae of many compounds whose functions and general
characteristics are well known to them ; yet they are aware that the applica-
tion of the theory of substitutions, in the higher branches of the science,
depends on a correct conception of atomic proportions. They would therefore
advise the young student, whom doubt hampers quite as effectually as down-
right ignorance, to avail himself of the best means to master what is known,
and thus prepare himself to keep abreast the general progressive movement,
and to meet the practical difficulties that constantly beset the way of the
discoverer.
In conclusion, it is proper to say that only such examples have been cited
as seemed essential to prove the copiousness and capacity of the proposed
nomenclature. A more complete elucidation and application of it is reserved
for succeeding papers.
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