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ttO.7 .W4SM
■• N«( oomplM oaoer

3 6105 048 560 275

ARKANSAS

EDITION

M AU RY S

NEW COMPLETE

GEOGRAPHY

University^
Publishing Compeirvx

-*^ -^•'

10.-7

V-

inAND-SIANK)RDilVNI!OR*VNIVEBSnT

17 AMERICAN NEGRO

RACE TYPES

MONGOLIAN 9-11 MALAY 12 ETHIOPIAN 15-17

THE MAURY GEOGRAPHICAL /eRJES IJify

NEW COMPLETE

GEOGRAPHY

M. F. MAURY, LL. D.

Author c/**Physicai Geography of the Sea" and late Superintendent of the National Observatoryt Washington, D. C

RE VISED

NEW YORK . BOSTON . NEW ORLEANS

UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY

1907

MAURY'S GEOGRAPHIES.

NEW PRIBffARY GEOGRAPHY :

Designed for Primary and Intermediate classes. Tiie style is simple and interesting-. The text presents the best metlt^xis
of instruction. The Maps are new. and the Illustrations are all reproductions of new photot^i-aphs.

NEW COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY:

A Treatise on Astronomical, Mathematical, Physical. Political, and Commercial (ieoj^^raphy. The suhject is prescnie-l
in a bright and attractive manner. The Illustrations are all from ])h<tto<,''raphs. and teach, objectively, important facL^
of Physical, Industrial, and Commercial Geography. The niai>s are ne\\'.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY— REVISED :

In which the Natural Features of the Earth, its Oceanic and Atmospheric Phenomena, and its Animal and A'egetable life.
are fully treated. The fresh, attractive style of the work and the interest of its detail charm the pupil and the g^nml
reader. Illustrated with numerous beautiful Maps and Engravings.

UNIVERSITY SERIES OF MAP-STUDIES:

Set I. Gives outline of country, together with S(|uares, for : 1. North America, 2. South America. 3. Eurojie, 4. A^i.i.
5. Africa, 6. Oceania, 7. United States. Set II. P.lanks giving stjuares only, for same maps as set I. Set III. Blanks
with only points in margin: 1. For either North America. South America, or Africa; 2. For Europe, Asia, Oceania:
3. For United States. Commercial Set. This set consists of ten maps, as follows : Six continents showing iwlitit-al
divisions. 1. North America, 2. South America, ;1 Europe, 4. Asia. 5. Africa, b. Oceania. Also, on a larger scale:
7. British Isles, 8. Central Europe, 9. United States showing SUite boundaries. 10. Mercator's Projection of the "World.
These blanks are intended to be used in locating canals, navigable rivers, ruilroad-s an<l commercial cities; for niiikin-:
trade and production maps of the various continents and countries; and indicate by shading or coloring the sections
devoted to the production of any given article, animal, mineral, vegetable, or manufacture.

•••a»8o

Copyrigffct, 1880. 1893. 1895, 1898. 1899, 1906, by the Ciiivewity Pablishing Company, New Tnrk.

r-:\ 208475

PREFACE.

In preparing this book we hare carefully considered and have incor-
porated into it every feature which a consensus of opinion among educa-
tors has come to recognize as of real educational value. The whole
geographical field was open to us, and we were free to choose whatever
was regarded by the majority as best. We therefore offer this book as an
«mbodimentof what conservative teachers regard as a safe mean between
the widely divergent theories on which i-eccnt geographies have been based.

Physlograpby. — We have presented in an introductory chapter, and
in the general chapter on physical geography, the leading facts with
reference to land formation and land sculpture. We have presented these
facts in detail in the discussion of the physical features of each continent,
where they properly belong and can best be studied ; we have again pre-
sented them in detail in the political sub-divisions of the continents,
where their effects upon climate, industries, and people are pointed out.
But we have not thought it wise to present an extended treatise on physi-
ography, covering the first half of the book, to be studied long before the
countries necessarily referred to have been given a definite location in
the student's mind. We think it better to take up these features in detail
under the continents and countries where they first become prominent.

We have decided to teach these features objectively on a plan that
has been highly commended. For instance, instead of devoting two or
three pages of text to the origin of mountains, a subject in which the
average child takes no interest, we give in the general presentation of
the physical gec^raphy of the earth four pictures of mountains, and
under each picture give a brief description of the origin and character
ct the formation. The same course has been followed with reference to
other physical features. The pupil will read these descriptions because
of his interest in the picture, and will remember them for life because of
fbeir association with it.

Commercial and Industrial Geography.— A leiuling feature of
this book is the treatment of industrial and commercial geography. In
actual life, it is a knowledge of the countries of the earth, and of the
people who inhabit them, of their resources and industries, theircities and-
commercial relations, that one needs for practical business purposes, or
even for an intelligent appreciation of the contents of the daily newspapers.

InduBtrial Illustrations. — In carrying out this plan we have been
engaged for three years past in collecting from all parts of the world
industrial pictures — photographs showing machinery in actual operation,
and under these we have placed descriptions which give in a few words a
clear idea of the process of manufacture. We have distributed these
throughout the book in such a way as to identify each industry with some
state or country where it is especially prominent. We believe that this
plan will awaken present interest and prove of permanent value.

Commercial Iltustrations. — We also present a number of pictures
made from photographs which relate to the commerce of the world, and
under each have placed descriptions which fully explain them and which
will enable the pupil to make valuable comparisons and to learn how the
products of the world are handled. Turn to the picture of New York,
page 46, of New Orleans, page 58, of San Francisco, page 78, of Antofa

gasta, page 107, of Liverpool, page 118, of Fort EIi2abeth, page 169, and
many others of the same character which most strikingly illustrate this
point.

Other Illustrutiuu». — In addition to physical, industrial, and
commercial illustrations, many others will be found, especially in the
treatment of foreign countries, which give characteristic scenes in the
life of the people; such as are found in Mexico, page 95, in Chile, page
107, Switzerland, page 133, in India, pages 144-5, etc.

Production Maps. — We decided not to insert production maps,
because many of the best teachers now regard them as undesirable. The
method now preferred is to require the pupil to make his own production
maps, using blanks, which he may draw, trace or buy, for that purpose.
For instance, to show the com production of the United States, the pupil
may write on a blank map the name '^corn" where it is produced, or
may indicate it by color, shading, or other methods. Maps which he
makes in this way are invaluable, and fix the facts permanently in his
mind. To teachers using this method, production maps in the book are a
disadvantage, because they furnish the pupil a key, and prevent that
thought and investigation which is necessary to construct the map,
thereby fixing the facts permanently in his memory.

In the treatment of the United States each group of States is treated
as a whole, atid those features, physical and industrial, that are common
to all, are presented in a general way. But each state, however small,
has its own characteristics, its own group of cities, and certain industriM
that are peculiarly its own. These, we hold, should be known to all the
people of the United States. Therefore, after the general description of
each section, we have given a detailed description of each state. We
think this much better than to select some one city or state as a type and
devote pages to it while dismissing others with a line — a method which
gives pupils a distorted idea of the states' and cities' relative importance.

Maps. — The maps are recent, and the double-page map, pages 86-87,
showing the principal routes of transportation and travel will, we
believe, prove of especial value.

Map Questions. — The map questions are comprehensive and com-
plete. The questions upon the physical maps bring out the physical
features ; those upon the political maps fix in the pupil's mind the essen-
tial political features. A Hw years ago there was a certain prejudice
against map questions; but this has passed away. To-day they are
regarded by a majority of teachers as invaluable — they compel the pupil
to refer again and again to the map, and this constant reference fixes its
features on the memory. In after life the man may forget the map ques-
tions and the answers, but he still retains a clear mental picture of the
map itself.

Accuracy.— In order to secure absolute accuracy in our description
of the states, we sent last year to the Gk)vernor, or, in three instances, to
another state officer, our description of his state, asking whether or not it
was accurate and up to date. We received replies in many instances
from the Governor himself, and in other instances from an officer in
whose hands he had placed the matter. These replies either approved the

CONTENTS.

text or offered suggestions which we gratefully accepted. For foreign
countries we obtained by direct correspondence with our consuls, from
their official reports, the industrial and commercial details which go into
the text. The statistics are taken from the latest department reports from
Washington and from the latest foreign authorities.

IHuiftratioiis. — The illustrations are all from photographs, and a
large part of these we have collected during the past two years in all
parts of the world. We are indebted for several of our pictures to Messrs.
Underwood and Underwood, whose copyrighted sterec^raphic photo-
graphs we cordially recommend for purposes of geographical illustra-
tions. We are also indebted for a few illustrations to Mr. H. C. White
and to the Detroit Photographic Company, who own the copyrights.

To teachers and superintendents, both North and South, we are
indebted for valuable assistance and suggestions, which came from
their actual experience in the practical work of teaching geography to
boys and girls-

We offer this as a new book, arranged on tlie plan as already outlined
to meet the consensus of opinion of earnest, thoughtful educators wlio are
teaching the subject of geography, or superintending educational systems.
Wherever the text of Kaurt^s Maxual has been complete and sufficient

it has been retJEuned. We were glad to be able to do this because it i& »..
clear, simple, and attractive that it has won for the book the uniform favor
of the teachers using it The original text makes up so large a part of the
book that it is still essentially Maury's work. Maury's Ge<^;raphies never
belonged to the old school, but rather to the new. Being devoted to ihv
study of physical geography, and father of the science of the "Phj-sical
(Geography of the Sea, " he undertook the preparation of his book originally
with the intention and purpose, " to redeem the most delightful of subjects
from the bondage of dry statistics on one hand, and on the other, from the
drudgery of vague, general ideas." In his original preface lie adds; "In
the preparation of this volume and that of its predecessors, no pains hiive
been spared to lead the young geographer by easy and gentle gradations
to vantage-ground from which he may overlook and survey nature fur
himself. 'The study of physical geography,' to borrow the words of
Humboldt, ' finds its noblest and richest reward in a knowledge of the
chain of connection by which all natural forces are linked together am!
made mutually dependent upon each other; and it is the perception of
these relations that exalts our view and ennobles our enjoyment.'" It
will therefore be seen that the development of modem methods of teaching
this subject have only brought it nearer to Maury's ideal.

CONTENTS.

Introduction S

Mathkhatical Oeoorapht 9

Phtsical Gboorapht 15

PouTicAL Geography 21

The Heuispheres 24

North America 26

Untted States 30

New England States 40

Middle Atlantic States 44

Southern States 50

Central States 81

Rocky Mountain Region 74

The Plateau Region 77

The Coast Region 78

The Island Regions 81

Transportation and Travel in the

United States 84

Dominion of Canada 88

Newfoundland and Da-nibh America 91

Mexico 93

Central America 96

West Indif.b 96

South America 98

Europe 110

Asia 134

Africa 150

Australia 161

Oceania 163

General Review 165

Trade and Navigation 166

Geographical and Statistical Tables. ... 168

Index 172

Recent Events 177

1. The Sarth is one of the Heavenly Bodies.— As we look
into the sky on a clear night and behold the multitude of stars
glittering in the far-away depth of 5i>ace, it is hard to And any
resemblanoo botweon thorn and the dark^ solid earth on whioh we
stand. It ia bard to believe that the earth is a huge sphere ruab-
ing along in it« curv«d path about the sun at a rate of K{>6ed
swifter than that of a cannon bail, and at the samo time rotating
on its axis, apparently turning everything upside down every
twenty-four hours.

And yet if we could stand npon the moon and view the earth,
it would appear much as the moon now ap|K;ars to us, only about
foor times as large ; and if we could soc it from a much greater
distance, its appearance would be precisely like that of some of
the stars.

2. The Fixed Stars. — If wo should watch the stars carefully
from night to night, we would observe what men observed tbou-

Xhll If nil ud tbom Uul rolUnir, oa far u fmftp H. nhanM b« rattd anil dlBcnawl with books open br

clua thrtiDicli ihe book, B>d aTler It lua bMO compleUa

sands of years ago — that some of them always keep in the same
positions, while others are constantly moving onward along
certain paths. The stars uf the first kind are called fixed stars ;
to those of the second kind the name planets, or wauderera^
has been given.

The fixed stars nro fiery suns like our own, but they are ao far
away that we can see only the light that comes from them. They
are more than can l>e numbered^ for though we can see only a
few thousand with the eye alone, with the aid of a i>owerftd tele-
scope miUiims niore are bnmght into view, which are at such
enormous distances from the earth that not the faintest ray of
their light is visible.

These stars ap|)eor to bo arranged in jfroups, or cniiKtellatloDS*
which the ancient astrunonierB oxplained by eayiDg that the gods had
placed in the sky certain persons and animals as a reward for wme
merit that, they possessed. Thus tUo "Great Bear," or " Dipper,"
was C-atlisto, a beautiful princess of Arcadia, whom the jealons Juno
turned into a he-ur, and who wiih plarwl in the sky by Jupiter. Tlie
" Little Bear," which contains the Polo Star, was her son,

elm ud tMcber. riv><)iMnt rtfctcnce ■honld be matle to Uwm teMOOA during th« pragrcu of tli*
thej nujr b» laitgiicd u rvgnlw tewoH for rMltulon.

THE SOLAR SYSTEM.

a^nm/Nnt Magiilbida-lt

Mart ^ JWMrf KagmltMih. «

'•

PUlttiftB^A

% *

■■■!■

---,._

TAU/lUa '.^ \ !

9
4

■

.»r'

y*- * \

f ERIOANUa V

\ ORION '\

• '',

< *

, « *

'•. *»

"\ *

• *

,- Hlgtl

; ■*'
1

* *

,-■ r//£ HARE

^ OogStar

*--ii

Aioas. Near the

two bears are

Cassiopeia,

Cepheusy

ajid the Dra-

Sron, abou^,'

each of whom.

a story is.toljl-

by the Qrtnk

writers.. There

is a.g^re&t belt

in ;l3\e, sky com-

pbsed'of twelve

. constellations

._ '.entirely sur-

'.•'• rounding the

' earth. This

belt is called

the zodiac.

Within it is

the path along

which the sun

appears to

travel in his

yearly course.

You may find

the names of

these constella-

Hnn« in an n1- A aroup of tcanUiar eontMlatioiu. Siriua i* the brighteal of the fixed
uuuB ixx au ai ^^^^^ Notice that the three atar§ forming the belt of Orion point to it.
manac, where ^^ Byadet farm a V arid 1A« Pleiades are in a clueter juit above il.

they are called the twelve signs of the zodiac.
3. Planets and MoonB.—The planets are our nearest neigh-
bors among the heavenly bodies, and are the only ones, except
our sun and moon, about which anything of importance is known.
They shine with a steady light and revolve about the sun like our
earth, but at different distances. The time required by a planet
to make one revolution about the sun is called its year. The
planets near the sun have shorter years than those farther away,
because they move more swiftly and have less distance to go.

Nearest the sun is Mercury, named for the messenger of the gods be-
cause of his swiftness. Next is VenuH, the brightest of the planets,
named after the goddess of beauty. Beyond the earth is Mars, which
received the name of the war-god Oji account of its red color. Next
is Jupiter, the largest planet, and hence named after the king of the
gods. Most distant from the sun are Saturn, XJrauiis, and Neptune.
Between Mars and Jupiter are several hundred smaller planets called
planetoids. These cannot be seen without a telescope.

All the planets, except Mercury and Venus, have bodies revolv-
ing about them which we call satellites, or moons; these help
to light up the planets at night. The earth has but one moon, but
Mars haa two, Jupiter five, and Saturn eight. It is probable
that many moons are yet undiscovered.

Phases of the Moon. — Notice the position of the new moon soon
after sunset. Observe it for several nights at the same hour, and you
will see that each night it is farther east and shows more and more
of its illuminated side. At the end of two weeks it has moved
entirely across the sky and appears in the east at sunset as the f^lt
moon. For the next two weeks it is seen later and later each night
— showing less and less of its illuminated side — a half moon at the end
of the third week as at the end of the first week. At the end of four
weeks you may see it again in the west a thin crescent; it has revolved
entirely about the earth. The timeof its revolution is called a month.
These changes in the appearance of the moon are called phases. By
means of a telescope we may watch the revolution of other moons
about their planets. The moons of Jupiter are the most easily seen.

Just as we may observe the moons revolving about their planers, so we
may observe the planets revolving about the sun, only our obBem-
tion must be far more careful and exact.

4. Comets and Meteors. — Besides the planets, moon, and
fixed stars, there are strange fiery bodies that appear suddenly
in the sky and vanish as (juickly as they came. In the year
1882 a bright star appeared in the northeastern sky. As ii
moved along toward the sun, a fan-sha})6d light spread out behind
it known as the tail. It circled about the sun and then sped
away into the depths of space. Such bodies are called comets.
As in the case of tlie fixed stars many comets have been seen
with the telescope that are invisible to the naked eye.

Sometimes red-hot masses of iron or stone fall upon the earth.
These are called meteorites. About 275 of them have fallen since
the year 1800. We do not know where they come from, but
some think that they are little planets which the earth meets in
its journey around the sun. At certain seasons of the year flashes
of light are seen in the sky. These are called shooting' stars.
They are doubtless meteorites that pass through the atmosphere of
the earth, but do not reach its surface.

5. The Solar System. — The sun and the planets with their
moons are together called the " Solar System." The suu is the
center about which all other members of the system revolve. It
is a red-hot mass of matter surrounded with burning vapor.
The diameter of the sun is over 100 times that of the earth.
This means that it would take 1,300,000 bodies the size of the
earth to make up the sun. If the earth were as large as the sun,
its surface would extend nearly 200,000 miles beyond the moon.
An ocean steamer can sail around the earth in about fifty days;

but if the earth were as
large as the sun, the voy^-
age would take fifteen
years.

From the sun all the
planets and moons re-
ceive light and heat
Without this light and
heat all the water on the
earth would become ioeu
The earth would be
^vrapped in perpetual
midnight, and every liv-
ing thing, both plant and
animal, would perish.

'.ve» about (A« earih m the direction shown byihe orrotB.
Notice that when the moon i» on the tide of the earth oppo- rti>l(rin nf tl»«» SaIov
•ite to the eun. wee the half of if eurface that U lifted ""B"" **I IOC SOiaF
up; but when it ie between the earth and the sun. onlv a Systom. — It is thought by
email crrKenl-ahaped part of the illuminated tide can be ^ *^

eeen; between theee fv^poeiliant half of itaiiluminated side, SOme flstronomers that the
or a guarler of it* entire turfaet, ie visible. i.i_ i j. j

sun, the planets, and moons
all once formed a single mass of glowing vapor, which filled all the-
space between the sun and the most distant planet. This mass rotated
on its axis just as the earth does now. As the mass cooled, the
motion of rotation caused it to bulge out at the equator, and a num-
ber of rings of vaporous matter were thrown off, which afterward
took on a spherical form and continued to revolve about the central
mass as planets. The planets also threw off rings of matter which be-
came moons. The planet, Saturn, still has two riuf^ revolving
about it, which may be seen with the telescope. A noted astronomer

7'hf j-hitnri "f if^e tti'i>pii . The sun n nupjmaril lo be Gtxn'
Ihr iiict'trr \ii fj'ic rcjfi !ht rarth ti'id mrHin. The moon

has 8aitl: "TUe rin^ wore left
About Saturn to show us how
the world was made.
'he Siirnt<-4* ot'theKurth. —

When the earth was Hrst formftd
into a sphere it vvns intensely hot.
and the waters which now foruj
oceans and rivers tloatad above
it in tho form of vapor. But as
the surface cooled, the vajHir
{■ondensed into wnt«r and fell
to the earth, ouly to be drivca
back again by the still heated
ixfcks. At last the waters re*
maiued permanently u|x)n the
earth, covering- the entire surface.
When rocks cool from a melted
condition they hMonie much
smaller. Aecopdingly, as tho
interior of the earth c-ontinued to
oool it became smaller than the
outer crust. This caused the
crust lo rise up in fuldH or
wrinkleH in the same way that
a loose garment or a carp<*t too
large for a fiixir will form in
wrinkles or folds. The eleva-
tions thus formed were iJie bc-
siunin^ of the continents and

iNtPTUNE

VOWS,

Thf Solar Svitrm Thr jdanita mvlrr almnt thu »un ih (Ac tantf rfiiwfi'on aa (A* mooi rfvt>lr«4

•(IBM plitn*

in me ne])ressions, rormea UIP j^^m ,„ proportion Ut lAn* «/ Ui# planet* about h<AiM iSty mw/tw. The rtlaltrt dtttaiuxt a/ Ikr

plantU Iron th* «4>n on atto only approcimaWv «Aom.

uie waters (if the earth, gathennfn; alMyinkf ftrih and aii n} ik^.r vrim,, «>■ (.^Ks or* nMrif ,„ u«

i« th^ ^».,..^»i»»<i r»«n^ ,1,^ llMWifclt/,rplonrUt4M0rt»tin^proportioM to Ihalaflkt auti

oceans.
As soon as tho land rose the waters began to take part in shaping its

surface. T)ie clouds laden witli vajior were driven against the

nioiinta.ins. and cmidensed into rain; the rains heguu to form sprinipi,

aiid bnxiks. and civfrs. which workaway the rocks and wahhe<l the

loose material down to the lower levels where it was spread out an

soil. In this way tlie plains and valleys were made. The waters of

tho sea, dashing against the shores, helped to grind up the nwks. ami

the frost and the atmosphere also look

|«aH in the fonntng of land.
Soon plants ]>egaii to grow in the new

soil. Their leaves and stalks decaying

made the soil richer and deeper. After

that anlnialrt appeared. First the

simplest forms, such as shell-fish,

corals, and sponges; then fishes and

n^ptiles, and at Inst man.
The surface of the earth is uudergoiug

constant change. The streams carve

out valleys among Uio hills and moun-
tains, and the worn-out earth maloritil

is carried away to build up plains

along their lower courses, and to Hll

up the shallow parts of the ocean.

Along the coast, capes, headhiuds, .'1 t^t*d

'pU afltr coolinti Tht
• .1 J ■ 1 1 r 11 ^rinlnny of the apflr cauor^ the ukm

tsthmuxes. and islands are formed by ,„ u-rttJiU. Th* h*mht ol ih, «T.n*/«
the combined aetion of the rivers. t/^.tA^lhl'tir^Tp.^t':^
waves, and the rising and sinking of **'„•*" l' '*'"'''!'• *^ "**?'V?"'f.^

" ^ vnlltvn h<n* lo the »nt of Ike tartk.

the const and oceati beds. In these Tkt mm* m toA tat it ft* »am»:

„■ .Li *^i_ that it.cotdina t'omahfoltd tiaU.

vanons ways the forces of nature have

gradually shaped the forma of land and water which we call

niitiinil iHvislons.

6. Divisions of Geography.— The study of the heavenly
bwliea is called " astronomy." So that poirt of geography that
treats of the earth aa one of the hesivenly bodies is called " astro-
nomical g^xi^iphy." Becatise this division treats of the sha[>e
■and size of the earth and of nieasut^ments upon its surface, it is

also called Mathematical Geoy
rapby.

A second division is Phya-
It'ftl Geography, This treats
of the natural divisions of the
ntrth, such as (x«ans, continents,
islands, mountains, plains, and
valleys, of the heat and mott^
ture of the utinoK[»here, and of
plants and animals. These two
divisions of geography treat of
theearth in itii natural condition.
But the earth is the home
of man, and man has divided
it into countries, pi'ovinces, and
cities. These are inhabited by
different rat-cs and nations, each
of which has its own customs,
religion, and form of government.
Tho branch of geography that
treats of these things is oalled
I'lilltical <«4M^niphy.
One of tho most im{K>rtant
l?P^1:Z"iZ things that we learn in geog-
raphy !« how tlie earth is made
to provide for the needs of mankind. Men engage in various
occupations by which they produce the things that satisfy
such needs. But since the same articles cannot lie prtKluced in
all countries, the nations of the earth engage in trade to secure
the things that they cannot obtain at home. That part of our
subject that treats of tho production of articles and tho trade in
them among the nations of the world is called Commercial
Oeogrupliy,

I. GEXERAL DEPUaxiONB.

1. Gheography is a description of the snrface of the earth, and
its inhabitants. It is divided into Mathematical, Physical, Polit-
ical, and Commercial Geography.

2. Ufathematical Geography treats of the Rha|>e, size, and
motions of the earth, the iletermination itf {Ktsitions and distances
on its surface, and of its representation by globes and maps.

3. Physical Geography treats of the natural divi.sions of the
surface of the earth, of climate, and the distribntion of plants
and animals.

4. FoLitioal Geography treats of the inhabitant of the
earth, their customs and religions, their industrial pursuits, and
their forms of government.

6. Commercial Geography treats of the commodities that
are bouglit and sold by the nations of the earth, their produc-
tion, transportation, and the trade in them.

Keview Topics.— Fixed stars. Planets. OMistellations. The zodiac.
Moons, f.'omets. Meteors. Met«orit«s. The solar systoin. Origin of, Th« sur-
face of the earth. Uow natural divitsinns were formed. Kffect-i of itmvjng water.
Plants. Aalmals. Geography. Its divitiions. MathemaTicsl Geography. Pliys-
teal Geognpby. Political Geography. Commercisl Geography.

SHAPE, SIZE, AND MOTIONS OF THE EAKTH.

MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY.

II. SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE EABTH.

1. The Shape of the earth is nearly that of a sphere or round
ball. It does not appear round to us, because we eee so small a
part of it at a time.

Early Theories. — In ancient times it was the general opinion that
the earth was flat and circular, because it appeared so when seen
from an elevation. Ancient nations thought, and savage tribes still
think, that the country of each occupies the center of the earth, be-
cause from any high point of observation the horizon is equally dis-
tant on every side.

The pbOosophers of ancient Greece were among the first to make ob-
servations that led them to think that the earth was round. In the
middle of the fourth century b. c,
Aristotle said that travelers had noticed
that when they went north or south a
few hundred miles, new stars came into
Tiew before them on the horizon, while
those behind them sank out of sight.
This seemed to prove that they were
traveling over a curved surface. Aris-
totle noticed also that when the earth
comes between the sun and the moon,
it casts a circular shadow upon the
moon. This, he said, proved that the S''iirX'Vr;A''^mrL'S^,rX
earth is a sphere, since only a spher* will ^X'tf'l^n':- ^^^."^'i^^
cast a circular shadow in all positions. "" eciipm. The outline of iAm

•n ■ -..r _i ^ ii. i_i ii_ ,1 , tltadow u alwav curved, thowirtg

Early Ji a vlf^tors thought the earth must thai the compieu thadow would bn
be round, because whenever they came in X^^* ehZ^Jf ^^nhf ^'^
Bight of land, they first saw the tops of trees or the summits of the
mountains, while the land beneath lay concealed from view. They
also observed in watching a ship departing from shore that it gradu-
ally sinks below the horizon until the tips of the masts finally disap-
pear.

Proofb.— In 1619, Magellan, a bold sailor of Portugal, proved these
conjectures correct by actually sailing round the world.

If a level line be drawn along a flat coast or out to sea, in any direc-
tion, the surface of the earth is found to curve away from it about
eight inches to the mile. This proves conclusively that the earth
is a sphere.

AlraiM ItfwtoiKA<n(rfAc«wrAuw o/iActeotar. Ifotiee thai the wur^teeatrveaatoay
from Ihit litu fcriv inOtn at a dittanet of fiv mile: eighty tncfUi at a dxetajfeeot
tmmUm.ete. How faar diatoM coutd vau me a akipvhoee tnatla are Mty feet ktghr

But, though the form of the earth is thus known to be spherical, its
exact shape and size has to be determined by laborious calculation.

Aotnal Measurement. — From measurements made in various
parts of the world, it has been ascertained that the exact figure
of the eartii is tiiat of an oblate spheroid.

A Spheroid is a body like a sphere or globe. An oblate spheroid is a
globe flattened at the poles, somewhat as an. orange is at the stem,
especially if it be slightly compressed between the finger and thumb.

The cause of the flattening at the poles and the bulging out at the
equator is the motion of rotation. If any plastic body as a ball
of putty or a soft rubber ball be rotated rapidly cm its axis, it
will flatten at the poles. This is due to the same force that causes a
stone to fly from a sling when whirled about the hand. It is some-
times called centrifugal force, or laertia.

Since the earth is a sphere, or nearly so, some of us may wonder why it
is that objects do not fall off the earth when it rotates. The reason for
this is that the earth has a power of attrastion, called gravitation,
by which it draws all objeots toward its center. People and things

on the opposite side of the earth are not really *' upside down,"
because doum is toward the earth^s center and up is toward the sky.
Hence everything on the earth is naturally " right side up."

8. Size of the Barth. — The Circumference of the earth, or
greatest distance round it, is nearly 25,000 miles.

The Diameter of the earth, or distance through its center in a
straight line, from any point on the surface to the point opposite,
is nearly 8,000 miles. The polar diameter is 26^ miles less than
the equatorial diameter.

The Burfiftce of the earth contains about 197,000,000 square

nules.

Beriew Topics.— Shape of the earth. Why does it seem flat? Give early
theories about its shape. Proofs. What is the exact figure of the earth? Describe
an oblate spheroid. Account for the fiattening at the poles. What is gravitation?
Explain the terras "up" and "down." What Is the circumference of the earth?
Its diameter? What is the difference between the polar and equatorial dlametersv
Area of its surface?

m. MOTIONS OF THE KABTH.

1. Daily Motion. — The sun is seen in the east every morning,
and seems to cross the heavens and disappear in the west at son-
set. The stars, in the same way, appear to rise in the east and
sink in the west. This is not because the sun and stars go round
the earth. They do not; they appear to do so because of the
daily rotation of the earth on its axis.

nUistrations. — If an observer could watch our globe from the moon,
and his eye first discern North and South America, these continents
would in a few hours move out of sight; the Pacific Ocean would
come into view instead; then the islands of Oceania, followed by
Australia, Asia, Europe and Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, and, finally,
America again.

When we travel in the cars, the houses and trees that we see, seem to be
moving past us, though we are really moving past them. They have
an apparent motion opposite to the real motion of our train. So
the sun and stars seem to be moving from east to west, though in
reality we are moving with the earth from west to east.

Direction. — The earth is constantly turning round (rotating)
in the same direction. This direction is called east. The diam-
eter in which it rotates is called the axis.

The word "east" means daum, and it was applied to the direction in
which the earth rotates, because the first rayis of the sun are seen in
that direction. The direction opposite to east is called west.

North and South. — The earth's axis is perpendicular to a line run-
ning east and west The directions in which it points are called
north and south. Just above the North Pole is a bright star called
the Pole Star, or Polaris ; and we may easily find the direction at

night by facing this
star. The east will then
be on our right, the
west on our left, and
south behind us. Sail-
ors find their direction
at sea by observing
the North Star or by
the use of the compass.
The Four Points —
N., E., S., and W.—
are called the carding
points, that is, the
principal points. Be-
sides these there are
other intermediate, or
semi- cardinal

north Fo/0

WEST

EAST

^outh Pof

Ths rofoMM o/ the earik. What ia the dtredion af roto>
Hon aoUedt How are oAer diroeHone derived from thief

DIBEOTION, EABTH»8 ORBIT, iND APPARENT MOTION OF THE SUN.

points, such as northeast, north-
west, southeast, and soatbweet

Time. — The time required for

a complete rotation of the earth

is called a day.

The day is divided for conTenience
into twenty-four hours, the
hours into minutes, etc.

The Clock is an ioBtrument for
measuring the time of the earth's
rotation. The dial is divided
into twelve equal parts, and the
hands move twice around the
dial for every complete rotation
of the earth.

Kate.— The circumference of

the earth at the equator is 25,000

miles. A man

UTTl£ BBAR

--*

K *-•

**5j/w« auw

\*-. /' ./

Av.

.*> /

•^

nS*

NCZ\

, therefore, near D»rM(M>fn»/ tt« MrtA't ax«. tupkA^^oxu

V\* onlv_qn« which doet not change iU poti-

Hft HhuInU A« niation of hmffitude and lime
tki» vo»Mm at At tiwu of tite eqttinoxM. Tlu
6 o'aock. 7^ nMndioni are dratm 30 degreea apart. How manj/

Ths «ar1h oceupiea
Th« mm ri»et and teU at

the eqoator moves toward the '"^- '^u other Axed »tarsrm>(fctab<;ut^

^ one* each day. Th« dxrtetvm of the earth'e

east at the rate of about one ^^<^fi^.>ince a always jmnut^mxird
thousand miles an hour, or seventeen miles a minute.

EfBocts. — The rotation of the earth causes day and night. The
word day, aa here used, means daylight. The earth is all the

1 4.W. ^ time turning one-

half of its surface
toward the sun,
and one-half away
from it. The side
which at any given
time is turned
toward the dun has
day, the other has
night.

Difference of
Time. — It is this
rotation of the
earth which causes

ial if m'd»ar^. How matUfd4grm»oflongitwUar»9V»aitaona plaCCS tO tUO eaSt

koftrof timmt Bow far in digrtta if it fnm midday to ranrtMf . ,

From middiqr to MiititpAir 01 US tO faave SUU-

rise and midday earlier than we, and places to the west, later.

nitutration. — ^Thia may be made clear by placing a lamp or candle
near the school globe. Mark on the globe the location of Liverpool,
New Tork, San Francisco, and Honolulu. Now rotate the globe lutil
the rays of the lamp just reach Liverpool. Remember that the
direction in which we rotate the globe is called east. All places west
of Liverpool are still in darkness. Continue to rotate the globe
until the rays of the lamp reach New York, San Francisco, etc.
Does the sun rise earlier or later at these places than at Liverpool f

2. 7early Motion. — In addition to its daily rotation, the
earth makes an annual revolution about the sun; this is accom-
plished once in every 365^ days, or, more accurately, 365 days, 5
hours, 48 minutes, and 50 seconds. This period is called a year.

Earth^s Orbit. — The path of the earth in its annual revolu-
tion is called its orbit. This orbit is an ellipse, but is so nearly a
circle that it may be regarded as one. The earth is about
8,000,000 miles nearer the sun in winter than in summer, but the
average distance from it is about 92,800,000 miles.

Begarding the orbit as a circle, we obtain its diameter by doubling

arstiunf Atvt go mut fromih»maridian.where themiddayrayaof
tJU «wn ttrik», it boeomm two hourt latar at each wvceeonve meridian;
0>Hig vMt from Uttaame meridian, it ia two kaurt oartitr at oaeK inUr-
fol «/ 80 d tgreeo. How moMo/ degron of longitude are equal to one
kpftrof timet How far in degreea ie it from wadday to aunriaet

92,800,000. This diameter, multiplied by 31, gives as the distance
traveled by the earth in one year. If we divide this distance by the
number of minutes in a year, we shall find that, in our annual
journey roimd the sun, we are traveling at the rate of more than a
thousand miles a minute.

A Plane is a level surface like a floor.

If we imagine an immense plane passing through the center of the sun,
and reaching the orbit of the earth at every point, we have an idea
of what is meant by the Plane of the £artb's Orbit.

The axis of the earth is inclined to the plane of its orbit 23^**.

niustratiou. — Suppose the page of this book to represent the Plane of
the Earth's Orbit. Hold a pencil so that it is perpendicular to the
page. It then makes an angle of 90° with it Lower the top of the
pencil half way to the page; it then makes an angle of 45**. Lower
it one-fourth the dis-
tance to the page and
it will represent very
nearly the inclination
of the earth's axis to
the plane of its orbit

Pianif e/ the tarth'a Orbtt

The ahaded part of thia pieture r a p ree a nta a portion of At
plane of the earih'a oroit. The orM it tha curved pm
which the earth foUowa around the aun. Notiee hew ■
the axie of the earth ia indined toward a iwM Aat ia
pendicular to tha ptana of tha orM.

Apparent Motion of
the Siin, — The yearly
revolution of the earth,
combined with the in-
clination of its axis, has
the effect of making the
sun appear to move northward in summer and southward in
winter.

The reason for this apparent motion will be understood by reference
to diagram on page 12.

Review Topics.— Describe apparent daily motion of snn and stars. What
really moves? Give illustration. What is the direction of the earth's daily iimh
tion? Time required for complete rotatioQ? Define the axis and poles of tha
earth. What is the rate of the earth's rotation? What causes day and night?
Why do places differ in time? Illustrate. What other motion has the earthf
What is a year? Define the earth's orbit Bow far are we from the snn? How
fast do we travel round the sun ? What is a plane? How much Is the axis of the
earth inoUned? Describe the apparent yearly motion of the sun.

SUNRI5E

^hp^-

Thxa picture ahowa the height of the tun above the horiaon at the time of the aolaliaea and
the vquinoxee. The dolled linea ahow the path of Ihe aun through the aky and maaaura
the length of the dav at each of iheee periode. Itotiee that tha aun riaaa in the true aaet and aala
tn tha true uieat at the time of the etpiinox. At tha winter aolaUea it rieaa and aeta aouth of tht
eatt and weal poinU; at the tummer aoletiee it riaaa and aeU north of them.

LATITUDE Am) LONGITUDE.— PARALLELS AND MERIDIANS.

TV. IiATITFDB AND liONGITUDE.

1. The Position of places on the earth is described by means
of circles supposed to be dra^vn upon its surface.

Every place is supposed to have two such circles, one running north
and south, called the meridian of the place, the other running
east and west, called its parallel. Try to describe the position

1 II III

The IMC of parailtU and mendUtnt in tiring the location of pUura.

of the dot A on the surface of globe I; it cannot be done because
there is no place to measure from. On globe II we may say the dot
A is on a certain parallel. But this parallel runs all the way
around the earth. Let us draw also the meridian of A ; we may see
now that the dot is at the intersection of the two circles.

jl. A Great Circle is any circle that divides the globe into
two equal parts or hemispheres.

3. A Small Oirole is any circle that divides the earth into
two unequal parts.

Suppose two oranges be cut as shown in the pictui-e ; which is divided
equally ? which unequally ? Examine the edges of the pieces ; which

ai-c! ]Lfi-i';iL circles J Small
circlfs 'f

Every circle is supposed to
Ije divided into 360 equaf
parts called degrees, markeil
{')- Karh d'Cjirnje is* divitlfd

Itarrl /IhI,

Orunga cut tnio equal and into uneiiual parii.

Lutu &} miuiiLcs,
marked ('), and
each minute into
6 (I seconds,
marked (').
Since all circles
contain the same number of d^rees, it is evident that the length
of a degree will depend on the size of the circle of which it is

the lin part. This will be made
clear by a study of the accom-
panying diagram.

4. The Equator is a
great circle passing round
the earth midway between
C the poles. It divides equaUi/
the surface of the earth.
Hence its name.

6. Latitude. — Distance
north or south of the
Equator is called Latitude.
It is expressed in degrees
(°), minutes ('), and sec-

Three cirOet draum from the tame enUer hanttg OUds ( " ).

Sirlt of their eircumfercwXM divided into degreet.

M lourih ol a cireU contains ninety dtgreee and ie places <m the equator have no

eailed a <tvadrant. Any portion of a ctrcumferenee f *■ "-^'^ -^

ealM an arc. Compare the ln»fha of oret of thtrty latitude. No place Can have

deoTM* in the three eireUe. Which eirde kaa IMm . . , ,

lotuierarcf Which the ahortert Notice Uiat each are more than 90" Of latitude. lOr

on the cimtmference corrmponda to att aivl« at Ike „lo«o *.j,ti >x» farther from

eenler havim the eame numbm' of dogreea. DO place can DC lariner irom

A meridian circle divided into degreee. Which
pari of this cireU is used to measure north lati-
tude r Which south latitude T What is half of a
meridian circle called t

East and west

the Equator than the Pole is.
Places north of the Equator
are in north latitude, those
south of it, in south lati-
tude. The degrees of latitude
are numbered on the sides of
maps.
Those regions of the earth lying *j
near the Equator ai-e some-
times called low latitudes.
High latitudes are those
near the poles.

6. Parallels of latitude

are small circles that pass
round the earth parallel to
the Equator.

The lines that are drawn from

east to west across maps are parallels of latitude,
distances are measured along these lines.

7. The Tropics are small circles parallel to the Equator, and
23>^ degrees from it. The northern circle is the Tropic of Can-
cer; the southern, the Tropic of Capricorn.

Tropic is derived from a Greek word meaning to turn. The Tropics
mark the farthest points north and south of the Equator that have the
sun directly overhead. They are so named because the sun in his
annual course appears to turn on reaching a point directly above
these circles and to move in the opposite direction (see page 12).

8. The Polar Circles are small circles 23>^ degrees from the
poles. The one drawn about the North Pole is the Arctic
Circle ; the one about the South Pole is the Antarctic Circle.

The length of the days and of the nights within these circles varies from
24 hours to six months in length. On the circles themselves the ex-
treme length is 24 hours. This increases to six months at the poles.
This will be seen from a study of diagram on page 12.

9. Meridian Circles are great circles that pass through
the poles. They are used on maps and globes to mark ofif into

Meridians and parallels drawn upon a globe. The heavy meridian in A passes through Oreoi^
wich. Degrees of latitude are markcdalong the 70lh meridian: degrees of longitude are marked
below the equator. In B the globe is turned so that parotids may be eetn running SKtireiy
around the globe. Notice that they become emaller and smaller as they approach the polci where tKi
length of a degree of longitude {that is, 1-360 of a parallet) becomes tcro.

equal portions the entire distance east and west round the earth
on any parallel.

10. A Meridian is half a meridian circle. It extends from
pole to pole.

Meridian means midday. As the sun reaches each meridian, it is
noon at all places through which that meridian passes from pole to
pole.

There is au limit to tbo number of paralloU, meridiaus, and meridian
circles tliat may be drawn upon the g'iobe. lu fact, every place on
tlio earth bus ita own meHdian and parallel which may be found by
careful cnmputaliou.

II. Loug^itude. — Distance east or west of a given meridian \»
oallocl Loiif^itiiile. It is expressed in de^-ees ("), minutes ('),
and seconds ( " ). Longitude is reckoned from the Prime, or
Plnit Mcridiuu.

A Prime Meridlnn is any meridian from which a nation may choose
to reckon luii^ilude. Tbo Interuutioual Meridiau Conference, which
met in 1884 at Washington, recommended that Uie Meridluu at
Greenwich, England, be adopted as the Prime Meridian for all
nations.

If a place is east of the prime meridian, it is in E^t Longitude ; if
on the west, it is in West Lou^lttide. The decrees of longitude
are numbered on the top
and bottom of maps.
Places on a prime me-
ridian have no longitude-
[The Poien also liave no
lon^liide, uH tliey are at
the i>laoe wbere all meri-
dians meet. |

Mw* fVU

Tkt mputior divOM t'nlA d«<0rm of lonQituie.

Longitude ia meaituitMl
on the equator anil on
parallels of latitude east
and west from the prime
meridian. Notice that east
longitude and west longi-
tude meet at ISO", which is the greatest distance from the prime
meridian that any i)laoe can have.

Length of D^rees. — As all the meridians inoet at the poles,
and diverge or sprowl out thence till tliey reach the equator, the
distance bt!tween any two varies with the latitude. Therefore a
degree of longitude is gT-eater at the etfuat^jr than it is either
north or south of it.

A degree of longitude iit llit- equator is nearly 69.2 milea; defrrees di-
minish in leDgtli until the pole is reached, where there is no such
tiling as longitude.

Length of a Dtgra of fjon^itudt meatund on «<«ry Wh. ParalM of Latiiwle.

Mlln.

MIW.

IMU

HUM.

20°

6S.19

67.9

65.0

30"
40*^

fWl"

59.0
52.3
44.4

70°
SO"*

34.S

3:}.6

ll.B

If Uie earth were a perfect sphere, a d^ree of latitude would be every-
where of just the same length ; but owing to the flatteuiug of the
earth, it is i^j of a mile longer at the poles than at the equator; at the
equator it is half u mile less than a def^ree of longitude, while at the
pi*lo8 it is i of a mile more. PraclicuIIy. a degree of latitude may be
regarded as everywliere equal to 69t milett.

12. The convenience of using latitude and longitude Rt sea

may l)e readily shown.

Suppose a whaling ship in the Pacific (icoan wishes to sail for Honolulu
in the Hawaiian Islands. By making an observation nf the nun the
captain finds that his latitude is 40" north, and by consulting the
ship's chronometer, or clock, he finds liitt lonifilndi- to lie 13!(^ west.
By examining bin chart of the Pacific Ocean he marks his exact
position, and finds that Honolulu lies to the southwest- Ue accord-
ingly steers by the compass in that direction.

Marima't Contpiu*.

notiTB The Mariner*t4 Compaaa eunststs of

a card which represents the horizon
and its puiuta, utlai-hed to a maguetio
needle. This needle is balanced on b
pivot and always points toward th«,
north.

Tlie top of the cii-d is marked noHh, the
right hand eAKt, the bultom Nouthr
and the left huiul wcxt.

The four pointa— N., K., S., and W.— are
called the cardinal pufutti, that is,
tlie principal points. Ili^ides these
there are other intemiediule points,
surh as nortlieuM, uortliwest,
Muutlieuiitt, and Nuuthwest.
The boundaries of states and countries are frequently parallels and me-
ridians, as tliese may always be eaaily fuund.

IleWew Topliii— Fosition ot plsoes on the carih. Oreat cirole. Small
circle. How are circles divided? Bmistor. Why so railed? I^lttode. How
niucb Istltiide can a plnc« havo ? Ilowlfltle? P&rallcU. The tropics. Polar
cin.*k«. Meridian circles. Meridians. Loogitndt'. A prime meridian, flow
niucti longitude can a pIiKtP have ? IIow little ? Are dt'f^rees of longitude all of
the same length? Do degrees of latitude vary in length? How long are they?
Kxplain the uss of latttode and longitude. Tbe Marini-r's compass. Its use.

V. CHANGE t)P SEA80XS.

1. Inclination of the Earth's Axis.— The axis of the earth
is inclined to the plane of its orbit, just as the axis of n top often
inclines towanl the lloor when it hcgin-n to spin ui)on it.

The top spins rouml on its axis, and at the sjinie time may
travel round some |K)int on the flfwr. It has thus two motions.

In like manner the earth turns round on its axis in daily rota-
tion, and, at the same time, travels nuind the sun in yearly revo-
lution.

When a top is
tirst thrown, it
will often move
around some
jwint with its
axis inclined, as
shown in the
picture. Ima^ne
the top spinning"
in space and
moving about in
a circle, and you

A iQp »pimimi 9nd mmifm ainnit a pvtmi. Will 03 Ve a COr-

rcct idea of the rotation and revolution of the earth.

There is this difference between thy carlli and the top; the top inclines
more and more as its spinning sJackH, but the earth never sluekK
Its rate, and the Inclination of its axln is always Uif same.
It inclines fn.>ni the perpendicular at tlie constant angle of 23*" ; and
the north pole coustautly points U>wnrd the north star.

If the earths axis were periitiidirular to the plane of its orbit, the sun*8
my« wuuld come from the same direction throughout the year; as n
result of thu*, the days and nighta would he of equal length all the
yeai-. and there would be no change of seasons. The frigid sones
would have peri'^tial winter, the temperate zones perpetual spring;
in the torrid zone the climate would he unifonnly hot thr^iughout
Uie year. Just as this position of the axis wimld result in a uni-
form temperature throughout tlie year in each latitude, so it would
make the winds and rainfall uniform throughout the year.

CHAI^^GE OF SEASON; THE ZONES.

2. Effect. — The inclination of the axis of the earth, combined
with its revolution in its orbit, causen the seasons ; for when the
earth is in one part of its orbit, the north pole is tamed toward
the sttu ; and when in the opposite part, tlie south pole is turned
toward the sun.

3. Bqiiinoxes. — Twice every year day and night are equal in
length. These times are called the Eiguinoxes (getjuus, equal;
nox, niyht). They mark the seasons of spring and autumn.

KOBTH
POLE

SOUTH
POLE

Diagnm to iUtutntt thtappama motion of the wttn noHh and touth of the egualar. (Compar
mritk fiftir* on page 9.) Wnon the aun ia at B U* ray* art prrpendicular lo the oqtiaiar. and the

When the tun it at A itit raua are pcrpendic^ilt^ '"
_.._ _ _^.. ... emiinhere ha» amnmer , and the tout nern, winter. At C the

raya an porpendieuiar to the Tropic of Caprieom, and Ihe teaaone art rmeraed.

doya and itiohta are eguoi all over the earth.

the Tropic of Cancer, the northern hmmiaphere haa autnmer, and the soufn

la passing northward from C to A, the sun cn^ses, or is opposite to the
Eqiiator at B. This happens on the 21st of Marcli every year. On
that day the sun sets at the south pole and rise^ at the north pole. At
all other. places it rises and sets at six o'clock; consequently the day
and night are then eqiial: this is the Vernal or Spring Equinox.

Six months afterward^n the 22d of September — as the sun returns
from the Tropic of Cancer to the Tropic of Capricorn, it again
crosses the equator.

He now sets at the north pole and rises
at the south. Day and night are
again equal ; and this time is called
the Autumnal Equinox.

4. Solstices. — When the sun in his
apparent journey reaches the most
northerly point in summer, and the
most southerly in winter, he appears
to stand still for several days.

One of these " stand-still " places is

called the summer solstice, the other

the winter solstice.

Summer Solstice.— On the 21st of
June the sun reaches tlie summer
solstice, or northern limit of his jour-
ney. He is now 231° north of the
equator, on the Tropic of Cancer,
At noon, therefore, his rays are
vertical (directly overhead) to all

To Uluatrate vhy alantinff raya of the aun Am i'i
earth leaa than verlioal raya. In the fiffitri :;.
vertical raye fall upffn a aurfaee repreaatlti >/
C B. The aame number of rayaatrikinc the evj.:'
a Anting direction are ayread ovtr twice oi sv
aurfaee, namely A B. It i» eUar that the Kt
the seasons on the two v>hm eoncemraled would U kottm-.

But at this time the raya of
the sun fall slantingly, and
therefore feebly, on the north-
em part of the earth, because
(as seen in the diagram of the
Orbit of the Earth) that part
now leans away fnym him.
Therefore we in the northern
heniifiphcre have now cold
weather, and we call the
December solstice the winter
Holstico. Having reached
the winter solstice, the sun
turns again toward the north.

5. Seasons. — Thus the
year is divided into seasons,
and

sides of the ecjuator are opposite ; that is, when it is winter witl
us in tlie northern part of tlie eartli, it is summer "with, the peopt
on tlie soutliern side of the ecjuator.

Review Topics. — Illustrate the inclination of the earth's axis. How is it.
rartli like a spiniiiiif; top? How does it differ from the top? What is the effect f
thi? inclination of tin- earth's axis? How often are day and night eqna] en:
year. Wliat are these times called? What seasons do they marli? Eiplii
the vernal e(|iiinox. The autumnal equinox. The solstices. When do the
occur? .Suniiner solstice. Winter solstice. What is said of the seasons?

A'l. TlIK ZOXK8.

1. Zones. — The Tropics and tiie Polar Circles divide the earth
surface into iive great Iwlts or zones which differ in temperatar

Tliey are called t!ie Torrid, the North Frigid, the Sout
Frigid, the Xortli Ti'iiiperate, and the Soiitli Temperate Zones

2, The Torrid Zone. — The belt between the two Tropics
the Torrid Zone. It is 47° wide. It embraces two-fifths of tl

entire surface of the earth. This
the tropical re^oii.

The sun is vertical twice a j-ear 1
all places within these regions, ar
there is no cold weather ; the peop
do not, as a rule, even build chiinnei
to their houses. The year is usnall
dividetl into two seasons, the rain
and tlie dry, corresponding to oi
wMfcrf summer and winter.

The sun is never vertical to any plat
north of the Tropic of Cancer, nor 1
anyplace south of the Tropic of Capricon

3. TheFrigridZones.— Thespac

that lies between the Arctic Circl
and the north pole is the Xortl
Frijfld Zone. The South Frlsii

, *L i . - ,-1 ,„ ... . . ., , , Zone is between the Antarctic Circl

places on or near that tropic. Con- IlivatnUtng the poaU^on of i',e ranh wUh refrrenee to the avn dunng each month of the

sequently in all places north of the iiri^^i)^* "'riTwiit'ST/t^l^^^X/'K:/^ ''^'"^ ^he soutii i>ole. Each of thes

equator it is the wami season of the S^f^ra^^nU- a^'.t;'«;^H"f;nX'''rar^ ^-^"^^ is circular in shape, liaving ;

Year circle and note hou' the length of Ike dnu channra in each month. Niitice alto how the i* e oo 1 o T'U

y. ' „ , , _ , , , chanMof teaaonadependtupontUedireelifm inwhichtheeun'araya atrikethr railh. TAtXlU^ OI ZO-J. iUC SUHlmerS ar

winter Solstice. — On the 22(1 of On June2l the NoHi Pnlf ia lum'd towarJ the earth and the nonJiem hemieptiere hue , , - .

December the sun reaches his Other •""'"'"■■ "'«>' ^'™-'-"' "" — - ^— ""^^ 22T short, and the winters long ani

solstice at the Tropic of Capricorn. He is now vertical at n(x>n to ' severe. As wo ai)proacli tlie jMiles, the days in summer becom
all places on or near that tropic, and the southern hemisphere has j lon<^er and longer, till at the iK)les there is but one day and on

night during the whole year, each being six months long.

summer.

THE ZONES; GLOBES AND AUPS.

1»

NORTH TEI

TORRID

rgUATOR — (

ZONE VI

90UTH TEMPERATE.

SOUTH POLE
Map af lAe kmiaphertt, ahaurum Um tanta amd lAnr bouitdarirm.

To an observer at the pole the sun has uo rising and setting* as we un-
dentana those terms. Alxjut MhitIi 21 it^i Unit rays appear. Fol-
lowing the horizou it makes a complete rirruit of the sky every
tweutV'foiir liovirs, rising spirally for thret* nioiitlis until it reacliea
a heif;ht of 23i^- This is at thr time of tlie suninier NulHticii. It
then deccends as it rose, diaappearinj*- below the horizon Septem-
berSI, and the longr iwlar winter begins. As the sun sinks only 834"
below the horizon, it ilof» not becomp entirely dark in the Frigid
Zones, but twilight HOiraiFPi-C

prevaJl-s through
the loniar winter.

At ttie time of the
Vernal Equinox,
when the season
for its return draws
near, the inhnbii
aula of these icy
lands anxiously
look for it, and
climb the moun-
tains to catch a
glimpse of its ear-
liest beams. Frurn
this time (March
21) until September
22, when the sun
again reaches the
equator, there is
uninterrupted day-
light at the pole.

These circumstances of day and night occur in reversed order in
the South Frigid Zone.

The larger part of the area of these zones has never been vinjlcd by
man. and we do not know whether it consisla mostly of laud or
of water.

4. The Temperate Zones. — Tlie region between the Tropic
of Cancer and thti Arctic Circle is tlie North Temperat*' Z«me.
That Iwtween the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle
is the Botith Temperate Zone. Each is 43*" wide.

In the temperate zones the year is divided into the four
seasons — spring, summer, autmnn, and winter.

A little niorn than half the eartirB Hiirface is
contained in these two zones. The Xorth
Temperate Zone is the one in which we live.
All parts of the United States, except tlio north-
ern portion of Alaska and oui- luland Ktigions
{see p. 82), lie mthin it

VH. OliOBEg AJTD MAPS.

1. A Qlooe 13 the most natural representa- et»rti»madt.

tion of the earth becatise it is round.
Upon its surface may be drawn the divi-
sions of land and water and the carth^s
circles.

2. Maps are representations of the
i'rtrth on a flat surface and are more
convenient than globes. By means of
nm)i8, continents, countries, and smaller
sections of tlie earth's surface may be
^'^""^iJ p^'^"**' ^ represented of any size or k^U desired.

The maps used by navigators are made upon the plan invented by Mer
cator, a native of Belgium.

_,jpj«fe

*^«?^^^- ^V;-

tlO \1

'-E0UATOR-'

ZONE

«OWTK TFMPtnATE 21

V*^

SOUTH POLE

In Mercator'M Projection the map surface is s hollow cylinder
inclosing the globe. The equator and parallels are then drawn upon
the cylinder in their pro|>er latitude, and tiie meridians become
itraight Uuos running from lop to Itottom. AJl other lines are
drawn according to the parallels and uivridianv thus obtained.
The cylinder Is then cut open and spread out. The result is a
map similar to that on pp. 166-167. It will be noticed that since
the cylinder tuuchi-s the globe at the equator, iJiat circle will be
NOW TM PO LE represented at its true

size ;btitas the parullehi
of latitude are all the
same size as the equa-
tor.tlte map will repre-
sent places in high lati-
tudes much too large.
Mercatur's chart dis-
torts the surface it rep-
resentfl, as every chart
must do that attempts
to represent on a plane
the surface of « ephei-e ;
but it distorts in such
a manner as to make
all places on it pre-
serve their true course
from each other. This
also makes it easy to
take their true distance
apart.

All maps in this
book, except the two named ahove, are made either by Conical
PTfld*^*!**" or by Splieri<-al Projection. These metbods give
maps which are most nearly like the couiitrira themselves. As
shown in the flgures, a cone or sphere is supposed to touch the
globe at tlio |>ani]lel which is in the center of tlic coimtry to be
mapped. The map is then obluiued in the same manner as Mcrcator's
projection.
Dinx:tton is shown on all ma^is by nn^ridians and parallels. Distances
are found by a Hcale of milea attached to each map which usually
shows the equivalent in miles of a line one iuob long drawn on
the map.

Review Topics.— A globe. Bow may it be divided? Maps. Flow can we
tnnkfl a map of the world ? What [lurt of the map in iiortti ? South ? Kast ?
Wpst ? For wh«t is a " sralo of miles" used ? Who was Mercator ? Bis charts.
Other methods of making nmpA.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Vni. NATCRAI, DIVISIONS OP THE EARTH.

1. liand and Water. — The surface of the earth is composed
of land and iraUT.

The lan<l forms about one-fourth of the earth's sarfaoe; the
water about three-fourths,

2. Divisions of Land and Water.— Bodle» or land are
classiHed, accor^ling to size, as Continents and Islands. Certain
portions of these are ci;Lssilie(i, acuonling' to form, as C^ree,
Peninsulas, and Isthmuses.

Portions of land are classified according to variations of
surface, as Mountains, Uills, Plateaus, Plains, and Valleys.

iSodU'H oi' water are clussiQed as Oceans, Seas, Gulfs, or Bays,
Sounds, Straits, l^kes, and Rivers.

IX. THE FOUMH OP LAND.

1. Continents. — Thorn nre six largo massesof land called con-
tinents, viz., Niirth AmiTk-H, South Aiiicrlcit, Europe, .Vsin,
AlVlen* and Aiintmlia. Since Kur(){)e ami Asia
fonn a single land mass, tliey are often descrilw
as one conI.ini>nt under the naiuo Kiinwia.

2. An Island is a liody of land that is siir
ruandcd by water, as Cidm, Madugascar, Xew
Zealand.

A ^oiip of islands is sonietiinos called an
AnTlitppIafro.

Island tt are

divided iiitti

ivroclAgiwu.tMiv

litieti tal and

ocxHiniu istittids

Coiitliieiital

I K t a II d N i.r*'

lliasr that lie

near the oouti-

npnta. from

wliicli they are

separated by

sballuw B e B X .

They are 8up]>o»»Mi tt> liiivtMnico Immjiih iku-i of l.lie

ooiilinentsaiid to have become neiuimtMl frairi tlioitt

by a sinking of the land. This allowt-d the water

of the ocean to overflow the low places, thus leav-

inff »ome nf tlie higher elevattons alon^r the coast

surpound«3 by water. Tlie planU, HiiiinulK. mid

A hig)i cape or headland is called a l**'"niourors'. The Lizard at the
Kouthweslern end of Ktiglaiid li a puitit.

6. A Coast or Shore is that part of the land bordering upo

the water.

T)ic cliaracter of the coast-liue is vonstantlf,
ehuiiKiuK> The waven wear away the rocks, crunil
in^ them to sarid. and the tides ,'iiid currenl
■ li.strilmte ic in lM>a(*he4 and tluts along the sh<
..■id at the uioullis of rivera.

( liaiiy;*.*^ In llie le^-rl of the land are more oaailj
seen at the seits)iore than tolaud. Uy tlie siukiii|

of the coast, lh4
mouths of sti
are deepened, form-1
tng liunlx and]
cMtiiurieF*, thiiH a/-j
fonling excelleiitj
1 1 arlKirs. A riaiug*]
< <>asi, however,!
i'riiiffs the level sett'
'"itiom to the sur-
face, forniinir
CUHStuI plaluH,
but de&troying iha
harbora entirely "irj
making Ihent too shallow for large veKseU.
So imiHirtant is the coast to a conunercial country that]
Kovernmenls Kitend hirge sumtt of money in decpeDinf
harlxirs. ei-ecting HghtliniiHrH, and Higiials, niaint
ing lili'-Miiviiig Htations, in umkinp inapn of ihecoaal
showing depth of water and diaimels. thus providing

Organic IslandHheat a distance from the rnnlinents luid are sur-
rounded by deep water. They are either volcnnic or I'Orul islands.

3. A Peninsula (jhvuc, almost: iimulu, island) it) a portion
of land that is ahnmt surronnde4l l>v water.

rocks of the cynt"uient«I islands resemble those of ^'T*'**';"*^ ?('*','?'**' .^'!'' "•"^ '^if^ for the safety i>f sliiiw and sailors aud for the security of _

rtinUnent». and lltt WCtft that Mpartttt tfttm. ' '• " ,r i J h

the contments near which they he. Htiu^n tht f'->c,fic and Indian Orraru mm u nierchantJi agauist loss, ■

•fim a jiOTi 111 thfxttK eontinriU, Auttraiiix. ^M

7, Mountains are high elevations of land. A mountMiu
mufee oonsists of a series of mountains. A niunher of range*
extending in the same general direction is called a Blountala
SyKU-iii. Hills are longer elevations than mountains.

^loiintaln ranges were formed by tlie cninipUng up and folding of

Florida is a peuinttula. Arabia is a peuinsulu, Portugal and Spain
ti^ether form a i)eniiisula,

4. An Isthmus is a narrow neck of land connecting two larger
bodies of land, as the Isthmas of Panama.

the r«)<-ky layers of the earths crust, us it eoiitiiicted to tit llii' slirink-
uig interior These mountain fo]d.s were puiihed up Iiighcr auds
higher by a gradiuU rising of the land. As the folds became'
steeper the rocks were crumpled and broken, forming sharp peaks
and jrtgg*^ surfaces. As niouuluiu regions are being raised by
force's within tlie earth, they are being worn down by rain, snow,
frost, anil glaciers at mn-k on the surface. The wearing away ofS
rock by these agencii-s ht vnUtA weathering. '

How motintainH Httect ma u.— Mountains are barriers to travel,
jiMd "ft<^ti sorvr :ts hoiindarips to countries, keeping people from

A 9muU pmtntula, pramantar)/, and oifir. Tfiim i* Monartt, on Uic \fnitlirmnain rottM. The
un«l lin< bfyimd A* pmtiiMula nu-pM >n. formtng a mnvtO bay on whiek tht cUg o/ Niea ii 6«itJ|.

Many important isthmuses are cut by canals to enable ships to pass
between the bodies of water on eithex side of them.

■ toe

^H 6' A Cape, Point, or Headland is the extreme end of any

P land pnyecting into the water, as Cape Hatteras, (^aj>e Horn.

Minuuuk futnt. Vtt M«ivm lairrmity e/ Lonff l»Uind, tiurming I

iiHijabiiwn, fl

VOLCANOES, PLAINS, AND VALLEYS.

Kpreadinfc mto the regions beyond. They are sonietinieit crowed by
KBps, or pastH^ts which bwoiue iuiportaiit hijrhwayH of tmvel and
trade. Th«y are usually cov«re<l wiih forests, making a lionie for
aninialii valuable for Iheir Heah anc3 skins. The fmrtures in the rock
layere of mountains have often liflen filled with n)iuL-rul>i containing
jfidd, silver, copper, and oihcr ntetals. Such deposits are called taIiih.
The hvight of lutrutitHins in always reckoned from the It^vel of the
gea- We can
measure the
beiffht of a
mouutain by
means of a
barometer.
At the sca-
le vel ( h 1-
quicksilver
in the tubf> c(
the baronn'*
t«r stands at
the height of
30 inches
Now as th<
barometer is
taken U]>
above t h r-
sca,thequtck- m.'.'i
silver will

The Alp*. A' (A* thifJc Utyrr* u/ r,
rttrlA'a frual, thm mifOi'lni and ttltr-i •■.
{•rakt tch iVA u«u "v ^tv irrr* larwttd, Tf. ■ ■
t'ltrp and rwM<ii i>mk» and ey U« fot»tl>
afiU Wtfw/y rinng. bul tSnr t»pt an tetnii

']•«/ Ingrihrr hv tkr mnlrart%na of Ihf

Vy n—r lnaKrr. th^
'rniifiiaina. HV mn tfU ihit A* thftr

Itnn, At Itirv riNv tiifi

•niiH'il lift) founH Ihert
I'il ph)f\etil agrtieict.

irttna hj

>(T. fn^ AttfA

pA.

I^f Rrtrlw ^f:■^•.:r.t^li'\M in Catuiiia. Thfar. likr Ifir Alpa, art Ifurnt
Tn u-tti iir rtijMirnt tor Ih* mtn an^ Ihr aimtit-
' Jinm liyrxr ntg^rd /iti/Jinea and lo fill tip lA*

• in rmtalivn frfm tht foot of (Ar mnMnhii>i«
fall ill the '" '^''" "■■""''" ^' '■' ' '•"* ""* **** fiovrrtne pfonU and tTrf» of coiU»tf<r-
ablf ktiohl. Bui at V aactnd ut find Ihf trrrn dwiflrd and r^gtlation tecMlf,
tube ahoiit W^*' •i' ''>* 1<^P* "^ nuninlatn* art clalhrd w\th tnaw and IM.

on&tenth of an inch for every 60 feet of perpendicular ascent I

8. A Volcano is an opening in the wirth through which issue ]
fiamos, vapors and (^iwes,
heatod stones, and lava, or
inelte<I rock. These ma-
terials build up a cone-
shaped mountain around
the 0|jening which jg usii
ally bowl-shaped and is
called the orat«r.

Java is the center of it. This islnnd hna iwenty-one active vol-
eannes. .Smielinica t'reat injury is chuwhI liy volcnnoe*. KieIi-
torn huiidreil years a^r"* the cities of Ufn-nlaueiiiii and Pom-
peii, in Italy, were covered with ashes thrown from Mt Vesuvius.
In 11*06 Vesuvius d<*troycd several towntt at il« IwiKe.

When a volcano ceases to emit fliinies. and i» hi proeeea of extinc-
tion, it often send.H out sulphurous gos^, and dc|>o(tita sulphur
in targe (luantitios: it then becomes a aolt^tara.

0. A Plateau, or Table-land, is an elevated plain, often

broken or bonl«red by ranges of mountains.

The term Highland is often used to deaig-
naLe a region of considerable elevation. It
may contain lofty mountain ranges: as the
Pttcifif Highland in N'tirili America.

10. A Plain is a broatt extent of
nearly level land.
In North America, the immeii^te plains of the

Missi.^ippi Valley are called pniirlcK. In
South America similar piain-sarei-alledllanoB
I lyah'noz), pitiniNtt*, or aeU'ua; and in
Kitssia and \s\n. .nteppoft.

11. A Valley is the land lying be-

Voicanoes are the W-si
proof tliat the interior of
the earth or parts of ii ^,^^^^^—^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^mm^^^^^^^^^^^^^ . .

aw {n a li;.,Mu l.™i«,I Atle^htftji .WuuriJuini in Kirtnt.ui. TKrwe muimMtfu or* crumiJr* \n tht tarin* rru.f tWeCn hlllS OF tnOUntHinS, OF OetWeCn
UTB la a. niKniy l>e«u;u „„j ^^^^^^ ^„^ ^^^^^ j^ ^^^^^^^^ rimy han btm utmt dou-n dtf^ino Ust aori

COnilitlon. The cause of '^"^ *«*• P***^- •'"J '^*' 'op* "lumd^ oJTby rain and anav, nwtn itnd Hrmn». rungCS 01 moUDtainS.

the exploHioiu) that aocximpany the eriiptloiu* of volcanoes is the
midden formation of steum causwl by water QndinK its way to the
heatfd rocks.

Volcanoes arc usually aituatud near the coast line. There is a remark-

Allftiltmii .U<'U.'iMi«* i« i'. "r'«j,'-.>i.,! Tke*r tm>untait\» Hvrr rtt<l (wwii-n into thnrfj ridett
tvKrti l/ir f.ir»A'« lurfafr n>n/r,ir:.,,', d ,i the hanttmtaS tayrrt of rork ityrr "ittnt Mt'vAu. utih trry
IxUt tTUtnftino, Sertntno itl lift' -i /••■ii'-:-i. out of trhtth Ihr mwiitloin* irAtrA ut art Inrrr l^-dAy
Aavr baem carw</ Ini •frnima nnd <i<Ar«- i-Huticat m/nttift. Tkfir fop*. Arnvwr. art MOrly an (Ae
aamt itvtt. Siuli a movnlatn rrpion >• ion\elimt$ taUtd « d i mt cU d pteCMu.

able series of them extending from Tierm del Fuego tn Alaska. The
most active volcanic region in the world is in the East Indies.

12. Deserts are nnde wastes of lan<l, sometimes flat and
sandy, sometimes hilly, or mountainous, and gcnemlly destitute
of vegetation and water.

An ohhIk or fertile ?>pot in a desert, U made sn by spnnga wliieh
come up to the
surface.

Itoview Top-

ioH. — l>efine conti-
nent: tsUnd; conti-
nental i^lftiids: ocetiiilc
i slna d»: penm^iiln:
ifithmiiJi: «-ii|«'; proiii-
• ititiiry. Wliiil (in-
moimtaiiis? Raiigco?
Muuntain 0ystf>ni!>''
mils? What is a vol-
eano ? A enter?
What U n pUtesii?
A higbUnd? A pliunl-
What is a vsller:'
What are desert*)'
Wlisl is an oasis?

rA# CMM nirrmindiPM) lAe mww o/ Ml. l'#*tt«y». Itaiu •'toipfnff ik»
lava ^td», out ol mAtCh U« moun'aoi u jport/y tmUt,

PLAINS. -OCEANS.

.-1 (itfiiu or prairtf in iuir\h-^n T^rti* /Viu land u-tat Jarjitfd, ui\iirr v'lner, of nuittr-iaia uaalitrl
down from ihe trmutmiiiu (<y aii-tram^ aa4 tprf^td mU eetnlu ve^ thf <xwn btd,

X. THE "WATEK.

1. The Sea is the vast body of salt water which covers about
three-foartbs of the globe. It Ib reallj one body surroanding the
continental Land masses on every side, but is divided by them into
five oceans, known as the Pacific, the Indian, the Atlantic, the
Arctic, and the Antarctic.

"Waves. — The surface of the ocean is continually broken into waves
and ripples by the wind. Waves are really a movement of the
water up and down; but this movement, once started, spreads
until the waves break upon shores hundreds of miles away.
Waves vary in height from a few inclies to fifty feet or more. As
they approach the shore, the lower part is held back by friction against
the sea bottom, while the top plunges forward as a breaker. This
constant plunge of breakers against rocky shores uaderniines the
cliffs and grinds the broken fragments to sand and pebbles. This

Thr ocfiin. Tht iH^in orjCe fvxxTtd tht rnttrt tjirlnf4 iff tht «"Wfc. K'hert ■'* M-nlff wti /r^irt
When fand ilhen tolid rock) apjMarrd, Hie wav^t (xQan la il'&bt the toiJc dauin and iprtad Iht
graund-Mp rock matenai over the ocean bed. Tht* vark h(U item oaine on ever siriH.

sand is partly spread out over the ocean bottom by currents and
partly washed back upon the shore, forming beaches that slope gently
outward into deep water. The arrangement of the sand depends
upon the direction of the ocean currents that flow along the coast.
Along the middle and
south Atlantic coast of the
United States it is piled up
in long beaches parallel
with the shore. The still
water between these
beaches and the shore is
known as a lafpoon.
Such lagoons are often
filled by sediment brought
down by rivers and be-
come salt marshes or
meadows.
When the sand is deposited

Tides.— Every-
where along
the seashore
and in the
mouths of riv-
ers that flow
into the sea.
we may ob-
serve the re-
gular rising
and falling of
the water
called the tides.
For six hours
the water rises,
and it is then

The ocean beaHnq againtt the rocky diffa, ehoipirm hov Uu m«
of rock and grind them tnto *maU graine of mw

off pieeet

lilg:h, or flood, tide; it then falls for six hours and then ve
low, or ebb, tide. High tide occurs at any place when the m
either over that place or on the side of the earth oppos
Hence we infer that the tides are caused by the attractioi
the moon has for the water. During one complete rotad
the earth, each place would come onoe underneath the moon.
the moon is also moving around the earth in the same directi
the earth rotates. Hence each place is brought underneath the i
and high tide occurs about fifty minutee later each day.

aiiaUow water, u checKed Oy frtawn agaxnat ihe bottom, whUe the upper

brtakt on the beaeh. The tmoolh btaeh thowa how the action of the — rn' f rWfi

part t vOm Jan

The Sun also attracts the water, but less than the moon becanae
much farther away. When the sun and moon are attractii
water in the same direction, the highest, or spring tide <
but when they are attracting it at right angles to each other, w
the lowest or neap tide. The height of the tide varies fiom
inches off headlands to sixty feet in inlets with converging i
The high tide enables ships to pass in and out of harbors tl
usually too shallow on account of sand bars that form at their n:

LOWMT

-e

iSAou'tri|7 how the highent and lowftt tide* are cauMtd. ITAen the «un and moon are in a $traight line with the
Ai^rtvut. thn mniitli nf nv«>r<i eorA, they attract the voter in the e^ma dirtdinn. and the hiaheat tidea occur. The tecond trieu' ahova the tun
a^rvBB tuo uiuubu wi iivci-a ^^ ^^^^ ^ ^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^j^ g.^^ ^^^ j^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ lou-ard ilaelf. it is eoidtnt that the tide wiU

it is called a bar and be- ^ lower than when both are atlraciing the water in the same direction.

comes a hindrance to navigation. When a sandy beach forms at
right angles to the coast it becomes a spit. When curved, the
spit becomes a book.

2. ABay.Oul^o]
is a sheet of water ]
surrounded by land;
Red Sea, Hudson Ba'
Gulf of Mexico. Some
are called blgrbts ; a
VAght of Benin.

3. A Strait, Fm
Fassa^, is a ju
cliannel that oonneoli
larger sheets of wsXt

The reaullia the loweat or neap tide. \}iq Strait of Glbraltl

4. A Sound is a passage of water or strait not having
deptli; as Long Island Sound.

£)

OCEAN CUKEENTS. RIVERS, AiJD LAKES.

Paelfie

~fDt

4> 4* J|

-v

bealeil or cuoUd, aud as Ibcy |)usi) over the bonleriiig coastn they gire
to them tlieir own tern {terulu res.
Tlie Uiilf Stream originaUis in the great Eqimlorial Current of Uie

I ^«ri on

»( rtirrin»/». ffot(c€l>\rit in rtf ftjiKi/orio/ rwionf Ihtt i/rneral difr<tion of tf>f eiirrtitlt tt
rrf. /n rJi« (f mjK-'ui« rrQivnt, it i* VLMfuvirt/T (.'ompura u'lJA lAe Jirtctia'iA o/ the u'indg in
' ori puff IH.

6. An Ocean ClUTeiit ia a stream nowing tlirough the ocean,
as the Ctiilf Stream.

Oceuu Currents aocm to bo mninly cauned by the wind*. The fact
that tliey move in tlie same direction as the wind
and change their courfies wlieu the wind chancres.

butU amitt ih* iwin-cu* tnlt.-j iiil'i Un-vUlcrt frotii a ylaeiirr wfiteJ-
iwiprwMtd the uouT* and lomUd V,u lakt, uhtch is/tdbit wpriimg.

A tun'ir ;Wo tii(i|ii>n I'n i.>iiii«iunij. Ti'U l» alta a uJam mtiiie uj. nl mulnuil iiai-vJil {ruin Ciir
mnit'ilai'u '>v th* Stiatumi'px rittT avd iU tribulot^- H'Amt 'A« rirrr vrrr/lmttd lis bonk» l/iit
tmilf'iul ufia drpotilr^i anrl a ptatn iiu* ffrad%tallu tnitll Ufi. land farmtd in (Am vnv <• calird
alluvial land, or a flitoii plain. On tht mnji of Lauttiawia. vhq* JSB. bm tan »te hoK tks MU*i*-
tippi ri\<rri4 uHngtK«mai<ria} irAM U bringn dovn f o huiU upbftaai t'ft mevlh.

Atlaotic. The teiui>erature nf iu waters, as they pass the Strait of
Florida, is often as hisrh as 85** Fahr.

They cross the Atlantic, carrying with them sufficient warmth to (five
the Orkney Islea, in latitude iQ° north, an extraordinarily mild
climate.

6. A Harbor is a sheltered arm of the sea
where ships uuiy anchor and ride in safety.

INLAND WATERS.

7. A River is a stream of fresh water formed
hy the union of smaller streams, which are called
branches or tributaries.

is proof of this. The equatorial currents ore
driven west by the tratle winds. Strikiug' the
shores of the continents they are deflected to the
northeast and circle about the re^ons of tropical
cahns in whirls uud cdtlles. Notice the direction of these eddies iu
each hemi.sphere and compare with the direction of the winds.
Warm nntl Cold Currents. — Ocean currents are important equal-
izers of temperature. The equatorial currents move toward the polar
regions and are leurmer than the neighboring waters, while the
polar currents moving toward the equator are colder than the waters
ne-ar Ihem. Hence tlie winds blowing over these currents are either

Alt Sabir rirtr tn the Ad.riiit'tarl: Moun-
tain*, Sfic York, thou'ina Kitic rit^* t^^^
Uku to'JU Ihrtiuo^t tA« hartir*t r^tkt, form'
tneafforgt ar ckamn. Vii* proC«M rr-
i/uirfa Uiovtandm of vtttr: Bill it tt attlu
tA« brtnnninif of vaiiey larmatum.

The source of a river is the place where it begins. This may be a
spring, a lake, or a glacier Sometimes a river is formed by the
confluence of two other rivers as in the case oftheOhio. Itsinuuth is
the place where it tlows into some larger river, into a lake or the sea.

Tlie bed of a river is the land over which its waters How.

The right bank of a river is that bank which would be on our right
hand if we were going down the stream. The other is the left bank.

8. A river and its tributaries together form what is called
a rh'er system.

9. The basin or valley of a river is the country through which
the river and, its tributaries How.

As rivers How from the higher to the lower jiarta of a country, we can
tell, by ohaerving ttus course of the rivers, in what direction the land
slopes.

Offices of Rivers nnd Streuins.— Rivers cut uaturul guliers or drains
for carrying the water back to thesca after it has performed its mani-
fold offi" .

Uoro clearly to uudon>tuud the offices of rivers* let us follow in im-
aginalioa the water which feedr them, from the time it comes from
the sea as a vapor, until it returns to the sea again through the river.

THE WINDS.

It htw foriued clnuibt which soiven the earlli from the beat and cold ;
it has been condensed iiitu miii, and refi-eaJied the land witli showers ;
it has fed the spriugs aud wells; it han worn Rway the roc-ks, and
guthorin^ fnini them the materialit uf which rich and fertile soil is
made and sprt-adiuK it out ovor their pluinx; and while it has been
doing all this, it has tunicd mills, driven machinery, floated ships and
bottts which carried the produce of the land from one placv to another.

10. A Lake is a body of water surrounded b_v land; as I^ke
Sujierior, tbe (rreat Salt Lake, Lake Victoria.

Roviow Topic*.— The Mm and iu dirisiona. What it a hay, Riilf. or sea?
Wliftt i<t« strait? A Round? What is said o( the Gulf Stremn* A hurbor. A
river. The imurM of m river. The month. The bed of a rivpr. What is s Hror
STsWio? What is a river iMuin? How can you Icll tbs slope of the land? What
«t« the offices of rircr<>? What is a lake?

XI. THE WINDS.

1. Wiuds are currents of air. Thoy are mainly caused by one
part of tbe atmospbore becoming hotter or colder than another.
Whenever this takes place, the air moves

Air Movi'iiiviits. — If B fire bp kindl^H]

ill It tin^placo nr stove, the air in tlir-

ftreplaec <»r st<iv«> is boatetl. beconi'-.s

lighter, and is pressed npward by the

fwoler, heavier air of the room. The

air now flows steadily from all parts

of the i-oom luward the flreplace or

stove.
The rays of the sun are like such a Are.

They are always beating the air moi-p

in some places than in others. Ai

the Equator and within the tropics

thej' fhU vertically, and consequeiu-

ly the air williJn the tropics is hottiM-

than clscwliei-e. Hence, like llie air

near the nlove, it <t)nstanUy rises, dow. jJi*cooiaif (winfl ^ . , .

• > _ , _ , 1 ^ . Movt. litre bntiff h*al*a it tJfMiiiiU. tuiomr* lufiUrr umJ rtM« ftuinitg aitmo M«

being presHeil uiiwurd by curreniA top of ih» room and oui at it.^ i.>p *>/ ik* o-tHdou,.
of cooler air which are always flowing in fnini the colder regiuns
north ami iMmth.

2. Trade-Winds.— Thus there are two cold currents of air
always ilowiiig fi-oni the jwles toward the Htiiiator. Within the
tropics these become Hiirtac<-'-HiiidH. Owing to the revolution of

hu Udiii'j u

III' rmtimmtt rrrataj bp
firt in Um opm ntr. A
tal qI cM air *H' m !*•

«'r

o/tl-'CflkAW

burning ol

"*'— W«-s->' e t I

* to5>

the earth from west to east, the car-
rent from the north pole becomes a
north-east wind, and the one from
tbe south polo a south-cast wind.
Tliese winds are calle*!, from their
value to commerce, or from their con-
stant diretition^ the Trade-Winds.

3. TheCounter-Trade-Winds,—
The heated air rising within tbe tropics
Hows in two currents toward the poles
in a direction opposite to that of tlie
Trade- Winds. These return currents
are the Counter-Trade, or Westerly

W"^ »tym>f/ etirrvU qI eM air .

wirdUw firr anti lA« AmcMj

An they proceed towai-d tbe poles tbev «'"''*«« ouiuyirrf in ««ti/

, ,, , , *, , ■ Eittnnvt ftrrm, likt lAr l-

gradually become cooler and heavier: Moteov ami Chimeo. fcui« N-m /.

tljfy ([(-sc'iiii. ttiii iM i)n- U'mperate n>-

eions becomes nnrfoee-wiiidH. In t
northenj hemisphere they come from the
south-west, and iu tbe southern hemis-
phere from the north-west.

N^trtli and South MovemeutA of
WIihI IteltH. — AH of these wind l>clts
:ii-e separated by belts of ralmik
When the sun is north of the
eijuator, all tliese Iwlts are propor-
tionally further north, and when the
sun moves south all the ^vind and
calm belts are pro|>ortionally further
south.
4. Liand and Sea Breezes. — AllJ
along the sea-shore <iuring the warm season there is a lireeKe^
from tbe sea by day, and one fnmi the land by night.

The land is heated more readily than the sea, and at night ilcoola morftj
rapidly.

During the day the uir abi>ve the land betMnneH hotter than that above
tbe water. A. current of warm air ascenda ov«
tlie land, while currents of cooler air flow iii|
from the nvn. Thus we liave the itea-br««Et%J
During the night the air over the land ba^
bec-omo cooler than that ovcrtlie sea, the currMil
sets toward the seu. und tluis we have the land*
bri'eze.

5. DCon&oons ure land and sea breezes on
a large scale. Instead of alternating with
day and night, they alternate with summer
and winter, and blow for months at a time.

8. Offlcee of the Winds.— The wind
are carrion* uf iieat and moisture. They are
the cause of ocean currents (x. 5), und their

- ._. *.i J J , . . J . J ^ a-L .,. .- . J _-_ power drives thousands of shim across the

nnmbrr ^ arrmi» i»<nf.n« tou«rj Hf «..itT and eurttd >n tKf dtrcrtion in w^trt (A<t iriivt wMirii. ixoans carr\ ing tnc oommercc oi cvcrv lana.

The moKt famous are thoHe of India. The suu'
rays beat with intense force upon the d
regions of A^tia. The hot air rises in a mig'hty
current, and there is an inrush of cooler air from
the Indian Ocean toward the land.

WINDS AND CLIMATE.

As tliey blow over the surface of Ibe sea they acquire the temperature
of the water, and hence may b(>contc eitht^r warm or culd wUkIk.
"Hiey also gather up vast qonnlilieA of vapor whicli is atiried over
the land to fall in the form of rain or nnow.

Review TopleH.~Whu am vlnds? Caoae? Give an illustration. Whai
ponion of the uart)i U the hottest? flow does this lirat vlTfvt tlir air? Where ilocs
the raid air como from to tnke itx plaoe ? Tlis inidv-vrimlK. WIiri is Itieir
direction ? The counlvrtrmde!!. TItc !H-B-breczo. The Uud-breczL'. Mt>n»ooni».
The uwl -famous? USIl'us of wimls. Change in temperature of wind».

XII. f I.IMATK.

Ef!*et of btfifM* Ml f ^
ntltont kavt &niv « ^^^
taU pina» and a fit* i"
Aoturrr btitlt of limbrr i

iiLrr 1^ ubunifuN/ in tht rraion.

1. Climate is the condition of the air with reference to heal
am) nioiBture.

It depends upon latitude, elevation, distance from the sea. the
prevailing diroenon of ihc winds, and the How of ocean cun-ents.

2. Effect of Latitude. — The nearer tlio Equator, the wanner
the climate, because the Torrid Zone ifl the region of verti-
cal sun-rays. Ili^rh temperature follows tho vcrticnl rays.

From the
Kquator toward
the poles the cU<
mate gnulually
grows colder,
until we reach
the regions of
jwrpetual snow
and ice. Betwwn
these regions
and the Torrid
Zone lie the Tetu-
perate Zones,
which haveacoin-
paratively moil-
erale climate.

Ilesidcfi having
a higher tem|>er-
ature, the Torrid
Zone has a
greater rainfall
than any other

portion
earth.

of the

Kfjfft t)l Mtt-i'i ,.-..„ — _-,

t«f/iana ti/ ^'iritlA I "..'.< i /I .<< ' i''. arir^' tit •■ tc raind thai it m

dilfiatU tu ktri' I'll ithlt ■Jr.'.ri-I ■•■■■:' ■'■■. r-itldt opau

Over this w)t»© hovci-s the Kqua-
lorial Clou<l-RUi^» winch in a
belt uf cloudii exteudiug uearly
round the earth. It ronsixts of
the vapor brought together by
the uorth-eaat and Mtuth-easc
trade-winds. It causes almosi
daily Uiunder-fthowerHalont; tli*'
line of the Equator.

The cIoud-rinfT follows the cours*-
of llie sun north and aoutli in
his ap]>Hi-ent journey lM*tu'(N-ii
the injpifs. and brings the ralii>
M'liMin to those places which an
under it. When it has {Mstieil be
yond the latitude of any place,
the dry nensou of that place
beg-iMR,

fiffrrt of Inlilntlf *>i i^>0Wc/i'«fi and QnimoJ lift
Thi* i'» a piVu in Or^idond. 'i'Ae rti/rlatiott
IM tatnlu T'>*rt utf iu> Irett and Oit ylacivi
amw na lAc uuw ii»u-ft la thr ma Urrl TKtri
is 110 Kmfccr to bmlii kouan, fciil thr iifttjJf Urr
in ttnta madr of tKf Jtt-ih* of nniHinl* Tkf»ft
art Utar •hki*!^ hfrmr* In utnltr. ikey hrr
•n atun^ hut* vhifh art ptirttti unatf f/numi
(•** iMiK 92). Tftt dt>ff» tm in Ibt pieturt
anr Ikf rnttf damt^it antmaU knou-n to IAmt
roid rt^oni.

3. Effect of Elevation. —The
temperature of mountains in-
creases about one degree for every 300 feet of |}erpendicular
ascent.

UluHlrutton.— Tlie heat alworbed by the earth is prevented from oscap-
iuK by the dense, moist layei-s of air that rest upon the aurfare. The
air on the mountains beiug both drier and lijthu'r, the heat received
from the «un iR quickly losL For Lhpm> rea.sons teuiiK-niture de-
creases regularly with elevation.

There is in all latitudes a line of elc^ :''''■•
cold is, at all sea-
sons ^of the year,
suflicient Ui freew
the moisture of the
air and form snow.
This tine is called
the Snuw-Liiic.
The snow-line at
the Kquator (as
shown in the dia-
gram) is 16,t.i(X>
feet ahove the sea;
so that there are
mountains in the
Torrid Zone on
the tops of which

,.K,...„ ,,.l.;,,l, rhf.

,aBuK31itt

Bffrct of iaiiladr on vri/ttatitm. 7'hiit ii a i-iru- m Ikr uttrm lemper~
aU rrcriona of Sonlktm Franer. A arazr af oiire trrrs u Mkinm
MOHD of Tehteh urr aerrrtd tmtvrUB oid. A*(4M Ihf l/Tra* hrttnrKina

.1 „.| ; i-l, Irunir and Ikt grnU nrrumffmute ntor th« trvUnd . fk* groM if

IhCWeatllOr is like Ihtrkrr axd tht an<^fU r*f,nt%ti^ mor^iurvriwt (Amm in the but

tliat of the Arctic

regions. Their slo^ies have all varieties of climate.

The peak of Anti.Hnnn, in South .America, although nnderthe Equator,
rises so higrh as to roach i»erpctii.il]y frozen regions.

In desoentUng these snow-cap|»ed niountjuna in the tropica, we experi-
ence in a single day. in a ride of a few hours, all tbechauges of climate
that would be felt in travpUin^f from SpitxWrgen U-> Cuba.

Kfl*eot «r MountnfnM on Itjiintiill.— The cold air above mountain-
tops condeuscB the uiotsture bHiug)it by the winds from the sea, inU>
rain or snow which falls upon the nmuntain.s. Thus the mountains
feed the rivers.

Tlie snow and rain that fall upon tlie Rorkj- nioiintaiiis supply im-
mense volumes of wuter to (he Mississippi. The .sn<tw that crowns
the IlinialayHH and gives Ihem their name labofie ofitnoic). wiUi the
rains that de-nrend uiK>n their «l<»i>C8, fee<!s thr Indus, the GaugflB,
and the Brahniaputifi. The great rivers of South America are fed
by the melting snows of the Andes.

Sflfci of laKtjMU on Iha A^ri^U of At tnme Jm« obaw lk» «m Irrti. .^^ i j TV.

Th» tnoielin* it mueh Kiohrr in rMNIMKr lAon.fn wt'ntfr and hxghtr VV 111(16. — 1 O

on ttir routs iuU oj owMnMiiu Ihait on 1A« nonA n4«.

Can V9U Cf-

4. Effect of Sea

ocean is wanner in
winter and cooler in sommer than the land. Countries, thero-
fore, in winch the prevailing winds come from the sea have
wanner winters and cooler summers tlian might be expected
from their latitude.

The island of Great Britain and the province of Labrador lie
botween the same |)urallels of latitude. Yet such is the difference
of climate between them, that while iu England the pastures are
green all tlie year. Labrador ik socnhl or to he almost uninhabitable.

In the Britttth Isles the winds come from the ocean. They are loaded
with moisture and warmth from the Gulf Rtreoni. In Labrador
they come from the Innd. ant] are dry and cold. Agrai". the climates
of Orej^on and Brtttih Cnlumljfa are nilid. because the prevailing
winds come from ihe Pacitie Ocean.

XSOTHSRUS

C E A V

8kaigim§ tAr itt^htntiM o/ .VortA Atnn~im. Comjtarr Ihf nrrrttofUmptrntttrt alcmg IM* Allamtie
CooM with Uu Mnpfmafvn tn Ihr tamw latitvdr m ih* /'iifijir Cotul. TVocc lA« woCAtrm o/ BC
ocroM tkt Conriiwnf ««d explain the cAciffM ■'•■ dirtetiott.

A B»ou.i/^,f. ../«.«■ tnt *fu»f lknr in tropintt .SoxtA .iw<n«. S-^t{(t Ike drnir jrouth on Uu lew
plain alone (A# riwr ami Am<> »( JumtnuiAM ffmdtMUit unlJ at Ihe mountain top b«m aM Oa
rt^wn of perprtnal enovr.

T^arge bodies of fres]! water also, such as the Grciit: LakPt*, modify
climate. Soutberu Michigan owe« its compunttive mihtncss to this
cause. The biting west winds are u>mi>ered as they sweep over Lake
Michiaran,

6. IsothertnB (isor, equal; thermos, heat) are lines dra'nit
tlirougb all places having the same average annual temperature.

The flgnres attache<l to them on the map indicate the average

temperature during the year.

The strilcing ben<lx of theiie iAothermii are due to the combined agency
of the winds, the great curi^nls of the ocean, tlie moistui^e iu the
air, and the height above the sea-level. The isotherm of New

l»^

^ .

- La N

I0>^

r=^

3/^

""N^?--^

^^^s

•*^ — — ...^ '

M^— ~i-Z!r^

itCj

"T^^

X^R tr%

*7*"

r "

kiy.

v^ —

>-^

J.«*t»*»lMAl'^ ,

r- -r-^rf

■m^ —

r— ^^

0-:^ / Mill?

' — '^rl" -

"'^^'ijn] jf\

T-^

lo:-^ -.

^■SB-

7A« 9^tral direetion of iMtkerma on Uu eartk't itirfatx. Ttie Hrgrtue tkow the aetroffe annuo;
(rmi^rr.Uurr .Vo4i'-r Ihnt tKr line» are very imgviat. Thii \t due to ei^vatien. the «aaBfi cmp-
rmtt. und In thtL jrrrvtiling tii'nda. SoUee thai, ae a rWr. the Unf bmd norfhvard aver Ihe ocent
anA tniitkatird arer Uie lamt. (,'«** yoit trflain tkie in the <am of iSt Atlantic OteaH OU «r
jfarth Ameritat

York. 8*>oa after leaving the Atlantic coaet. is bent northward by
the warm Gulf Stream, and cornea out on the other side of tba
Atlantic, nearly 900 miles farther north llian New York. Again,
the isotherms of the California cf>a«t are Iwnt sharply southward

by the chilliiisr ocean curn-nt ii»ar that coast.

6. Industries and Climates. — The geographical diatrihution
of agricultural labor is alraoBt wholly determined by climate.
There are other industries, however, soch as mining and manu-
facturing, that are, to a certain extent, independent of climate.

Roilew Toplca.— Tlimste. On what does it depend ? Effect of latitude.
Whitt is Mid of the moliture of the torrid regions ? The equatorial c]Diid-rin(.
Whst is the efr«3t of doTRtlon ? Wh»t « tho snow-line ? What istheeffect of «•
wind*? Coiu[«re Oreat Britain snd UbradiT. Why have Orepon ami Britisb
CoIarahU such a rniU climate ? What gives Southern Michiitan a comparatively
mild climate ? Isotherras. What is said of the iflotherra of New York ? Ho»
is labor affected by climate ?

PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

XIU. PLANTS AND ANIMALS.

1. Tlio wirtli is clollietl with vegeta-
tion and animatwl with living crtyitun*s:
these fire called its Flora and its Fauna.

2. The Qeographical Range uf a
phint is dif t?xtent of the earth's surface
within which that, jilaiit will thrive in tiie
open air. Each kind of plant lias its
siwcial geographical range: for its growth
(le[)ends upon li^fiii.
■lent, and utoliitiire.

TliuR the cinchnim
tw'f.llie rubber tfw».
uuil Uic |>itiaup[ite
grow only in or
near the Torrid
Zmhp, wlioi-e grejil
heat and excessive
moisture prtxliifo

Afttte vr Sirrlh / npir/ Zanr:

I- f'vr arm!. 2. Mutk oi, '^. lieiiitietr.
5. falar hatr. (1 JValrua.

the most hlXUriunt AoriA Trmpemu Za^cXifiK Ammni ; 7. Amarusan M.

vejretatii
hem |>,

auU eollou, toa, the Qg, niui^nolia, aud mul-
berry flourish. The middle belt of the tem-
perate wme is called ilie grain l>elt, or the
("ool Iiell, Wheat aud c*ira fire the lending
)>faiii!*, and the apple, pear, <jak, hickory,
<ll*^tIHlt, and Wftljmt ne*« tlouriith. Tha
iivlis lying next to the frig'id zones are called
the euUl beltst. OaU uiid barley are the
priucipiU [fruiiiH, and firs, biirhett, spruces,
and laix'hea grow.

Between the belbi of plant life the lines ure
nowhere s h h r p 1 y
drawn. The plautii of
line belt are found grow-
ing in the holiKon either
vide, though not Jn sneh
l>er fee lion.

6. Frig:id Zones.
— The vegetation oflj
these zones consists '
chiefly of lichens and

vegetation; wii i le ^.^^ '^/^.p.^ „ »u..„. iJ Bald mjU. IS. Cowmr.

flax and '^- ^'^■^ jiriiean. 16- Rattiemi^t*.

S'orlh 7'nnu«ruJ« ZiNie, Euraitr and jlaui .' lit. Ct-amoia. -.. r .\

17 Red dwr. IK. Ibex. le. Oipreu. 'M- £iuv»Mun brmm HIUKSeS. NonC 01 the
iMT. 21. HtdffeKoo. KL W«lf.

great agnculliiral st»-

^^^n^'^^

Tan-id X{^n«,BM4tk Am^ift : ^. TI>f<*^o'd ulinh, 2*. Con- Tnrrvt /one Atia : :i2. I'tffer, .13. luHuin rk,noftr,t».

iiT. 'ib. Sptd*r mtntk*]/. 36h Uafaw. 77. Anttattr. 'A\. Aftitm pibhim. 3£, Atinlie rUpkaal. 36. Contixon

38. Anglican tapir. St. Anaanida, 30. Jaguar, 31. liror- maijur mirnk*!/. ^- rum/J. 3$. OranQ-^nuano-
tilvtn caima».

Tomd Zont.AJrtai' 3». Gini,ft,
41. Ourieli, 42. H ippi>po4amua.
44. Lion.

AU. Atrica; rttpJiant,
43. Khptfnitgrr.

buckwheat And
their home In tin-
Teuipenite 2Ione.

3. Torrid Zone.—

The richest fruits, the
mosthrilliant flowers,
and the greatest vari-
ety of useful plants
are found in the Tor-
rid Zone.

^^^

^1^1

iC^^

P^"

RJT

mTl

^^^m"

*^* i;:?'-^

^tWm

'b^

Houth TmtinraU Zont, Sourh Atnfrtcii : 46, CiitnckUia

pies, except perhaps
barley, will grow
there.

6. Animals, liLe
plants, have their geo-
graphic^il range. Jn
the Turritl Zoue wo
find the largest and
'sa^T«npm»» ;;<.«, Ay««M«.- 62- w^iat. 63. Aptrr^. M "i<>st i)Owerful land

e;v\

4(1. .Soul* 4ntn-i«ft panther. 47 Tkrr^^xj'mird artnad^Ua. DudUMO. S5. DtwtMl rol/fd into h 6aJI, oaiMp. ~ GU.~A'o>i)c^ fi7. „_ ■ .„i„ „. ,l^„ „<
48. r.MMcha. 49. TVuna. 50. Ouonneo. .M. /fAan C'horDjnu.W- Attfjtihir^KirM. W. riMjhintfvriw.aO. //«>tianffanM. ^^ ^ tJie eiO-

The fuUowinp are the most noted : the a<)ITee-

tree, tbo lianana, the pineapple, and the
palm, the bread-fruit and the ttianfro.
ludia rubber and g-utta-percha, tlie cin-
chona and the aloe.

4. Temperate Zones. — In the Tern-

{lerale Zones we find the grains (wheat.

corn, lye, oats, and barley), with lietnp,

flax, and many other useful plants.

, ..t. . .1 1 I T I Anlnrt\c or A»\itf\ Friaid Zti^r'. tX.yfkttl*. HI, Ktrphant ital

Among the trees are the betKih and the iptm*. M.jjfnpcrvr t^guw. as. iMtpard»<Mi. m. whu
chestnut, the elra, oah, maple, and many fruit trees.

Those iHirtB of the tem]>erate zoiie-s lying next to the torrid arc ealled
the Hiih-tropicHU or wami beltjf. Here rioe is (he leadin^r Kraln.

li.

phant, lion, and tiger; in the Temi>orat«
Xone, the domestic animals, as tlie horse,
ox, and sheep; in the FriBld Zone, the
polar bear, reindeer, and walrus.

niaii, unlike the other animals, inhabits
e\'ery region where food is obtainable.

K<'vicw Topiett.— WliHi do joii moBii by llie
rt3~7'«^ flornofaroimtry? Tlielniiiiii? Whnt is thegeograpli-
t/««Mii. M( pht^U. ipal ranffeof ajilant? Upon wh&tiloesthe growlhut
pUnl-fdeiwiid? The pl:»nt* of the Torrid Zone. Naine>Miriicof the Irws and plants
pvi'iiliurt" tlieTemiwPiile Hones, What te Bsidof IIil* Frigid Zonw? Where an; the
IjtrKi'Htnnimalsfmind? The inoisl uwf ul animals foiiod? Theaniraalsof the Fripd
'/Mnti. Thfl range of man. Emtf? Man*

MAN: CIVILIZATION AND INDUSTRIES.

POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY.

XIV. MAN.

1. The Human Family, which consists of about 1,600 mil-
lion jwrsons, may be divided, according to the tUfferent social
conditions of men, into fonr cla^jses, viz. : snvafpe, barburouit.

rtrllized, and «ii-
liKlitened.

2. Savages
have no knowl-
ctige of the arts.

Tliev live by hunt-
ing and rishiii^,
unci wear the rudest
kind of clothing.

3. BarbaroiLS
nations h a v n

Ani*.

Tft« tCCfOO' ttaor. An Atrial n

made litlle progress
beyond the savage.
Some of them live in
tents, lead a wander-
ing life, and are some-
times called iiotimdM.

Tbey are called lioninils;

• ffruni a word meau-
ing pasturage) be-
cause, when the grass
ID one place has l>eei)
oaten by their flocks,

they move Lo anolhor. Some are acquainted
with a^rritiulture and the simpler arts.

4. Some civilized nations, like the Chi-
nese and the Turks, live in towns and cities,
understand many arts, have a written lan-
guage, and hare made considerable advance-
ment in intelligence and morality. But their
civilization has become stationary', and they
have ceased to make progress in the arts of
life.

5. Enlightened nations, such as the Kng

lish and the French, carry on commerce extensively, and by

constant intercourse with one another improve rapidly. Science

and invention belong to them.

They employ machinery on a vast wale. Tliey establish scIioc^b and
other institutions of leaminfr. aud their systems of Kuvemmetit arc
intended lo secure the good of alt rather than to gratify the will of
a few.

6. Races. — ^Men are also clas5ifie<l, according to form, feature,

and color, into tivo great races: the Cnuoa»iian, the MontfoUaii,

tile Malay, the Aiucricaa Indian, and the Eihiupinu.

The American Indians and the Malays of suutheastt'rn Asia are now
thought Uy he remote brandies of the Munt;ubuii race. This reducL>s
the distinct raritil tyi>psto three — thewjiile, the yellow, and the black,

7. The Caucasian or White race had its origin in the west-
ern part of Asia. All the nations of Europe, except the Lapps,
Finns, Turks, and the >Iag>'ars of Ilimgary, l>elong to this race.

The descendants of Europeai7.siare spread over the world, and
now both Americas are governed by them. M

Tlie members of this race are the moift enlig'ht«ned and the most
enterprising nf the racfw, and are rapidly colonizing, civilizing', and
enligliti-iiing the world. M

8. The Mongolian or Yellow race occupies a large part of ■

Asia, and includes the Eskimos of America, and the Uipps, Finns,

Samoiedes, Magj-ars, and Turks. The leading nations belonging

to this race are the Japanese and Chinese.

Among the Mongolians are tribf-s nf every grade of civitiiatjon. fro'
the Eskimos, who arc mere savages, to the pi-ogressive Japanese.

9. The Malay or Brown race occupies most of the islands ol
the Pacific, but is giving way l>efore Euro|iean coloniste.

TIjc color of the Malays varies fnim olive-yellow to black. Some
scientists include the Malays iininng the divisions of the Mongolian

10. The American Indians or Red race are tall, erect, and —
somewhat dai'k. f

They were mostly savages, but there are remains of ancient civiliza-
tion in many parts of the New World, particularly in Mexico andS

Peru. V

11. The Ethiopian or Black race is found chiefly in
Africa, where it is for the most {xirt in a savage state. Its
descendants in America are civilized.

Review Topics.— What is the pojmliilion of the world ? Flow is the
liumftti fntriilv diviik-d ? Savages. Barlwroiif nations. CivilizoO. Flow
do civilized differ from hnrluirous? Knlighli^iufl ristiniH. Tlie race^ Cati
cifiinns. MoncoTlfttif. Maidys. Amffrican Indiana. Thr Kthiopian.

XV. rNDURTRIAL PURSUITS
OF MAX.

1. Man requires fuod, ralmeiita
and shelter. To secure them he re-
sorts to variouK (H'-cujiations.

2. Industrial Puranlta.— The
leading occupations or industrial pur-
suits are agriculture, fishing, mining,
manufacturing, commerce and trans- ■
nnrtation.

CtnitMiXivn. Miruftizv.

'iKi tnliiihttnfi tUioe. A ww o} •\i>tf Y ark VUn IriTm ttit harbor.

Agriculture includes tilling the earth to obtain useful plants,
and gnizing, or the raising of flocks and hertls.

Fishing includes the taking of fish from fresh and salt watere.

Hininfc is the digging of valuable ores and minerals
earth, and reGning them.

ManufUoturifif is the working up of all sorts of raw materia!,
into more useful and valuable shapes.

Coniinprc><* includes buying' and selling, and the exchanging of
the products of one conntn', or section, for those of another.

TnitiH|M»rtiitloii includes the carr^'ing of people and products
from oni^ place or countrv to another.

3. Why Industries Vary. — Many industries depend upon
climate, situation, and wants of the country.

In l<4>iiii*hiiiu, for example, the cultivation of the sugar-cane is
an importiuit bmnch of industn,'.

In Mninc the cutting and gathering of ice from the frozen
lakes and rivers in winter is an important industry.

Ther« arc no frozen lakes and rivers in Louisiana; and no
cane-fields in Maine, simply because climate forbids. For this
reason the industries of these sections ditfor.

The occurrence of minerals. Riich as coal, iron, gold, silver,
lead, sidt and petroleum.
largely atFect the indus-
tries of men .

How Coal and Irvn
AftV'i-t liuliiMrle^ —

C'ouiitrifs iiUiuudiiig in
coal and iron are exU;n-
eivply engaged in uianu-
facturiug. Coal is nw^s-
sury Ixjth for fuol and for
the manufactupe of iron
unil steol inat-hiticry,
IJeinff heavy substanres
to traoBport. nianufuc
taring can be carried
on more cht-aply ivher«
these two minerals ant
found together.

Review Topics.— W li a i

does man tpiinirr} Tlie Iratliu^

indastlJAl piirnuitj. Agn'cuU»n\

Gming. Fisliiog. ^lining.

MKiiitf«i:turing. ComTnoriH'. On wbat do iinlLi^^lrie^ ile|ken(l '! Coiiipun) Louiiii-

ana miil Maine. How do coal and iron affecrt iiiiluslrii>s 'f Wh»l otber Itiiiit^ arc

necesMiry for currring on manurarturing '! Ckh you t«ll how wioh things are ul>-

taimtl ?

XVI. iiKi.i<;ioxs.

1. All people have some kind of reli^on. The principal forms
of religion arc — Chrfiftiiinlty, .liidHiKin, MnhatniiioilniiUm, niid-
dbiNm, llnilinianlMni, and the reli;^ion of the Giiebres {fJ>i<'ht/'z}.

2. Cliristiamty,— Christians believe in the iJible as the Word

of God, and in Jesus Christ as the Son of Ood. All the nations

of AmericA, and all those of Europe, except the Turks, profess

the Christian religion.

Xu Asia and AfHca ihcrt* are some Christian eonimunities, and Chris-
tianity is pradualiy j,'ainiujr<^>nvi?ru in Uuh thest- couiineuts. Only
about one-third of the inhai>itnntsof the clnlx", however, iinifi^ss ttm
Chrisliau religion.

3. Judaism. — The Jews believe in the Oh
in the Kcvv.

4. Mohajumedanism. — 1'he Mohj

" There is one Gotl, and ^loluimmcd is

•

The Koran was writton hy Muhanin'
It is the Bible of his follower*
many other inhahitant«

6. Buddhism. — Buddha was thefounderof this religion. Eis
followers, who comprise one quarter of the human family, do not
believe in any God. They insist on the practice of charity.

U<Mt of the people of Eastern and South-Eoatem Asia are Buddhists.

6. BrahmaniBjn. — The Brahmans are very numerous. They
are the leading religious sect of India, from which they drove
most of the liuildhists by i)crsecution.

Tliey believe that Qod is in everything— in the shiiunfr light, in the
movinjj wind, in t]ie falling^ rain, iu the animals, and of course in
man himself. Juggernaut is onu of their most famous idols.

7. The Guebree or Farsees are the followers of Zoroaster.
The sun and lire are witli them emblems of the Deltv.

Tliey arc the so-called tiro-worvliiiipLTH of Persia and India.

Hevlew ToiiU'M.— Name thy |>riiiiijijil forms nf religion. What ilo Chris-
tUnit belief^? Which three continents are inhabited Dhjefly by Chrisliunt<? Do voii
find many ClirisriKn rnrniinirifrio^ in Ai^Ia nntl Africa? What is siUd ot the Jews?

■=*| What is lh« great doctrine ol
' ihc MohJunmeflanB? Whnt ia
Iho Koran? Who wrote it?
N'smc wine Jlobummi'daii niw
li^<^^. Wlial is said of Bud-
ilht-Mii? Of HrahinBiiisro? What
is Juggernaut? The Uuthrcs.

X\l\. UOVKIINMENTS.

1. Oovenunent and
its End.— All people re-
tpiirt! government of some
sort; otherwise the strong
would o]>pr«?ss the weak.

2. Kinds of Govern-
meut. — Civilized govern-
ments of the present day
may l>e reduce<I to two
kinds — the Uepuhlican
and the MonnrfhiciU,

3. A Eepublic is a State in which the President, or liead of
the government, is electe<l by the jwople to serve for a certain time.
The laws are made by representatives also chosen by the people.

4. A Monarchy is a government in which the ruler inherits
his olfice and holds it during life.

Of monarchies there are two kinds: AbKoUiie, in which the

will of the sovereign is the supreme law of the land, and Limited,

in which the laws are made by representatives of the people.

Russia and Turkey are absolute monarcbiea; all the other monarchies

of Europe an* limited.
A. monarchy may ho a Kin^lotn, or an Kmpirc. The sovereifru is

usually calltxl King, Queen, or Emperor.

The Bfst Government.— The kind of government beat suited toany

couutr3' liopenda upon tbu [jt'oplc who inhabit it. Where the people are

of a high degree of intelligt'iH*. it is thought best to give every one a

«hare in the government, as in republics and limited nionarchi««: hnt

this right to ignorant jwrsons would oidy re.Mdt in confusion and

ai«nt. The simplest form of government is that of the trlbe_

rulitl liy the will of a single chief. As people increase in

nti.'lligvnix> they denuiud a larger and lar^r sl>are iu the

at last Ibey take entire control of it.

■.H, — Tht! use of Ro Tern meat. Kind?. Republic. Monarchy.
-murcliies? Uelint) Lh«.'ui. OowaiL the States of Eurt>p«

MAP STUDIES.

THK llKMIt'rHEBi:''.

Cieiioral Qiifstiout*.

—By whtit im-riiiiHii circle
littvc we Lore divided Uie
eailh into heinispliercs i
WLat circle di%'ides Uie
eacth into a northeni aud
a soutlirrii lu-mispere?
Which hemisphere con-
tains tnwt huid, the
eastern .or the westemi
Which hemisphere con-
tAinR tlie most water, the
jiurthcrii or soiiiticrn?

C o n t i II c n t H . — In

which zone du 3'au thid
the groateat proportion of
laudt What contijientK (in
you And iu tlio wL-slem
heniispheref In the eant'
onit What cruitineitt Hm
jwrtly in boih i What
rnntinents lie w li o 1 1 y
north of ttie Equator?
Wliich are divided by the
]<>|uator ? By the Tropic
of Cancer? Tropic of
Capricorn? The Arctic
Circle ? Tliroupli w li a t
part of Kurope does this
circle iiuttai How are
North aud South America
united? Aitiu and Africa?
What sea and xtrail sepa-
rate Africa and Kuro[iet
In what direction does
North America lie from
KurojM? f From Africa J
In wliat direction is Aus-
tralia from vVatar From
South America.

I H 1 It n <1 ii .—In which
ocean are most of the
islands of the world 1
What imimrtant ^roup olf
the westi.Tii shores of
Kumpel^ Whfllislaiuls off
the coast of Asia form a ffKM. em|nre? What large
islands between Asia and Australia? Which is the larKCst
island in the world f An». Ptr/jwa. What large island
east of Africa? What ^froup soutlteaat of the Uniteil
States? What group incloses B*'nng Sea? Wliere is New
Zealand? Ceyluur What inland boulh of Australia? North?

Capes.— What is Ute most northerly cape of Kurojwi
The most southerly of South America? The most south-
erly capes of Africa? Tlie must eairteriy) The moet
i«>ullicrly of India?

Miiiititaiiix.— Where are ttie Rocky Mountains?
The Audesf The A!|»s? The HiinuhiytLs; Tlie Atlas?
Iu what direction do the mountain ranfres of the west-
ern liemisphera extend! Those of the eastern?

Ocflcrts.— What ore the two preai deserts of the
wurldf In which continents are tlieyf

^2^ HJBMjfl^^

XVIII. TinC Iir.MISPHKTlES.

1. If we cHWde the earth into Iieinispheros, as
above, tve have what ai^ callc<l the Kastern and
Western Hcnnsphores.

2. The Weatem Hemisphere contains Xorth
and South Aincriua. iin<l is called the New World.

3. The Eastern Hexniaphere contains Europe,
Asia, Africa, and Australia.

Kumpe, Asia, and Africa are called the Old AVurld,
liccause our anoestnps lived Ihwe thousands of years
before the New World was fduud by &dunibus.

The Eastern Hemisphere has nearly twice as much land
as the WestPrn.

4. Asia and AfMca aro connected bv the Isthmus

of Kiiex, and NortI
the IsthincM of Pa

Both of the«c ||
Iiirjze ixtntinenls
nish important
oceans and

5. The earth*8

Ktjuator into ?ioiil

6. Europe, Asi

the Xorthem Hou
Teni|)erato Zone.

Their const lines

gulfs, which ^n

The Northern H4

'^ r I r

1 ■» V-- ■- ■-■

■itaVi

J IL-,,

1 ..'jjrlt'A..

^ ai c

< twnnielt

J? I ^

-* N ^^'

cVn'

,^».

''>Ai

(4U»T0**

AHtJpe-l-^-;:./-^^

,,-r"

« __.

MAI' sTrniEs.

TUR JIBMlitrtlKKES.

OcffaiiK.— Which jslbe
largest oceaii ? II«w much
of the Wfsteni FleiniK-
pliere does it cover? The
Pacific IS remarkable, far
the numberof inlandscmi'
tained in it, and for the
belt of vt^anoea that
encircles if. Between
wliHl (-nnlinenU in the
Atlamici The Atlantic ia
the only ocean which ia
widely open on the north.
Moreover, it readies, like
a tony valley, fntm pole
to }iole, and formtt the
only tvady chamiel for
the exchange of the polar
and equatorial waters.
Which is west of North
and South America?
Which is Mknil Which i»
nortii of North America?
WhicJi Is west of Europe?
South of Asia? The In-
dian Ocean i> ivmarhable
for the violent hui'ricanea
which eiceep over its
waters. What ocean oast'
of Asia? Northf East of
Africa? West? fioulh?
Whore ia the Antarctic
Ocean ?

GullH. — Where is the
Sea of Japan ? Tlie China
Sou? Bay of BenffaU
Arabian Sea? Red Bea?
Mediterraneant Gvilf of
Guineat Caribbean Seaf
Gulf of Mexicof Beriujr
flea? Hudson Bay? In
which oceans do we find
Surji-aaso Beosj Tficne are
iminenne areas of tfie
ocean covered with mo-
teeed. Theocean currents
move about them in whirls.

»s and South America by

fr famous because iliey join
t and abwi because they fur-
K*i»l rutiies between great

B is also divuletl hy the
Southern Heini^pbercs.

ESforth America lie in
» and are oliiefly in the

^n by inland ^as, bays, and

State oonimerce.

^ is the seat of knowledge.

civilixatinn, and power. It ia the cniiiinfnrial
lieniiMphi'm.

7. The southern continente are South America,

Africa, and Australia. Tliey lie princijmlly in the

Torrid Zone.

ComparfHl with the otliercontincutB, they are marked by
lack of coast indentation, and hence do not afford the
same facilities fur commerce.

Review T«|»if8. — nomisiibpn-s. Wlial roiitin«ht5 a» ia

lliD Wfsli.Tii Ili-mispljiTc? WImt does tliu l-justem IlemlspherB
oonlrtin? Whsl is riipniil br the Old World? Wliir.li hciriii'pb*'!*
Miimiiifl tlift moflt liind? How arc A«in sn'l Africa t-onticcUHj?
Nortli mill Stjulli ArioricH*:' Wlmi i islhmns«'5 fmiious?

WhiU cotitiucnU does iho NortlKTfi > r.i tMiiidiri? Id wlml

zoiMsarc Iliey? Whii is said o( thrir vmicl liin;»? "Which h the
ooininerctal hcnii9[iharc? Kame Ih" «>.it>ii.4ni vontinenta. In
wliai. wncs ore the/?

l^ukfH nnfl Klvcrv. — Wjiat grtral lalctss In Africa?
Westi^rn Asia? Whore are tlie groat lakes of the Western
HemisphETe? Where is llie Amaz».mf Mississippi? In
what directions do these flow? Whei-e is the Nile?
Yenisei? Yang- tee- kiang?

Voyrtg<rs,— On what oceans would you sail iii going
from Amori<^H, in a southeastwurdly course, to Australia,
thence t^) Cilifornia? What oceans would you Kuil on in
a voyage fr»jiN Nrw York to (.'alforniji, by way of Cu])0
Horn? From Nei? York to Chiua, by way of the Cv.pe of
Good IJo)t«T From Cftpp Hfim to tlw Caj* of Good Hope?

LiititiKi'

if »hr lind
in latilud'
is she n
tudo }
nui

** —When* would a Klnp Iw

:' ! is«' ft hhip

1 i»l;inds

h.ti-
sho

NORTH AMERICA.

XIX. PHYSI

ATrBE)*.

1. North America stretches from the Arctic regions to the
Torrid Zone, and embracea a great range of latitude, diversity
of climate, and variotv of vegetuhlo productions.

2. Surface. — The continent is divided into three great sec-
tions: L The Allnntk^ Plain and Api»nliu*liiaii lli-r^lilaud ; 11.
The Gr«at CctKnil Plnln ; III. The Piuilie Hit^lilmul und 81o|»e.

3. The Atlantic Plata is the country lying between the ocean
and the Apjuilachian Mountains.

S$/aniak wmm*.

Appidadtiaa Hiif'tUirvt—Thr. Hitie Hidga at
Stippkin. S, C.

M.\P STUDIES. -TYliatf«ean.x
nearly surround Korili Anieric^i.'
What ocean current on the west-
em coast ? The aoutheusUru aiattt <
What is its direction? What nirrent
passes toward NVwfonndland from
the Arctic regions? Wlmt biiy in-
dents tho iiortheni part of tho con-
tinent? What peuinsula Mutt of itf
What gulf Koiitli of Labrador? What
great gulf indeuU the southeastern
cotati What peninsulas nearly en-
close hi What ohanneU lead to iU '^"^ *^**' ^*"*^ ^^'^ "* '^-^ i^t^M.
What is tlie general direction of the Atlantic coast? Of thn Pacific?
Wliat largo pL-uinsula forms tho northwestern extremity of the cmti-
nent) Wliat strait separatca it from Asia? What gulf iudciits the wtsi-
ern ooastt What peninsula west of this gulf? What land east of BalTin
Bayt Island east of Greenland} What islands between North and South
Amorica7 Name the four largest. In what zone do they lie? What sea
south of them? What ishmd east of the Gulf of St. Lawnmce} What
isthmus unites North and Bouth America?

SiiH'uce. — WJmt does each color on the map sliow} Is nuwtof tin-
oontineiit high or low? Whnt in the most elevated portiouT Where does
the chief lowland He? Wbat elevation of land divides the Central Plain?
Name its southern portion. What ocean on the north? Gulf on thf
southi What highlmidfl near tho eastern coast? Their general direction i
WluU region between the Appalachian Higliland and tbp sea? Wbal
highland region in the west? What mountain system? What is its direc-
tion and extent? What mountains near tho Pacific cOBStt

BlTcrs and Lake.*.— What great river system drains the sonthem
part of the Ccutml Plain? Wbat rivers drain the northern iwrt? Into
what do tliese rivers dow? What lakes are draine<l by the St. Law-
rence? In what direction does this river How? In wlmt direction do tho
rivers of the Atlantic Plain flow? Name Uie chief rivers of the Pacific
Slope.

V^etatlon and AnimuU.— Trace the northern limitof trees. What
plants grow north of this limit ? How far north do barley, oats, and flax

4. The Ap-
palachian

Highland coni-
prues the ranges
known an the
Appalachian
Mountains.
These extend
from the Gulf of
St. Lawrence
nearly to thi-
Gulf of Mc.mVo.

6. The Great
Central Plain reaches from the Arctic Ocean to the
Mexico. It lies Itetween the two Highland rvgions.

Near the head waters of the Mississippi this plain is croaaed I^ ft lev
ridge, called Uie Lattrfnifan lllgliliind, which divides it iutotm
great slopes. One inclines to the north, and sends its waters inlotht
Arctic Ocean, tlio other to the south, draining the Valley of the3&
sisBippi. Ki-oni Minnesota the Laurcntian Highland n»a.v be tnwd
northward of tho Groat lAkes toward the Atlantic The hightf
point is reached in MinneBota, where the source of the Missiwippii

l,(iOO feel above the aea-leveJ. Tta
Lnurcntiau Highland is also caUtA
The Height-of-Laad.

6, The Pacific Highland in-
cludes the Itocky Jlountaina and
the elevated Plateau lying be-
tween these mountains on tlu
imo side, and the Sierra Xevadi
and ("ascatle lunges on the other.
It extends from the Isthmus of
Panama to the Arctic Ocean.

grow in the western part of the continent? In the central? In theeuAtemi
How many decrees farther north do they grow on the Pacific than on the
Atlantic side? Judging from this, which side of tlie continent has the
milder climate? Account for the difference. Where does the line pass,
south of which there is seldom any snow? Where do we find the wfaalol
Tho walrus? The seal and sea-otter? The eider-duck? The cod. macken^
and herring? Sponges, coral, green turtle? On whatpartof the conlineni
are fur-hearing animals found? The grizzly bear? The elkt

NORTH AMERICA: GENERAL IlESCRlPTION.

lA. /'*-,Af i^op* trow BtrluUv. .1..... ..,(j r-.- t .(k o/ iioii Franamn, ciW Me (7*;Jefi Ca«.

Between this Highland luid the Vacific Oceaji lies the Pacillc

7. Hivers and Lakea. — North Amorina is .abundantly wa-
tered. Its riverH and lakes are among
the largest in the world. A very
large ]>ortion of all the freah water
on the glolM? is contained in its lakes.

The Mtssisfilppi and its numerous
tributarieB traverse the southern slope
of the Great Central Plain. TheMb*-
sotirl and the Loiter Mississippi to-
gether form one of the longest water-
ootinies in the world. Its length is
more tlian 4,000 miles.

Tlic St. LanTencc drains the Or«st.

Lakes and flows into the Guif of St.

Lawrence- Tlie rivers of the eastern

slope of the Appalachian Mountains

all enter the Atlantic Ocean or the

Gulf of Mexico.
Those of the Pacific Highland arc the

Yiikou^^'hich flows lulu Bering 8ca

and is nari^hle for 1,500 miles, Hw

Columbia and the i^olornfloontei-

inKlliePiicific, Hiid the ICiuGruitile,

which flows into the Gulf of Mexico.
The Ma<.'keu2le, the Siutkatcbewan,

and the Nelson drain the northern

portion of the Central Plain and flow

into Ihc Arctic Ocean or into Huditon

Bay.

Review ToptPH.— EiUjot of KorUi Anwrien, uorlh sml south. Wbnt
pTe» this eontlneiit Of gr[^at diversity of cliiiisla and variotjr nf prodiictJon?
How Is the surface dirijed? Deacrilw the AUiuUo Plain. The AppalschlRii High-

land. The Great Central Plain. By ^Ut » ft dirlded? WUt i» aoid of the two
slopes? Describe the Laurentian IMghlauil The Pacific UIgbUiid. Tbe PaAifio
Slope. What Is saiJ at the riTers and lakes uf Xurth AnuTica? Of tbe HissU*
■fippi and its branches? The St. Lawrence? Tbe rivers of the Appalachian Moan-
taiLs? Pacillc Plateau? Arctic tilope?

XX. CIJMATE, VEOETATIOX, AXD INUABlTA^'Tt*.

1. Climate and Vegetation.— The climate of North America
is varied. The greater part of the continent is in the Temperate
Xone. This portion is well watered, and contains extensive for-
' -rs. grassy plains, and ahundant vegetation.

The extreme northern part ia cold and almost uninhabitable. It
is inarkwl by a dwarfed and scanty vo-getation, whic}i, on the Arctic
shores, consists of nothing but mosses and lichens.

The southern part lies near or in the Torrid Zone. It has a

trnpical climate, an abundant rainfall, and luxuriant vegetation.

Cotton, coffee, sugar cane, and to-

haoco are here extensively cultivated,

and the banana, pineapple, orange,

and lemon are found in ])erfcction.

2. Advantages of Position. —
Xortii America lies between the
two great oceans; it has the Atlan-
tic on the east and the Pacific on
the west. Ita harbors on the Pacific
:iro midway beween tbe western
shores of Europe and the eastern
shores of Asia.

With its double sck front, numerntu
harbors, central position, narrow
isthmus, with quick transit acr«)s-s it.
North Ainericu is well situated for
trade with both Kurupe and Asia.

3. Discovery. — America was iliS'

covered by Christopher Columbus in

1492. It was named America after

Vmericus Vespucius, a Florentine

imda contemporary of Columbus.

Tiie first land discovered was Wal-

linK iHhiud, uiie of the small islands

of the West Indii's. Other islands

a/«i(iw,a<>difaMM(iU/M'4U<Mwtap./«mifwM«0raw^«tfM(ar^ ^j ^1^^ group flj-gre discovered by

Columbus, and he left some of his men on the island of Haiti.
Finally, un his third voyage, bo discovered Uie continent itself.
Columbus thou(;ht that these islands were the Eiwt ludicH, but wlien

The ti-aitra of Ott Or*al L»k«a fMtt Irtm l^k* Kr\m la Ijoke (hiiario tkrauffk the Mituf-

MjVP 8TUD1EH.— Wliftt country occupies the northern part of
North America f What country north east of British Americaf Soulht
What country soutli of Uie United Btatcnf South ejist of Mexico?

Dunirih Americji {belnn(»s to Denmark). — Of what docs Panish
America cyusLsl? Name the capital uf Iceland. What low ns lie within
the Arctic Circle? Where is Cape North ? Cape Farewell?

BritlMh A morli-a. — What is the principal divisinn of British AmericaT
Wliat inland and province form the oilier division? Whotni'tnntain range
inlhe westerapartf Wliat lakes are dniinctl by the >fackenzie River? Tlic
Nelmnt What lakes on the southern border of the Dominitin of Canada (
Where is Cape Raoet Cape Sable? BayofFundy? Grand Hiuik? Two
islands on the Pacific coast? Wliere is the ]k£a^notiu PtHuT At this pole
the magnetic iieedle points towards the center of the earth. What is Uie
capital of the Domintont What Cities on the St. Lawrence? Where is
Halifax!

UuitcU State*.— Two capes on the east! What mounrains near the
west coast? Where are the Apiwilachian Mts.7 What three bays on the
eastern coast? Where is IJoston? New York? Philadelphia? Washintflonf
What city on the Ohio? On Lake Michigan? What city near Uie mouth
of the Missouril Near the mouth of tbe Mississippi? On the Pacific
coastl

Meitlco.— What river between Mexico and tbe United States? "What
gulf and peninsula on the Pacific coast? What is tbe principal mountain
Hinirel Name one of its volcanoes. What is the capital? What city on
the Bay of Campeche?

Central Aincrfi-a.— What sea on the east? Wliat ocean on the wesLI
What lake in the souUiern j»art ? What nre the chief cities ?

West lmII«H.-^Name the four largest islands of this group. Whei
is Havana? Port-an-Prince ? San Domingo? Kingston? San Juan
Where are the Bahama Islands ? The Bermudas i

THE UNITED STATES: PHYSICAL FEATURES.

it was found that th«y were not, ibey were called the Went Inilles.
Spanish coloDies were promptly eslabHsbed in the New World. Cub*
and the other .Spaniiih-Ameriain republics grrew out of these.

4. Inhabitants. — Tho continent is at present occupied chiefly
by Cnucasiiina of various natiomUlties. and by the descendants of
African Negroea.

Both Niirth and S<iuth America, with their adjacent islands, were in-
liahited ul the lime of their ditwovfry Uy IndtuuH, of whom only the
Pcru%-lAn8 and the Axtecs of Mexico were civilized.

No hnrs«-s, cowa, or other dome-slic animals were known to the natives,
except the hairless dog- of C^lha and the Ihinia of Peru.

Tlie Indians roamed over the country from one hunting ground to
ani>tlier, living in wigwams. They rarely cultivated the soil. Some
of their IrilM-s are now partially civilized.

The Ari'tlc (K>rtions of llie continent are «till in possesnon of the na-
tive KsklmoH, who live in suow huts, clothe UicmBelves in the skins

of animals, and feed upon Sab and the flesh of the bear, seal, ai
walrus.

5. Political Divisions. — Greenland and Iceland Ijelong toj

Denmark, ; The I)onnni4>n of (^'anada, I^hrador, and Mewfound-I

land belong to Great Britain ; Tho Unitctl States (incladingl

Ahiska and Porto Rico), Mexico, the Central American Stales,

Cuba, Haiti, and San Domingo are independent republics ;J

other AVest Indian islands, the Bahamas, and the Bermudas,

belong to EuroiK'an nations.

Review Toiiies.— Tn what zone is a. large part of North America?
the TcgetatfoQ of ih& extreme nortliem portion. Of tho wulhcm portion,
uctsofoacb. How is Nurth Aiuerica located? Commercial importance. Wlii
and by wliom WAS America (liscoverotl? lUTiy so called? Account for the nanw
Wut Indies. Who nre the present inhabitants of Uin otjntinent? Describe tli«i
Indiana. ESslciinos. Name the political divisions of North Atnoriua.

THE UNITED STATES.

XXL UANK AXD Piri'SICAT. FEATURES.

1. Position and Rank. — The Uniletl States occupies the cen-
tral and most fertile [wrt of Nortli Amprica. It ranks as one f>f
the greatest jxiwers of the world.
and stands tirst in agriculture,
manufactures, and woaltb.

2 . Extent . — The countr\-
extends from the Atlantic to
the Pacilic Ocean, and from the
Great Lakes on the north to tin-
Gulf of Mexico on the south.
The distance from ocean tt*
ocean, in a direct lino across
the ooimtry, is 2,100 miles in
the narrowest, and 2,800 in the
broadest part, and its greatest u«Ti{ay<:~
breadth from north to soutii is w<'^f-no'on.
nearly 1,700 miles.

The area of the I'nited States, including Ahiska
and the outlying islands, is 3,7ySi,8!S0 square
miles.

3. Surface.— Tho surface of the Uuitcd
States consists of tliree great natural ilivi-
sions; I. The .Atlantic Pliiiu and Aii|iiiluohiiiii
Uitfhltuid. 11. The Valley of the MlHaisHippt.
IIL The Paciflc IIlKlilntHi and Slo]>e,

5. The Appaletcbian Highland. --Beyond this hill country
are tho mountain ranges forming the Aiipalachian system. They
lie nearly parallel to one another, and e.\ten(l in a northeast and
southwest direction, from tho 8t. Lawrence nearly to the Gulf

of ^fe.xico.

Tlio most prominent of th<
nuigeH are the White Sfoun-1
taluH, the Green MoiintiiinH, thf
.Viliroudncks, the Blue Rtd^.
and the Allegheuy MoiiiituliiK.

Here and there are elrvatlona of
6,000 feet, but the average© height
is uot more thuu 2,000 or 3.004)
feet. With few exceptions the
.-Vppalachians are foreRt-otad to
their sumoiits.

VtrM- !,{ t'if II h\U Mif ,
«Aou-i'n(7 the i'rfM\fiff^-

T 14 \It.
|g II ttAfiingiom, The Ltrj--
truUditHi M 1) aurnnin
AatW.

^touHt I'ltjuh, i.ut>-'*'i jrniin liailrr^ I'urk . Ai'-trilU. \ . <'. ThU »t<ti(m /•** in lh< ptaliau
ngiOH vxtt of Ittt Blu« Rydgi ran^. The Brvaii rivn- Aoa etU a viAt willtv thmi^ the ■fiUtUav.

^K TIIK ATI.AXTIC PLAIN AND APPALACHIAN

^B HIGHLAND.

^^ 4. The Atlantic Plain lies between tho sea and the Appala-

\ chian Mountains.

^B It consists of a belt of lowland cjilled the CoitMtal Plain, and an

^^ upland region called the Piedmont.

The

6. The 011-
mate of this
division varies
with the lati-
tude. In the
northern por-
tion there are
long and se-
vere winters;
in the sonth-
era, flowers
entire region has a

The Coastal Plain iit narrow at the north, but widens toward tbe

south, where it is from 200 to 300 miles in width.
"West of this low plain lies llie PifMlrnf>nt refrion, or hill country, which

gradiialiytncreaaeainelevatinn until we reach the footoftliemnuntaina.

are blooming all tlio year rouml.
moilerate but sufficient rainfall.

7. The Products of the Atlantic and Gulf Plains correspond
with tho climate. "When these sections were first settled by
white men, they were of)vered with forests.

The nortliem aiM'flon produces oats, com, hay, and potatoes.

In the central portion the yield of hardy fruita and graina is

abundant.
In the Hiiuthern section we find cotton and rice, indicatinif a aemi-

tropiral climate, wltile in large areaa of Florida the cranio and

lemon, banana, and gpjava HoiiriBb.

THE UNITBD STATES: PHYSICAL FEATURES.

6. The Natural Advantages of the Atiantiu IMain and Ap-
palachian Highlaiui are very great.

Tlie deposita of cnal, iron, &nd petroleum are enormotu.

Numcpous rivers rise in the higtilands, furnishing water-pow^r for the

maiiufncturer and liigbn-ays fur commerce iu tlie Coiistal Plain.
The roaAt line is much indented, fonninir excellent hnrhors.

A60M lutieiOu

=.CSi3ff.r

Th€ Ui*$%4nppi Hierr and iJa /lood-plaiti al Wtnema. .Uinn.. Untkiia wir ttt* rnv. Solut th* rfn)u.-6rtdtfe k'HiCA u drtia-H to firmU
mnmhoattto pam and the ittty on the l*lt-Kand tid« Im dimpm As eluuuul and pmtnt Ihs tanJtt frvm beinf uoaM mray.
«fMrel knnAm. aU d vAkA art a part of (A« rivtr. Th» opjumtM «A«r« u WttmiMtn,

THE VALLEY OP THE HISSI66IPPI.

9. Valley of the Mississippi. — Crossing the wooded heights
of the Appalachian ranges, we enter a vast shallow basin called
the Valley of the MiHsiKsippi. It extends from the Appalachians
to the Rocky Mountains, and from the Gulf of Mexico to the
Height of Load. It occupies nearly one-half the area of the
United States.

If we look at the map wo shall see that the Mississippi receives
the waters of large rivers, such as the Ohl« and the Tennifssec
on the east, and the Miiisoiiri, the lUnt, iinil the ArkanHiu* on
the west. This clearly shows that the
lands on either side of the river fonu
the sloping sides of a great valley.

A large portion of the upper Missis

sippi Valley cunaists of pmirU>K.

Some of them are rolUng*. others as

level as the sea. Most of them are

treeless. Pheso prairies were once

covered by a irrrnt hIihUow lu-a;

the tine soil was washed down from

the mountainn and depoAit«d an

sediment on the sea-bottom. A ftlow

uplift of the continent afterward

left thitt region dry land.
Before the pmiries were cultivated they were corered in ■prin^ime

and summer wilb ^ruas and llowers. Boundless fields of wheal and

corn now occupy large portions of tbem.
Westward of tlie Missouri and the 9Htfa meridian are the Grpat

PlainHt & plateau extending to the Rnclp,* Mountains. Their soil iit

covered, when in a natural condition, wilh uulritious grasses on

which many thousand liOffs and cattle feed. Tlicee plains are the

forest jpraxiafi regiuu of tlie United .Stute.s.

10. Climate. — The northern section has a temperate climate,
with hot stmxmors and cold winters. The climate of the south-
em portion is scmi-trupical.

The soil is of great depth and fertility. It is compose*! for
the most part of fine sediment left by the waters that onoe over-
flowed the valley; but in the northern lialf there is much coarser
material left by the glacier that once overspread the northern
part of the continent.

The climate of tlie Great Plains ia remarkably dry. Af^rulture
depends, in many areaa, upon Irrixation; that is, distributing wiiier
over the ficldii by means of channeU leading from reservoirs.

11. The Products of the MisBissippi Valley are similar to those

of the Atlantic Slope in corresponding latitudes. The leading

products are cotton, sugar, hay, grain, tol)acco, lumber, and

minerals. The MiHsis»ip))i Valley is

the chief atp-irultiinil rei^lon of the

country.

12. The Natural Advantage*;

of iijis i'-::iunarc unsuq)a&scil.

Ua foil i-s unriralJed in depth and fer-
tility.
ha graziiit; lands are among the most

extensive in the world.
It ronlainji some of the most valuable

timber lauds iu the country.
Tlie Great Lakes are on the northern
borders of this region. They are really
inland freAh-water seas. On their
waters many thuuitahds of vessels carry on an active iutemal
oommerce.
The MlMHlMrii|tpl and its trihiit4irleM drain the entire valley, and
furnish wiitor-routos whereby the products of one portion of this
regiou may n;wlily be trans|K>Ked to another. The lumber and
wheat of Minnesota and Wisconsin are carried upon the Mitwitutippi
down to New Orleans, a distance of more than 8,000 miles; while
the sugar, rice, etc., of the Gulf States may bo transported upon the
same waters to the States far away tu Uie north.

THE PACIFIC HIOULAXO AND HLOPE.

13. The Pacific Highland emhracos the Itooky Mountains

'\Xlrm»f^^

On Utt Grml flain».

Scms on 4 TrjuM rttnivi.
IA* tmnd, or mark.

i K^ K.i.W^i) AdK* jtM/ rcrpMf u l**r tn vniir thai lh*ii m^y txamint
EacA rvncA oimtr Am Au tmm brand.

and the sierra N'eva<laand CaM«iMle mngea, with the great ele-
vatetl pluti'nti lying lM?tween them.

The Rocky MotintnlnK, with their snow-capped peaks, border
the plateau on the east. They form the loftiest water-ahwl in the
ITnited J=tat«s. llero are found the head waters of the longest
rivers that flow eastwanl into the Mississippi, and westward into
the Pacific.

Tlu' Plateim Rrgion has an average elevation of 5,000 feet
above the sea level, and is from 300 to 800 miles in breadth.

It is traversed by numerous ridgea and mountain chains and is
naturally diride<[ into three TCgion*. viz.. the Plntn of the Co-
lumbta on the north, the Plateau of the Colorado on the nouth,
and between Ihoe the Great Basin, in which is the Great Salt
Lake.

The Sierra 1 Caitcade ranges form the western

MAP STXTDIES
pnTsiCAi. rj;n-Ki> htateh.

Surface.— Which half of the United States
cont^iis tlie grctitor uiiiouiii of Uigtitaiid ? Wjiiu
liigiiluud traverses Ui« eiisterii half i WImt region
belwcou tliiit iitg'hlunil luid Ihu ocean t Whut
grtait viUloy botwceu the cttslorn and weslem high-
lands ? Whero is the "prairie ' rttfion ! Wliot
plains form p.irt of the wMtcrn slope of the 5Ii»-
sissippi Vftlley ? What aiv thp lowland.-* borUerinL'
the Gulf of Mexico called t How far north di>
these extend ? Whoi-e nr« the iOtcUy JhmulainH }
What three ranges near the Paoitic i Wheri- is
the Great Basiu i What great salt lake in thi<t
repionf // ia aait ftecawM it linn no oulM. Thf
tcattr of all lakes and rivers contains some snit.
\Vheti a take has no outlet, its tfaterti escape
by evapijration only. Tin* salt is left Itehind,
and more and mors is continually mid^d by
the injtowing riiters. Between wimt mountain
ranges is the raost extfinaive lowlaml on the Pa-
cific Slope r Of what Statu does this lowland form
part ?

Ri%'er8 ond Ijiik****.— Name the most impor-
tant river of the United Stateti. What is its eliief
tributary 1 Steamers ascend the Mississippi to
St. Paul, Z.2tM) miles from its mouth. Th^ Mis-
aotiri is navigable nearly to the "Great Falls."
(^Mut 4,0(H) miU-S from the month of the Missis-
sippi. This is a givrtfer distance than from Xew
York to LiverpiHil. What is the chief eastern
trilmtary of the Miitsifuippi I To what States does
it atr<>r»l water communicfttion ( The rivers of
the Atlantic slope are navitjaNe generally through
the dark-green or lowland belt. Where U tb«
Yellowstone river 1 The Platto ? Arlcanaas f Reil ?
Rio Grande t What River orili^rs the Gulf of Cali-
fornia i It is famed for the cailons through which
it fioivs. TItey are gorges through the rock, some
of ivhich are 6.000 /f«( deep. Xmmio the two most
impi^rtaut rivers of California. What rivor breaks
thwHiirh the Caupjide llange and enters the Pacific
Ocean t Name the GroJit Ijnkes. Which i« the
largest f On the map find a Stale nearly e;iri;tl *"
it in area} Whirh is tlie smallest of tin- <::V.\ -
On the map fin<l a Stale Ihat w*- conjpai-e in size
to Ontario ? Which of the Grejil Ltikes i* wholly
within the United States J To what country do
the others partly Iwlong ?

Climate.— Between what parallels of latitude
does the United States lie i What are the prevail
ing winds ? In what part of the country are the
west winds bearers of rain i Why ( Fnmi what
directions do the win<ls come tliat bring rain on
the Atlantic, coast ? Explain this. 77k« nnnds
that blow from the Qnlf of Mexico bring moisture
to the Gulf Slope. Hnrricanes from the Gulf
oftfn ejrtend (is far north as \ew Rnglnnd.

In what zone does tho Unitjpd States lie '. The
Tropif of (Mincer is in lat, 231*^ N. How far dis-
tant from the tropic-al reffimis is llie southern
point of Florida ? Land winds in winter being
cold, and *ea winds warm, wliich must have the
milder winter weather, tlie northeastern corner of the United Slates or the
northwpslern ?

MineralN.— Wltat part of the country is the great mineral reginnf
What are the prinripal mineral* fonnd here f What arethe leading min-
eral iin)ducts of the Atlantic Hiffhland»i? Nume those fonnd on the

H I I ■• * K I

FItOF]I.Ba OF THH CJOTRD ST^TBS

sliorcs of Lake SiiiH-rinr. In wljicb half of tlie Uiiile*! StAlc«]
abundatit f In what parts of Ihe country is salt obtained f In
of the MittRifuippi Valley do you find iron t Cool V Lea
leum ?

Vepctntlon. — TCame the grains raised in the Mississippi V

THE UNITED STATES: GEKEKAL DESCRIPTIOX, STATES,, J^PUUTIOS.

boun<lary of the Plateau. They are really one chain, follov\-ing
the coast at a distance of from 100 to 150 miles.

Maay of the peaks of the Kocky Moiintnliis and the Sierra Nvvnilii
rise to the hciglit of over U,iKK) feet.

14. Climate. — Tlie climate of tho Pacific Hlehlaud is marked
by extremo dryness. It has but little rain, except on the moun-
tains, which are in tho path of tho westerly winds.

Owiii(r t'J the absence of nioisliire. the air ia rapidly healed and rapidly

cooled. Often the
tenipernture at
Eiuou will be 70^
itr 80'^, and at situ-
rise Wow freei-
inif-pnint.

16. Resources.
— This is one of
the great regions
of the world for
tho proclaction of

On (*!< foctlV Wlu'i-'i 'I'/— ] >-f. .V.uvjju liflrici, tl.aurino Ihr tij<ct a!

the precious metals. In frold it ranks next to Australia; in

Rtlr^r it is second only to Mexico.

The only natural vegetation of partu of the Plateaa Repinn are the
tiage bniHli in the north, and tho cactits in the ftoulli.

16. The Paciflc Slope.— J^eaving the Plateau iteiirion and
crossing the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ran^s, we find ourselves
upon the Pacific
Slope, which ex-
tends from, the
sammits of these
mountains to tho
Pacific Ocean.

It includes tho
low valleys of
Ciilifornln,
Orffcon, and

and tiie C'UN- Faaadma VaJlry. CitUfaruta , il<ivnl Lov* from .XtimK * Ntil

cade Mountains and the Coiutt Itjiuffe that borders llie Pacilk*.

17. The Clljuate of the Pacific Slope, owing to the prevailing

winds from the sea, is much milder than that of corresponding

latitudes on the Atlantic Slope. Tho summers are cooler, and

the winters so mild that nmny visitors spend the winter there.

The rains occur during the winter, which is known as the rainy
KoaKon; the summer ik ca)Ie«l the dry seasuu.

18. The Products and Resources of the Paciflc Slope are
extraordinary.

The mines of qulrlutlvor, ^1d, and petroleum are nf great vahie.
Vegot«blc« and fruit attain u aim that in almost jneredibie; and the
>'ield of wheat is aomelimes 6U bushelH to the acre. Ma^ifloent
forests «>vftp the mountain (dopejt. Tn** are found measuring' 40
feet In diameter. Facing the Asiatic continent, moreover, the P-icirte
Slope enjoys uitrivalled advanla^s for t-arryinjf on conjnierce
with tlie populous nations of diina and iTupan.

Review Topics.— liooation and rank of the Uaited Ststes. WIml is thr
freateat dlsLtnoe from east to weittT The ieiist? How is tho surface dividpd?
Describe each natural divUlon— surface. rtiiDale, prodncts. Wlint sre thi^ nattini]
•dYintageBofthe Atlnntic Plain? Descrilretho MiRsissippi Vnlley: cil*nt; prairiwt;
plains. Climate of tbc northcru portion : southern. Tho plains. The products.

How can Minnesota and the Qidf Scale exch&Dge prodocU? Describe tb« Pacific
Highland. Tlio Kockv Mounlftins. The PJaltau regitm. Width. How divided
by raouDWiiis? The Sierra Nevada*. Heig;ht of peaks. Thoclimiile, The mineral
wealth. The natural products. Descrjbi; thfi Pacitii- Slope. Contpare lt« climatt-
irith that of the Atlantic Slope. Describe the summens and winters. The mines.
Fruits and regetahlcK. Wheat. Fore«ls. Coniroereial adrantages.

XXIJ. STATES.- POPULATION.

1. The United States consists of forty-six states, one dis-
trict, four territories, and the islands annexed in 1398.

2. Grouping of States. ^ — ThefoUowingisaconvenientgroup-
ing of the states and territories.

New Gnfflaud States.

Maimc,

New Hampshire,

Vermont,
Massachcsetts,

Rhode Island,
Connecticut.

Middle Atlantic State**
New York,
New Jersey,
Pesnsylvanu,

Delaware,
Marvlaxd,
Vmorau,

West Viroisia,
{District of Columhiay

Houthem Staten.

North Carouna,
SotTTH Cabou»a,
Qeorou,
Florida,

Alabama,

MisaiHsipPi,

Louisiana,

Tezas,

Arkansas,

Tensesmeb,

Oklahoma.

Central States.

Kmvtvcky,

Ohio,

Indiana,

lUJNOIS,

Missouri,

Kansas,

Iowa,

Nebraska,

MiCHlUAM,

Wisconsin^

MntXESOTA,

North Dakota,
&OLTH Dakuta.

Itoeky Monntnin and Pnolflc Stntea.

Colorado, Nevada,
moittaka, idabo,
Wyoming, Utah,
Neiv Mejcico Ten-itoT-y, A rizona Territory,

Caufornu.
Orkoon,
Washinoton,
Ahtaka Territory.

laland Reifions.— /fawYiii, the, Philippines, Porto Rieo, Guam, one
of the Ladrones, WnJce Inland, and Tutuila and Mant4a, of the
Samoun group. Hawaii in ur^uized an a territory.

The States may also bo grouped as Atlantic, Gulf, Inland, Lake, and
Pacific States. We sometimes sttenic of tlie "Valley Stat«g,'' mean-
ing those in the Mississippi Valley: and the "Cotton States."
meaning those in which cotton is the princi[}a1 product.

3. Early Colonies.— The first English colony was eetablished
at Jomestowii, \'irginia, in IfiOT. In 1020 tho Pilgrims founded
Plymouth Colony in ^lassacbuselts. Soon aftorwanl Marylaad
was settled by English Koinan Catholics, and PenuHylvania by
Quakers.

The I>utch had settlements in New York, the Swedea in New
Jersey, and the Dnne« in Delaware; but about 1^04 these colo-
nies became subject to the English, who proceeded to establish
and acquire others, until their colonics numbered thirteen.

Tliese were Virginia, Maryland. Georgia, North Candina. South Caro-
lina. Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York. MtiKuichusetts,
Rliode Island. Nesv Hampshire, and Connecticut They are often
called the "Old Thirteen."

In 1770 they declared themselves free, soTeTeijfii. and Indeitendeut
States, and after a seven years' war their Independence was
acknowledged by Great Britain. They adopted a conbtitutiou in
1789, and estahliithed the government of The United States of
America.

THE UMTED STATES: POPULATION, GOVERNMENT, IXDUSTRIES.

4. Acquisition of Territory.— Additional territory ba£ been
acquired bv the United StaLea, mainly by purchase, iiw these
additions the area of the country has been increased fourfold.

In 1803 Louisinna, including the western half of the Mississippi
Vallej, was purchased from the French.

In 1819, Florida, which had been settled at St Au^stine by
Spaniards in ISliS, was purcbased frum Spain.

In 1845 Texas, having previously reTolt«<l froni Mexico and established
her iadepeodence, was annexed to the United States.

In 1848 Cnlifornla, with the territory lying between it and the Rocky
Mountains, wns cede*! Ut the United .States by Mexico. In 1853 the
southern portions of Ariznnn and Nnw Mexico were purchased
from Mexico.

In 1867 Alaska was purchased from Russia.

In 1896 Ilan-nli was annexed, and Pnrto Kico, Uie Philip-
pine Islands, and Guam, one of the Ijidron«jt, were ceded
by Spain after the Spanish war.

In 1900 the United States acquired Xutuiln and Mauua,
islands of the Samoan group.

6. Inhabitants. — The inhabitants of the Unitetl
States consist largely of the descendants of English
colonists. But nearly every country of Europe has
contributed to swell the population. Every year
large numbers of new settlers arrive.

A census is taken by the
goccFiil jffjvcriiinent of tlie
United Stales once
every ten years. By
the census of 1890.
the population wax
about 63,000,000; by
the census of 1900 il
was 7G.3;t3.387.«

6. The largrest cities in the United States are:

More than 4,000,000 inhabitajits— New York City.

More than 1.000.000— Chicago and Philadelphia.

More thati BOO, 000— St. Louis. Boston, and Baltimore.

More than 300.000— Cloveland. Bnffalo, San Franciaeo. Cincinnati,

IMttsburfT, Milwaukee, Detroit, Washington, and New Orleans.
More than 300,(M«>— Newark, Jersey City, Louisville, and Minneapolis.
More tliau 100,000— Providence. Indiauaptdia, Kansas City (Mo.), St

Paul. Rochester, Denver. Toledo, Columbus, Woreestrr, Syracuse.

New Haven, Paterson, Fall liiver, Ht. Joseph, Omaha, Los Angeles.

Memphis. Scranton, and Seattle. .

Kevlew Tuples.— How maiijr States and Territories to tbfl United States?

UirwioM. Which arc the '• Valley States " ? The "Cotton SutCB"*? The flr«t
English colouj*. Tlic Plj-mouth Colony. T)i« Roman C'altiolics. The Quakers.
The Dutch. Ttio SwodeB. The Dants. What nation ac((uinxl poKses^nion of the
Datcb, Swedish, and Daaish colonies? What were the " Did Thirteen"? What
occurred in 1776? Bow was Louisiana acquired? Florida? Texas? California?
Arisona? Alaska? Hawaii? Purio Rico? The Philippine Islands? What ws!)
tbe population in 1890? ta 1900? What city has more than 4.000.000 inhal>itanl8?
Which had more than 1,000,000? Between 200,000 and 500,000? Detweea 100,000
and 200,000?

XXIII. GOVERNMENT.

K, Government. — ^The Departments of the ITnited Stati
Government are three: the Lc^slative, Executive, and Judtci

8. The Xiegislative Department, or Coustcm, o
the Seiintc and House oflleiireheiitatlvei*.

The Senate is composed of two S-
chosen by the I.£gislature, to servo

Tbe Vice-President is the presid
^^■^^^^^■eSot iaDludtotr our klaadt^^^^ta^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^l

The House of Hep reseutnt Ives consists of members chosen by
the people to acrve two years. Kaoh StAte sends one representa-
tive for every 193,21*1 iniiahltants.

Due of the members of the House of Representatives is elected to pre-
side at its meeting, and is called the Speaker.

The Laws are made by Congi-ess, with the approval of th©
President.

If the President does not approve of any bill passed by Congreeo, be
may veto (refuitc to sign) it, but il may still become a law by a two*
thirds' vole of each House.

Congress holds its sessions in the Capitol at Washington.

3. Executive Department.— The President is the chief
executive otlicer. His duly is to see ^at the laws are
executed or carried out.

The President and Vice-President are chosen for four years, by
fleet on* elected by the people.

The A'-Uu>nat CapOtrf.

4. The Judicial Department conii)rises the federal courts.
The Supreme Court consistii of a Cbief-iJiiMtlee and eight Asso-
ciate Justices, appointed by the President, with the consent of
tbe Senate.

6. State Government. — Each State hasa government similar
to that of tlm Unitinl States.

It has a Legislature consistinff of two houses, a governor elected by
the people, and a MUprenie court. Neither Con^Tess nor the
le^laturc of a State has the right to make any law contrary to tbe
Constitution and laws of the United States.

Review Topics. — The departments of the Oovemment. The L^fslatiire.
Who pnwideit in the Senate? Of what does the Honse of Kepreitenta tires consist?
PnrsidinK officer. What Iwdt makes the lawp? The President's reto. Who is
the chief eseciilive offli;er of the United Slates? Tenii ol oflici. How ciiosen?
The Supreme Court. How is each State governed?

XXIV. IKDUSTRIKS.

"'^w excels all other industries of the
products.

the cities east of the Missis-
luic rivers.
Iiistrles are as follows:

.nd Meal.

BtKjks. ond Now.*>|)apera.
ier and Leather Go*'<ls.
Hnd Wa;ruiis-

Wwl LofigUiUla

POT^mCAT, rXITKD 8TATKS.

boundary ? What country forms the rest t What ocean oi
On the w«(t f

What States border «n the Atlantic f On the Gt»UJ
Tlie On^at T^kt's ? What piirtly bimiicled by the Missii

MAP STUtHES.— Wliat paraJlpl forms a larc^pnrt of the northern
boundary line? What strait forms the western tcruiiiialion of tlie hy the Miswouri i Partly bordered hy the Ohio ! Thft

boundarj' t SUrting- eastward from the l^ko of the Woods, tmce the j smallest ?

boundjiry to the Atlantic. What gulf and river form part*! of iMJuth»-rn ; Wliich St;ile9 lire most favorably situated for corarac

INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITKU STATES— NEW ENGLAKD STATES^ MAP ST1

njrnae Hwtr and raiirood trotki.

2. Agriculture ia the occupation of about one-fourth the
peoplo of the UnitCKl States, and its products rank next to manu-
factures in value. The leading pro<hict8 north of the pamllel of 36^"
north are corn,
wheat, oats, rvo.
barley, hay, ix)tu-
toea, Aax, hemp,
and t()l)acc<>.

South of this
parallel is the
region of cotton,
sngar, and rice.

3. Grazing is

the third ini|>ortant industry. In Texas and the States of the
Great Plains, cattle and sheep are raised in vast nnmhers. Other
grazing products are the pork and wool
of the Central States, the wool of the
Pacific States^ and the milk, butter, and
che««e of the Middle Atlantic States.

4. Mining is a growing industry.
The prceious metnlii and copper are
found mainly in the Rocky fountain
and Pacific States; coal and irun in the
Appalachian and central regions.

5. Lumbering is a greater industry in
the United States than in any other country. It produces over
five hundred million dollars annually. The chief foreM retf-iontt
are in the Pacific States, the Lake States, and in the Southern
States.

6. The Fiflhing interests of the country are important. They
engage the attention mainly of New Kii^rlniid, the CheHnpeak<<
Bay Stntes, the Tjike St»ti^ and the Pjiolfic StAtcs.

7. Domestic Commerce. — The products and industries of the
diiferent sections of the country differ widely. This gives rise
to a large and growing domestic commence. This commerce is
greatly aided by excellent transportation facilities.

Tlie MiMxI.HNlppi, with its SS imvi^'ablo tribularitw, affordH a cheap
waterway fur trade between tlie differunt Stak-s of Uie Mississippi
VaUcy uid counccts them with the Gulf. Tlio Miasiseuppi is no%r
oounoctcd witli the Great Lakes by the Michigan and Illiiicns Canal.

The Oreat Lnkes nith the Wellaiid and other Canadian cauols and
the St. Lawrence, form a second great water route.

i>.,^

HAP STCDIES.— Between what parallels do the New Enffland
States lie T Which is the lar^M ? The smallest t

Maine. — \Vliat is the general slope of Maine t What lakes have
outlets to the s«» through the Penobscot ? Kennebec F Aiidroscuj^giu ?
The St. John t What large island on the coast I What buys ^ Cape ?
What city on Casro Bay i Where is Hangor ? Hath 7 I^xviston J Bid-
defofd ? Wbflt and where is Uic capital ?

New Hampshire. — What mountains in the northern part of Uiia
Stat« r Name the larjreJrt lalte in tbix State. Describe the coui-w of th*^
Connecticut River. Whore is Concord? Nashua? Manchester? Ports-
mouth f Dover i Wliat is the capital ?

Vermont. — Nejir what parallel is the northern boundary of thisStatet
What niDuiitAins traverse this State from north to south t Throuerh
what rivers do the waters of Lake Chauiplaiu reach the sou ? Wluit hilii'
in the northern part of the Blate T What rivers in Vermont are tributary

The Erie Canal connects the Great Lakes and the Hudson lUver.

and forms a Lhinl water route.
By means of these and a vast system of railroads the different parts of

the countrj' readily exchange products.

8. The Foreign Commerce of the United States is very large,
;ind is steadily growing. We import al)Out ^l,000,OMO.lXiO worth
of merchandise, and export over ^1,500,000,000. This meajis
that wo produce a great deal more of some things than we need
tor our own use.

The value of our imports in 1S99 was only fifty million dollars
more than in ISH9, and the value of our exports was nearly six
hundrwl million dollars more than in 1889.

Our leading exports are cotton, breadstuffa. j>etroleum, meat,
provisions, tobacco, and iron and steel ware. The demand for our
manufncturTMl prcidncta is steadily increasing.

Our Inr^cat cii8toiiicr!« are Great Brit-
ain, Germany, France, the AVest Indies,
Holland, and Canada.

By far the greater part of our exporta goes to
Great Britain. A very important trade is
carried on with tlie West Indies imd South
America in flour,luniber,and man ufactare«.
Germany buys much of our petroleum.

The leading Import)* are tin, iron,
and dry gootls from England; ^^-ines,
dry goods, and silks from France; teas and raw silk from
China and Japan; coffee from Bi'azil and Java; sugar and fruits
from the Wost Indies: wool from Auslndia; hides and
rubber from I " ' ~^'^\ T ' ' ~"*T1

South Amer
ica.

Review

TopiCH. — Wliiil

are tlir ftvi- iii< "i
im[)odaiit iiiilii;--
triesof lb»rnil(nl
Stales? Where i-
each carried on 't
What is said >>(
grazinifT Min-
ing? Mniiiifactiir-

iriK? Fifiliingt Domestic Commerce? The great commercial water routesT The
MiHai88i[ipi imtl«? The Erie CanaL? The Canadian t-aaalat Describe oUier uieuns
nf transportation. The foreign vomuicrca of the United Statoa. Exjiorta.
Import*.

If M- I (.riinirrj* ,- A nlmrrtiit^ii btin^ I'«ni»d u itn (ntl-in or. iKf

Contmrrvr; ,4 trKairt^ck tlramcr jta^tina fratn Lake Hupwrxar

to Lak* Huroti through l\* " Soo " CaiutL

to the Connecticut ? Montpelier f Rutland t St- Albans f Brattleboro t
Wliat iH the capital ?

MfUMaehiiKettfl. — What part of the StatA is mountainous ? Which
are the priucipal \yeaks ? Wliul part of the State is drained hy the Con-
necticut ? By the Merriuiuc i Name the wijies. What bay on the eaftlera
coast / Smilhern coaat? Wliat is the capital I When? la Lowell ! Law-
rence ? Salem f Lynn 1 Sprin^Oeld f Worcester i Pittsfield 1 Fitch-
bur^? Fall RiverT Tautjton? Cambridge? Northampton i

Rhode Island.— Wliat bay in the south-eastern part of the State?
What rity at itJi head? Wli:it i^otnt on the coast? What is the capital?
Where is Ne^^irt ?

Cnnnfctlriit. — In what dirccliou does tin? surfaceslope? Wliot rivers
cross the State? Into what do they flow? Wliatand where is the capitalT
Whfte is Middletowni New Haven? New London i Waterburyl
Meriden? New Britaitif Dnnbury?

4ii

NEW ENGLAND STATES : G

EAI^ESCRi:r*l7aV.

XXV. NKW EXGLAND STATES.

Tht rocAv A'nc Unfjiami cottt at J/<ir(i{fh/aci, .1(a«i

■UtI.

Ana In
Sqc Mll«.

Popniwi'in.
IWO.

OviUlK.

ChWntlrauiil Ihidr
Fvpaiutoa.

HaiM

SB. 040
9.805
9,565
8,815
1.260
4.090

694,466
411,588
S48.641

t:,W)5,846
428.556
OOe.430

PortlAnd 60,145

N«v H&rapeihira..

MancliMt«r... 66,B37
BiirlinRton . . . 1H.640
Boston S60,803

Bhode Island. ■ . .

Providence... 175.597
New Hhvcii... 106.037

1. Position and Area. — The Now England Stiitos arc situ-
ated in the northeastern part of the United States. The six
taken together are not as largo as Nebraska, and they are less
than one-third the si?-e of Texas.

2. Coast. — The ooast line of these States, especialir that of
Maine, h&a a very jagged appearance, and a number of rocky
isletA fringe the shores — sure signs that there is no lack of deep
water and good harbors.

An trretnilar cohmI Uke tliat of New Ecgl&nd is the result of a
sinking- of a rooky cttaat. Tliis causes tlie water to flow up llie
valleys and the mountain ridges to become ca|>cs and headlands. A
r^ruiar couHt linu on tlie ottier hand, like that of the South Atlantic
Plain, is a residt of a rising of the land. The level ocean bed l)e-
comes the emiMt, aiid is usually flat and sandy. Good harbors on
sucli coasts arc nsitally ul the mouths of rivers.

3. Surfiice.— Tlie siirfjice of New Eng;land Is rugged and hilly.
These States are traversed from northeast to southwest by

mountains which extend from Oana<la nearly to Long Island
Sound. They are a part of the Appalachian System. Name the
ranges. The eastern section is an upland broken by a succession
of hills, with an occasional solitary mountain rising above the
plateau. This is a Piedinuut section.

The niouiitaiiis were once higher than they are now, and the Piedmont
hills were once mountains, but they were gradually worn away.
yomp nnHintainR. like Mnnnt Monadnock. were of harder rock, and »)

were not worn down like the others, mountains such as thisi
called Moitadtiocks. 1

Along the southeastern part of ^[assachuHetts is a belt of 10
Ifinds, the only coastal plain in New England. I

The Whlt» Mountain!-), after thune of North Carolina, are the higl
east of the lincky .Mountains. Mount Washington, in New Ha|
shire, is 6,293 feet high; Mount Mitchell,' among the Black Mouutf
in North Carolina, is only about 400 feet higher.

4. Lakes and Kivers.^A marked feature of New EngU
is the great number of IVesh-waUT lakes scattered over
surface.

These were made by an ancient irlaeler which once overspread {
entire region. As it movetl towanl the sea it scoured out valley^
built dams across them with the rock-waste and bowlders whie]
dropped in mehing. The mass of material Jeft by a melting glai
is called a moraine. These moraines often dammed up stre^
and changed their courses, thus forming waterlkUs and lakOS^i
altering the apjiearance of Die country.

The most important rivers are the Conneeticut, navigable!
Hartford; the Merrlmac, which, with its tributaries, fumial
water-power for more factories than any other river in the woi
the Penobscot, navigable to Bangor; and the Ken-
nebec, navigable to Augusta.

If we consider how close to tlie sea the hilly Piedmont

jippronrlips, wp .shall undersl.iTid that the streams whicli

Ilnw thence to the sea must have a great descent, nith rapid cu
and falls, affonling abundance of wrttcr-power. These m^
streams have contribut<Kl to make New England the leading mta

facturing district of the country. |

6. Climate. — The winters of Now England, by reason of
latitiule, are long and cold; the sumniHrs are short and hot.

The nearness of tliese Stales to the sea has little elTect upon tbeir
mate, l)ocause the prevailing winds are from the land. A i
current from the jVrctic Ocean flows near the coast, so that the )
winds are nlways raw and chilly.

6. Resources. — The most important minerals arc the gran
of Maine, New Hampshire, and Miusaiuihusctts; the slate
marble of "Vermont; and the red sandstone of Connectio
Metallic ores in workable quantity are rare.

The soil in the river valleys is fertile, but in the uplands i^
not well adapt«l to agriculture.

The ninnerous rapid rivei-s, the forests, fisheries, and g<
harbors shape the leading oecupntions of this section,

7. Industries. — The inhabitants of Now England are chit
ong;igtMl in in ami facturing, commerce, shipbuilding, stone qii
rying, and Hsbing.

HKW ENGLAND STATES.-MIDOI.K STATES, MA

mvm.

^^^^^^f

dfittMldJrPhMf^

■Aibjjf.

' •?»*■» r'C^

^^^^■^il^TralHIl

t/u»int»t (A^I^0Ul,■^/ll.'^'. On fA» C(>«n>n<)n nrxi lo thr ttrtti ii"

the bord«r at KlttcrTt iu
BfaiDO, is one of our floest
navy yards.
I>ovor. Keeiie and Uerllu
Imve i^mhI water-iMwer, and
tnnnufiu-ture cotton gotnls.
Hiiiiovvr Utlieseat of Diirt-
nuHilli Co1let;«.

B. Vermont. — Vermont
(vert, ffreen; moat, moun ■
tain)^ so called from the Green
Mountains which traverse it,
is an inland State.

It is a line ivool -growing,
stock-raising, and dairying^ country, and is specially famed (or its
horses. In the production of maple sugar it excels all other
States. Its nianufactiiros are steadily increasing, especially thoBc
of lumber, paper, and textiles.

Its quarries of marble, granite, and slate are extensive and
valuable.

6. Citiee.— Burlln^ou, the largest city, is on Lake Cham*
plain. It is extensively engaged in the lumber trade.

Montpelier is the capital. Barro and Ilarilwlek arc noted for their
KTaniie wurks, and West Rutland and Pructur for marble. The
larjfest scale inuuufuctury in the world i.^ at St. •FolniKhiiry.

7. Massachusetts. — Massachusetts, the" Bay State," is the

wealthiest and B=^ _^ — -^ — y^T. 1 most populous

of the New Eng- w" /^^^ / iIf.^Jt^K^ land States. It

ranks lirst in th<'

manufacture ul

boots and shoes.

rabber, cotton

and woolen

goods. In com

merceaml weidtli

it is one of tlt<--

most prominent.

rav tnaterials from all
of the United States and
foivifpi countries- It e|
g'niiii, meat, and ninuufaa
prtiducUi.

BoHlon rankri fifth among:
ntoiiufacturing^ cit iiti.
leudiug pPKlucta arc tft
sugar, cIoLhing*, xnaclifl
and h^mtcA. As a wool
leathi'r niarkvt it raiiks flrsl

Cauilirid^r in the seal
Harvard L'niver»itya
oldest of our higher
tiotis of loamtng'.

seal
ity, 1

The largest manufacturJngestablishments for cotton and wd
goods arc at Lowell, Fall RJvcr, and New Bedford. Lawn
leads in woolens. L.ynu, Hu\erliill, and Brockton lead in t
and shoes; Woreester In textile machinery, wire rope,
woolens.

iini

Making mtiitti aiJiTrii'»rf ril the Oorham irorit*.
_ rM 1 ^ • iVnrirfeno*. Rhode liLind. 1. ShaV'tn^i »trrt

BoMtoii is the capital of Massachusetts, and
the largest and most important city of New
England. It is distinguished for its places of liistoric interest.

Boston has a splendid harbor and is the center from which the chief
railroads of New Engfland radiate. Its imports rank in value next to
those of New York. It receives cotton, wool, hides, coal, and other

At Spriuf^lield is an armory of the United States where rifl«
public st>rvic« are umde. Ilolj'okc luauufuctures paper and te.|
North A(lani.t anrl Pitt^nfleldmake textileft. paper, and luachj]
Taunton is itutod for the luuiiufHi'turc of locomotives, cottoi^
chinery, and Britannia ware. Gloucester is the chief fiahin^
of the Unitcil StnUys.

0. Khode l8land.~Khode Ishind is the smallest, but oi
the most densely populated States. It is largely enga^
manufacturing cotton and worsted goo<ls, machinery, Area
jewelry, silverware, and rubber goods.

10. Cities. — Pr<»vlde«ee, the second city in New Eng^
and also the Stale capital, has a lai'ge coimnerce antj

tensive mam
turesof n-oral
jowelr>', voMA
cry, silverii
and cotton g^
It is the sei
IrowTO Uj
sity.

Ne wporl

l>eautiful]y sitl
thiftst harboy
and is uoied

i. A iitirkriMii ifrronjtiiiff a tilvfr Paw, Maw t lit? ks]

It manufactures textile

on one of th<-
New Kiiplancl.
summer re-sort.
the oldest cotton mill in the United Sates.

thread; Wonnsocket, worsteds; and Central Falls, cottons. j

MAP HTUDIKH.— Between what parallels do these Stales lief
Wliicli Slate is most mountainous 1 Which Iwrder on ihp Great I^-*kes (

New Vork.—'W'Tiat inomitains in this Stale ? \Vliut lakes form part
of the boundary i What rivers 1 What celebrated falls t

DeftcrilffithecourseofthoHudson. TlioGeneMee. The Black. What taken
are draiucil by the Oswego River ? How do their waters reach the sea i

What lake svpnrates N<«w York and Vt-niiont ? Wiicre is Lake
George T Ti*enU>H Falls? Wliat two islands belong to New York Isee
small niaps)? Where is New York (_^ty i Xanie its divisioriR. Where is
Y'oiikers? Poughk^psip ? Wlmv and wIjltu i)* the c-apilaH Where is
Buffalo t What canal connects Buffalo and Albany 1

Now Jersey- — What imrtion of 0\in State is mountainous f What
rivrr furnis Ihe western boundary f Wb.il kiy the SLUitherii i Whei-e is

Sandy Hook I What ca|)e at the southern extremity of the State J 1
and Vlii-rt.- is the capital? Describe Newark; Jersey City; Patfl

Penni*ylvnniH.— Wlml iwralk-l forms the northern boundary f
river the enslcrn i' What lake bordi'i-s the iiurthwesicrn corner f
large river crosses this Stattt uud ilows into Chesapeake Baj' ?
of the SUite is traversed by mountain rangwi 1

Throujfh what part of the Stale docs the Allegheny River fl
Mononj^diela? Where do they unite* Wlmt Iwu citir.s ut their JUB
Wht?r(» is the Delaware Water-Gap f Where is Philadt.'li!hia f Vf
said of Hurrisburg f Scrniiton ? ReadtnsT ? Lancasttr J Krie J

Roiitf!« of Travi'I.— riiiw would y«u P* hy ateaniboat from
York to Albany ! From Niw York to Philadelphia ? How
enter the t^^nnd from New York t Wh.nt is llie Ktst River ?

MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES: GEXERAL DESCK:^^/oa:

1 1. Connecticut. — Connecticnt ranks first in the manufacture
of ammunition and cutlery and makes also much rubber, elastic
and silk goods, and hosiery. More than half the plated and Bri-
tannia ware, and most of the pins and clocks used in the United
States, are made here.

It is largely engaged in the coasting trade.
The valley of the Connecticnt is the most fertile portion of tl»e
State, and is notctl for its Jlne tobacco crops.

12. Cities. — -Hartford, the capital, is at the head of naviga-
tion on the Connecticut, and is the center of largo insurance and
manufacturing interests. New Hitven, the " City of Elms," on
Lonj? Island Sound, is the seat of Yale I'nivemlty, one of our
oldest and most famous educational institutions.

Brtdfreport is extensively engaged in manufacturing sewings
inactiiues; Xew Loudou, in tlic manufacture of silk goods and
machinery.

Norwich is a center of cotton nmmifacture; Wat*»rbiirj- makefi
clocks, watches, and hrass ware; Moriden, silver-plated ware; New
Brltaiu, hardware; i>uubur}' an a hut manufacturing city ranks
first in the Unit«'d Stalai: Willluinnttc is noted for thread and
textiles; Portland, for its quarries of red sandstone.

lt«Tlew Toptcn. — The largest New GogUtid Sute. It« chi»f manu facta re ".
I>Morib« Ban^r. I'ortUnd. The important manufacturiDg towns, .\ugasta.
Bath. What is New Uampabire often called? Coast-line. PriDcipnl iiiduitnce.
Concord. Manchester. Nashua. Dover. Keene. Portsmouth. Where is
Dnrtmoulh College? Important industries of Vermont. Ttn chief citie*. The
rank of Massaobusetts tii Hshprics; tnamifactures; coiomeroc and wonlth. T)p-
iwribe Boston. Cambridjiv. Bi-si'nbo Worcwlwr. Spriii«fi*'ld. liymi. New
Bedford. Taiiiilon. \Phi('h is the xmallciit State? In what engaged? Ijocalc
Newport. Descrihe Proridencfl. What does Connecticnt manufartare? Noted
ero|> of the CenneotiBut Valley. Descrihe riarlfortl. New Tlavon. Bridgejiert.
New London. Portland. Other manafactiiriuff towns In Connecticut.

XXVU. MII>DLE ATI^VNTIC STATES.

New York

New Jerwr

Pennsylranta ....

Delaware

Maryland

District of Cotiimbift

Virginia

West Virginia.. .

49.170
7.815

48,319
8.050

12,210
TO

43.400

^.790

CU»(CHIaa«MlllMlr

7.3S8,804
1.888,e«&
fl,802,ni

184.785
l,1B8,044

278.718
t.8.'Vt.l84

966.800

Alhany

Trenton . . .
narrirfrtirg.

Dcver

Annapolis..

Kiehmond .
Charleston ■

New York.. .a
Newark ....
Philadelphia. 1,

Wilminpton .
Baltimore .. .
Washingl^m .
nichmnnd. . .
Wheeling . . .

4a:,jirj

248.070

,Sfl8,6ft7

TS.fiOd

508,057

27«,718
85,060
88.878

mounlmn loin, aU on (Aa «umc lent, ahuu' UuU Ik* rtV»Ht VH <me» a pIofMU Oinnuh KkttA
Uu tailtiit have ottn tut bg Uu Hrtam,

1. Position and Area.— The Aliddle Atlantic States embrace
nine degrees of latitude. They extend several degrees fartlier
to the south than the New England States, and Iiave a milder

tva

olimate and more varied agricultural productions. The tl
tions differ also in many of their leading pursuits.

New York alone ia nearly tliree-foiirths tlie size of all the New Eng
Slates put together ; while all the Middle Atlantic States uiiited
about ttro tbirda the size of Texoa.

2. Coaat.^The coa£t-line of the Middle Atlantic Stata
remarkably indented. Its harbors are among the best on
Athintic soalxiard,

3. Surface. — Land that is formed of the rock waste that
rivers have brought down from the mountains is called alia*
Level land that has been at one time the bed of the sea is call*
marine plain.

The seaboard of the Middle Atlantic States, and of all
country to the southward, is partly alluvial and partly mai
and both together form the Coastal Plain.

The line where the Coastal Plain joins the Piedmont is rnai
by falls and rapids, aa those of tlie Delaware at Trenton,

temrn down.

Schuylkill at Philadelphia, the Patnxent near Baltimore,
Potomac near Washington City, the l£appabannook at Frederl
burg, and the James at Uichmond. This line Is often calieti
Fall Line.

Peytind the Coust^l Plain and beginning at the Fall Line i«
Piedniuiii. a broa*! and fertile strip of rolling and hilly cou
which, like the Piedmont plateaus of Kew England, was i
very high mountainous country, but has been worn dovm. [

Next we have the Mountain region crossed from northeai
southwest by the Blue Ridge, the Alleghenies, and other ra
of the Appalachian system. '

In New York are the Ailirouduck and Cutskill Mouutalns M
are outlying spurs of the Appalachians. The former contaioj
luftiest peaks in this group of States, of which Mt. Marcy il

hiffheat.

4. Drainag^e.— The Middle Atlantic States are divided by
mountains into two slo^>es, one of which inclines toward
southeast, and carries the dniinage into the Atlantic Oo
and the other to the northwest, with drainiige both into
fireat T^kes, by numerous small streams, and into the Go]
Mexico throngh the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

6. Rivera and Lakes.— The principal rivers of the eai
slope are the Hudson, one of the most important water r<
to the sea; the Delaware, the Susquelimuiu, the Potui
and the Jamea. On the western slope are the Allegheny

rfcr tuirbor ot .Vbic York eonauia ef lit* Hurlaon nrrr, li,T Eixtl ricrr. anit Iht bay in uhitfi thry mttt -it Ihr tnuUu^m kiuI h/ t\f uiuij(. T>i)-t p
BrwMyn. Thu tmiff, vAt'fa hynIiUnij» art pim wtuire thijit itr; on thr »Kore are iivirrAii'i«/* irttfr* i}i>od» art Morrd. 7'A* ffrr]/i>.MU i# i-oniintf /
uttamAip en t/our rmhZ aoa t« lK» Bahama*, tkt neH to Cuba; i
Sennd. Mott ct At Htamtr piv or* on th« Hudton rt'm-.

I'rr lookllul teUTirif

no tm
imK omiw th» Matiory Lint tt*amtr». i/tar Ihe Bntoklvf* Brida* ar« pitr* of MtawtbonU ami\na hr ctlMt on Long Sma^

America, and is second only to London among the great cities of
the world. It comprises Hvc boroughs, the most important of
which are Manhattan (old New York) and i^oklyn, which are
connected by the largest giispension bridges in the world.

In manufactures Xew York ranks first among our cities, and
her commerce is nearly equal to that of all the other parts of the
ooimtry put together.

The leuliDg^ exports from New York are grain and flour, meat and

dairy protiucU, iron and steel goods, and (letroleum. The imports

are mainly raw sugar, coffee, textile goods, tobacco, and every sort

of manufactured wares.

There are many erent banks and trust cnmiianiefl in the city

which have i n them
hundreds of mil-
lions of dollars.
This money is usoil
to carry on com-
merce andto estab-
lish groat enter-
prisesinall jmrtsof
the United Statos.
This makes New
York one of the
great money cen- j^7J^c,i

ters of the world. comm'i^\f ytw York.

It is the seat of Columbia University and the
University of the City of New York.

Albany, the capital of the State, is a great
lumber market, and has car shops and foundries.

It is at the hcttd uf iiaviRution on the Hudson and at
(lie mouth uf the Erie and Champlain Canals.

3. Biimttu, at the weetem end of the Erie
Canal, is a leading lake iK>rt and depot for grain,
cattle, ahtjop, and lumljer. It has extensive man-
ufaetures and a large commerce on the Lakes.

Bochestcr, on the Genesee, and Oswego, at the moulJi of tho
Oswego River, possess fine water-power. Cameras, lenses, cloth-
ing, and boots and shoes are the leading products of Rochester,
hardware, hosiery and knit goods of Oswego. In and near
Rochester are renowned nurseries of fruits and flowers. Syracuse
manufactures hardware, machinery, and clothing.

>(ln/i .1/ Ih

wUh aritCM ichidi" mnkt wp pwi of the

I'fT.niiuifanin /fiiifrrtid iiT
f^^^u-^■l^ Mt* frfia^t tart Imiiitri

From the salt springs near Hyranuse, and the salt works iu the d»-
irict of WnrjMiiv, nearly one-foiirtli of the annual salt product of tbr
Unitetl SUitt's is obliiiiicil. dtlca mauufacturee textiles, SclienM-
tady, locomotives.

Troy makes collars and cutfs and haa enormous laundry works. Ua
Polytechnic School is one of the best.

HurutufCit is celebrated for its mineral springs.

The country bordering upon the Hudson is in a luffh state of imprOTO-
mcMt> Handsome houses and beautiful grounds meet Uie eye at everv
turn, and lend euchautnieut to tho scenery. Newburg and Poujch-
keep»l» are manufacturing cities. The Uniteil States Militxu7
Academy is at West Point on the Hudson, and Vaasar College, ■
noted college for women, is at Poughkcei>sie.

Yonkent is noted fur carpets and rugs; Biiighamton* oigara and
ahofnt; KIniira, ttro engines, iron wares, and kni*.
g»^)ds; Auburn, har^'asiing machinery; ami
Wutortown, air-brakes and carriages.

4, New Jersey. — The greater part of New
Jersey lies within the very protluctive Coastal
Plain of the Atlantic seaboard, and has a mild
oUmate. It is, therefore, specially adapted to
agriculture. The farms are largely devoted to
market gardening, and supply New York and
Philadelphia vnth. fruits and vegetables.
The State is rich in mines of iron and zinc,

^ — - and in deiKwits of

marl, a kind of
earth used
fertilizing.

This State rani
first in the manu-
facture of sewing
machines and silk
goods and in thsj
dying of textile
and second in
refining of peti

B. Cities. — Newark, tho largest city, is noted for its manufac*
tures of India rublwr, leather goods, clothing, jewelry, chemifcald
and hats. Patorson is celebrated for railway locomotives anf
silk goods; Camden for its dry docks. Jersey City and H«^
boken, at the mouth of the Hudson, are largely engaged in
ping and manufiioturing.

for

NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA.

Princeton is the seat of Princeton Uui
versity, ouo of the moKt celebratf-d
edticalional inBtitutions in the Unitrd
Btatea.

Tr*'iit»»a has cxtfusive iron works iiiul
jtottcries. KHzabetli nianufactui> s
sewing macliine-s luid biiilcU Kliips
New BruuKwick has larg;e rubWr
works. Atlantic City, Cnpc May,
Long nrancti* and Aftbury I'arlt
are not*'d summer n'srirl.**.

^^^g^

Mtinutadurntg n/* rttVA in fatrrtnn. The rrtir tilt jm xtntinrttd Tht
fint »Mf IBV or lA« top nl iKf fngr thou^ lAf tilk hnmg tKOWw/ /ran* Hm
tkrtod into koAtt to tkat it ran 6p ttited. T\« fttrf •mum |A« tkrwoiU
Mnt mads i^« tparp for ufiarine- Tht thii-ii ihoum U>m jM^iard Loom.
vfhiA Htart* tite brmytdat *ilk.

6. Pennsylvania.— Pennsylvania, the "Key-
stone State," ig tlie lea<ling mining State in the
Union. It supplies more than half the coul and
petroleum, and smelts, though it ilofls not mine,
about half the iron proiluce*l in tlie L'nitotI States.

The coal of Pennsylvania is the chief article of fuel uscU
throughout the Middle Atlantic and New England States for
domestic purposes, for smelting, and for ttie pnxluction of
steam jKiwer. Anthracite W)al is found in tlif eastern part of
the State, and bituminous in the
western.

The petroleum of Pennsylvania
is extensively used for fuel, for
lamps, and for the lubrication of
machinery. It is one of our
chief articles of ex|>ort, and is
sent in ships littcd with tanks tu
nearly all [>arts of the world.

population, and one of the first in manufactures and cora-

nmrce. Its greatest manufactures are iron, machinery,

refined sngar^ carpets and rugs, cotton and woolen goods,

and leather, all of which are extensively exported. It is

the greatest coal depot in the United States.

It is celebrated for its medical schcwU and arndpinin;, it»cbantable
inslitutions, and its historic buildingrs. Hei-e is the OM Stat«
House where the Deeloratiou of Indcpe uUeuce was signed,
.Iuly4, 1776.

Pitt.KbiirfT* the second city in the State, and AUe|;heuy City,
now united wilJi Pittsbni-g. are at the head of the Ohio River. Both
xteiisively engaged iu munufacluring iron and glass. Potnilouni
and bituminous coal arc sciit out in vast quantities. Krio
is the lake port of the State. It shtpit coal and iron.
Wlllfanmport in a great lumber market. Lancaster
is an injpurtant tobacco market.
The dourishinfT cities of Scmnton, Keadlng, Wilkes-
Iliirre, and Pottsville are in the coal region, and are
all en^'atred iu iruu and steel industries and the coal
trade. llnrrlKbur^, the capital, is largely interested in
the manufacture of iron. Altooiia has the largest car
shops ill the Slate: Joliiistuwii itiakcs steel and hard-
ware; Allt^ntoivii, steel and silk gcxids: McKei-'Hport,
steel and lumber; Chester, cotton and worsted goods,
steel, and harJwai-e.

Ucview Topics. — IIow does New York rank in wealth, in

[>opulation, in commerce, in muiufHcturesT For whst prudm-ts
it* Sew York fsmed ? Wtst are its mincrsisT How much
liighcr Is Lake F.ris tliun Lake Outario? Describe New York Citjr.
A lliaiiy. Duffjilo, Koclictler. Oswego. Troy. Tho Hudson.
West PoEnt. Why is New Jersey adapted to agriculturvt What
nre its minersUt Dwonlw Newark and Pat«reon. Jersey Cily,
Ilohoketi. Princeton. Trenton. In wbai do»a Pennsylrania
exc«IT How much iron df)«s fht produce T CosI f Petroleum?

Msniifftolurest Im|wrtant ai^iciiltiiral productsT Describo Ptiilad«Iphin. Pitts-
burg, Allegheuy Cjly. Keading, Pottsvitle, Scranton. and Wilkv9-Barr«. What
is the capital?

XXIX. DELAWARE, MARTLAND, VIRGIXIA, AND
WE8T VIRGINIA.

1. Delaware.— Delaware tics altogether in the Coaatal

Plain. It is poor in minerals,
but rich in soil, an<i favored

Mairinu (inlit mj<^» in tht PAUatlrij-titu tmtil
I. Th€ i/<>l'l I'lrt an roUtd into mrxpt the thitl-
nrtt o} an raote.

The crude oil is pumpwl from the

wells to the scaboiird and ]aki-

cities through iron pipi's of

which there are several liiousaiid

miles. They spread through the oil rvgi^in like a vast network.
Some of the wells, when first hored, yielded several thousand tjurrels

each day. The yield afterwards bec&nie leiui.

In manii futures, Pennsylvania ranks as the second State in
the Union and lejids all the i-est in the making of carpets and
rugs, glass, iron and steel, leather, and the refining of petroleiun.

The soil and climate are well adapted to agriculture. The
crops of grain and tobacco, as well as tho grazing products, are
Tery important.

7. Cities, — Pbilatlelphia is the third city in the country in

i;. TM •Trip* beimi p<Uffd lAri-i,

!rrl d\ca.

HOMtf

with a modemte climate.

It is therefore a fine fruit
country, and is specially famed
for its peaches. JIany people are employed in supplWng the
market* of Phihulelphia, New York, and Baltimore with fruits
and vegeta))les.

Wilmington, the principal city, is extensively engaged in man-
ufacturing gunjTOwder, locomotives, railroail cars, paper, and
flour, and in building steel and iron steamships.

MARYLAND, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, AND VIRGINIA

I>oTer is the capital. New Caiitle has oxtensive fniit-canning
industries.

2. Uaryland. — The peninsiUa between the Delaware and
Chesapeake Bays belongs in part to Delaware, in part to Ifary-
land, and in part to Virginia. It rises but little above the soa
level, and is without mountains, lying wholly within the Coastal
Plain. The winter climate of this "Eastern Shore," as it is
calleil, is one of peculiar mildness, due to the waters around it.

Tobacco, fruit, and grain arc lea^ting agricultural products.

The western part of the Stiitc is crossed by ranges of the Ap-
palachians, which abound in coal, the mining of which, therefore,
constitutes an important industry in this part of the State.

1 a

|\\^^^^^

■

^^Et^Hf^H

Lais

HUl

. 4

HWi

Battiator*.—TlnvvrUrJt«9t ipAIcA briugi thejainmu o^tteri up to Vie cUf.

Chesapeake Bay is remarknble for its fisli an<l ^me. The oysters,
shod, aud licrnn^ obtained iu Chesapeake Bay add milUons of dollars
a year to the wealth of the State. Itscaiivas-back ducks, terrapin, and
oysters are unsurpassed.

From the oyster-beds of this bay the West is largely supplied. Fish-
ermen obtain the oysters from the bed of the bay with long-handled
rakes calli^d txingps.

8. Citiea. — Baltimore is one of the most important commer-
cial and manufacturing centers. It manufactures clothing, to-
bacco, canned goods, iron and steel, and flour, and has a large
'wholesale trade. Its chief exports are grain, flour, cattle, lard, oil,
and petroleum.

ItB position near the head of Chesupenkc Bay ajid Uie fact that railroads
connect it directly with the leading- commercial citiea of the Mis-
sissippi Valley make it one of the important outlets for tlie products
of that region. Liiic^i of steamers counect it with domestic aud
foreign ports.

Baltimore is the seat of «Tohns llopkinx University and Loyola
Colli'tce.

Annapolis is the capital of the State, aud Ike seat of the United States

Naval Academy. Cumberland, in the cool re^ons, has exten-
sive uiunufactures of irou and steel.
HaKiTNtuwn mauiifaclurvs autouiubileji, organs, lumber, furniture,
and veliictes. Frederick is also a manufacturing town.

4. District of Columbia.— The District of Columbia, so called
in honor of Columbus, embraced originally an area of lOo 5t|tiare
miles. It was cede*! in 17&0 to the L'niteil States, in part by Vir-
ginia and in part by Maryland, for the purpose of establishing hero
the seat of the General Government.

In 1846 Ck>ngre8S ceded back to Virginia her portion, so that now the
District contains only about seventy square miles.

It is governed by three Commissioners appointed by CongresB.

6. Waflhindrton, the seat of government of the Unite*! States,
is situated in the District, on the Potomac river. The site n-as
selected by (ieneral Washington, and it is now one of the hand>
somest capitals in the world.

\V'y\U HuuM id i/rtivitds. Th* Captiot U in th* WiiMum.

Its most lnip<»rtant piihll<> liiiilfilngH are : The Capitol ; the Con-
gressinnal Library; the Treasury ; the SUite. War, and Novy De-
partmuntti; the While House, the home of the President ; the Smith-
sonian Institution ; the National Museum ; the Agricultural Uepart-
ment ; the Patent Office ; the Observatory. The Washington
Monumeul is 555 feet high.

6. Vli^inia. — Virginia, theoldestof the "OriginalThirteen,"
is sometimes called the '*01d Dominion." It has nearly the same
area as Pennsylvania.

The Allegheny Mountains and the Blue Eidgc cross the State
nearly parallel to each other. The country lying between them,
varying in breadth from 30 to 70 miles, is the celebrated Valley
of Virginia. It is the garden-spot of the State.

. MAP ST UI> I KB.— Name the States on this map. What parts are
mountainous ? "Which State haa no »ea-cuaat i What States nearly in-
olose Chesapeake Bay I

I>«lHware. — Has Peiaware any mountains or large rivers ? Within
what region, then, does it whoily lie ! What hay and river form t]ie
eastern boundary ? What is tlie capital of Uie State, and where Is Wil-
mington ? New Castle i

Mar>iand. — Describe the surface ot the western part. The eastern
part. What river separates Maryland from Virg-iriia and West Virginia t
What great bay divides this State \ What important river enters the
head of this bay f

What large city near the mouth of the Pataipsco river (see small
map) ? What is the capiUil ) Where is Frederick f Hageretown /

Dlafrict- of Columbia.— What river forms the southwestern bound-
ary of the District T What impoi-tant city is locatafl here t

Virginia. — What mountain range traverses Virginia F What ranges
on the western boundary t What mountains divide Virgiida and Ken-

tucky ? Wliat river forms the northern boundary ? How does the east-
ern portion of Virginia differ from the western ? What great bay inter-
sects the eastern part of Virginia J What two capes at its entrance ?
Wliat rivers enter this bay ? What three rivers break through the Blue
Ridge? Wliat is the capital ? Describe Lynchburg; Alexandria; Fred-
ericlEsbnrg; Staunton; Winchester; Danville; Lexington.

Went Vii^lnia* — What rivers form the western boundary ? What
rivers flow into the Ohio? What is the principal river in the State?
What is the only river rising in this Stale and flowing into Uie Atlantic T
Where does it break through Uie Blue Ridge i WJiat river joins it here i
What is the capital of the State, and where? Where is Wheeling?
Parkersburg ? Hartinsburg ? Huntington?

Routes of Travel. — On what bodies of water would you sail in
going from Baltimore to Philadelphia i How would you gf> in a steam-
boat from Washington to Richmond? Norfolk to Wilmington ? An-
napolis to Fredericksburg ? Wlieeling tu Charleston ? What mountain
ranges would you cross in going by rail from Richmond to Louisville ?

VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA.

rhe L>ura> Caves, which ri\-al the Mani-
mnuth Cave of Koiitucky in g-nimlf'ur.
Weyer'nCavu.aml iheNatunUBriilffc,
with itiisint^ulur urchwaj of ruck, an; all
iu this ralley, aud are objects of groat
interest U* tourists.

Nuint-ruus rivers rise in the mountains unil
tiow acrcMS the State into the Atlantic.
Many of lh**ni. in Ihi* upper pjtrts of their
courses, furnish watvr-powur.

Virginia is rich in coal, iron, manga-
nese, and zinc, and is the third State in
the protliiction

of t<^liHcco, The
other agricul-
tural products
are corn, wheat,
live stock, dairy
products, and
vegetables.

It shares with
Maryland the
oyster-beds of
Chesapeakeliay. RHSSS???

"itltf*," 7'Ac »«'»Tlrf
Ihe profit QT* knocked

_^, . J iT ant ihr »h\p iUAm do\m th» t^ ■ .

KlChniOlin, tne er\/uputwa»dth*vtMdfin\i,nta.

capital and largest city, has extensive tobacco factories, llourmills.
largo foundries, machine shops, and locomotive works. It is the
chief railroad center of the Stale.

Norfolk is the princii>al seaport, and has an important com-
merce. Its harbor is not sur]>assed. in the United States. At
PorttfitiutitU is a nary yard of the Unite<l States.

Peterwbury:, Lyuohhiipg:, anil Dnnvilk- are iuiportaut tobacco niar-
ketii and tuunufucluring cities. Kounokeiit a center of iron aud »4c«]
nuinufactures.

Newport Npws hiw gTeat shipyards, wh?re the lar^st sleel battle-

shi]». cruisers, and nieirhunt ships are built. It is also tin iinjiortanl
ihippinir jfort.

A Itfwo/ lAa hariiaral Stfjoik, tkoiring thr »maU l-aait loaiittt u-ilh IntUaaud tvatmUc*
br^ugil tn /ra- •At/xi.tni t» A'ortAn^n market*-

Alvxnndrla, nwir Washington, is a place of considerabl*- trade. The
Ciiiversity of Virtd^ia. one of our most noted i^eat^ of h.-arnin^, is
at Clmrlntt4*Hvnir. 3lt. Vrnion, a beautiful si>ot on the Puloinac,
wa& the home of Washington.

8. West Virginia. — In ^SGS the northwestern |>ortion of the
*'Uld Dominion" was organixetl as a separate State under the
name of West Virginia.

The mountains of this State al}ound in iron and coal; the

/otestn yield the finest of timber. In
\uJleys are salt springs, petroleum well
and mineral waters. Among the
lire the celebrated White Sulphur Springil

Manufactures of iron and steel are tt
inost important industries, and lumberj
soft coal, and petroleum are importani
pnMliicts.

9. Cities.— Wlioeliii^, on the Ohic
:- the largest city. It is suiToimded
hills richly stored with bituminous

iiml IS l;irgoly engaged in the manufacture of iron an<.l steel

tobarcn.
Clmrloston. on the Kanawha River, is the capital. It is

center of the coal and lumber trade.

1*nrJci'rxlitirK', in tlip oil region, has largo petroleum refineries.

A coat hrtnkrr in l»^ V'tryinto. TK« eeo/ come* from At mitten in mciMt ol Vlry^na "Jt |
Jt i« Ken crucAW, dtatttd, attd gnidrd in 0itrt. it Ihm drop* tnio roft u'A i^ carry U to mariA \

RoWew 'II<>picK.— The surface and soil of Delswaro. Its prodtictiotnl
Maiiufiithn-es of Wilmingtou. The capilul. Of what p.'ninsula does MarylanlJ
occupy ft part? Chief Proiliiiits. Describe Baltimore; Annapolis; Ciiniberlard;|
Frederiok; Diatrict of Columbia. ITow gorerned ? Describe Washington. 'WMl
is Virginia sometimes called? What momitafna erois this Stale? r>e!«ribe tbil
Valley. The citm. The riverg. Minerals. Prwluoriona. Oyster-beds.
.■Tribe Richmotid. Norfolk. Portsmoiiih. Newport News. Petenbar^j
l.rnchburg. Koanoke. AUiundria. Cbartottesville. Mt A'ernon. Waitl
Vir^iiiiik. Products. Describe.- WLeehug. ChurieiitOQ. Park«rsburg.

XXX. SOl'TIIKRN 8TATK8.

North Carutiiui. ..
Soiilb t'srolins. ..

Gtoriria ...

Fl'.>ridffl

Alnbnrus

Mi^>cii«9i]>pi

Ixiui.-<iaiia

TexftA

Arkatm«

Toiinessce

Okluliomn

, av. iii»«--

imi-

53,250

1.898,810

30,571)

].»40.3I6

58.475

S.210,:{81

68,680

556.690 1

53,3S0

1. 828. 697

40.810

1.551,870

48.730

I.88I,8S5

385.780

8.048.710

58.850

1.811.884

4^050

S.OmOIQ

70.430

790.801

ckridlh

Rnleigli

C(itiiiiibi». ...
Atbiiiia ....
TalIiibiis«H>e ..
Moiiigoiiierj'.

Jackiton

Baton Kouge.

Austin

Little Rock..
XanhTtUe....
Guthrie

OhM nUna nr To«nu %mA
lh*lrf%>{nUMUwa.

Vr'ilniingtoD.. .. S0,1I7||

CbarlesLon 88.E

AlUnU mM\

Joi^ksiinville. . . . S0,M]

Mobile 88^1

Vick^bur^ .... 14j

New Orleans. 3S7»1

Sun Antonio... .

Liltle Kock

Memphis ....
Ukl»boinn Oil

1, Poeition, Size, and Population.— The Sou
between the parallels of 25'' and '6V north. The^
the same breadth of latitude as the Middle Atl

England States together, and contain about one-fourth the area
of the United States.

The Popiilutiou of the Southern States, hon'eror, is leas dense
than that of Now Kngland and the Middle Atlantic States.

2. Coast. — ^The shores of the Soutliern States are bonleretl by
a chain of long, narrow, sandy islands. Navigable inlets and
passagvjs occur here and there, but these are obstructed by sand-
bare which prevent the entrance of the largest vessels.

3. Surface.— The surface of the Southern States resembles
that of the Middle Atlantic States. Bordering the sea is the
Coastiil Plain, which in the Soutliem States attains its greatest
breadth, being from 100 to 300 miles wide. (See map, p. 33.)

Xext we have the Piedmont Plateau^ and finally a mountain
region embracing portions of the Ap^mlachian system.

West of Ihe ApiHilachian Mouutuhm is the Cumberland Plateau, and
bejoud this lies Uie Kiaaissippi VsUey and the famous Mississippi
river bottom or flood-plain which, rtouth of MemphiB, is one hundred
miles wide. It is iierfoetly level ainl ii liable in ox-erHnw.

West of the Mississippi, the prin-
cip:il elevation-t are the Oznrk
Muuutnins in nortli western
ArkanbaH, and tlie outlyiu;:
rantrcs of the Kf>i:ky Muuii-
taiiiK in wejiteru Texas.

4. Forests. — As we go inmi
the sea inland, we cross lirst n
belt of swamps covered with
the cypress, the palmetto, the
magnolia, and the live oak, and
next we come to a sandy bell
overgrown with pines.

On the Piedmont Plateau we
tind oaks and other deciduous trees
mountain sides.

The BtWAiniiy belt ext^fnd.i from Vir^'nia to the KTeiglades of Florida,
and along the shore:! of the Gulf except ia HiansBippi, where for
some miles a low blulf conies down Ui the water's ed^, tothelitlimus
of TeUuantei>ec. It is noted for its pendent mosses, parasites, and
flowers. The nK>.S(*eH hang down in long and gi-at-eful feettooTiB from
the branches of the trees, imparting" to the forest scenery u slrikinjr
and picturesque feature. Among the flowers are the magnolia and
the yellow jefaamine, the loveliest of them all.

The live-oak forests of this region furnish tlip most vnUmble finil>er
for shipbiiildinc Th'- uin'- hclt i«i fjiiiM-*! f<'T' ils tiuilwr. tun [litcb.

1 'it .V/i»*iMi^(.l /lutll/-('i.li(l.— .1

which extend up the

Am otttiytng rttitee of tkt Roekji Jiftiunlaint fx icMMm T4XIU.—A tSftp ratUh.

roein, and turpentine, whicli are known in commerce us naval
stores.
>'Hval stores are all products of tlie lon^-Iaof or pitch pine. The
trees are "boxed " by cutting a deep notch near the ground and ai^e
*' blazed " by removing tlio bark above the box. as shown iu the en-
graving- The sap, which is raw turpentine, flaws into the boxes and
is taken out and distilled. During distillation a vapor ]>asses otiT and
is condensed into a liquid, oalletl i«pirltR of turpentine. The
substance left in the still is straiue*! and, wben cooled, becomes solid.

It is rosin.
Tar is obtained by burning sticks of
pilch pine iu o kiln. It flows out of
the wood as a thick, black liquid.
When boiled it becomes thicker and
is known as pitch.

Many of the pine trees ore v^ry
ttill aud straight, aiid make the
tlne>it mustM and spnrs for sbi|)s.
Large numbers of them are sent
to tlie dockyards of France and
England.

5. Rivers and Lakes. — ^The
principal rivers of the Atlantic
slope are naWgable through the
.«i.« iutd n^r I ««. cv, ji«.. Coastal Plain to the hills of the,

Piedmont Belt. The Uinits of navigation are marked by falls oi
rapids, which afford ample water power.

The Mississippi and its southern tributaries drain a portion of
these States, and furni.sh im|)ortant water routes for the prod-
uce and tiierchandiae of this section.

6. Minerals. — In the mountainous parta of the Southen>
States are found coal, iron, copper, lead, gold, granite, and
marble. Alabama and Georgia are richest in minerals.

Coal and iron are mined chiefly in Alabama. North Carolina, Ten-

ne,S8ee and Georgia; iimn^ueso
and North Carolina ; Hiilpliiir
in Louisiana; Hult and pelru-
ietim in Louisiana and Texas:
riinrble in Qwirgia. Tenne8.«!ee.
,ind North Carolina. Tb<-
nliotKtoneM of Arkansas and
the K7p!^>ini of Texas ai'e among
the very best. The phosphate
deposits (tf Florida and S-mtli
Cfkroliua are the ricli'-'>i
known.

7. Climate and Occupa-
tions. — The climate of the
northern portion of these
States is mild and well adapted

in Georgia; ffold in GeorL'in

/*)»# /oTMf in (Ac AiintUte Coatai /'JdiH.—
A tuifitrUtnm vrthard and ilitt.

SOtAR TlME-Whtn [l It h««n on iTit Mtridian of Waihinfton.

SOUTHKBN STATEa.

EAffTERK DITIBtDK.

MAP STn> FES.— Between wlmt p«mllel« »f latilude
are lhf«u States sittuttcdf AVliai two ftu'in the nnrtlii'rn
boundary? Wlmt States border on tlic Atliinlic (Xt-miV
Ou th«i Gulf of Mexico} Thii ^liiwirwiiipi Kiverl WliicL
Stale has the lon^st fjaKtlino? Whii-h Huir is witlioul
Maooastf III wbat mountain raugvs tlo neorly ull tbo rivers
uf tbeso Statut tulte their riaef Wbat general ilurecUoDs
have theyf Trace Uie ridjre of sandhills extending across
tliese Slflt««. (Il iii shown by a hffht niountain line. It
dividi'8 ttir> upland and lowland or thoM States.) WliuL
kind of t^liniati^ dhnultl you ex|iect to Hud in thf«A Ktatc:it?
Whifh of thwio Slul<» haa tho warmest ellinatet When it
is noon at Washington, what timo is it at Cohimbus,
Georpia? Wlion it is n(>on at Columbutt, what lioiB is it at
Colmuliift, South Caruluia?

liorth Carolina.— Wli at is tlie eastern boundary I
\NTuit mountain chain forms the west^-rn UHindaryf What
mountain i-ungo crosses the Stale? Where is Ml. Mitchell?
Where are Bulsam Mountainst In what directiou does the
eastern jMirt of tho State slopi^T The western part? 'U^lal
niountains form the watersiii^d of litis State! Xanie the
cajK* tin the coast. What souutb in the eastern jwrtf (A
w*ries of lonjf, narrow, windy iKlandi separatin tht-se Hounds
fnmi tlie sea.) Where is Koanoke Ulandt What river Hows
into the Atlantic uearCa[H' FearT What and where is tho
capital? Describe Wilmington. Charlotte. Fayelteville.
Newlx^rn.

TeuueH»HM!< — What mountains sepurale Teuncsseo and
North Carolina! What niountains cross Tenneasee? WHiat
is the western boundary} Nome the principal rivers. \Vhat
river receives all the drainage of this Staled AVhat large
river croisses the State twice? Wliat part of the State is
traversed l»y the Cumberland? Are there any important
I ivt-irs that flow into the Mississippi direi'lly fi*oin this State?
Wiiiit is the capital/ How is it situated? Dt-irrihe Memphis.
K nox vi 1 le. ChalianiKi^. Jackstm.

South CRrwliiin*— Wlml mountain range forms the
northwestern boundary! What river the wiwtern? Name
th« chief rivers. What two form the Santee? What is llie
Watercc called iu North Carolina? What river do the
Baluda and lJrt>ad form? Whore is the Great Pedeei What
river eastof the I'odeei Where is Kdisto Island? St. Helena?
Sullivan's Islandt What large city between the mouths
of the Ashley and Cooper rivers? Name the capital. Describe
Columbia. Greenville. Spartan burs'. Newljerry.

Oeor^a.^Whal])art is mountainous? Name one range
in the northwest. Where is the Okee-fl-no'kee Sivamp?
Wbat parallel fornw the northern boundary? Wliat river
the eastern f What river a part of the western? What river
a part of the southern i Descri)>e tho course of the (^atta-
h'wchcc. The Flint. What two rivers unite to form the
Altanmha {Al-ta-ina'kaw')t What river south of the
Sitvannahf \\*lier<* is the Alla[>aha? Name the islands on
the cuusIl ^VLcrc is Savannahs What is tho capital?
DescrilK AupuHla. Columbus. Athens. Macon.

Plorldtii— What natunil division of land is this State?
In \yliat part of the StaUt are most of the towusf Describe
the course of the Si- John's river. Of the Suwanee. Name
tlie largest lake. Where are the Everglades? N'amu the
capes on the coast What bays on the coast? Where arc
Florida Keys? Wlicre is Key West, the mostsoutlierly town
iu the United Statejt! DrjTortugas? Where is the capital? De-
scrilie 1'enH.icola. Jacksonville Ferniuidina. St. .\n^i«tine.

AJrtbainn.— Wliat pari *}t Alidwrna ts uiountJiitinnRi
Wliat two rivers flow into Mobile Bay? What rivers fonn
the Alahamar Describe the course of the Coosa. Of the Ala

bama. Of the Tonibitfbeo, What large river flows thn>UKh
the northern part of Alabama? What river flows between
Ahilwinia and Georgia? Describe Mobile. The capital.
Birrninphnm.

MUsiMMlppl, — What rivers form tho western boumlarv
of Missi«4ippi? Name the princi]ml rivers of this State
A\niat two rivers enter the Mississippi near Vicksburc?
Where is MiwissippI Sound? What is the capital? On
what river is itf Describe Vicksburp. Xalchcs. Meridian.

ItoiiteH of Travel.— How would yon po by steamboat
from Wilniina-lon. North Carolina, to Macon? Frtmi
Jnckisonvillu to Selma? Flon^nce to Memphis? Jackson In
MohiU-; New Orleans to Naslivllle?

SOUTHERN STATES: GENERAL DESCRIPTION.

to the cultivation of grain, tobacco, fruits, and vegetables. That
of the southeni part (» semi-tropiciil. This section is well
watered and suited to the growth of sugar cane, cotton, rice, and
tropical fruits.

The copious supply of moislure enjoyed by this poKion of the country
cotitribules to make it the very Krst ainong^ the cottou-^onlns
regiuiiM of llie world. In a climato that is less humid, as, for
example, that of India, cotton will g^row and yield akindantly, but
llip fi)>pr is sliort, H'lrl tbls renders it far more ditTicult to spin into

yarn and weave into cloth.
The winds from theOuIf bring the
frequent suntiner rains. Uenoe
we find in the southern parts
of .Ahibama, Mississippi, aud
Louisiana a ifreater annual

i^rilMipiUft^

fkotoffmpht «/ a oaOon
(\0innp ftmr wt»pm %n t.'

ffomU. 1, Th9 coniuv
fibrr and roUt tiu rci'
into canM.

-iT 111 lallmi

-***v/

raliifkU than that of any
otlier |»ortion of the country
east of the Rocky Mountains.

The majoritv of ijeople io the 2. r(we.M«™i™.mntf «* nu* «*thiuiM of^u

' ■ ' * armbfi are placm im /rant 0/ Mt« mathtn*. r ir-

Doutnem ocatea are engageu „/„„p^ ,^,^ t,^^ ^ „„^^ ^^ „j„^^ , .

in agriculture. Manufacturing, "'^"'^ •"«" ^ "^•

mining, and commerce are the other important industries.

Influence of Inventiona. — The industrial pursuits of the
Southern States were very largely detenuined by the invention
of the cotton-gin, the spinning- jenny, and the power-loom.

One hundred years tt(fo the cultivntion of cotUni in the Soutbeni
States was confined ti> a small patch on each farm, capable of pro-
ducing A few xKiunds only. The seeds were picked from the cotton
by hand, and the cotton spun and woven by the women of tlie family
into "home-spun."

The cotton-gin removes the seed from tlie wtton. In a few minutes
one can do ua nint*h xvork aa a wliole family conid do in a wee-k. A
siiiiiuiiiK-jetiny and a power-loom can Kpin and weave ns much
cotton in a day as a woman could in a year. These inventions mode
cotton plantinff the great industry of the Southern States The an-

Ttm*. durinf Iht bv»]f MCMOn.

nual crop, now ten to twelve million bales, is about three- fourtla
of the world's supply.

From the seed an oil is pressed as fine as olive oil. The cake which
is left is ground and sold for cattle feed and fertilizers. Cotton-
Bccd-oll mills are numerous.

Within tlie past few years the attention of the people of the Soutben
States htis been largtdy directed to the mauuracture of cottoo. I
Extensive mills have been erected, and the production of cotton
goods has steadily increased. The number of mills has more tlitn
doubled in ten years.

The ndvanta^es which attract llie cotton-spinner to this region ai«
these: (I) the raw niaterial is produced at his very doors, and heii
therefore in a large measure saved tlie expense of transportation ; anil
(2) numerous streams descending to the sea from the mountains fur-
nish unlimited water-power.

Commerce. — The commerce of these States consists chieHy in
the sole of cotton, sugar, rice, lumber, coal, iron, naval stores,
cotton cloth, and cotton-seed oil. They buy fine textiles, cloth-
ing, btiots, slices, hats, furniture, agricidtiiral implements, silver-l
ware, and other mannfactured articles, and often flour, coi

and meat from the other .Sta(
Numerous railways and nai
gable rivers affonl ample tm
of transportation. The leadti
ini[M>rt» are raw sugar, ci
and tea: bananas, pineapj

..r^tflP^'

iirnu. %

1111

s"!

i. TKr »p«oU art ptootd on Um muditnt. Urrr
Iht eor4* frvm tix vpnif* aet Ueiatfd UtgtOirir lu
makt onmlkr«ad.

and other tropicid fniits from
Mexico,CentnU and South Amer-
ica; also manufacturetl goods.

Review Topics.— Nnine the ter.
SoQthern Stales. Compura in »iu> with
the N«w Knglnnd and .Middle ^\tUii. ^'
lie States. In popuUliim. Coast liny. Ar-r ;..

HarlwirR. Huw does Die surface ro- *"^ '*"""**'■''■ ''^'•"«' ^ ""***"'*' "^'"^ ***^
^-mMw that of the Middle AtUncie? lO'w^i'W t* v«dTw«od * Und«»«>i. »M

Elowdotbfl moiLTitaini* divide the StateH cast of the Mi!Wiis.sippj? Into what do tba
rivers flow ? What tlovaiions woat of the Missis-sippi ? Describe tlie forest belts.
Hwiunpy belt. Lfre-oflk forests. Pine belt. Huw far an> Die rivers imvifpible t
Descrilie Die Miesisisippi ftn^i its Bouthcm iribnlarie**. What miiipral!* in the
mniiii(niiij«? In Alabama and Tciitiusaoc? In Ge«rgiii and North Carolina? In
LniiiMnnn? .ArkariMut? Other ^uiithi-ni States? Climate? What inaked the
Siitirhfrn SlatcB a collon-j:rowing region? Describe the rainfall in some of the
Hiilf Stales. The occupatiijiis. Whot invoiUiuri* Have allBcted the industries?
\VliBt I'ffect ilid they prr»duuc? Cotton mainifactnre in the Southern States.
Coinmerea. Principal exports. Chief import*.

XXXT. NOUTH CAItOLIXA AXD TEXXE88EK.

1. North Carolina and Tennessee. — Xorth Carolina, the^
" Old Xorth State," and Tennessee are mainly between the same
>arallel3 of latitude. Except in the Coastal Plain of IJorth Caro-
lina, the industries of the two Stattw are similar.

Iloth States are admirably ailapted to the growth of grain,
tobicco, flax, and hemp. The grape, fig, and peach, with other ^
orchard fruits, are raised, as well as melons, peanuts, and sweet

SOUTH CAROLTNA AKD GEORGIA.

XXXn. W>rTll CAUOIJNA AND tJEOIKilA.

«,

Baa OalUru at VharUtvn-

South Carolina and G^eorgia.— fwiith Carolina and Geor-
esemblo each other in physical featui-es. They both fronton
Ulantic, an<l slo|)0 from the mountains to the ocean,
leir shores are fringwl with the Son Islands, which are cole-
k1 for a kind of cotton calle<1 the sea island cotton. It is
inest in the world.

has a loiig^sitkr Hiier.aiKl is chiefly usihI fnr the manufaclurp of larcA
uid other ilno fiibrios.

-. " "^^■*^,. /^'-'^^'^ f'^^T^

iMMi *tor«« ihan any

lese States are alike
Limate and imliis-

South Carolina.

the manufactun;
tton goods, Soutii
Una i-onks tirst
ig the Southern
», and second in
fnited States. Kiee

sea islajid cotton

grown along the

., and cotton an<l com in all parts of the State. Truck farms

lumcrous. and tea culture is conducted with some success.

Cities. — CtiHrlrHtuii is the principal city and chief seaport
16 State. It is an important rice market, and ships large
titles of cotton, \'egetahles, and naval stores. Near the city
ast deposits of phosphate rock which is use^l in the nianufac-
of fertilizers.

lunibia, the capital, on the Congaree river at its falls, is an
rtajit manufacturing city. It is noted for its beauty, and is
oat of the University of South Carolina.

■eeiivllle and Simrtanbiirg un^ important cotton man ufartu ring

tiilee.

eWinlhrop Female Normal ami Industrial College is at Ruck Hill;

,be Clenison Aftricultuml College is at Port Hill, the old liuinc of

lohn C- Calhoun; and tlie South CaroliDa MiliUiry Academy is at

^Jharleston.

Georgia. — Georgia is one of the leading Southern States
anufacturing and commerce, and in the production of cotton,
ler, naval stores, melons, fruits, and vegetables.

■rtli Georgia produces the finest of wheat and natx. Rice flourishes
n the lowlands aloug the coast; cotton, the leocliug staple, in the
central and southwestern parts of ihe State; corn grows evcry-
rhere. Tlie great pine forests yield valuable timber and naval stores.

le gold mines of this State were considered very rich before
was found in Califortua, and are still profitably worked.

Cieorgia marble is famous. Coui, iron, limestone, and inanganeae
are mined in the northern part of the State.

5. Cities. — Atlaut^i, the capital and largest city, is at the
|X)int where railroads must pass in coining around the mountaii
barrier. This makes it a great railnwil and trade center. It
mnks llrst in the Stale in iiianufuctui-cs. A school of teciinologv
is located here.

SHTHiiuaU is the chief seaport, and an important commerciil
center. It exports cotton, rice, naval stores, and luinbor.

Autnitftn, on the Savannah, and Colnnibiis. on tho Chattahoo-
chee, have ample water powerandextensivocotton mills. Maeon
has tliree colleges, cotton mills, and a large wholesale trade.

Itonio has an iMi])(>rtant rivr tmile. Hriiii.swiek sldps cotioo,
IuhiVht. and uaval slort's. Tlve State Uiiivei-sity and the 8tal« Normal
Stthool are at AtheiiK, and the Cieorffia Normal and Industrial Colle^
is at MHIeiliffviile.

K«'vlew Topics. — Ooiiiijnn- South raroliria «ilh nt-nrciii. St-a i eland cat-
ion. Haw utwlt Miiimfsclurc of oottnn giKKlft. A^nt-idltinil products. D»-
firrJhi^ ColiimbiA. ('harli>nlr>n. WhstmlnpniU ?in.< the Stiirp? In what iitOeorgia

prominent? What part pn^
Awi^t, wheat and oal^^l' Rk»!
Cutton? Wliat are the furol
prcxlucts? Th« uiiiiemW? U^ |
scribe Savfinnnli. Allaiilfc
Aii(riisla. CojiinibiJis Mucchl
Itwiiio. Brunswick. Whsit
is the State t'nireniir?

■^■'-^;

<MA«r port in itn mirtd.

Savannah ihip4 mor4

XXXIII. FT.OKID.V,

.VL.VJtAMA, A>'D

MIHSISSIPPI,

1. Florida. — Florida

h;is no mountains. It

is dotted with beautifal

lakes and springs.

The Evorftlivdcs in South Florida may be descrilwd as a great sliallov

lake willi long grass growing fn>ni Uie bottom. The surface m

studded with islands, upon which are dense jungles of tropical trees

and plants.

Florida fronts both on the Gulf of Mexico and on the Atlantic,
it has so mild and deliglitful a winter climate that thousands of
visitors spend the winter here each year. Its tourists' boteb
are among the Hnest in the world.

The Mill is adapted to the oultivation of cotton, sugar,
and rice.

Florida, is famous for its oranijesnnd nther tropical fruits.

iS'j: ■^,

Ifc' ''

:-.^

•-■ f

Kwv cf Ac cvntir o/ A. A>muj<mc, /-'la.. akovinoOu pUua ami iKm
tmm t m— kottU lor wimtn nmon.

An imporUuit industry is Uie cultivation of oarlj ft*uitn anil vesT*-
lubleM for NoHheru marketa. In the sontlieni parts of tbe State
Sisal lipnip, cocoanuts, piiieapplns, and guavas are grown.

Tbo live ortk hIiouihIs liere, and the flp<>"K*' Hshcrit'!* are valuable.
The pho»]>liule (Ivix'^Ks are the richt^st ami largest yetdistuivercU.

Florida w of limestone formation. The M)utlieru part is bordered by
ruimf roiis coral-forine^l islands called Keys.

2. Citiee. — .Tacksoiivtllp, tlio larn-cst city, ships pine lumbpr,
orang^es, and vegetables, bv
Wftterand by rail, to North
ern cities,

THiiiita, the second city,
ranks next to Kow York in
the import of tobacco ; it
inanuf;iL'tui*es cignrs ati«
liiia steaiiishi}) lines to Key
"West, llarana, and other
ports. Pcij.<Micola« the chief
oity in foreign comiucrce,
has a line harbor, and ships
pine luiul>er, naval stores,
And cotton. Key West, on one of the
Keys, manufactures the famous Key
"West cijrai'a from t(jbacco|^rown in ('uki.
fijwDge fishing isan important industry.

Tuilabusitec in Ihu capital. 8t. Aii|ni»-
tiiMS founded by the Spanish in 1865,

is the oUU'si town in the United States.

3. Alabama and IVCississippi. — -Wuiim/ ^;>.--„n ih AioOam<i

^^ \a dug. Htvo

Anulxtuu has iron furnaces and cutlon factories. Sclina is an im*
|)ortant point for the shipment of cotton. Iliintsvllle Is a handsome
town and nianiifaciurt».H rtHton and lumber. The University of Alar
Imiiia is at TiiMcitlmisu, iuid tlie AKricultural and Mechanical Col-

\*'ir^> is at Aiibiiru.

6. Mississippi. — ]^ri»sis-
sippi lacks mineral wealth,
but is rich in cotton and
in forests of hard wood in
tlie Delta, and of yellow
pine in the southern hills.

The most important
manufactures are lumlier,
r<>lt<m-seed oil and meal,
naval stores, and cotton
jroods.

7. The Mifislssippl-
\ .... Jelta. — There is no richer land
in the world than that of the Delta. It
is a |mrt of tbe flood-phiin of tlio .Mis-
sissippi, and is protuoted from uverilow

>y ejulwinkmentH called levees, which are
built along that river from the bluffs
above VicUsburcr to the bluffs near
the Tennessee line. A bluff just east
of the Yazoo river forms the eastern
im of the Delta. The Delta embraces
iliout one-seventh of the State. The
fotton grown here ranks next to the

Vith the exception of the mountain 2^^;^^ T' fc^^iSKX^d^^^^S'i^SJ^^^^ >«'and cotton in value.

__-J^_ -.* — -^_4l. \ l^l,-™-. *l, ^.,^ 1... and titt imrt iron ruH» dovn lo ^ boUowi o} thti furmiea. ThfJ tho^rt IJm _ r^'ii_ *.. « • *i i • p

region ol nortu Alabama, tnese two bottom of uu furtuifr. jsvrry aii kovrt the fuman ii opfnrd anii tht mftitd o. GitiGo. — \ icKxhiirR', the chief com-

^^ . , I 1-1 1JI -ni ■ t • I '''^'' ">"* down to Ike iiltit <Mann*U madt in Ih* •and, it* ahovn in tht ... , , ,

states belong to the i^uil i lam, wliich piXu™. Bachc<»irai eA<i<.nrf %»caiMa»ou<.4indtK« titii* oMtartfAiud uiercia! citv, and Natchez are i)Oth situ-

" piat; iron c«*( in thit umy im oatttd piff-iran.

ateil on the bluffs of the Mississippi,

ia sometirnes broken by hills made by the
action of water. Com and oats are raised for home use. Cotton
is the great agricultural product. In the southern sections early
Tegetables and fruits are grown for Northern luarket-s.

In the southern jiart of I>oth States are extensive forests of
long-leaf pine from wluch lumber, naval stores, and charcoal are
manufactured. Botli States have cotton factories and many
-cotton-seed-oil mills.

4. Alabama. — Alabama ranks tirst in tlio South and fuurth
in the Union in the production of iron, and fifth in the output of
•coal. Rich de[M>sit« of iron ore, «)al, ami lime Ho near together,
and supply the furnaces, rolling mills, and coke ovens that dot the
niinerul district. The Alabama and Tombigliee rivers furnish a
•waterway to the Gulf for the coal, iron, and cotton of the State.

B. Cities. — :*lol»lle, the only seaport, exports cotton, lumber,
naval stores, and iron. It imports bananas and other tropical
fruits.

Biniiiiijchnm. the largest city of the State, is the center of the
■coal and iron region, and ha.3 coke ovens, furnaces, and rolling
mills. It manufactures nt^nil rails, engines, boilers, machinery,
cotton gins, and cotton. Many railroads center there.

Montgnnierj, the capital, ia a railroad center and river port.
It manufactures fertilizers, cotton, cotton-seed oil, and lumber,
and has a large trade.

They are important cotton markets and manufacture lumber
and cotton-seed oil.

Meridian, the second city in population, is an important rail-
road and coHiinercial center. Its leading manufactures are
cotton products and fertilizers.

JnckKonf the capital, is a great railroad and busino»t center. Gulf-
jiort, a new seaport with a line barlxir, exporls lumber and naval
store-s to fi>n.'iffu markets. CulunitiuN, Orc4;uvlllv, Grft^uwuixl*
and L»iir4-1 are cotton -manufacturing centers. Biloxl has the largest
shrimp flHheries and ranks next to Baltimore in tbe oyster product.
The University of Missijwippi is at Oxford, the Agn'euIturRl and
Mechanical Cu11ei;,'e at Htarkvilh', and the Industrial Inxtftuti* and
Colleir** for Girls at C'oliinilMl.H.

Canton, Mif- iht cars toailtd ifith nori'

tMr iMV to Naftitrn cuw* to 6« »oU.

f to ntn tht mirfiin'r)^ o//A.'

LOUISIANA

Ke%lew Topicd.— Driwribo ttwsurfKce of FIori<U. The EvprffUdeB. The

cliniftU?. The miiI, Wh«t shii^thiilwr nbunndKY PhuspWftto ilrjxi*its? Whnt
ftre the Krye ? riewrih^ jArkMinvillr. Tnii>[>a. Pcn^tu-'ila. Kr-y Wit^t. Ta]lH<
haasee. HI. Aiij|;fi"*li"°> D(!>cribe thf iiurfnro of AUbBitia ami MiBHis»i|'|ii.
CltniiUe. Sliipk- prcxluclioii. The mineral« of AUlistna. The forvst^. Ilit inilii»-
triM. Its chief rivers. .Mobile. Mont^fiiiicrj. Uirinin;,'hftiii. Aniii^ton. Hunts-
TJIlo. SvliiiH mid TuMTAluimi. The SUla Univci-slt)*. Mj»sis9i{i[ii. The fon.xtt>:
The Miisisi*?ii|ijii.Vn«rt<» iK^lt*. Vfi-ksburg mid Xstches. Merkliaii and otln i
phi('«« of trade. The KinK ulnealifinnl ifit(litiitioii«.

XXXIV. LOU181AXA AND ARKANSAJ*.

1. Louisiana.— Loutsuina, so callc*] in iinnttr nf Louis XIV.
of I'Viincc*. vviuj settled by French and Spanish colonists,
descendants of the formf»r nr<* f'lillod French Creoles.
Ix>uiHianu was pur-
France in 1:^flH,
cure for the coni-
merco of the inland
States a free outlet
to the sea. through
the ^tississippi.

2. The deprcsi
siou of the hiiitl
is one of thin
marked pliysicnl
features of this ,ua*iMf«yof
State, r K>in the i»i raOtr,.

mouth of the liwl river to the Gulf the level

of the Mississippi river and it« outlets — called bayous {bVooz) — Orleans ranks

is higher than that of the adjacent country.

The drainaRi', therefore, w fmm and not toicard tho wutorcourses.
The people speak of jroint' tip tn thr ri%or iiist«-ati of (foiiijr down U^ it

^KT^

r^"^--i

United States r-mM

ino rrf/ motoamm i><-
merce, and i*anna^tmin*vl»<tg*r.

Vimeafalrr** in Xiw Oritant. \olU< the ilcamtioal on (*<■ .Wi»Fiwi(ipi rii-»r. Oie iltatni/upt
amdmuino I'MmI* luino next to Ik* J^rer. On (/.« trv*r arr cullon, rfnrra, dmf oOirr mtrtAandf*
wkitk on lo tw Lm^m on Um akips. Nfdiet the fmgHt ran on tht left.

seconti \l
- in its f'

lirot m A(
in popuhitton, commerce, and manufactures. It is tbe
market in the world for cotton, and one of the (j
sugar and rice. It ex|H>rts chiefly cotton and grain. &'
i-aw aug:ir, coffee, tropical fniits, and other mercbaiifi
has sugar refineries, rice mills, foundries, and other (icBi

The lereo here is very wiclp and upon it may be seen balwof
W'ls of sugar ami rive, ancks of cofree, and boxes uj other
rtiuly for slitpui<.-iit. Oii ouc itide of Ihc levee are irfam*
HU'ani.ship»i, saihn^ veHHels, and steamboats llA. OM aAv
for inon> than five iniles; here alBoaii^gruiii elevatoniadd

Tulane University and riLher higher iuslitutioiifi rf
located liwre.

ShiwoiM>rt is an imporlant railroad and trailiug centtr. I
chief distribnting ptiint of nnrlli I^iiisiaiin.

Baton KiJU^c ibat'un rvtn;/i). the ca]iital. is an impnTtuiitd^
istate Uiiivf^rsity is located here. Alexandria and LnkcO
tuauufacture cottonseed oil and lumber. New Iberia \m
hnlling and cleaning rioa.

MAP STCDIES.— In which of thc«e States are lakes most numer-
ous? 'U^iieh has no Beacoasfi Which Las the longest const line?

Arkuusas.— What imftion is uiountairKiitsi Boundaries. What
large river crosses this State? Describ'j the courao of the White River.
Namo the capital. Describe Helena. Hot Springn. Pine Bhttf. Fort
Smith.

IfOiiisiaiia.— What rivers separate Loui»tana from Mississippi? "What
river flows across Louisiana/ Into what river di>«H the Washita flowf
What river and lake Iwiween r^>niKiai]n and Texas^ What river and
bayou enter O rand Lake? Where is Lake Pontehartrain? Grand Lake?
Name the bays on the coa«t How many mouths has the Mississippi?
Describe New Orleans. Shreveport. Baton Rouge.

Oklfthoina.— Wiiat is the soiithern lw>undaryf What rf'
this State? Name and lueule the prijicipat towns. Oklahomk-
Ardntoro. Muso^gee. South McAlister. Wliat is the capital!

Texas.— What bounds Texas on the north? On Ibe j
What portion is mounlainouH^ Where are the Apache- Moantii
Llamt l-^tacado? What rivers form part of tlie butindaritu
river flow.-* into G-ilveston Bay? iJ^wcribe Uie Brazos. The (
Wliat river entoi-s Snbino I^ke? San Antoniu B.iy? CorpQ
Bayi' Wliat tributary of the Rio Qrunde croBsoa the western pi
Stated N.-inie the hays on the coast. The ishinds. Describe ik
Galveston. Houston. Dallas. San Autouio. Fort Worth
Sherman. Denison. Marshall. El Paso.

ARKANSAS AND TEXAS.

W^^^^^^^M

^H^^^^^^^^^^^H

^^^H

^^H

H^^H

^^^^Bi

■^

^^^^

■

, - - - „

"ifr?

rwK
Y*

^f^ '

- ,^

'Wk '

^z^W^^Hh

*■*»- ■'

^A^tM

■ ir?

I ift,.' 1,/ (Af inly at Utii i^tninf*. Ark-matu.

6. Arkansas. —Arkansiu; is rich in its productive soil and in
ite forests and minerals. Agricnltarc is the principal industry,
and the chief products are cotton and corn.

Eiwt«rD Arkansas consists of lowlands which are a part of
the Mississippi flood-plain. These lands are protected from over-
flow by levees like those in Ijouisiana.

We«t«ni Arkansan is rugged, l)eing crossed hy the ridges
of the Ozark Mountains. It is a fine graz-
ing country and is largely devoted to
farming and stock raiang. Mining is
also a growing industry. Toal, iron, lead,
zinc, and other minerals abound, and
there are extensive quarries of sand-
stone and limestone. Arkansas leads in
the production
of bauxite, a
fine clay from
which the mi
aluminimnisulj
tained. The
ollstoue and
whot«toiie quar-
ries ai-c the bosi
in the world.

TbeUardvrood

the Slate con

. . 1- - .Ifoiinf ,\^U.'i»rt.i ,..r ..( .■•'.rr/'WK. Tcf. The litU i i .

est bodies of ,, rrmoiyJ }ro,n ti.t Mt,i o«J mude tnta ralU uhieh m *"»«• WalDUt,

hickory, and '^ '"^ *«"'•*■ ash tiinb<^r

to be fouud in theooiuiLry. The value of the hard wood lumber cut
from these forests exceeds that of any other Slate. In the westpm
pai-t of the Rtate are numerous hot sprints celebrated for their
iiKxlicinal qualities and much resorted to by iuvahds.

6. Cities. — Uttlo Rook, the capital and chief city, is a center of
tnule, and manufactures cotton and lumber.

Pino Bluir, un important sliipping point on the edgtt of the Flood
Plain, manufactures cars, lumber, and furniture. Fort Smith is in
the center of the coal regions at Uie head of navigation on the
Arkantum Kiver. Helena ts an important shipping paint for cotton
on tlie Mis-siiwippi.

Hot Hprinpft is a progressive, growing city. Here are tlie famous
mineral sprtn;;H which raakeit awinterandsummerresort. Eurfka
Sprlntpt is also a health resort

Review Toples. — IjouiaiAnA; lirrnr Ar<iuirec! and settled? What u s
creriiKw'' In what does Luuiftinna rank Rrsl? Where tio we get out upholstery
mots? MiniTsl resources. Idanufsctures. Now Orleans. Shreveporl. Baton
Itouge. Other cities. Name the resources of Arkiuisu. Whst is its iirincipnl
industry? Its chief product^? DcfvriW enstem Arksnsas. Western Arkanr^a.''.
The uiinerml rmourccs. The hat springs. The eliief center of trade. Impurluiit
low Hi.

XXX v. TEXAS AXTJ OKT^AHOMA.

1. Texas.— Texas is the largest State in the Union.
ulx>ut thirty -tnro times the size of Massachusetts. Its indu
and transportation facilities have been rapidly developed bj
unbounded energy of its |>eople. Texas now has mor^ai^
railivay than any other State. ^^^H

It was ODoe a part of Mexico, but won its indejwndeuee by tlie vi
at San Jucinto in 1S36. In 184S it was annexed to the United 8

Texas ranks first in the Union in stock raising, first h
production of cotton, and first in the manufacture of cottot
products. About one-fourth of our entire cotton crop is gl
there. It ranks third in wool growing and third in the|||
petroleum. ^B

Southern Texas is coast prairie. Eastern Texas is a tii

belt. Next

Prairie, the

comes the I
f.anious **|
.vaxy^'lan^
west

of 4

the Grand

rie, a fji
i?razing n|

forcNtH of

tain the lin-

Ijcyond art
(ireat Plaini
ranges of
Rocky M

A/lfrltir oii I* |ir*#*rtJ ouJ, A/irJ nji. i ijr< ;>/( ^^JQe Jjf \l

■shoalaninchthifit. Thett are ground infiiMl- *

■ Jd for t^Hutr or for food lor Uodi. UlUC raJD j

Its agricultural products include cotton, t
nats. other grains, and fruits; rice and b
on the coast prairies, and wheat in the m

Tt manufactures lumber, woolen and cc
cloths, leather goods, machinery, an^H

Coal, quicksilver, salt, gyi>3um, granite, sandstone, limed
marble, iron, and other useful minerals are found. ^M

2. Cities — .\tistln, lh« capital, is a beautiful city.

I>»ltn.-4 is a shipping point for aj!;^ricuUural machinery and
plies, and leads the cities of the South in the manufactm
harness and saddlery. ^M

Sail .\ntonU>. the oldest and largest city in the Stated
must im|>ortaiLit business center of western Texas.

(;Alve8ton, the chief port, has one of the best harbors oi

i'.ieprt*te*. Th*y
:tcru-arJ reftnai. othcr ErtlcleS.

ViM«o/ 0^harhorntU<Uv*t*of\.»iiinrinQOi*uk-
lor tzport. in the dittaHe* can bt Mm a branhi

-nmentto protect tit* lui

OKLAHOMA.— TKE CENTRAL STATES.

is tbo fourth port in the country. It exports largely

ides, wool, and, wheiU. lIoiiRtoii is a leading'' railroad

•ufacturing center, and the largest cotton market in the

port Worth is au important railroad center and has car

id meat-packing establishments. Wnco, in the cotton

Dufu<.'tures cotton and woolen goods.

lo and Liiredti, on the Rio Omndc'^ have ail important nnti
iti^' irade with Mexico. Denlson i& a sliippiug |>uiiit unti
niian lia-s ouo of the largest colton-seed-oit mills in tht> world.
Uiuoiit is the center of famous oiJ-ii(>ldf;, and has nc(^ aixl lumWr
Corsit'aiia also is noted for petroleum. Palestine and
lurne have large milnrnd shoijs. The sliopH of the Frisco Jines
,t Clehurne, and of the International and Great Northern at
line- Tt'iiipto and Terrell are (frowina: triido centers

III Ikf Oinictttla laJltu. Okla'ttinia.

dahozna. — In 1S90 Oklahoma was separated from the
remtory and organized as a territory. As soon as the
mds were thrown oi>en for settlement thouwinils of peo-

(e<l in. Houses were built and cities were establishetl in z.
f time. In lOOB the territories were a^in united to form
State of Oklahoma. This State has a mild climate and
arge croj>s of corn, cotton, and potatoes. Wheat, oatii,
aer gnuns are also gro^rn. In. the western part of the
razing ia the leading indiistr}', this State ranking fifth in
^ber of cattle on the ranches, and eighth in the number of

industries are not well dereloped. G\'p8um is the
lineral. Coal and iron are also mined. Tlie Indians of
te that formerly lived upon reservations will now become
\ of the United States and of the new State of Oklahoma.

ibes include the Cherokees, Chickaaaws, Chnctaws, Crc«ka, and
ihioles. Tliey are civilised; they till the soil, raise cattle, and
M Bchools, churches, and uewspapers.

lies. — The chief town is Oklnhomn. It is an important
center and has manufactures of farm machinery, cotton-
I and flour. The Epworth I'niversiiy is located here.
, the capital, is thirty miles from Oklahoma and has
ndostries.

is a center for Indian trade. Arduion^ in the Chickuaaw
trj-. LI ilie center of coal mining and the «eat of Hargrove C'ol-
MuHCogreo, a town of the Creeks, is a leading educational
South M(.*AliHtor is in the coal districL Elreiio and
are trading and shipping' r.enters.

Topics. — How does Tpx&s rank in aito? Uow was It acquired by
Slates? For wliat id it famed? What are »>iu« of the products? In
Fit lead? What of its wool? Its cotton and wheal lands? Its mineral

XXXVI. CENTRA r. (STATES.

/n lA( latnoiiM 6Juf-i/rtui region. Kcnluckji.

Statk.

Sqr. MllM

im.

C*vl\mU

Kiriiucky

iOAW

2.1-17,174

Fmtikfort ...

Louisville . . .

:!04.78I

41, 1^60

30.:i.W

4 IR7 5J5

SZa.ifO'i

Iriilinua

2.518.4(J3

Iti(iiannp>'lis . .

Iniliannpiilis.

169. 164

w.eao

58.015

Siiriiijtfield. . . .

Chicago

1.698,575
285,704

Mic'tiigan. .......

2.430.88:2

WiAconsin

56.040

3,060,043

Madison

MilwaiikM . .

285,315

Miswuri

60,415

8.106,665

Jeffermn City.

St. Loui«. . . .

S7S,SS8

I'lWft

66.0S5

3.S81,86S

Dm Motnes . . .

I*wi Xlnii)08. .

6-i,18B

Minnesota

8S.36,1

1.751.3B4

St. Paul

MItinoapoliA ,

202,718

K^nias

82.080

1,470.405

Topeka

Kansas C'itv.

51,418

N'-braska

77,510

1,OB«.IJOO

Oniaba....

102.055

N-.-nU Dakota....

70.7W

819.146

Il,58»

South Dakota

77.050

401.570

8ioux-Fa]Js..

10,266

rcKHtrcea? I>ajioribe Austin. Dalla«. San Antonio. Galveston. Houston
Fort Worth. Uenison. Waco. Brownsville. Laredo. Ei. Paso. Oklahoma.

1. Poeition and Surface.— The Central States are all inland,
and occupy nearly the whole of what is called the Upper MIk-
Hlsalppi Valley.

The Miirfiu-o is generally level, or rollings with a gentle inclina-
tion toward the Mississippi, which occupies the lino of lowest
level from north to south.

The only important elevations are the BlacV Hills of South
Dakota, the hilla of Michijjan and Ifinnesota. thi^ Ozark

Iti [At- IctiU. farmum Mtiiirti oj iUinoim.

Mountains, Pilot Knob, and Iron Mountains in Missouri and

southern Missouri, and the low mountains in soatheastern

Kentucky.

2. Prairies. — The most striking feature of these States is

their vast prairies. Long ago these were treeless, covered with

grass, gay with flowers, and alive with herds of bufl^altKiS. Their

soil is osually free from stones, and exceetlingly fertile.

Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Kausaa. Nebraska, Kinnosola, and
the Dakotaa are wholly or largely prairie regions.

KENTUCKY AND OHIO.

The MliwiiMippi and iu ti-ibuUirius give
In tho people of tliu CeuU-al Stttles a
uaturul outlet to tlie (iulf for their prtnl-
ucc. The Oreot Lakes an; itilaud w.-uti,
which furuiah, iu cuiiuuctiuu wttii
Uie St. Luwreucti und the canals,
water ruules to the Atlantic, ami thus
to £urope.

A vast network of rHilroatln eovflrs this
section, ppoviiliny niim^roiifi addition;!)

tatht U>p ol titr 1-

motda la mat* 1^. .^„.^ ^rtg ol Oie pitm

axfffTml jhtrt* <trt pttt togHKrr

liighways for trade, and Berring-, with their eastern
and sfjuthern cfinnecti(>n». t^i tran.Hmit the merchandise
of tlip Centra] States to the Atlantic seaboard or to tho Gulf.
Among the comnierchil citiwi are ClitcafC". 9t. Louis, Cincinnati, De-
troit, Louisville. St. Paul, Minncapolia, Duluth, Omaha, Indianapolis,
KUwuukee, and Cleveland.

Iteview Tuplt'H.— Looatinti of the Central States and their cnpitfUs. 8ur-
fae*. EtovatioM. Prairie*. WJint SUte*i in lln- Prairie n-nioii ? WlmJ uMiuwyIhe
floodfl? Compare the eai<ttim and the wealcm trilmtaries of ll>e Mississippi. The
climate. Coal Relda. Copper. Iran. bead. Salt. Agrioalture, aod manufat;
tiirinir. Finheries. The commerce. Niitnral aiJvantafree for commerce, llow
oonnectod with the Atlantic seaboard? CDrom{>rcial cities.

XXXVU. KKNTUCKY AND OIUO.

1. Kentucky.— Kentucky surpasses every other Stat« in the
production of tobacco and hemp, though corn is the most valuable
crop. Tho famous blue-grass region, in tho Licking; and Ken-
tucky rirer valleys, is one of the finest grazing districts in the
United States. Its horses and cattle are very celebrated. Ex-
tensive forests of hard wood and rich deposits of coal and iron
are found in Kentucky.

Tlie Mnniiiioth Cnve, in the cenlrnl part of the State, is one of the
most rfnmrkable eaveniB iu the world. It ex ten da underground for
tnilea, but has nr.ver t)een thonmghly explored. It contains a navi-
gable lake of fresh water The roofs and walJR of ittt chambers are
M>venxl witli glistening^ stalactiles. Tho fish that live in il^ waters
are blind.

2. Cities. — The chief manufacturing and commercial city is

lAUisviUe, the largest tobacco market in the world. Itsmann-

^tures include toliacco, flour, retlned cotton-seed oil, distilled and

malt liquors, lumber, leather, and agricultural implements. Tho

selling of these and other articles makes a large wliolesnie trade.

It is at the falls of the Ohio, (oposs which a canul has been constructed
capaeiouR enough t/> admit the largest steamers tliat ply on tlie river.

Covin^un and Newport, opi>osite Cincinnati, manufacture

machinery and building materials. Lexington, in the midst of

the blue-grass country, is a beautiful city. It is a center of the

tobacco trade, has extensive manufactures, and is noted for its

institutions uf beaming.

PodnvAlit near ttie mouth of the Tenneane,
js aii iniportiint sbippinir {»int for tobsuxn
p(jrk, und grain, Uwf'lishoro alii]M lars*
quantitic-K of lobticco. lleiKliTSoii baa mi
ton and IuuiLkt niiU». Friiiikr«»r1^ llie ca^
Ul of the State, is an educalinual iind maniK
latiuriug center. Muya%IIIe, on tlie 0L»
IS a leading hemp market and manurai-tum
thiiir and lumber.

3. Ohio.— Ohio is the fourth State of

the Union in population. The people

an' largely engaged in manufacturing

Tbu !>tute ranks iirst in tlie manu facing

of carriages and cist

products, and verr

high in the p^odu^

tirm of steel, agricu!

tural implements

and foods.

The coal mince in eari
pm Ohio are very pr-
ductive.and ihepetn-
leumwelUare nexiit
value to tboM! of Cab-
fcM-nia.

Ohio is also a leading agricultural State. Grain, live stork
and dairy products are all largely produced. This State rania
high in the ])roduction of wool. Tobacco and grapes are ei
tensively cultivate*!. The Catawba wine is note*!.

The State has remarkable commercial advantages.

The Ohi<» river and the runuU ronne<'tiiig it with Toledo and C'let*-
land furnish a cheap waterway from the State to the coal, steel. aU
iron regious of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and the StateM border
ing on the Orvat Lakeit, and ahto with tho markets of tho Miaonipp
Valley. The Erie Canal and the railways of New York, Penmyl^
vftnin. and Maryland connect it with the seaboard.

4. Cities. —The largest city in Ohio is C'leveland ; it is finelr
situated on T^ke Erie. It has easy access to the coal and oH
of Pennsylvania and to the iron of the Lake Superior region.
It is therefore noted for the manufacture of iron and steel aivl
tho refining of oil. Steel ships and machinery of every sort an
made. Meat packing and the brewing of malt liquors are otbv
leading in<)ustrie8.

Cluciuiiutl is the largest and chief commercial and manofac-
tunng city of the Ohio valley. It has river and railway connw-
tions with all parte of the country. Its foundries and xnachiii«
shops manufacture iron and steel brought through the canals

(Mrk

from the cities of the ameltiug region along Lake Erie. Clothing.',
leather gootls, and Uijuors are the other loading iimnufaclures.

ColuiiibuH, the state capital, is centrally silualeU and has
large iron and steel industries. Leather gootls and vehicles are
next in importance. Toledu is an important grain market and
has large flouring mills and iron foundries.

Dajtoii inaiiufacttii-es casli registers, cars, and marhmery ; Yniiiigr*-

towu^ utrar

the Pennsyl-
vania border.

ranks next

to Cle ve-

laud ill tliF;

man u fact Lire

of iron anrl

steel ; Ak-
ron maun

factures

rubber tir*•^

and elas

tic goods;

8pr I n g-

ficld and Vnkina atdomotnU

HO atttomolnlr lirr* lU tkt OiamiMui Rubli^r II .irX-i. Mr.m (>.
After tA* rviber i* mtrtd iii'fA nmtrfiaU lo harii^n u, if u t^fn fMt»*f« iir-
ClUltou are (N«m »tnl rolltr* tehieh prf» U into ahttu, a* tkoH-n tn ihr firat nru-. Tiit
ttemtd M(W iAmi-i Junr At tirtm art huitt u^ bv \ayinO Mrip* of rubtitr to-
orlhtr: tht tiret are (Am tmleitnitrd hi/ pianino ihem in ilmm-htitltd (Aom-
btrt wttieh mcU Uu *rveral parU t^^ on« »oltA piMK.

notod for
agriciikiiral
iiuplemeDls; Hamilton, Zftnosvillf, l»l*|iia, Tlfliii.aiul NVwurk

are centers for (he inauufuc'turc of machinery, clay prodm.'l«. aud
building loatcrials. Hniidtisky has an extensive wine trade and
mauufacturcs bardware and lumber.

Review Tnpit'H.— In what, <l(>e9 Kentucky excel T Dawribo llie bhie-graw
regidin. Wlmt niinorals in the State? Describe Ibc Mmumoili Cave. Flow did
the o&rly Mtllfini got tlieir crops to market? Descrilie Louisvilk-. Covington uid
Newport. Lexinglou. Fratikrort. PatiucAb. MaycviUe. Owensbora, Hen-
derson. Population of Otiio. Mineral Prodiiet*. Agricultural. How is Ohio
couuected witli tlw Mississippi \'alley and the Beaboard ? I>e&cril)« Cincinnati.
Cleveland. Columbus. Toledo. Other cities.

XXXVIII. INDIANA AND ILLINOIS.

1. Indiana and Illinois. — These States are in the prairi
rogioQ; they have no mountains. Their latitude and climate
their productions and pursuits, are the same. They are anioiij;
the greatest corn iind wheat pTOT\-inrr Statos in tho countrv.

2. Indiana
is the eighth
State of th<>
Union in po[i-
ulation, and
one of the
leading Cen
tral States in

agriculture, stock-raising, ivool-gnnvinf;.
and juannfacturing. Moat of the trunk
lines of rail\vay connecting tho eastern
and western parts of the country cross
the State. Tliis fact helps to jiromotp
its manufacturing and commercial in

natries.

tnnn\ittM<tti<-t

. _. u'hrrit at tht StuHfb'iJtf t'^^orv. SotUJi Hm't. InH

Rich coal-flpld.t. TH-tmlcum and natural i- ''"W''^' '^'•po*^ /ff^ w''»«.<<**V'*i *■ .^■'*'''"''''**^'***'''''^''' ■'* ''"'"

■" . fiB(7 thj- Klffl brtie* inia thr. hub* h]/ hudraultc prrMMurt; 4 7"*^ tiff* ir^ hfnini

^&S art* found near its SOUUieru bor- vkur-hnl in titt tumnrt nmt tJaeKl tm Hw vlt*ii»; l^ it*ttHKm tlrop* into u lani

,^ o/ id\aur itAk-A cooU tht lirt, eavnna it lo eontraet, bindiitfi uU parU of (A« uhttt

^ firmiii itwiStr.

'Hie Wyandot Cave rivals Uie
Mamniolli Cave in extent and (fran-
lUMir. Tlie Bedford Imieatone, found
in tlie Siime section, has a national
reputation for firmness and is a
favorite building stone.

3. Cities. — The capital of the
State is IiutianapoliM, the largest
iind the most importantcomnier-
H-ial and manufacturirg city.
The numerous lines of railway
ivlijch center here furnish it with
in abundance of raw materials
for its meat packing, flouring, woodworking, and steel industries.
Indiana has nearly twenty cities of over ten thousand popula-
tion each, and more than fifty with a population of over five
thousuind. Most of these towns are im|)ortant manufacturing
and railroad centers.

KvauHvllle is noted for its flour and lumber products. South Bend
bus tlic largest establi.sliment in tbe rouiitry for the manufacture
of vehicles. Fort AVHyiie hns large car and uiacliine sliope,
and slau^hterinfT und meiitpncktng estubliiihmenls. Terre Haute
rank-s second in Die nianufuctiire of distilled liquors. Muuclr manu-
factures iron, steel, and fruit jars; Now AUmuy, niachinei-)- and
leather: Andcr^MM, steel. gla.ss, and builditig materials: Itifh-
mond and Lnf'ayettt*, ngriciiUurul implements. Koknnio and
Marlon arw in the natural-(^.a»t region and inaniifai'ture g'l.-i.ss,
31ic-lii^ii City and Ilaniinoiid are largely engaged in tho making
of ruili-oiwl supplie»- Loguii^port inauufaclm-es mac)iinery and
vehicles. Klwoofl and VInecnnes have iron works. Elkliart has
paper mills ami railroad shops.

4. Illinois is now the third State in the Union in popula-
tion. It is in the prairie region, and has a very fertile soil.
Its large croi>a of corn, oats, and wheat, and its high rank in
vtn'-lv- raising have matle it the chief food-producing State. It
ranks first in the packing of meat and third
in manufacturing, its coal fields, which
underlie nearly two-thirds of the State,
lave greatly helped its industries and made

it next to
Pennsylvania
in the pro-
duction of
steel. Lead
is found and
limestone of
excellent quality for buildlBg pur-
poses.

6. Cities. — Chicago is the most
JTuportant commercial center on
the Great Lakes, and the second
in the country. It is the grejttest
grain market in the world, and
th'- b-ading market in the United
t^tai(;.s for live stock, pork, and
limiber.

It receive« a large l»art of the
produce of the Central States, and

transmits it to eastern and forei^ markets. It receives

eastern and foreigti gOfMU, and ilLslril>iil(.>M thfin lltmuirhmit

tlieiiorlhwest. Railways

and wuLlt ruut«s coiiiiti-l

it witlj every part of the

couutry, and vessels sail

direct to forai);() purls.
The raihv»y trains thai

entt:r or k-avc the city

daily number about twii

thousand, milking it the

ftreatvst rrtilniad center

in Uie \%'orId.
Grain is brought to Chi

cagu in bulk, and raisi-il

into elevator wjirt'liousc?.

by endlem chains wiUi

bUL>kot« attac)ied. It in

Uien discharged through

aiKiiits into boats or cars.
In the volut' nf its iniinit-

fiti'tures Chic«g<> ranks

next to New Yi)rk. Its

facilities for tninsportn-

lion by way of the liikc.b

bring to it the iron. lum

ber, and fuel nueiled for \^

its great industry, and

have made it the Orsl city in it.s IuiiiImt luid furniture [tr\>d-

uct*. and the second in it-s output «)f in>u and steel. It is

counecled also by canal with the Mississippi river syst**m.

This, and the water route by way of the Groat Laki-w and

the Krie Canal, give it cheap transixtrtatiou to botli tlie

Atlnnlic and Gulf porta. It i* the scat of the Unlvernity

of VhiiiOiHi, one of the most richly endowed eilucatii»nal

institutions in tlie Uniteit States.
Sprhi(;flelil, the capiuil, is in the midst of a pp(xlii<:tivc
ouiitry, and the center of an active tnwle.

Peoria, the aecuncl city in the State, leads in the
manufacture of distilled liquors. It is also an iiiiporUint
tnfirkct for frrain and funning implements. Kast St.

Loiiis, on the op-
posite side of the
Mississippi from

SOLAR TIMl

llsn of hBih.n{[tan, 10:38 A. M.

Ml'

A S

J B O

«■

il»??"

"'«-

Ih.

■0*5*i

I- II (.'flinty, vAini-int/ uttr <■} Ifi*
>!<tl framf biiildintii.

-V

v-T^ **

*»-5^

.^•TfrniT

' ''viuvN

P ^

Kfi

>Jl'"yvu

,CM

>y<<Mi

J?.

(Ci

.^'K-

f»t'

Hvreai

:^.

F**«.

«•

I Hit art l>r(iug*it "n (rum* from the Weai.
" mam of a tfrtai parJiing htniM, wilder

';".7 thijimnil. Tke trrnpotiturr

•!l limfs nAir frmiitQ point. 3.
■ •utafttdeparlmenl. 4. ll'ii*Ain0

(MTiter and has lar^ foundries and Inmber and
iiitrtoii nijinufjicture iron wur«, clothing, and t«
products and ivatches. F.vnn-^ton is the seat ol I

large glaits and s
car fthops. Mfll
Rock UUtfiil
ter, sitiiat«d od
Hne bridges ^
itnd larire imnff

St. Kouis, is noted as a railway center utui a.s a |»lac«i for diu
transfer of freight between eastern and weatem linos. It has large
meat-|»iicking establishments, machine and car shops. Juliet, on
the Chicago and Illinois Canal, manufactures iron, steel, machin-
ery, and building inatoriala.

Besides thiwe larger towns, Illinois has about twenty others
with a population of over ten thousand. Many of these are en-
gaged in the manufacture of farm macbinery, in which Illinois
loads all the States, Among these are Decatur, Si>riu(;-
field, Itockt'ord, and Peiirla. Quiiicy is an important trade-

lt*.'*iew Topit'!*.— In wLat region do
TiiiliHiiH Mini lllinniH lit*? Descriljetlieirsur-
fitce. Rtiiik of IniUsra. Pnpidation. Agru
culture Aiiil filork raisinc. It» coal Heldti.
Dewnbe Indianapolis. EvansvJUc. What b
said of other places? HowdoesIUinoisrank »
in )K>|»iUtiori? In what doe» it surpass rttiker biAtuf
wribc Chicago. Itsdistributiiin; bueinAss. Ua trains. Rlcri
some maTiufuctiiriiij; industry of e a<-h.

MICHIGAN AND WISCONSIN.

XXXIX. MTCniGAN, WTSrONHIN, MIITNKSOTA, XOETH
AND SOfTIl DAKOTA.

1. Uichigan. — Michigan is divided into two peninsulas: a
northern and a southern. It is nearly surrounded bj three of
the Great I^kee; hence its climate is milder than that of any
other inUnd State in the same latitude.

The Pictured n<tek« on Uie Routhem shore of Luke Superior are
colored as tlioujfh paiulod. They are cliffs of sandstone.

This State lias great mineral wraltli.

Tbe central and north4>rii parU supply aboul oite-tliiiTl of the iron and
copper ore and salt produced in tlie L'liileU States. The mines of
native copper on the ulioreit of Lako Supf rior an.' tlie ricliest in tlie
worhi, and make Micliigan the second among tlie States in the pro-
duction of Uiis metal. Tliem are also large deposits of coal in tlie
Boutheni peninBula. Gn»"™ "-^^ is found in large amounU.
It is used as a fertilizer or is made into plaster of Paris.

T^Iichigan is a rlcb nKrlviiltural eouittr}'.

The mild climate of tlie western shore of the southern peninsula
make» it one of the leading fruit regions- Cora, oat*, potatoes,
and hay arc lending' crops. In the production of beet sugar
and potatoeiK Michi^raj) jg second ainon^ the States. It also
ranks high iu live slock, and in the protlurtion of wool arul
dairy products. Michigan formerly was first in the pn>
ductiou of pine lumber, but the forests have been largi'l>
cut away, and it is now xecond to Wisconsin. Great qu.-iti-
titjes of hard wood lumber ai-e bnmglil into the Stale fr-i-
the munufacturc nf furniliire. in wliicli Mirhifran ranks iif\i
to Xew York and Illinois.

The lake alitire of Mich-
igou is more than a thou-
sand miles in length —
greater than the sea-
ooaat of any Stale ejcccpt
Florida. The lake Ira :-
is therefore very lar^-t .
Ores and lumber, from
tbeLake Superior shores,
and wheat and flour

Cf la

7'/... ■-., .'

Auiiu, dl\i\^<:i ..^. ;. -- -■■ -1.

MuA oa handUt and km/in, cir« yul vn.

r.' :':„<tlh«fthinfi roam

■iM- tmaolhty a-vi

I rirf art lurneil itT"

. - . .^- , jy bf put logHkrr.

i^-- IU •!'/« ufMm Iht ntaiMur in u-AkA thii

from the porta of Wisconsin
find Minnesota, «re carried to
the various [wrls aloriff
tlie lakp.s. The ship canal,
around the Falls of St.
Mary or The Soo, con-
necting Tjike Superior and
I..nk<' Hiirou, carries more
freiglit than any othercanal

in the world. Ores, grain and lumber are the chi«*f articles carried.

2. Cities.— l>i*troit is the lar^fc city and the most impor-
tant lake port in the SUitc. Its chief manufactures are iron and
steel, machinery, tobacco, drugs, and paint. It leads in th<^
manufacture and sale of automobiles, and has salt works and
wood-working plants of every description. LAnsint; is the cap-
ital of the State and has iron works and machine shops.

Grand lCapld>i, the second city in size, has over thirty factories for
the making of furniture. HitKlnnw. Miisk«>(con, MniiiMtoP, B»y

>,'

dty, and AI-
penii are nil
engaged iu the
m&nuf ac t u r e
of lumber and
lumber prod-
ucts. Ships
are built at
Bay City and
Port Huron.
BattlcC'reek

manufactures ^ "^"''' M<iat K<jkit>tatoo. .HiM

agricultural machinery iitid cars. Meuoinliiee has the larf
beet sugar factory in the United States. Kiilaninzou is noted
its celery gardens ; Flint for its vehicles ; Ailrlau for 1
fencing, and both Adrian and Jiu^kson for piano and organ wot
Ann Arbor is the seat of Michigan University, one of the 1m]

in tile United States.
iNphenilng is the center CI
rich iron ore district.
The region at the head of
iiaw Bay has numei'oua salt w^
from the water of which sal
manufactured at Saginaw and
City.

3. Wisconsin. — Southe)
"Wisconsin consists of rolli]
prairies of very rich soil. Oa)
corn, barley, hay, potatoes, ai
tobacco are the principal cro|

'i 'iri'f tt'i,\i >« A« miinufturliirr I'j fui mlurr. al

Gr<tnd H'lpntn. In the ;ir« ro-im tl'tn Uii^fft d c. \ • • i ■ e

maKoi^iHuof olh'rmt„netvn.<»U.callMrfnefr.are hitOCK raiSlHg, Uall^' larmUl
eivtd to the part* vAieh cir« 1^ be ma4* into /unii- , , . . " ^

lurt. Tbt parU arwthm put under hearsnnrmmr* and irUU ffrOWUlE' aTO laF
U> ntakt tK» vmrmr aJharm fimdj/. ° "

and increasing intere-sts and furnish a large trade.

The northern part of the State has extensive forests of pil
hemlock, spruce, and hard wood, which make it the leading Su
in lumber products. |

The manufacture of flour is an immense industry. Much wh<
is imported from neighboring States for the purjwse. The mi
ufacture of cheese and butter, tanning and finishing leathi
slaughtering and meat packing, are important industries. i

Wisconsin has colder winters than Michigan, as the west ai
southwest winds sweep across the land instead of over water.

Vast quantities of zinc and iron, and some lead, are mined.

4. Cities,— The largest city in the State is Milwaukee, tj
chief commercial and mannfaotnring center, and one of t

WlSCOKSiX AND MINNESOTA.

grain and lumber markets in the wnrltl. It has exl^n-
iaDufactL]r*es of iron, steel, and machinery, malt liqaors,
and flour. Superior, the second city in size, is., next
incapolis, the largtsit flour-milling ceator in the country,
ships large aniountj} of wheat, in>n ore, and lumber,
»iPOs coal for reshipment. Ibu-liif^, the third city, has
lake trade and leads the world in the nLanuFacture of
lag machines.

»u» Hie capital of the State, is the seat of the Slate University.
id miituif;irlnr-.-s viOiicIi"* jiin! fiM-iniiin- itiiplemeiits. Extensive

plants for tilt* tiiantiructiire
of lumber are found at Fond
dii Lnc, Eau Claire, hn
CrosMO, Mnriiiett**, OkH-
kuMli, WiiiiNHii, uiiti other
filit-s. Miitiitouur 18 ph-
ppoially noted for wlioo]
furniture anil setteea ; Ap-
plctuii, Eiitt OInIre, and
MarhiPtte for pulp pajier;
lit'Ioit for njjricnllural iui
pigments: Kenosliu f"i-

,-^

Kr •nnnufarlurr "I Ifiihrr nl

Thf Hrtt ririr •heir* thfimtcrma

vxfi lf>f Anir fram ihr hiarr and

tfum

linfr indastrios; SIielH>.v-

for (Tojil am) »h1i. and

Jreeii Buy for Hour bur-

''rein. Many cities bonienriff

Hbe lakes have lar)^ slii|i-

:pilig' interests, and are R-ntw-

jikf; centers of niannfarture.

tThe Great Lakes
r chiefly on the Cen-
. States, and separate them
mtheDominionof Canada.

Thf fron-i Tir'i «J>.->H-ii .V:. ■ . '

Tht h\'!'*. nltrr 'i.ii-.".nf (.'.. ■ . ■ •'

art Kiinif inlv mtf Cfniointrm tnr rii'-i''^

of fieinlixk txirk. mlltrl tannin. Al (Vrfon'i

inlrrrati. ihr htdra arr Iraruferrrd la nlhrr

lank* NitUnxning »tr<mgrr and utrontt-'r

TheV are situated upon thiree •oiuticna of WM«m. untiJ thry are ehoT^d

*' \ iioo italker. Thut proMti rti/vir*a front

tCTTfU'^H, one above tlie lir« le /!» m^nlAa. 4tptndnto upon Hit

... .1 1 ■ kind of ttalktr d«air»d.

* other, so that in grjmg

J from the sea to Lake Superior, we ascend by tlirei- -if'fi-.
Jbe first step lands ns on the Lake Ontario U^rrace; the -i'-i '■ml

above the Falls of Niag:arn. on a level with tlm thrtw* nii(hlli-
*■ lakes— Huron, Michipnn. and Erie; the tliinl step lamls its ;i1.mi .

* 6ault Stu. Marie, on u level wiili Ijike Supurior. at Itusi '■•<''i i
, higher Mian the sea.
^Jlo enabli' vpf*snis i^i de.srencl from Lake Superior to the level 7^,,, marhxn^, r™.,Tv ik^ rouo-.n^. on.*

un*v*n»f** 0! th" flfh mid* of (A* »fcinii.
*-*'"' mcikino tA«m a* amcoth a» lh»y art by
Pa&B* f*"^'*'^ <"* t^ train <rr Kair tid*.

exlremitv of Lake Sn-

'I ht hurtfttr I',' l'ul--i'.. '. -/-.ii'Jt Hrtp In Ikt •ift-ir iwrf .,' r-i ,■ ■ ■■•■< \* a narrov nrci of land
•I'm milt* lona. v^uA lo^utu Ih* oul*r pnHectttin lo At hart»r. On it art Ihovtandt a/ tvmmtr
homrt, and a rtiilrvad ImetrtM /Ac ntliru Imflh.

The summers of ^Minnesota are delightful; the winters are
severe, but uniform.

Minnesota is the leading wheat and flux growing State, and
stands high in the production of outM.

Much timber is obtained from the foresU along the upfter
Mississippi.

Afinneaota stands first in the Union in the mannfttcture of
lloiir, third in lumber and linseed oil, and profiucea more iron
ithan any other State.

7. Cities. — Miiuieaimlls, the largest city in the State, and
;t. Paul, the capital and second in size, are built side by side
inear the falls of St. Anthony, at the head of navigation on the
l^fississippi. Though under sejiarate city governments, they
■fonn one great commercial center. Minneapolis manufactures
more flour and iumber than any other city in the uorld. St.
XPruI is the shipping and distributing point for the entire

" surrounding region. It is a
great railway center and is at
the terminus of steamboat navi-
gatloD. It ships vast amounts
of flour and lumber, and re-
ceives supplies of every kind
for the farming and lumbering
districts. Dulutli, the third
city, Btanils on the western

of 111)' St. Tjuwreiice and the ucean. raiiuls have been
Btrncli'd around the Falls of Rt. Mary and Niajrara.
ing around lhf> Falls of Niagara by the Wolland Canal, vessels
sail from lake prtrts to Liverpool.

le coiiiiiti'rr*' on tlie luki-s is very great: it consists chiefly in the
lipment to foreijrn and domestic (atrls of coal. inin. Innilwr, griiin.
ir, and meat. It f^inployn not le^ than live thousand steamers
oth^r vejwels.

lesota. — Minnesota is crossed hv the ridjje. or" Ileiffht

perior, on the opposite
side of the harbor from
the city of Superior.
It is the principal ship-
ping point for the wheat
id,'" which se|>arates the valley of the Mississippi from the 1 "f ^*»« I^«'' "ver pmiries

srn slope of the Oreat Central Plain.

[this elevation. iKilh the Mississippi and the Red river of the North

ce their rise, the one ttowiu^ south and the other north. The

it of the " Hcigltt of Ijiud " is crowned with lakes of clear water.

[?n, one of these, with lis trthutaries, is the source of the

fjssis.tippi.

»e Falls «if St. Anthony, on the U)){>er Miii!U!>sippi, are noted for their

ijniiK'ii«c water-iMiwer.

ffitnnesowi,. it aiso „,, ,(.rr.,.t ..^, ,.„ ui\h, o.,i .u-.-- ■.i.ri.-f ..r ,,^,.,!f:d
Ships largo amounts of iiw w„ ««,„(*« *t,n, „„«oj, ,„„.,,., „„:i,.; „^.^.r^.

, . I Uiuknrt*. I'ka final opmilion. M'liiih m m..' *.'i,iu i. •» IKt

iron and IUIlll>Or. victunm. ean*uitt »■ mnnir u rinia^ lo "" tu'lnrr t,f tke

K, II x 1 uatkrr by mnaoj •/ vami^h^t. d^*. or othrr (intttimo

liasanexcellenthar- nquidt.

bor made by a natural breakwater, as shown in the picture at the

top of the page.

Wliioua lias a large shlppinir trade in hinil»er and wheat, and manu-

MINNESOTA.— NORTH DAKOTA AND SOUT^ Zi^A'OTA.

factures lumber into Tarious foriufl, of which farm wagous aud
ft^icullurul macbiuery arc Uiu cliief. The preparation of Ilax fiber
ia also important. Htlllwator ia engaged in tht> inaniirarture of
lumber ua well as binding twiue, boots and shoes, aud steamboat
and farm machinery. Alankuto haa liour mills, stone and cement
industries, and iron foundricA.

8. North and South Dakota. — North and South Dakota are
watered by tlie upper Missouri, the lied river of the North, and
their tributaries. In soil and productions they resemble Min-
neanta. Stock raising is imporl^mt in both States.

9. North Dakota.— The principal industry of the State is
agriculture, and wheat, oats, barley, antl Hax are the chief grains
grown. North Dakota ranks second among the States in the
production of spring wheat, and first in flaxseed.

The western half of the State is underlaid with vast bods
of hgnite, a low grade of ooal. Fine [mttery clays are
known to exist.

CiitleB. — niHmarck is the capital and a distributing point
of supplies forarmy postsand Indian agencies. Fai^o, the
largest city, has large packing industries, manufactures
machinery, and is the second
largest distributing (Kjint in
the United States for farm
machinery. (ir«iMl Forks
manufactures boilers, flour,
and lutnlter. ilanifstuwu
and A'alley City are in tlie
wheat section and have grain
elevators. <■ rati on is a

State ranking fourth in gold. Gypsum, mica, petroleum, natnt
gas, and fine building stones abound in the State. The
part of the State has many arteMinn mi-Us which suppb
only water for domestic
aud agricultural pur-
poses, but power for
mills and factories.
There is considerable
flour milling and cheese
an»l butter making in
the State.
Cities.— Sioux Falls.

.4-:li

7/i' rtCorid piflurx aioM^ a buUi- . ■

iri<; r»i>ni t,-Krrf- iAf flow ia pOMf'i

JifT.-« nufir ol u-ir* diHh, loAtcA y,- , .' _ i.: ^

retnrirr aU thr tmtn aiytt tjrii, IntriH^ inU'i/

Hir fin* u-Ai/' flour. ThtMr imxirttt* of

grtivfinff and Mung art rrpmttd ,<Im or

«u timn.

Ttit buU lioUima rMM. "aw fA« fftrMr jhmm
(AroufpA «M>H!* nvuUol the fintM «iUr. tthUk
aJhtf oniy tA< fiiu uJiitt fiotir Itr pau.

i^^rowingand pros[>erous
town, and a railroad
center.

10. South Dakota.
— Thegniin [troductions
of South Dakota are the
same as those of North
Dakota, but include also
the finest of corn. The
State ranks third in

flaxseed, fourth in wheat, aud high in beef cattle. Dairying is

an important industry.

The only elevations in the St:ite are the Black ilills. Here are

very rich gold and silver mines that are extensively workeil, the

Tht Hour Aoa nov rtoctml lA« tiollom
On wadt floor it lutm undergone •nwu' pari nf

■ maav/oWHrin; vraortt. Here U i» paekrd hy n^trAi'ii'
ery in/a bamia and bag* and t« rnu/y for *hipmn\i.

TKr miinufafttirr -i /^.ifi ••• .\J \f,i-.raim^ ,
Tht tcheal la/ir-ff raited hti ti^WUort to Utt l»|
oflhe miil. u-MM M utuallj, fi buiUt»$ ftml
right b) [«i tloritt in Kfi^hl. A /«<*- A* »«• I
u teparnted Irom dtafl and »tit<d* , tf it at* I
(ru0A/v amirtrt «nd irrrjuared /or griiUmt\
The flrH jrCtfww aAw* a yn»*Ji«a mm
vhrrt Ihr frtiin i» poaued MfM«Mi aferf i
jvinv^oin rMtrt. I

the largest city, manufacture
agricidtural implements, wiml-
mills. and other farming uten-
sils. Picrrt' is the capital and
is the largest center of tbe
State for handling live stock.
Lead City. situate<l in the
Black Hills region, has one of
the largest gold mines in ths
world. The extraction of this metal from the ore and
the manufacture of jewelry are the principal industries
Yaiikt4iii, Itiiroii, Mltcliell, and At>erdi!«ii are in tht
wiieat-growing section, and have grain elevators and flour
mills. Aberdeen is supplied with water nnd power from flowing
artesian wells. Vc-riiiUltoii is the seat of the State University;
and ItnmkliifCH, of an agricultural college.

ll^vlew Topics,— DiTisions of Michijfftn. Climate. Mineral msonnrt,
LiHiibffr Product, Luke nbore. T>i'tri>it. TiBnsing. Orsful HapifU. Ikf
Cily. Saginaw. Uuskff^on. K^anaba. Ann Arbor. Ntunc other pNrc*.
Dwcribo tho purfsce of Wiwoiisin. Conj|»»r« its climate with that rf
MicliitiHn. Atiticiml resniiri.-fs, Jtesembtani'e to Miclii^in. Leailing productt.
T>i-»cril't' ^Indisiiu. Milwaukee. Vame other Ihriviutr pluw*. OsliltiMth. RaciiM.
rpnn what threes terroce» du the Gn-at LaUva lie? Kt-'iglit of Ij«ke Siipcriof ter-
race. How many TSHsels dcstrand from Uiis height? Detw^ribe tho commerce of
tho Gn&t Lakes. What elevation in Minne-sota? VTli&t rirors ri««i upoo th*
rieii^hL of Land? Direotinn nf finw. Wat<>rfall». Oiniatc. itimk as m vbeat
prowiiig Stale. The Inmbor traik-. Miime«poli». St. I'aul. Duliith. Winona.
Stillwater, Haw are the Dakotns like MinnesoU? Their dhicf orop.i. The chiif
inJuHrriM. Chief tovna in North Dakota. In Houth Dakota. Minerals hi
Scutli I>akotB?

MAP STn>rES.— Which of Uio«» Stalw in motiutainous ? Wliidi
ones border on the Mississijtpi i On the Missouri i What river partly
bounds them all t

Iowa. — What river separates Iowa from WiaconHtn and Illinois ?
From Dakota T From Nebraska ? In what direction do the tributaries of
the Mississippi in tliis8tAte flow { What are tlie chief branclius of the
Missouri in Iowa i What cities are on the Mississippi riverf

Afissuurl. — What mountains in southern Missouri? What river
forms the eastern boumlary ? Part of the wcstoni b<iundary i Where
does the Osa^ enter tlie Missouri Y What river joins tho Missouri at
Kansas City i What iti the capital i

Kansan. — Into what does the Kansas river flow ? What river trar
ersea the 8<mthwe.stem part of tlie Stale I What great river forms part of
the northeiistprn Imiindary ? What part of tUo Slate has the most towns f
What is IIk! ciipiUil !

NebniKka.— What river forms the eastern boundary 1 W^hat is tb«
pMicral slope of llie country ? What river crosses the State ? In what
[>art of the Slate are uiosL of tlie towns 'i What and wher« is the
capital i

Rontf^ of Travel. — How would you go by steamboat from St. Louis
to Sioux City f Fmni £>iibuque lu Cairo ? From Minnea[>cJistoChica^l
From Bismarck to Bay City (

MlSSOUKl AND IOWA.

XU MISSOrRT, IOWA, KANSAH, AND NKBKAHKA.

1. Missouri and Iowa. — The climate, soil, ami production of
these States correspond to those of Kentucky, Ohio, and lUinois.

n Immense cro|>s of griiin
and Iai-y« nuiubera uf
cattle, liogs, and sheep
are raised in Iowa and
northern Missauri.

2. Missouri is the most
{•opnious State west of

dl (Ac X/itfCMf it Mur'rtJriiminitna t-iflvry. Si
Lovi*. Th* IraPt* art alrtpped Iran U^e ttalkt
and 111 into 0i4 tiprigltt pnrumaltc pipt, vhieJi .
tarrj/ tHtm* into anotfier butUing. ' '

the Mississippi. North of tbo
Missouri and Osage rivers is
a prairie country. South of
these rivers it is hilly an<l

niffffod. The southern Bootion .— •"— -- -v'— •••"■• -

has considerabio mineral '**'• TUyarttf,^madeintoptuait>yha7ui.
wealth, producing zino, lead, and much coal. In the pro-
duction of lead and zinc ores Missouri ranks first among the
States. Corn is the leading farm crop, the State ranking
fourth in its production, l^lissouri mules rank tirst in cjual
ity and bring the highest prices.

liquors, jiacketl ciieats, machinery, clothiug, car», and Hour. Mani
of Ihese products arc swiil by water to New Orleans and tlienoeio
forvig'u cuuiitrieii. ltuilw»ysalsu connect St. Louis witli the Atloutk,
Pacific, and Gulf poru and carry the larger port of iUi trade.

ICansiui CUy, on llie Missouri river, is the second city of the
Slate anil an impttrtant railroiul and commercial center. It u
the second live-stock market in the world. It is continuous wiih
Kansas City in Kansas, the middle of a street being the tlividing
line. Its manufactures consist largely of flour and building msr
terial. St. .loHepli, the third city, is the center of trade for north-
western Missouri. It is in a coal and natural gas r^ion, has large

nacut-jmcking establishments, and ranks tirst in the State io

the manufacture of saddlery and harness.

•loplin is the leading lead aud zinc region and manufactures tb^
I'liint called while lead. It also has machine sho{» and flour milk.
SpriiiKHeld manufactures flour and vehicles. Sednlla is a rail
way center and lias extensive car shops and clothing fucloHw,
Huniiilial has railroad shops, ci^r factories, and flouriuff milk
.ToniTHon C'ltj', the capital, in heaiitifiilly located on the Miswjuri.

4. Iowa consists mainly io
rolling prairies which are ex-
cee<lingly fertile. It protluccs
more corn, oats, and hog^ than
any other State, and ranks
high also in other kinds of
i^rain and live stock. Agri-
^■ult^I•o.s!!Ull:li^■ri^L^and mft-i'

^-iroiu.

Other important products are wheal, tobacco, wool, potatoes, and

hay. Vineyards and orchards abound and excellent wines are ■;„' / .rv.-i;:' -■■?•'""

•' • Juinii, are Arre pfU tiUv m,

produced. <*"'' fuAjVcrrd to u im»turr . ■ ■

TKU atFt4 (li*m a prrmnnriU luiin. '1 f.t
— ,. ... i> • /-,. II It/rtgrottHti <>/ Ihf iritturr »hi>irt (A# eaatii

Missouri IB an important manufacturing State and rvtnks <"**>"^->^x^ i*^» pt^v^re packed.
first in the manufacture of chewing and smoking tobacco and packing are the largest
snuff. It ranks third in packed meats. industries. The making

3. Citiee. — St. LohIh, aa its name implies, was first settled j of butter, cheese. andcon-
by the French. It is the largest city in the Mississippi Valley densedmilk.andtheman-
and the fourth in size in the United States. It is also the most | ufacture of flour and luin-
important commercial center west of the Mississippi, receiving berarenextinimportance '
and distributing the products of both the Kaat and West.

Its situation at the meeting of two great rivers in a region embracing
tliousands of square miles of fertile land makes it the center of a
vast trade. It i^ also the fourth city of the country in the value of
ita mannfarlin'es, the chief of these beiiiir tohacco i>ri>fliirf«i. mall

^":

blocltt o/ Int.

II -M. Luui*. ,Vv4(^< Utt tJrvatttl ruifu<uu itruclure.

A (freat many peiirl buttons are made from the shell ot the freab-
water musiiel. BilutiiinouK coal ih the only important mineral prod-
uct, Iowa ranking first in its production among the States watoC
the Mississippi.

5. Cities.~Dc!it Moiues, tho capital and largest city, is in th«
nudst of rich coal fields. It is the chief cattle and grain market
in the State, mannfaetures medicines and flour, and is a print-
ing and publishing center. l>ubuque, the second city, has lum-
ber mills, and manufactures clothing and vehicles. Sioux City
is on the Missouri river, at the junction of important rail-
roads; it is a milling center and has other im|>ortant manufac-
turing industries, nuvemport is well located on the Mississippi
near the rapids, which furnish great water power. It is a grain
market, manufactures machinery, has meat-packing establish-
ments, manufactures tobacco protlucts, and refines sugar.

('cdar Kuplda has flour and furttElure mills: Burliugton* marble
works and machine shops; Coiinril Bluff^t, car and carria^ fac-
tories. Clinton, planinp milts, carriage and furniture factorte*.
Ottuniwu i» engaged in meal packing and in the manufactUK uf

ROCKr MOUNTAIN KEGION.— NEW MEXICO.

xijI. kocky mountain region.

1. This region embraces the States of Colorado, Wyoming^
and Montana, and New Mexico, a territory.

2. Surface. — It is the most moantainous portion of the coun-
try. It extends on both sides of the Rocky Mountains, and
includes the most elevated portions of the Ureut PluiiiM, which
stretch along the eastern base of the mountains.

Its general elevation is about 5,()()0 or 6,000 feet above the sea levi'l.
Scores of iU peaks are from 12.000 to 14.000 ftHJt high. These moun-
tains form the lotticst watershed in the Unite<l States.

3. Bivers. —

Here are the
sources of all
the great rivers
which flow
eastwardly into
the Mississippi,
as well as the
largest streams
that flow into
the Pacific.

to Om Qardan of thi Qodi. neur f'olontd,, fij>n.nff.

The most im-
portant Ult)

the MiM.soiiri. Ihe Yellowstone, ^Uf Plntte, nml llie Arlian-
sas on the ea-st, and the Coliiinbia urid Colurtiilo on l1ie
we.st.

On the peaks and in the gorgiM of thp mountains ai-e lotlg^wl \m
munse quantities of snoiv. TJifi melting of this ariow in warm
weather feeds the rivers on eiw^h slope, ami prevs'nts tLetu frum
running' dry in auuinier.

4. Irr^ation. — UeacendiTig- from a great elevation, tlj*
waters of the rivers are readily applied to the purposes ot L>
artificial irrigation. , ' '""" ' "'

This is necessary throuffhout the Rocky Mountain ivifinn. owiufj to
the very scanty rainfal]. Water is led or pumped from the ujiiM-r
courses of rivers into it?servoii's, from wliich it is pipetl to cliainu'ls
cut through the fiehls of tfi-owinp croi)s. The fichls are lloodt^d from
tliree to live tim&s during the gi-owth of tlie ci-op.

6. Climate. — Tiio climate is reinarkablv tlrv aiui bracinfr.

6. Besources. — This region possesses vast mineral ra

uuning is the most imj>ortant occupation of the peonkl

Great Plains are the cliief grazing district of the contJBft

In suuniiur lai-ge areas of them ai-e covered with gran, tId^i
becomes self-made liay.

7. New Hexico ^vaa fonnerly a part of Mexico audi
tied by emigrants from that country. Many of the'
sjMiak Spanish. There arc many Indian villages in hi
consisting of pueblos; that is, large buildings severali
made of sun-dried bricks. The stories are arranged ill

and the rooms are eutered by ladders froni the nrfi
the ground.

The leading JndnstrleH of the State are rtoAi
and milling. Copper and lead are smelted, cadij
tiaat, and there art! numerous gold and silver
N'ew Mexico lies in a re^ou of Bcanty rainfaJl, but wl
is obtainabJe for irrigation the soil is foutnl to In
very productive of corn, wheat, and fruits. Ckttlei
;.'h.wiji)>, fliid the cuilure of grapts and fruits an
idihtsini's. Agriculture is fruwing in iniportanoa.

acii

Santa

capital, u\

feet
sea level
founded
Spaniai
1582 onl
of a

lage, and m\
second
city ii
Unite*] States. Tiie Iiouses are chiefly of adobe (sun-dried i
Anmqiicrquis the largest city, is in a fruit-growing Rginj
is at a junction of railroads and the most important
center. It is tlie seat of the I'^niverHlty of New Mexleik
Las Xvisiis has become noted as a health resort on aeeodi

m, i'liioriido. iiml Ihr nilli 'i '•/ Hiuiriim Fork.— A ranch may
»trn uii the nifht nl thr inrturi-.

MAP STUDIES.— What States and Territory iirc ci-oksimI liy the
Rocky Mountains ? By tlie Cascade Mountains * By the Sierm Xr'vadii '.
Where do the (3reen, Whitfl, smd other trihularics of the t'r)lorado rise 'i
What Slates ai-o sepamled by the C'olumliia ? Int^) wliat docs this river
flow ? Through wliat ranfje does it break ''.

New Mexico. — What rivers Iniverse New Mexict) '. In what din'c-
tion do they flow t ^V^lerfi is the cui)ital^

Colorado.— Where is l'ike"s Peak ? North P:irk ; Middle ? South ?
San Luis '. In what direction do the Nnrtli and South T'latte ihiw i The
Arkansjis ? Rio Grande '. Grand '. Wliere is the capital '.

"Wyoiiiiiijf. — Where ai-o the Wind River Mountains? The Sweet
Waters Bitf Horn '. Black Ifills f Where is Fremont's Peak ^ Tlie
National Park i Mliat riveis risi> in this park '. What lake in it '. Wliat
and where is the cajiita] <

Moiitaiiii, — Wlint ranye separates Mnntnua from Idaho ''. What lake
in the northwestern jiart i What two rivers travei*se tliis State in an
easterly direction i What river flows westerly into tlie Cnluniliia ? What
Indian tril)es in Montana ? What and when-r is the cajpital i

Nevada. — What is the lonjjesl river in Nevada .' Into what lake does
it flow? Where are two desert regions ? Where is the capital ? Virg-inia
City!

Arizona. — What river nntlie west ? What river in the unlbf
and wliei-e is the capital ? Where is the Grand Cauon f Tucsimf

rtali.— What two mountain ifincjes in Utah ? What grtit
What lake south of Great Salt r Where is the Green Biverf
Uike Pity '. Oirdeii ;

Idiilio.- Wliat niountaiiis fonii the nortbeast boundary? The
ern '. Wliat river crosses tlie soulliern part of the Statel ^Pl*
theSahnnn rivers The capital ? Montpelier? Weiser !

('ill iforiiia.— What raiiL-^e of inonnlains near thecoaslT "Wtil
east; Wliere is Mount Sliasta ? Mt. Whitney? What river
part of the easleru bonndai-y ^ What two drain the valley d
fornia ? DinTiion f Where is tlie capital? San Franciacot
Anireh'S ■' San 7»ierr„ .> Santa Barliara '. Stockton ? Oakland?

Oregon.- What nmuutaiu raiiire ci-osses the State? Wh»t
forms iiai-t of tin- imrtliern boundary? The eastern? Which '•
tliroutrh the C'riM-a<le raiiLfe ? Wlii<-li How north into the Coh
Wher^HsMt Th.o.l .' The capital? Portland? Orejron City? hA

AVasliinfjIoii.— By what iiionnfains is Washinffton crossed? ^
is Mt. St, TL-hiis? Mt.Adainsr Mt. Baker? Rainier? Pugetfio
Strait of Juan de Fnca ^ What rive?- drains and partly boundiVi
ington ? Where is the cnpitaW Seattle ; Tacoma? Spokane

COLOKADO, WYOiUNG, AND MONTANA.

!-■»<'■

Its hot springs.
It is in a wool-
growing (list riot.
Ziitil is an In-
dian Tillage on
A reservation :
near it are some
remarkable ruins
of pueblos which
were once inhab-
ited by people of
a much higher
civilization than
that of any of
the Tn<lian tribes which were found in the Unite4] States.

9. Colorada — Colorado contains the highest peaks in the
Rocky MountAina, and itnmense elevated valleys called }>arks.
These yyarka are enclosed by lofty mountains. The largest ex-
ceeds in size the State of l^fassachusetts.

Among the mountaiiiM uf thiR SUfclu are the head-springs of four lar^
rivers; nftinely. tbeCulurado, nowiugwestintothoPaciflc; tbe8outh
Platte, flowing to the opposite direcllun to joiu the Missouri; the
liio Grande, and the Arkautuis.

Coloi-ado is rich in gold, silver, copper, coal, and iron. It is
first among the States in the production of eoUl and silver, and

Tkt /'ortaU; nt'iyon o/ lA< Oramd nvtr, Coto. 7'Ai* rim- hat at u»
vnif tor fbouMPtd* »/ /m( Hinmah lh« Mnd ftoiM nek. Netiet how lAt
etini 1*^ u\>ni liuvjf by Ik* adwn of Ma H«a h«r.

A vtfu uj l.'riyi'le CrerA, iii Ihc Anjrf vf l/ir /fr^Aic* in ('i>(<.

second in lead. It was formerly considered t*>o arid fur agricul-
ture, but by means of irrigation and improve*! methods of culti-
vation, Colorado now produces from her farms greater values
than from hor mines.

10. Citlea. — I>enver, the capital, is the largest city in the
KiH'ky Mountjun region, and aconter for railroads and mining and
cattle-ranch supplies. Pueblo is an important city, with smolt-
ing'works, rolling-mills, and machine shops. Culnnidu Hpriutrs
is widely known as a health resoi*t. LeudvltW, 11,000 feet above
the sea, is famous for its silver mining, gold, copjwr, lead, zinc,
and iron, and Cripple C'revk for its gold mines.

At Manitoti, near Colorado Spring, are four remarkable mineral
apriugs. At Ouldrn Is located the State School uf Kines, aud at
Boiihlf-r, the State University.

11. Wyoming.— Wyoming, like Colorado, is a region of ele-
vated pliuns, mountains, and valleys.

It contains the sources of the Missouri, the Columbia, and the
Green rivers.

The Yellowstune NHtloiial Park, situated in t}ie northweittem

comer of Wyomiii};-, is a tract of land SS by 65 niilee, set spmt
Congress as a iialiuual park, or pleasure ground. It u reiiurb»|
for its lakes and waterfalls, its deei) cafions, boiling sprtai
geysers.
The Old Fuitlifiil ;,t'yscr spouts every AftyHve minutes andi
a stream of water 150 feet lugh. The caiiun of the Yrlli
is a gorge from 1,000 to 1,200 feet deep.

Rich coal-beds are found in many parts of the State, and
able deposits of gold, silver, o^pper, and iron.

The soil in the river valley's, wherever irri^tion is emploT((,|
produces abundant crops of grain. The L'nited States Gotot]
ment is btiilding enormous irrigation works on its public lu4

which will, upon their completion, Ije o|Mjn to tiie public to sefi-
on and purchase. Grazing is an important industry.
Wyoming ranks second in the amount of wool produced yearlj

12. Cities. — Laruiuie is the seat of the State Universit;.|
Riu-k SpriuK!4 and Sliorliinn are the headquarters of thec^^'
mining inl«i'cRt.s. t'ody has many largo irrigation enterpns*
ItawIiiiM and CuMpnr are wool centers.

Chcy^Mino (M?-tvi'|, the capital, is a great cattle market.

13. Montana. — Montana is first among the States in the pn>
duction of c«p|>er. It abtiunds also in mines of ffold, silver. ;inii|
lead. The river
valleys have a
fertile soil and
rich ]>asturage.
Stock-raisinganil
wool-gro wing
arc hnj>ortantin
dustrie^.

In the center of
the Stale aiv
the Great
Falls of the

^2J»i

Ml&SOUri river, tian-n lr<nn Ih* mo'tntauu t-d o'-t-''"*- »"« o/ vJiich M«y tv «••

amoni? the"" •**'• *' ^*'«'« -P*"*' '" "" d.tfoMt.
most picturesque iii America. The heail of navigation of the HiflMi
is at Fort Itcnton, ah^mt 2.»m miles above Ht. Lx>ul!wbnt ttfcv^
gatioii i» tedious and dilticult. The voyage up takes siKtj dafi:
down, leu or twelve,

14. Oities. — Helena, the capital and chief oommoroial oent^
of Montana, is beautifully located on the foothills of the Bockt
Mountains. It has large gold mining interests, and is the c\M
market for mining machinery. Biittf and Anaconda are in tb«
center of the largest copi>or mining and smelting works in tli*
world. Great Falls is built at the falls of the Missouri rim

THE PLATKAU REGIOIf: NEVADA iVSV AllIZOKA.

4uid is an impottftt^^ center in the manu-
facture of mining Tnacltinerv. Missoula is
in a mining and fanning region, itnd is
the seat of the State U niversity. liilUnjjrs \n
a sbipping point for live stock and Bozo-
juitii is in a mining and lumbering region.

Ileview Topics.— St«l>M and Territory of tlif-
Botkj- ilouiitain region. Surface. liivens. Why is
irrigtlion necossarT on tho Gtvat PUina? I>fsc-rii.i-
ibe method. Tlic climaUi. The chiof rv^iirtc.-.
By irhom w«8 New Mexico spttlcd ? Cliief produci.-*,
&aDla ¥6. Ia» Vegas. Z'lDi- The mounlatii penkf.
■<tt Colorado. Tlie great I'lirkH. Riven. Miiicru!
pmduclioiis. Agrifulture. Deiivur. Lwulvilk-.
•Colonulo Springs. Whet State dtx^ Wyoining rt>-
«smht« in surface? YellowHlrine Park. I>ii«t:'rilM)
-th« mineral rwaurccs of Wyomlnp. The rivar
TmJler^. The capital. In what doe^ Montana
«bouui)? What f>ortions of the Slate ura fertile i"
Thi- Missuurl riTcr is liow faruuvigable ? Whutun:
thei.'liit-f trMlc-cvnten> ?

Grawl I'aH^'n of UiT Col'-ntJo in Aritonn, lit" the mi ■/* r%,rrfil

Oiviug to Uie uliiiosl entire absence of itiuiitture,
fliamfes in temperature are verj* rapid. It is
often 70* or 80* at noon, and bolow freraiug--

(loint ;il siiiirisf.

4. lUinerals.— Tbo hills and muuntainB
that rise up from this plateau are stored
with rich mineral deposits. Silver, gold,
copper, load, and other motaJs are found,
wit.li heda of salt and soda of unknown
extent. The chief industry, therefore, is
mining.

5. Vegetation.— Large areas of thisro-H
y:'um are barren wastes covered with gray^^|
sage-brush and cactus. The river valleys,
liowever, if irri^ted, are extremely fertile.

6. Nevada. — Nevada occupies a large
part of the Great Basin. Its mines con-
stituted its chief source of wealth. Until
recently, they jiroduced a large part of all

• XLII. TUB PLATEAl- UhXJION. fr '^v'lir !;*^iSJi^;t 'TS'".; ::Si* ' ITJ ,i','*^^^^^ in the united

P 1- Tne Plateau Region nes between «**'»*««<«•. ioc.pyTWM.i»«wrftPh««.rrt) States. Many of them, however, are now

"the Kocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada and Cascade raugos. exhausted, and the State has greatly declined in popidatlon.

It J8 several thousand feel above the sea, and variea in bread th ti^. Muddy Salt M!no is the Inrgest deposit of rook-s«Ii known in Uie

:frora 3O0 to Vihi miles.

It contains the States of Nevaila, Idalto, and Utah, and Ari-
zona, now a territory.

2. Surface. — The surface is very rugged. Mountain ranges
travei*so it in varioii.s directions. The Wasafrh, one of the lofti-
•est of thest! ranges, lies between the tireat Kiuiii and the Plateitii
of the Col<»rado. The Great Basin is 3,IHK) feet lower than the
I'lateau of tlio Colorado. It embraces the western part of Utah
4ind nearly tho whole of Nevada.
Uncb of this region is l>arren, oc-
•cupied by stindy and salty hinds
and salt lakes.

AmougiU i-fiiiiarkaUe featufcs an:-
the gorges culhi'd riinfiiiN, often
itevcriil tlioiisanti fe(t in deptli.
Tliey liave l)e«'n rut hy the rivei-^
tliroilg-h layers of rock.

country, it is two
K<Xiiui'(^ niiles in area.
Some of the valleys are
very fertile, antl stoek-
niislug' i'^ one of iLe
chief occupations. M<*st
of the State, however,
is uiisuitublo for api-
culture. exL-ept where
water can be obtain^.

Ttn timpiM mtitt^ ff .Wig-t/.-ia .. M^^" f" ''''^:; marked bv great drvnesa.

vaUr tn Armtp>> a dtieA and to rf^od mM jmrt of iMf flrid . o

McSSTSTuu Ttttrt**''*' " ''^* '^'^ ""^ '^' '*'"*■ "* *^s *" ^^^ Rooky Jfountain
r^on, artificial irrigation is resortetl to on an immense scale.

The prcvailiiijf winds come from tho Pacilip ladeu with inoislare:
but in crofainier the r-old peaks of the SiorrH Nevada ihftv ai-e chilled,
and deposit their moisture a« rain or snow. When, therefore, they
roach the Plateau regiuu they are drj- winds.

Irhoation, SoftHMf* • mwmr to hatd
wotr for irrigaiiofi M m<ule bif buiUino o
dam aenm a Mrmnt, Semmatm tiU uour
ha* to h* pumped «nf« ■ rraoraDtr or uiht a
ftttmt.iu Mown in lhi» fiaw At fl^tn, VlaK,
Thit waUrtriiMl rwta (A« pump /crwrigation.

7. Cities.— Reno, the cliief
city, is a mining center and manu-
factures machinery. Carsou City,
the oipiUd of the State, is near
gold and silver mines, and has

-rrj'Ved fUld tU Ur€tnriU* farm, t'tah. \olux Ute jiipe or tlmme Ikr^ntoh vKich ... e ^t _j. j.- _ * j.1

r u-Utr it brttuoiU la At flM. and tha t^umber of tmalUr vipt* which dutrtbuU U miUS tOT tUe CXtraCtlOU 01 tuese

metals. The hot springs in this
neijrhborhood make it a resort for invalids. Vii^nhi City has tho
richest gold and silver mines in the State. The famous Com-
stock Mine there has yieUlod silver to tho value of $475,000,000.

8. Arizona.— The northeastern part of Arizona is a high
plateau ranging fmrn 5.(»i)U to 8,000 feet above sea hivel, witli
ranges of mountains formed by volcanic action. This part of
the Stale has i-ainfall just sufficient for cattle and sheep raising,
which is an important and lucrative industry.

The southwestern half of the State is much lower and has even
less rain than the more elevated part, but by IrHgntion it is be-
coming one of the best fruit-growing regions of the country.

The most important occupation is mining. The State stands

The most noted is the Grand
Canon of the C'olorado.

It is more than 3Liti iijile»>
long, and from 3,IX>0 to
6.01H) feet deep.

3. The climate is

/■m-.i, I. ,.7.-1,, ii..K.

third ia tlie production of copper, and ha» beside extensive gold,
ulver, and lead mines. The smelting and refining of ores is im-
portant.

Cities. — Tuctjtoii, the largest city, is the seat of the State Univer-
sity. It is an im|>ortant mining center and has smelting works
for the reduction of gold, silver, and copper ores. PIhkiiIx, the
capital, is in the center of a well -irrigated farming nsgion.
Both cities have a large trade in mining
outfits and machinery.

8, Utah. — IlUih is traverseil from north
to south in its eastern half bv the Wahsatoli
Mountains. At tlieir western base lies tin;
Great Salt Lake, "Smiles long. The w.'^ttMii
part of the State lies in the Great JJasin.
The rainfall throughout the State is vot\-
slight, but by irrigation thcj agricultural r<-
sounies have been wonderfully (levolopc^l
Beet raising and sugar manufacture aropn.
fltable industries. Shoop raising is very iin-
portant, and much wool is exported.

J^ines of gold, silver, lead, and copper :ii i
extensively worked.

tJtah ia inhabited largely by the Mormons
or Latter-day Saints.

Cities. — Salt Lake City is the capit^d and the largest and most
important city in the State. It has wide, beautiful streets and is th«
center of the Mormon religion. It is the meeting point of several
trunk lines of railway and commands the trade of an extensive
and fertile region. Otrden is an educational center and has
factories for the protluction of canned goods, beet -sugar, and
textiles.

L>uga.a is local<Kl in a fertile valley. The State Agrioaltaral
College is here. Provo, also in an agricultural region, has woolen
and knitting mills.

10. Idaho. — Idaho is in large part mountainous. It stands
first in the United States in the production of lead, and largo
amounts of gold, silver, and copper are mined. Many other
minerals are found, but are not extensively mined.

The State is well covercxl with viduable pine forests from
which much lumber is cut. Sheep and cattle mising are very
important industries. The soil is rich, but the rainfall is slight.
Many private irrigating canals have boon constructed, and over
two million acres have been reclaimed and made crop producing.
At present the greatest agricultural interest of the State is sugar-

fOfifut'

< o|.) riMtiU D««r«B r%^<»
• ' 0/ A'nii /'ro>iri»C"7. Tht Cily it on a pr-rt tn rula abotii tit
"1. Sitt yrrtncttfc Bay and t^ Jfnti/ laUrd Oir Uold»n Omt.mmA
' uTi fAr tKiy, \rk\ch /urt(i«ft«i (A« Ltwt harhor on ttyi /WvUCmC

sliipping point for wool, hides, and fruit. A government Asar
Ofllce is locate<l here. Lewistou manufactures mining machiom.

I{«*vii'W Topics. — DcecritK! tin; Plulfuid Region. The caOons. CUbwl
luduslrit-R. ThovegRt&tion. NevailA. Tl» silver, flcwnlr
tlie Mudily Salt Mine. Why is the St&te not alIa]<It^il#
agriculttire? I>e9cnlje VirKinja City. The ciipii«l. Ik
scritu (turfufc of Arizona. Uji niinfal). InJu-tn-
CltU'FS of Irmle. WhaL moiintniitA I rmvcpw I'l**! '
Lwfttc Urt'iit S&it LKke. The mint^rHl pn J net »-•:-•.
Agricullursl rewiirct's, Tlic ttihnliitiintA. Q%.y\\x^
OgJcn. De&c-rili« liliilio. lu n>»ourQVB. CapluJ. OtW
Icudiiig lowQit «ii<J \\iv\T iiulustries.

(Br courta^' of Uw

Pour TtBCk Xcwa.]

Xr-tll. COAST REOIOX.

1. This region endiraces CiUlforula, Orr^
i-oii, WiiHltfiifTtoit, Hn<l Alaiika. Exelutlini;
Ahtskn, it is traversed from north to souii
by the Sierra 2s'evada and Cascade rango.
The low Coast range stretches along
shore. Between these ranges lie
valleys. They form the most importent
parts of this region.

The pHticipiiE rivers are tho Columbia, wliich. in the lower portiooof '
itscourw), forms the boundary between Oreyrou and Wiishiagtnii,
and the Sacraiiiftito and Haii «)imquin {.aan wah-keen'), vhvA
trnverse the Valley of ('alironila.

2. Climate. — The climate of this region is widely* differeot
from the climate of the Atlantic coast in the same latitude. Thii
is caused by the prevailing winds. In both regions these we
westerly. But on
the Atlantic side
thfv are from the
land, and in win-
ter are cold; on
the Pacific siile
they come from
the sea. and are
warm and moist.

Orc^ou is ia the
same laltttidt^ as
iJie Now K n gr-

I an d States. H"'""'. rn"". 'i-ii utuvI. urr drird in IA# opun air tn C(Ui/.'«m>
WaHllillKtOll IS, Sua JaaqutH VaJlrv. Calilunua. ^^ »"»»« |

for lliemoBip&rl. Tnucli farrlier nortli. In NVw England the /artiiers
have tu bouse ftinl fecyi llitii* cattle all tlie winter, \rhile ili Oregon
and Waalimgton the (Nuttures are (freeu all the j-tar round. The
went winds and Umj «THi>an Current g'ive these Stales a mild,
lIKlist cliiiiftte.
Buiuriier aiid winU-r iu Cnlifornifl arr cfillp*! rt^jioetivoly the dry
scasoii and tho rainy H^atwn. In aunimiT. for we^'ks tuj^ilier, nut
a drop of miu falls. In Orei^n and Washington, however, the
siininier ruliu) are somewlial more copious, and the country is well
■waim-U.

3. Resources. — TIih d«{H>gita of gold and quicksilver in this
re^on aro among the rirhest in iJie world. The soil of the val-
leys is nmrvellously productive.

The fruits, flowoi-s. and vegetables are famniis for their beauty and

rtdze. Sixteen hundi-ed pounds of hops to llic acre are not unusual
relurns. Immense herds of cattle and Hocks of sheep find rich
Iia-itiinij^e-
Tbe n1o|m>n of the mountains are covepwl wHth foi-ests of pine, fir,
and redar.
I

' a/ San Franetnen, vA^w
pM««n««r< Mining '

k«wU« San Fmmeiteo Bay, oi*j- wittct, miixi cf iht trttont aW
6v n>u w IA« citv TOK from Oakland o« Itrr^boaU.

4. Califomla 1h the oldest of
Kie Pacific States.

The B|mnisli Franciscan Friars
estahlished ntlKitioiiH or settlo-
meuLs iu it at an early d.i\
But it wrui tliinly seltli^ niuii
in ISIS, it was e« led by Me.virn
to t!ie t.*ni(««l Stat^'M. Soon aft>'i'
this gidd was discovennl, anu
}>w>ple tlorked to the mines fr*.iti
all part* of the world.

California is the m>i-oihI Statt-
in the production of guhl, and !■<
one of the chief sources of th--
world's supply of quicksilver.

ii ill the oold ttui/ fmm mintn \» nwb>.

AffrlOllltllPe IS by lUr thO most «™u'i' ;«««■ u-AicA am cruMk^ inia poirdiT in a " tMMpiitff inill." r^f tfampt are

pfAtlra. unK^inpffntT I.IMH) poundt, u'hiM artrttistd by tiMf/tituri/ and art dropptd

important industrv of the StJite. '•''''jjJV'^i'hi \' Ji^/* i>^''i^. _ J'loirinov^

ine irngatea lanaa are mr^er in pi^p^rf. 5wn-(h»Ww wiiniA<M»JoBJ^r««tm«3birap«««i«^/i/ ■ w««i^

ag-gregate area than Connecticut. Wheat, barley, hojw, and
tbe sugar-beet are extensively cultivated. Much wlieat and
barley of excellent quality are 8hip[>ed to Europe by the Cape
Horn route.

Onin^^es. lemons, olives, almonds, and grapes flourish luxuri-
antly in south-
ern raliforiiia.
The production
of raisins has
become great
enough to sup-
ply the whole
I'nited States.

California is
the firet wine-
pro<iuciDg State

in the Union. It is also a (ino fanning and grazing country.
6. California is noted for its remarkable scenery.

The Yoi)einl(« (yo-tvm'i-te) Valley is a gorge of singular grandeur.
IlH POcky walls ar« from three to five thousand feel in height. The
MtrrceU Kiver flows through it, and makes a series of wonderful
cascadeii, one of which, the Nevada Fall, iw six hundred feet high.

Some of the largetit and h»lth'f*t trtwi* in the world are found
on the iiloi»es of the Sierra Nerada. They are gigantic ever-
greens. Many of ihem have each n diameter of 40 feet, and

aiv- innr^ l)t!(n 3iM> feet iu heighl-

6. Cities.— San Francisco is
tliH largest and most im|H)rtant
seaport on the American shore of
the Paciiic. Steamers connect it
with China, Japan, Australia,
Alaska, and the Ilawaiian and
rhilippiao Islands.

By means of these? sl^'amsliip lines and
the Pacific railroads a large and grow-
ing trade is caiTied on lietween lliese
countries and the United States. Mo«t
■ if the ttilk and tea brought frnm
C'liina and Japan come by way of San
KT-ancisro. ICaw sugar is hroiight
fri»m llie Hawaiian Ishmds and re-
fined. Other leading industries are
meat-packing and the manufacture of
clothing and flour.

Los Angelet* is the second city

Four lines of railway meet

center of a rich oil and fruit region. Oil

•Mm »/( lltM

upon th»

there. It is the
refining and fruit canning are the leading manufacturing indus-
tries. Oakland, on the east side of San Francisco Bay, is the
terminus of railroads, whence freight and passengers go by
ferry to San Kranciaco. Sacraincnto, the capital of tbe State,
liJis a large wheat and flour trade.

kit, Shaata, California, u-Ktch ifi* imrt an rjciiM v9toono.
ICvt-TrUliI, tkfiult I'luilu Ccl

San *)o.-ie, in tije beautiful Santa Ciluni \'allt.'y. has the largest
fruit canning, packing, and drying establishments in the State;

OKEGOX AXD WASHINGTOK-

_^^

lunii-lty att* thr- Stant'oril UnlviTHlty, and the famous Lfck
ObMcrvatory. 8au l>iei;u hua a gui^tl liurbor, u-ud exports wheal
and fruit. 8tocktuD is situutcd iu a very fertile plun. It is
au intportaut ceQt«r of trade, and lias largi> manuffiOtitreK. Berke-
ley, oil the eostf-ru side of San Fuiicitjcu Bay, is the Nvat uf tlie
Viilversits" «>f C'allfoniin. It hastarniorifrs, oil,niidcUemiral works.
Presuo is located in the fruitgrowing region. lis chief industries
are the drying and canninc of fruits, olives, and Hgs, and the niHTiu-
factiire 4)f olive-oil, wine, and bmndy. ]*iiKn<1i>iin is n iiuted winter
resort. Aliiilieiln is en^ged in shipbiiildiii};: niid pelruk-um and
borux rt.'fliiiu}(.

7. Or^ron.— Tile Suite is in the same lutitude as "Sew Eng-
land, but tbe climate iu the eastern part is not unlike that of . ... rc,«a,/„„, o™
Maryland, while west of the Cascade Mountains it is even milder I *>""dr«I Tniles into the interior. An ahundance of «mU
than Maryland in winter, bnt not so oppressively warmin summer. ! found in the vicinity, making ■Washington the largest cnil]

The valleys that lie between the Cascade and Coast mngt^a ' prothicing State on the Pjiciftc coast. The waters of ;i
are very fertile and yield abundant crops of cereals and fruits ' sound and its tributary rivers swarm with salmon iti
■without irrigation, and larger areas in the eastern jjart of the other fish. The preserving and shipping of fish is the tbi
State are being brought under a high state of cultivation largest industiy.
J)y irrigation. I Citiea.—Hpattl« is the largest city and chief seaport. Iti«'

Stock raisiuK and wool growing are important industriee. | terminus of three great trans-continental railway lines and hi

The wf-itern slopes of the C-ascade and Coast rangis are covered with steamship connections with all parts of the world. Its

'I lit uuJcr /riiiU at yof^ina, — l'c«ti'« imJ-ii'ii/ u if/'i
on t\* vfkart.

vast forests, and the cutting nf timber

IB a leading occupation.
The yield of gold and silver is very

great. Ooal and iron are abundant.
The streams abound with excellent tisli.

Immense quantities of salmon iire

cninieci and cxiKirted.

Cities.— Poriiaiid, the largest city,

is at the head of (tceun navigation on

the Willamette river and is an im-

iwrtant railway tenuinns. It export><

more lumber than any other port in

the world; flour, salrnnn, diu'ry prod

nets, and wool are next in importance.

Suleiu, the capital of the State, has industries similar to those

of Portland. AMturia, at the mouth of the (Columbia river, is

noted for the preserving of salmon.

8. "Washington. — The part of the State east of the Cascade

Kange lies in tlie Columbia plateau. It is a tine agricultural

region and raises much wheat aod other grains, hops, and

fruit.

The western part of the State contains extensive furcnts

of pine, cedar, hemlock, and spruce. The manufactui-o

and ex[>ortof
lumber is the
most inipor-
Uint industry
in the State.

r u g 6 t

Sound, with
its connee-
tions. fur-
nishes navi-
gable routes
for a dis-
tance of

A fiiU «/ otM/n «l Vnioft. Ort. AtWh *• « tor\ig« ffr«" v^' i^i;-"" '■> •» « « a *• I w fwrt
dry ctimaU. With t'rrvaJton. ^t* or nx crop* tan tn ratrd t>irh w'r " "^ « « » jf H* U

industries are the handling of lumt.
and coni, fisheries, and commeM
Taroina, the second city in size.
the lenninus of the Kortbern PaciJ
IJailrond. It has a deep-wnter fai
luir and ships, wheat, lumber, ai
coal. Tacoma has the largest lumb
mill in the world, and is the
nf the State Vniversity. Siiokanfl
lijs fine water power and cxtensivfl
itianufactures of lumlx^r and inml
AVallH AValla is situate<1 in the cent
of the wheat and fruit-growing region.

Olyiupiik, near the southe-rn end of Puget Sound, is tlie cnpitAl of tb I
State. It has fishing* and lumber industriett. nelliiigbnni, a flour |
ishing town in llie northwesiem part of the Stale, lias luuiberai
iron induslrie;* and lish e*anneries. Everett inantifactureR \um\
iron, anil furnilm-e.

I'jftit liom a/orWiouacR

-4.

Harbor ol SfntlU.—Stfamt- Itavino for Alati'i

9. Alaska.— The territory* nf Alaska was purchased from
sia in hStlT. Its shores are })athed by the Japan Currt
mighty current in the Pacific resembling the Gulf Strei*
in the Atlantic. The westerly Avinds that blow over lhi«
current temper the climate of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands,
as the winds from the Gulf Stream temper that of Norwar
and Iceland.

ALASKA,— THE ISLAND KEGIOXS.

:i^->^^"%^#^'

Jtineuu, rAr rtipiAi/ of Atatka.

BLt, St. Eliaii, 1A,Q10 feet liig-}i, with it£ pverlastinif cup uf snuiv

stands as a liuiJiiiark between Alaska aud the British Pos^LtixiiuiiJ.
The Yukou is the largi-st river in Nortli America. It ii^ 8(1 mileB wide

at its mouth, aud 10 miles wide 80() miles above ita mouth.
Tlie proraillng winds are westerly. Comings from the sen, tliey give

a moist climate to the cuust, in the iiei^^'hburhood of which heavy

fonsrttt of spruce, fir, cedar, hemlock, alder, and pine are found.
Oraas grows luxuriantJy in [ihiceo, but the siininierft are too shori

and cool for ^ueml ai.Ticulture-
Cntil und other inliHTitlH are abundant, l^io gold deposits are

aniiiM^^ tlio richeKt in llie world.
The inhabitants nrp tnainly Eskimos and so-cttlled Indians, who.

however.differ

grcttlly from

the Indians in

other parlii of

the United

Slates- They

live by fishimr,

and hunt neals,

Bea-oltcrs, umr-

tens, foxes, and

beam. The fur-
seal fishery m

the most vain-

able in tlit

world. The

Naive* the oimjj >n l>if: i'.nturuund
minrd cm the ahort.

lAcc auiii u twifiir

Cape i\irmt.

seals are taken on and near the Pribilof Islands. Tlio c^mI, saluiou,
and herring* Asheries also are of unmense value. At certain seasons
the sJilinon fairly choke up the fresh-water streams on their way to
the spuwniuf!' gTUUiKis.
The capital is iliineuii. Nome and Juneau are mining' ceiil«Ts.
Til'' Alputlnn TKlandfi are volcanic and IreeTess; the natives live in

baroUtraH, struc-
tun.'^s half above
and half behnv the
;^' r o u n d . Tliey
nmke the frames
uf their walrus
.skin caniK'H of
wfMxi drifted, from
Axia and cost upon
their shores by tin-
Jit|>an Curreut.

iipvifw Toplcti.

SUU:8 in Ihe Coast
egion. Mounlsiiis.
rhrwaur Rjvers. Describe llif
ciiiuat«. Compare
England and Oregon. The seasons in Calirornin ? Mineral deposhs ?
cultural resouroe»? The forest b? SoUlemcnt of California? Its gold prod-
; Most tm[>ortaiit industry? Leading agricultursl products? Fruits?
^ine and wool product? Describe the Yosemita Valley. The great trees.

mtM

t/yf^ teatl^ vhiA AoJ Att» acTo»» ttu bottam.

t/if M'v' and arawi axwv. and (A# gaid, bfirtg («ry A«aiv, U
irt/ lf*4 tint* '*'» jtiekfui irul 0|f hand,

l)«K:rib« San Francbeo. Other Important cities. What of the climate of
Uregon ? Products ? Most fertile part ? Tbe capital ? Wubingion. Alaska.
Tlie Aleutian Islauds.

xliub. the island regions.

L The Island Itcgions belonging to the United States are
INirtn Klfo, with adjacent islctB; tlie Ilanalinn iNlands; the
PhilippineH ; flimin, one of the T.^lrones; and Ttitiilln and
Manun, Ishinds of the Siiinoun group.

2. Situation and Climate.— Porto Kico is in the Atlantic
Ocean; tbe others are in the Pacific. All are within the tropics,
and T\*ithin the region of the northeast trade wind. Their climate
;ind pr(»«!uotions, thei'cfore, are naturally much alike.

n> fl

£>rvuv aq^teMMtlMM 1' itu iilittftirmUipnM^ectthtoilJic from rum aitddni\

3. Porto Klco is the smiuietit of the fonr *'GrwiU.T Antilles.'*
4- KainfalL— Mountains cross the island from east to west,
and greatly influence the raina. Driven up the mountain slopes,
the warm northeast trade wind, freighted with moisture, rises
into cool atmospheric regions, A copious rainfall is the result.
The northern part of the island is wateretl by more than a thou-
sand streams, yet Hometimes the southern part, screened by
the mountains, suffers from drought.

5. Productfl. — The island is a conservatory without glass.
Tree ferns and cocoanut pahiis wave in the breeze; oninge bloom
scents the air; sugar-cane flourishes in the lowlands; the coffee-
tree decks the hillsides, to the height of a thousand feel, with
snow-white blossoms or scarlet berries. Banana plantations
yield millions otf golden clusters. Thousands of acres are planted
with mountain rice that forms the chief food of the laborer.

6. Animals. — Of the wild animals of Porto Rico none are
beasts of prey- N^o poisonous snakes are found.

7. The exports are coffee, sugar, honey, tolwioco, cocoanuta,
and pineapples. The lmp«»rts from the United States are chiefly

A tTMt in PanM, Parta Htco. tk* trt€* ttmi tKnMfm Mand in Ch« piJw>.«r otntfl.

rice, cotton goods, preserveti meats, flour, and iron and Bteel
goods.

8. The Population consists, in nearly equal proportions, of
persons of Spanish origin and of the descendants of negro slaves.
It numbers about 1)50, uOO. The language is Spanish. A system
of schools, olementjiry, hi|;h, nonnal, and agricultural, has been
estabUshotl. The people are mostly Roman Catholics.

Cities. ~Sau .lituu. strongly fortified (pop. 32,04^), and Ponce
(pop. STiOri^) are the largest cities.

MftiiiiH I^on •^' I i fortJi rivers of red-hot lava. HQavf^

on llie »uni' I u'tivH and bos thv lar;^st.cnitt!r in lJ)f

world. It in 11 Uuttti Lhi-ee miles across and a thousand feet deep.

11. Climate. — The minimum terajierature is about .H'; ibr
ma.ximuni, 88"^. Thunderstorius Wildom (Mx-ur: hurricanes nevw.
The sky is remarkably cloudless. On its windward side, naww
has the immense rainfall of 2<Ki inches. There is, however. 1»
rain on the leeward side of the mountains. The other iaIaoA
have altout 50 or GO.

12. Producta — The sugar (»ine, the pineapple, banana aivi
cotfee tree flourish.

Peculiar to these islands are the candleniit and the taro. TUelv
nf'ls of the candli^nut ara so oily that tliey are iiscd like wax for
caudles. The taro supplies the natives with tbL-ir princi]»al food, U
butt a largv Mturchy root, wbit-'h is as itii[)ortant in Hawaii a& tte
potato with us. These islands are capahio of protluoiug great vuietj
of g-rains, vegetables, iind fruits ; but httic uttoutiun is i^veo to
the cultivation of auy plant except the suirar cane. Even tin,
altbouK'b it flutirit>bf.s uu the lowlands, is iniported mainly fm
Japan. The Biigrnr erop is large and is export<Hl uiaiiil v to the Uoitad
States, with which country tnide is chiefly carried on. Tliereaiv

Miiwna Km, a mtrjino on Hatr^tii. .j»"J fAr i"iii» and 4ntpoft of //ilo.

9, Hawaii comprises eight birge islands and a number of
mere rocky islets.

10. Origin. — The entire group has been thrown up by irolcanic
action; and on Hawaii, the largest of the islands, the volcanoes
are still active.

-1 T

AK£Lyy\^^

o c

A.' -4 *V

rORTO ItICO

THE UNITED STATES: RAILROADS AxND CA5AL8.

TRANSPORTATION AND TRAVEL IN THE
UNITED STATES.

AdTsntapes of Transportation Facilities. — N'othtn; adds more to the com>
furl and prosperit)- of a people than Ihc powrr lo tnivel quickly fn)m place to place
and to traasport guocls chciiply And exsily. To Jir-complish tlicK things a vast s>'st«m
of public highways and raitriuds traverse the country hkc a fine network, rebelling
IQ every city, town, village, and even to every dwcllio]; house in the entire country.
Many canals hare been built to connect the waterways of the country, and to aHord
a safe passage around waterfalls and rapids. Our rivers and lakes are navisated hj
iieamboais. barges, canal boats, and by every sort of craft carr>-inK^ passengers and
Ireight. Steamships ply along our coasts, caiT>-ing goods from port to port, and
ocean liners cross the seas in every direction, carrying our goods to all parts of
tlie wfirld.

A>i l-XI'KEM IHAIK RIMMNOit^ itX7r MILE&A.1 l(ut:S.

Advantages of Railroads.— The railroad, on account of the speed. regiilMriiy.
and low rales at which freight is carried, has become the most important means of
inland tronsporialion. The old slagc-conchcs made ijixfd speed if Ihey acrompIiNhni
six or seven miles an hour. The early emigrant* lo California occupied weeks
and months, wearily crossing the country in covered wagons, and often suffering
(fom scarcity of food and water. The trains on our Pacific railroads occupy lew
than a week in going from ocean to ocean; and in the palace cars one can be fur-
nished with every luxury. But even when we do not travel we are heneliled by
railroads. All people arc cither producers or coti&umers, iind railroads are uf
advantage to both.

How Producers are Benefited.— Productions of every description become more
valuable when prnducera have convenienl lr.insporiatiDn. The grain growers of the
Northwest, Ihc cotton and tobacco planters of the South, the manufacturers of the
Eastern Slates, and the mining population of the Rocky Mountain Region depend
for their proiiperiiy upon the facilities for transportalion afforded them by railroads.
We can understand how railroads benefit producers, if we consider the case of the
fanner. It is of little use that a region is fcnilc. unless its products can he sent to
market. Before we had railroeds It sometimes happeneil thai farmers a few hundred
mile« we^t of Chicago actu.-tlly burned some of Iheir corn as fuel because of the
expense of getting il to market. Firewood was scarce, and the lack of ir»ns-
porlation made fuel expensix'c ; il also made ihe farmer's com of little value. To
bum a part of the crop was cheaper than to buy fuel. The early settlers of
Kentucky were without railroads. The Allcghcnics almost barred them from Ihc
markeu of the Atlantic Slope. Consequently, they took their crops to New C)rle;in^,
rafting them down the Ohio and the Mississippi. At the end of their voyage Ihey
sold Ihe crop and raft and made their way home as best they might. The jouiney
down and back occupied more than six months. The crops of Kentucky now reach
a market in a leits number of days.

How Consumers are Benefited.— Not many years ago a severe famine pre-
vailed in a certain section of India. Thousands of peo]>Ie perished from siKrvalion.
And yet there were other regions of India where there was abundance of food, Ilui
as this had to be transported chiefly tn ox carts, only a little could be carried at once,
and it took a long time to reach Ihe lamine-siricken region. If there had been
railways connecting the district where the famine was with those places where food
abounded, the starving people could very soon have been relieved ; and therefore
the British Government has urgently encour.tged and aided Ihe construction of such
nilways. At present there are in India about 37.000 miles of railway.

Railroad Traffic— There were in the year 1830 only 33 miles of railroad ta He
United States. At present there are more than aoo.D(X> miles, or more thaaaa»
third of Ihe total mileage of the world. Those who live in towns through «t<i
important railroads pass can form some idea of the enormous amount of bu«as
done by them. Those going east carry cattle and grain ; thcwe from Mi^viari
Kentucky, hemp and tobacco ; from Ohio and adjoining Slates they carry
and llour. Some .-ire coal trains, others are composed of refrigerator can
fresh meat and fmit. Other cars support large iron tanks containing pct Maa

The railroads of the South transport a great deal of cotton to the ports of tW tM
or to those of the Atlantic seaboard. Many run northward freighted with on^
strawberries and melons grown in the sunny South.

Trains going westward are nut, av a rule, so heavily laden as those gojpg camai
They Irausporl manufactures from the Eastern Stales, or imports from lan||
countries.

Casals.— Before the days of railrosds, the waterways of the country ««ilk
chief means of inland transportation. Good bighwayi were f«w, and ooly m Ii
found in the older and more settled parts of the country.

In i'hc early part of ihe ninelecntli cenlury a great westward morement c4 pi^
lalion liegan. Thousands of people left their homes in the older colonies and cmri
the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Mountains inlo.ihe rich fnmiing l:i:i(t>i rj tteOhi
Valley. There were no bridge* over the streams, the roads were t»d. aod il
very expensive to transport the tools, household goods, and sapplies tkn fs
needed id byild up homes in a new country*.

The chief route followed by these western selller* was up tfae AAi
River to Albany ; thence by the Moliawk arul Oswego Rivcrv to Late Oifaiv,
across this lake and up tlie Niagara Riverand Lake Erie to a point appMiieO*
tauqua Lake; then overland and down the .^Uegheny River to PiitsbutX' Ok
part of this route gocxis had Ir> be carried !n wagons and on the backs of bnnes. ad
Ihe cost was $120 per ton from Albany to IlufTalo.

In 1793 an attempt to build a canal between Chesapeake Ray and the l>el«n»
River was made and given up. It was twenty-five years later tha' the pe\^ d
New York, led by Governor Dewitt Clinton, bega^ the Eric Canal, which km E
connect the Great Lakes with the Atlantic by way of the Hudson River. In lIXH
days of sEeam-drills and dyiuimiTe it wotihl be an ea^y task to dig a diich fotirfn
deep and forty feet wide ; bnt with Ihe picks and slioveU of ihnse davs il wasa|^
years before the waters of Lake Erie were brought to New Y«*rk harbor. The aid
reduced the cost of canning a ton of goods from Albany to Buffalo to 814. For tr*
Ijfiy years il wa.s the route by which the agricultural products of the Vt'tV wm
brought lo the seaboard for export to foreign countries. This developed dH
West by making a market for its products. It also built up the foreign contiDBCl
nf Vew Vof k City and nin<le it Ihe Tiictrrtpulis of America.

The succcM of Ihe Em
Can.-v] led 10 lb= buikhng d
many others, and before tk(
end of ihc ventury the fim
and lakes uf ;he count:? om
connected by lorty-thrit
canals having a *oul itapX
of 2,500 miles ant ccatsf
$200,000,000.

The WelUnd Cana. e»-
nccts I^kcs Erie and Oasrio
and Ihe Sault Ste. Hick.
I.akes Huron and Erie. ViTif
were these canals buili ? T\»
Illinois and Michij^n Sl^
and Drainage Caiul cooimcs
Lake Michigan
sissippi River
Chicago and I
Tlie Chicag
deepened and made in ^^
into Ihe Illinois iaSttad «
Lake Michigan, and 10 can
off the sewage of CMova-
which was polluting ihewalff
of the lake. This canal connects the two greatest watcrw.iy« of the counlri- Oti>a
leading canals are the Ohio Canal from Cleveland 10 Tortsmouih ; the Miami »»1
Erie, from Cincinnati to Toledo : the Hudson und Champlain, from Troy to Whfit-
hall : the Morris Canal, from Easton tw Jeisey City ; the Delaware and Rsfiua.
across New Jersey; and the Lehigh Coal and NavigatJOQ Company's Canal fiwi
Coaisport to Easlon.

Cau-UcoaiMC3

Transferring grain from a canal boat m an
in New York City-

THE UNITED STATES: RIVER TRAFFIC AND STANDARD TIME.

Ste&mboat and River Traffic. — Ten years after the invention o( the steam-
boat in iSo;. it had come into use on all the rivers of our country that were then
routes of travel. The people of the West at once began to send rheir pork. Hour,
and lumber lo N'ew Orleans »nd to bring back hardware, tools, dry goods, sugar
and CoRee. As Ibis was a cbeaper route than the otd routes from the eastern Males
ireatcned tbf trade of New York and led to the building fit the Frie Can-il.

Silil

•1 * J

Tbe long ifanx-planln In the bow can be swvoff Iran ride to ^de and raited or IowftciI (or con-
venicnce In tiandlini; Irdnht. Notice the n»l bai^cs thai have come down Die Ohio River.

Vou will notice that the moutb of nearly every Urge river is a harbor, and that an
Important city is built there. Also, that ihe head of navigation on a river is the scat
a manufacturing town. Between the port and manufacturing town there is usu-
ally much tmvcl and trade, giving profitable ernploymenl lo steamboats and other
river craft. Smaller towns also arc found along navigable rivers, which are con-
nected with the Urger cities by sicaTiibwtts and barges carrying freight and paucngerS-
Farmers bring their grain, fruit, and other produce to the nearest shipping point on
the river and send it by bai^ or atcamcr to the large cities. On the return trip these
vessels carry goods which merchants in the smaller towns have bought in the large
cities — (arm tools and machinery and manufactured goods of every sort.

Trolley Lioea. — Many goods as well as passengers are now carried on (he
DUmeruus electric, or trolley, lines which go oiit in all directions from our large cities.
These rcndt hare greatly aided the growth of small suburban towns, to which they
now carry the mails, express packages, and the less bulky articles of freight. Many
people emplo}-ed in Ihe cities are enabled by the electric reads to have homes
In the country, where there is plenty of room, light, and air. Klectric engines are
aUo beginning to take the pL-icc of the steam locomotive on railroads which
traverse crowded districts and tunnels, where steam and smoke interfere with the
comfort and safety of the people.

The steamers engaged in this trade extend their vo>-agtB to Mexico, the West Indies.
and South America. The lake trade ranks in importance with Ihe coasting trade.

Steamship Lines. — In addition lo our coasting steamship service there are many
lines of ocean steamers ihat run between home and foreign ports.

About sixty years ago a vessel callr«l the Gmf RtpuhlU u<eil lo uil tietween
Liverpool and New York. This one ship could carry all the freight destined (or
Liverpool that accumulated in New York during a whole month. At present more
than twenty steamers, each capabk of carrying several tiroes as much as tbe Crtat
HepttilU, leave New York for the ports of Europe every week.

A IkUi-ULU tHXlCHr TRAIX.

This UaiBfuostxtweeniHociliMlo Iowa. Notice that ike electric eaffiae is alike on both
eDd* and runs In etther dlrcdlon by mcreljr turninK the trolley pule.

Coasting and Lake Steamers. — The Atlantic Ocean was the chief means of
communication among [lie SLl^cs before railroads were built. Commerce especially
was carried on by means of sailing vessels, as this was the only way of transporting
liea\7 goods, as cotton, lumber, and naval stores. Our coasting trade is still the mo%t
important part of our ocean commerce. It is entirely conducted by American vessels.

AN OrEAK ■.NEVMIIVhl

STANDARD TIME.

To obviate the inconvenience arising from differences in local time, what is
known as " Standard Time '' has been adopted In the United States. The country
has been divided into four great time-bells, each about 15* wide. The local time of
the centra] meridian of each belt is made the Standard Time lor the crtirr t>elt.

Time Belts.— The meridians determined upon are the 75th, QOth. 105th anil
tanth west from Greenwich ; and Ihe time-belts are known as tbe Eastern, Central,
Mountain and Pacific. As the meridians by which the time of the belts is determined
are just 15' apart, it is clear that the difference of time in the different belts will be
marked by exact hours for the simple reason that the sun apparently passes over 15*
of longitude every hour.

The map on Ihe preceding page shows by different colors the difTcrent time-belts.
Within each of these all places will have the same standard time. Thus, when it i*
solar noon on the goth nieridian, it will be 12 o'clock by Standard Time in all places
throughout Ihe Central belt. From ihe map we see that Eastern time, being
determined by the 75th meridian, is just 5 hours slower Ihan that of Greenwich,
Central time 6 hours slower, and so on. liere and there deviations from the system
are found expedient for the convenience of railways, and these are indicated on the
map by the lines of color which project into the neighboring belt.

THE INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE.

Just as nations have arranged that ceruin belts of longitude shall have the same
time, so it has been arranged that the whole world shall, as far as possible, have
ilie same date an<l name for the day. Since the sunrise travels about the globe from
:-.ist to west, the day really begim al a different lime for all places ea^t or west of
i-.ich other. It has been agreed that each new day shall begin at midnight on the
iSoth meridian. This gives the whole world the same name for the day except
places crossed by this " International Date Line," as it is called. Let \\% suppose
that July 4 is just beginning at midnight on tbe Date Line. .\s the midnight movea
westward around the earth e.-icb place will begin the new day. Hy the time the mid-
[;ighl reaches London and the day begins, it will be noon at Ihe Date Line. When
New Orleans begins the day it will be 6 r.M. at the Date Line. When the day
begins at San Francisco it will t>e about 9 p.m. at Ihe Line. And just as July 4 is
closing east of Ibe Date Line, July 5 is beginning west of it. Thus the whole world
cxreitt those places crossed by the line have Ihe same name and dale, or number,
for the day. You will see from page ia6 that the line passes through the middle
of the Pacific Ocean and that its direction is such that certain islands lying in
its path shall have the same day as the nearest continent.

A navigator sailing «ast around the earth arriving at the line on Monday, would
change his dale to Sunday on crossing, and would thus ha^'e two Mondaj-s the same
week. Hut if sailing west and reaching the Hoe on Sunday, he would change it
lo Monday on crrMsing. and would have no Sunday at all.

THE DOMINION OF CAKABA.

XUV. DOMINION OF CANADA.

1. All of North America north of the CToited States,
with the exception of Alaska an<i Greenland, is a part of tb«
British Empire. Its area is about equal to that of the United
States.

2. Surfooe.— The greater part of Canada lies in the northern
slope of the Great Central Plain of the continent West of this
is the Rocky llountain Plateau, iimd east are the basins of the
Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence and of Hudson Bay. The
watershed which divides these biusins is the Height of Land,
also called the Laurentian Highland. This is a worn-down
mountain range, the oldest on the oontinenc. This region eon-
tains many glacial lakes and short, rapid rivers. It abounds in

ll fish and game and
ia a favorite sum-
mer resort and
hunting ground.
3. The Do-
minion of Can-
ida comprises tho

iht

v^mmt *- u»n»w vwUU M« CtMWMr. UK HM [rRornvni

riwr, in liU northern part o/ Qvtbte. sAovtiv Ac h<n-il roeta
ot thM LaumOian Highlaitd.

Provinoes of Ontario, Quebec, N>w
Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Manitohiv,
British Colambla, Prince Edwartl Is-
land, Saskatchewan, and Albertn, the
Territory of Yukon, and four unorgan-
ized DlHtrtcts.

On the Gram dtnlr^i flu in. nrar ih* nllaar <.>/ :i:,iti,i •:,,■.. thtfwtni/ an trrituit^ Ife W
furetrravnJ , a trhfot Ada, and <tn awniit of Irr^a^

d^cription. Upon the feniilfit l^lt the snow Is li^hl. and CAttll

im&lura^ all winter. It ts a good graxing country, axal is ib

bectJiiiiiig one of the' great wheat gardens of llie world

6. The Industries of the people are mainly agriculture, \m

bering, shipbuilding, fishing, mining, and commerce. '

The <roiuiiien'c of the coiittrv is exteusive, and is almost efr'

tirely carried on with En|;land and the United Slates. Thl

exports of cattle^ grain, cheese, and other food products are«A

mostly to England; but the lumber, metals, fish, and ooal areaoH

to the Unitod States. The United Suta
furnishes about two-thirds of the impoilit
consisting of iron and steel ^oods, IH>
chinery* cotton, farm tools, and petTolent
Canada produce more cheese for es|a!
than anv other countrv in the world. 1
alao ranks first in the value of its fisbem

t.±

4. Government. — The Dominion is""ta*ii!T'

Tri.ny^^m uitiota Up Ih* raptAaomwem two fjlactai
Qti^rc, NistiCr the a-hite Uitth tftf VR iht bhnl[.

governed by a Parliament and G<^vi.»nioi^Of neral, somewbat as
the United States is governed by a Congress and President, but
with this difference, that, whereas our Praiident is electetl by the
people, the Qovernor of Canada is r
appointed by the British sover-
eign. Each proWnce has as its
local government a Lieutenant-
Governor and a Legislature.
The Canadian Parliament con-
sists of two brancheti. Thf
members of the lower House an>
elected by the people; those of
the upper are appointed by the
Governor-General.

6. Besourcee. — The chief re-
sources of Canada are her fisher-
ies, her forests, her proiluctive
lands in the basin of the St. T^w-
rence and in the eentml plufn, }
and her vast mineral treasures.

The Central Plain

Belt embraces the millions of avn^ U'twct'ii Ijiki's Winniix'ir and
Athabasca and the Roi-ky Mountains. It is in Iho latitu(h> of I^hIiri-
dor. but presents a stmnpt' contnist to that I'oiintry. In Uibnulor
we find treeless plains, white with snow (or fight nioiitlis in thi-
year, and, except in sheltered sjwts, vegetation of tho scantiest

Oa tht .Vmkoka Lakn. Brtiim fromia da-jf t l|ififfi>g.

Ifrino ■'* l^r f^ifl imiuMlrii iilnng Ihr Ortiiriii
ritrr, which in fiwfrf un IxHh tiilft trith lurrttt.
Thrlargrtt milltarr nmr Ollaua.whirh i» /ii-
r Cnile miiM( at ll lumhfr miirkri.

Trade Ronton.

— The Great
Lakes, with the
Welland Canal
and the St. Law-
reifice, constitute
the most impor-
tant water route for Canadian commerce. The most impoi
hind route is formed by the Canadian Pacific liailiray, whJd
connects Halifax with Vancouver, At each of these parts SMJt-
ship connections are made with European and Asiatic pom
making the shortest route between WKtem Europe aad lb
Pacific ports of Asia.

The Gmnd Trunk Hailwny Siyflteui connects the cntie$ iddog'th
Lake4 And oa the St. Lawrence vrilh the Atlantic svaboanL TbeU
Rivf r of the Nt^rth ami the Saskatchewim traverse the " fertile brU'
and, wilh Lake Winnipeg-. Nelson river, and Hudson Bay. fnmA.
(Imrini: lln"- isiiniinf-r i-innriniiiiiiN iviite-r routes to the o«^paa. Ihr
ing the wintor. however, tluse water routes are closed br ice.

Ilrcent I>(>velo|>nKMit.— The (>iH>nin}r of the wheat lands and frnoV
regions uf xhc West lias ailracted a vast niunber of iromigrana
many of theni ^une fntin ihe United States. Bailroads are bcbf
exti'iuhn] in cvi-ry diiii-liim. and a second grand trunk line is ^
jr<ne<l which shall trnrrrs*' the heart of the country and penetrateikB
pold regions along the Yukon.

THE DOMINION OF CANADA.

7. Ontario. — Ontario is bordered by four of the Great
Lakes, and bus a climate like that of Michigan.

Coal, iron, petroleum, copper, and gold are among its
mineral rt!Moiirccs. Wheat and lumber are the principal
productions.

The forests abound with the «nffnr-nt'M>i<>. muT fV.i unkiTif nf

sugar froni it is an

important branch of

industry.

• Ontario is the most

populous, productive,

and pros[>erous of the

rgfi

provmces.

It was Kt>tlled chitfly
by Srot<^li, Kn}flish,
and Auit-rtcaiis, and
English is the Ihu-
g'ua^e irenQrally
spoken by the in-
Imbilunls.

CitieB. — Toronto, the capital and chief city of the province, is
the largest lake port in Canada. It has extensive manufactures
of iron and machinery and a lai^e wholesale tnule.

In 1759 a ceIobrat«d Iwl
tlf, wliich gave Ci
to England, was fn
lietween tJ»e KfY^iki,|
iiud English before itj,|
walls of Quebec. 4;i
t'nil Wolfn Hini ii,
Miir(|iiiM 4»f JMont-l

fUlm, the two oppt*!/);

gi-nemls, both fell. «&
bravely leading' fiu|
forces, During the Bti-
olntion, Monl^rooHT*,
an Aiuorican getwn(
was killed in an

Loggirm acmAa n«ar t/Uawo.

A lleartirr $iasrirm Ihrmigh Ihe fam*iMt
La-iPrmee rixtrr. yA* rirrr datacnds /.■
(At* ptrinl.

Ottawa, the capital of the Dominion, con-
tains the Parliament House, which is a
niBKoificGnl buildinj^. U is the Pml city of
Canada in the manufacture of lumber.

8. Quebec — The Province of Quebec
has a colder climate than Ontario. The
■westerly winds do not reach it until they
have lost the warmth received by them in
crcissing the Lakes.

The inhabitants are m.itnly descendants of
the early Frencli settlere. A majority of
them profess llio Itonuin CaUiolJc religion,
and use the Fi-encli language. The records
of tbo Dominion are kept in both Engliah and. French.

The southern partof Quebec is fine farminjf region, producing- tobwJCO,
hemit, llax. poiat^xts, and hay. The wcsU-rn jKiri of the province has
xvLsia ftirests of pine, .spnice, and hardwoods. Timber is floated
down the rivers to Ottawa, wliere it is manufactuit'd. Cheese. Itour.
maple sugar, and useful articles for homo consumption are the lead
iug manufactures.

Cities. — Qiieiwc, the capital of the Province of Quebec, is

beautifully situateil on a high bluff.

It is a walled lown, and ia fut strongly fortified that it is called "The
Gibraltar of Amorica." Its lumber export is large and many sliipa
are huilt th«'re.

]() r-,Hi>titr»_- itiL- ciuidfl ot' Quebec.
The Mrencr3' ai-ound Quebec in enchanting. In iG
vicinity are the piclui-esquc falls and the natural sl^
Montmorenci.
Montreal is the largest city and manufacturing
-enter in Canada. It has an extensive €x>mmen:^
and exports a large amount of lumber, flotir, wbcAt
cattle, and dairy products.

9. New Brunswick abounds in lime, red granite, and iroa
and its forests yield large supplies of ship-timber. The peopl

are chiefly employed in the lumber bos
ness and the sea fisheries.

Cit ics. — Frederirt on is the capi laL Si
■Jullll is the largest town and chief purt.
Both cities arc engaged in the raauufactURtf

10. Nova Scotia. — Nova Scotia is i
peninsula. The island of Cape Breton
belongstoit. Theclimateof Nova 8cod&
is healthful, and greatly tempered by thf
(tulf Stream.

I'll an Ihr SI
■ ihTff milfa at

Tiie shores of Nova Scotia and New Brunswkt
are wafihed by the tides of tlie Bay of Fundr
These tides attain the enormous height of ftfty, and sometimes btw
sLxty. feet above low-water niiipk. They are llio highest in tlie world

Coal, iron, gold, and gvpsuni abound, and are largely mined,
Tiie forest weulth is great, and shipbuilding is one of the indns-

yH*

Vt*W ot QtU^ Irrm "■• ful-: *A,:rf .'/ r.'-r

' rifV. A'ofiiv Ihr <A4 nladrt.

!/...'n,::i-n ,s.,i<nr, Monlrfii. Ab<)9« it it MoMiH Royal. Jrotn uAicA lltr ciii/ laXt^ lU Kxau

tries. The fisheries rank next to those of Newfoundland. The
inland regions are devoted to agriculture.

Haliibx. the capibil, is a flourishing town. It has a large
chiefly in iish, with the United States and the West Indies, ll
manufactures are important.

THE DOMINION OK CANADA AND NEWFOUNDLAND.

The liarbor of Halifax in uiisurpaased by any in the world. It is the
I principul iiHval stntiiiii of Gn-at Briuiin on this side of the Atlaiilie.

I n. Prince Edward Island lies in the Golf of St. Lawrence.
I It is the snialltjst, but the most thickly settled, of the provinces.

~.p« •».■

On Hit Grml I'cnlnii I'iain i.i ttr tiitlnt at flu Hftt Kinr of Ou: Sarlh.-Thmli.

The

-s^ '-

-i_

k u:

t \!

It has a milder climate than the neighlwritig niainlaml.
chief industries are agriciiUare, fishing, and shipbuilding.
Cliarlottetowii is the capital.

12. Manitoba lies in the fertile belt, and is well mlnpted to
the cultivation of wheat and other grains. The ialcus ami
rivers abound in fish, and stock-
raising and dairying are impor-
tant indostrios.

The province was settled with won-
derful rapidity. It in connected

by riiUroudH with the g^reat

commercial ceuters of Canada

and the United Suites.
Winnipeg, the capital, has :i

large trade in wheat. It is the

greAt recftiving depot of thf

Hudson Bay Conipiiiiy's furs,

and of tlie wheat of llic Caua- '''w o/ iht eitu

dian Northwest. Its exporte are wheat and flour.

13. British Coliunbia includes Vancouver Island. The
province contains extensive forests. Minerals, timber, and fish
are its chief sources of wealth. Vancouver Island abounds in
coal; Columbia has rich deposits of gold.

The prevailtuf^ winds come from the sea, and the climate is mild.

The Canadian I'at-ilie Kailwayt beiween Quebec and Vancouver, a
distaiiee of 3,050 miles, is a most important commercial route.

Cltles.^VietoriH, thi^ cjtpilal. Es<iuiiiiult, a Htn>ngly fortified naval
stotitm, and Naiialiiio, the \;vvaX coal port uf the Pacific coast, are
on Vancouver Island. Vnncoiiver, the laciest city, is h center of
the himlier tragic, and has sugar i*efinerieA and iron works.

14. Saskatchewan and Alberta are similar in the araonnt

of their rainfall to Montana
and North Dakota, but are
somewhat colder.

Wheat and cuttle raising are
Lite nkost inipurtitni lodus-
trie-s, Calvary and Kd-
■uuutuu ure centers of the
cattle ind iisCries. Kofci iin
is the largest city in Sas-
katchewan.

Tlie Territory of Yukon con-
buns the Klondike region,
one of the richest gold Selds
of the world. Dawsuu is
the capital.

The PistrictK consist of pi-ai-
rio«, forests, and treeless
wastea. TIic fnnists are tlie
home of tlie heaver, mar-
ten, and (Hher fur-ljearing hninials.

Review Topica.— What is the surfBce of Canads ? What does
the Uutviiilim oTupri-?-? How Is ft pOTemed? The Parliametit Ileeonroei^

Oiiiiimcrce. TrMdv routes. Climate
of Uiilarit). MlneraK I'rtxJuctionft.'
Rnnk. Irtluibitaiita. Wliat {s uid
of Toronto? Ottawa? Ciimnle of
Qtieliec. Iiilinhitsnts. Wlinl of Ijiiebecl
Montrt'olT I'rcdiioi*? Xew Itrun$iwivk1
01.1-iipRliriii*. The riipitftl. Whnt is Ni-vb
Scotia la form? Th« tide* of Pnndf.
Climate. K«sourei-s. Halifax. What
of Prince Etlwiml Ifland? Capital?
.Mftiiiioljot Tlie capital? What does
British Coliiniliia tiit>Iuilet Its resooroeeu
Climate. Capital. Saskatchewan and
Alberta. Industries. Yukon. L>istnct4.

.f.*e r,

■ftriofi

-IhtY tiJron ritfr and
'•»nCt/|r.

Farlilo IjpU. Priiiui|inl indimtri^'i.

~XS

ahK'-'T'

XLV. NEWFOUNULA^D AXH UANISn AMERICA.

1, Newfoundland is free from the great extremes of heat and
co3d experience<l in Canada. It is rich in grazing hinds, forests,
and copper mines, but above all in its cod and seal fisheries.

St. John's is the capital. In this city entire acres of ground
are covered with *' flakes " or frames that are shingleii over with
codfish, split in two, and sproul out to dry; and in tlie harbor
ships from all parts of the world may be seen takiDg in cargoes
of fiah.

The Grand Baiik^ lie to the eastward of this island. Tltey are ele-
vatixl plateaus rising from tlie hottom fff the ocean. In area they
are about twice as large as the State of New York. The depth of the
water upon them varies from oue hundred to six hundred feet

These l>ank» uro one of the treasuries of the ocean. Tliey ai-e the largest
and moat valuable fishing-grounds in fhe world. In the spring and
summer of every year immense shmils of cotl. mHckcpel, and other
fish ivsort to Ihcm. and are taken by the fishermen in great numbers.

Tlic Atlantic Tolrtrmpb CnMe.-*, between Valentia in Ireland, and
HeaH'H Coiiteiil. in Ni.-wfnuiidlftnd. lie partly upon these Banks.

Off the shores of Newfoundland the colrt current which comes down
through Pavis Strait meets the wann waters of the Gulf Stream, It
chills the vai»or that ri.«iOs from tliese waters, and tlnis prodtices the
dense fogs which prevail in this region, and make navigation dan-
gerous.

2. Labrador is a oold and inhospitable country.
Although in the ktttude of some of the faire«t parts of Great Britain, it

DANISH AMERICA AND ARCTIC REGIONS.

L'ptrnavik, Iroat a photoarapK taken at midntohl during the
Arctic aumni«r.

has a climate too severe to ripen even the hardiest gnraina; potatoes

and a few other vegetables sometimes do well.
The coast is resorted to in the early spring and summer by fishermen,

w^ho catch lai^ numbers of Heal and codflHli.
Tlie population of northern Labrador consists mainly of KMkiiiiOM.

3. Danish America comprises Cireenland and Iceland. (See

map, p. 20.) lee-
land has its own
constitution and
legislature.

Cirt^eiilaiid. —
Of Greenland
little is known
except the west-
ern and southern
coasts; but
Peary's cxi>lora-
tions on the nortli coast have proved this land to lie an island.

The Interior is one iniinense glacier. Snow full.s every inontli in liie
year except July.

The trees are not more than six feet high. A few Krasst'sgrow.
and buttercups and dandelions are found. Some vi-jfeiables arc
occasionally raised, but the hardiest cereals have failed.

The poimlatioii consists of about lO,(Htu Eskimos and 2()ii tii
300 Danes and other Eurojieans.

The skins of seals, reindeer, and other animals, witli eiderdown,

whale oil, whalebone, and lish,

are exported.

Upeniavik, in latitude 73°, is tlie
most iitirtherly altotle of man.

Iceland is reinarkal)le for its

volcanoes and geysers.

MonutHeela is the most noted
volcano. The Gi-eat Geyser
sends up a sti-eam of water 1110
feet high.

The \es4'tatlon of Iceland is

not so dwarfetl and scanty as
that of Greenland, but there

are no trees. T/it ■■ Kur," VniM. I'tari/a »lnii, m nil Kt-jnicl:.

The warm waters of the Gulf Stream teiniwr the eliniate. (irain
will not ripen, but vegetables are i-aised. and enouffh ffrass prows
to sustain cattle ami .siie*'p. AVnol, oil, and ieatliers are exported.
Sea-fowl, including the eider-duck, abound.

Tlie poiuilation i.s alH>ut 6y,()l)(). The jjcople aiv fond of literature,
and have made valuable contributions tc) tho history of America,
which it api>eiirs was visited by an Icelander .lOO yciirs befon* Colum-
bus. Reykjavik {nk'yah-nk), tlie chief t«j\vn, is a small hamlet,
but the seat of a college.

4. The Arctic R^ions of North Ameri(;a liave l>een the
sceneof many ex])lor.itions during tlie last four centuries. Among
the explorers nuiy bo mentioned Hudson, Parry, Ross, Franklin,
McClure, Hall, Narcs, Norilenskiold, Greely. Peary, and Amund-
sen.

It was fonnerly supi>osed that vessels eoiild sail tlin)Ui!-li IJallins's Hay,
jMiss westward into Hering Strait, enter the I'acilir. and tlien cross
to China and the F^jist Indies. This course was called llu; N(»rtli-

west Paiuuisre. In 1854 Capt. McClure and his men cnmi
from Bering Strait to Baffin's Bay, but lon{^ before they reached tki
latter tliey were forced to abandon their vessel. The journfy^
cupied more than three winters. In 1905 Capt. Amundsen madetk
passage in a nhip from Baffin's Bay to Mackenzie Bay. TheXw^
west Passiige is useless for purposes of commerce.

The climate of the Arctic regions is intensely cold. Ii is fn-

quently 5(1° below o°. OlacierH fill the valleys of GreenlaD"!.

and slide down into the water, Ijirge masses, sometimes miki

in length and hundreds of feet bigli, break off and float av^.

They arc called leebergrM. They are carried by corrNiti

the Atlantic Ocean, where vessels often meet aad sometimci'

against thom.

Durin<r tlie six months of the Arctic iilglit the aurora often
tbc sunless sky with its brilliant streamers of red, green, and
lijrht.

On the Arctic slior<>s scarcely anytliin^ grows but mosses and liclKtA.

The native liiliabitauts of

these regions are calletl Eskimos.
They are stunted in bodyanj
ignorant in mind. Their lira
are spent in liunting, eating,
and keeping themselves warn.
They kill great numbers of seals
and walruses. The flesh ct
these animals serves for fi>*l
their skins for clothing, und
their fat for fuel. The Eskiroa

A hul an<i a knyuk. or niitKt canoe. lUJlko lUany thtngS Of bOM

which we miike of wood, iron or other metals.

Few IhikI animals can exist in these desolate reg:ions. The mott
ini|>ort:int are tlie Kskinio do(^ and the jxilar bear. The do^ isujrd
by tlie }'lskiinr)s to draw their Kl(tdffc,s over the snow and ice. The
.seals and walruses live partly on shoi-e and partly in the waier.
In the Arctic seas one siH'cies of whale makes his home.

Lieut. Peaiy, now ;i commander in the United States navy, was
sent to Greenland to determine whether or not it was an island.
For his success
in tills work lie
received medals
from the geo-
graphical socie-
ties of America
and Europe. lie
tnadu his liead-
(juarters at ^Mc-
(.'onnick IJay, on
the west coast of
Greenland, and made e.xcursions on sledges into the inteziori^
along the coast. The pictures on this page were photogrnfilp
by one of his party. The photographs were taken at mi<tiii | ^
about the last of Jime.

Ilevlew Topics. — What i>siii<l of Xcwfimndland ? St. John's ? nwOoil
IJiuiks. Ari'ii. Value. I'i^li. ]-'<>;.'s. I.nlan(li>r. Products. Fisheries. I
lilt ion. I)niii>li AiniTicji. fJrcfiihiiitl. Ve^'tntion. Poptilntion. W!»f
Towns. I(-i'liit)il. Il- vfp'l;iti(>ti. A III mills. Fish. Populmtion. Chief t
Arciic rf;:ioiis. Noiiliw.^-ii rnssii^'c. I'liimite. Icebergs. Aurora. Ve^tstiaL
li]!i;il)ittinls. Aniitiiils.

Stone KuU or igloot.

XT^VI. MEXICO.

B.. Mexico lies south of tlie United States, and between the

pf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.

p- Surface. — The greater part of the country is an immense

rkmtbar vt Vtra Cnu. (A« Mopan of the CUiraJ ituu^, arui t.'u: uuUe o/ :iunJit^--
Tht ioiB taaal mag h» Mm on Iha rnfU.

ibleland supported by two ranges of lofty mountains, with a
jdt of lowland on both coasts.

' The lowland varies in breadth from a few miles to one hundred or
morft.

; The tublc-land rises precipit4iu8ly from the lowland, and is fmm s 000
to 8,000 feel above the sea. Ution it are inoun-
taln»of ^reat elevation. Many of their ]>eaks arc
capped with perpetual snnw, 8<nne of tliem are
voli'HiifM^, as Ori-
3»ha and Popo-
catepetl (smoking
tnoxintain).

6. Climate.— Mex-

k>, like all tropical

puntries, has a dry

id a rainy season.

be 1att«r begins in

^ne and lasts tiU

liovember.
The temperature
toording to the

t inr Liii ihe Ctntri^ PiaUav, ahowitt^ Uit nilaga oi CAi/<uaAua and f-ofnrftUeptU.

4. Miuee. — ^The table-land is rich in mines of gold and

silver, copper, lead, and quicksilver.

It in A part of the i^reat mountain syatftm, conaistinp of the Rocky
Mouutuins and the Andes. M'hich ko altonndK in mineraJs that it
may be calkd the metal -prod uciUR treasury of Uie Western Hemi-
sphere. MextL-o pn)du4:e3i mure silver than any otlier country,
and ranks wvond in copper.

8 o n o r a ,

tiHih'icah)
(fftotih-nn-
richest in

>i/t<er miU at GuanajiuUo.

dravn araund iSt ci

varies
elevation.

. The lowland rotrloii is but and unheattlif ul. The Mexicans call

Jterra Ctilknit: (Iiot land).

I'STellow furer i<t a common and fatal disease in thin region.

j The tnblo-laud is known as Tierra Templada (teni[>erate land).

Ib climate is delightful.

1 The houses are built without chimneyd, m the winters are not cold
ttnouf^li tomuko Hres necessiirj'. The heat in summer is in»top]«x-^ive,
iBlowerM. fruiu, and vegetables gruw all ibr y.w

Chihuahua (cA«-
and Guanajuato

/( im/t 'to) are the states
iiiinerala. 200,000
men are employed in
mining.

6. ProductioiiB.
— The lowland for-
uKts abound in ma-
hogany and other
cabinet woods.
Among the vt^ye-
rS;f5SSK!!r^!S??fT!lH table products are
..«/.! (A, ,i,wri:«*i«*wwii.v (A, «rrf«n/. sugar, bananas, or-
anges, lemons, vanilla, cacao, and the maguey
(morffimy') or Mexican aloe, which is cultivated
-^tt.i^««M for its juice.
Tlie ea<»o of commerce is tlie aeed of the cacao tree. A well-known
preparation of eacan is chocolate. The andent Mexicans called it
chocotatl.
Tlie nmgiiey or pulque plant is pecidiar (o Mexico. Its leaves served
the Aztecs in place of pajier. The juice when fi-rmctited i.s ilie na-
tional beveraRB. A variety of the pulque plant yields a bind of hemp
called, from the place of its export, SLtal tseauhl') beuip^

The produrtlons of tiie tnijic-iand are cotton, coffee, tobacco,
and gniin.

Tlie cotton plant produces for several yeant ttif^ther.

In many diFtricts three, and even four, crops of Indian com are raised
during the yeaiv It is one of Uie great food pluiitji of Mexico. Tlie
inhabitants of the lowland subsist largely upon the banana and
plantain.

MEXICO.

Silver, mahog-
iiny, hides, coffee,
;i nd Sisiil liemp
: tT' the chief ex-

iiUiniis of horsos.
ratllo, sli(X>[>, uikI
iTuata are raised ou
the ranches of
Mexico. Majiy of
thfiii ui-e ex|Hirted
to tlie United

SUltfti.

The forct^ni trade of Mexico is almost entirely wilh tliis comitr>'.
Vaslaniouiitsof Stwil hoiiip ni-e brouK^it Ui New Orleans, New York,
and Mobile 1" W iniiiU- inUi corcliijje and roarse canvas for wrapping
cotton bales and niukitit; biigs. CoppfP and lead ores are brought
to Uii! lhiite<l States to be wuelu-d. Hides, vaT>illa. aud nmho^ny
are other lejuliii^^ imports. 3ltuiii(>: niii4-liiiifr.v, tim-
ber, expIONivirit, and raw ootton are our principal
exports to Mexico.
;* 6. Race and Religion.— Tlie SpanianU avf tli

dominant

Tftce. Their

ovumrv •o»n« in Mtxieo, TSt ptricna glm*dina in front of iHv AmI
farm taborm. Thty "'x <f<!«f»iitf^nM of old Indian raoet utSa
<S«ulaMi^ t>v At Spani4ifd», bul ore m>\e irtt.

centers of manufacture. The lust-
nanuKl city has the lurgost cotton
iniluslrii-s in Mexiro.

tiiiHuiOiiHto, PHebtii-n, Monte-
rey, and IMielilil ui-e centers of
gold and silver niininfr. Guo-
tlaligara has tniuiufactures of
stwl and metal ytwHls.

Snii l.iii.s PotoMl and I>iinitiL:i>
are in rich grazinff rejfions anii
have a large trade in caiilt-
leather, hides, and w(m>1. Merida
manufactures cordaK«.hainni<K-kv
and straw poods, and has the chief
export trade in Sisal hemp throu)?h

'-■ i ..

■^i

Tht III

! languag-e

the language
i -of tlie coun-
I try. They
: are Roman
', Catholics.

A 1 1 forms o f

religion are

tolerated.

i^ 7. G o V -

,'«mnaent.— In 1821 Mexico I«Hvime independent of y^„„^ ,^,j^ i„ M.^in. Yo^fxr
; Spain. It is a Federal Kepublic, comprising ...^a o^tumt^^ <« rf^Je^u,
twentyseven States, two Territories, and a Federal District.
8. Cities. — The tyipital, Mexico, is situated on a table-land
about 7,500 feet above the sea and is surrounded byloftv niounUiins.
It is a very ancient city and was the capital of the country when it
Viis first discovered by Cortez. It has nnmerous factories pro-
<tncing rotton and other textiles, paper, pottery, and other wares.

The tnuiiiifilctlires of Mexico are chiefly coarse cloths, leather, eijfars.
and other articles which are consumed at liome. The Hiier qualities
of {foods ai-e used nnly by lh>* w■e^dtllier classes and are ini[iorted from
EMro)>e. I^nn, Morelin, Piietflii, and Qnirretaro are iiii)Kir(tuU

mm Ivr dryina . .

U Ami foekai -tn tam* tor vl^^'nml,

the jKjrt of Pr«{fre»«>. Oaxaeu is the center of coffee, supir, and
chocolate iiidtistries. It is celehniU-d for cochineal, and its cofTe*- ia
the tlnest produced in the- Americas. AgiiA»i*ulieut«ii is in the
midst of a fruit growing district; near it are warm sprinss from

wlik-h it takes it;« name.

Taiiipico, Vera Cmz, Cariiieu. and Proffreso arc the

clii^f seaports on tJie gulf coubI: Oiiayiiiaa. Mazatlaii,
Manzanlllo. and Acapule», on the Pmific. All of

lln's.' i».rt.s are connected with the United Rtulex by mlcani-
ship lines. There are aI«o river counectidns between the
IMirts and interior cities and tlie United .States.
.Vnclent Citio«.— More than two tlnmsitud years ago
there wtre many llouriKhing cilivs in Mexico, chiefly in
Yucatan. The ruins of these cities are still in existence.
Uxmar. in Yucatan, covered Rftven bquare miles of
-;rt>und. Their temples and palaces wei» built of

dressed stone
adorned with
Ntatues and
carvings.
These cities
were built by
the Mayas,
who were
Indians. They
migrated into
Mexico from
the north,
ii n d were
p r (} h a b I y
driven by the
The Mavas

from them an-
UaJ toin4 mr>r-
rittJ u<o>non it
prrttfit. B « '
front baieoHiif
thru muy tatk
witkyoungmrti.

A at- 'i in {".f Cifv •>! M'l ■:■)

Aztecs iiilo Yucatan, wliere their descendants siill live.

of to-day are a more intellectual people than olher Mexican Indians.

Their featurcji are more reline<I and inoiii- like the C'auciisians. During

the last century they look up «nns against Die govemment hiuI tried

to win their

independence,

but failed.

Il-rd'^-tvt viev ol iht '-'ifV of 1fcj-i«». •'■OTim /W jWntmu; and m f r diaHtnir (he

Review Top-

(cM. — Jlow is tIexicD
^ituHtud ? LowIbiiiIs.
The tabl«-latid. Vi,].
canoes. How tre the
'^■ii;9fjnti msrked? De-
scribe ihe cliinate of
Iho luwlaiid. The
upland, It^ cliiimtc.
Mines? VAinf the
rii;lic8t provinces.
The productions of
llio lowland. The pulqiie plant. The productions of ihp table-land. Exports.
Tlie tlutnitiant race. Keliifion. Kwnn of Kovernnicnt. What i? »id of tho City
(if Mexico? Name olhor cities on the Uble-lund. What are the seaports on tb«
Oulf ? On the Pacific? Wliat la said of the ancient cities?

Tht ,-itu I-' G<i<id-''<i;r.

»s

CENTRAL AMERICA.— "WEST IXDIES.

XI-VII. CKNTUAL. AMKRIC'A.

1. Position.— Central America occupies the extreme southern
ph;.r^:.:;a ot oar continent, and lies between tlie Caribbean Sea and
the Pacific^ Jcea n.

Ic includes the
six Republics of
Guatemala

Salvador, Hun-
daraH, Nicar-
agua {nik-ar'
a/i'gicaA), Costa
Rtca, and Pan-
ama and a Rrit- -^ MmnfoAi nod fnm Ou cout ta tkt pinttau in Central Am^ita.

ish colony known as British Hondnrats or Belize,

The entire population of Central America is not equal to that of the
State of New York.

2. In surfEice Central America resembles Mexico. It is situ-
ated in the belt of Tolcanoes that girdle the Pacific Ocean.

CoRejniina (ko-aay-ghee'nah). in Xicaras-ria, dtirin^ its eruption in

Ki't. durkened the
iiir liy its ashes at
lihu-fsTiij miles dis-
til nt.

3. Minerals.

— Tlie imumtains
are richly stored
with g<*Id, sil-
ver, copper, mer-
> curv. and other
minerals.

4. Climate. —
The climate is

Port i.iinon, thoviitg tht railroad, ikt pier, and a wttamer
loading with baitanaa.

]ikethat of Mexico; the soil is generous, and it is harvest time
the entire year.

Yet these states ai-e not prosperous, because their inhabitants^ are want-
ing in industry and skill, and political harnionr.

6. Productions. — The principal productions are coifee, bana-
nas, cacao, sugar, indigo, tobacco, and vanilla.

The forests are
most luxuri-
ant tropical
growths and
abound in nia-
hoganr. rose-
wood, and dye-
woods.

Tlie chief ex-
ports are c<*f-
fee, bananas,
indif^. ruitber.

hides, and nia-
hopiny.

The I'nnama Canal i.an NvJi'i ^■' 't f"'i-'ir-. ,- "i-.inv, h\l the I'-.i'.fd
Stalm bought thf ni7*.(# o/ t*t.'t w-ij>:ni .:: f • no-r rtirr-vr'iff ■". :>tr

Our larffest Ini- «wfc, Thurinrthovslhfplui-n'-.e'rKi '■i-.iMW.i.-jii-.i? /*-iv.v^
a ffu>uniiiin pn—, iripvriirht. \*n. l.v ihi- Am -i.r>.<.w.n.ti' i,\. i

ports from

these states are coffee, bananas, and mahogany. We sell them flour.

meats, cloth, iron goods, and niachinery.

6. Race and Belig:ions. — The states of Central America once
Ijelongeil to .S])ain. The dominant race is Spanish. TLe ka-
guii«:e is Spanish : the religion is the Roman Catholic.

7. Cities. — The largest city is New Guatemala. Thecajstak

of the other states are Snn Salvador, Tegucigalpa*

Paiinniu, and Snn Jom*.

Colon, in I*:inum:i. is the eastern terminus of the canal :PctrtMHI^a
Costal Kicu. isconiiected by railroad with San Jo8£, andkh^l

Review Topics.— What p«n of the continent does Central Amerisii
Kanie the ^tuivs. Dvr^ribe the fiirface. The mineral resources. Clinalt ix
these states prosperous? Productions. Exports. Race and religion. CipiUlL

XLVIII. WEST INDIES.

1. Position and Surface. — These islands are like steppinr-
stones across the ocean from Florida to the Orinoco; tfaevan
in sight from one to another, almost all the way.

They separate the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico from the Atlanof.

They keep out the tidal wave, and make both sea and gulf netrli-

tideless.
All of these islands are mountainous except the Bahantu,
which are low, coral islands.

2. Area. — The area of the whole groap taken together is about

twice that of the State
of Xew York.

3. IHvisions.— These
islands form three divi-
sions: the Bahamas,
Greater Antilles, and
Lesser Antilles.

The Greater Antilles are
Cuba, Haiti. Jamaica, and
Porto Rico. The Les*r
Antilles are the group ly-
ing in a semicircle betvrai
Porto Rico and the mouth
of the Orinoco.

4. Ooverxunent.~0f

Bauf-TrTr. ij'i 0>r lai^nd n/ iH. KilU. theSO iwlj^n ^lff, ODIv Ch\A

and Haiti are independent. Cuba is protected by the United

States.

Porto Rico l>elongs to the United States (see p. 81) ; Martinique. St
Bartholomow. and Guadeloupe, to France; St. lliomas. San Juan,
and S;»nt;i Cruz, to Denmark ; Curasao (Jtu-ra-ao') and St. Eustatins,
to the Dutch: the Balianias. Barbados, Jamaica, and most of the
Le.'wer Antilles, to Gn'at Britain.

6. The population is a little larger than that of PennsylTasia.
The inhabitants are mostly negroes or the descendants of Spuidk
settlers. t^]>an-
ish. Knelish. and
F r e n c h a r o
si>oken.

6. Climate. -
The "West In.li.s.
with the excep-
tion of the I'alia-
nias. are all in
the Torrid Znni-.

They have a hut .Vfr^l ».>-.r .« /'..«/* Pwrr<. m the Mana «/ OwnUUnntt.

WEST INDIES.

A tuffctr mUi in Cuba.

oUiiiate, and during the sammer months an abundant niirifHl!. \o
low ever falls; but frost occurs somotimesonthehigliestmountains.

7. Productions. — The sug-ar crop is of more value than all
bhera combined. Next in order are tobacco, tropical fruits, and

fee. The people depend largely for food uixm the yajn, the
Eantain, and the banana. Flourand meat are inijiorted from the
United States. Otlier imports from this country are coal, lum-
ber, cotton gocxis, and iron and steel. The sugar crop of Cuba and
the other islands is almost entirely sold to the Uniteti States,
tobacco, tropical fruits, coifee, and ginger are other exportK.

8. Cuba is called the " Queen of the Antilles."
lis 730 miles long, and nvcnair^s ^'.O miles in width.

It ranks first in the
world in the pro-
duction of cane
sugar. I ts tobacc( i
and cigars are the
finest in the world,
Its forests abound
invalanble woods.
Its mines yieh

8aiitn Onmliiiro, the ciapital nf thn Republic of the same name, is ibe
fililcst Eiii-n|H:-ati cily iti ihf New Wurld. It was founded in ISM.
Purt lui Prince h the cHpittd uf Haili.

10. Jamaica is the third of the West Indies in size. Klngft-
ton is its capital.

The cultivation and export of bauunus is a very large and
protiUiblf? industry. A sjHicial line uf steamers is employed la
carrying tlie fruit to the United States.

11. St. Thomas derives its importance from its fine harbor
It is a free port, where vessels pay no harbor dues.

Ill foiuscqut-Mce of this, (lie West Iiulia iiiuil-!4leaiuerM of England
and Francp iDiike it their rendez%'uuM, wIhtp they meet the mnaller
sti^inicra from ueighboring: port*, and exchange cargoes and passen-
gers.

12. Barbados is the headcjuartei-s of English truops in the
West Indies. Sugar is the staple jiroduct.

Santa Lucia is a hijEcIily fortified naval station of Great Britain.

13. Trinidad. {Trinity) almost joins South America.

It is celebmted for a lake of pitch or aitplmlt, from whk-li imiiieoBe
quaultties , _^-—-^^^ arc auiumUy Uiken,

while yet

t .ipital,
tobacco

copper and iron.
, Hu vHua, the

I great sugar and ^'**"" """"
ket. It is the largest city and chief port of the West Indies.
r

there is no perceiHible
diminution of it. As-
phalt is used to make
thfi r.ompnsition with
w Inch iiiH II y side-
walks hihI striH'ls are
paved. Trinidad be-
longs toOreat Britain.

14. The Baha-
ma Islands are
formed of c t> r a I
rock. SpongeSj
green turtles, pine-

iiKples, cotton, and Sisal hemp are exjjorted.

IS a
mar-

MatanzaH, Snntliif^o. Cienfiiegos and Cardenas ureiinpoilant sea-
port*!. \i Santiajfo most of the fighting wu-s douedufiiig lhe8punish
war iu 1898. Here the Siwnish fleet was totally destroyed. Puerto
Principe is an important inland city.

9. Haiti consists of two Republics. Santo l>oiniiifiro and Haiti.

Watliug l!«h«ii(l was the first land discovered by

ColunihiiK in l-l»a.
Tlie Turk'.-* IiilniKlrt, whioh ai-e uniuug the Bahainas. export large

quantiiii^ of sail. Tliis in obtained, from sca-walur cvaporaicd in

"salt pans,"
Na>wau, tl^p oapitiil of the Balianias, is a g'reat resnrt for invalidx,

16. The Bermudas, which consist of 3t;o coral isles, lie to the
north of the West
Indies. They be-
long- to Great
Britain. About
20 of them are in-
habited. They an^
filmed for their
lilies, ontitns, and
|Mttnto<>N. Large
t| uantities are
oxportefl.

■r.i;.'iMi' Ji' !'•■ 'Ci' '11" II

— ( ip.)i''inf <i )ilt.in.»fiip

The liouses are
built of blocks of coral sawed into shape. These harden when ex-
posed to Ihe nir.
Itevli'W Topicv. — litttatinn of the Wost Indies. Surfnce. Area. Diviitioiut.

Nftini- Ilie Orpftt^r Aiitilli>5, The Le«»r. Polilina) condition of the iflaiuU.
PopiitAlion, Languttge. Climate. Prnduc-ttons. Descrilw C'uba. Havana. Haiti
Jamaica. St. Tlioinas. Itartmdos. Trinidad. Thi Bahamas. The Bermudaa.

SOUTH AMERICA.

XLIX. PHYSICAL FKATrUE8.

1. South America is irinnguhir ia sbiqie. It lies purtlv iu
ooth the nurtlictni aiit) llmM>utlH>ri) iieinUpliures; but by fur tlie
lariB:er portion of it is in the southern.

3. Surface.— The surface of the continent is naturally divide*!
inti» finir iv/jiuiis : 1. The Aiulettti PluU-iiu; 11. The HfK:liluncl
of Bnizil; HI. The lIlKlilaud of Uufumi ; IV. The <ireat Ccii-
iral Plulit, which extends the entire length of the continent.

ThrGrnil < ritlnti i'tum

Aremlina, tr\lh thf AtidrM wtoutttaxn* in fAa

On tA« Andmn PbUtau.

MAP STIIJIES. — Wlint two

oceans tiiirruiiml S<jiith Ainei-icai

"WliBt KCH on tho north f Great oc«an

current on tho northeiistorii const?

Whal pfpat currpnt on tlio weat

coast f What i;* tlie Klinfie of tlm r-nn-

tinenl? What dinx'tinn!* Uavv iht-

Atlantic coasts of Soutli Anicricu..'

WImt is the general direction of the

Pacific coast? Wbat b«y and ^idf

on opposite sides of the Isthmii>4 of .

Pnnninaf What ixland forms (he *»

soalhLTu cxtrenuty of the cuiitiheuli Wliat group to the ejtst? Wliat is-

lanciK otf the uorthern cojLst/ Wliat inland at tho niuuth ul the AniiuwiTi?

WhalBlraitlietweenTierradel Fue^'onnd themainland? Wliat is t}ie most

northern point of tho continent/ Sonlhorn? F^^tern? Wi?stcrn^ What

wiiidti blow cMinstantly within tho Tropics? Wliicli of these winds blows

upon the coastbetween Oqw St. R»h|hu anil fjipe Fi-io? Wliat part of the

C4>ast is rainless? What cain' on the Brazilian coast near the Tropic of

Capricorn? WJiat desert on the western const opposite this slope?

Surface.—Jndgiuffby the colors of the map. is most of South America
high or low? WTierois the most elevated jKirtionf Wliat inountuins
form it ? Point out the Cnmhre (konm-iimy) Pass. (77ic railroad from
Bitenoft Airfis to Vatparaiiu} iti to cross the jxisg.)

Where does the lowluiid chiefly lie? What two highlands iu the
eastern part of the cunlinent/ What great plateau in the western ( What
lies between these high regions? "What Ihr«M> river basins does the Central
Plain coniprisef What name is given to tlie grassy plains in llie valley
of the OrinocoT To the forest plains of the Amazon? ^Vhere are the
{>ampas?

Kivere and Lakes.— What gre&t riventdrain South Aniorica? Among
what mountains does the Amazon risef Where is the Hnallagar Tlie
Ucayali {oo.kfc.yfi.l«) ? The Madeira? Tapajos? Tfwantins? In what general
direction do they all flow? In what direction does the Amazon flow?
How many miKiths has it; In what direction tines the Orinoco flow? The
Paraguay? Where ere the three largest branches of the La Plata? By
what riverscould you pass from the Orinoco to the Amazon? What lake
near the northern coast? On the Rolirian Plateau?

(*llmat«.— In what zone is hII of South America north of Cape Frio
and the Desert of Atacanm? Thnjugh what river-vallpy doeji the ef|uator
pass? What kind of cliniale. then, is found in most of South America?
In the most ftouthern portion?

3. Andean Plateau.— The Andes skirt the shores of th«}V
ciiic all the way from Tutugonia to Panama.

Tlicy consist of paralle) ranges callcl c<»rdillLTnis of which ibe
two most iii)|>ortant are known as the cordillera of the Ccut,
and the cordillera of the Interior.

Between thc'se are elevated plateaus, the highest of which u Vm
Plati'uii of It«*Hvia.

Ail the wny from the Slniit of Magrdlan to the TxlhiiiUK of Paniinn
there is, armnged along the top of tlie Andes like a Uue uf wnlnieh,
u succession of KiMiw-cap|MMl volcHDoea, many of them hijflier tins
the liighi>st peak in North America. Some of them reach the ha^ \
of ab4)Ut a5,UU0 feet.

4. The Highland of Brazil extends from the La Plata iiortk*
n*iinl. nearly to the Amazon. It is traversed by |>aralled rao^j
of mountains, some of whioli are from r>,fl()0 to 8,(K>0 feet higt,

6. The Highland of Guiana rises abruptly from tlie pUioj
lietween the Orinoco and the Amiizon.
6. The Great Central Plain consists of the valleys of ti»

Orinoco, the Amazon, and tlie
La Plata.

Tlic elevations irhioh sepnntp Ibt

iifadwalers of these sinvims mnn
l.iw that the tliree vaUfystnnTtr
rotisidered as forming uite grt-.;!
(iliiin. Hence, with tHHinifru;:^
unn-s. all the rain that fall» ud
Huiilinent linds its wny back loiiit'
-..n thniugli the Ainiizon. the U
■ 'l;tt;i, und the ( >riniK.*ti.

thf limtiJi'in UijhSni\i{ Thit it an eld {ilatrau vrom douT. ,
7*^* fmi'n of y"ck mtiJai Mhcrtrv 'Mif merrJ-an'iitf li eamud itU ■
Hrru\\inn lUohit^nri find I'u producta oarr-'fi (o ihr luarttt raHrtOti .

Prodiictlnnt*.— ^Tiat minerals are found nmong the Andes? Whew
is the diamond n^^inu of South Amnrica? On what i>art of tlie ooutii
nitrate found? Where is guano found? ((fuano is used a» «
fertilizer. )

Name some of the vegetable productions of the Valley of tho Ajnimt.
Wliere do you find cinchona l>ark? Wlieal? Wliat are some of it*
vegetable products of the Brazili.in Highland? Wliere do you Snd lii*
miiniuc? Where is India ruhlier found? 'WTiBt valuable cabinet -foodt
are found in the Amazon Valley?

Animals. — TAHiat animals abound on the Pampas? Where it tb*
condor found? Ttic armmlillof The sloth? For what ahell-bli »
Guayaquil famed?

Wliat curious fish in the Orinoco? What dangerous animal id thi
Amazon Vulln-y? Whnt birds and insects are found here? What Sfa-'w'
in the South Atlantic? What bird belongs to the southern extremitj'''
the continent?

100

SOUTH AMERICA: PHYSICAL FEATURES.

Different portions of the Great Central Flain are called Pampas,
Selras, and Uanos.

Pampcuk — The vast plains of the La Plata are known as Pam-
pas. They resemble our prairies.

During the iret season they are clothed with a rich growth of tall
grass, and clumps of thistles ten or fifteen feet high; but the long
summer droufirlits destroy the vegetation, and these pampas become
arid wastes.

Selvas. — The Selvas are densely wooded plains occupying a

large part of the valley of the Amazon.

The vegetation here is of the most remarkable and luxuriant descrip-
tion. The trees are of gigantic growth and endless variety.

Air-plants and climbing vines of the most fantastic shapes, with
leaves of extraordinary beauty, and the most brilliant and curious
flowers, hang from the brandies and festoon the forests.

Among the trees are the India rubber tree, the cow-tree, and palms in
great variety; among them is the wax -palm, from which valuable
wax is obtained. *

The lilazLOS (lyah'ndz), or plains of the Orinoco, extend from

the shores of the Caribbean Sea to the foot of the mountains.

They are dotted here and there with clnmps of trees.

a'JUl USIHM.

moantvim in i!^e dishnux.

In tlie ratny season a vast extent of tbese plains is overflowed, and
becomes, like the borders of the Lower Nile, a boundless sea. After
the flood subsides, a most luxuriant growth of grass and flowers
appears-

In the dry season the verdant plains become barren wastes.

OonRBnB.

Sqr. HIlM.

PopolBtlon.

OocrwTRizs.

ArMln
8i|r. Hilts.

PopulMJon.

The Oaianas....
RepnM%e».

TheUnitedStates

201,010

8,218,180
503,048
478.203
116.000

875,756

14.888,915
2,44i816
8,916,866
1,400,000

Sepubliea.

695,783

703,400

807,620

1,186,840

157,000
72,210

4,609,999

2,181,415

Chile

2,713.145

6,160,086

580,108

978,073

Colombia

Uruffuay

MAP STUDIES. — What country occupies most of the eastern por-
tion of South America? The southern? What countries are traversed
by the Andes? Which border on the Caribbean Sea?

Brazil. — 'What two states do not touch Brazil? Wbat great river
drainsalargepart of Brazil? How near the Pacific is its source? Through
how many degrees of longitude does it flow? What two rivers have tlieir
source near the town of Diamantino? What do you judge from tlio fact
that one flows north and the otlier south? What river enters tho Atlantic
south of Cape St. Augustin? What portion of Brazil is mountainous?
Where is Rio? Bahia? Pernambuco? Para? Maranhuo?

Guiana.— To what nations do the Guiauas belong? What are their
capitals?

A bt^C C""H'ia tic ihf ••t"t/tli oi Ihi- Atf-atr-n. I) iovfr-t hkt t ft*ii'i/ *uff rolling tip on a n^
aliore. tiul lAa treUikcTi drr eCuMrd bu Che meeUnC ot tf^ hlroaO eMrtnit afui tiU lidi.

7. Rivers. — ■Thethreegreat rivers, the Amazon, the La Plata,
and the Orinoco, with their tributaries, include nearly aU tk
large streams of South America, and ooDstituto the grandest sys-
tem of waterconrsCB on the globe.

The Aniiizun is one of the longest and larg^t rivers in tlv
world. It rises in Lake Lauricocha, in the Andes, and flon
jicross the continent. Its length is upwards of 3, TOO miles.

In some places, even far away from the sea, it ia bo broad t}utk
vessel sailing upon it may be out of sight of land.

The Amuxon dmitis a lai^er arfa and discharges more water into the
ocean than any other river. Its current is perceived 200 miles odl
at sea; wliile the tide is felt 400 miles up its channel.

Sometimes the tide, instead of rising slowly, enters the mDUtb of ttc
river a& p. perpendicular wall of water. This ia called a borc< A
mass of water 12 or IS feet high rolls up the stream with a roar tbit
is heard at the distance of 5 or 6 miles.

From the Rio Negro to the tIcAyali the Amazon is known a> ih^
8oiimueD8, and above the Ucayali river as the Maranon.

The Orinoco, with its tributaries, flows throngh the nortben
portion of the Great Plain, and drains the mountain region of
Ouiana.

This river is connected with the Amazon by the Casaiqniarc ksd!
Xegro rivers, bo that an Indian in his canoe may pass frooi Ik

Aniajoii to the Orinoco,

Tlis La Plata is the Mississippi of Soath America. Its course,
unlike that of the Amazon, is not along parallels of latitude, bat,
like that of the Mississippi^ acrosa them.

Venezuela,— Wliat countriM east of Venezuela? Souths Wertt
Sea on the north? Name its great river. What lake in the northweril
Island off the mouths of the Orinoco? Capital; Where is Mui-
caibo?

Colombia,— What countries border on Colombia? What se4 north)
What cape forma the northern extremity? What isthoins does it icon-
tain ? What two ports on oppodte sides of the isthmufi? WherB is Carta-
gena? Medellin? Barranquillai Wba^t is the <^pital?

Ecuador. — What countries bonier on Ecuador? What circle ck9M
it? Name it>i volcauoeH. Gulf oft the coast. Capital. Seaport

Peru. — Where is Peru? What cape and point on the coast? Iskodi
ofF tbe const? What Hvers traverse Peru? Where is Lake Tidaal
Cuzco? Lima?

BoliTin. — What countries toucb Bolivia? Name flotoe of the rinit
Where IB La Paz? Sucre? Mt.ajra.ta? ISIt. Illimam?

Chile.— In what zones is Chile? On which side of tbe Andsl
Where is Valparaiso? Santiago? Where is the island of ft m Jnu
Foi'iiandez?

Angoiitliin.— What river drains the northern part? Nameitsdiicf
tribuUirins. Where is tho Strait of Ma^llant l^eira del Fu^ol Opt
BlanL'o? Bupnos Airesi Kosario? Cordoba? Mendosal

Paraj^uay.— What countries touch Paraguay? What is the c&|^ti]t

Uruguay* — What countries touch Uruguay^ What ia the capiiall

102

..SfpjJTH AMERICA: GENERAL DESCRIPTION; BRAZIL.

From north to south the Dft'PJdta, with its tributaries, the Paraguay
and Parana, trarers^ ^'degrees of latitude. It drains the southern
portion of the Gr^( Pjain.

Oa the westerQ'fid&of the Andes, aU the way from Patagonia

to Panama, the riv^ are small in volume and short in course.

The mountains- are too near the coast to allow the drainage to gather
into lafg^* streams.

IleTle;W>^opics> — Shape of South America. Divisions of surface. Andes.
Plaleafl, .Volcauoes. liighlaiul of Brazil. Of Guiana. Great Central Plain.
" * ' Selvas. Llanos. The {^reat rivers. The boro. Rivers on the west of

.1 '/yiiiliin *t>m( Pi ."iiJ rjdiiif-j

the, AQUes.

li. CLIMATE, PROnUCTIOXS, IXHABITAXT8,

1. Climate. — The larger part of South America lies within
the tropics.

The Temperature of the lowlands is hot; that of the plateaus
is variable, depend-
ing upon height
above the sea-
level.

Thus, a traveler
ascending the
Amazon would
find in the valley
of the Ucayali a
spring climate
all the year.
Passing on into
the valley of the
Huallaga (htoal-

yah'gah), acooler climate gtill would await bim
Along the Upper Amazon, he would Hnd him-
self in a superb wheat, corn, cattle, hemp, ami
tobacco country, with brig-ht skiea and pleasa]il
days at all seaiioiif;. Still higher be would
enter, at the heigibt of 16,000 feet, the region of
perpetual snow.

South of the Tropic of Capricorn the tem|M!r-
ature is moderate. The extreme aouthem por-
tion of the continent is very cold.

Moisture. — Tiie northeast and southeast
trade winds, which come from the sea, are
laden with moisture when they reach the land. As they ascend
the eastern slope of the Andes, they get cooler and cooler, and
as they cool they drop down their moisture in the shape of rain
or snow. Crossing the snowy heights of the Cordilleras, they
finally reach the western slopes comjiletely robbed of moisture.
Consequently, those western slopes are nearly rainless.

Every drop of water has been wrunjj from the winds while crossing
the Andes, and we see it returning ea.sLwardIy to the sea in the shape
of mountain streams and majestic watercourses.

The eastern nlopeM of the Andes, tiierefore, are clothed with
trees and verdure. The western slopes, for nearly 2, ("tO miles,
in Peru, and the northern part of Chile, arc parched and biirren.

South of latitude 30°, however, the prevailing winds arc from tlip
west, and th(?re tlie conditions an* n-v-erseU; then? the western side i.s
the rainy, and the eastern the dry sicb-.

Had the Andes been on the east coast instead of the west, tropical South
America would liave been a desert.

2. Minerals. — South America is one of the richest mineral

regions of the globe. Gold and silver, precious stones^ coppH.
and other metals abound.

3. Productions. — All the great agricultural production& of Uie
world may be successfully cultivated in South Ajnerica.

Cotton, sugar, tobacco, cacao, coflFee, the banana, rice, the mani*-
froni whose root tapioca is prepared— spices, iiidigo, dyestutfs, ad
ornamental woods abound in this region.

Tlie firreat plains are very productive of wheat and other grains mi
furnish pasturage for countless herds of cattle arid borsee.

4. The AnimalH are remarkable, and are very ualike thos^
the other continents. Among them are the long-tailed monken:
armadillos; the rhea, a bird somewhat like the xVfrican osifk-
the electric eel, that shocks even horses to death; the pecain.
that somewhat resembles a pig and is good to eat; the boa con-
strictor, the lUina, and the alpaca,

5. Inhabitants. — The native inhabitants »:
South America are called Indians. Thev «-
cupy a large part of the continent. Manvtif
them are stiil in a savage state.

A great number of the present population
are descended from European settlers, or are of
mixed descent.

Tlie poople of Brazil are ehlefly of Porta^fnae
descent and s^mik the Porlnguese langua^. In
nearly all the other countries of South Amena

the inbabittnii
are of Spanish oripn
and speak the Bpta
ish language.

Itci-iew To|ii«-

— Clicnate of [tofiol
iSoath ADie;ii:i.
Ohanges of clip"*'*
TemperatUTV of ;
i-rn part of ihe mmii
■iciit. Wb«l TOct

bring rain i6 Sou'i
America? Ho« W
these winds deprir*d of
their moistore? VN
is the cfTeet upon theesstem slopes? The ■western? "VVJiat condiLioiifi •cok
of lat. 30"? South America as a mitieral region. Chief products. Aldfllk
InhaliiUiit!!. ^

T.l. BRAZIT^ GUIANAS, VENEZf EI^A* ■

1. Brazil. — Brazil is the largest and most important coubBt
of South America. It is larger than the United IS.tatcs wftii"«i
Alaska. Until 1889 it was an empire. It is now a i:^pubUc,(W»
sisting of a number of states united like our own.

Physical Features. — The northern portion occtipies ih*
greater part of the valley of the Amazon, and inclndes Ha
selvas. The central and southern portions are tfible-tmid.

Brazil has 30.O0(.» miles of inlaiifl navlgatloH. The Amait'O
drains most of the country. From its length and volume tbft
Indians call it the **King of Eivers."

2. Productions. — Brazil is rich in mineral wealth, but lit^
has been done to make use of it, though gold and diamond mining
are carried on to a considerable extent.

Silver, lead, zinc, iron, and manganese are foand, hut there is little

i/r-rktritJ

The leiuUng ntrricultiiml product is coffee, three-fourths of
lie worlil's Hupply being protiuceil in Bmzil. Cotton, sugar,
tbaoco, cficoa, unil luanitK! are other leading protlucts.

Id the ftouthera parts of tlte country there ore important (grazing
and ilairj-iiiff indiiiilrita conducted by pros-
pfnnis riemiaii and Italian colouicB. Flor-
iAuupolift and Bluraeuaii are gruwintj;
towns ill this section and export large qiian-
titiea of dried bctf, hides, ullow, and dairy
pro<luct«. Still larger quanltties, howevfi-
are imprtrtcd into otljnr parts or the Cfiun
try from Anrtntina and Uriifiiwy.

The rurcKts
of Tir.izil fur-
nish our chief
u p p U e s of
India rubber,
besides larj^e
quantities of
timber, dye-
woods, druj*-s.
and Brazil
nuts.

Brazil
abounds lu bird&andiuM^^-Uof brilliautcolors. Tbeshellfi
of beetles and feathers of birds are worked into various
ornamental forms by the natives. Tliis kind of orua-
mental work is iiot«d for its elegance. It forma an impor-
tant export and is sold in various parts of tho world.

3. Pursuits. — Tho principal industry is agriculture; grazing,
mining, and manufacturing are of less iraportanoo. There are
many sugar factories and some refineries. There are many cot-
ton mills in the cities and a few that manufacture silk and woolen
goods.

^fost manufactured goods used in the country are im}Kirted

Steamers ply between Para, at the mouth of the Amaxon, and Nauta,
in Peru, a distance of 2,200 miles, and between Cuyuba and Buenos
Aires. Brazil has more than 10,000 miles of i-ailroad open for traJfic,
and more than 1.5.0()0 milea of telegraph lines. It is connect«d
with Portugal and the United Stales by ocean telegraphs.

4. Discovery. — Hrazit was accidentally discovered by Cabral,
a Portuguese navigator, in the year 1500.

He was bound to India, and. rnneh airainst Ids will, was drifted to the

westward by tlio trade-
wind, and reached the
sljores of South Amer-
ica nearCape &t.Roque.
Owing to |})i» eipcum-
^la.nce, Hmzil became a
Porluifueso putttcssiou,
ind was colonized by
rtugal.

6, People and

Heligion. — T he i n -
habitants are
« 'f different
r a c e s —
whites, In-
dians, who
for the most
part are
ff holly un-
civilized, and
negroes. The
language is
Portuguese,
the religion

The/^/Jef tTuIuttrj/ in Hranl. TKt ripr *«trMcafft$ btrrin or* gatiurwd train Ui*lrret;thry are
ptti inlvanvtcMiMu^iehrfnovnUMMtd. T\»»»iit»artgvnadmUladnfiulk«»vn.aptrH'htrJt
ihttiMlmo i9 remiyttd from IA4 0tad. Tttm U\*t art aorUdacamiitta leti" iXf^v^Mi in •nclea
lor tkifnnenl. TKt third nnr lAowa th» »hipa at AuUrn* btiitg toadtd ti-M eoffft frvm l)n ear.

Roman Catholic. Other rehgious denominations are tolerated.

6. Cities. — nio de Janeiro (Kio) ia thfj capital and largest
city of the Kepublic. It has an excellent harbor and is, next to
HantMs, the largest coffee market in the world.

BaliiUf the second city, exports coifee and coooa. Pcnuimbiico is in
tho center of the sugar district and exports raw sugar, cotton, and
hides. Para (Belem) is tho leading port in the world for the ship-
ment of rubber. Sao Paulo is in the lieart of the coffee district, and
is connected by railroad with Santos, its wai>ort, and the largest
coffee inarktit in tlie world.
Nlctheroy^ Marauhtio* Porto Ale{{T«, and Rio Orande do Sol
have factories for the manufacture of woolen goods and carpets,
^^^g Pelotus and Poi-to Alegre have a large 'export trade in ogricul-

^^H I tural and dairy products. C'anip'tH is set^nd in the siicrar traxle.

from Great Britain, Germany, and the United Slates. Our
largest imports from Brazil are coffee, rubber, and sugar. Our
exports to that country consist principally of flour, kerosene,
machinery, and hardware.

. .. .Mil fir n.uurm -ttl ij'*if(i i\')4 t-
*t> .iM to iTiiw the ciiu a harbor.

'[.['■-J f'j, U >"I riUl'i

104

GTJIANAS

rD VEJ^ZUELA.

,^4k ,

'luiiy. uhcrt mni ixtiii mrrchiiud'^c ixrr lnruJtil.

7. The Guianas.— These three pmviiices belong res|>ectively
to the British, French, and Dutch. Thejr are the only portions
of South America now dcjx^ndent upon any European pouor.

8. The sfenery is wonderfully picturesque.
Long, flat topped inuiuituiu!* rise abruptly from

the plain, with precipitous 8ide« like walls of

maAonrj. Of these, Mt. Itoraliiia is the mosi

remarkable. It is 18 milea long' aud 7,900 feel

hiBh.
In iliifi region the niinlHll isver)* grftat. The north-
east ti-ade-wiud brings to it copious volumes of

moisture.
The Hirers, dashing down the mniiiitain Bides, form

beautiful t-aNcades aud waterfalls. The tireal

Kaietour waterfall iiiakL-s a clear leap of S22 fet-t
The coHHt iXiuiitry is low, Hat, and swampy.

9. Life. — The air is filled with insects; tlie
forests toem with wild dogs, tiger-cats, and arma
dittos; the tree tops are lively with songsters.
and noisy with howling monkeys.

Exports.— Coffee, sugjir, gold, and the prcxl-
ucts of the forests are the exports.

10. Towns.— The capitals are the largest
towns. <;eorfr«-town is the eapiUl of British ^J^^"^';;^;^ -,:.,;
Guiana, and Pammarlho the capital vf Dutcii i,"^'; *"* "'""" '*' »*"
Guiana. These are the centers of trade. Ciiyeuup (whence ive
get cayenne pepper) is the capital of French Guiana.

11. Venezuela. — The Kopublic of Venezuela is ahout twice
the size of Texan.

mined extensively, and is gathered from shallovr lagoons onihi]
shore.

The leading productions are gold, coffee, sugar, cacao, lu(l&
and rubber.

The Jlora of Venezuela is wonderfully rich and varied. A spedatfj
mimosa, or sensitive plant, ^rows here, whJeli nprr^ds out itigft-l
brella-Khaped lup until it uttainstheenortuous proportioiu of aemi\
hundred feet ui circumference. Orchids, with flowen of car
form and brilliant iiiie, cliu^ tu the branches of the forest Ins]
The "cow--tnM.'"alKo iti fuund here; the uutivea tap it mid ilnwfRo)
it a. milk-like beverage.

The chief exjiorts are coffee, cacao, gold, and cattle proditt]

Several luies of steamers ply between Venezuela and the parti •
Euro[>e. and the UimkhJ tfiatea- Nearly half the foreign tmlr s|

■ith

half
'Mitry. from which Venezuela buys cotton cloth, iim\
product^ kerosene, and lumber in cxcbaugc furad
and asphalt.

14. Ci ties. — Caracas, the capital, is subjfict taj
irtbquakea. It was nearly destroye<l by om3|
1S12.

It ia 6 miles from its port, La Oiiayra, and
.1,(M)G feet above the tiea. ]nitntHitatt>lT in tiic ntt
i.s the ■*Sllla' [the tutddle), a mountain witli l»o[«h!
n-n-x to the hcifrht of 8,600 feet. These peai
In M-4'ii many niileji out at sea, and are land
known to the navigator,

Val4*n<-ln, Alaracalbo, and Ciuclucl Bulivar.oi

the Orin<K'o, are centers of trade.

On the inland of Triiifdad asphalt exists in
qiiutitilifs as to form a lake. A great deal of the
phaU used for paving in the United States is imporui
fnnxi this iitland, which belongs to Groat Britain.

ikt i'<i'

The early Spanish explorers, ubsci-ving that the natives liad built their
bouseji on pileii alon)!- the shores, called the country Venezuela, a
word mpaiiing "Little Venice."

12. Surface.— The northwest and southeast portions of Ven-
ezuela are uiouiitainous. More than two-thirds of the country,
however, consist ot llanos (grassy plainn), u|)on which millions

of cattle, shet-M,

B^'iien- Tupi(*a.— tUuk and tdze of Braxil. Gan»

nictit. Surfnce, Inland uaTifritlon. i>raliiaf[«, JdinenSfr^
ititsi. Whftl is said of th« coffee of Brazil T Olhw «<rr»l

al^mA'.^:!*:^:^*"™' P"^"*"* «"*™^- What do tba forests Ti*lJ!

what arc cattle chiefly raised? Principal punuiiL IV
mercisl facilities. Discovery. People luid rclijrion. Rio. Park Bklus. P*
rambuoo. To what powers do the Oninnas belong? Their scenery. Watrrl»afc
The iHiaat country. Wlml is SHid of tlip animal life? Chief exports. Tern*.
What ilo we gel from Frtiich GiiiaiiB? What is ihc size of Vent- :
so called? Wlial of iho siirftu-'o.? Gix««t. river. Mineral prttdiirts. .■. ,
Espiirt^. VVImt is sai'l of Para'^nst ()lh*r citieR.

and other
stock feetl.

live

A irJTii'iiim' . «jr dill ii'riil"]. (iii tht jiiii(<*iu !■; I ri.iz

The r^iiuutry Is
iRivcrscU by the
Orinoco: its upper
waters divide into
two brunches, one
of which flows into
ihe Itio Nejfro.

13. Productions. — Among the mountains are rich deposits
of gold and copper, which are extensively worked. Salt is

Uaadirm a uhvt/iij.-t u'Un (iitU ui L.uilaa livUtai vn Iht (/ri'.

I.ll. THE ANDEAX 8TATK8.

1. Tht^ Andean States are Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, JIfr
livia, and Chile. They comprise a region very reniarkitble for
its volcanoes and eartliqitakos.

2. (Jhile lies altogether on the western slope of the Andes. H
is for the most part in the South Temperate Zone,

THE ANDEAN STATES.

3. Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Holiviaiire within the Tropics,
Uid are similar in surface, climate, and vegetation.

4. Physical Features.— Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru lie on
li>otii sides (}f the Andes. Each uf them includes a narrow ct^Hist
plain, a large area of inounLnins aud table-lantls, and a jiortion of

ihe low forest plain at the eastern base of the mountains. Bolivia
teeembles its companion states, except that it has no scacoast.

5. Olimate and V^etation.— The,se states have every va-
iety of clin)ate and
vegetation that can bo
iound between the
loiar regions of eterna 1
ro8t and the tropicji!
'e^ions of everlastin;L:
nmiuer.

"i^m

itit't

Here, seated at tlie for>t
of a, in'Oinituiii, :iiii)
surpoundwl willi thn
lusciousfruitsof thi:
tropics, one may cast
luB eyes up toward sj«p.^,^,„|.^.^^.,^«rt*o/.j«rr«Ji,

the snow-cupped far iMimtfnt.

pf-ak above him, and take in nt one view tbo wltolo
ranffe of the vegetable kiiij^lum.

iLud aniMtii; the prutluctH is eitichuiiu, or Peruvijin b:irlv.
the burlc of the cinchona trw-*. ll yi«*hlK the vahialilf
tntMliciiie, f|ujnine. The tree is indigenouK to tlio ensUrru
slo[>es of the AndoM, north of latitude 23" S.. and to uo
other part of the world. It is successfully cultivated,
however, iii India and Java, Central Ampnca, and ihe
West Indif^K.

ii.

■ii^'

1 1

■u

. The Mineral Besources of the Andean States
unsurpassed. They resemble those of our own
■acific Highland.

7. Trade. — The rugged heig-hts of the Andes present
formidable barrier to cj^mmunication and commerce

etween the countries on their opposite sides.

Two ruilwuya, however, already crow* diese mountains and connect
Bolivia with the Pacific: another is being eonstructed from Chile
into the Argentina ; anothei- lemls from Callmi to Faicco along the
head-waters of the Amaawin. But imuKpurtatiun is in general
carrried on by means of niule^ or llamas, and is exceedingly tedious
and dangerous.

»© llama is the camel of the New Wurld, A million of Iheui are
employed as beasts of burden in Bolivia alone.

8. Colombia.— The Itcpublic of Colombia is well situated for
lerce, as it has long; strips of coast and ijood harbors on Iwith

- .V5c

the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. In the llano region
great herds of cattle are kept.

Colombia formerly included the Istlimus of Panama, but recently
Panama declared its iridciKudcnce, and set up a separate govern-
ment of iiK own.

9. Productions,— Silver, gold, platinum, and precious stones-
abound. The emeralds are the purest in the world.
TheagriculturHljtroductionsof every climate may beraisedhere.
The chief exports are cotfee, gold, silver,
live-stock and hides, tobacco, and India rub-
ber. Coffee, oocoaiiuts, hides, and bananas
are sent to the Unite*l States in exchange for
our flour, cloths, meats, coal, and kerosene.

The hnx-sih of the low pluinu contain many va-
riutieij of palms and bamboo. Higher np in
lite niounlain ifgionH n^i-uw the cinchona and
the tree ferns.

10. Cities.— Bugotn, the capital, is situ-
ated about 9,000
feet above the sea
level. It has two
rainy seasons annu-
ally, and its climate
all the year round
is delightful.

nicdi'llin, Car-
tjigenn, and Bar-
rantiiiilla are im-
portant commercial
towns. B u car a-
niHiiga and Curtita
are large coffee cen-
ters. A considerable
trade passes down
(mif minsiui Luto. tliB Magdolcna.

11. Ecuador. — Ecuador is the Spanish for equator. This
Hepublic is crossed by the Equator; hence its name.

It contains a remarkable group of volcanoes.

Among tliem Is tlic donie-shai>ed ChiniUirazo, one of nature's most
impotiing structuroH, xtanding at the euormous elevation of four
miles above the level of the sea. I have seen this mountain by
nnxxilight at u distance of ninety miles.

Another of this wonderful array of burning mountains is the grand
and lerrinc Cutopaxi. The noise of itu eruptions is »aid to have
been hear*! at the distance of six hundred mUes.

The condor, tlie largest bird of tliglit in the world, dwells among the
rugged heights of the Andes. He is fond of feeding upon the shell-
fish found on the beach nf Ecuador, and will leave liia home, 100
miles distjint. twice a dav to secure his meals.

'^-

=*:*-'

ii*

JIS'^

•

12. Productions. — Ecuador contains dejiosits of gold, of em-
eralds, quicksilver, iron, and copper and coal. Of agricultural

>roducts, the most important is cacao.

The princi])al ex^wrts are cacao, coffee, vegetable ivory, gold,
i^mama hats, rubber, and hides. The imports are cotton and
woolen gootls from Eurojw, and machinery, flour, lumber, and
kerosene fifim the t'nited States.

13. Cities. — Qiiiio^ the capital and largest city, is situated

106

ECUA1X)R AXD PERU.

Atarkel in Ijuilo, kruatitjr.

nearly two miles

above the level

of the sea.

-s tliJin eleven
11 i-.n, all wliiU;
with their anow-
capii, are in Tull
viowfnidi Ihf pla-
Z't, or great public
s<lu;iit*of ihJKcily.

OiiayaqiiiUthe

prinoi|>ai seaport,

has ex tentiive

nmnufactures.

The Gulapittfos, or Tui-tle Ishinds. bo callet] from the glgautje. tortoises
found hore, Iwlon^f to Ecuador

Kevlew ToplcH,— Nwrne the AtnU'iin Stares. Which lies enliKlf west of
the Andes »iid mainly in the temperat* tnne't Which are within the T^opic^?
In what uro these ulike? PhysicNl feslurei. Climate and vegvution. Whitt is
said of the cinvbona tree? Tlie miiicral resources. How i5 trade carried <»)
Kross the Andes? The llama. Ilnw is Colombia situated? The Isthmus? Tlie
railwBjr. Mineral product*. Agricullupal. Exporta. BogolS. Other lown^.
Why is Ecuador ao called? Cliimbor&zo. Cotopaxi. The condor. Mineral ]'P~
dnoliun*. Agiioidtnml. Exjxjrts. Quito. What is its [wrt? (ialnpagos Iskn.ls.

IjrT. PERI

1. Peru.— Pen)
has been famed
front the earliest
times for the al-
most fabulous
wcalthofitsmines.

Silver and gold,
quicksilver, cop-
per, lead, and iron
abound. The
silver mines of
Pasco are among
the most celebra-
ted in the world.

KtnlToa4 on U,r M^wrn itoiw
CAoMterri (ou-a-iikp

I'fTU

Ml. 3/t'«l) and

la.ll'H) trft

Many years ago Bilvor wan used in Peru as the lia«er nietalK are with
US; tires of oarriad^ wheels, and tlie commonest household utensils
were of solid silver. I have sccu there, in the early days of thu
Bepublic, Indians sitUni^ at dinner on the dirt tloor of their but, and
eating, without the aid of knife, fork, orspoon, outof a maasi re silver
dish.

3. Rainless Region.— West of the Andes Peru is nearly

rainless.

I have seen wheat piled up on tlie whar\-es of Callao, tyin^r there for
months together in the open air, with no mor»> proleetion from the
weather in tUat rainless port than if it liud been u pile of |>aving-
stones.

The sea along this rainless coast is the most gentle part of the

oc4^.;tn. It Ls seldom ruffled by a storm. liainleaa shoree are

washed by »iorm(t'^8 seas.

Western Peru is supplied with water, both for drinking and for irrigat-
ing the flelfls, iTom the mountain strrains fornu-d hy tlie melting
snows of the Cordilleras. Cultivation depends almost eutircly u2>on
irrigatiou.

3. Productions. — This rainless country, wherever there is

water, produces the most beautiful flowers and delicious fruits.

The cotton-plant, tohucco, and the sweet potato grow all Ihc
the t«ibacco produces continuously. Medicimd plants, such i
shruh and the cinchona ti*ce. and valuable dye woutU. an- fi
the forests. Large quantities uf nibber alao aru jruthered
down tlie Amazon to Para.
The chief exports jiro silver ore, sogar, cotton, coffee,
and the wool of the alpaca. All those products oxoept tW
are exported to some extent to the United States in
our machinery, lumber, flour, cars, and kerosene.
Peru is one of the leading South American States in tb«

of iiiilivays and telegraphs.
Early CivUiziition.— Wlieu Europeans first visited StMitli
Peru wa.1 i-KrcupttKl by u highly civilized trilw of IndiuM.
remains of their great road from QuiUi to Cuzco, and tbenc«
plateau of the Andes into Chile, are sttll to be seen. Tliis
1,500 miles long and 40 feet wide. lu conntnictinfr it, rsrint*
croBsed by suspension bridges, and galleries were cut tbntDgh tlic nxk.
In Cuzco was the great temple of the sun. whicb. in its day, far sz>
passed in costliness of decnrfilioo nnv wbfice in Europe.

4. Gitiu.— U-

ma,tlieciipital.bu

a noble catbednl.

a museum, and x

national Ubrarr.

T is houses are buh

of sun-dried day.

Knrthquiikei; faaTB

desolated it

peatedly. It btt

railways to C^lbo

and other iwinti

Oallao is the pm

of Lama.

.\requiim Utr-e ke'pah), the second ini|x)rtAnt city, is noted f c» in

nuinufiii'tiire of gold iiud silver tiKsuo. and cottons and wmilai*.

Like Lima, it has been laid in ruins several times by eurtbquakei

The great volcano of Misti, a truncated oone, rises on the uulskimrf

the city to the height of nearly 20.000 feet
Pu!t<-u, nearly 14,000 feet above thu sea, is the highest city inthewtril

5. Bolivia was named in honor of the South American "Lib-
erator," J^olivar, to whom it owes its independence.

6. Surface.— This republic is very mountainous, and oompletdy
shut in from the sea. "Western Bolivia contains the bigiiest
plateaus and ridges of the Andes. Ijike Titicaca is partly in Bo-
livia. It is nearly 13, OW feet above the level of the sea. He«
the pressure of the atmosphere is greatly diminished, and empot*.
tion is so rHj)i<l
that the water is
taken up from the
lake OS fast as the
rivers |K>ur it in.
The lake is navi-
gated by steamers.

7. Climate.—
Kast of the Andes
tlie country is gen-
erally well watered
and fertile, bntdry
onthowestofthem. strut in Lwm.

vrirv l/ndi/e m-er a mounbtin itrsam iit t/k* etulrrn aioptt al Un
Amdtt iti Ptru.

BOLIVIA AND CHILE.

107

8. Pro-
ducts. —
iiolivia,
lik« I'eni,
is rich in
minerals.
Tlicmoim-
(.aiiis a-

a^uart in La J .u- and a >ir.itv u/ Ihirmirt

nd in silver, copper, and

One of the products of Bo-
ivia and Peru is tlie plant caller]
which resembles tea.

The l<*af is cheweil \rith unsl:»l:(il
lirue by thft nalivfti or u I;.i ^i-
pjirt of Stiulh America, suuie-

Lakr Tilieaoa, and the ttravj boatt utod Ihtrt.

^wIlat US the hetel-iiiit is used in the East Indies. Itcnables those who
use it to cudura groat fatigue for a nhort lime.
The chief exports arc silver, tin, rubber, bismuth, cincliona.
Ad coca. On account of its inland situation, IMivia has little
peijpi trade. Cottons and woolen goods, machinery, und hard-
,re are imported by n*ay of Mulendo and Antora^i.<«t:i.
9. Clties.^ — The most important cities are on the
,tcau. They have access to the I'acilic by means of
ers on Lake Titicaca and the Peruvian railroad
the Andes.
1m Pbk is the chief city. 8iier<» (soo'krat/) is the capital,
ihough the government usually meets at La Paz.

contains the desert of Atacama {ah-tah-cak'mah). Sooth of
latitude 30° the rainfall is abundant. The prevailing westerly
winds, coming from the Pacific, are laden with moisture which
the Chilean Andes wring from them.

In Peru .-incl northern Chile tlie western siopeH of tlie Andes are rain-
l«8ft and hnrren. In central and southern Cliile t)ie weiilerii slopes
of the Andes are very fertile, iiiakin;r Chile tlie frranary of all that
|)art of South America borderinji^ on the Pacillc (')oean. In the
southern part are vast tracts of vuluable forests, and lumbering is
l«-<n«ning a leading industry.

11. Froductionfl. — Chile is a mineral region. Its
■ ojijier and silver mines are profitably worked.
< uitl is extensively mined. The uitrat'e deposits of
lf|uiquc {c-kekaif) are its most valuable form of
mineral wealth.

Nearly five hundred milliou tons of nitrate have been taken
from the Chile fields and exported, largely to Europe.
The nitrate mines aff run almost entirely by British capital.

In the last few years there have \yee\\ ofitahlished sugar
retineries, snwntills, niaeliine Hhops, and quit« exteuaive
iTutton fttclories. Manufactured goods are, bowevw,
iarffely brought from Kui-ope.

VM\W producea the finest of wheat and the best of timber.
The cliief e.xports are nitrate, cop|>er, silver, and wheat.

The United States imports from Chile nitrate, wool, copper, and lead.
Ourexjiorts toChJiearvcloth, kerosene, iron and stee! goods, lumber,
and fanninir tools. Chile's forei^Ti trade is chiefly with England.

12. This republic is one
4>f the most enterprising
in South America. It has
public schools, good rumls,
and railroads connecting
the larger towns.

■Tiimi FrTn.-iiidi-^ til'"' scene

XjA Paz manufactures hatA and woolens, and is the center of
the t-ucu und cinchona tnulc. Sucre has a university and a
school of mines.

Cocliahnniba contains factories of woolen and ootton gotxls
and e"Ia8sware.

PutuKi, more than 13,000 feet above the sea, is near the fa

ninus silver mines. In its best days, when the mines were worked, it
jiumliered 1^,000 iiiliuhitatits. At present it contains only about
12,000. The mines of Potosi have yielded silver to the amount of
6(H),0(X),000 dollars.

10. Chile. — Chile is a narrow strip of country lying on the
restern slope of the Andes, and extending to the sea.
The northern portion w»mes within the rainless region. It

of the liolitary
residence of Al-
exander Selkirk
for four years, is
an island in th<.-
Pacilic beloiiff-
ing to Chile.
TheAruueHnian
I n d i a u s ar'-
found in tic
southern pari oi
Cliile. Thry;.!-.-
one of the nu*-'
remarkable u:
nnoiviliied races.

mttay. Compare leilh th* narroie. barren valUy m juirtfirm Chiit, ultert iften it no nin.

•• ■ ' ' ■ ■• ' • ' '. Sh\li it: 'tfi' tilt rh'Tr, and
'ji aiitrrj liahlm. JVvlitx ant
..i:catUe.artKa\aIedlntht *hip«.

By their great courage they maintained their

independence for centuries, but at length aubmitied to Uie Chilean

Government.

13. Cities. — Santhi^o is the capital; it has electric lights,

street cars, and is a pi*ogressive city.

The other important ciliLs on the plateau are Coiieepeioii, ChMIaii,

and Tnlco. Tliey arc markets for grain and ealtlo. Atitofiieasta

and Iqulque ship uitrutcs.

8. The Inhahitauta are IndianH or desoendonU of Eurapw

races. They are Roman Catholic in religion.

The henlsmen, who hvcoii the pampas and are called |:iutcbok,ch
uioet oxiwrt horsemen. They chase the ostricli, Lhe wild !*»
and tixti bullock, and throw thr bula, a kind of laxao, with n(ik|r»^
ciHtim that they coo catch the animal by Uie foot while h bBW

in tlifrbu

4. Ar^ntina is the lar^^t state ia Sooth America, exttji

Urazil. It is a repuMic. It contains the ]>;Lnipaa.

V'iliKtiiiiiKh SvlitM I'lt itiilt tipv't u'<>i>i lr.t ittu •■ Ij'fi^ . -Jill/ fAe niirrmt' |Wuin uionu iMr uvltr-

hvnt. Th«r* is a aitav at wAicA tfi\p» duduirgr auvo. TKe htu-bor i« ao crwwrfad liwi moat of
On §Kip* lit at aruiior, and /r«^U and paM»«no»» go to thtnt on tigtiltra and mrnaO fcoafa.

Valparaiso, the port of Santiago, and connected ^vith it
by railway, is the chief seaport of South America on the
Pacific.

Review ToplcH. — For wliut Is Peru noted y ( limtle. Faruiiag. Agricul-
tural jiroduclioris. Rx|)orL». Rntik in rsilvKys. Wliu were the itiieient inhnlii-
taiitM? Tlrfloribe thc-ir great highway. Temple. Whnt \* asid vt Lima? ObIIho?
AreijiiijiaariiJ ItaTol«iiii>? I'asco? Why was Boliviano named? How UIi situatetl?
Lake Titit!uoa. Whia i« said nt Us elerations? MineraU? Coca. Exports.
Where are the must ini[K)rfatil. fiiies? How coiinoctol witli lhe PauiRc? WhaL Is
Bftitl of La Paz'f Siii^r^? C'of^hithamha? Potosi? How h (.'hile oiMiatixl? What
[■artwtlesert? Wlmt isB^tiil of iherHinfall? What iiiakea Clillo the praiiary of South
AinerinA? The mineral prmluL-ts. Agricultural. Exports. I'ublJc Kduoaliori.
What island beIong>< to Chile? Santiago. Valpamisn. The Arauoaniae Indians.

I.1V. THE T.A PLATA

8TATEa

1. Tlie La Plata StaUis incluihi
Ar^onttnn. Panifniay. and Urii-
Ifuuy. With the exception of
Patagonia, which notv forms a
part of Argentina, they a!l lie in
the %'a!leyof the Riu de la Phita.

Rivers.— Tho La Plata, with the
Paraua and Paraguay, fortns a
conlinuau.1 water rtiuto for the

coninierceof this valley. I<arg« steamers ascend far aUuvu Asuncion,
while smaller ones penetrate to Cuyaba, in the heart of firazil.

The valley of the I^a Plata has one of the finest climates in the
world, free from frost and pemarkaldy healthful.

2. Products. — The greater part of this region is a fine agri-
cultural and grazing country. It is one of the world's greatest
wool producers aiul a leading section in the export of heef, mut-
ton, and other animal jiroducts.

Its soil is udapte<l to the cultivation of wheat, corn, coffee,
tobacco, sugar, rice, cacao, hemp, flax, indigo, and manioc.

Gwat numbers of cattlo feed on the (rrassy pampas.

The exports of the La Plata. States are chiefly hides, horns,
tallow, mutton, avooI, wheat, tobacco, and yerba mate (moA'toy).

Ar^ntina imports textiles, clothing, pottery, glass, and machinery
from Great Britain and Germany. From the United States she
receives farming machinery, oil. lumber, twine, wire, railroad sup-
plies, tools, and hardware. Koxt t<.> animal jiifjdia-ts and wheat,
llax-Heed and sugar are the rariet important exports. Wo buy of
Argentina raw wool, hides, goatakinfi, and the bones, homH, and
hoofs of the cattle slaughtered. What use do we make of the«e
things?

Ultip* Imnlina u'ifA OMf at "n ■ f "•■ ■ 'i-irrtm on lh« ly Ptata riivt- a( Bit*^a4 Jva.

About :IU,(MI0,(XM) cattle ^uid ?j,000,l)OU sheep are pastured on the pamju-J
The public lauds are sold ui large tracts to the nmchmen. nhodf
iliem intosec^tiims which they fence with wire. A few men
titke CAre of largo hcitla. Tlie ranch owners are mostly EnipH
u-ntX Scotchmen. Tbcbest cowsare kept fordairy iiur|.H)w^. The!
heef cattle are ship|MKl alive to Eurofaj- Fat slieepand lambs air n^l

sent in the same way. Kiit Ibc li<*|
animals exported are equal lo uoJr
one-sixteemh of iJie f roa-n and dr*4j
beef. The Inrgt^st refrigeralini
for meal in tlie wurh) is at
Aires. A nnllinn curcnsses
and three DiilHon uf sheep ani
and exported antiuaUj.

The poiiulattun is largely for]
eign. The lilNjntl fioUcy adojttai
towanl settlers aetnicLsmnDTin*
migrants from Southern Eoropci

V,...- m /-u^jw^:,. - coui. «n iK» p..™,.« .; Mr ^, Fu.u.. j\ fgeiitina has more milw of j

raiiwiiy than any other South American country. In edocatiuoali
advantages it e.\celsall the other states of Soath America exoeft
Chile. \

6. Cities. — Biieiiua Aires (ho'nus a'ris), the capital, is lliO
the cliiof city of South America and seaport of the T^ Plata basin.

Nutneruus lines of sleamcm connect it with foreign porta.

Cordoba, La Plata, and Ro.^Hrio are important towns. Tuc»>

niiin stands in the garden spot of the Repuhlic.

iAt ritiropolil ol Ike onMnmtt.

EUROPE.

XV. PITYSTCAL PKATFTIKS.

1. Excfipting Australia, Kurupe is the HiuallvHt of the continents,
and lips cUietly in tlio Temperate Z^oe. It ia dneply indented
by arms of tbe sea, and lins therefore great facilities for commerce.

The peiilnsulnH of Grcpoe, Italy, and H|>H.in and Portugal project
from its southern edge, and the Scandinnvian ppninsnla from the
Dorthem.

Europe and Asia ronlly form one great body of land which ia
somotiines called Kurasln.

2. Surface.— Europe consists of a mountain region in the
soittli and a gr'eat central plain, bordered on the east and north-
west by mountains. The northwestern coast is slowly sinking.
The Korth and Baltic Seas and the English channel were once
part of the central plain.

Muiiiitufii Kftiigct.— The principal ranges are The Pyrenees,
The Aljw, The Balkans, The Carpathians, andTheraucasiis, which
utend across Sfjiithern Euro|>e eastward iiilo Asia. TIw'lw'.v

border ranges on the northwest extend through the Scanduuirus

Peninsula and through tircat Britain.

TheAlpsarethehighestniounlainswhoIly in Europe. Tberiif

celebrale<l for their snow-clad peaks, beaatiful lakes, and glacifm

The loftiest peaks nro nboul 15,000 feet abore tlie »«i-Ie\*«i aod

are crowned with perpetual snow.
In the high Vitilfys of tliPLse mountains are InunenAtt maaset o( ik.
culled iclacl4>rs, which arc formed from the snow. Tfaev air tl<nji
ntovinij: iiluwiy down the mnuniainit. and, melting' at the lowor mi
become the sources of rivers. The most famous is the Me? it

iaiace (,*wt of ice). The*«? on«i ijfur
mountains uf southern Eun>p» m
fllill younf;,aiid have noi bf<oavim
down like the older mounUb* V
north wesleni Europe.

The Great Plain, or lowla»l.
extends from tbe L^ral ^founiAia*
westward to tbe B&y of Bisni,
and from the Arctic Ocean sootli-
wMnl to the Black Sea.

Bussia constitutes a Isrge pot-
lion of it. That part of itwbicb
Imitlers on the North Sca&od(l>p
l»;iy of Biscay nuiy bo deaJgnatM
the Athuitic Plain.

3. Rivers, — The rivers of Eu-
rope are much anialler than that
oi America.

il
is

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11-2

EUROPE.

The muuDtain raogres of Europe extend some east and west, some north
and soutl) ; they thei-eforo divido the cojitiueut into a great number
of small river busiiiii.

The nioutitaitis of North and South America, on thccontrary, have a
nearly uniform direction, and divide those eoutiuenla into river
hasius which are few in number and iiiitucuite in size.

The Dannbc, tho Khino, the Kbone, and the Po riso in the
Alpe anil flow into the Bhick Sea, the North Sea^ the Mediter-
ranean, and the Adriatic respectively.

The principal rivers of the Great Plain have their origin in and
near the Valdul HIU8. The Volga is the longest river in Eurojie
(9,300 miles).

Oermanti Arroua iht rir*r i> r

On ttti4 riii*i9 Eltr*i*br*iltlm.

•Ad for1n»». A bridft <n>tiu (A« ICt inc /lerr.

2 ^ j; je

£ "la

4. Climate.— Stretching from tho heated waters of tlie Hii
terranean up to the Arctic Ocean, Kurojm has every virie^
cliniato, except that of equatorial rtgions.

Western Euro|)e, from the North Cape to the Strait ol
raltar, has a milder climate than Eastern Europe, and dudj
resembles that of the western coast of North America.

This isowingto tho warm sea winds from tho southwest, uidto
the influence of the great oceanic flow, which begins in theGi^
Stream and ends in the Atlantic Drift. This current is clttAr
perceptible at the Shetland Islands and off the coast of JUarwm.
In Uie harbor of Hammerfesl^ within die Arctic circle, iot wii
forinij. OutheuLhcr liaiid, the Gulf of Finland, tn Ea»tem bA
thoujfh it lies 12^ of latitude further to the south, is closed vitbii
every year fi-om late in the fall till early in the suiuroer.
The UritisJi lsU*» and Lulirnflur lie between Uio wine jvdifc
of latitude : but, while the English winter is so mild that the [mI
are j,n'eeii all the year, in Labntdor the har))Ofs are ic*>>-butiri4
the ground is covered with snow for nine or U^n iiiouthB hi the7«
The climate of Southern Euru|ie is tempered by the tf^
waters of the Mediterranean and the hot winds from the Sahia.
Its sunnnera are long and its winters mild and short.
6. Minerals. — The nmuntainous portions of Euro(»c are rid

in minerals. Coal, iron, and nil.
lead, tin, zinc, oopper, and quifs
silver abound.

6. Vegetation. — Soathtrii
Euro])eis the land of the vioeud
the fig, the olivo, the lemod, ad
tho orange, and of rioe and otbs
!H--ntl-troplcBl grains.

In Central Europe, betwern:if
Al|)s and the A'oldai HilU, i."

c. - ^ ^ ^

|> g •* W r^ «

- X if - " "

..'-L>mf in iKr riixr. BtbM*n tuv b09l» ia A«|
urrtnt and /umuMt jamwr to gr\nd fmui.

w " ^ ^-^

5 ^ ae

3r^
1=^ ?

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fe.s

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'^ a E . .^ q S ^

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c 2

03 > C (k.

_ k

114

EUROPE: AXIMALS A^'D INHABITANTS.

found the decliUiouM
trees, the grains and or-
chard fruits and vege-
tables of the temperate
zon^.

In Northern Euroiw
we find foreHts of pine,
lir, and spruce, and the
liardy grains, with the
dwarfed plants, mosses,
and lichens which belong
to the Arctic region.

The extreme nortliern part
of the Great Plain border-
ing the Arctic Ocean is, for
nine or ten months, one
continuous cxiianse of snow
and ice. In the suninicr
the ice melts and makes
The ground, however, is never

{Mwr. Many of these old palaces and castles are still Etandiu^ in
differeiit pai-ts of Europe, especially along the Bhine^ in northoB
France, and in England.

9. InhabitantB. — The inhabitants of Europe, in then)aui,ktp
Caucasians. They irxay be classitied as belonging mainly tolhift
great families, the Teiitonle, t.atln, nnd SlavoiiU*-

A eaatU tn Bavarta, naar Mtmteh.

swamps, lakes, and marshes.

thawed deeper than three feet, and the largest plant is a willow that

grows about one finger high.

7. ATtJTTiRln. — The domestic animals common
in our own country are found in nearly all parts
of Europe.

The forests abound with deer and wild boars, hares,
foxes, and f^-bearing^ animals, as the sable, the
marten, and mink. In the high Alps and Pyrenees
are found the cliamois and wild goat, and in North-
ern Europe the reindeer, which furnishes alargo jKirl
of the food and clothing of the inhabitants of Lapland.

8. Contrasts with America. — Unlike America,
Euroi)e is an old country; its nations count their
ages by centuries.

Its resources are well developed and it overflows
with population. Jt contains about four times as
many inhabitants as the Uniteil States, and more
than ten times as many as the whole of South

America. a palaee in I'fHiix,

In Europe, laud is dear and Ubor abundant. In America, - '-

land is comparatively cheap and labor comparatively scarce. —

Hence it is easier for a working man to make a living in America than

in Europe. It is because of this that there is such a large migration

from the Old World to the New.

To an American who visits Europe for the first time, the most striking

features are the high state of improvement of the country, tlie

excellence of the
roads, the vast ex-

Ajr ^T"

Anofd MtSi in iSv—tx. Ermlarui.

The Teiitfiiiic ffiniily includes the people of Ger-nany, ScandiDani.
and KnSjHutid, Russia is the home of the Slavonic braEck but
there an.- other race^ also in European Russia. The Latin nv
iiicliKk- prtiici)mlly the people of Spain, France, and Italy.

Till! Cauca.sian race originated iu Central Asia. Ctr
t;iiii tribes from time to time wandered to Euro;jtdiiij
settled in different parts of that contineut. Separ^i^
by mountains and otHer barriers, tfaete w»g little cwn-
muni(?ation between them. They had no wtiIm
laiit;uage, and in the centuries that passed, each drvrJ
o|)ed a language for itself, so that tliese tribes beaaot
[liffeifnt natio'~.s. But many ■woi-ds, like father and
mother, are nearly alike in all these lang^uages.

Rriii^ir Toiiics. — Conipare Europe in fiize tritb i'h

riLfier LtPiiiLiiiciils, What gives It the great facilities for ■--
iiLfrce? Priiic-ipBl mountain ranges, The .Alps. Theirf]n :■
I'fie Great Pluhi. The Atlantic Plain. Compare JD <:;. ::
nvfra of £urof>e and the New World. In whal dirv. j
■ lo the mouniaiii ranges of Europe ext'end? Of Ameni:
What effect on river basins? Principal river? csf Eunfi^:
hfscriln; iJie Volga. What varieties of climate has Eur-jeil
Cumpare tha chiuRtcH ot £iLs^rti aad Western Europe iA
llaniiiiprfest and the GuK of Finland. Of tbe Britiebi Islini
^ind LjLlirador. Climat« of Southflm Europe. Whst mineni>
ubouiidV' I>e8cribe the Tcgeuiion of SouLbem Europe: Centnl:
Xorthern. ThcaniinalF. Contra&ta nitb America, Inhabilanu.

iTillChwl ULvMiuu i)[ Ruropp.

fiemjontl CaMt. Fraiict,

tent of cultivated
lands in pro])or-
tion to \v<HHlIiinds,
the niimlKT of
cities and villa(,rcs.
At one time tlie
kin^i^i and nobles
of Eur<»(Hj owned
iill the laud and
lived in palHces
iind castles. The
{.Teat ma-sses of tlie
l>eoi)le were vcrv

Viiili'd Kinptlnui.. . , .,...

Englaud autt Wnlr^.

.Sfotiaud , .

Irrlaiui.

Ku^stft in Eiirojjc

SMPfJcil ,

Xn-jrWliV. , , .."...,

^[IWJIJ -

["nrl UL'tkl

hilly...

rJrPWi^

TurkM'v, ,

[!<<ijiiiru]iii .

SfL-vijL . . , ...............

I'miK'i'. . . , . ,

fienmin I'jUiptiL- .

f'Tti^,'*if>.

Jttirurin. .

WtiihiHhtyu .........

Sn.mnif. . .'.

NclliiTliiriiis

litl-iiiiii ,

■\ii<inn-nini/iiry

Sm iui-rliiiiiil, -......,-.,. .

DfiiiiijLrk. ..,....,

fUfiolMkd.

121.391
58,324

83,860

2,01Ki,616

173,876

134,1^
194,783
35,4^
110,550
3^.014
06,850
50. "K»

latcio

207, (J64

184,6(]3
29,282

B,787

IS, (MS

11,873

U1.&33

in.8dd

3S.T6S.4»
4,€27.M

1 06.264. i:i6

0,221.291
9,340.(.t3-J

5,423.1S2

88,21 e.33^

3.ft*5.ir»

2,4Sk2 j-M"

Se.^Ht^T.i:-:'
34.4:2, .W9

e.i7s.05;

4,502.216

,'i.4;W.!'>t

rt,&>-5.?iii
45.4a^«:

a.4a4.::u

GKEAT BKITAIN AND IRELAND.

iir

&. Great Brltciin is tbe foretiiost comiiieiTiul country on the
^lolte. P'or centuries lier sailors and merchauts buve been es-
tablishing trade routes in td\ parts of tlit* world. Her m«^pcliant
vessels are ecjual in number to tbosc
of all other nations combined, ani)
oarry not only her o\rn goods, but
ueiirly half tbo goods of the other
natidUH that lie ulon^ her mutes of
trade. This carrying tra*le is a great
source of wealth to h(?r. The navy nl
Oreal Britain is larger than those c»f
Oermany, France, nnt] the rnitei;
States put to
gather.

10. The Oov-
'ermnent of G reat
SritaiQ is a con
stitutioaaJ mon-
archy. Tbecrown
is hereditarv.

piers extend along the river for twenty miles. Ite chief importM are
otiffee, Uta. apices, and cocoa, and its exports are manufnctureti articles.
Its manufactures are varied and oxtensive.

Ijmilofi is llif srn'itl money ct-nter of tlie Empire and the world, and

trade l>ali»nc«i between fm-eig'ii mercOiatiU
II !t- iNiid tliniugli il» bunks. DiKlunceN east
oi' wv&L uround tbe world are nieimnrcd by
all civili/.e<l luitions from the Meritiian of
Greenwich at L/nidon, and iilt shipcbro-
ntmietent carrv Oroenwitih time.
It IS situateil on both banks of tbe Thames,
»iidcovei*s an ar«'a nearly twice as large
ii^ tho I>ir(trict of Columbia. It bas more
lima 6.OOU.000 inliabiUintii. Parliament
Riw, and iht! king^ holds his court, in
I>mdon. Some of the most noted public

.' w!^ rA«/^/?«^',ri'^v^ buildings in Ix.ndon are tho House of

the

put (otKtAT f> o* to fomt (A«

I'arUainfut. \V«ilmiuster Abbey,

t^5^2s^^

u mWIoa in a Jumace and run iiWo nutliU uKuh (ri'iv fOcA iii.rt tta ptoptr thapf.

The execnti vc
I power is veifted
in the Cabinet,
"which consistit

or tite .llllllH- KAm mU. tiMm autinfft art fittukmtt bu mtttA,nerv.

ters, or lit-H(ls of tlie mTeral departments of the Goremment.
I*arliitiut'nt is the iogr'-'»lntiTe branch of the GoTerument. and corre-
Kpond« trt our Conirn^ss. Il consists of tlie House of Lords and tbf
House of Commons. Tlie members of the latter are
chosen by the peojdi*. The members of the House of
Ijords are noblps and bishops.

11. Religion and Education. — The majority of
the i>eople profess the Protestant religion.

Tbe Epiwropnl CbiircU is the Ksljd)hHhwI Churrh in
Kngland; the Pn-shytcrian in Scotland; hotli are en
dowed by the Government. The majority of the peo-
ple iu Ireland uru Kuinaii C'alliolics.

Kdncatlon is compulsory and there are public schools
ihrouKbniit Grr-nt Britahi.

12. Citiea. — l^udon, the capital of the United

Kin^lom, is the largest city in the world, and the

first in conuuercial importance.

<>n the Tliames. fifty inib-s fn>in its mouth, it is in the
heart of England, and yet a grfat seaport with a short

nitit/coiiatt ihtmi.mtdnuis Tow«, and the British Museum.

■Anir'n im fnlf/t M.

Liverpool ranks next to liOndon in commerce. It is the
great cotton market of Europe. Mnnchester is the chief
center of cotton manufacture.

BiriiiinKhulu is iu the "Black Conntry"—9o called frtwn tlie
rnintb«r of its coal and iron mines. It is the great iron market
of Ktij^'lund.

Li'rids is widely known for its iron and steel industries, and for

the manufacture of woolens and clothinjf; BrndfoMl for broad-

clotli and wortstefi goods of everj* sort; ^'otthiKlium for lacw

and hosiery; and Newcastle for coal trade, f^lass )>oitIes.

and chendcals.

Sheffield is celebrated for

itsfutlery. steel, iiin! pl^trml

traif'rway to the mainland of Europe. Its docks and [<-'<'»'vi><. a. x. Tounr.)

\ ['. caul ilii/ (rut I'land t'Irfi SirtH (ru/ '^/.luv lamuiit aid
|«(rwrf« tn L^indon vhifh at* to tuxrro\u and erotiHtd ikat
\»ir'H atrr uri" not utftl. XoH" 0\» ammhutet in vfiirA
tjMvpIr nrff Al lh<hntdoJFl€*t Street eattttrt**nlKf<lomt
of St. Faulu Vuthtlrui.

MAP STl'Dll^t,— Name the British Isles, \yiiat three divisions
occupy Ibe liirjivst uf Ihrrii? Where is Scotland; Walee?

Kntrlanil anil Wiilrs.— What soa on tbe east? Cliannel and strait
betireen Enijlatid and Kmnct-f AVhat waters ls'tw<»en Gr<!at Britain .ind
Irehuid? What hills belwe4*n S<'«tIaiKt and Knglutid? Where is Anglesey.'
Holyhead^ IsleofWight? Whero are the Scilly Isles f Channel Tslundsf
"Wtiere is Morccandje Biiy? Canligan Bay? Bristol fhanru'li! The Washf
Afenai Htraits. What imrt of Enc"]and is most nmuntainons? Wheif is
Snowdon? Wliat js the i-apilal? On what river? VVhen- is Liver-

ir Oil wliat riverf When.- is Mauchesterf Balford? Bradford?
Slieffield? Notiinghamf ljBic*ifiU>r ! Hriglitonr Portsmouth? Birming-
ham? F^eeds? Bristol; Newcastle? Oxford* Cambridge? CartlifT?

S4*ntlnadt — By what oircan is Scotland nearly eurroundedj What
diannel separates it from Ireland? What sea on the east? What islands
oa the north? Where is the Minch? Where are tbe Shetland Islands

(see map of Europe) ( Where are the HebrideeT Slaffa? Staffri contains
h'ingaVg Cave. Tbe btti/a on tfie Scotch coa»t are called Friths or
Firths. Where is the Frith of Forth? Tay? Moray Firth/ Domochf
Solway Firth* What hills in iJie c**ntral part of Srolland? \Vhen? is
Bon Nevisf 77it» i« the lofiieM peak in Orettt Hrituin, and is about
4,400 /ee( high. What cAiial crosses tlie northern part of Scotland?
\\niere is Ediuburgbf Glasgow? On what river? 7%i»rieer is fam«d
for the orJtm etrtiynnhipH huilt ttprm it Where is Duudeef Invcrncssf "
Aberdeen f Dumfries? Paisley?

Iri'liiHU.— What biMlies of water scparnte Ireland from England?
From Scotland? What orean west and souths Which jioi-tions of the
island are monntainoiis? Where are the Wicklow Mt«. ? Where is Cape
Clear? Several uf the Atlantic cablen terminate on the Irish constat
Valetitia I. WHiere is it? Where is Dublin? BelfaBl? Cork* Queens-
town? Londonderry? Limerick? Maynooth;

3V,r nm UTui /'>Jf (</ (/>r Ufl'i ifi Mr nrrr .W»T.t<-i( i«
I4id tmrnuntr almte daek* hatu bem buill, in/n vAirA fA« «Aip« pata

atrm hkr the gate* ot tt ntnal.

art Mm

'a*4*7tiirr» or*

OOU*

It is celebrat-
ed for itscot'
Lun gootlft,
chetuicals,
iron and
stwl st«am-
sliiiM, and
uiarine en-
dues.

<i«9»i.ond (A* vattr fn*l in Ihe dock rvntain* (A# »am^.
tUmtia al a Itoating ttao*-

Ediuburicii, on account of its institutions of learning' and its
historic [last, is tbo most illustrious city in Scotland. It is noted
fur the publishing' of books and ina|>s.

Dunde<^ J3 exteiisively fngngwl in Uie manufacture of

h'nens, nnil l*»lKl<>y in the inaiiufactiiro of t>h»wls und

carjM't and cotton thr<?4ui.
Inverness stands uL lUv nortliern terminus of the Culc-

donian Canal, which nmhea a water ruulB from the

Atlanlic to the German OcRan.
Carflift',tUechicfcilyaiidp<^>rtof Wales, hasut{rcatcoaltrade.

13. Ireland, in general, is a rollinjjcountry. Much
of tho coast
region con -
tains uiountaiii
ranges of slight
oleiration.

In tho south
west are tht-
far- famed
lakts of Kil
lamey.

'■rm/;v#^

MmM pkfurMQiu »pot» in Europt,

food among the laboring classes. Klax is extensively gnma,
and tho l)cst of linen is made.

Irfland i« a fine stock country. The cnttle find pasture even io •■inte

16. Cities.— Diihlfn, the capital and metropolis of IreUnd.iti
handsome, Nourishing city, and nuinufactures chemicals and niin-
cral \raters. It is the seat of a celebrated university.

ItolfnHt manufactures mof?

than any
world «m

buildings indostrits

fork. Mil '-V
river L«-. U tlip
chief coomwrPTiil
city of aoTitJipm
Ireland.

A t (jiirrii*-
titnn ih? ifw.*
Alluulic tltMo-
era tnke un 411^
put off nwil u4

•nasengci^

lie

<<trk. LlniiT-
i'k, Walrr-
r<>r<l, aiiil Uin-
f)(iii(1«>rry .1 rf
other imjxirljtiL

Mticimf) linan in lMfii»t, Irrlttml. I !'ij >> <i
'kru frorn Ihe Malk of (A* pianl. Il i"i« I'tni'

.'.0 ritii't'.l '■'; 'iijipy

\in.- Wild

Tho climate is vorv nit>is[ and mild, btiriiusc In-laud is tlic

■' A/'ne bu II " futriiint/" tnatAinr. shm.it in rui I. You iiirt trf tkr long nnr Tnuli norl*, hav-

it,\il ramlmi tv>iK4h, 7 Aiy IKen ptut la Ihe maehinr »hoa-u in thf aN«Mf ml. 111? ctlicflt 11
et A. e iX TJ'i'iri • .i.i • -i .■ «iicrt IK* fiitrr» «r» drnitu imt and Iwuiltil inM "rord." Thnt cordt. tortlfr , . .

nrst oi tiio iSntisu Isles to rutch Lbe west winds as they come 'truu-n ^ut. an ttiun ■■</«• lArmt. md i-ovm imo o;<ma tw t;nnnrr» uw iMrm*, impoK tncie it

. , 1 t 1 • t • " •*'» """'A hkt thiHie ut*d ftiT tMtmt. (i'« j/aaa JH.j T'le th%ni ml ahmn k_^„ i , a

fnnn tho sea, warm ana uiden with moisture. »wtrifMi<v*r. «i «vrt. ureattoiuHB.

Ruiiirultij art' fn^qutml. n!t[»x:ially in tlie Hoiithwest. The fields, even in
winter, ai-e always green, ajid Ireland is therefore called the

A thipyurd at (Jiaai/inr ut lAf niuT Clxpte. »Ka\eina an imiumte p^tttrngrr iltamer
nftflu r*oHi/ lor taunrnttt^i

16. The Isle of Man, lying in the Irish Sea, allhoQgb i
part of the Britisli Kmpire is practically independent. It lus»
le^slature of its ovm, but is under a governor appointed by tie
kinpf of England. The pcojde are calle<l Manxmen.

17. Several picturesipie islands, called the rhaiiucl IfJaniU,
lie across tho English Channel ver}' near to France, but beloe^
to Great Uritain. The largest of these are Jersey, CSiu-nuiei.
mil Ai«lerney. They are noted for their fine breed €>r eattk
Vou have seen cows called Jerseys, Guernseys and Alderneys.

Iteview Topics.— Great Britain conrist?of what? Dewribf- her ^riiri P"

MBJ-ion-o. The jjoopli-. Thf siufiR-e. Tliu eliinaU'. What are Ihe .-hii-.'
.\jrricultiiral iinxliicta? Miiniifnotiires? lV«-riboeoininrroc, FlerciUTj, .„
Utr navy. The govertiniont. Thft religion. London. [jtTorpool.
r.ilinburgh. Munc)ie3t«r. Birmin^hnni. LstKls. ShefRrld. Newmsti*.
ham. Portsmouth and Chatham. Oxford and Cambrid^. Invvrnew. CkiM
Uftsorilic th« Bjrface of Ireland. Climate. Productions. Dublin. BelfaM, IV
Isle of Man. The ChniinrI Tvlantls.

RCSSIA.

lid

LVTI. nUSSIA, SM-KDEX, ATfD NOUWAY.

Russia. — UiiSHia is one of the two largest empires in the

d. It incliifles tlifi eastern half of Europe iind the wliole

Korthern Asia, and has a population of about 141 millions.

Great Britain, Ituwia, and the United StaAes exercise dominion over
nearly onet-half of the land jnirf:ice nf Uib «arl,h. and ovBr iiioi-e than
one^lbird of iUt iiiliabitaritN. The Kutjlish pctssessious lie chiefly iu
warm climates, the Ainerican in tenipcrutc. the RussiuQ iu cold.

SL Russia lit Kiiropn is, for the most [mrt, a level country^
(Msupyinga large part of the ''Great Plain" of the continent.

3. The principal rivers are the Volga, the largest in Europe,

he Ural, DDio[)or, Don, Dwina, Dniester, Visttila, Kama, and

'etchora. Many hundre<l steantera ply on them.

C-aiititN coinu-ct tho chii-f rivers willi the Black, Caspiaji. White, and
iJaltir seas, rnakin;; in all ftl.HOO inilwi of watenvays.

4. Climate. — Because Russia is so far from the ocean and has
BO mountains to break the cold north winds, it has a climate of

;reat extremes, hot summers and cold winters.
The harbor of Archangel is closed by i<'o for six months every
, and the mouths of the Dnieper and Volga are closed for
laXt that time. The ratiifuU is greatest
n the western pjirt, decreasing towarri
he east and southeast, where drouglit-*
ire of common occurrcnco.
6. Hesources. — Russia is rich in ]>luti-
nm, iron. goM, cold, copper, and xinr.
The opening of coal and iron mines hjis
;e Russia a great inanufacturin;;
sou n try.

The niHfk LjuidH, or fertile prairies of
!)oiitral and Southern Russia, yield large "*'*^'* ^^llt'^ntlLrtJta'^uj,
srops of rye, wheat, nats, and barley, hemp and flax.
Thw part of Uiittsiii i« one of the (in'at aranariee uf Eiir»)po. Thy Einpiru
produces more wheat, rye, and barley than any other emintry.

The grassy Ktvp|>cH, or treeless plains, sustain immense num-
>ers of she«p, hors*!s, and cattle, and the vast foivsts of the north
bound in fur-bearing aninuds. Mure wool is produced than in
,ny other country of Eurojie.

e. Ptirsuits.— Agriculture, lumbering, mining, and mannfjw)-
luring are the chief pursuits.

A large inland tra«le with other parts of Europe and Asia is
carried on bv ineiins of iHirs,

■ i^**^^

l»i^-^fiiXii

M^.i ■^.

R'^iiiW^^'^a

r. I.'ii ■■.'('( ivpitiil cf llii»r\'i, ■], : ■■ I . , ,1, ■ i>l the (Irrat l'!iiti\.

\rfmlin and tht

turrtMtm fiarl uf tht CrnOal Plott.
tkontttamt that trrinm.

liiHai JBirrfi irr mU iitriml/V Mi''. On Ou rivtrart n%anu *Ji\p*, oimil ixMil*. andbarna i.l.^ch
aome n^n dtffwmy porta ot Ru»tia. (ComtKIiI. L'ndMwood A Uiid*raM>d.|

The largpAi fair in the world is that held at Nixliui-NoTgurod, Mer-
chants fi-om China. Mongolia, India, AfffhaniHlan, Persia, Turkey,
and all parLs of Knrope attend this fair. The annual concourse nniii-
bera more than 200.000 merchants. The importance of fairs is
diminishing with tlio improveinoat of railroHd tH)muiunicatiou8.

The importation tjf tea from China is very large.

Both the internal and tlie foreifjrn commerce have been greatly in-
creased by a network of railways connecting
the principid cities aud seaports.

The foroitm trade of Russia is chiefly
with Germany..

Russia's manufactnre of coHon cloth is
enormous, placing her next U) the United
States among the cotton manufacturing
nations. Other textiles fdso. leather
g04xl8, metals, and pottery are manu-
facturer! in hirge quuntities. chiefly io
the four great cities of Moscow, St,
Petersburg. Wnraaw, and Lodz.

The chief articles of pxpurt are wheat and barley, lumber, flax
and flaxseed, wool, petroleum, hemp, furs, and iron.

Russia sends to the United States hides, wimI, hemp, and flax, and buys
of lis raw cottiiM. copix-r, and farm machinery. Her exports of p^n
go to the thickly settled countries of Western Euro|»e.

7. People and Qovemznent. — The majority of the people
are of the Slavonic race.

About 45,000.000 were formerly iterfs or glares, but, in 1858, the Czar
Alexander II. b*-gan their emancipation. It was coinpletwl in I89SS.

The Gov«mmfnt is an absolute monarchy. There is no coo-
stitution, no congress, or [)arliament to direct the action of the
f"'zar, as the emperor is called. Public wlucation is bacTcward;
11101*0 are universities in nine of the larger cities, but elementary
instruction isdelicient, and three- fifths of the people are illiterate.

The KussianK belong to tiie Greek Church, of which the £mi>eror ia

the tciniKiral hoiul.

8. Cltiee.— St. Peteritbiin;, the capitid and chief commercial
It V of the empire, is situated on the flat and dreary marsh lands

of the river Neva, near its entrance into the Gulf of Finland.

It lifts on both sides of the rirer. which is crr!ssed by seventy hriileea.
The most celebrate<l public buildings are the Church of tjt- Ishhc and
the Winter Palace of the Ciar.

HoHcow is the principal center of manufactures and internal

130

RUSSIA, NORWAY, AND SWEDEN.

*^IC^

A"it/. uii Ihr Itniri^J . in liia hnirl nf thf mnck l^irvU Sotir.

utih (Ac ncrr. (.'nmpurr iffith iUu-.i ....

lis ■.-tiii-ti rUf II lui full

A"" u;> vfi (^< maunltiin*.

commerce. It is celebrated for a vast structure called the K rom-
lin, which incLudcs forts, barracks, palaces, churches, and cathe-
dral all in a group,

Warsaw is the great railroad, mannfacturljig. and trade center
for Rassian Poland. It is at the head of steam navigation on
the Vistula. Lodx, not for distant, is in the iron and cool
region.

St. Petersburg, Moscow, Warsaw. LahIz, and Nurril ape thr cot-
ton tuanufac-
luring cities
of the Empire.

Odessa, on
the Black Sea,

isthegreatgrain
market of Rus-
sia.
KronstAdt i^i
the port of St.
Petersburg,
and the prin-
cipal naval
station of Uua-

sia. Kief is engaged in sugar refuiing and the manufacture of
leather.
Ri^a is a E^i-cat market for tlax and hnsped, lumber and hemp. Sara-
tov, on the Vol^ra, is an im{)ortant grain und lumber inarkt^t.
ArchangeU in latitude 64i" north, is tlie shipping port of northern
RusHia. It ban an export trade iu grain uud lumber thruugh thu
Arctic Ocean.
Astrakhan is an island city on the Volga River. It is the center of
the fisheries ui the Caspian Sea and the Volga.

9. S'weden and Norway. — These two countries were united
under one king in 1811, but became again septuple kingdoms in
1905.

They occupy a mountainous peninsula, called ScaiKlinaria.

The surface of Norway is rugged, and the rays of the sun
strike feebly into its deep glens, so that the cultivation of the
soil ia not very remunerative. Swedeu, however, raises large
crops of grain, and affords pasture for millions of cattle and
sheep.

In the northern part of Norway, during several weeks in stimmer, the
sun does not set at all. and travelers often go to the North Cape to
see the uiidtii^^bt muu.

10. The chi<*f indiititries are connected with the forests.

which are very extensive and furnish timber for tlie ahipbuildiog'
industries of the countries of northern Europe; with the niitio.
which supply the celebrated Swedish iron; and with the «£»•
HMieries of the Lofoden Isles, which furnish largo supplies of h^i
for Kurope.

The chief exportB of Sweden are timber, wood pulp, iroD.
live-stock, butter, and matches; those of Norway are luJiiber,
iish, and butter.

Tlie United Stoles buys

iron, wood pulp, and

flsh of these countiips,

and sell.s them raw t:ut,-

ton. kerosene, flour, und

farm tools.
The Swedes and Norwe-

giKUs are Lutlieraus in

religlou. They belong,

therefore, to Protpstant

Kun)i>e. Kd neat iou

has received greut at-
tention. Public inslnic-

. . , , , , (tne of IMr fiardm or bam vinrh are re?-',

tlOn IS free, excellent, e«aMt »/ .Vommv Thne an formed '

and compulsory. .Mn-w «u*«*

11. Cities. — stufkliuim, the picturesque capital of Swedtt.
;it the eastern e-xtrt-inity of Lake Malar, is the chief city. l!
is 5ituate<l in the mining and agricultural region.

Gottcnborg is the second city in size and the first in oon-
inorco.

CarlHcrunn is the naval arsenal of Sweden.

Cbrl.Htlaiila, the capital of Norway, has a large trade in limiber.

Bergen i» chiefly eJigaged in the Lofoden fishery.

Ilununert^ift, the motit northerly town of Eumjie, has a populalioonf

1.500, who, even in the winlr*r niiuillis, aru busily t;ngag«d io

fishing.

12. Lapland,
a region of Swe-
den, Norway,
and Russia, lyini;
within the Arctic
circle, is inhab-
ited by the Lappa,
of whom there
are about 14,000
in Sweden and
Norway.

The reindeer is icownaht. Am. umo. o».i

the chief snuree of wealth, supplying the people with most of th»
articles of food and clothing that they use.

The Ijtpfis, Films, Eskimos, and tribes of norlliem Liberia, all belong to
the same branch of the Mongolian race as the American Indiau
Tliey probably form the oldest branch of this race.

Review Tople«.--SiM and poptilation of RtisMit. What thrw MtiO«»
lugi'tter control one-half of the esrtli? What part of the population? Desrrih*
siirfnt^v uf Russia. Kivent. CKnistc. MErrttnil nsource*. Manafactures. Black
lands. Agriculture. Steppc«. PiirBuita. People. GoTemment. St. Petersbnis.
.Moscow. Wiir«s,w. Odessa. Kronstadt. Kiel. Tlica. Archangel. AstnkhaiL
What clianige hhA ncenrrvl recently in the gdvemment of Sweden and NonrsT?
Describe their position, Siirfnre. Chief iiidiistri^^B. Expert*. Religjoa. Bdo-
cHlioii. L'apiUI of each. Other cities, nnmmerfcsl. Situation of Lapland. I»
chief source of wealth.

123

ITALY.

Northeru Italy consists cliietlv' of a vast pliiin; the rest of the
peninsula is traversed throughout its length by the Apennines
as a sort of a liacklwne. Its lakes are extremely picturesque.

Southeru aud insular Italy contains the celebmtfd volcaimi's i.r
Vesuvius, Etna, and SlromWi.

Italy is connected with Central Eui-ojx? by fine roads throujfh the
niuuntaiu pusses, and by niilruadu which gv through tunuels. Tli<--
most famous paasos are the great St. Bernard, the St. Gnthard. th^-
Mt. C«ni5, and the Siiiiplou. Under the llirei< latter are railronti
tunni-ls. Without tht-'st* roads Italy could not carry dq its larjre
trade with Northern Euroi)e.

11. Froductlous and Pursuits. — Wheat, corn, rice, gra^>ef>,
olives, oranges, lemons, and figs are extensively grown.

liomlMirdy, as tke valley of the Po i% otleu called, ia well watered, and
its meadows may be ntuwed &ix times in a year. It iit famed For the
produce of its dairies, and the extent of its rirc fields and iiiultjerry
groves. Tlio mulberry leaf is tlie food of the silkworm, Ituly pro
duccH more raw ttilk than any t»lhcr country in Kun>pe. The yield
is not far from ton million jmunds per annum.

The sulphur of Sicily, the niarhlt- of OiirnirH. iron, nnd borax aro the
principal miner-
al productions.

The chief occu-
]Hition of the peo-
ple is agriculture.
northern Italy
is also largely en-
gaged in inanufiu:-
tnrps.

The Esheriea, iu-
eluding those of ■/^^^u^/,. ,

sponges And coral, employ as many u.s L^ujuiy vessels and iMals, iitid
64.000 mun.

The principal exports arc raw silks and velvets, olive oil, wine
nnd fruits, sulphur, nuirblo, and macaroni. Leailing imports ar<>
grain, raw cotton, coal, lumber, and wool.

Italy sells to the Unitetl StJites raw silk, fruits and nuts, sulphur an<l
olive oil. and buys from us tobacco, luml»er, and kerosene.

12. Goveniinent. — The government is a constitutional in(»i
archy. The esUil)lislu«I religion is tlie lioniun Catholir; otliers.
however, jire tolei-ite^l. Tuljlic eilucation is cominilsoiT.

13. Cities, — Kome is the capital of Italy, and the residence

of the Pope, who is the head of the Roman Catholic Churcli.

Its ruins, jt^t o}iurtOies. its art galleries and ttuiseums, its tntditiona and
associalious. make it thr nuwt famuu.-' city in the world. U is con-
tinually crowded with students and tourists.

A tiirti't rye pirir o/ Kmuv, thomne (A« Alpt in tht diutanc* anJ th» Oly frb<<'
ifif A^lriaiu-. Th* Gnintt Cnttol pOMM Utrough I/m cuy, Ufid maMir otIUr Mr<<
»trt€U run in «»frM i/>r«clii>n.

Naples is the largest city of Italy. It is noted for its beautiful

bay, and for its ntanufactures of silk,

N*i?Ar it st(x)d the cities of Herctilaneuui and Pompeii (aee psgt IQ.
Great quantities of coral are obtained ht the sea iictar Naples, and m
manufactured into jewelry in the city.

Venk-e occupies seventy-two small islands, connccte<l br
bridges. Canals take the place of streets. They ore navigaicd
;n boats called gondolas.

Mii;ni. tlie ( liief city of Lomhonly, is the center of the alk

trade, and ntitcil for iti
iiMinufacturesand its beau-
tiful cathedral built of
white marble.

Turin is celebrateil for
its l>eautifiil situation and
appearance, its mnsetini
and cathedral, and iu
manufacture <if cotton.
linen, and silk.

Florence, one of Uio nto*
heiiutiful and healtlifal
cities of Italy, la rich ia
its works of art. Ncarbj
is Fiesolc {/e-ajfao^l,
where Galileo usnl his
telescope, Tlie great sculp^
tor Michael Angvlo lirri
here.
Pulenuo, the largest city on the island uf Sicily, ia a great frait

market.
Genoa, famous as the birthplace of Cohimbus, is the leading suport

of Italy. It nmnufiictures the linedt of silks and velvets.
14. ,Sa« Mariuo is a pictiirestiuo little rejndtlic in Italy, on the
sfiurs of the Aponnine Mountains. It covers only about thirty-
tu-n st)u;ire miles of bmil. nnd only about S.Ooo i>eople live there.

I'lew on Ui€ rtver Tiber at Homr. i'/, I'tUr'a in lAr diAt-im-e

A'fu-i, t) n»led tie-tlth-miTl r.fiji jV

QKEECE AND TUUKXV.

It is the sinallost republic in the world, and waa independent
ng before Colarabus discovered America.

IteviPiv Topirs.— How an Spain. Portiignl, nnH ltn\y alike? TliP Spanisli
ninffula. Inhabilant:!. Oovenimont. Reltgitm. Pnxliictions. Kxporls.
hxt is t-ork? Chief cities. The Alhsmbni. Oibrnllar. Aiitlorra. Portugal.
produuU and t:xpnrl5. Cork. Citic«. For w list i5 Italy fsnioiis? It com-
fses what? Norlhcni Italy. The Apontiine*. Volonnoe*. Alpine pawes.
irHritlniral iiro-liiclK I^oinUrdj-. Haw »ilk. MiDcrnU. Chief occupation.
riitufautuit^ Fisherips. ExtK>rta. Government. Religion. What in wid of
; Xapte^! Vetiiee? Otiicr cities? SaiiAfarino?

1,1 X. Tin-: BALIvAN PENl^'SUUL

Tlie Balkan States. — This name is frequently ifiven to the

tea whicli otx;upy the Balkan Peninsula. They ure ei^bt in

ber, and with the exception of ilosnia and Herzegovina are

ticaliy independent

1. Greece occupies the southern ejctremity of this peninsula.

bout one-sixth of its area consists of islands which lie off the

oast and stretch away in groups and chains to the shores of

ksia. The niainhind is nearly cut in two by amis of the sea.

The iKthmuH of CoHnth, which joins the two
laxts, is crosami
»y a ship canal,
knd vessels
>onnd for thf
Slack Sea an; thus
ared thelonji^'and
[tonuy voyage
bronnd the south-
MTi end of (rretKH^

The Hiirfaro ^^__^
SonsistB of rugged .^\j-'..r.; ..-....:*.'„ ',..-. mountains

bnd valleys affording beautiful scenery. The sides are clear and

iie climat« mild ; hut as there is little rain except in winter,

here are no navigable streams, and fanning is tinsucccssfid with-

nit irrigalion.
The industries are chiefly agricultural and cominorcial. As in

taly, grapes, figs, and olives are extensively cultivated, but by
Harthe meet important jtroduct is the ciirntnt (a s|>ecicsof sniall

pape), which is grown all along the shores of the Morea. We

jet also from Greece olive oil, sponges, marble, and licorice. We

lell to Greece cotton, kerosene, and machinery.
Greek merchants and sailors carry on a large part of the com-
eroe ot the Leraut, as the countries bordering on the etLStem

MTtoftbeMedi-

erranean are

calletl.

Greece suffcpwl

uiKlerTurkinli
misrule for
inaoy g*nera-
tinns, )>ut in
lb2«itbeciinR'
indepenilpiit.
It is iintv a
k i n ^ d () ru.
Roads, rail-
roads, and

* r-./ 77.c<wiiu in nortSrm

i"""- the south.

■P^

^^E" 'd'-__^^^^^^^^P\

[

;«/oi^ lk« tmttai cmJ ti,roi4i/h ikt uOimut

Ttmi^e o! Jupurr Oiumitu*. Th< T<4\<in\ct4 art oM mo^tnt,

telegmphH are being ouiiiructeiJ, and tho brigaodage which loug
disgratrt'd tho country is a lluiif? of the past.

2. Cltiee. — Athens is the capital of Greece. It is unrivaled for
the fame of its ancient philosophers, poets, painters, and orators.

Corinth was in ancient times famed for its woalth. Plreetiais the

p>jrl (if Atticnft unt] is next in siz« to jt.

3. Turkey In Europe. — The Turkish or Ottoman Empire lies

rope, partly in
A frica, and part-
ly in Asia.

]t includes also
Ithodes, and

>'lh<.>r islandg in
•.lie Eastern Med-
iiriraiituin.

Turkey in Ku-

rnpe is semi-jw-

«....< ../;.M.,j..„o;.«„... n;nsular. It has

a sea on the east and on the weal, and another on
This modilies the climate. Grapes,
Hgs, and olives llourish.

Much of Turkey is mountainous. Among its elevations is
Obnipus the fabled home of the gotls of ancient Greece.

Tile uutunil r«>Mour(-es are great. Turkey is rich in minerals,
forests, Gsheries, and fanciing lands.

A bad Kovenimenl, however, depretwes all its industrial pursuits.

The chief eximrts are silk and wool, carpets, grain, olive
oil, tobacco, and vaLunta (acoru-cups for tanning).

Turkf-v iiii[K>rt.>! frtmi tbeUiiitwi St<iies meats, cotton, steel, and leather.

4. The luhabitanta of Euro|»ean Turkey are of several tliffer-
ent nationalities. 'Slnny of them are Christians and Jews.

The Turks lire the g-overninfT race. Tliny ai-e Mongolians, and have
dark eomptoxions. Tin* prcvniling- rf^lfj^lon is the Molmnmiedait.

6. The Govemmeut of Turkey is slylwl the Sublime Forte,
from the gate {ports) of the Sultanas |ialace, where justice was
formerly administered. The sovereign is called the Sultan.

The Principality of Bulgarln is rulwl by u CliriKtian prinw elected
by the ])eoplt.'. It \w,\fi tribute to Turkey. Kutia is the capital.

It is a flue nj.^ricultural re^^ion. exp<irtin); largely grain and «tock.
Education is free, and to some extent compulsory.

The island of C'rcte has its own guverouieut, but still is a part of the
Turkish Enipii"c.

6. Cities.— Con.stnntinoplp, the capital of the Turkish Era-
j<ire, is l>eautifuUy eiituated on tlie Bosporus, the waterway be-
tween the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. At this point the

1S4

TUKKET, R0UMA>'1A, ANB SET^^ia.

.jt:/>.

^ v!--^^?^-^^

<^yr

VitH' of the Goldm Horn anii ' ■"■■■■'■ ■' i i V.

great land routo from Western Euro|ie crosses Uy Asia. These
great highways have made it for many centuries the center of
trade for the Iterant. It is called the **Key to the East."
This city was founded on the site of old Byzoutium, by CotiKtniitlne
the Great, in the year 338. In 1453 it fell into the hands of the
Turks.
It conlaiiis the serag:?io (seral'ifo) or residence of the Sultan, and Uic
mosque of St. Sophia. This building (onoe a Christian chui-rh) con-
tains some cuhimns which originally stood in the tentple of Diana at
Ephesns.
The <;<>ldf«ii Hum, an inlet of the Bosporus, is the harbor.
The chief manufiirtures are car-
pets, leather goo«Is, and meer-
Kchauiii pipes. (Meerschaum
inean.s f he foam of the aea. It
is really a kind of soft chalk.)

Adriiuiopio is in a land of
roa^a. It manufactures cotton
and woolen goods, silk, and the
perfume calletl '' attar of roses."

Salotilkl is beautiful In the di.<j-

tance. with its mosques. tiiin>

nrets, tlomea, and towtrrs. It

manufactures car]>ets, »ilk, and

leatlier gtHMlH.
The cftebrated Mount Atlum stands on a peninsula to the east of

Salaiiiki. It has been oc^^upied for ages by a community of Greek

monks.

7. Ron mania is an interesting little kingdom. Its industries
are cbiefty agricultunl. The [>eop1e, as the name implies, are

V*-^

langug
poorerf

descendants ol' ancient Homan colonists. Their langaigi
largely Latin in origin.

BiikliBTeHt, the capital, exports grain, cattle, and wine,
important center of trade.

8. Servia. — Servia is a kingdom of farmers. The
land. No pauperism exists. The chief article of export hi
Immense numbers of them fee<l in the vast forests on the M
which cover the ground. Bvl^nule, on the Danube, istheeai

This city has been the scene of many stubborn battles between (

tians and Mohammedans d|
llie attempts of tlie latter toooi
Eurojje,

>Ioiilriit'K:ro, burderiu
Adriatic, ii a little,
monarchy.

The country is inbabiteil b_v » 1
race of mountaineers. They
to the Greek church and ol
their in(le[)cndeiice of Tu
111S7. They wei"e protected
sia until 1.^78. when they w
kuuwled^-d us iu dependent.

I M>i' of (Ac Bailain MourUatna anii Iht miieti «! Ih* Itrnta on thi (/order <>l iitrcia.

Hevlew Topics. — Wbpr« ii

nitiiAted? lu natunil divi»ioti«. |
face. Coast. IndiiKtries. Pnxhicts. Kxports, Greek merchants. The "Li
(iorernmcnt. Itriganduge. Athens. Coriiitb. Pineus. Where does lb* T
Kinpira lie? CliirBte. Surfsci'. Xntiniil rewiirrwi. Gni-emnieiit, El
IiiiililiiUril*. Rchfriuii. Govcrnincrit, Thu rriiu-ipalily of Uulgaiia. C\
Exporl-s. Constuiititiojile. Wlmt. is ilit> efTpift. of the gi-0(»r«phical po»itioD<
city? BiiildinjTS of int(>resl. Matuifactiin*. Dwcribo Adrianoplft. St
IHmint Atho*. Of Hoiimsnla. Servia. Kzporta. Montenegro. |

France. —Bound Kmnce. Wlial great mountiun range w^paraU-s
France and Italy;' Frunce and Switzerland/ France and .Spuing Where
is the Pny do DomeT What river enters the Gulf of the Lion 7 Between
what moiniUiin ranges doeis it flow? Into wliat does the Seine flow!
Wimt two ]ai*ge rivers flow into the Bay of Biscay? Where is tlia island
of CoraioJif What is the capitali! Wliat seaport at the mmilh of the
Seine? On the Mv<literrttiiean? Where is Lyons? Brest f Rouen i

Oerniaii Kmiiirv. — What countries on the south? West? East?
Country and Keu.inort]i^ Mountain range between Bohemia and Bavaria?
Between Bohemia and Saxony/ Between Silesia and Bohomia? Where
is I'ruitsiaf Bavaria^ Wiirteniberp' Saxony? Budfui' Alsaee? Hesse?
What rivei-s flow into the Xorth Sea? InUi tht« Jialtic; What lurjre
river crosKea Bavarin? Where is the Lsar? The Hartz Mountain^.? What
is the capital? Where is Hamburgh Bremen? Liibeck? Dresden?
Munich? Ijcipsic? Nuremberg? Straasburg? Main?./ Coh)gne? Bi-e»<lau?
Dantzic? Franltrort? Wiesbaden? Stettin? Konigshertr? neidel>x>rg?

NetlierlaiHlt*. — What sea on the north and westi What Empire on
the oast? Country on the .south I I jirge river Hows througli the Npther-
lands? Sea indents the coast? Islands skirt the coast? Wliat is the
capital? Whor^ is Rotterdam? Amsterdam t

Belgiuiu.— Wliat countries nearly sun*ouiid BelgiumI What |
the nortliwejilf WliiU is the capitals On what river? Ou
is Ghent? Where is Antwer^i? Liege? Namur?

T>4'niiiar1c.— What sea on the wf«t^ What bodies of
north and p:wt? What jiortictn of Gerniauy on the
the peninsula nnd two largest Islands of Denmark,
capititl ?

Austria-Hungary. — What countries on the west? North?
South? What sea form.s i>art of the southern boundary T "Whalj
tains in the nortlieast? Near the Adriatic coast? Where is Hu]
Bohemia? Whal givat river Iraverees this country? What is Om
Drave? Theiis? Jloldau? The Flatten See? Wliat ia the d
W]iere is Bndfti>estT Prague? Bninn? Qratz? Tokay? What
grejit sea]K>rtf

Switaserluud.— Wliat country on the south? Eeut? North?
What mountains sepanite SwitMrland from Italy? From Vnuactt
hike in the iiorthea.Ht? Southwest? Wliat river rises on the nd
slope of tlio Alp.s and enters the Gulf of the Uon? What rirer. risi
far from the source of the Rhone, flows into the North Sea?
capital? Where is Geneva? Zurich? Basel?

the North Sea? W^

1S6

FRANCE.

LX. FKANC'K.

1. France is only a little larger than Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi and Tennessoo together, bat its population is about
hjiif tiiai of the United States.

The Great Plain extends across northern and western France
to the Bay of Biscay, broken by highlands in Xonnandy and
Brittany. SoutheJist of this is the Central Plateau, and beyond
the mountain region of Southern £nro])0. Kanges of the Alps,
including Mt, Blano, the highest peak, are in France.

The Illioue, the Seine, Lhe Li>lr«, and (luruiiiic ure the principal
rivers. With the canals connrctinir ihcm tJipr fnriii ibe chief means

or trans|>orlation.

2. Climate.—
The latitude of
France corre-
sponds nearly to
that of Maine,
but its climate is
far milder. The

On (A« plain, aoii/AirMl Fnintr, Khiirma If^c rxtiri
mmtd aeroaa bath by w

■■i,and ix canal oJtMt

■V»-i*

ivV^

winds ii'um thu AtiLinLic utnl im*
N{edi terra nean modify the tem-
|)erature.

3. Productions. — In South-
ern France the vine, the olive,
the orange, the pomegranate,
the fig, and the silkwonn all
thrive. Sheep are raiseil in
large numbers. , . . _. _ __

-.,.,., . , "'« '•"IP tkr grapt* art 0iiJurtd. Aborr Ihf urnpM art btiitff broH^ ~ta

Central rranCO is toe AVinO ™ f*"!* f^rtf. and tutau U ae^llar •Ao*cin« (A< tarot v<U$ atyi aft*

IN which Ot* urint ia Uartd.

and maize region.

The diatriete of Champa^o and Burfrundy, and the va]fey» of tlio
Garouiie and Durdogne, constitute t)io greiktiist wiue-pruducing
region in the world.

In Nortlieni France the chief products are grain, orchard
fruits, and root cro|)s.

4. Occupations. — The people art? uii.surp:Lsse<l for thrift and
industry. Th«y are largely engagctl in agriculture, manufacmr-
ing, mining, and tlshing.

Silk culture is extensively carried on. The value of the ooooou
annually pro<luccd is alK>ut |iir>,OfH:),000.

France has a high nink in manufsctnres, and excels in hIV'
velvets, and woolens, perfumes, jewelry, ladies* dresses, ^i
millinery.

The French arttfians surpass all nUiers in the deH:gi\in£ of ptttcniv

and in the arraugeiiicui of colon.
Tlie Kiinlhie Dsheries of the Meditff-
mni.>an and west c<ia«ls, the ojitc
Dsheries, aud llie cod fisheries of d»
Atlantic and the Bankn of NewfoaiJ-
land are very imporlant.

In foreign and domestic otn-
nierce France is one of the Icadiu
countries of Europe. She impinu
from the United Stales, ootta
l>&troleuin, meat, an<l ^^niin in

.rinfHifnw, ntar Ithfiint. lAtfu*

The beet root is extensively ciUtjvated for making sugar.
France gruws more than 300 niilliun bushels uf wheat a year, yet slie
must import a considerable amount. In the northwesteiii |>art

In liLf rujuniatn* o/ toulhrm f'rutug. thmetno >> t/radtd ftibtie nad, '

dairying fonus an important occui»ation, and cheese and butter
are exported. Near the Belgium border and in the eastern moun-
tainii coal and Iron are extensively mined. Near by are great
monufactimog cittes.

enonnous quan-
tities. France
buys more goods
from the United
States than from
any other coun-
try except Git.i

Britain, and sells to us an amount of her niauulucturcs aboot
equal in value to her imports from this country.

More than 100 canals unite the various rivers. Boilwayv extend froo
Paris tf> all parts of France and the continent. Steamem sail tatU
tlie princip.ll \torUi of tlie world.

Silks, wofjien and cottou goods, wines, jewelry, millinery, glorcs, ami
hidieK* cloUiing are the chief exports.

6. Oovemment and B«lig:ion. — France is a "Repuhlic. The

people enjoy religious freedom. The majority are Honian Catholics

Public education is free and compulsory.

The French are descendants of the Celts and of the Fi-auka, a GerniM
tribe who conquered them.
In Brittiny are found the Bretons, who are of the Celtic net.

6. CitieB. — Purl:* is the most splendid city and one of the
most in fluential capitals in the world. The French language is tl»
one in which the diplomats of Europe generaUy hold intercoone.

yKA^ICE.

127

manufactures an endless variety of

tides, fiMin the tinest cumbric needle to the

lost powerful steam-engine.

is fi)inc-<l for iXs ji'welry. glnves, perfuniery, ami
faucy articles ur tilt sorts. IImI'Ik tUt: ftuiliiuii in

tdress fur Kiirope and Amenca. Its sctiools

land other iii<:titiitin>iR (»f IftJtrning, ilA ttoiciitilic

Isocieties, libraries, aud public builditi|^ are
unsurpassfHl.

riie jialdce of tho Tuilcrira, tl»e Bourse (Kx-
chauffe], llie clmrches of Notre Darui> ntul the
Madflfiite. are uuitmg thu most iulerustin^^
piiblio building ThcCliamps Klysoes (Elysian ^f!lkT^I!r
Fielebi) is one of the most beautiful streets in **J*1^*'^" ""LI' '^'Il'T

pounn upon a oroaa tnnlt,

I he world. *»«« "i>i»' « !««■/«* p««« af

Havre is the jMirt of Pnris throug'li whtcli come rnw cotton,
tob;(00o, wheat, wool, coifee, nnil animal priMlucLf from Aincriea-

VerealllcH, near Paris, cuntuinsa jiark and a ma^niliccnt pal-
ace built by the architect Mansard as a residence for Ix^uis XIV.

Ljous is the second city in I'Vance, and the foremost of all
in silk manufactures. It employs nmny thousand persons in
this industry.

MarHeillos is the largest »ea|K>rt town in France.

ffaeka at MonriUa.

i'ttt llilr ijitf rii' '■.■-i'>V I ■! thf .Ml^ltrmincun, CvmiMre u-if'i ('
III LiitTiiuvi •laU utKrr citU»,

cotton mills. Ht. F.tic-nne is in the midst of coal mines. It is
RLOtod for its Hrearms, and contains the largest ribbon factories

Cherboiin;, with
its tine breakwater,
Brc:»t, and ToutOD
are the gre-Jit naval
stations of France.

The nintcra at Tou-
lon are so mild that
the tig, date. orang«,
altjo. (uiii pomeprun-
ute ilourisli iu Tho
open air. Amiens
is noted for its ojtton
and wo4ilcn ifuoda,
N'lHineH fur ilK Ritkfi
and woiilens, and Kllhnlx for its clnth-fiiiifihin^j mills.
At Kliviiiiti the 8ort:r<;iKn:> uf France used to be crotviicd. It is liirgely
enciHg'fd in the manufacture of woolenn and in the sale of wines. In
Bnyonne rhf first bayonets were made. Hence their name.
At Nantes iJiantz) the famous edict giving- relig-ious freedom was

l-i:ilc i;l<jji 111 Jru.-nont. Qiti^t iJi tiuidir nl iiiiri imJ t^.-d-i lur inase
in ii /ununv. Thim mriUd giaiM \m druu'n jriim Ihf turruicr and
•m aKtntn in (An eW. An imwi^Mt iron nilr u rolUd ovtr (Av »o)t
th9 tAieltttMi* tUtirtd U prvductd.

^^I^m

sif?ne<l by Ht-nry IV.. in 151KS. Tho city ia largely onjuTiged ia

conmieroe. SjevreH (sarr) and LinioKe)* are noted for their

porcelain.
Colotilnl pMSHessions.— The most initwrtant colonial possessions of

Fninre are — in AlVIcji,

Algeria, Tunis, Senegal,

French Kon<fo. Pnho-

niey, and .Matlagascar;

in Aula, French Indo-

Cliina; in the New

World, French Guiana

and tlie islands of Mar-

tiniqne, (jnudi-ionpe.

and St. Bartholomew;

in Oceania, New Cale-
donia. Tahiti, and the

Mar4|iti>KiLs.
The island of Corsica, in

tho Mediterranean. lie-

lungs tt> Fnmoe. It is

a ina»< of moiinbiinK

and iA famous as iht^

ejxrly iiome of Napole*Mi

Bonajiurte, who wa*

born there in the town

of Ajacrio. in I7)i9.
Tlie island of Eil - >

noted for iron uru.

Rovlow^ To|»Ies.— Area

iliirttniiH of Soultieri) France.

' M*ed tor laodtno a>\d tinioadiitQ ikift.

rtfiiiic crane

of Frniice. Surface. Kiver»- Climate. Pn>-
Of CenlnJ. Northern. Occupations. lUnk In

tnantifnetiirM. Forciirn conuiiprfw. Pnmosttc. Canals. Raltwoys. Govera-

ment and ri>Hgion. People. Deftcribe Paris. lT»o of Freiieb Unsuage in Kurope.

>I an I if act urea. Ver?aille«. Lyons. SUrMilhfi. Bonleaux. I.illc. Toiiloiiae.

Knnon. St. Btienne. (.'horboiirff. Brest. Toulon. Ainiem. Rheiros. BajonnB.

NkDles. ColuniHl po5H>9si(m!'.

THE GERMAN EMWKE.

1>XI. THE (fEltMAX EMPIRK

1. The (Teriuan Empire is a cuiit'eilerHtloii including the four
kingiioms of Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, and Wilrtemlwrg, together
with six Grand Duchies, five Duchies, seven PrincipalitieB, three
Free Cities, and one Imperial Province. Prussia is the largest
and most populous of the German States.

2. Area. — The German Empire is a little larger tlian France,
but it is much more densely peopled. Saxony is the most densely
populated country in the world.

3. Surface.— North Germany and all east
Gennany oooupy a portion of the great plain of
Euro|)e. South of fiii^ plain is tlio rentnil pla-
teau, which, in ~^
the western half
of the empire, ex-
tends to the Aljjs.
It is a part of
the same worn-
down mountain
region that
borders the plain
in France, and
ward through

era have cut deep ■""*"j&(ja.>mdi«AM tr-jm day.
this plateau, and low mountain ranges rise

For*Bt9 cover one-fourth of Die country. They are under jfovemiurui

care.
The [iiouiitaiiiK of rrtrnmiiy are cuverwl with forestA, and this u showB
by tiie tmiiu-» which llie (jL-ntiaiiK have ufteu given their nioutiUuu,
The Bliurk Forest iGi.'riuuji, Schwartzwatdi, euKt of lite Khiuc. kIxu
in ito fatuous iu GeriDai) stories, ia the name of a iiiouulAin n^uu
nearly S.tXKt feet high.

The manufactured proiiuets include all articles that a counir;
needs, and Gennany nmUs third among manufacturing nations.

The woolens of Saxony, the Khine wines of Prussia, the china
of Dresden, the dolls of 8onneberg, the toys of Nuremberg, uid
tlif Krupp guns and steel armor of Essen arc famous all over
the world.

More than twice as much sugar ia manufacture<l from beets i
Germany aa is matle from cane in Cuba, and in this industry
ranks firat among the nations.

6. Occupations, — Eight millions of the population are en-
gaged in tilling the soil, ilanufacturirtg, wool -growing, and
mining are also leading pursuits.

To promote

L-iul ItttrM
i>f Ijeipeic

.J dnamlcJ-

trade, great conrnwr-
arc held. Ttiox
lire the* most fauiiMtt.
Trade . — GtrowDy
luLs « l&iV? xiMi
rapidly g'rowinf
ctimnierce willi &U
piirle of the worli
I n vaiue tliiii trude is
next to that of tht
r tilted Ein^tluiiL
Her ^reat ex ports are
iron and kU^I gokris.
ciittousi. w ooltrDV
and silks, bwt sufrar.

2, Thm dajf ptecra art
the grvat hrut r.hangn

extends east-
Austria. Kiv-
valleys in
al>ove it.

the daw into china.

The Rlilue is the most noted of theso rivers. Il U famous for ittt
romantic »c«nery. Catiuls connect it with the Danube, the Seine,
and the Riione. The Elbe, Weser. the Odor and Vistula are all
navigable and are connected by canals.

4. Producte. — Coal, iron, zinc, silver, lead, copper, and salt
are found throughout the plateau region, and this explains why
the Germans have named the mountains of Saxony the Ertzge-
birge, or "ore mountains.'*

In the northern part of tho plain amber is mined, but it is not a
mineral. It is the resin of a kind of pine trve buried acres aj>o and
thti8 hardened. It is waNhe<l up along' the Ahor(« of the Haltic. In
ancient times amber was hivrhly prized. It is now used in nmking
beads, jewelry, and mouthpiet-es for pipes.

Minrral Hprlnpt almi abound. Baden-Baden, Aix-la-Chapelle, and
Wiesbaden arc famous watering places.

The agricultural productB are varied. The grains and
sugar-beet are raised in great abundance; flax gnnvs in all parts
of the empire; tobacco and grapes flourish in the wann river

vallevs.

uiUtt tfit ca<ili7ia vhieh htu brtn plaetd an it
tf.fmni mainff.

nificlilnery, clothing, hides, leather, and rheminU
Her imports are mainly raw materials and fuod prod-
ucts. Find out from statifitical tables III and rV'abaia
the trade she has with tlie 0niLed Stales.
Trnnspiirtutlau.— Steamship lines connect tJie iK>rta of G«rmAiir
with all {>arl8 of the world, and nulroods connect all the imporluit
cities with one another and witli the leadintf cities of Eurupe.

6. Government. — The general government of Germany is t^
limited monarcVty. Each State regulates its own local affairs.

Kepreaentatjresi are sent from each State to the Rmideiirath, wid
to Uic Relehstaff, which ary the Upiier and Lower Housea of the
German Parliament. The king of Prussia is also the emperor of
Germany.

History.— The prp.'«piit Gfnnan Kmpire was established in tWI

through thf
iiiHuence nf
Prince Bis
marck, and
Williain,
king " f
Prui*aia,was
the first eni-
perop.
The Gormiiii
people an:
descendants
of Cane;*'
siau tribes

that are i''i*t>w

TAor tre (vmnircforf and warm tnatar i» foretd thrvu^K titan. 7 hm
thought to dittvivt* th< tugar o^ o} thf b«iU and tiemm ovtataauntp trAa^A u
, into aytijar in tht aamt way at cans jttic*. Such an amnfimn^Kt •/ italil

nave come for MxtnuHne tU juvm it oaJUd a diifutioH teUe-ir.

rife

THE GERMAif EMPIRE.

129

tram Aaia and setllud ai-ound the Baltic 8ea and in the Scandinavian
peiiinsuia. They resistfd the Roiuuii Euipin.'. and after Its falldifforeiit
tribes of tlie race conquered Italy, Spain, France, and Kiigland, all of
which hatl Ikx:u portAof the Koniuu liluipiro. Kurl the Great, whom the

An vetan MUutnM^ip in dry dock at Ih* \'iilc<m yurtis, SitOin

French called Charlemagne, eetublished an empire wliich fell to pie
after hiv death. It was re-e«tablised a Hmidred years later and lasl
until it was broken up by Napoleon- It waa a loose ron fedora tiou
Rtateft and never riosely iitiiteil like the German Rmpire f>f t<)-tli

7- The People. — The Germans are tlirifty.
genious, and intelligent. We are indebtwl to
em fur many great inventions, and for scliol-
ly works on the ancient languages, on chetnis
^, and philosophy. They are noted for tlieii-
Te of music, and some of tbo greatest composci^
LVe been Gennans.

Tbe Sc'honU and the Army. — Ciermaoy ov/»s

her high n»nk and lier inHupiire among the n.Ttion-
to her public siThooIs and hi-r army. Kvery 'hi
must go to school and every man must ser>-eiu th<'
army. This system waa adopted many year? '-'
and to-day the German public schoolH aij>.
universities arc famous, and the army of tin. < ,ij
pire is one of the heat in the world.

8. The Free Cities, UunibuixT Bremfii,
id l.nl»eck, are repuhlics, although a part of
le empire. They are extensively engaged in
nmnorce. Hamburg, on the Elbe, is the chief

port of Germany, and the first commercial city on the

otinent. It has steainsliip lines to every part of the world.

Hamburg's population has more than doubled in the last fei>v years;
il£ growtti is due to tiie development of the manufactures and indn.H-
tiial interest of Germany. Bremen, on the Weser, ranks second as
a seaport Its harbor is Brcwcrhavou.

9. Cities. — Berlin, the capital of the empire and of the king-
of Prussia, is one of the hirgcst and iinest cities of Europe.

ted for its university and public buildings.

l^nttr den J-indm," a Urttt ir. lie/Un.

Oresdt'ii, the capital of Saxony, is famous for its art gallery
and libraries and its pottery.

The Dresden china is made at MeiMM'ii. CheinnilK, nearby, mauufac-
tares cotton and woolena, hoisery and knit goods.

Munich, the capital of Bavaria, is renowned for its literary
institutions and galleries of art. Nurembenr is the market for
hops and toys.

itre.slnii is the great wool and Unen market of
the i-riniHre. and tlie center of an extensive trade.
Ivelpslf and Stuttftrart, the oapitol of "Wurtejn-
hurg, are famed for their printing establishments,
and Leipsic for the number and cheapness of iU
publications and for its great university.

Colni^ne, famous for its cathedral, and ita wine and
perfumery, is the most jjopuhjus city of Prussia on Uie
Rliine. ElircubrcUsteia is one of the strongest
Prussian citadels.
From Koiil^nlHTK and Dantzic large rjuanliliea of
HiiNsinn grain ai-e shipped. Slcttiu is on important
stiqiort. and ]ih.s the largest shipyards in Germany.
l>niikl'ort-un-the-91alii is a great financial center,
:ind depot of inland trade. Strassbiirff is celebrated
fur its irude, its fortress, and its cathedml, which con-
uins a wonderful clock. Most of our dolls come from
Soiineberg.
Tlte volouial pussc'ssions of Germany comprise cer-
tain [)ortions of the eatiteru and western coasts of Africa, a part of
New Guinea called Kaiser Wilhelm's I.And, the Bismarck Archi-
pelago, the Marshall and the Caroline Islands, and part of the
Solomon and part of the Ladroue Islands in Oceania.

M l<in n I'l tirrrriuni/, Nvl%e« tha gat*
wWi u^iieJi liiir-rr and Ml.

Ihi oil* %-ily (<l Aurnnbrrff.

K4>view Topics. — Wlist does the German Empire include? Surface
of (lerinany. Mineral resourpes. Agricullui-al. Maiiufseture?. Occupations,
floverniiieiit. Who is ctiipcror of Gcrmiinv? The p«oplo. Schools. KuDS
till' free citir«. Deporilw! [ismhiirg, WliM of lierlin? Drewlen? MQnich? Brc«-
iin? IjMpstr? Colngne? Khreiibreitftfflin? KOnignberg and Dsntzic? St«ttin?
Frankfort? Slrassbiirg? Colonial poBMBsions ?

ISO

THE NETHERLANDS.

r.XII. XKTHKRLAXD8, BKIXilUM, AND DENMARK.

1. The NeUierlandB.~Tlio .Nt'tlierlaiiil^, itiso culled liotlaiK],
is a low and tlal country intersected xvith canjils u-liidi dniin the
land and serve an mails. One-third of it has literally been re-
oluiTiie<l from the 6«i, the waters of which are Iwing kept out by
means of an embankment like the Icveos on the Mississipiii
river.

The people tliBtnitelvetirall their country "NederlAnHpii," which means
low countrjpg, \Vp call it " lloJIand ;" hin tlnv ai'iil v this naiiu-
only Ui lho«e jMii-ts Uehiw the seu k-vtl. On
word Holluni) in their Inngiiiige meini
ing hollow country.

The conntrr lies in the delta of the
Rhine, and the higher parts were built up
by deposits from that river, which here
enters the sea throuidi several different

AinHterdunu on the Zni<ler Zee, is the largest and most
tant city. Its diamond j>oliHlier8 are the most celebrated In
world.

Kottorilnni is next to Amsterdam in sir*. It is the chief [m
of the country and is one of tlie )ni|)ortant saaportA of the woli
A ship canal connects it with the sea, Vtrci'lit. Haarlem, im
Lvydvu are important towns. Kdain and Allcnuutr arc ai/j-l
for their cheese.

I>t>in tnanufactures tine pottery, and is a great obeeie i»
liutter market.

Uolliiiid iiuft no cnnil, iiviii. or oilier metals. What eifiy^t dot« thit hii^
on her industries? Buildings maleHaJs nntl limlMT arr bIao Inolnii
Brick, tile, and
earthenware
ure nituli> in
ubundHtiL'i.'.
Bnttnr. cheese,
meai.anrfnleo-
niargurine ore
leadintr fx-

[iM\ .•] rv iiii

channels,
are connected
with the canals
so that one can
mt by boats all
over Holland.

Ckftft matina in Hiillanti. I rht t„ltr,«r „i a uo.rw. liollrOadS haVe

been built, but llie canals are Ktill used by the people in going
to and from market.

The Dutch are a aober» provident, and thrifty jwople. The
chief industries are agriculture, commerce, ami manufactures.

The country is a Rort of dairy farm, fmni whicli Krifrliinil oblnins sup-
plies of meal, butler, and cheese. It is iilso fiiciuMl for its lifien.

The Dutch are fine duilora, and are cxteuKivcly engageil in sea fitilierieM
and commerce.

The herring and ov.stur fisheries in ilw North S^-n an; a sour-co of great
wealth. Thu iJutcli UcrriuKs arc known all over the world.

The government is a constitutional monarchy. The States-
Goneral is the legislative botly. It corresjjonds to our (!!ongress.
The |)eople are mostly I'rotestants, but all religions arc tolerated,
and Protestants, lit^nnan (Catholics, and Jews alike receive aid

from the public funds.

2. Cities.— The Itn^ue is the seat of government. It is famed
for its museum.

.t. T/.r t'trftt inurkel .i» .\ t i. m.iii '.

diamonds, we buy from Hollaud lobacra, lio.
fish, ludea, uud cheese. She obtains the tokmv,
and tin fntm her colonial possessions. \Vi«i]
to her fliptn-, coITum, mk-jiIs, inul navul sUira.
Tlu* cidoiiiiil |M>»M_*Msi4iiiK of the N^'fii'P-
lundK contain a |M}pu]ation nnmlierine li' it
;m,(HiO.<JO<) people, or more tlian >- u
tinii^s as largo ok that of the m'-'-'"-
coniitp,v. They eiidiruce many of tlie iikuI
impfjrtanl of th(_> KitMl India IttlanilH, several of the MVM
ludleH, uikd Diilcli liiiianu. The most vnhmble of all tv jH\a,«>
famed for it^ coH'ee. The little iHlunda of Bauka and Uillitun, ia
tbo East IixUeii. supply most of the best tin in Uie world.

3. Luxemburg was once a part of the Netherlands, hat it
is now independent, by agreement between the powerscjf £nn)|)e.
It is governed by a gi's.nd duke, though it belongs to the GecmtB

These

Zollverein, or Customs Union, The jieople geneniUy 8[)eak Get
man. It is on the plateau which is rich in iron ore, and raiaini
is an imiMirtant industry. Agriculture is the wcupation of tinfi
of the people. The city of I,u.veiuburg is the capital.

BELGIUM AND DEXMARK.

131

L Bel^um is a well caltivatetl and densely settled coantrv. Iitud, together with several islands near the entrance of the Baltic
hiis 5SH inhahitftnt* to the Bqnare mile; KnjjlHnd liaa 43^; Sea.

The cousU are low and shelving. Tlie w«aU>rn shore of Jutland is no
duugeit:nii* limt it is callwl by sailors the " iron coajit." TJi*^ (^astern
coast is k'w< itihuspi table, uiiij hu£i ttevcrul exc«lleat harbors. There
uro tiumei-ous buyH or tionU which reach Tar tiiU> the laiid.

The 'ii^Miiid." » Mi-ait only ilirce mile,s widf, M-paratea Denmark fi-om
Bweilc-ii. It is the iiutiirul highway for ve.sBek homul to the Baltic.
Many buoys atid lijriillioiises, maintainiHl by the Danish Govem-
nii'iil. iiiv rcqilirod to ii>nder iu* navigntiou safe. The Kaiser M'iJhrlm
Canal, which uoiineots the Bailie and the North Sea, now enables
vessels lu avoid the pa^suj^ of the Hound.

7. The peninitiilnr form of Denmark renders the climate moist^

!^ '^^r^^tf^^B'adVNBilflllBiHE] ^""'^^f ^^^ mild. The inhabitants are chieHy devoted to agri-

g?^/^rt'^^7-^.::r./V/:i.T,SS(r^ '■"'tare, stoc k-raisin g, lishing, and shipbtiilding.

Shantung (China), over 6S3; and Saxony, 743 to the wpiare mile. "" "' " I ■

The northern section lies in the Great Plain. The soiithem

ft lies in the Central IMateaii, which is rich in minerals,
'he et'untry is rich in soil, forests, and minerals,

is note<l fnr the extent and vai'iety of ita mitn-
;tures. It is one of Europe's greatest coal «nd

producere.

IjB^um manufactures more ^roods in proportion to il^
popuhuion Dian any oilier country. lu leaditi^; maim-
focturetiaru wt»oleii gootlsj, linmis. and laces. In thecoul
region iron and steel manufactures are leaiUtiK pnxi-
nets. Tlie ItMAii in
dnslry is rarriwl on
along llie rivfr Lys,
and Bruxsels and
Mechlin lattes are sold
everywhere. Bruswis
carpets were first
nuwie here.

Prodiic-

U e n m n v I.
niaitilyniilk.
Ek-ef. cattle,

The ^ruveninieiit is

constitutional mon-
chy. The majority
>f the people are Ro-
»an Catholics. Full
lihcrly is granted

lionti anil Tniiln. —
pnitlucea aixi ex{>i>ris
butter, and cheese.
horses, wool, and
< K^- fdso, are sol d .
'.)ur imports from
Denmark consist
rhiolly (vf hides, wool,
;nid rpnnet, a sub-
stance used in cheese
making. Wo sell
ti> Denmark oil-
rake, grain, flour,
,^— ^^^^^^"^^^^^^^^^^^^ cotton, and kerosene.
pu.. ij. uu (1,.. .r„a«iMw (A« ;wv<far. and riour.beet SUKST. and
h*u^ t\»i»u .» (VMWi. liquors ni-e made, and

Co|)ouliagon builds ships out of Norway liunber. The
most careful attention is^ven to butter niakinjv'. There
are over one thousand steam faclorips. where it is packed
ainl suited to meet the demands of all markets. Enor-
mous quantities are exported.

The f;4»veriiiiii>iit is a limilc<l monarchy; the re-
., ,, , , . ij, Uiifion of the iieople is Lutheran: education is nearly

J VuJtiriff (7i(>i Uirrr I A mill! Utrof O t [ ' J

tnrtai >* hnilf^ tinti '.nrnmrrtti until I'l >il nrilviai^il
Im pert J and in thnjK. It u iV<"-*iVnJ UUntjnw.i.

!r^inU-"'ii^'*^'"'"'~' CopenliAgen. on the island of Zealand, is the
religious I C4ipital, and the only large town in the kingdom.

.U'liiu/uCIuriPiU ,nr(U'-m< i" J.it'iif. l.J'vitD.'i- - ii |

LU ait. The coluiiini po«wesslonK i>f Denmark arc Iceland, Greenland,

several of llie West Indies, and the Faroe Island*.

mil gun afocita.

Tnide. —Belgium lias an enormous foreisj-n commerce for so Rnmll a
country. Her exports are coal and eoki"*, textiles of every sort, beet
sugar, glass, niai*hin<-ry. drnmonds, and a htrfre variety of manu>
faclures. She impm-ts raw malvrlabi and frnxls, lumljer, metals.
eroscne. and colTee,

le buys our food protlucts, naval stores, raw cott<m and
>Ieum. She sells us linens, laces, dress trimming, diamonds,
tiinegan Irarrels.

Cities. — BnisM'I.N, the capital, on theSenne, is for itsheautv
)ad I'aris. It is widely known fur its Uu;o. Near I'nissels
fichl of Walcrloi), whcni Xapoleon was defeated. Antwerp
k« of the chief cninmercial iwrts of Euro|>e.

■ipnt is extensively iMijr!ijr»'d in the nianufiirturc of eotlon gmids.
Kit*|f4% near the coiil Helds, lends the world in the milking' of firc-

Tlie Fame !»-
Inii)1.4 iiHtpiila-
tioii lU.iinniarp
volcanic in"fi
gin. Sht
farniini; is prt-
fi table, and iHtr
ley is raiM'd,
Many uf iIm-
ialuiidors liv-
byelimhinE'li
d a n ge rn II --
clifTs for ItiL-
eggs and feath*
era of sea-birds.

7'h< mnrlirl fiSar* ni Cujirnhiiijjr.

Kc'View Topic-}*.— l)cscrit«e iho NVttiorlatid!) T>i-Rcrilit' fhc Dulch. Thtir
inildstric*. Niivt. IJoveriiinent. Hclitjion. T!ip n«<;iii'. Ainftterilsni. Rot-
tcrdani. Cyluiiinl ipo-.apjL.^ionrf. Luiombiirg. DeRorilw n«lcinm. Its re«>iirce«
""d maI^lf^M^hlres. (iovcrninoiit. Kolljrion. Brus«'l». ft'iitftloo. Antwerp

lmeM.H and hiciv Tins U,wn d.-ru-.^ its name fn.m its &r.tlffe«. of , ()(„.„,. LW^.. Ostc-nd. Bruges. Of whst doea iVnitmirk t-onsM? It. co«U.

which there are fifty four. ' nimiiii., IndiistrJL-s. Ext<orl«. Gorcninient. Describe fopenhsgcn. Colonial

I, Denmark- — Denmark consists of the low peninsula of Jut- I ix^jwessions. Faroe Islaiult.

md, an important 3t?ni)ort on the North Hea. is the headquarters
of the Belgian cod and htn-ring Hwheries. liniKV.s is fitnitms ftir it»

132

AUSTUIA-nUNGARY.

I^XIir. Al*8TRIA ATfV SWITZKRI^AXD.

^Ji'-f'-'

lAt Uu-iw-K-il.

1. Aoatria-Huu^ary. — Tho Anstro-H iingnriun Monarchy
consists of the £rupire of Aastria and the Kingdom of Hungary.

GovtTuiueut.— Each couutry has it* own offlconi. coiiKtitutiou, ita
D\rn partifinient, and executive. But the FZinperor of Austria is also
the King of Hungary. One set of iiiiniKters i<» fi>ppi;;jn lands repre-
sents botli (v>uiilrio».lhe army and navy Ixrloug' to biilli.aud some laws
for the coiumou good arc made by the two parliame>it«iictinfrtnf;rether. hot springs),

Austria is in the mountain region of Europe,
and threo-foiirtiis of the empire is mountain
ranges or pUiteiius. Uungary consists of a
great, almost trooless plain, vcrv fertile.
and enclosed by
mounbiins. Bo ■
hernia is a hi;^h
plateau enclo8"L'<l
by four ranges i>f
mountains.

2. Productions
and Pursuits.—
Austria is ri< ti
in minerals, espr
cially in irun uml _

qUlCKsdlver tmnel. n* mandimd oth<f mtitfrxiU
a funtaee. The trark—um Ihm

with the Black Sea, it fnruia a roiitiuuous water-route for fomgn
couiiuprce. It prtwt>ntK the grandest river sceuerj' iu Europe

3. Cities. — Vlomia, on the Danube, is the capital of Austhi,
and the chief seat of its manufacturing industries. It is a gim
railroa*! center, and has a large trade down the Danube. It ii; tlw
focus of the inland trade of the country, as Triextc- is of the for-
eign trade. It is noUnl for its public buildings and librariw.

The workshops of Vienna send forth lange quantities of hardwwc;
IH>rci>Iain, silks, jewelry, gold and silver embroidery, and diubmiI

instruiuouta.

I»n»^iu", fonnerly tho capital of Bohemia, contains one of tlie
oldest universities in Europe.

It 18 the couiinei'cial center of Rnheniia, and the second city of Anstrii,
It wa« the birtliplace of Job ii IIusw and Kepler. The ohurch in wbidl
Huas prftrtcbttil is still standing.
Griitz is iu the iron rogiou of ftiyria, and i& tbe gn&l center of the irta
trade. Briiuu is not«d for itA wtKilen. silk, und Huen DianufacUum
Pest, on
Uanulie, stnil
called 'V' " .

one side of the;
ISiicl» (sometimes^
the ^^(icn. from Ju
on the other,
connected bjr
ma^iticent
pension bri<%Qk'
They formBodt-
i*e»«t. the capiul
.lud chief coH*
niercial city |f«

■1. iilaet Vftletl art prtttrd tntv *fiapr and HimiTarV, HHV]

""""'■ the liungaria

Parliament holds its meetings.
K<nir ]arg« fairs are held hew every year. TfaecelelmUMi
... erown of Si Stephen, the Hrst Kinif of Hungarv, whifii

/ "if eytiH-ler ara endctd aft. i ■ . . », - , - ,

ih a tiiamomt /mm md woa givcH to mill by tlie l'o|X-< in iJie yenr 1U0(), IS »pt
here.

'" cn-i. It w IhtTi pfuivi/ in a furnace m a
'I. if firliKt inJ l*if Aratf cau'r-n il to optt and
^.\Um on*, ftirmtng a pan* o/ i^att.

«alt. The
of Idria, next

tothatof AluiaUen«/ V*?" ** '^•••^"'* '*^''''''^'^*** '^.**'" in Spain, is

tue ntUCai, m i^'"^- and thev 4n»- yt and raU -it inL, a cylindtr. TUpC. 1 U I,

mineral waters of Carlsbad, Toplitz, and ^larienbad are famous.

AffTicultnre is the chief industry. The leailing protluctions
are grain, wine, tobacco, the sugar-beet, and flax.

The flour and wines of Hungary are among the most noted in Europe,

The western provinces are largely engaged in iimnufuctiiriuK*

Bohemia is famed for itAcoIored glawtware. Its faclone.s of lineso and
daumfik arc also celebrated: much be«t-sugar is uiaiiufuctured.

The principal exports arc sugar, grain, wool, flour, eggs, tim
her, cattle, coal, leather goixls, giass, and wine.

Her trade is almost entirely with northern Europe. She sells half her
food exports to Germany, and buys one-third of her imports there.
The leading imporL-t are cotton, coal, silk, wrxjl, copper, and machin-
ery. She Ki;llx to \x* flax, beet-sugar, glassware, beer, atid liides, and
buys raw cotton, copjier, kerosene, and machinery. She has con-
siderable trade with fcjifltern rmintriefi, supplying tbe leading imports
of Rniiniania. Bulgariii. and Servia. and handHng their exports.

'The l)aiiul>c, wjtli its tributarits*, extending fi-oui one end of the em-
pire to the other, furnishes facilities fur a large inland trade, while.

Szc}reiliii is an im|K)rtant grain and wine market
of Hungary. t»eiiii>orK is noted for its fairs.

Wiellczka is famous for Ms haXi mine, which has been worked for

6lH) years. It yields annually 100.000,000 pounds of salt.
Berclltf'H^nileii is noted for its salt ntine eontainine n Iteniitiful Iftlca.

[rrrrrtrnT

TtC'i

fipitrr"

Pran*fn'» Ring. the i.i.ijts ii;^fi I'l Kurvipt — 7Vi<! parliumml hami* nitrf Oiltwii af

4. Switzerland. -Tlic llepuhlic of Switzerland consists of £;
separate "Cantons,*' or States, which are as distinct from awb
other as tho States of our Union. The general affairs of the Be-
public are managed bv a Congress somewhat like our o^vn.

SWITZEKLAJSD,

188

6. Switzerland is the most niountatnoiu country in Europe,
,d is \»'or!ii-renowneil for its iiui^nitioentflOBnerv. It is lai^ly
unded and traversed by the Alps. Mont Cervin, or "The
iatterhorn." rivals Mont Blanc in grandeur, and the Jungfrau
excet*dingly l>6autiful.

Many nf the peakft art* covorctl willi i>(*r|H>tiial hikiw, while liuii(Iif>dft
(if tin." valleys ai-p lilloil witli (flai-iors, t»r ir<> rivers. From certiiin
uf these tliP Hhiim and tlif Rhuiiu lake tlieir urigin. Slaiiy uf the
wnu-rfalls are famed for their lM?auly. Aniont; the most noted are
those of lliH Rhine, at Si'hatftuiusfu. and tho Staubbnch Uin^t/alt)^
1,000 feet high.

Tho Swiss liikes are unrivaled for beauty. Those of Geneva,
Constance, and Lucerne are very celebrated.

The famuiiH HuKpict: of Ht. Bernard is in Switzerland. It is occupied
by B<Mii^ictiuf munks. whu, Ijffurw the days of railroads, seul out
the dogs of St. BtTiiai'd, durhig snowsioruis, with Ijaskets of ppo-
visiontt and wine tied to their nei^ks, to itjlieve
travi't'Ts who were lost iu tiie snow.

One-third of tlie
people are en-
^g^d in manii-
f a c I a r i iig.
ThouKaiiiis of
hand lonntR in
Zurich and St.
Gall turn out
the richest of
silks. Inces, and
I'liihroidi-'rii'st.
Swiss nuislins
a^e^HtUIaJlo%'■'r
the world. Ge-

- -^

-^■^^

Th* Rhons ^acirr, undtr wAlrf. ('i< ric<T bfV''»«.

n«va watchmt and enjjraved and enameled jewelry command high
prices. Straw hruid fur hots, wdiMlnirvings, leather gootls.fint* niachin-
ery, and scientific itislrumcnts arc other characlerislic products. The
Swiss umiiitain technical sch(»4)|t} to train workmen for their factories.
Bc«idc« textiles, we impf>rt cheese, clocks and watches, aniline dyefi,
and rei.ner fii.fn Switzerland, and sell her raw cotton, iron and steel
goods, and chemicals. Swiwi trade is mainly wiUi
her neif^hliors, France, Germany, and Italy.

cities. ^IJern* is the seat of the general gov-
ernment of the Swiss republic.

f*ii\

^ • _.;■< ^<\-^'

\uma\er Kattt tir ii|. in i>r Atftt. tvilh adi'igmet tmitint t»rtotir>r'^

'6. The HwiMM are industrious and lil>erty-[i>\
ing. The majority are Protestants. Eduwition
is free and comjjulsors'.

Owing to the mountainous character of their a,mi>i»(i a h>(fH

country, which is belter mlapted ti>gra/.ing than tillage, the Swiae
do not produce broatlstuiTs enough for their own use, but import
ins in large quantities iind raiv products for manufacture, such

cotton, silk, minerals, and coal. Waterfalls are used to gen-
erate electricity for turning luill-whoels.

Their chief industries are cattle- raising, dairy -farm ing, and

miinufac taring.

Tiiey wru famed for their watches, cotton and silk gooxLiT mid musical
boxes. These-, with txindutuied uiilk, chccso, and tu}^ arc tlio chief
eic ports,

■f-, f-1r~'

A AipA roHry in lfi« Atp*. MIMi'>>i^ u ''ut wftrie hrrdatam I't^ du/in^
tht tummtr, pnthtnnff tttttr eaUir and mat^iii/ Irutirr and cJierM.

<*eiievH is famed for itsmanufactures, and its
fmk,nihc ijp. beautiful situation. Zurich and Basel are note4l

for their silks; Lucerne, for the magniticent scenery neai* it of
mountains and lake.

Interlukcn, in
a higli mountain
valley, faces the
Jungfrau, and is
a favorite sum-
mer resort. St.
Gall is a nmnu-
facturing town,
and is famous for
its hand-niHile
embroideries and
linen laces. /-./„-iu).-n. ..-.i.-. ii^ j,„iy,v,M ■. ■ ■■ -

Altorf, in the heart of the Alps, is regardc4i by the jH-'opie as
the birthplace of Swiss lil>erty. It is said to have been the home
uf William Tell, and in tho market place was placed the cap of
(iessler, tlie Austrian governor, before which Toll refused to bow.

Iteview Topics. — .Vustrin-lIuriRary. Qovominont. Itihiibitarits. Siirface.
Minpraln. AKriciiIiure. Matitifftctures. Ex['<»rts. TUv DhuuIw. Oilies. Switzer-
land. Grtvemtrcnt. Surface. Penks nnd valWyn. Lukes. Hospice of St. Ber-
iiHrd. The people. Industries. Exports. Citi««.

-it w

ASIA.

1.XTT. PirVSICAI* FKATtTR-ES.

1. We now pass fi'om the States of Europe to the oldest
nations and the largvift continent on the globe.

AhIa is larger than the two Americas together.

It contains the highest mountains and plateaus in tlio world,
the largest population, and tii« greatest variety of race, language,
and religion. Its coast line is marked by many indentations.

Q. Surface.— The continent may be divided into three sections:
the Gn-ul Xortliera Platu ; the C^ciitnil Region of desert
plateaus and mountains; and the FeiiinsiiliM of the south.

The Great Nortlieru Plain extends from the Altai Mountains
and the Casi>ian Sea to the Arctic Ocean. Its extreme northern
{>ortion, liordering on the Froicen Ocean, consists of low marshes
called Tundras.

The tuudms are dreary and desolate. Tlieir scanty liopulalion is

jj.il

(rompoMd of the noniat^ trii>Gjv
called Saiiioietles, who live
mainly on Gsb and the flesh ur
Ibu reindeer.

South of this belt is a vast
forest region, extending fi-om
the Gulf of Finland to tho J^l-
citic shores of Asia, a distance
of 4,000 miles. It is the abotle
of numerous f ur- bearing anunals.

In the west, between this
woode<l region and tlic moun-
tains, arc the ittepp«(i, or rolling
prairies, which are gay with
(lowers in the spring, and green v,^o oi tu pt^itnu »/ .4»<.<..Jta >.<.iju.j
With grass m the summer. San iMpn.

They am ih« home of the rovintj Kiiyhiz [-g^z) and TatArs {tak't.t\
here find pasliiriii^ for Ihtir ln-i-ds,

The Central Itcfrion nf desert plateaus and mountains extei
from the Re«l -Sea nearly to the I'acific Oct»n. It may be
vided into two |Hjrtions, an eastern and a western.

The l-:iMt4>^,rn portion emttraccs Tibet (the loftiest plnteu_
the clobe), with the d<'srn phitt'iius of Turkestan and Moi

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136

- ASIA: PHYSICAL FKATURKS-

and a region of less elevation
lying to tlie eastwanl and slop-
ing gradually to the sea.

This r^ion is bordered by
the Altai Mountains on the
north, and tlie Himalayas on
the south, and is tniverfied east
and west by lofty mountain
chains.

The Hliiuiln^'as (abode of snote)
are the liig'hest niDuntaius in
the world.

^■*:^-3gj.

taiitM. aruJ or* almjft cortrtd mth *n/)>i. tVotuvi f^ir
AloU^ Lhcir entire length of 1.500 o/rotJtu.-hir*kaMhtmtbrt>k*nt>ff,aiuitHU beiurri*diL.

miles they rise far above the line of perpetual snow. Amongr their
many lufty peaks standfi the majosttc Mount Svervst, more thau 29,-
000 feet hiKb.
These mountains present every possible feature of mountain Krandeiir :
peak and precipice, gorge and glacier, ruggwl ravine and headloug
waterfall. They are srander than the Alps, but not so beautiful,

,' >iM* art j/oung mmur-
: \i gtadtr an mnrU«rt

The western ]»<*rtion compr
mainly the desert plateaus
Ambia and Iran, which
separate*! from the great
ern plain by the Hindu Kuah;
Klburz Mountains.

The PeninsiilaM of Asia ha^ij
. ariod surface of tableUnda ui\
low mountains, well-watoredir*;-j
leys and river plains.

They are a region of great intenMn |

the history of the world. Fnnl

Arabia, Mohammedan ciriltxaiial

took iUi origin; and the Sanskrit, or sacred tongue of India, bi

oldest language of the white race.

India and IndoChina are, with China and Japaui amon^ tb«

densely populated portions of the world.

3. Bivera and Lakes. — The rivers of Asia are numeroiiai
important.

The most noteworthy are the Uoong, Yangtze, and Awii
which flow down the eastern slope of the continent and enter i
I*aeiiic, and the Onngos and Indus the Mckoutr. Irawaill,
liralmiaiintra, which descend the southern slope and How into I
Indian Ocean.

These rivers have built up the rich flood plains of China, Indo-CbiiK
and India, and funii^th water routes for a vast internal commeiM

The Hoang River or Yellow River has built up its flood plain wjU
deiKwiis nf Hell e.irth called " lAieji," much like the blulF furnuitirv
of the Mississippi. The lloaitg winds about in ita tluod pLainiud
frequently cuts a new cliannt^l for itself to the sea.

ASIA.— RIVERS, CLIMATE, AND VEGETATION.

Vim' on '*a tonyd nwr Gaf^* at firnarr*,
thoiL-xitg briJtlt at boaU in (Ac dittam<*.

The jiriucipal rivers of western

Asia fti-fi the Kupliratt'K and

Tigriti, which outer the Persian

Qiiir.
The Oh, YencRei, and Irfiia ar^

the chief rivers of the Nurtlierit

Plain. They ure frowu over for

six months of the year; but dur

ing' Bunin\or they are the water-
ways for local commerce, ,, , . „^ , ^ i ^

TIjC YciK'sei, Ob. and VuilUtZt! are -VirfiM l^ Imtdtn^f and mUivt hoal* in iKeiorw
I .1 o ..■ill -I gntund, A Brilith gunboat and ant of our*

each more than 3,UU0 miles in artiitmidtinam.
len^rth.
Several of the rivers, like the Aniazon, are Mubject to l>iir(>n. Those
of the Indus, the Hooply. and the Brahmnpntm are reiimpkable.

The plateaus and plains of Asia aliouml with Halt lakes. Th<*
CaiSpian and Aral Seas are the largest of these.

Tlifi Caxplan is the larsrest lake in the world. It is more than four

times the size of Lake Sui>erior.
The I>cad Sea, whose surface is more than 1,3<KI feet below the level

of the Med i terra ueau, is the lowest of thejte salt lakes.

Of the frKHb-nuter lakes the largest is Lake Baikal. It is 401)
miles in length, and is a valuable highway for commerce. In
winter it is frozen over and becomes a highway of tra<le and
travel.

RevlfW Topics.— Com pari! Asia with the other continent» In siae. Ph^iti-
cal fealure". Populntiini Il» three divisiniK, Norllicm Plain. The tun-
dras. Korsat re^on.
Stcppc!). Th* CeiitTBl
region. Its extent.
T>ivi3ii>ns. The eut-
frn. The Ilifiialayas.
The w■e^te^^l portion.
The surface of tht?
poniasnlos. W)iHi

nmkes thont iiuorosi-
iiiET? Th« chief riror*
■ •i thv L>H!>t(!m e]o\m of
A»iu; uf itoulliem
sI'iiN'. What 1 wu
yrcat purposes do

It >t rioriyiiWi' I'-r /•rtari Hx^Sf rU't^rfi serVl"'*

ilM, and jar irruUir' irstflii. 1,100 mitea AinArr. »»_.„„ .L~ ..;.^___ »

Thrrt an manu Jant/wrviu rapid; and Irom SU l« aw mm ar* >»'nc Itie Iivers of
ragriuvKJ lo fruli muA btM/ up Utr Mtrram pati lhr»e rapida. WCStiTII Asia; of the

Nortiiern Plain. Whit-li are th« longest riviTS of Amk? Flow Irm^ un ihry?
What is Paid of the mU Inkefl? The tnrgent? What in said of ttie Dead Sea?
Name the largt^itl of the fresh-water lakes.

liXV. CLIMATE, VECiETATIOX, HACES.

1. Climate. — The Northern Plain receives the cold winds of
the AiTtic Ocean. Its \\nntcrs are long and severe, and its
summers shoii^

CcntntI Anla, between the Altai and Himalaya Mountains, has

genemlly a temperate climate, with the exception of Tibet, whidi,
owing to its elevation, is bleak, and hirgely uninhabitable.

The great ]>eninsiUas of the south, and the desert plateaos of

Western Asia have, for tlio most jsirt, a tropical or hot clliuole.

2. Moisture.— A glance at the physical maj) shows that most

i»f Asia west of the Ilala ^fountains (which form the boundan

letween the plains of the Indus and the plateau of Iran), enA

south of the forticlh parallel of latitnde, ispoorlv watered.

ThJA re^rion is mainly occupied br
the plateaiiH of Iran and AraW.
which are enclosed by low nKwiii-
LninK that Imnler the ooctet Thm
inouiitains rob the sea breaes of
their moisture, and render Uie in-
terior plains generally dry and
I'iirren,

Eastward of the Hala Moan-
tains we find the |>eninsiilAa ot
India and Indo-China. Thcv 1»

fan/}'
■{b theffrnu ,

ihrraUr^ u/ I>m /raun Ji n/ .XtandtUaf, «>bK't»v pitlact atii tmipin o] *h* in #f tint/

in the region of the southwest monsoons, which conne from ;!«

sea loadoil with moisture. Consequently the^e peninsulas are

ahimdantly watered and exceedingly fertile.

The Muiii!H>(>ii» are so named from the Arabic word for Mnaon. For
six months, including the winter, the winds come from the interiur
jtnd are dry: thefie are tlio northeast monsoons. Fur the other cix
months, which are the summer months, the winds come from ibe
sea and are moist: these are tlie southwest monsoons. They bnn<
clouds and make the rainy sejiaon. The annual rainfall of India
variety fi-oin 00 inche^s at the mouth of the Ganges, to 500 iiichw
amoiiff the niountaiu-s.

3. Vegetation and Animals.— Besides the difference in
amount of moisture, there is also a marked contrast between the
vogetatitm and animals found in the country east and those found
in the rimnirv west of the Hala Mountains.

On the enst we find the teak, the t^amboo, ebony, and banvan
ti-ees; cinnanmn
and other spices;
the sweet-scented
san<lalwood, cot-
ton, rice, and
indigo; the tea
plant and cam-
phor tree of
China, the mango
and the banana.

Here also are ^ ^^^^^^___^^_^

lOUna. in me gnmi dautward atui loJbe rool. M AhtficK uitJU^Kncr*,

ASIA.— PEOPLE AND CniUZATIOX.

139

dense forests aud junglcft, the larg««t HiilmalH, surh as the elephant,
rhinoceros, and lapir, and some of tho most furix-ious. euch ils lIio
tigor; serpents of the most venumuus kind, and birds, such oa the
peacock, of the niont brtlhHDt ptuniagc.
Tihot is the home of the yak, or gniniing ox, which lores to roam
above the snowline.

On tlio west the teak and banyan an* replacetJ by the oak and
be aah. The peach, the olive, the Jig. and other fruit trees,
nrith the vine, the melon, and the rose, ore naticos of this
region, and are found also in Europe.

Among useful niitmnli fonnd here are the camel and the dromedary
fcalled ships of the desert), horses, oows, goat^, and sheep. p

4. Races aud Heligion. — Asia is occapietl mainly by i

.wo great riUMis: the
>4iicasiaT), ivliich inhab-
U Western Asia and In-
\\Jiy and the ^fongolian,
ivhicti is found in East-
ffn Asia. Tha Malays
>cciipy the Malay Penin-
pnla and neighboring'
klands.

The yellow hair, blue
eyes and fair akin so
common amonfir the
Caucasians of Eur<iite

nrr replaced in the Caucasiaua of Asia by black hair and eyee am
dark coniplejcions.

In the valleys of western Asia the Caucasian race dereloped a hiph
degree of civilization thmiwtids of yvam at^o. Families of this race
bmlt the ffreat cities of Nineveh. Baalbek aiul Rahyloti. and founded
the historic enii>iivs of the East. Oiir writU'n history begins with
tliem- Fn«ii them we get our alphaW-t. our .\rabic numerals, and
the elements of algehm and iiMtrononiy. Tlie Cnucasians cro«we<l
the mountains into Indiii in early times and founded empires there
nnd built great cities which are now in ruins.

baa Ijoen the cnullo of nil the prominent reilfrinns of the

The last three are the prevailing forms of religion throughout Asia.

5. National Rank. — The native empires of Asia are the most
populous iu the world, but excepting Japan, there is not one
that has risen to importance as a commercial or naval jKjwer.

6. Political Geography.— l-arge p<»rtion8of Asia Ijclong to
Russia and Turkijy. Not counting these, the countries of Asia
may be <Uvided into three groups:

t, The four native Independent nations.

Tliwie are China, Ja|>an, Persia, and Siara. Except Japan they ore
altwiluto monnrrliir-*. With tlieir deprndencie« they embnict.* about

one-Uiird of the area of Asia, and
nearly two-thirda of ita inhabitanta.

U. Countries belongring to for-
t'lKu powers, its India, IJurma, the
Straits Settlements and French
Indo-China.

III. Districts, such as zVrabia
arnl Afghanistan, which are occu-
pitMl by trliwsthat have no respon-
sible government.

7. Modes of Life and Civili-
zation. — The Hindus, ('hinese,
and Jajmnese have attained a
high degree of civilization.

I'he [latarea. temples and tombs of India
jircof wuiidu-rful beaulv

ChHstiamly, Judaism. Buddhism, Brahniaikism, and Mohamme^lanism
■II bad their origin within its limits.

0)mw» or Aau.

btocwe Rnipiro

bdo- J French Imlo-Chiiin.

hina- ^ Siara

Iv^lon

4,277.170

906. B40

L'OO.OOO

29.861

iitrviu '. I I. A tSra/imin lJ«ii]«J« at Madum, U'< f • ■ . , 'fiutSrm tndtix,

nrar ifadnu. Tite templm M 840 (ly 7-M fttt, awf tnm At oenUr u/ cuA utdl rima d fti/ramid
of ni'iM tlarirs, raeh Uory tupparUd fcy ^euiptvoi ttgurv*. 7'Am u a picture of th» firinci^al
Pifntmid, h'AicK u I A3 /«■( Mgh. 2. Brakmim ooOapv M Jnrpor^

Keview ToplcH.— The elimatft of the Northern Plain. Of Centra]
Asia. Th* peninsula*. Wh«t ["orlion of Asia is poorly waten?(l? Why? Why
«re 1)i<Im «nd Indo-China well watered? Motivoons. In what direulifHui aud
for h*>v long do they blow? What make* Uie »(iiilhwr«t monsoons? Name
tame of Die ]ilaiit« fount! east of t)ie Hula >toiiiilAin!i. Some of the anitnnlA.
Wii&t )>lNiitfi aitd. rriiit.>4 art- fournl west of !]»»ie mountainii? What anitiials?
What nice* owupy most of Asia? Whore do (he Malays live? How do
AaiatirH tliffrr frr^mi KiiropeaiiJi in apf>earance? What religions hare origj-
uated in A.«iM? Iln.'* any naCivo Asiutie empire ever been an im)ior1Ji)it rom-
tDen:ia1 or naval |M>wer? Ilnw may tlie States of Asia he groufted? Which
of the Asiatic nalions are civilized?

FNipillMtiW.

436.047.83.",
20.',aV4HO

6.000.000
8,«72.888

Japan .... .

itr. India , .
Ar^hniii^tan
tlahiohistan

Bv. aiha.

147.G5fi
184,000

PDpBlulon.

44.803.987

S04.SIHJ,701

4.000.000

810.OOO

Penfa.

Asiatic Turkey ...

incliid'g Arabia.

Asiatic Ru!>tiia

^r^^

PuiwiaUoo.

•88,000

■ 088.981

6.804,778

9.000,000
16, ess, SCO
22,097,469

■MPIRE.

I'Au M II /nrmfuiuje in l.'>r yreat /toafi^piatn naar ShaUdKai.

LXVI. CIIINKSK KMIMRK.

1. The Chinese Em|ilrc occupies the central part of Eastern
Asia. It includes China — with its dependencies, Manchuria,
Mongolia, Tibet, and Sinkinng — and embraces an area larger
limn the entire continent of Europe.

Th« estimatfxcl piipiilatloii is about 400.000,000, or about one-faiirih
titatof the eiilire globe. It is ctiii^fty MoQgoliaiu

2. China. — China consists of
the great pljiins of the lloan^^
and the Yangtze rivers, together

lAc Itavti ui'r'i hit left.

them un purM to [nil in tA< «U'i Ui dry.

.-tMorrtriu (i>j ioii'i:- ,ij'(<r ihty have Wn dritd.

with adjoining mountain re-
Ljions. The climate is varietl,

VM rur/iuo "»d resembles that of our o\m

lAc Itavti uilh hit left. Vir other it arrantiuvs . m ,, t .m

country. The soil ib fertile.

China is one of the oldest and most densely populated conntries

in the world.

The laud is filled to overflowiug- with i>oople. For want of dwelling
space near lar^ cities, no less than iliree niillioni; uf the [>ei>plti live
in boats, which are arrftiiged in fttrw^U on the rivora, as houses are
oil the land. Every available foot of laud is under cultivation.

3. Mineral Wealth. — The Chinese coal-beds are among the
most extensive in the world. Iron and salt, gold, silver, copper,
quicksilver, leaf!, zinc, and precious stones abound. The deposits
of jiorc^ehiin clay are very large.

4. Pursuits and Productions,— Of all pursnits, agriculture

is the most honored by the Chinese.

To do it homaife, the Entperor. every New- Year V Day, puts bis hand
to the plow aud runs a furrow.

Tea is the great agricultural staple.

Tea is tlie leaf of «n evergreen shrub that grows about five feel high.
Tlie leaves are picked by hand, rolled, and dried. Tlie laborers are
paid a few cents a day.

Cotton and the mulberry-tree are e.xtensively cultivated. The

culture of silk is as important as that of tea. Kicc and millet are

the chief articles of food.

The leading iiiHitufActures of China arc silk, cotton, and ^
eetain.

Great use is made of the lianiboo iu building houses, boats, and briil

und In making furniture aud household utensj^ils.
The Chiueiic are extensively engaged in Hea Hi«lierieSt

Conunerc©.— China has a vast internal coniineroe.

Tliis is eumeil on by rivers and canals, as most roads are pa-wabl^^mtt
for carls and wheelbtuTtnvs. \\\ the uiouutains dinr
and In the dt-serts. lUe cauiel. Railrowds are being- iii
the prineipal cities of the Kuijtire are now couuecled with cue anil
aud with the capital by tel«'grup1i. The Chin«»e uud Rustiim
tiigether place Pekin in telegraphic ooniinunicatian with Kumpe.

China is rapidly enlarging ils

foreign intercourse.

In former limes the laws »<f
Oiina exeludi'd ull f(inntmei*s

fiTun the country- For a loug lim«
the |xirt uf Cunlon only wa* ":»
to foreign trade. Forty-tliree j-r ■
V^ik.m (t-4 •>. tai«f at Tw^ttitt. a^e now open, among them U»l d

Ichaiig on the Upjrer Yangtie, in the very heart of the Empire.
There is a great carHvait trade l>etwcen China and Russia, wliich Itis
its i-endezvous ut Maiinatchin. (See Ti-ade Chart, pages 16(i ;ind IST.i

The principal exports are tea and raw silk. The chief imports
from the United States are cotton cloth and yani) kerosene,
tobacco, and lumber. China has a large trade with iSoutlern
Asia, froni wluoli she imports vast amounts of rice.

5. People. — The Chinese are industriouSj patient, economical
and ingenious.

They invented gnnp<)wder and the nmriner's coiupaas, and haveondcr-
stood the art of printing, iiaper-niukiiig, aud manufacturing "Chiui'*
ware for ages- Their skill in the carving of ivory is marvelous.

Till) must famous public works arc the ('ruml Cnnnl. 700 raih^LU

Cinp o/ (A« irrwai CKxnmt wall.

length, aiiti Uie (>rent AVuU, l.SNK) miles in length, from 15 to:
feet high, and so bruad thai six mea uu horseback cau ride
upon it.
It was designed as a work of defense against the invnding Tat

142

JAPAT?-.

l,XVn. JATAN,

A \^^UtT n\\li and diininti^. wdlaot, vith i>,t /iimoiii r\;lmnn, ^ u;iV'>'n<i, IN fA« bneitffrotind- littxntri
iht firm ruv buudin^ on th* ifh \*-i vnirr wht<l w^tifh ruFMa in</{.

1. Japan consists of four large islands, Hondo, Kiushu, Shi-
koku, and Teu>, together with the southern half of Sakhalin,
and numerous smaller islands.

lis area uud impiilutioii are a little larfifer thau the area and popula-
tiun of t)ie Hriiish IsIhikIs.

The voaslH are generally bold and rocky, and abound in con-
venient harbors.

The country is iiiuiiiitHiii<»UM. and in many places vnlrnnic. Tt
is more subject to oartbtjuakes
than any other region.

6. People. — In commerce, manufacturing, and general eot^N
prise the Japanese are the most progressive of the Mongoliia
race. Since 1854 they have opened their ports to foreign tnul«
and residents. Hundreds of steamers ply regularly between
Japan and ports of our own and other countries.

In tbe manufacture nf pf>rrf*lnln the JapanMu* atp fH]ual Inanynatioa
in the world; in r^rinin Iriiids of metal work thoy Pxo<?l all; tlies
Kllk fnhriesuivuf Kuiwrlnr fxcefleiice; tliey make iiunieronsv
(•f IMilifF, niuuy of which are very beautiful. "Japan w
made by them alone.

They have adopk^<l tlio best features of the niilitarv systena
of inodern nations, and have intrcMluced jKist-oiTlcos. railways,
and telegraphs.

6. The Govenunent is a monarchy. The "Mikado" ix
aided by a lireat Council. A constitution lia-s l>een adopted.

7. Education.™ I*ublir schools have been established, and the
education of boys is universal and compnlaorj'. The Imjierial
University of Tokyo is an in-
stitution of luLdi rank.

-' After (A. ■ .1.-, ; ■ . ,.i,,

•yc^ii about Oi«mttIpUi At cucoatu u.-c Ihm
til<tiut*d into hoitina vnftr to kiU iHa wvnn, n/io
u-oulaoth^'wiuftatintteayiMil and tpaU tht tilk.

jVaJ:>.i0rv,u> tOk «n J^f»n. 1. T>^ vomm i* Fujljaiiia, with its majpstic cone

tttdino At tUk^nn, u.'iHt mMtrrv Uava. „f s„„^v, is ail ftXlillct VolcOIlO

nsing: 14,000 feet above the sea. It was formerly au object of
venurution.
Nwir KiuBhu there is a small islet with a volcano, which, like Strora-
biili. ill tli*^ M("di(«rm[)ean, sf rveft us a liifbtliouse.

2. Mineral Beaources. — .lapan is not rich in mineral re-
soun^e-s ; but coppnr and iron are abundant, and goltl, silver, sul-
phur, and coal are mined, Minond spring abound.

3. Climate. — The climate resembles that of our Atlantic sea-
board, though it is somewhat milder, owing to the insular position
of JajMin.

At Tokyo the summer temperature range's from 70* to 90'; in winter
the snow seldnni lies Innjj-.

4. Productions. — The ])riucijtal crops are ritie and tea. Ilice
is the chief article of food.

Among' the productions are the tree from wliich the Japanese get
the iiriii" ft>r tlioip beauliful "'Japan ware"; tlm wax-tr<»e, from
which they got a kind of wax for their candles — the nianufactiire
of which is an imiwrtant industry; und the paper-iutilbiTry,
from which they manufacture paper.
The chief oxijorts are silk, rice, tea, camplior, copper, and cot-
ton good«. The chief imports are iron and steel goods, machin-
ery, flour, kerosene, and tobacco.

4. ParMing tiit ^onfc* W raw nil:

ivmt e/u'AvA irt broupAj to I'atrraoti,!^ .,, -

tM <a.-Ox>tn. {St* poo* <>.}

3. Th< f<«o.« nrt put in .mr« .r^<r /„ (oo.r.. Th^ Japanese used the art of prirtr j

iKg fiber, uhich it Ihfft rt*ltd off into KatJit. j^g long before it WBB iovaiMj
in Europe. Tliey liavo a literature of grcflt antiquity and pepute-
Maijy Ja|)uue«e stuticut*aro educated in Europe and the Uniiwi rllaW.

8. Religion.— There is no state religion. Tbe ]ieople »nj
largely Uuddhists. Many, however, have become Christians.
0. CiistoniB. — Many curious customs prevail.

Owing to the fact tluit tJ»e country is so subject to earth^nakra. ibe,
tlwellJiig?* are gun^-'rally of wood- They are all built accordinff loj
one of three or four plans; so that, In furnishhig a house, you hiire
orly to go to the iipholaterer and oi-der mat^ and other articl^^ (tim
house of one or other of these p«4ttern8.

The Japanese have no chairs, sofas, or beda; Ihey use their clothes Uf
bod-cov0ring. and sleep upon the mata on which tbey sit durio^ Ui* |
day.

10. CiUeB.--Tbc cities of Japan are numerous. Tokyo, tlte]

/'.'■Jr;(ir;[,' '.I'r IN J-lfKin.

144

BRITISH INDIA.

LXIX. BIUTISn ASIA.

1. British Asia coiiiprises the
great jieninsula of India, to-
gether witli JJurma, Assam, the
Straits Settlement*, Ci'vlon, tlir
Andaman and Nicobar islands,
and other islands.

2. India. — On the norlhcin
Ijonler wi? find the vast r!in;L;t^
of the Iliiualaya Mountains.

At their southern base lie the

Near Darjfeiing, tifXMi }tri obon 0\c »ea. TKt mountainM in |A« ditlaiux art Iht h\Ohcit

great plains of the Indus and Ganges, one of the richest and
most populous re^ons in the world. (See Physical Map, p. 135.)

Still farther to the south rises the plateau of the Dekkan.

3. Productions. — The mineral wealth of India is not large.

Iron, poid, aud prwioua stnnf^is are. however, found in considerable
abiindanct^, and iitucli rc>al \n mined,

The great productions of the country are Hgrifiiltiirnl. Thfy
are rice, wheat, cotton, jute, silk, opium, indigo, tea, sugar, »nd
tobacco.

MlUot and rloo nr*» thp nhipf nr-

\m^\

r' --

irif lor rurlini} li

Tht preparation of (M in ii'4h:. A jurrusce

in uAtcA A« JaofW ore tnlted arid partially

drifd

tides of food. Two crops of ricp
are rawwl every y«iir.
India raises vast quantities of nittnn, which is the principal material

for clnUihijr. "nio sugar crtip is ininif use.
Opium is niiidt! from thu puppy, and tho cultivation of this plant h an
important branch of iuduBtry. It it: larpely chewed and smnliud by
the CUiituso, Japaneiie. and the infaabltantaof the Kast India Islamic,
The entire procwwls of the tea crop are said to be insufBcinnt to [jay

for tlie opium unnuuHy
bniufrlit into ChiiKi and
r I'liaunied there.
-Into iH usetl in making
yuiiny - bojrs. in which
nmiiy of tlie produclti of
India are packed. It ia
lar>rety um^I also in mann-
fuclurin^f ciiriM-'Ls.

4. The Commerce of
India is immense. A
great maritime trade is
carried on with Englund
MmUiv tvu. oi Mv»or^ and China, and an im-

portant caravan traffic with central and western Asia.

Internal commerce is rapidly developing by the aid of the rail-
ways that connect the principal cities and seaports. The large
rivers are navigated b}* steamers.

1 The country is traTWsed by «
work of iiavi^ble and \t
oAnalM. Bomo of which m
suiuIm of miles in length.

The chief exports are cOttot,!

rice, jute, oil-seeds, o^'vut- *

liidua, indigo, wheat, ;>!

Cotton cloth and hardware m

the largest import*.

Fur ag:ea tho trade of Iiti
richest imffic of thf u ;
En^Ush Kast India 4;»tii)Niiii»
having; ^rown rich and powerful thraugli its uiouoikjIj o.*
trade, achieved tJie splendid con(in<«t which gave to En^laiid
niiwt valuable of her possessions.

6. The Inhabitants number about 290,000,000. They
generally known as Hindus, though there is prreat divernitv
race, language, manners, ami

Iturruiriil a (4Vi AititM.

Carta at t^ jaetorji bamg loodArf |r«M m It

Thfy were formerly iiolt^ for :liw
akill in the niaiiufoclure uf i-^uj
fabricjt.

The mnstins of Dacca, the b»N>caile.s of Benares, the embroidiMim J
Delhi, Inii^ rivntled the prmtuct!) of the finest modcru machiJieff-
The (ihawls of KaKhmir am still unKUrpuitsed.
More than two thousand years ago India was the seat of on oni|tire
of vast wc-ullh. Us wonderful antiquities uud iiiu^uiHccnt ruiuD. in
extraordinary poetical and i-eliffious lit^rrature, tell in eloquent W
gunge of tlie grandeur of tito p-'ut.
EHrui»ean civilizuliun is uow rapidly extending over the countrv.

Tho leading rvliRlonH are Hrahmanisrn and MoliammedaDiaa.
Aliout two inillions of the jieople have become Christians.

6. G-ovemment.— The King of England is *' Emperor of
India," and rules through a governor-general.

AFGUAXISTAN, BALCCHISTAX, AXD PERSIA.

AJyKilii in/mrn ,\iiluf Ifif thawtM tn>cr tluir htiitSt from

t hM€ tkt afthan, ic«m bv Utditm, takr* iU name.

liXX. AFGHANISTAN, BAIiUCIUSTAN, PEIWIA,
AND AUAUIA.

1. A%hanUtaQ and Baluchistan.— Afghanistan and Balu-
chistan ocoiipy the Cjidtern portion of the Plateau of Inin, and
are for the most jmrt desert. Some of the mountain valleys are,
however. woU watered an<l fertile.

These valleys are
inhabited by a set-
tlpii poimlHlioii,
hut the couutry
}j*nerally is peo-
plwl by warlike
nomads, whorai»u
t-'uniels, liorses,
^«>al«, anil slieep
• ■II the groud pos-
luro lands.

Mofsr nf naluchiA-
l;m is now under
I lio con Irul of
Great Britaiu.

The chi«f cnravoii routes between India and western Asia lie

through this region, which is separated from India by the Stdai-

man and Ilala mountains.

The two ^gnaxi passes through these mountains, the Kliaibar Pass
Icadiii)!' to Kabul, and tlie Roinn leading into Baluchistan, may
be cuUt'd the northwestern gates of Indin, The Bolnii Pass in a wild
gorge about (Uty miles loiifr. wtiDi-d in liv iMcipii^ns '-fHks In 1839
ucoluninuflhe
BriUah army
look ftix days
to traverse it.

Tiio principal
depo t K of t iio
caravan trade
are Kuhul. Ho-
rat, Kniidaliiir,
and Klielat. Ka-
bul, on the Ka-

OUl river, is the Wont^nol ih*%i>orkir,acia*aii^ravsngaPtrmutnairit^

capital of Afghanistan, Khelat of Baluchistan.

England and Rusisiii are rivals for the control of the commerco of ttiose
countries. Enirland has huilt milroads as far as New Chaman and
Peshawar in the south, and a Russian road hiw nearly reached Herat.

2. Persia. — Persia occupies the western jMirt of the Plateau
of Iran.

It is a dry country, requiring for the most part artiticiaE irriga-
tion; hut wherever there is water, the hills
and valleys are clothed with waving wheat
or fragrant roses, and the pastures are cov-
ered ^nth flocks and herds.

Water is conveyed to Uie plains from the moun
tain spriugs or stn^ims by long underground
uqueducls called kenaU.

The cliinatc of Persia generally is one of
great extremes. The summers are intensely
hot, the printers bitterly cold. The region
bordering the Ca8]>ian Sea has a corapani-
tively mild climate.

3. Productions. — Silk is the most important production
The other products are cotton, tobjicco, opium, drugs, wool, wini*,
minerals, naphtlin, salt, and the tunjuoise.

The artUauH of Peraiaare skilled tn various branches of iiidujitrA'. «-
peclally in the manufacture of silks, shawls, curi»ets. and sniall-antii
The chief exports are cotton, silk and silkworm eggs, opiwa,
carj>ets, dried fruits, and pearls.

In these dry countries the fruits, such as grapes, peaches, ptan.
apricots, nectarines, plums, cherries, figs, pomegranates, and lud-
ons — both ranteliHii>e8 and watennploiu* — are unsurpassed.

4. Govern-
ment. — Persia u
one of the old-
est monarchies is
the world. The
lulur is called tLe
Shah, and is i
Mohamraedan.

U'*-?.teni civilta-
tion is tindiug
iU way into tbii
country. Tel»-
^a[)A and pi34-
alfiees Iiave l>«n
introduced.

,-l -it! .1. I'l't.-: -n 'ii: ' I. ■ ■■ ■ ! M r« rii'ijiiiii, /rofi .'

pilrd up tn /ri>ni o{ ihe uurrhoiurt and lA« /'craiaiM uviAAlnff tSt
Ummtr at it approa<^4.

5. Cities.-
Tehenm is the
capital, Tabita
is an iniporUint center of caravan trade between Persia and
India on the one hand and Turkey ami Russia on the other.

Iripalian, once the capital, is an im[K)rtanl center of trade.
Moslied. the holyeity, nianufjuHures carpets and shawls; lSu.slilrcoc
the Pt'rsi.'in (Julf, h;it inipr»Hant oomTnerce wiUi Kiiropeau couutririL

6. Arabia. — Ara-
bia is a great plateatL
It has thrco natunl
divisions, nearlyeqoal
in size: u centnl
MiountainouB n-«pi>a;
a desert l>elt ei:dr
I ling this; a nam'^
' o;i.>it plain.
I '4*u(ral Amblit ooo-
lains many ti^wnn and
\ illages. liN valleyvsiv
Lxceedingly pruducdn.

'.'^C- i'i-^

:i U.lUV!.'Li ■'! J ■

ARABIA AND ASIATIC TUKKEY.

147

1%i4 i* Mc ktm» «/ an jlrob famHu «/ Btdfivin. T^t man U ■i.-Ajrtntf dcth for a
f«i«/. I'm iKODMn t* tpinitina.

The deport belt haa a wanly vefjcLilion whirh furnishea food for the
goats and cimelR of thp Kwioiiin or waiuleriiit; Aral)**, Hen? and
there groves of dnte-palrii mark the fertile spots, or oases. Thedeaert
is oftcu swept by the dry Bcorcbiujf wind callrxl the simoon.

The eoAat pliiiii tonUuns fertile district wliiili yield coffee, dates,
A^< ?ra{>es. fraf^^nt ^ni.s, and Kfiiees in jn'eat profusion. This
region was ancierillv callwi "Araby tli*> HI est "

The exportH arc [

^Soffee, dates, cam-
els, horses, pearls,
.Slid wool.

Off the island of
Bafareiu. in the
Persian Outf, is
one of the mowt
noted pearl
fisherieii iu lIr'
world.

7. Oovern-
"anent. — Arabia is
•divided into petty
estates tinder 8ep-
■arate rulers. — i7,w/...,«.

Ne<Ueil, Hhoiiier, and Oman are the most important. Riad,
^layel, and l^Hiscat are their capitals.

Y'enien and Hedjaz, on the western coast, are fertile districts.
'I'hey are Turkish provinces.

Hodjaz contains the holy cities of the MohaiiiiiKMlans — Mecca,
*he birthphice of ** the prophet," and Mcclinn, his burial place.

Every Mohaiumetlan tries tu make a pllKTinia^re to those cities once in
his life. Enormous caravans visit ibem every year. Tho pilgrims
come front mnlives nf reh>rion and ciitnnierce. Traders from various

Mohaniniedun countries meet at Hecca and exchange their com-
niodiliea.

Sana is the capital of Yemen, famed for its Kocha coffee.

MuKcut is an iin]K>rtant center of commerce,

Arabia contains Mount Biuai.

Itevlew Topit'ji,— Wlial coiiEitries ocMTupy the eiwtem part of the Plateau of

Iran? I)f.ccrib« the vnnulry atxl iiilintittant#. CBrRran mute». Mountain p«i»i4>».
Kotan i'asa. Chiof ci(ip». What oountry occiipie* tlio western purl of Iraii?
Describe it. Kciiau. Chrnate. Prod uif I ions. Wlint of tlic artitMinti of Persia?
Cliior exports. Fruits. OoverumoiiU Motlurii civilization. Telieran. Tabriz.
Upuhnri. What is Arabia ? N'ntiira] dtviitioni'? How much of the coiinlrv does
eiich Uivisiitri occupy? Central Arabia. DeMrt bell. Coast plain. Kiportj.
For what is Balirviu noti-d? How is Arabia goveriiwl? Prinnipnl state*, t^pi.
tttlH. Veiuen and Uedjaz. Meuc-a. Medina. Pilgrimages. Sana. Mai«CBt.

LXXI. A.SIATIC TtKKJEY AX1> ASIATIC KLSSIA.

1. Asiatic Turkey. — Asiatic Turkey includes Anatolia, Anne-
nia, S5*ria, Mesopotamia — the low plains of tlieTigris and Kuphra-

tes — and the west-
ern coast of Arabia
(see map, p. 113).

Those constitute the
most important part
of tlie Turkish Em-
pire.

Anatolia, Ar-
menia, and Syria
contain raHeys of
great fertility,
where the vine,
the olive, the mul-
berry, poppy, cot-

Jrru^rr,.. ^^^ "'hoat, tO-

bucco, and fruits grow abtmdantly and yield large crops.

The plains of Mcs«>potaiiila are («vercd with vegetation during

the minv season, bnt lx»coinedn' and barren during the summer.

Asiatic Turkey ha« great natural resourcea. Powerful empires once

flourished here. Au oppressive government is the chief obstacle to

prosperity.

The leading cxportR are raisins and figs, olive nil. opium, silk.

wool, goat'shair,
sponges, and va-
lonia, used for
tanning, dyeing,
and ink-making.

2. Govern-
ment. — Each
province is gov-
erned by a Pasha
appointeti by tli-
Sultan.

On the <ftttJt4 itj lA* rM«r J^trdatu

The inhaltitantt* are Mohammedans. Christians. Jews, and Gypsies.
They fire for the most part in a low condition of civilization.

3. Syria contains Palestine, or the Uoly Lund. Here are
Jerusalem and its aubui'b, Bethany, and Uethlehem, the birth-
place of Jesus.

Sponge and coral fisheries on tho coast of the Mediterranean
are important sources of Syrian commerce

14d

SYKIA.— S113ER1A.

Sponges are aniinni productions, living in wawr irom i^t to 150 f#H»(,
deep, and attHclicd to rocks or sheila. They are gitthei*ed by divei-s,

Smyrna is the great iw>rt of Asiatic Turkey. DamaHcus, the
oldest city known, und lingiliul, are centers of a great caravan
trade. Beirut is the port of Damascus.

Aleppo is a great wndwivous of PAravans from Persia and India.
firiisii isan ini[KH'tant emporium, faincd for its delicate fabrit-s nfsil!;.

Review TopU'H. — Wbiit does A-fiiilfo Turkey Inchidf? What do these con-
Mitute? Proihiots at the Talleja. CJf rlie rtrer plninfl. Why is not Turkey pros-
p6rou.i? RxporU. Onmvftri Inule. (}>)voiriirnenC. Inhabitants. What does
Syrift contain? Product^ of Dip hw. Sponge.*. Citie.i.

ASI.VTIC Rt'SSIA.

1. Asiatic Russia. — Asiatic Russia embraces all of northern
Aaia, and extends from the Black Sea to the Pacific Ocean.

It includes Siberia, Transcaucusia, ami Russian Turkestan.

2. Siberia.—
Siberia is larger
than all Europe,
while its |M>{)ula-
tionisonlyaliulo
morethiinthatof
the Netherlands.

3. Surface.—
More than half of
Siberia lies in tlit
great northern

plain. That jiart jiib»r,4t; rm,,. ,i( ■ .

bonlering the Arctic Oce;in is a level swamp, culled the tiindnifi.

TUo mouttis of the great rivers that cniss thi.s n'gion (vftozG very early
every wintT while the water is still flowjjig in tbeir upper courj^es-
Tlit8 floods Iho tnndrus. and u little later th«y freeze, nmkinj^a solid
ico slieel over which the natives travel od sledges. In summer the
ice thaws and the tundras become imi)assable swamp.^ overgrown
with coarse gmss.

The central part is rolling and covered with forests which are
a part of a great forest Ijclt extending from the l^ltic to the
Pacillc. The southwestern part consist* of a low and dry plateau
called the »ti*pi«'!*. Southern and etistem Siberia lie in the
mouuluiii region of the continent.

4. Olimate. — The climate in the north is intensely cold ^ in
the central and southern sections the winters are not so cold^
and the sununer heat is intense.

B. Rivers. ^The chief rivers are the Ob, the Yenisei, and the
Lena, which cross the central {>lain from south to north, and the

Amur, which cuts its way through the mountains and flows into
the Okhotsk Sea.

The«e rivers are all na\*igable. but their mouths being inmea orerfcrj
the greater ]Hirt of the year they arc of no value to foreign txm
oierce. Their upper cour^e^i, connecting canals and Lake Baikal
fnrnisli waterways for local trade in the interior.

6. Products. — 1'he prtxlucts are small in comparison with \ht
vast extent of the ooimiry.

Tli*^ forrxis are the homes of fur-bearing animals, and their fiinaiv]
an iiii[M>i'Uinl pnidiict, '

AgrifuHure.— The southern half of the great plain is a rich sghruj-
turai re^Hon, which Iihm developed rapidly since tlin buildiiiiL' of ttif
railroads. l-irge cropK of whout, rye, and iuitit are prtrtluced; on iLe
stvppeis, llie grettt grazuig region, are vast numbers uf abeep, \wntg,
cattle, and cunieltt.

Minerals.— The mountain regions are rich in einejnldft, rubies, i.'old,
silver, platinum, cop(*r, and iron. The mines, as a rule. bel'>ii?to|
the Cxar, and are worked by convicts, nioHt of whom are sent fmra
Hi]s.sia.

Thp nianiifiictMres are not important, niey include metals, wooka I

goods, leather, uul
lumber products.

7. Population.
— The populatioa i
at one time con-
sisted chiefly of
exiles and convirtftj
from Russia., gor-
erninent officers,
:ind a few bRrbar-
oils natives. Since

Thr frrtt train an liir ^Amtn ratlu-au. thC buiUling Of U*

railroads several million |>er8ona have come in from Russia.

The Kirghiz of the steppes live in tents and roam from place to piftc*
with lluir ftucks and herds. They are igtiorant but huspituble.

8. Trade. — The exports are furs, the products of the mines.
and fossil ivory, which is found all over northern Siberia.

This Ivory \h the tuskK of unimaLs called mammoths, which became
extinct before the history of man begins. They were iwi<w a« largw
CIS an elephant and wore cx»vere<I with wo^)! and long hair. Not l<ni([
ago the body of one of these animals was found frozen up in ice,
where it had been preserved for ages. The flesh was in such good
rnndilion that a party of explorftrs cut it up and fed it to their do^

i^Iost of the lukportM come from Russia; but we sell Siberia
farming utensils und steel.

Traile Koiite* — An extenaive trade is carried on between Pekin snd

B. Cities — VladlvuMlikk, tlie only 8e;i[K>rl ni Siberia, is llu;
eastern tenninus of tho great railway across the continent. It
has a good harbor, which is kept open by huge steamers built
to break the ice. Our trade with tho country goes through t))ut
^«>rt.

Irkutsk is the c-apital of Kastem SiVieria; Tobolsk of Weslnrn.

Uurnuiil is a larire niinin(^ town containing'
one hundrfMl anil twenty smeltinpf furnn«'s.
TIninpn is exti>nsiv<*Iy Piiga^ii in tlie iniinii-
faclure of Rii^Kia luutlitr ami wonk-ii fiibrics
Omsk nni) TiiniHk nr>- irM|>iii-Uiiit to»~ii»~

are inuny reflnuries, and the uil.i»
sent out to all parts of Europe and
Asia.

11. Russian or Western

Turkestan embraces the larger

>urtion of the terriU^ry lying

I'Ctween the Caspian Sea and

le Altai Mountains, and extend-

i-iiX south to Afgininistan and

iliH northern border of'Hritish

India.

Il is dry and hicludcs do)*erts of
jyiiitl dmiL-ji, The river vaileys are fertile, and when water rati bo
found for irrigution, tbe land jji^iduceM large crojis of com, wheat,
and cotton.

12. Products. — Kn8sia has built railroads into the country

from the Volga and from the Caspian Sea and haw estjiUlislie<J

a system of irrigation. These have increased the productions

of the section, and a million and a half bales of

cotton are 8hip|ied to Kussia annually. Lai-ge

([uantities nf silk H.nd wool are exported.

13. Population. — The {>opu)ation is made up
ni many races, ino«t of which belong to the
Mongolian family. The Kirghis, the Kalmulis*
Tatars, and some others leiul a wamlering life.
Others live in towns and on farms.

14. Oovemment. — The whole country is
subject to the Cwir, but Hokhani anil Khiva are
under native rulei*s who i-ecognizc him as their
:>overcign and pay an annual tribute.

10. Transcaucasia, formerly Georgia, lies
on the south side of the ('aucanian Mountains.
The valleys are fertile. The }>rincipa] prod-
act* are the mulberry, the vine, and cotton, t'"'— ««-««i.«-ffr««-««^«««»«,?w*«fcw.

The pe«>ple, who are celebrated for their handsome features, I t*itiPH.—T ash-
belong to the Tatar {luh'far) race. Tiiey arc skilleil in the manu-
facture of silks, carpels, and metal gtxids. Titiln is the capital
and chief citv.

The re^on about Hakii i» fantoux for its wcIIh of petruleum. There

kcnd, the chief
city and resi-
dence of the Kus-
sian Governor, id
the t^rmitnis of

two railroads. It is a very old city and u g:real trade centfir.
Buklinni, mi the railroad, is a famous seat uf Mohaninmlflii leam-
in(f and the center of a caravan Imde. It is famous for its onia-
uiental leather.
Klilva ift the renter of a jfraz'njf and cotton section. All these cities

iiiHfiufactHrf eollon. silk, and leather kthkIs.
HnnmrkaiKl wm the capital of Tiniour tlie Lame, ur Tumerlnne, the
Tatar conqueror of western Asia. He conquered S.vria. Russia, and
overniTi India a-s far as Delhi. Tliis city was taken and a liundred
thousand of tlie iiihahitanlw put to the swtjrd. He defeaU-il llie
Turkish Siiltan of Couuljiriliiicple in 1402, and afterward died while
pn>i»iu-inp fur tho conquesl of China.
Kevlew Topics.- Aftiatiri nnwiit. l)lvi?if>ns. Area of .Siberia. Northern
portion. Cetitral. Southern. rr»dnci9. MiraTal wealth. Populnlinn. Owni-
imtion. Trade. CUIm and lowns. TrBiifwuHKiwia. Products. People. Tillis.
liakii. Petroleum. Whnt of TurkwUn? Surface. Products. Po]mlalM>n.
(iovi-rtiinent. Cities.

AFRICA.

LXXIl. I'HVSICAL FEATfUKS.

1. Africa^ oliiefly in the Torrid Zone, is noted for its deserts,
its magnificent rivers, laxuriant vegetation, and barbarous races.

TtiiA oniitinent ranks next to Asia in n\Zf and \k joined to it by the
narrow iiitliintiB of Suez. Ibt lung coiMt lluc, unlike tluit of Europe,
has fow indentatiouB.

2. Surface. — Africa is a vast plateau from 1,500 to 5.000 foet
high, and surrounded by a belt of low, nmrsliy, malarious land^
varying in mdlh front a few miles to two hundrwl.

,j^i* =*

TA* Auas «MUnla&M tn Atfitrta.

MAP STUUIK.S,-\Vhati«aon
tlie north? On t>)(« north^astf What
connects these two sea»i In whul
latitude is Africa? What parallel
crosses the northern part? What
cape fonns the eastern extremity;
TheaoutlieruT Thewratem? Wher<
does Africa approach nearest llic
mainland of Eiirnpo? Wliiit strair
separates it from Europe? Where \>
tlie Cape of G<Kxi Hope? Why wa-
it so named? What large island off
the eosteru coast of Africa? Whul
groujM *>f islainlis northwest? What
islands in the Gulf of Guinea?
the eastern coast?

The highest
nioiintains are

situated eastward

and westward of

Victoria Nyanza.

On the west is

Mount Kuwen-

zori, about 10,OOU

feet hi^, the

highest peak of

several which

were anciently /a.^u** canat.

called the " Mountains of the Moon." On the east are the pak>

'^f Kenia and Kilimanjaro, more than 19.000 feet high. Tbn

are the hijrliest in Africa, and are above the snow line.
The other important ranges are the Atlas, on the north, tlii|

Ramerun, on the western coast, and the Snow Mountains 4\

Cape Colony, on the south.
The \wak of Teneriffe is a celebrated volcano on one of thtl

Canary Islands: it is 12,1S2 feet high, and the winds at thotu;t|

and bottom often blow in coil-
trary directions.

3. Deserts. — Tbe great
of Siihara^the Libyan and Nuh
lieserts in the north, and the
ICalahari Desert in the south.
though barren themselves, oon-
tribute largely to the productivfr
ni'ss of the more favored portioni
of the continent.

mffK — Vt ^~3Mi '^''** Athintic slo|»oti and the re^vM

At the mouth of the Gulf of Adftn? Off
Is the coast line of Africa re^ularor indented? What
gulfs do you fiud on th« noriherucoast? Wliat bays on the eastern? On
the western I

8urfiK*e.— Where are tlioAfric-an hiffhlanck? Wliat is their directimi ■
Wlial lakes do they contain? Wliut three great rivers have their aourc<-'
in iheaef What mountains aloiig the northern (MKittt? Along the south-
ern coastr \\niat plateau north of the Gulf of Guinea? Where are the
Kamerun MountauiK? What dtwort region in the ftouthf Iei the north-
east? Where is the Sahara or Great desert? What two high mountains
near the equator?

I..»kc*i and Rivera. — Which is the longest river in Africa? Which
two How into the Atlauitic? Descrilje the course of the Nile. Name four
large lakes south of the equator? What river drains central Africa?
(There are falls and rapids in its lower course around which a railroad hus
been built,) Where is Lake Chad? "Why has it ihj outlet? Describe the
Orange rixvr. The Vaal. The Senegal. The Liui^wpo. Wluit trit>-
ut^iries has the Nile? In wfmt plnlean do tliey rise?

Clliuate. — In what zones is Africu? la wliut wind liells? Along
which coast are the liigheat mountains? How does this affect the climate
of the iuterinr? Explain why the northern part of Africa lias little
rain. Account for the Kalahari desot-t. Wh;it iwirts of Afric-a are in
reach of the westerly winds (see wind chart, p. 1061? ^\'}lat of the
rainfall in tliese imrlsi Why is northeastern Africa desert, while soulh-
eostcro Africa has abundance of rain?

/'i« .SouM Afrtean pUUeau tm Cap* Colony

Prodiictlons-^What tropical fniits are found in the nortlieni i«ft
of Africa? In what imrts ai-e {uilni trees found? What farni producll
are raiseil in Kgypi? In South Africa? In what parts do coffee and cot^
l»jn flourish? Where is ivory found? What se<'tion producen cloml
Sugar? Ebony? Gold? Gums? In what i>ar(s is the elephant found]
What animals are common in the Sudan region? Wliat minerals m
found ill the s^mthern part? In the desert? What are the pmdnclt<m«<if
Madagascar; Of the Azores and (.'anary Islands? Of S<X'Otra I^taiiiif
Of Mnuritiiiii and Reunion IslnndK? In what section is the tsetse &j
found? The crociMlile? Tlielioiif Monkeys and parrotsf Tlie rhianceivf
What regions raise sheep and goats? Cattle?

150

152

AFRICA: PliVSICiU. FKATUKES.

of tbe Cape owe Ibeir fertility to these deserts. The hot sun so rareSes
the air ttiat VHpor-litilcii whulft ar(> drawn in fn>rn the sea. Rising'
to the cool tops of the cooKt mountains, the vap«)r i% condensed and
yields a confiidvrablc rainfall.

4. Rivers and Lakes.— Africa is the driest of the continents.

There are, however, great rivers, such as the Xile. the Niger,

the Kongo, and the Zambezi. The Nile and the Kongo are the

most important, and are among the longest In the world.

•

MAP 8TU1>IE8.— What two

nations control the larger part of
Africtif What eolonies bopftpr tlie
Giilfof Guinwi? ThuRedS^-af Tho
Methlerraiican.' What lakes border
German Ktisi .\friwi? What pari of
Africa belonjfs loTorkeyf In whicli
part are the must railroadsf What
colonies border the Indian Om'.^u'
What state in the central part nf Af-
rica? Tbroujfh wlmtdivisionsdocslln.'

Nile pass! The Niger? WbHtcuuutrieS Tht Kongo rif)er and Kinehaua, Iht piifteipal
are se]ianiU*d by the Koujfo rlverf Beiirtan port.

Ki'kIoii of the Nile. — What is the source of the Nile} What
possessions on tho we.'rt. of Efrypt? On the south? What cities at the
extrctuities of the Sue?, Canal f Where is Alexandria? DanMellii?
Cairo? Assouan} Near what circle is tho first cataract of tlie NJIcf
What iniport-int city at the junction of the two Nilesf How could yon
travel fi-om Khartiuii to Caii-o? Fruin Berber to Suakiof What an;
the products of the upi>er Nile ref^ion? What citieti in the Etryptiuji
8udan ? Where is Kimhotlii f El Father? What is the capital t
I>oscril)e the surface of Abyssitiia- What is the capital? Locate Harar.
Willi what waiK'rt is it cotinectedf

The Uurbary States.— Which of these states belong to Turkeyt To
F'rance? Which is independent? What mountains cross Morocco and
Algeria* How do they ntfect the climate? Where is Tunis* What
caravan routes ceuler at Trijioli? Throujfli what oaifis do they lead?
Name the capital of each Barbary State, l^ocate Timgier, Oram, Al(fe-
ciraft, ConsUuitine, Mtirzuk, aiiit Mekiiic?..

The ^biini, Hii«lun. mul the Koii^o State, —^VHiat is ihv
extent of tho Sahara fn>ni east to we«tf Kroni north lo south? How
do«w it compare m site with tho United States? Name some of its oases.
Wliich of them produce salt? What town north of the bend of the
Ni)fer? What caravan route pusses thrQU>,'h it( To what nations docfi
theSudon belong? Wliat waters form (»art of the boundary of the Kongo
Stale? What branches of the Kongo pas-n lliwugh it? Where are its
highlantU? Wliat is its capital and seaport?

Tho WeMtem tioaint.— Name the Hriti.'^h colonies on this coast.
Tlic French. The German. Tho Portuguese. Name the capital of each
colony. Locate Lugos, Bathurst, Lonuda, Windhoek, I-ibreville, Mon-
roria and Freetown. %\'^ftt are tlie divisions of Nigeria if What are tho
chief productions of the western coast !

Suiitheni AtyU-n.— To what natiotidoesthogrcaler imrt of itbelongr?
What two other nations control part of it? Name the British colonies in
South Africa, %VT)ftt is the capital of Cape Colony? Of Transvaal? Of
tlie Orange Kiver Colony f Where isSwakopmund? With what interior

The Kongo is the largest river iii Africa, from eight tolenti
than the Mississippi. With its tributaries it aifordg
Uiousand milea of navigable waterways.

Victoria Nyanza, Albert Nyanza. Albert Edward Kyuiu,
gunyika are among the largest lakes in the world. Tl:
are drained by the Nile. (Nyama means lake.)

6. Climate. — Africa is the hottest of all the oontin
climate, however, varies in different narts.

The northern portion lies in the region of the north
winds; and these, <»ming from tho dry plateau of Arali
rainless and hot. Kggs may be baked in the sands of Ji\
C'eiitral ami Houthem Africa are largely in the region
southeast trades. These come from the Indian Ocean a
liulcn with moisture, which is condensed above thosno
tains of equatorial Africa, and, falling as rain or snow,
great lakes and rivers of the continent.

6. Vegetation. — Tho Equatorial regions of Africa fi
of fertile country, marked by luxariant tropical vegeta^

ilar to that of South AM
On each side of this brt
are grass lands and pi
those of the Sudun on the
and on the south the Q
of the Zanil>ezi. f

Beyond those again, m|
and south, are the di
sundy regions of the Sahi
Kalahari, while the «

city is it connected? What is the ini|K>rtance of Port Xolh
Salisbury. Kimbprly. Maseru. Durban. Mafekiug.

Eastern <."oii-»(.—W!ml. colonics border on the Indian Oceo
the Red Sea.' Ou Lliu CiuU of Aden? What city at Uie mouth
b«i? What port on Delagoa Bay? Where is Sofala? Zomba|
bique? Dar-es-Sataum? Zanzibar? Jul>ai What French colol
Strait of Bab-eE-Mandeb? Wtiat is the capital of Mado^rascart

Count MX*.

Cape Colonies

Other nril. Colonies.
British Protectorates,

Algeria

Tunis

Other French PtM-

MAtfions

Gerinan l'o«se8j<ions. .
Portuguese Poi>9e8*

siODS

At«i In

Sq. Hlh*.

831,8U

2^583

S.37».4!7

1M.474

51.000

830.560

793,040

PupulatltiD.

1,837.224

4.3.'i7,770

4S. 600. 000*

4.420.431

1,000,000

31.fl77,140«
15,200.000*

8,697,790"

Ocnnrnun.

Spanish Posws-

SJOQfl

It4dian Posses-

810110

Egypt

Abynsinia

Morocco

Tripoli, etc

Liberia

Kongo State

iIoDV

B4S,8n|l

86,000 I

400,000 Ti

100.000 4,1

319,000 S,C

39)4.000 1,1

85.000 9j(
900,(

• btlmatod.

154

AFRICA : PLANTS, AXIJIALS, AND INHABITANTS.

northern and
southern por-
lions of the con-
tinent are regions
of eJttraonlinary
prodiictivenoss.

Oil the AtlUH
riiiigr aiiil llie
nnrthem bonlers
i>r tlio Sahara is
tlio "liuid of tliti
dalv," ajid uii

Abyssinia are exiensire forwHt* of the colfoe-U-ee. The (ri^^ntic
baobab, the acacia, oil-pulm, sugar cane, cotff«, tobacco, and cot-
ton, are found from the Saliaru to tlie Zambezi.

The d&te-puhii supplies a laryo portion of the inhabitants with food.
The oil-iK»Im yields palm oil. and the acacia produces f
(funi-anibic.

The palm is the most useful tree in the world- It
fumi.<ihe« timber and fiber from which dwelling
and clothing are made-, as well m, fruit, oil. sntl
wine.

7. Animals. — Strange and ferocious animals fm
found in great nunOjer and variety in Africa.

It is the home of the elephant and rhinocoroH. tii-.

lion and the Icofmrd, Uiecpocodile snd hippopolumiis,

and those

strange aoi-

mals. the gor-
illa aud chim-
panzee, that.

bear such a

strong rcsem-

blauoe to tlie

human form.
The ostrich

buries her

eggs in the

sands of the

deserU ; the .vci.,* wUia^* w A..f-*....,. 7V
zebra and witiftt an dnu*d far Sund-iv

giraffe, the antelope, and the gwift-
footed gnu, roam over the plains.
A great plague of centnti and Houtherii
Africa \» the Uutsc fly, which rewmiljli-
ourcommun house-fly. Its bile is fii[;ii
to hordes, and sonietimes to cat t If,
though harmless to man. In all the
region between Sudan and Cajw Colony,
bales of goods and other mcrchaudis''
are transported on the heads of ne^T'^
carriers. Only to a very limited extent
have roods been made on which beasts uf
burden could be used.

B. Inhabitanto. — The northern

portion of the continent is inhabited by

Berlxira, A rahs or Moors, and Egyptians. E9vpt,^>^

The Sudan and the region south of it, including the Kongo
Basin, is the ''Umd of the blacks.''* Some of them till the soil
and raise cattle, others have skill in temi>ering steel and working
gold, but theF arc generally exceedingly ignorant and degraded.
They believe in witchcraft and worship idols.

Soutli of the Znitibt'jel river are found the KalHrB and Bottenio^
and in ihe Kalahari Desert the Bushmen, who live in aivei hk*

wild auiumls. It is said that the Bushmen cannot count beyond tic
number two.

9. Political Geography. — Kgypt, Tripoli, ami Barca |Miy an-
nual tribute money to Turkey. Nearly oU the rest of Africa is
owned or controlled by European governments.

Morocco is governed by its own despotic sultan; Abyssinia,
by its own al>8olute king; the Kon(^> State, by the King of Bel-
gium. lj1>eriH is independent. Kegions controlled and protecteti
by European countries are described as '* spheres of influence. '

I.«s8 than two million square miles of African territory', out of
a total of eleven and a half million, are non-European.

UtiviewTopicti.— Location of AfricA. Rank. Coastline. Surfa4:«L BI|V
est motintain ranges. Other important ranges. Deserts. Effect on climate- Ho*
does Africa compare with the other contin«tits in regard to moisture? Wbal ts

said of the Nil;
and the Kode^*
Cliniftteofnonik-
pm portion. Cen-
tral and SnuUi-
crn Africa. Ve<-
otation in U»
equatorial ra-
gions. In iW
Sudan and (be
Zambezi ooua-
tn'eft. AbyosiQift
Products. IlUe-
palm. Thiail.
palm. The

A Kus!" vuiajK. ucacia. AdidmU

of Africa. Inhabitaiitjs. Oovernment. What States ui
indepeiidvDt?

LXXIII. KKGIOX OF THE KILE,

1. Egypt. — Egypt occupies the lower jwirt of
the Nile valley. The upper valley, south of the
22(1 parallel, is governed jointly by England
and Egypt} and is called the Auglo-E^-piiaa
Sudan. This region is inhabit«<l mainly by lUr
tive Arabs.

All uprising was provoked among thera in 1883, by the
attempts of the Egyptians to take possession of the country.
Under a leader whom they ealled the "^lahdi," or prophet,
the Arabs routed an Egyptian army and cut off and mas
sacred General Goi-don and }iia men ut Khartum. But the
Hahdi was defeated aud killed iu 18B8 by an army under
General Kitchener, and the entire Nile valley is now under
the control of England and Egypt

2. The NUe.
—The Valley of

the Xile is in a
rainless region.
Except in the
Delta, rain rare-
ly falls, and a
cluud is seldom seen.

Fur more than 1.200
miles in lt« 1owf>r
course the Nile il.i .
not receive a siuj^lo
tributary-.

EGYPT, THE EGYPTIAN SUDAN, AND ABYSSINIA.

Al c'«*rtuiii MMiMiiiH, bowover,
among llientuuiiiai Its of Abyssinia
out) the equatorial i-e(fioii. from
2,fKX) to 3.(XiO niileit dt^tanl, llie
ruiitspourduwu in loiTcuts. Tho
Nile in swollen by this ruiiifall
and uvtTllowii ita banks. Late
ill June tilt! dcst't'iiiiiiiif tlood
reaclit« Lower Egypt, and thf
river gr»duaUy rises until tin-
itry becomes a viuil inland
By tlio end of November the
watei-s subside, leaving a rich
sediment whicli covers llm land
wnA renders E^rypt one of tlie
XQOsC fertile regions on the globe.

In nlflen timeti it was the granary
of the world, the home of learning,
and the seat of political power.

I He iMiys an annual triliiite of about

W.aUO.tXKJ to the Sultaii of Turkey.
KuK:Iitn(l hiui great iufluenee in
E}{; ptiuu afTairs. The coanuander
of the aruiy in an EngliHhmun. The
t<Ceiiiiil>i)ul. milwny, ^Kwl-office, and
Iclei^raph have been introduced.

Mnrkrt iifuc ijf *'.t.ro.

ItUlr »tte«» ufv t>iuaiir* u.'rtt ouw;

Tht land U ati tmi/aUd. and lAr umiuc «/ trert if pi^nird.

urr btuaafii a.Krtt auod» art 9oi-i. ,Vu|i<-s

■■,in\tl*to b# t-''hi. Tnr

More than 5.0W years ago the
^fyptians were a highly civilized |xM>pIe. The ruins of their temples
and pyramids arc unrivalled for grandeur; white the iiaintiugs on
tlio walla of tlieir tombs, as bright to-day as when executed by the
artist, shuw that they had made wonderful progress in the fine afts.

3. Productions. — The lea*ling proiUictinns are cottnn, frralns,
and sugar. Beans, flax, millet,
and dates are grown in large
quantities.

4. Commerce. — Egypt has a
large tnule with Kutoimj, esi>o-
jciallr with Great Britain. Four-
^flfths of her exports consist of
.raw cotton. Other exports are|
■grain, vegetables, sugar, and
[tobacco. Her imports are cloth,
hardware, himlier, and coal. The I
only manufacturing in^lustry of
imjjortanee ie cigarettes, which ;
are made at Cairo out of tobar. n
brought from Turkey. The lack
of fuel an<l minerals makes fann-
ing a more protitable industry', ^^^"•"jv,. ........ u ...J"

The Suez Canal, 67 miles long, conuects the Red Sea with the Mediter-
I'anean. It forms a short and ini[K)rtant route for commerce between
Euroi»ft and Asia. It iicconimotlates ves.sels drawing 25 feet of water.

6. The Population of Egypt is nearly 10,(1(10,000. It con-
sists mainly of
Arahs and Copts.
The prevailing
religion is Mo-
hammedanism,
The people are
iuMiorant and sa-
"Tstiticms.

riip Copts, the
descendants of
the ancient
Egy ptian«, are

111 the land ana U nmt< parity ertaroM. t.,liri»tian8.

6. Gtovemment. — The governnieDt is a constitutional mon-
fTchy. The ruler is called the Khedive, which means king.

7. Cities.— Cairo, the capital,
i.s iho largest city of Africa and a
great center of trade. Alexau-
<lrta is the princi[»al seaport and
commercial city of Egypt. Port
.Said and Suez owe their impor-
tanco to their location at the
extremities of the Suez Canal.

Sim>t is an important center for the caravan trade with the

Sudan.

8. The Egyptian Sudan is more than twice as large as

Egypt, and is divided into twelve provinces, each under a

separate governor. The capital of the entire country ami the

seiit of British authority is Kliartmn, at the junction of the Blue

and White Xiles.

The northern part of the country, formerly called Nii1>Ia, U a region
of arid Btep|w«, but south of Khartum are valuable forests of ebony,
rubber, gum, and bamboo trees and fertile plains yielding cotton,
grain, and vegetables. The caravan.s bring ivory, gold, ostrich
feathers, gums, and skiiis from the interior and exchange them for
tools, cloth, weapon.*!, and various utensils which they sell to the
natives. Tliere is a railroad between Kliartuni and the Xile Delta,
aud also one from Berber lo Sim-in "ni l'">t Su.ltn mt ihe Red Sea.

9. The People are negroes
and Anihs. Sclnx>ls are lieJng
established atnong them, and
there is also a college at Khar-
tmu naineil in honor of Gen-
eral Gordon, in which instruc-
tion in literature, science, and
the mechanic arts is given.
There is also a training school
for teachers.

10. Abyssinia consists of
three regions of elevation.

The two U»wer are marked by

twipieal vegetation. The upp<'v

most is a grazing district
Tlie country is rich in gold, iron,

and Bait. Coffee, ivorj-, and .1 *fr(W '-. at i ■-^- i..af-' of Cairo.

gold are exported. Cotton, cnabtinff them » lavk out vUhcut bA^ tm.

woolen gooils, cutlery, and other manufactures are the imports.

The people are of the white race, and profess the Christian re-
ligion. They belong to (Uflfcrcnt tribes who are fretpiently at
war with one another. The capital of Abyssinia is coni|K>8ed of
huts and ti:nts, and is movwl fnjiu place to place to secure sup-
plies of food and firewood.

Kvview Topics— L«>c»li(iii of Egypt. Koroe other countriM in the Nile
region. W hut is Bsirl of tlie Nilu? Of the old EgTptiAns? Leading productious.
The coiumcrco of Egjrpt. Kxfiorts. .Suez Canal Population, Prevailinj* rvli-
gion. C'opt«. Govomment. Alaxandria. Port Said. Sues. Sioot. Egyptian
Sudan. AbjMtnia. MiDcrats.

Tht

LXXIV. TBE BARBAKV STATES.
1, Morocco, Alfj'Bria, Tunis, Tripoli, and Barca are known as
The Barlmry StAtoH. and are so called from thoir early iahabi-
tants, the Berbers. Arabs, or Moors, now livo there.

On bit rjiui]/ lit 'runairr.

Tiif-se sIrttHS oxlerul tiloiig the ModiWrraiifaii fi»r 3.000 iiiiles.

They are bordered on the soutli by the Desert, of Sahara,
and are often visited by itj* hot winds. Their rllinnte, however,
is generally mild and delightful; the coast region .ni.A s iiluio.st
per]>etual spring.

The iiroduftfi of this region are wheat, dates,

oUrest grapes, and other fruits.

Belweeu tlie Atlas Mountaiiis and the j^'eat dissert
is a region known an t)io I^iid nf l)ntt>H. Here
groves of the dftte-pnim ftupply the natives with
f«xxl and prolccl Ihi-in frntn the sun. Tlie inhahi-
taiitM are Arabs, Sloors, and Berbers, and French
colon istM.

Tti|H>li and Moroeeo havea large earavan trad**
across the ISahara, with the Sudan, from whence
they receive ivory, gold dust, gums, and ostrich
feathers.

The trade of the Barbary States with Eu-
rope is important. The chief exports ai-e grain.
Bheop, cattle, dates, wine. oUvo oil, wool, and ; , wr.>/a^

esparto grass, which last is used for making paper.

This region in ancient tiuics Hupplied the amiios and uavicB of Car-
thago, the rival of Rome.

2. Morocco. — Morocco is the largest of the Barbary States.
It is an indeiwndent empire, ruled by a Sultan, who is an abso-
lute despot.

The exports are eggs, beans, cattle, maize, gum, goatskins,
almonds, and wool. English cotton goods, coffee, sngar, tca^
and firearms are the chief imports.

FeK and Morocco, iho capiUils, undTrniRlpr am tho chief commercial
cities. There is a large caravan trade with the Hndan.

S. Algeria and. Tunis are the most prosperous of tlH^ Barbary
States. They belong to France. Agriculture and henling are
the chief occupations. There are large forests of cork-oak. There
are 8,000,000 dato-palnis on the Sahara oases and 10,000,000
olive trees on the mountain slopes, while the number of orange,
lemon, and other tropical fruil trees is increasing. Transporta-
tion is well provided for by goo«l wagon roads and railroads to
the seajwrts, connecting with swift steamships for the ports of

Europe. Iron and zinc are the chief metals mined. The yield
of phttspluite rix:k is second only to that of the United States,

From its gardens southern France and other parts of Europe
are supplied vdth early fruits and vegetables.

EsjHirto grass grows in unlimited supply on the southern pla-
teaus, it is sent to England and France for use in making pajier,
and with zinc ore and cork forms the most valuable export. Irwi,
hides, phosphate, flax, tobacco, grains, wine, and sheep are the
other leiuling exports. Algeria and Tunis depend upon FnjDce
for seven-eighths of their imports; these consist of cloth, coaL
ootfee, tea, and various manufactures. From other coDnthes
they imfHirt cattle, lumlter, tobacco, and leather.

Aleit^rM, the capital, is tbo center of trade, and a fovorit* rwrt
for invalids In winter. Cuii»(uiitiiie and Orun are isainrtaut

tOWltfL

4. Tripoli. — Tripoli, having no mountains between it and tiie
Sahara, is mostly sterile, the sand of the desert being blown in
!nany places up to the very margin of the sea,

Tripoli, the capital, has a large caravan trade with the Sudan \o

iililaiii il-i products.

Fexuin.agreatgroupof oases, belongs to Tripoli

Water i.s fmind in abundance at depths of ten to twent;

fo«t. Grains and fruits are cultivated. The dale-palm

h everywhere.
Miirziik, the cjipital, iit the point of junction of can-

T:nis piwsing from the Sudan to TripuH and Caini.

Foinirrly it was cnrichod by the truttic in alavo.

bought ill the Sudan, sometimcH 10,000 in a year, and

o.impd to Mediterranean citie«. This traffic still t-on-

tinuee, though forbidden by both France and Englantl

Tripoli and Itiiri'a are subject to Turkey,
ictigazi is the capital of Barca.

lU'vlew Topics— Bfttburr States. Coaal line. Wb»l

orders them o» tti« mmth? (!]i[RNte. Products. Laml ot

lititi's. Inhitliilaiits. Csravnn traiie. Kx ports. How dot*

Mnnufn rank araon^ ilit- Ilarhiiry Stat«K? Form of gOT«ni-

iiii^nL Kicports. Capuiil. Wliat t>f Fez? Algeria and Taoi^

lufl in Aiij»<m. Minerals and vegelahle products. What is Mid of the w^utJ

Otlmr towns. Why is Tripoli sterile? What is said of the ciipilal? Fvtiao.

Murzuk. To what powLT Jo Tripoli nutl Bnrut nwc nlU-giant'c?

.1 l(/itra.

I.XXV. SAIIAKA, 81TDAN, AN» THE KOJTGO STATE.

1. Sahara.— The iSahara is the largest desert in the world. It
reaches from the Atlantic Ocean on the west to the Xile on lb*
east, and is nearly two-thirds the sixe of the United Stat«s.

It is a part of the ^eat desert b4>It that extends from the vmUn

158

THE WESTERN COAST.

l^XXVJ. Tire M' EXTERN CX>A9T.

1. The Lowland forming the western coast of Africa, part of
which is known aa Guinea, has, in general, a hot, unhealthful
climate, and a hixiiriant tropical vegetation.

8. The ReeotirceB, particularly the agricultural cajmcities
of Wedt Africii, are boundless. Pottitn. mlTfH?. and rice are

«i

.) '^^

A ! I'laor of Civiiittd nterOtt at Cap* I'-i-.-.-i j>, /.

grown; and the lorests yield in profusion palm oil, ebony, India
rubber, and other tropical products.

The entire region, with the exception of Liberia, h&s been
appropriated by European governments.

3. The EngUeh possessions in West Africa are six: Gambia,
Sierra Leono, the Gold Coast, Lagos, Southern Nigeria, and
Northern Nigeria. These t(>gether have an area larger than
California, Oregon, and Washington, and a jwpulation of about
23,0(H»,000 — all natives, except a few hundred Enro])ean8.

OniiiMa in a iliHtrit-t near tlit^ mouth of Mie rivnr of l\\f. Katun name.
Sierra Leone Wiis originally established hy tli« Knglish Goveniiiioiit

Bfi an asylum for uc^rocs rescued frum slave Inuli'rB. Freetouu is

the capiUil.
Tito Ould Cuaitt extends along the Qulf of Guinea, and includes the

kinj^lom of Ashanli.
Lnf^os is ail island oiul neif^hlKiritig territory on the Bight of Benin,

and includes the neighbonng kingdom of Yoruba.
Soiithorn Nigeria is a valtmblt- region between I-tigos and Kamertiii,

iuhabited by negro tril*es of variuuK degrees of civiliiuition.
Norf hern Xlyr<'rla r("iiipris»-s hwtn- arcits of the Nijfer Valley, Within

Viftit on the (htinta Coatl.

its limits is the old empire of Sokoto, the most extensive and populous
region in the entire Sudan.

The trade of these colonies is only in its infancy, but is steadily
increasing. All the western colonies export palm oil and nuts,
ground nuts, kola nuts (used in medicine), copal, rnbbcr, coffee,
and ivory, and im]K>rt cotton cloth, cutlery, hardware, fireanns,
and liquors.

In all of these colonies industries and transportation are un-

developed. Experimental farming is carried on and roads,
being built. Schools are conducted for the natives, and in
of these institutionB instruction is given in the trades
;igriculture.

4. The People are for the must ]uirt natives. Pains have U-<a|
taken in acquiring ]x>8scssion of the territories U) preserve i faarj
friendship.

The most widely *ditruse<l religion of Xigeria is ^lohamm^

ism, and in most of the British West Afrit^an colonies Mohim-j

medans are numerous. But Paganl-ini still lat^ely prevails.

In northern Nigeria an Knglish and a Canadian Hissionar^*
ure at work, and have industrial and other achoolN ut Miverml
Thus ClirisUan educatiim is being received by thousands of pt

6. Liberia is a small indejiendent republic, established in
liA a iiome fur the frewi negro slaves of America who desired i(
go there. Its capital is Monrovia, nametl after President .lanw
Monroe. Only a
small proportion
of the ]x>puta>
tion, however,
consists of their
descendants.
The chief indus-
try is coffee-
raising.

6. The French possessions in West Africa are Sentpl,
Tn^nch Guinea, tlie Military Territories, the Ivory Coast,
Jiomey, ami Frencli Kongo.

Senegal romprisMi the basin of theSenegal River, and laud to the

French tSiilnen consists of part of the coast west of Sierra Leone.

The 3lili(ury Territories (three) lieeast of Senegal and Freiir.h6atti«K.I

French Kongo is a vast area comprising nearly half a million squjirp
miles, and forming part of the lower Kongo Basin and extendiuff
north to L&ko Chad. Tlio iinpulntlon is estimated tobedglill»
flft«*n miUionw.

ScUo»1h and iitiNt-ofttres have been established ; railways and lel«-
granb.s ai* being constructed.

The Ivorj' Cmist lies e«j*t of Liberia.

Dahuniey was once the most powerful native kingdom on the sJ*t»
CTkOflt. The king in olden times was a despot Besides ordixiftrj
troops he had a body-guard of 4,000 ** Aniaxons,*^ or female warrjgn,
who w&ru uuted for their courage and discipline. Whm th* kinf
died, a number of his subjects were sacrificed at his tomb. This hi*
all l>een ebanged.

The native!) are pure negroes, and ore ignorant and supei«titioiu.
They are, however, industriou.s, and produce the iinnst of palm oil
aitd the Wst of rriJiiKe, Iv^rv nnd Inrlin rnblter nrft obtniti*'d

ilftng ai andiTr. Goail» and paater\gtrt artbrougfil atntrrr m mi^i/J iIkxmv.

THE WESTEKN COAST; CAPE COLONY.

159

7. The Qerxuan possessions consist.
Kauierua, Dainara, and Xatiiaqija

id. the last two being known a,s
■nuan Soutliwest Africa.
Out- imrt of this is desert, and Uie Tesrf\irv*->

of Die oUht jmrt are uiidt'velupfMl. Tin-

Kaiiiontn district is fertile, aud the ordi

nary prwlucta of the west const alKiuiid

TUi're is active ti-mle in i%-ory aud [«ilui oil

8. The Portu£*uese possessions
ooiiiprisc a partof*iuineaanil tho terrtljjrv
now callethpr islands.

AnfTotii includ«yi a viLst fertile ruffiun of more than half a million
nqitan* miles, consistinff of Kongo, Loaitda, IJeiigruela, Mossaniedes,
and Liiiida.

The |iu|Milutiuu cuiituats of about 4,000,000 negroes and a few Euro-
pea ii&

The chir-f profUirts ar« coffep, ruhber, wax, sugar, vej?etable oils,
aud ivory. Then? are larg^ quftntities of copi)4?r, ii-c>n, petroleum, and
salt. Tlioro are about 1,200 miles of railway, and 1,335 miles of
ti'h-^rnjih.

T><>Mnitaiti the capital and chief commercial town. Tlie princi|m1 ntlier
luwuii are Aiubriii, Bcuxufla, and Mossainedfs.

9- Islands oflf the Coast.— Tlie Caj>e Venh-
latandri, Madeira,

ft.f^i^-A--'^'^p^,ii4, ^

land, Basntolaud,
Khodesia, Orange Kiver
Colony, and Tnuisvaal
Colony.

3. Oape Colony in-
cludes the famous Kim-
I'crley djuiuond region
I ^f South Africa, tho
liKist pro<luctivc in
(ho world. In twenty
sirtu ,n Cap, TtncH. ycaTs it yielded dia-

monds to the value of two hundre4l and lifty million dollars.

The gTtipoH of the C'a|ie ar<* excellent. Wino is largely niade. Btot'k-
ralMin^ is tho chief industry.

An important occupation is ostrich fanning:; two hundred and fifty thou-
sand ostriches are kept iu herds, like cattle, for the soke of lh<?irfealliers.

Tho principal exportN are f^}|d. diamondit, and wool, oslricli
featliers, and copper. The eximrt of gold exceeds that of all other
proiJiict* comhine<l. DianiODds are the w-coiid larpvst exjn)rt.

Ostrich ft'Qtli-

Anirora ^fiKil

nnd

the

''S,

outlying
all ' be-

long to Portugal,
They are of vol-
canic origin.

They are famuu-t
for fruits ami
vriiK's. l-ir;rc
•quunti t ien of
oraog'S are ex
port*: J from St.
MichaelX one
As many as

apm mine w^trt lAe tuitii/t of hipa are Jug,

2. CarU ■■■. '^^■<:! I'' ■

of the Azores.
26,000 oranges

havn been B:atliered from a sinjfle tree there in one year.
TliP Cannrleji, also volcanic, belong lo Spain. To them we owe tlie

littlp singiiij^-biptl that bears their name.
St. Helena is a rocky isjaiul owned and fortiGcd by Great Britain.

Here Na)>oleoD was imprisone<l and dieil.

K4*vU'w TupU'K. — Sljile what yau know of the cUitiafc ami resmirtres of
West Afnca. Th« English C'<jloiiii-». Kpciiih Ooloiiies. German Colonies. Portu-
guete Colonies, The it'lumU. The Comineroe,

I.XXVII. SOUTH APniCA.

1. All South Africa is under Kuro[»ean cimtrol.

2. Tho British pos-iewioin* are Cupo Colony, Xatal. Bechnana-

ers, iJie liair of the

I, mohair), copperore,

hiiJe8. and wine also

are important, Tlie

greater jmrt of

thesie exjwrts go to

Great Britain, hot

some of tJie wool,

mobnir, diamonds,

feathers, ami also

spieen and oil

from the eastern

coast come to the

United States in

British ships. We

^1 „■ -i._. »,■'„ UF« itoitn. itell the South

rr", . ' \frican colonies ibroufth the same channel hreadsluirs,

tfriWwuruwi. iiiucliinery, pi-ovisinns, rum. lumber, tolwicoi, kew(s«'rie,

cotton cloih, leather poods, and 6sli. There is lilllo nianufacturinp

in South Africa because of the small number of white people living

there.

The natives are Kaffirs, Beclnianas, and Hottentots. There are about

380,000 Kuropoami or whilvs in the Colony.
Cape Town is the capital and largest city. It has a fine
harbor, and is the southern temiinns of a railway system which

^^. u.,.l...l

Sa»t itvn^on Harbor, at (A« moulh of butfaio rircr.

extends northward beyond the Zambezi, and by means of

branches and connecting linea reaches all the chief cities of that

region.

Kiinberley is famouR for its diamond mines. Port Ellwibeth and

Kui*t Loudon have jjoorl harborK, and railway lines extending into
the interior connect with the colonial railway system.

-^'■^

J ^< Jrilritiiouf Coun/ry, R/ivicinu II fit*? iiffotf* — if u rye' «'«"'/.

4. Basutoland, northeast of Cape Colony^ has a fino climate,
ia well wateretl, and is the best grain -growing region in South
Africa-

6. Natal includes Zululand, Its chief exports ase wool, gold,
sugar, and hides. It is rich in coal.

I>urlMin, the capital and ftcaport, is a modern En^lisli city. It is con-
uected by railway with Johauuewbuiv and Prt^torio.

6. The immense territories of 8»uth ItlmdoHla and North
Rhodef«la, wit)) the Protectorate of BeeliunuHlaud and the
Central Africa Protectorate, lie north of Cape Colony, and
extend to German East Africa and the Kongo Free State. They
are under British control.

North Rhodesia is txmtrolled by the British South Africa fJonipany.
For admuiiglralive purpnsea it is divided into two sectioiiii, Nortij-
easteni Rhodesia and Northwestern Rhodesia.

The Zninl>eKi is the dividing; )ii>e bclweeii them. M&tabe)plaiid. Miish-
onalaud, and the Pruteftomte of Btx-huaimliitid form the »[>titherii
sectiou, while to the norlhwurd j;* the ffreat biutin of the ZaiiLbezi and
the lake pepion. The entire artyi {KWAeKsenimmenKe deposits of (fold,
silver, and otlior minenibt, and great g-razing and agrieullural
possibilities.

A milpoad from Cape Town and one from Beira. in Portuguese East
Afrioji extend into the lerntory, and steamers njivi£3»te I*ake Xyansa
aud the Zanihezi, Baiiku, tOiurtrhcs, schools. |»iihlic lihruncs. and
hospitals have l>pen CHtabiished. ^llMbury is the capital of Southern
Rhodesia. Biiluwayo is an important town.

7. The Orange River Colony is rich in gold and diamond
mines and grazing himls. HlfM'nit'oiitedi is the capital.

8. The Transvaal Colony cunuiins fanioun <jul*I deposits. It
may beoaUe<l the CaliTornia of Africa. It has gno<l grazing lands.

Pretoria is the capital, and JubuuneNburjc. the center of the
gold mining, is now the largest city in South Africa.

Cape Colony once belunf^ed to Holland, and many Dutch fanners <in
their langiiage, Boers) settled there. When Cape Colony became
British, many of the Boers crttsse<l the Orange river and the Vaal
river and established colonies which in time became two Boer
republics called the Orange Free State and the South African
Republic. Ju 1900 these l>ecamo British colonics as tlie result of war
Trith England. Kxoept in Johannesburg, the [lopulation i.s almost
wholly Boers.

Review Topics. — Politioal dimion« of South Africa, PrudiRt*. Iiihsbit-
anls. Triulp.

L.XXV1II. TUE EAHTKICV COAKT.

1. The cajrtem cuAKt of Africa is held by Portugal, Gerraany,
England, and Italy. It rcsorables the western in surface, climate,
productions, and exports.

2. Fortugueee £aBt Africa extends from Delagoa Bay to

Cape Uelgado. It comprises Mo/juubiijue and the ail joining
territories. The region [Kuisesses immense resources.

There are for«!4tK of clKiny, India rubber, and sanilalwood. The Zam-
bezi, like tJR^ Nile, ovocllows its valley, and the tuAl yieUis simm
Milfouuincously. Immense cual IxmIs exist, and Roltl sn abounds Uul
some have thought this the Ophir of Solomou's day- Wax and ivnrr
are exportwl.

I^}urciico Mnr(|uet$. a Binall town, is the capital oiid chief fteapnn.
It is the terniiiiiid of the Transvaal railroad. Iteini is the termiiiM
of H railroad f) South Hhtxie.sia.

3. German East Africa lies north of Cape Dclgado, ud
e.\tcnds westward to tlie Kt)ngo Free State. It includes putsl
the old empire of Zanzibar.

CofTt^, rorcKj, v.Hnill;i. and fiber plants are grown.

4. British East Africa also comprises a portion of Zanxibtt,
together with & large part of the upper Nile valley. It inolwtts
also the protectorates of Kast jVfrica and Uganda. It is boonded
on the north by the Egyptian Sudan.

Tlie area thus embraced contains about 1,000,000 square miles: its
pupiilution is over 12,000,000 negroes and Arabtt.

Tlie country is being developed. Itoails and railroads are under coo-
stniction, and the natives generally are quietly 8<>>tt]ing down to

agrif iilture and other peaceable pursuits.

Xaiixlimr. on the island so called, is the chief market of the
world for i\'ory and cloves.

5. Italian Africa consists of portions of the Bed Sea coast,
to which the nauic Kritrea has beeng-iven, and of a protectorate
ou tiie Somali eouat. Thu pearl Uftheriiw are valuable.

6. Somali is shared by England, Irancc, and Italy. It is

ptMipled mostly by nomadic tribes. It is noted, for the productioQ

of gum Arabic and myrrh. It exports these, together with

ostrich feathers, ivory, gold dust, and cattle.

The chief town ia the seaport of Ilcrbera, where a great fair is helil
every year At that time the phice is crowded with thousajida of
traders from various parts of Asia and Africa, who come here ud
exchange the products of the two continents.

7. Madagascar is a colony of France. It has adopted Cbri»*
tianity, and is advancing in civilization.

Its climate and products are alike, but its animal life is very diltc!*n*
from that of South Africa. It is rich in soil and ntinerala. On-
its prmiucts \h the traveler's tree, the leaf-stalks of which coDl
as much as a quart of pure water, even in dry wcatlier. 1
and frvight are transportMl on tlie shoulders of bearers; bat
)-oads and railways ore being built.

The island of Mauritius belongs to Great Britain; Reunl
France. They are extremely fertile, uud export sugar, coffee, *
and Sisal hemp.
Etevlnw Topics — What powers cantrol esel Africa? r»esrrit»e their pi
iions. Products. Inhsbitaiits. MadagiiBcar. Tilsimtius. Rt-union.

I^XXIX. ATTSTHAT.ASIA.

A-OBtralaoia consists of Australia and Tasmania, New
aii, ami tlie Fiji UUinds.

The continent of AiiBtmlia htis an area nearly equal to
)r the I'nitwl States. It consist* for the most part of a
)Iain encirclal bv mountains of nioilerate Hevjitinn. Konr

"1*4 OuUfT rota on tit rant CiXMf.

mter of the continent are
\ow mountain ranges rising
the plain.

I principal nioimtnln range
tt of the Australian Aljis.
. contain i>eaks as high as
) feet. They are near the
oast and are known as the
ing ICange of the continent.
se are old. wom-down nioun* r«*m.w xn tst .i«i«««ir. "a^
and may be compared with our own AllegliuiiieA.

;e8t rivers are the Murray and the Darling, each mon-
miles long, lioth arc naWgable for some distance in
iny aeafion, but at other times the Murray is low and tin-
3g is sdmost dry. The rivers of the interior basin iloiv
h;Llln\\\ salt hikes, and in summer go dry.
Climate. — The northern parts of the continent, being in
)rrid zone, are hot. The northeastern and eastern coasts
ui al)undanl raiofall^ and the climate of southeast Australia
aiild as that of goutheni Euroi>e. The southwest corner,
has abundant rain. West of the DiWding liango the
e is dry. The great central plain of the continent has
nin. Parts of it are a desert and uninhabitable.
ITegetatiou. — In the northeast, where the rains are ahun-
Lbere are dense tropical forests, and valuable hard woods
md. In the southeiist are forests nf cedar and pine and

the immense eucalyptus gum trees, peculiar to Australia. West
of the mountains the forests grow gradually thinner, and on the
plains give place to a dense growth of thorny bushes ten
or twelve feet high called "the scrub." These plants are
peculiarly adapted to the hot, dry climate.

6. AniizialB. — The animal species native to Australia are few
in number, and very dilTercnt from those of other continents.
There are among them no o.xcn, horses, or sheep, no monkeys,
and no large beasts of prey. The Knglish have imported domes-
tic animals, and sheep do es])ccially well there.

Tlie largest animal is tlio kangarao. It often weighs as much as a

she«p. The kangaroo and other Australian animals are shown in

Llie picture uu {xige 31.
Anion^' tti>> hird^ the most interesting are the lyre bird (named from the

Hha|io of it« tail', the black Rwan. and the emu, or Auslmlian ositrich.

This last issornetiniOH seven fwl IukIi- Tlie waters yield the pearl oj-ster.

6. Befiources. — Australia is
one of the great gold, tin, and
copper regions of the world. It
surpasses all other countries in
the profluction of wool.

All tlie principal food plants, and
the leading domestic animals of the
northern hemisphere, have been in-
troduced, and succeed welL

7. People. — Australia was

•i iHH rnirci III IJutfnainnit,

colonized by the Engli.sh and is un English commonwealth.
The aborigines are degrade<l savages.

Tliey have thick lips and flat uokcs, and complexions varying from
chocolate to black. They are few in number and live in huU made
nf bfirk or the hninohea of trees.

8. The Occupations of the people are cliiefly minings
sU>ck-raising, and commerce. The exports are gold, wool,
and meat.

Twi» thirds of this trade is with Great Britain, which takes wool, foods,
and metals, and »clls in return textiles, iron goodt^, machinery, ships,
chemicals, and varitmH manufacture*. Our !mp<^rt(>f Aurtralian wool
is very large, but nuiht of it comes to us by woy of Great Brilain.
Our other imports tire hides, hemp, and rabbi t-skiiis, which are used
in making ImUt. We sell Aurtralia more than twice a» niiichaH wt*
buy of her. Our export* include a great variety of manufacture*!
goods, among which are flour, oil, steel, machinery, tobacco, lumber,
paper, and cxplosivca.

B. Government.— The Commonwealth of Australia consists
of six states, five in the island of Australia and one in the island
of Tasmania. The laws of the Commonwealth are made by a

Federal I'arliament, consisting of tho Govern or- General ^who
represents tho King of Knglantl), a Senate, and a House of
Boprcsentatives. Ea<:h state has a ^vernor and a le^slative
aaseiiibly.

10. Oitiea.— The
princij>al cities are
Melbourne, the
capital of Victoria
and tho chief com
mercial center of
A ustralia ; Hydnr.i .
the capital of Nev^
Sonth Wales; Ad.--
laifle, the capital i>'
South Australia. ati<l

Brisbane, tho chief city of (Queensland. These are all
fine modern cities, and Melbourne and Sydney are about
to largo as Baltimore.

11. Tasmania. — Tasmania is very moimtainoas, ami
k rich in minerals. The climate is mild ami the soil
fertile. Tlie chief occupations are lumlwring:, a^cml-

ture, and sheep raising-. Wool is the leading export.

HolNkrt is the chief city and capital

12. New Zealand.— The islands of New Zealand
have a mild climate and a fertile soil. Their va.st for-
esta yield valuable timber. Gold, ailver, coal, iron, and
copper abonnd

.( ^/ A

Coawrmimi.

AtUltnUitt

TasoMiaU

XewZcftlaod

Borneo. ....>•• .

Jav».

Sumntni

UBWHiian iHlmitlti-

ftqr. UltK

2.VHRMI

^.380

lt^.471

GO.JWI

161.612

0.040

IN>ptiUIIa

8.A10.08S
m,475
74.1,214

1,3S3.S76
25.607,701

3.209.037
154.001

MAP HTUIHKS.— What shoald you think lite climate of Austmlia
tausthf^i III what, month is the Australian niiflsiiniinfri Miilwiuler?

Khat are ihe pruducta of Australia^ Of Tasmarjiui' Of New Zealand?
Maluyslft.— Where is Malaysia? Name the producte of theSitnda
andft. What dn \vt> got from Horneo? What little islnncls Ix-tween
Suiiiatra and Boriirti supply a lat^ [xirtion of tho tin of llie worlds

Melanesia.— Where is Melanesia? New Guinea is named from
Onineu. on the coant of Afrira. The natives are of the nofi^ro ra**.

P'olyiieHla. — Whem is Polynesia? What is its northwest division
oaIle<1? What are tho productsnf the Ladrones? Fiji? Samoaf

New 2<ealaiiU Bax is au important product. It grows to the heig-ht of
sixteen to twenty feet, and has leaves ten or twelve feet long. The
liber nerves to make sails, net*., gannunts. Ijaskels and ropes.

13. Occupations.— Sheep raising is tlie greatest industry, wool
and frozen mutton forming uver half the exports; nuinv cattle
are kept for dairying, the value of the butter and cheese export
approaching $lU,oni),U(>u anntially. Gohl, silver, and coal are the
chief minerals. Apples, gmi)cs, and other fruits are extensively
gffjwn. New Zeahind has 20,0(M) square miles of forest*. One
of the famous trees is the kaui-i pine which yields the kauri
(cowrie) gum of conuuerce. Ly far the larger jwirt of the gum
IS iound m masses often weighing one hundrwl jmunds buried in
the ground where the trees grew and perished ages ago. It is
our chief import fi-oin New Zealand.

Mauufouturcfs are inci-easiug rapidly in New Zealand and already sup-
ply tuobl home uecdii.

They mciude iron and brass, Imildiuff materials, funii(ui«, cotton
and W(X)teu goods, iioutsaiid sluHai, clothing, and hmdier- Tfxtiles,
clothing, steel, sugar, tt-a. tobacco, spirits, wiue, aiid many smaU
articles of uiauufacture are imi>ort^.

WcUiugrtoii is the eupital. Dnnedin is the principal
seajwrt.

The aborigines (Maoris) ar« Malays. Unlike the uativwi of Australia,
they an; ttnely fcrnied, and iulclligent. but warlike.

14. Fiji (pop. liilt,l*25 estimated) comprises a group of

islands lying north
of New Zealand and
Ix'Ionging to Great
JJritain. The jjeople
have embraced
Christianity. Forty
thousand children
attend school. Su-
gar and oocoanuts
are thecbief ex-
jwrta

Review Topics. —

Au^traJaiiia. Australia.

L'liniiito. Beiiouruefl.

u,« J.OT...;. o.r h,.„ K.,urt gum. Vegeution. Animals.

Oc«upvtioas. Tasmania. Govnminenu Cities. New Zealand. Fiji.

People.

LXXX, OCEANIA.

1. Oceania consists of almost all the islands in the Pacifio
Ocean except those of Australasia.

Many of them are volcanic; hundreds are of ooral formation.

2. The Coral Polyp. — Tho coral iwh-p is a small jelly-like
animal which builds up from the bottom of shallow seas vast
islands upon winch .lea-shells gather, seeds drift, plants grow,
and tinally man comes to dwell.

These inlands are compoeed chiefly of lime. Tlie polyps separate liro«
from the water, and build it up in solid form aud die on the rock
when; they are Ixjrn. In time ndllions and millions of Utese little
skeletons are piled one u[ioy another until an island or a i-eef rises
a)K>ve the water. In time waves grind up a soil upon theae new-born
riK'ks and tropical plants soon grow and cover them. The currents
of the sea are hod carriers for these little masons of the deep, who
work only in the wanner seas.

3. Coral Ree£. — Many of llie coral islands are surrounded hy
coral roofs at some distance from the shoro. Between some of
them anil the shore sliiiw ride in deep and smooth water. Snch
a reef skirts the northeast coast of Austi-alia for more than a
tbonsand miles. U varius in bi-cudth from a few yards to nearly
fifty miles.

4. Malaysia.— The islands southeast of Asia are called the

tn thr itland o/ Smmatra. — NttHre ^oii*ta attd a temple

Maliiv or East Irdian Art^hipelago; someliniHS Malaysia, .lava,
Sumatra, Celebes, the Moluccas, or Spice Islands, parts of Borneo
and of New Qainea, with several smaller islands, l>elong to the
Netherlands, and are known as the Diiti'li KoRt TndioH.

Malaysia is one of the most rcnmrkable voUuitiii- regions in the
world. Java an<i Sunuitra are studded with volcanoes.

B. Java ia the *' fwarl of the Indies." Itcontainsa |)oj)ulation
of more than 25,000,000. Important exports are cofT-ee, tobiu^co,
rice, sugar, tea, and cinchona.

The isiandR of llankn and Billiton are famous for their tin minefl.

6. Sumatra, Celebes, and tlic Molucccis are fumed for their
spices (nutmeg, mace, and cloves).

In Sumatra growK the largest Hnwcr in the world, It<i rtip i<f a yaitl in
diaitietf^r. and holds two gallons of water. Tbo plnnt is a pnrusilo
calli^l Rajflcsia. Th« cLit'f oxpwrts are Uibarcc and black pepiwr.

Then* ik regular Rtrainship service b**tWBen tho Dutch coloni^ji and thn
countries of Euroiie aud Asia. A lar)^ part of the land i» fAriui.il
under llic dire<*tiuu of the ^ovt'riiuiuul uutl iht; products uru ituld at
auction iu Amsterdam to Dutch riei-chanl.s, who are the " niiddle-
meu" for Uie distribution of rrolonial producttt. So it happens that
we buy Java coffee, Sumatra tobacco, and Banka tin in Hullaud.
Wo also buy there the su^^ar. gums, and spices grown iu the Butch
colonies. Our sales to Holland for export to the colonies are mainJy
kerosene and maehiiiery.

7. Borneo is the largest island in the world except Papua.

It L'X]KJrt*i timber,
frutta-perclia, c«-
■ naiiuut, and to-
IjiiCfo. Auioug
■da curioHititiJi is
Ifie flying frog.

8. The PhU-
ippines. (For
a description see
p. 82.)

9. Melanesia

HuUine ojff*m in Jaat. COUipriSfiS l*ai>Ua,

or New Guinea, and a chain of islands extending to and includ-
ing Now Caledonia.

It derives its name, Melanesia, or Black IsluadK* £lo

black tribes called Papuans. They are savages. fl

New Ouliiea has been divided by tr«uty unonir tliree t

I'art la owned l)y i\iv- Ni'lluTlands, part b.v Great Brilaiu, oii
hy Germany. The Dutch have the largest share.

The Eug:lish are actively developing the resources of their pti
are Christianizing and civilizing' the natives,

Gennan New Guinea, KalM^r \\'illivliu*H Lanil. has fertile so
Kiiited to tulxtocn. Much of the land is adapted for ^^nxini
the forests furnish valuable (iml>er.

A curi(>u.f l)ird found in New Guinea is the bir<l urpitnidine.

New Cillc<loiii», a ninnnlainous island ea.sl of Austrulio, belo
France, aud. witli the neighboring TfOyolty Islniid.s it is uw
convict c*douy. The island is famous for its metallic ores — i
tin. mercury, copper, and plalinum l>eing found.

10. PolyueBla. — Eastward of Melanesia lies Pol,iiteHia, i
Many Island.s. These dot the Pacific through the space of
million square miles.
The nortliwestern divi-
sion of Po]_vTiesia is some-
times called Micruiiesin,
or the Little Islands.

The Polynesians an*
ilalays.

The bread-fruit, yaui. iiiiH
cocoanut an'theirehit't
fooil plants. TIh-

sweet - Bi>«>nted sjinihil
wowl, whieli the riii
nese burn as incense in
pagodas, and c«»|n;i.
the tjriptl kernel of ii
cocoanut, areexjuirli'd
Huiiiou is a vok-anic „„

/ fte ITU n i(r ■ jiaJtn
group ntx>Ut 13 south dmntrM. Whefteulinto.it

yuUa MTcrol vvtt

of the equator, not far from the center of the Pacific Oceim, i
the region of the souilieost trade-wind. From December to A
has a wet soasou, with a rainfall, iu some years, amounting
inches.

The natives are Malays— intelligent but inchilcnt. They hart
converted tu Christianity. From the skill with which they m
their cauoes amid the surf, Uic islands Imve been called the " Ii
the Kavigalors."

Savali and Upulii belong to Germany; Tutuila and Mauua
United States.

11. Hawaii. (For description, see p. 82.)

Dds. ^H

Review To|ile»— D^gcribc Oceania. Two kinds of ialaods.
polrp, Torftl rcofs. Mul«ypia. For whnt remarkable? Java. Sumatra. C
The Moinccas. Borneo. Mi-Iaiiesis, Tlit- nntircs. Kcw Guinea. NewCal

Polynoitia. Jlicronesiii. I'roducts, Sdiii.mi.

^Lkll

Uzl WM^i^it-toQ U5

What ia commerce? Wliat was in early ages the great trade of the
worMT What nations gained control of the India tradeafter 1197? What

caused this?

What means of transportation are employed in Central and South
Afrifa, and wliy? What in the flahara? ^V^lat in carryinff on tlie jrreat
tea and fur trade botwwn RusRia and Cliina? Wliat beast* of burden are
used in the Andean States? How is Indo carried on between India and
Western Asia?

Cjoodsare paid for among civilized nations with money, chiefly gold and
silver. Butin many parts of Africa the products of one region are traded for
thoseof another. InAbysKiniaamanblwttsofsalt.nndinmanypai-tsof India
andof the Africancuastssmall shells calledcoirnVa. havebecn used us iriotiey

In what parts of the Unil'-d Stales are cattle largely raised ; Tn what
parts of South America? Where are the most important fisheries for cod.
herring, and roackprpl' Salmnn> Tliewhnlf':'

What parts of thePaci&ccoastsof North and SouthAmcrica areft
for wheat? What portion of Russia? Of North Africa^ What gi
abound in tlie central portions of North America? Where is rice
sively roised? What are the groat tea-growing regions? Whatimpa
article of consumption comes from Brazil? Which of the Dutch
Indies is famed for its coffeef From what part of Arabia do we ga
beat coffee? What are the great coffee ports? Wiiat one of the
Indies is noted for sugar? What part of the United Stales? Wliat ud
in the Pacific? To what port of the United States do the^e islands
sugar? The shores of what great inland sea are famed for Uieir fl
What islands in the Western Hemisphere are also noted for their fi

Wliat parts of the United States grow large quantities of wool?
I>arls of South America? What English eolonios! \\Tiat section
United States produces cotton? What portions of Asi»? Africal
countries ore noted for flax? What is made of flax? What a« the
silk-growing countries of Asia? Of Europe? From what regioi
get furs? Spiilsliinsf nstnch feather*?

^■^ -T^ -aCJlm,!,

liinntt.

M l^ineitujB »3 li^m it ■Wmhlnalvn n '^^i-l » Q' e?i*i I. I^nrltudo J» (roni -T Wmilafluii ti

It cuulinent chiefly supplies US with ivory? What is the ffreat ivory

the world? From what source do wo get auppli<« of g^m? Where

Vt our chif'f RiipplicA of India rtihh^ri Of giitJA-pr-rcha) Naval

Jutef Hetnpl Drugs! Peruviau bark? Tobacco? OpiuinJ

It is the gfreot manufacturing region of the New World ?

iCoar^ would a «hip be likely to carry from Shanghai to New

From Biinibny to LivfrjjooU Frttin Odijssa to LoudotiT Froin San

oo to London! From Rio to New Yoi-klf Montevideo or Buenos

BXirerpool? From the Guinea Coast to Liverpool? Havana to

)rk? New York to Livfri>o(>U New Orleans to Li verp<H)I?

it enables sailiiif^ vessels to venture out of si^ht of landf Tlie

]Uired to cross the ocean has been shfirtened by voyagers availing

ires of the winds and currents of the sea,

kt is the general direction of tlie winds in tlie northern half of tbe

Eone.^ Wliat in the aoutliem half? ^^int in the North Temperate

Zonel In the South Temperate Zonef Wliat striking exception tothia
(lyatem do you find in the Indian Ocean and China Seas?

What Is the best route from New York to Liverpool? How would a
vessel make the quickest return paiuugel

By what route docs tea pass from China to Russia? Fn>m China to
New York? Formerly it was brought by stejuners through the Ked Sea
and Siiftx Canal, hut now most of it is broneht across the Pacific to San
Francisco or Vancouver and thence by niilroad. Compare these routes
in length. Tlie old route waa around Cape Horn, and thence through
tlie Atlantic. What i« the shortest route fnim Liverpool to Bombay? By
what other route may vessels goi At what point* do the steamers touch
that ply between San Francisco and Sydney? What are the tw<i routes
b«_'tween Sydney and Liverpool* When the canal iscutacrotwthe IstliinUB
of Pnnama. it will shorten the water route from New York to San
Francisco nlxiiit lO.tKW) miles, and would inake an almost straight course
between Knglaud and Australia, and V-tween the Pjictfic shores of South
America and the Atlantic jiorts of Oie United Stjit^'s.

GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL TABLES.

DtHfirSIONS OF TEE EAKTH.

Pilar DiBriH'i*^,... , ,,..,...,........ T.WW Qiilei.

Eiinalorinl Blftini^fC'" , "i.tib "

BrjuflioriinlCircDiarereiicfl. SJ.MBft '■

8Dp«ra^Jtkl Atea. .^ .,.., IM.SOl.TUl F^uare liil]««.

HEIGHTS OF PKIHCIPAI. HQUH TAINS.

HfTth AsttrlH.

Mi)t NT ^{-KimLkt,

i*m ZAEtJ ,

HorHT St. Buas,

Mdl'NT WkiS(;ei,l,
MornT BBiOWH,
MocsT Whjtnet.
ModHT Rainier,
HouNT Beeakta,

ROCKT JloT7JfT*tITi(A'PerllgO).

Bixrra Nevada,
MitosT UiTcnau^

MoTN'f WAJIBTNflTCNt

ArTAL.ACHiAN UouMTAiKB Uver.),

IhUi iJuriM.

ACDNCAIitJ,
SftEIAMA,

octalatleuu,

€hih ■okazo,
Abi^uipa,
Touka.

AKDRft HotniTAUi* (avenge)')
Impiu

UovTR RonA,
MATTEHH-TPriN,

FiMiT 1 H A An-qonr,
MaLaDKTTa.

MoofT Etna (rolCiUiil),
MoL.-?iT Oltjipii*,

Aluki 3(P.fM

CaOilila 1II.W0

Unko IMU

AlaakB IH.OIU

Vexjco J7.71W

AlukH. iT,fi«»

Cuudi ]e.<AK>

Ciuromift.... u.-^m

WuhiriRUjD.. .lA,mi

CnltforDlB H.850

lO-OOO

U.«JOO

Nortli Carohnii.... B.TtI
New Hunpatalte.... 6.*288
..„„....,... .«,*«)

Chil«. ..iiLcea

BoltTla. ..S,SU

CUlo, .,,..«,«»

BollvU. «].««

" ai.HS

EcoKlDr VJ-SlT

Peru 18,5CB

Coloiiibl»..,.......l«.a21

,..,,. ia,ui»

Canraiap Hoitnuliie,.. .1(1,573

Alpa i5,7tH

" ]5-iit

" ,,,, u,:*i

"■ H.fKfll

■■ 33.71H

P>t*li*eB ...,,.. ii.axi

Slctlj,..,„..„ KKffTl

nwcM , 9,74*

UouMT V»HtrvitJB (volc&na], Ilalj 3,MS

MMm.

EiLiii aniaho. Centra] AfricB SD.nV)

KbKia, *> " ^., 3B,0fK»

RirwENXORi, " " , JT/iftJ

TsNBitJprE, CBjmry liiimdn is.m';

Atca" M'jtyTAEjfi(tilj;he*l> 11. «y

AsiB.

ElWHEaT. HiniBlaya Mn»Dtalna.. 5D.00O

DkrpjiNO, Karnkurani Monntelne 2K,3WP

KANcriiiHiiiTKiA, HloiiaJaja MoniktBlui efl.lH

DnAWAL^uini, '* '' ^ 29J)00

Hirihi! Ku»ii HoL'TfTAiiid... ;i(;,ooo

DbhaVend, ElburE MauiitAlna 18.460

A BAKAT, Annenin.. , , _ ]7,SnO

FujiTAMA, Jup«n , 14,000

LESOIE OF PBDrCIFAL BIVEB8, AHB ABEA OF
AITEB'BASIITS.

Nahs.

TeupMl-....,

ThiitiU?.

Amnr.,...

LVDJl..

BnUiniBpaini

Ini4it«.. ,-.., ,,

Eiiphn.te»

OFtnf[«^ ,

IniTBidJl..

Nile

Kongi)

Fitger,,,.. ,.

Zsmbexl , . .,

AnBtnUB.

Jlarraj

LKwarH.

Enc- Uilei.
3,4(W

fl.HW

S.40ft

a.rioo

1,7W

ijwa

4,100

A.ooa

1,8(K}

i,aoo

Asia ar Bamk.

Sqnins UIIh,
1,000,1)00
MT,HM)

TWI.TOO

4H),(tCK)
319,«ia
250,[«0

aai.soQ

i.-ias.iw

1,.V«.0«>
ROO.DOtl

guo.DOO

5(X),roo

AHEA ABD POFUIATION OF
TEE WORLD.

Acf« tu

Papsittkc

i),79r,J10
]?,CiSS.Ofifl
n.518,KM

i.aen,a34

104.1 e.ow

Africa..,,,, ,,.,,,....

I'ul«r tBluide

l».Ka.4lt
12.101

5ir,9e.431

l.aji,Hjkp

FBinCEFAL E£U0ID3rS OF TEE WOBLDiim^

ChriBtSan,* 4Ttjm,W

Jews ,...,,..,„, 7,CaB,K>

MnhjininiedKna ,,,..,,..,....,, ,.*... 17M*WH

BnddbietB and other AclPClc Bclleloiis....... ^.,moJnm

BraltniiiDi JSftflW.WB

I'OltaM 117, (Bl.WK

POPULATION OF FOREIOK TOWHS AND CITIES.

irOBTH AKSBICA.

Britiih AatTinOOOIt-
MoDir*?!,], (jDch....iHT,:«)

Toronlo. Onl *W.D4fl

Quebec. Qiieb...,. fHi.tUfi

B«UTb(l9«Ji.

rruMt a»t\

U Pa*: •n,000 PariB ,.,,,.,,... ,3,7U.0W

CocbBtwio^ Vl.i^|Miir*«U)c« ItlMi

Sucri aj.lHlulLTf>iii iMUfW

Btirduu iST.flSa

0Uii(i9ai,MtiniBriH]). li.iJi« tio,sH

St, John. N, F,....«,:ill *Tpawm, unvre 180,196

«^ ,.,^. 'BiifiMiBAirL-«r04)..Srtl,4nag*''«>' JlG-SlS

KtdMiltBO!. ikMHrio{(eii. ., (adJ:,(l!RbeiiiiB lOS.BSS

Mfiirii 341.Ta!,UPI(itBi'tiai...... 7S,IM3

niiad&JBJArB Wt.2im\

Pueblii KH.^^ai i FBTBBBBr ( IIHW).

&^.^::;:::::^SA.....o^ ^■"»?s;^S::::::::S^

aasi LQiaPoto*!.,,. fll.CHlli DrefUBjilMK). 'Stvlik JJ8,3I5

"" ■ ..,.l»>.i™

SpBin (190C).
Madrid , ....,,M0,SS5

Outnl Amtiiih. 'Min]lryirii-o...,....a76,CBl;J]*'^f»

N. OUAWmSiB I'CIDIK.MK)
San 8alvadLiTt'(|]|.. 5»,Mil

LfconCKll 45,(100

TcguclfBlpa I'OI)... 34,6W!

^Taxi.

Lekoth,

Askb or BABtit.

V«rtl|, Ann«ri«t.

Eng. MUep.

Sq,DU« Hllft.

A(lrKl»Mp|ji (enttret.... , ,,...,

4,«»

1II.300

i.'JW
9.000

a.ono

LAV

].«»

1,«W
1,000

B50
SOO

],244,0<M
M8.00l>

482,000

1W.00O
340.000
97,000

ES7,00a
n4,0OD
MjODO
41,000

Rio Graode.., ,

Red.....

ColqiPbl*

Bnti Amtriw,

Lb Plitu (l>Bnn«i

8.750
3,flOU
1.WSI
9.ono
1.SO0

^010.000
1,»I.OOD

840,000

SU.000

Volga. „,..,.,.-

KhlTif

1.300

«,i»0

].iSO

1.9-«

*»,000

aiE.floo

I70.fl00
05.280

Wul iDitaa.

BflVAAA I 'tl■^^ sr75.ooni

rnrl-ftu-Prlnw i'03) rO.rtlJ
Klngt'lon iwl.t ... B.\flOO

SBinliiB.H'iJSf «\,<m

MHIuneas r'O-Ji 88.374

Potttt cyst 97,1SM

SOUTH AKEBICA,

BruiL

RfoJineirO (■00)...7SO.OOO
B»h!a('aOK,..,... .174,418
PprtHunbiiPo <'»>.. 111.JHW
9&a rButot'l^K... M.9S4

Mnreta ... 111.R89

CarttmgPTia W.8T1

SapltB,,, 5flfl.Wfl

EUBOPE.

Hoitri Xloffiom (10(H).

LoDdun igTL'Bierj.fl.WTr.TW MTfRn . 1 1 ! I . ! ] . ! ! !46l |4e<i

CJIbiwp^ .TW.Sar.Rfime 468,783

LlveriKiol T^a.HOJTurtn ............ .SS.MIHI

UAncb«Att^r. &.'i7.!»3l>l;PBJ<.-nnQ...,. SOO.OM

IJlnnljigbain...., ..ChTr.MMI'eiiOB 34,710

LwdB ,.,..4.W.HdiFloreupe ..KAM)

, ■ ■. ..^^^^'f^^^^Voyf 4SS.fliO|Bol.>giiB..... JM,009

BH4lKtowMwl.).. ».O0Olfclf„i. 341I.IH0 Ver(c« I61.B40

SanJunn:'Wi «.(H6Bri8iol sa.aMMeialM H9,rra

BdlDbumb.. SlMTB

I>nblLn ms.......8»,4lffl AnriB <tSI>r>.

^>"; H»rn BB,^ gt. PrtflTibnrB , , .1.813,3«l

Bradford. .,,.,,,. .CW.oeo tKwnw i nw JMk

Kiniriwn.on-Bnii..3M.w&^™j;;;;;;;;;;:''^S^

Od^iB

LortB.-...., .,..,,,

Kief ,

IHg»

Kbtrkot

:Jr>t(lnKb4m 2M.811

aBlforiT. .238.988

IScnCBnlle. .... , ...EKi.SBI

IrficfBter ....a4.1M

PortamoDtli limjm

Ma>B. C^Tdlft m.ftl3

iSeprEttowiiiflll.. S3.l7ft^"*" '" JSS'llt

PsTBTUBritw I'oai... g3.3iB l^nndee IM.Wl

VuuBBBl&dSHt. .Bf-rlin ,....1.HW.SW

Csmc** T-J-flOT il'«ral*npg,., Tte.ISti

VBleiwIi. B8.fiA4,MLinlch 499,993

HATncaibD B4,ZiU Uip«tc tW.VH

„, ^, ,.„.„ 'B««Utj .....<isa.7m

Coli(oi*iB<]903). I>rBaden am,HS

B<¥ot«.,. ]!iii,i>ioc.tiiii:tn^ ..sra.wfi

Hfiellln M.noi" l'™nirfjrt.'in..'Ha1iiSK9,W0

BBmnqollla. ih.htol' N'lrfmberg Wi.O&I , .

- . .,««> iHonnvcr ^Vi4U' V"''*^"

asi,B7o

5i3.fKXi

558.191

in?,4iB

BtlitudHK.

BniBBel"., iM.Wft

Antwerp... a89,e»i

Llflg«. 100.100

Qh«iit. iaS,»5

Bwitwltnd (1904^

Zflrich ..,,,..,.,,.189.410

Ba»le. 140,fiW

Oenert lio,«64

fiene BiH.s^ti

pBrtngtlnooa).
ijftbnii .,, mH,nog

Oporto 187,953

UtaatA (I90I).
Copcti riBgen ST^,2Sa

ConBtBiii1iioplfi,..l.li&,lXX>
SaJauIki..,,,...,,. 105,000

OrHH lld&e).

Athpn*,.... It].4ft6

Piwupi. 43.1ffl

PBtrni- S7,tB8

BoaBtBiBOSW).

BDchare^L. . .,,,.. .276.J7fl

Jassj.,,, 77.Ja»

GalBtx ti,HQ

StrrlB M«»i,
Hd^-mde IIS,m>

iTokro..,...,,...l.Bia,«»

OwfcaL.,. .....«6.(W

Kfoto ,„,, ,»(i,!ffl

gulto SO.OOOiDupF'eliaurf.,...,.. 213.711
DByaqiill bl^OOOSlctl]!! , . ..210,70il

.™— Cbcinrllis aM.ftl.^

Fn»(190aK ]KOTiliti-h(TK .lft9.4W

LIniB ,.,I3ll.fl0ncharloit*ntUFj ..lH9.*i5

AT<eqnlf«>(nt.l,.... «0.nm StuttEBrt ,. ,,irfl,6Wi

CbJIbo iimi.h ■M.ilOO BKcaen ISS.if? Ucrfcbl

168

6««4aU0(l«>.
SKwtbalm ....,,..311,M8
GuLhenhurg , , , ....lai.OrjO

Kwrtf 11900),
fbrfftUiila . , . . . .j»7.aA'j

Bergen ?i,ai

AutolB-BQitgUT n MO) ,

Vtetira... J,B7l.!ffi7

Biidapi^tt ....... 7*1, ;JK

Pmpne Hll,^'^(i

l.'il'.WiT

Trienl* 1S1,H3

HrtkarlBsli llUOai,

.^t^Pt(^^^Br^ Mfl.SW

ncilietrtaTn,,.. 357,174

The Hf-enp aw.8!iii

..lUKfUB

ASIA.

OklU (eetlDUCed},

ppkln Luoo^oon

Cantoil, e»,000

Hjirkflii BTO.ODO

Tientnln ,..,.7B0.0(M

HmE-Cbaq TOO'.OOe

FiicbuQ Sa4,000

sbanghid ,.,,.. ...eso.ntn
IloDK Kf>nil ('o:v,.sss,snR

Sciclmu ,,. 600,006

ClunnK.KIng 850.(1(10

NinirpD aoii.ikw

Nanlilii, 930.000

Britialh Iiidli,a»I).

rnleiilia l,oai.«!T

feimbny 776,000

Mudnip BiW.aM

llDMarBifAd .448^.400

l.ii'*knuir 5A4^{M!)

Itancoon S34,i«]

Bfiinrep. ,..a)li,,Wl

nedii.. ,. 30H,.VS

iJht'Te 20V,:Kti

Cnwnpur, ]lP7.l7fl

Agn .......i.'W.iya

Oi7ltB{]Bai>. I

Ctdombo. . . . , g Bl.3a)

BBiigkok, Siain

(rtiL) ....40a.0Bb

8lii|rB,pora tBrll.^

I'Cn ......*«J»

SaTiDUPreDchH'OZilWAW

i^tfittt^ [cf dciauili.

Kabiil... 101,000

HBirdaba; ,,,. 9&.0H

TelMrBU Vr\jOa»

TabriK ..ai»,odi

lapahBD , , , . ..,...,. 70,00!

Ar^k (MllBLBtrdl.

MtccA ta.m

Medina 48,0111

MDi>ca[. .... ..^.. 40ioap

Aiiatli Tult^ {Ntinuitcd].

DnmnFclII^ aS,00O

SniTrcB ....m,OB0

BflgdBd lOSiOOD

Aitrppo.. ......... .,ir,aao

BelraC,.... llljOOf

BrUBB, ttm

Jertmiem «,wt

Ailktti Sudk (iBBTi.

BBkd. ...._.... .,. iT&.in

Tfflii 18lJ,Ctf

TaplLhmd.... ....)£«,4i4

Kokaii... e'1.704

TebBterioodBi..... 0B,m

TtiTPak ... sua

^markuiit !8,IH

IrkotBk.... . ..... «iklOt

viadiTOFtok m.m

SMlIndiN.

UbhIIbCOII.. .. .,nf^4I
StinbB7Bi'ni) .,..]li.M
BalBvlin-01j.......!lfceeT

AFBTCA.

c*iK>cB7i,.. .siojm

AlMandrt* (■£»!, . , .Slt.'M
TnnfBC01i.,....,..]TfijM|

FpB<eM.i.... ito,an

AJeiCT^coi) wuw

OrBnCffln srjin

faptTtnmfWi... 77,188

AtTSTBALlA CIOOS).

Mclbinime , 503,4011

.siYrtrn'T- 4S1J88

AdflaMc.,... ....l§fi,aM

BH.»)ui9e ...1H,4i>

Anickbtnd.. «T,aB

BohArt M,OaO

STATISTICAL TABLES.

169

ny references nave been made to these tables in the preced-
:ssons, and you have become accustomed to using them;
great deal more may be learned from a more careful study
em. A noted German author has said that *' figures show

how the world is governed." Whether this is true or not, it is
certainly true that figures show how the commerce of the world
is carried on. The questions which follow are suggestive of
some things that these figures teach.

TABLE III.*

iNc: Exn>RTS OF THB Unitbd States. 1903-1934.

alCon

ictured Cotton (cloth, yarn, clothing)

nd Dairy Products

tuffs (grain, flour, meal)

d Steel Goods (machinery, engines, hardware)

urn (kerosene, crude and other oils)

-. Lumber. Furniture, etc

(bars, plates, and manufactured)

nimals (90% cattle)

:o (leaf and manufactured)

r and Manufactures of

id Coke

Itural Implements

md Nuts .

Seed Products (oil-cake, meal)

Stores (tar, rosin, turpentine)

als, L)rugs, and Dyes

id Vehicles

tal Exports

tal 1 mports

lance of Trade in favor of United States. . . .

Valubs.

$372,049,264

22,403,713

176,027,586

149.050.378

II 1.948.586

79,060.469

65.428,417
57,142,081

47.977.875
34.683,531
33.980.615
30.043.556
22,740.635
80,678,665
x9.992.542
16,145,322
14,480,323
10,936,618
150,399.941

$1,435. 179.017
991,087,371

$444,091,646

Lkading Couhtiiibs to which Sbnt.

Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Japan. .

China, Canada, West Indies

Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium

Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium, Holland. . .

Great Britain, Germany, Mexico, Canida

Great Britain, Germany, Holland, Belgium

Great Britain. Germany, Canada, West Indies

Great Britain, Germany, France, Holland

Great Britain, Cuba

Great Britain, Germany, Italy, France

Great Britain, Australasia, Canada

Canada, Mexico, Cuba

France. Canada, Russia, Argentine, Germ'y, Gt. Britain

Great Britain. Germany, Canada, France

Great Britain, Germany. Netherlands, France, Belgium

Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands

Great Britain, Mexico, Canada, Germany, Italy

Great Britain, Mexico, Canada, West Indies, Japan.. .

Lbadinc Ports and DiSTBicra from which Sbnt.

Galveston, New Orleans, Savannah. New York.

New York, North and South Dakota, Boston.

New York, Boston. Baltimore. Philadelphia.

New York, Baltimore. Galveston, New Urleans.

New York. Buffalo. Cuyahoga. Detroit.

New York. Philadelphia, Delaware, Baltimore.

New York, Pensacola, New Orleans.

New York, Baltimore. Philadelphia.

New York, Boston, Baltimore. Philadelphia.

New York, Baltimore, New Orleans.

New York, Boston.

Buffalo, Cuyahoga, Niagara, Oswego.

New York, N. and S. DakoU, New Orleaos.

New York, San Francisco.

New Orleans, Galveston.

Fernandina, Savannah.

New York. Boston, San Francisco.

New York, El Paso, DetroiL

ne our largest export. Why is more cotton shipped through the
)f Galveston and New Orleans than through New York? Why is
Britain (a small country) so large a purchaser of our goods? What
ies buy our manufactured cotton? What do you know of the in-
s of these countries ? What can you say of the industries of those

countries that buy our agricultural implements ? What is exported from
Fernandina? From Buffalo? From Savannah? Why? Why are more
goods exported from New York than from other ports ? Select countries
that are the largest buyers of foods? Why is this? What countries buy
our raw materials ? Why ? What countries buy our manufactures ? Why f

TABLE IV.

iDtNC Imports of Uhitbd Statbs. 1903-1904.

igar.

als. Drugs, and Dyes

bcr (hemp, flax, jute, grasses)

.ctured Fiber (linens, cordage, bagging, etc.)

itton

otton (cloth, clothing, knit goods, laces, etc.)

ictured Silk (cloth, ribbons, velvets, etc.). . .

)f Cattle and Goatskins

Lubber and Gutta Percha (raw)

'ool and Hair of Goat, Alpaca, etc

laured Wool (cloth, carpets, clothing, etc.)
. Iron and Steel (ore, pig iron, bars. etc.). . .

■on and Steel (cutlery, machinery, etc.)

' and Precious Stones

ind Nats

obacco

and Cigarettes

manufactured)

timber and lumber)

furniture and pulp)

(unmanufactured)

Wines, and Malt Liquors. . .

kins and clothing)

- and I.«atber Goods (gloves)
ers

tal Imports.

Value.

$71,915,753
69.55'.799
65.294.558
37.814.285
40,308,837

9.387.331
49.524.246
46,100,500
31.973.680
53,006,070
41,049.434
a4.813.59i
17.733.788
17,668,131
10,933,460
25,012,940
24.435.854
16,939,487

3.133.859
21,486,311
30,489,432
6,494,921
18,339,310
18.179,513
16,663,703
14,763,002
11,100.215
308,064.362

$991,087,371

Lbadinc Countriks from which Obtaikbd.

Cuba, Java, Hawaiian Islands. Germany

Brazil, Colombia. Venezuela, Guatemala. Mexico...

Chile, Germany, Great Britain, India

Mexico, Philippines, India

Great Britain, Germany, Belgium. France

Egypt. Peru

Great Britain,. Germany, Switzerland, France

Japan, China, Italy, France

France. Germany, Japan, Switzerland

India, Argentina, Russia, France

Brazil, Congo State, East Indies, African Colonies..

Australasia, Argentina, Russia, Turkey

Great Britain, France, Germany

Great Britain, Germany, Belgium, Sweden.

Great Britain, Germany, Belgium

Great Britain, Netherlands, France, Belgium

Italy, Central America, West Indies, Spain

Cuba, Sumatra, Germany, Turkey

Cuba, Egypt, Mexico

Straits SettlemenU, Malay States, Dutch East Indies

Canada, Central America, East Indies

Canada, Germany, Norway

Japan, China, British India

Mexico, Canada, Great Britain

France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain

Great Britain, Germany, France, Belgium

Great Britain, Germany, France

Lbadinc Ports and Districts at which Entbrrd.

New York, Philadelphia, New Orleans, Boston.

New York, New Orleans, San Francisco, Baltimore.

New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Boston.

New York, Boston. New Orleans, Mobile.

New York, Boston, New Orleans, Philadelphia.

Boston. New York.

New York, Chicago. Boston.

Oswegatchie.San Francisco, New York, Puget Sound.

New York, Philadelphia.

New York, Boston, Philadelphia.

New York, Boston.

Boston, New York, Philadelphia.

New York, Boston, Philadcphia.

Baltimore, Philadelphia,

New York, Boston, Philadelphia.

New York.

New York, New Orleans, Boston, Mobile.

New York, Tampa, Philadelphia, Chicago.

New York, San Francisco, Boston.

New York, San Francisco, Philadelphia, Boston,

New York, Champlain, Oswegatchie, Huron.

New York. Boston.

New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Boston.

Arizona, Perth Amboy, Baltimore, New York.

New York, Boston, San Francisco.

New York.

New York, Boston.

lere is raw sugar refined (Intiex)? What kind of sugar do
:t from each country named? About how much is the

per person of our sugar import? Of the coffee import?

kind of raw fiber do we get from each country named?
■are the industries of these countries with those of the coun-
vhere we buy manufactured fiber. What use have we for
otton of Egypt and Peru ? What port receives wool
otton, and why? Why is India a large exporter of hides?
manism (LXIX) forbids the use of any part of a dead ani-

• For Tables I

mal.) What is the location of the countries supplying rubber?
Where are rubber goods made (see Index)? Compare our export
of tobacco with our import. Make similar comparisons in regard
to leather, steel, fruits and copper. Explain why these articles
are both imports and exports. Notice that some articles are
imported as raw materials and exported as manufactured goods;
others, like fruits and tobacco, differ in kind; still other goods
are imported because of convenience. Canadian coal, for example,
is nearer to some parts of our country than the home supply.

and II, see p. x.

170

STATISTICAL TABLES.

TABLE V.

Namx op Pobt and Customs Distuct,

New York

New Orleans

Boston

Galveston . .

Philadelphia

Baltimore

San Francisco

■34 Other Districts

Totals

Value of Exports.

$506,808,013

148,595,103

89.845.773

145.316.457

71.393.254

62,836,164

32,547.181

383,486,327

$1,460,827,271

Valuk of Imports.

$600,071,033
34,036.516

80.657.697
1,847,646
53,890,106
20.345.788
37,542.978
162,695,605

$991,087,371

Total Tradr.

$1,166,879,046
183,631,619
170,503,469
147,164,103
125,283,360
103,181,952
70,090,159
546,181,034

$2,451,914,742

Ships Entkring
AND Lraving.

7.272

^903

2,783

S2I

1,919

1,336

981

46,442

63.447

TONKACK.

17,936,114
3,064,909
4,963,348

1.786,733
3,440,296
3,536,987
1,890,894
24,438,704

59.967,985

AUKKICAM.

2,414,240

287,080

402,227

25.043

166,171

139.988

753.605

9.132,193

13.320,547

Ports of Entry, — The foreign trade of a country is carried
on through certain seaports designated by the government as
"Ports of Entry." Such a port with the neighboring territory
is known as a "Customs District" It contains a custom house
with a corps of officers who inspect all goods entering the port
from foreign countries and collect the duty as fixed by the
tariff laws. Each lot of imported goods is accompanied by an
invoice, or list, which has been inspected and signed by our
consul at the foreign port from which the goods were shipped,
and by a bill of lading signed by the transportation company
which receives them from the exporter. It is the duty of
the customs inspector to see that the goods delivered to the
importer are the same in amount and value as those described in
the invoice. When such is the case the merchant may call at
the custom house, pay the duty, and receive his goods.

For the convenience of importers who do not wish their
goods at once, or who live in inland towns, goods are stored in
" bonded " warehouses or shipped " in bond " to the port of entrj'
nearest the importer, who in either case must pay all expense
of carriage besides the duty. The importance of a port of entry
is measured by the value of the goods exported and imported, or
by the number and tonnage (carrying capacity) of the ships
entering and leaving during the year. Table V shows the rank
of our chief seaports during the year ending June 30, 1904.

QUESTIONS ON TABLE V.
What part of our exports goes through the port of New York ? What part
of our imports ? Why docs New York have so large a share of the foreign
trade ? Compare the exports of New Orleans and Galveston with their
imports. Why are the former so much larger ? Name products that could
be most cheaply exported by way of Boston. Galveston. Philadelphia.
San Francisco. Which port has the largest percentage of foreign vessels ?
Of American vessels ? Find out what part of our trade is carried in foreign
ships. Which three ports receive the most foreign goods ? Can you give a
reason for this ? Are they large cities ? Are they good distributing points ?
Have they great capital to carry on extensive business ? How can the busi-
ness of a seaport be increased ? The business of New Orleans has been
increased by improved navigation on the Mississippi and the lowering of
railroad freight rates from the grain and meat producing regions. How does
this help the producer ?

QUESTIONS ON TABLE VL

What countries have a sparse population? What are the leading indus-
tries in these countries? What kind of goods do they buy of us? Sell
to us ? Compare the imports of thickly settled countries with those of thinly
settled countries. Why are the former greater ? What kinds of goods does
each import ? Find countries whose imports exceed their exports; find other
countries whose exports exceed their imports; compare these countries as to
population, industries and wealth. How can you explain the smalt import of
Bolivia and Switzerland from the United States? What countries have a
balance of trade against them ? (Refer to Fig, 21 and see how these coun-
tries rank in shipping.) Which countries have large balances in their favor ?

TABLE VI.
Density of Population and Trade of the Principal Counte:

Countries.

Ai^entina

Australasia :

Commonwealth.

New Zealand . .
Austria-Hungary .

Belgium

Bolivia

Brazil

Canada

Chile

China

Colombia

Cuba

Denmark

Ecuador

Egypt

France

German Empire. .
India, British . . . .

Italy

Japan

Mexico

Netherlands

Dutch East In.

dies

Peru

Portugal

Roumania

Russia

Spain

Sweden and Nor-

way

Switzerland

Turkey

United Kingdom.

United States

Philippine Is-
lands

Uruguay

Venezuela

Other countries.

All countries.. .

Popula-
tion rKR

SQUARR
MILE.

4.22

1.27

7.52
1S8.14

5S8.59
2.58

4-45

1.79

lo.go

265.76

7.c)2

36.58

160.4S

10.38

2536
188.17
280.36
166.62
293- 50
310.60

17.65
425-61

48.53

6.46

150.65

116.63

16.28

95.58

24.15

210.07

22.36

345-73
26.56

66.00

13.28

4.12

FOKBICN COMMKRCB.

Imports.

Dellart,
126,614,000

203

381
512

120.

243
48

217
10
58

119

82.

926

1,428

278,

359

157,

74,

912.

,644,000
,I2I,000
,054,000
,679,000
,587,000
,747.000
,590,000
.336,000
,607,000
,695,000
,826,000
,180,000
,029,000
,811,000
,632,000
,640,000
,054,000
,358,000
,933.000
,690,000
,376,000

72,545,000
18,412,000
60,044,000
53,095,000
308,563,000
185,632,000

220,021.000
230.860,000
107.873,000
3,640,564,000
991,087,000

33,331,000

25,958,000

8,560,000

837,672,000

12,126,943,000

Exports.

Deliart.
213,250,000

213,713,000

66,403,000

432.345.000

407,295,000

11,076,000

180,219,000

177.833.000

67,846,000

138,472,000

18,487,000

77,849,000

94,470,000

8,811,000

96,584,000

820,685,000

1,193.483.000

409.535.000

292,867,000

143,414,000

83,366,000

781.750,000

95,102,000
18,774,000
30,710,000
68,637,000
443,066,000
178,651,000

335,188,000

171,485,000

68,821,000

1,415,179,000

1.435.179.000

30,351,000

38,587,000

14,900,000

611,829,000

10,720,551,000

CoHMRRCR wm
Unitbd Stat

Imports prom Exi
UnitvdStatss. Unit

14,271.777

■ 38,101

7.893

45.853

10,486

131.234

3.753

14,970

2,933,

21,761,

14,4",

i.347i

744,

88,690,

224,562,

4.866,

36,041,

20,874,

43.t24.

72.961,

.784

.753
,856
,926
.755
.985
,323
.138
.4041
.63S

.599

,850
,260

,130
,019

,683
,878
,887

.985
o6oj

1,597.299

3.471,135

2.915.897

203,735

14.313.501

18,297,940

10,435,944

413.748

562,9^6

543,766,877

4,833,900

1,901,651

2,736,726

70.948,393

1. 465. 584. 391

13:

51
3;
4!

21
(

I7<

(

1,033

Are such countries richest ? Which five countries sell us the most
What are these goods (Table IV) ? Which five buy the most of 1
what do their purchases consist ? Compare our trade with Russia v
which we have with Germany. How is the difference in amount expt
Compare Turkey's imports with her exports. Why does this cxpl
large debt? Why is not Switzerland a bankrupt nation since there is
balance of trade against her? Compare our trade with the c<
most distant from us. With that of those nearest to us. How does 1
affect trade? Why has Great" Britain a larger trade with these
countries than the United States? What part of the imports of G<
Great Britain, France, Netherlands, and Belgium come from the
States? What part of their exports do we buy? What do we buy of 1
Why is our trade with Russia so small? Why is our import from A
and Argentina so large? Compare these imports with those from Bi

INDEX-PRONUNCIATIONS.

Kit to PitONtmciATlON — ^Vowels : S in ile ; S in senSte; ft in Sm ; i in cire : & in Arm ; a in ask ; a In all ; au in author. £ io €ve ; J( in fnd ; e io fSrn ; t b dm
1 1n Ice ; I in 111 ; I in pique, o in 6ld ; 6 in ddd ; o in dr ; o in do ; 6 in sen. u in use ; 11 in Qp ; A in drn ; u in ryde ; u in full ; ua = wa ; uc =; we. > in by ; JF in bvni.
ou as in out ; oi as in oil.

Consonants : c or « as in can ; 9 as in 9ent (c as in can, if unmarked); g as in go ; g as in gem (gas in go, if unmarked); N = nasal n, asin TouIoN(Iikefnig); a = or
fi like ny in barnyard, qu = kw. s as in so ; ^ = z; ttl as in tttis. Italic letters are silent. Short vowels are not usually marked. '

Geographical names are divided into syllables and place of accent is marked ; but for the sake of simplicity and ease of reading, diacritical marks are often omitlul
when not necessary to prevent error. All index numbers refer to pages.

Abyssin'ia, 155.

Abcrde^' (S. D.), 70.

A caput' CO, q5.

Ad' e lat'di-, 1(13.

A' den (town and gulf),

"5.

Ad i ron'dack Mts., 30.

A do bj. 74.

A' dri an, 68.

Ad ri an o pie, 124.
Ad ri at' ic. 1 12.

Af ghan is liin', 146.

Af rica, 150.

A gfi' fla. S3.

Agriculture, 22: in Africa,
I53> I5&- iS^i i^: Aus-
tria Hungary, 133 ; Brit-
ish India, 144; Canada,
SS; China, 140; Den-
mark, 131; France, 126;
Germany, 138; Great Brit-
ain, 1 15: Greece, 123;
Italy, 1 22 ; Korea, 143 ;
Ketheriands, 130; Rou-
mania, 124: Kussia, 119;
Siberia, 14^: South Amer-
ica, 103, loS; Tasmania.
163; Spain, 121; United
.. States, 3S (see each .State).

A ' guas ca li en' tes, 95.

Aix-la-Cha pel/^ (aks-lii-tha-
pel'), i2rt.

At' ron, 65.

Ala ba ma, 37; river, 57.

Ala me' da, 80.

A las' ka. 80.

.^1' ba ny, 46.

Al ber* ta. 91.

Al' bert Nyiln' za, 152.

Al' bert Ed' ward Ny Sn'-
..za, I>i2.

Al bii quer que {-kar' ka), 74.

^Iderneys, 118.

A lep' po, 148.

Alex an' dri a, 155; La., 58;
Va., 50.

A 1/u' tian (-shan) Islands,
81.

Alfalfa, Kans., 73; Nebr.,

73-
Alge'ria, 156.
Algrtrj', 156.
Alhambra, 121.
Alk mitir', 130.
Al le K>*s' ny : plateau, 47;

city. 47; Mts., 30; river,

44.
AlluvinI, 44.
Al ma' den, 121.
Almonds, 79, 156.
Aloes, 93.
Al pe' na. 68.
Alps Mts., no.
AltrtT Mts., 136.
Al tQo' na, 47-
Am ■ a zon river, ICO,
Amber. 128.
Am brfz' t-bresh'). 159.
Amiens' (-aN'), 127.
Amsterdam (in Holland),

130.
Amwr' river, 136, 148.
An a con' da, 76.
Ana to' li a. i.f7.
An da man', 144.
Andean Plateau, 98; States.

104.
An' der son, 65.
An'de§ Mts., 98.

An dor' ra, 121.

Ag'glf st-y, 1 16.

Anglo- Egyptian Sji' dSn',
154-

An go' la, 159.

Animals : in Africa, 154;
in Asia, 138; in Australia,
161; in Europe, 114; in
South America, 102.

An nap' lis, 49.

Ann Arbor, 68.

An'nis ton, 57.

Ant' arc tic Ocean, 16.

Antelope, 154.

An ti cos' ti, S9.

An tV gua, 94.

An til' 165, g6.

An ti'Sa' na, peak of, 19.

An tofagis' ta, 107.

Ant' werp, 131.

Apalach'ee Bay. 53.

Ap a lach i c6' la river, 53.

Ap'en nlnrt, I22.

Ap pa lach' i an Highland,
26, 30; climate, 30; prod-
ucts. 30.

Ap' pl^ ton. 69.

Ara bi a, 146.

Ar' .-ibs, 154.

Ar' al Sea, 138.

.\rauca'nian Indians, 108.

Areh an' gel, 120; Harbor
of. 119.

Arehi pel' a go, 14.

Architecture (^ioorish). 121.

Are' tic Circle, 10: ocean,
16, 26; regions, 30.

Ar e qui' pa (-ke-), (city), 106.

Ard' mor^, 61.

Ar gen tl' na, 108.

Ar i z6' na, 77.

Xr' kan saj, 58; river, 31.

Ar me' ni a, 147.

Ag bur y Park (-bSr-), 47-

Asli^' vil/c, 55.

Asia (a' shi a), 134.

A si at' ic Turkey, 147; Rus-
sia, 148.

As tC'ria, 80.

A s^nclon', 109.

Asphalt, 97, 104.

As sam', 143, 145.

Astra kAan', 120.

A ta ca' ma (desert), 107.

Atch' i son, 73.

Ath'enj, Ga., 56; 123.

At Ian' ta, 56.

At Ian' tic City, 47: Cable,
91; Ocean, 16,28; Plain,
26, 30.

At' las Mts., i«;o.

Atmosphere, 18.

Attar of Roses, 124.

Au' burn, Ala., 57; Me., 41;
N.Y., 46.

Au gus' ta (Me.), 41; (Ga.),
56.

Au ro' ra, 67.

Aus' tin, 60.

Aus tra' li a, l6t.

Aus'tri a-Huu' ga ry, 132.

Axis {of the earth), 9.

A zoT^', 1 59.

Az'tecs, 30.

Bib el Man' deb (strait),

151-
RS'den BS'den, 128.
Bad Lands, 73.

Bag' dad, 148.

Ha lin' mas, 97.

Ba 111' a Blan' ca, loi.

Ba ^"i' a, 103.

USh re/n' Island, 147.

liaV kai (lake), 148.

Ua ky'. 149.

Bal kan' Mts., 110; States,

123.
Ba luchis tSn', 146.
Bal' tic .Sea. no.
Bal' ti more, 49.
Biimboo, S3, IDS, 140, 155.
Banana, 81, 82, 93, 96, 97,

105.
Ban' ka. 164.
Ban.p- kok', 143.
Han' jjor, 41,
Hanyan. 138.
Bar ba' d5s, 97.
Bar' ba ry .States, 156.
Miir'ca. 156,
Itar 9c ]ii' na. 121.
Barley, 63, 70. 79, 115, 119,

131.
Biir n.T ill', 149.
Biir ran quil' ]:i (-kt-l' va),

105.
B3r' re, 42.
Hii' sel, 133.
B;i -n' Io land. lf>0.
Bat;\' vi ;i. l(>2.
Bat' oil Kouye (-rozli), 5S.
Hatli (Me.). 41.
llattle Creek. 68
Heauxile (b(")ks' it), 60.
Ua va ri a. 128.
Hay Ciiy, 68.
B'/y o«>;, 58.
Ha yfnt'i/"' , 127.
Hays, 16.
Beaches, 14.
Heans, 143, 155, 156.
Beau' rn^nt (bo-), 61.
Bech u a' na land, 160.
Bed' owl'ns, 145.
Beef dried, 103, 108.
Be' r ra, 160.
Be»'rijt, 148.
Bel' fast. n8.
Bcl'gium, 131.
Belgrade', 124.
Belle' ville, 67.
Bell' ing Aam. 80.
Be loit', 69.
Ben a' re^i, 145.
Ben gal' Bay, 137.
Benga' zl', 156.
Hen ywe' la, 159.
Hen Ne' vis, 117,
Ber' ber, 155.
Her be' ra, 160.
Her' bers. 154.
Berch' tes gSden, 132,
Ber' gen, 120.
He' ring Strait, 29.
Berkif' I^y. 80.
Ber' lin, 129; N. H., 42,
Ber mu'das, 97.
Ber' nard (monastery), 133.
Berne, 133.
Betel-nut, 107,
Beth' a ny, 147.
Beth' le hem, 147.
B/4u tan', 145.
Bid' de ford. 41.
Bil ba' o, 121.
Bil' lings, 77.
Bil li C6n', 164.

Bil'mah, 157.
Bl lox' I, 57.
Hing' ^am ton, 46.
Bir'mingham, U. S., 57;

Kng., 117.
Bis' cay, Bay of, no.
Bi^' marck, 70.
Bismuth, 107.
Black Country, n7.
Black Hills, 61, 70.
Black Islands, 164.
Black Lands, lly.
Black .Sea. 120.
HIack Swan, 161.
Hlanc, Mont (moN blJiN'),

126.
Blo.m' fon tt-In, 160.
Hloom' ing ton, 67.
Blue Kidge. 30.
Hlu' men an (-6w). 103.
H<i;i ccinstriclor, 83,
Hojio lit', 105.
Hoi' sf (.ity, 78.
Ho k//a' ra, 149.
Bo ho' mi a, 132,
Bo Ian' Pass. 146.
Itoliv'ia, 106; Plateau of,

<)S.
til"/ ni;i, 1 57,
lirim liai''. 145.
Iliirax. 122.
Hnrdeaux' (-dii), 127.
Hcire, lOf).
Bor' ne o, 164.
Bos' po rus, 124.
Bos' ton, 42.
B6«l'der, 76.
HO/i' man, 76.
Brad' ford, 1 15.
Hrah' man i^m, 23, 139.
Bra// ma pu' tra, 136.
Brazil', 102; highland of,

9S; nuts. 103.
Breadfruit, 164.
Breakers, 16.
Breeze (land and sea), 18.
Brem' en, 129.
Bres' lau (-lou), 129.
Brest, 127.
Bridge' port, 44.
Bris' banc, 163.
Bris' tol, nS.
British Co lum' bi a, 91,
British Hon du' ras. 96.
British Museum, I17.
Brit' ta ny, 126,
Brock' ton, 42.
Brook' ings, 70.
Bru' ges, 131.
Brus selp, I31.
Bru' sa, 148.
Brunn, 132.
Brun§' wick, 56.
Bl! ca ra man' go, 105.
Bu UAa rest', 124.
Hii la wa'yo, 160.
Hu da pest, 132.
Bud d^^m, 23, 139.
Buenos Aires (bo' nus a' riz),

108.
Buf fa to. 46, 50.
But ga' ri a. 123.
Bon' des rat//, laS.
Biir' ling ton (Vt.), 42 ;

(Iowa). 72.
Burma, 143, T45.
Hu sliire', 146.
Bustimen, 154.
But/i-, 73; city, 76,

Butter, 45, 68, 70, 72, 73,
120, 130, 131, 163.

Cabinet, English, 117.

Ca bral', 103

Cacao(ka ka' o),93, 96, 104,
105, 108, 145.

Cactus, 60, 77.

Cai' ro {in Egypt kl' ro ;
in U. S. ka' ro), 155.

Cal cut' ta, 145.

Caledonian Canal, 118.

Cal' gary, qi.

Cal i for ni a, 79.

Cal la' 6. 106.

Calms, belts of, 18.

Cam bo' di a, 137.

Cam' bridge, 42 ; Univer-
sity, 11 8.

Cam den, 46.

Camels, 140, 146, 147, 148,

157-

Camphor, 142, 143.

Can' a da, 8S-92 ; Govern-
ment. 88.

Canals in Venice, 122 ; in
Germany. 126; in China,
140; in India, 144.

Cana'ry Islands, 159.

Candle nut, 82.

Cannon, 127,

Cai^'on, 77.

Can ton' (in China), 141; in
U. S. (can'ton), 65.

Cape Bret' on, 90.

Cape Col' o ny, 159.

Cape Del a go' a, 160.

(!"ape M;iy. 47.

Capes, 14.

Cape Town, 159.

Cape Verde Islands, 159.

Ca ra' cas, 104.

Caravans, 146.

Car' de nas, 97.

Car'diff. 118.

Car ib be' an Sea, 102.

Car' men, gg.

Car pa' thi an Mts., no.

Carpets, 123, 124, 146, I49.

Car rii'ra, 122.

Car' son Cily, 77.

Cartage' na (in S. A.), 105.

Cas cade' Range, 26, 31.

Cas' par, 76.

Cas' pi an Sea, 149.

Cii St qui a' re (-ke-), 100.

Cathedrals, 122.

Catskill Mts., 44.

Cattle, Argentina, Jo8; Aus-
tria-Hungary, 132; Bar-
bary States. 156; Brazil,
103; Canada, 68; Colom-
bia (S. A.), 105 ; Den-
mark, 131; Great Britain,
115; Iceland, 92; Mexico,
95; Morocco, 156; New
Zealand, 163; Paraguay,
109: Russia, ng; Siberia.
148; Sweden, 120; Swit-
zerland. 133; Tibet, 141;
Urugu;iy, log; Venezuela,
104; United .States: Ari-
zona, 77; Idaho, 78; In-
dian Territory, 61; Iowa,
72 : Kansas, 73; Ken-
tucky, 64; Missouri, 72;
Nebraska, 73; New Mex-
ico, 74; Oregon, 80; South
Dakota, 70; Texas, 60,

Cau' ca sus Mts., Iia
Caucasians (N, A.), 30: (!»

rope), 114: (Asiai, 119
Ca_j'en«f^ (or kien'). IL4
^e bu' Island, S3; cily. tj
Cedar Kiipiils. 72.
Qel'ebes. 164.
Central Africa Protecio:_i^

160.
Central America, 96.
Central Kails. 42.
Central Slates, 61.
Ce tin' je (tseten'ya), in
g-e/lon', 145-
Qham plain' Canal, 46.
^liam plain Lake, 42.
ChSng-sha'. 141.
Channel Islands, I18.
Charcoal, Ala., 57; Miss.,(;
Qhar'le maf n/. 129.
Charles' ton, \V. Va., 50

S. C. 56.
QhSr' lot/^, 55-
Char' lot/^ vil^, 50.
(,har' lot//- town, 9I.
Chat Aara, iiS.
Chat la hoc' chec riTcr, 56.
Chat tanoo'ga, 55.
Q)ia« tau' qua Lake, 43.
Cheese^ 68, 70, 72. 73, (i

90, 130, 131, 133, £63.
Chem nitz, 129.
^her* b<mrg, 127.
Ches' a penk^ Bay, 49;

states, 38.
Ches' ter, 47.
Qh(^en«<r', 76.
Qhi ca' go, 65, 66.
Chicago and Illinois Ca-
nal, 66.
^hl hua' hua (-wa' wa), a\
ChY' le, 107.

Chim bo ra' zo Ml., 105.
Chimpanzee. 154.
Chinese Empire. 140.
Chris ti a' ni a, i30.
Christianity, 23, 139.
Cigars, 83, 97.
^i en fue' gos (se in fvi'

gos), 97.
^inchona, 105, 106, 107,

145. 164-
^in 9in nfi' tl, 64.
Cinnamon, 143, 14;.
Circles, great, 10; small, in;

polar, ro; Arctic, io;Aii-

arctic, 10; Meridian. M.
Circumference (of tiK

earth), 8.
Ql' tt dad BO IV' var, 104.
Civilization, 23.
Clarks' vil/c, 55.
etc' burne. 6r.
Clev/land. 64.
Climate, ig.
Clin' ton, 72.
Cloves, 160.
Coat — Effect on Industrie^

23; in Alaska, 81; Austrij-

Hungary, 132; Belgium,

131; British Columbia. 91;

Chile, 107; China. 140;

Ecuador, 105; France.

126; Germany, 128; Great

Britain, 115; luly, 122;

India, 144; Japan, 140;

New Zealand, 163; No\i

Scotia, 90; Ontario, 90;

Philippine Islands, 83.

INDEX— PRONUNCIATIONS.

173

RiKsia. iig; Spain, I3i;
United States: Alabama,
j;: Arkansas, 60;* Colo-
ndo, 76: Geoi^ia, 56; Il-
linois. 65: Indiana, 65;
Iowa, 72 ; Kansas, 73 ;
Kentucky, 64; Maryland,
4(f; Michigan, 68 : Mis-
souri, 72 : New Mexico,
74; North Carolina, 55;
Ohio, 64; Orcjjon, So;
Pennsylvania, 47: Ten-
nessee, 55 ; Texas, 60 ;
Virj^inia, 50; Washington,
80; West Virginia. 50;
Wyoming, 76.
^oasi line, 14.
Ooastal Plain. 14, 30.
<^'ca, 106. 107.
*5«*abam'b.i, 107.
•Co'ihin Cliina, 137.
^Mcoa. 103, 160.
Cocainut Palms, 81, 83.
Cocoaniits, 57, 81. 105, 145,

163. 164.
CTd' dv, 70.

Coffee— in Africa, 155. 157,
'S^- '59- '^' Arabia,
J47: Brazil, toy. Central
America. q6; Ceylon, 145;
Colombia, 105; Ecuador,
io^:<>uiana, 104; Hawaii,
£2 Inilia, 144 ; Java.
1(14; !.a i'lata States, 108;
Mauritius, ito ; Mexico.
<}3; Peru. 106; Philippines.
83; Porlo KiLO, 81; Re-
union Is., 160; Venezuela,
104 ; West Indies, 97.
>3ke, 131.
!olof n/, 121).
"olom' bi a, 105.
To lorn' bo, 145.
>5 I6n'. 96.

^^olonies, the Thirteen, 34 ;

British, 158: (jerman, 159;

French, 158; IJutch, I30.

Tolo ra' do, 76.

Colorado, (ireat Cafion of,

77, Plateau. 31; Kiver, a8.

Colorado Springs, jh.

-olum'bia, plain of, 31; a

river, 28; city in S. C,

— 56-

-olumbus, 38, 97, 122.
Columbus, city, Ga. , 56;
Mis-N., 57; Ohio, 65.

— omcis. 6.

— cmmerce, 33 ; in Africa,

155. 157: Asia, 140, 144;
Australia. t6l ; Canada,
83; Europe, 117. 123,
128, 130; United States.
38; Central Stotes, 63;
Middle States, 45; New
England States, 41 ;
Southern States, 54,
Oompass, Points of, li.
Oon'cord (-kerd), 41.
Ooodor, 105.
<^oDfuciaoism, 141.
Con nctt' i cut, 44; river, 40.
Con'sUn9^ Lake, 133.
Con* Stan tine, 124.
Con Stan tine', 156.
CoDstan ti no'plf, 123.
Constellations, 5.
Continents, 14.
Copal. 158^
Copcnha' gen, 131.
Copper — in Africa, 1 59 ;
Australia. 161 ; Bolivia,
107; Central America, 96;
Chile, 107; China, 140;
Cuba, 97 ; Ecuador, 105;
Germany, 12S ; Indo-
China, 143; Japan, 142 ;
Mexico, 93 ; New Cale-
donia, 164 ; Newfound-
land, 91 ; New Zealand,
163; Ontario, 90; I'eru,
106; Philippine Islands,
£3; Russia, 119; Siberia,

148 ; Spain, lai ; Vene-
zuela, 104; United .States:
Arizona , 78 ; Colorado,
7&: Idaho, 78 ; Michigan,
68 ; Montana, 76 ; New
Mexico, 74 ; Tennessee,
55; Utah, 78; Wyoming,
76.

Copra, 164.

Copts, 155.

Coral. 122 ; islands, 163 ;
polyp, 163 ; reef, 164.

Cordilleras, 98.

Cor' do ba, 108,

Cor' inth, 123; Isthmus of,
123.

Cork (city), irS, 121, 156.

Corn — in Africa, 157; Italy.
122; La Plata States, 108;
Mexico, 93; United States:
Arkansas, 60; (ieorgia,56;
Illinois, 65 ; Indiana, 65;
Iowa, 72 ; Kansas. 73;
Kentucky, 64: Michigan,
63 ; Missouri, 72 ; Ne-
braska, 73; New Mexico,
74; New York, 45; South
Carolina, 56 ; .South iJa-
kola, 70; Tennessee, 55 ;
Texas, 60; Virginia, 50 ;
Wisconsin, 68.

Cor* sica. 127.

Cor' si ca' na, 61,

Co se gur* na, 96.

Cos' la Kl'ca, 96.

Cotopax'l Ml.. 105.

Cotton — in Africa. 155, 157,
158 ; Asia, 140, 143, 144,
146, 147, 149; Bahama Is-
lands, 97; Brazil, 103 ;
Mexico, 93; Peru. 106;
Turkey, 124; United
States: Alabama, 57; Ar-
kansas, 60; Kloridn. 56;
tieorgia, jfi; l.ouisi.ma,
58; .Mississippi. 57; North
Carolina. 55; Oklahoma.
61; .South Carolina, 56 ;
Tennessi-e, 55; I'exas.Co.

Cotton gin. ^4.

Cotton goods. 41. 42, 55,
S6. 57, iiy. 126. 133. 142.
163

Cotton-seed nil. 54. 57, 58.

Council Bluffs 72.

C6v' ing ton. 64.

Cow tree, 104.

Crater. 15.

Creoles, 58,

Crete, 123.

Crevasse, 58.

Crip' pie Creek, 76.

Crocodiles, 143, 154.

Cii' ba, 97.

Cu' cu ta, 105.

Cum' ber land, river, 55 ;
city, 49.

Cum brc Pass, 98.

Cu ra ?6n', 96.

Currants, 123.

Currents, ocean, 17,

Cu ya ba' (kwe-). 103, 108.

Cuz' CO (kus-), 106.

Cypress, 51.

Qy prus, 115.

Da hn' mer. 158.

Dairying — Brazil, 103; Den-
mark. 131: Knincf, 1261
Netherlands. 130; Nor-
way, i2o; Sweden, 120;
Switzerland. 133; United
States. 42. 50. 68, 70, 73.

Dal' las, ()0.

Da mas' cus, 148.

Dan' bur y, 44.

Danish America, 92.

Dant' zic, 129.

Dan' ube river, 112,

Dan' ville, 50.

I)ar' fur, 153.

Dates, 147. 155, 156.

Date palms, 147, 156.

Dav* en port, 73,

Daw' son City, 91.

Day. 9.

Day' ton. 65.

Dead Sea, 136.

De ca' tur, 66.

Degrees (of latitude and
longitude), 10; length of.
It.

Dek' kan, I44.

Del a go' a Bay, 160.

Del' a ware, 47; river. 44.

Delft. 130.

Del' M. 145.

Delta (Nile), I54.

Den' i son. 61.

Den' mark, 131; colonial
possessions of, 131.

Den' ver, 76.

Dej Moin«, 7a.

Deserts. 15,

De troit', 68.

Dt a man Vi' no. 100.

Diameter (of the earth). 8.

Diamonds. 102, 130,159, 160.

T>\ ep/<r , 125.

Direcrion, 8. 11.

District of Columbia, 49.

Divides, 20.

/M/c per, rig.

/>n/es' ter. 1 19.

Dolls. 128.

Dom i nl' ea (island). 94.

Dominion of Canada, 88.

Don, river, IIQ.

Dor d6;'n^', 126.

Dou' ro, 113.

D6' ver, N. H., 42; Del..
49; England, II5; Strait
of. 115.

Dres' den. 129.

Dromedary, 139,

Droughts, 100, 119.

Drugs, 103, 146.

Dub lin, 118.

Du bnque' (-buk'), 72.

Dii luth'. 69.

Dun dee'. 118.

Du ran' go. 95.

Dur ban, 160.

Dun c' din, 163.

Dur* ^am, 55.

DUs' sel dorf, 125.

Dutch. Settlements, 130 ;
Colonies, 130; East In-
dies. 164.

DwI na, 119,

Dye woods, 83. 96, 103,106.

Kaglewood, 143.

Earth, size, shape, motions.

8; surface, 7, 8; orbit, of,

9; plane of the orbit. 9;

inclination of its axis. 1 1.
Earthquakes, 106, 121. 142.
East -Africa Protectorate,

160.
Eastern Asia, 140.
East India Company, 144.
East Indian Archi pel' a go.

164,
East Indies, 28.
East London, 159.
East St. Louis. 66.
Eau Claire (6 klar'), 6g.
Ebony, 83, 155, 158, 160.
Ec' ua dor, 105.
K dam', 130.
Kddits, 17.

Kd in bur;;h (-bur ro). iiS.
Ed' mon ton, 91.
Education — .Argentina, 108;

Chile, 107; China, 141;

France. lafi ; liermany,

129; Creal Britain. 1 17 ;

Japan, 142; Norway. 120;

Bulgaria, 123; Russia,

IK) ; Sweden, 120 ;

Switzerland, 133.
l-KR^. '3L 156.
E'gypl, 154.
Egyptian (shan) Sy dan'.

155-

E Ann brilt' st^n, 139.

Eider down, 92,

Elbe, 128.

EI burz', 136.

Elephant. 143, 154.

F^levation. effects of, 19.

El' gin. 67.

E liz' a beth, 47,

Elk' hart, 65.

El ml' ra, 46.

El PS' so, 61.

El Re' no. 61.

El' wood, 65.

Emeralds, 105, 148.

Empire, 23.

Emu, 161.

En' gland (In'.), 115.

E' nid, 61.

Equator, 10.

Equinoxes, 12.

E' rie, 47.

E rie Canal, 38, 46.

E ri tre' a, 160.

Es' ki mo, 81, 92.

Esparto Grass, 121, 156,

Es qui' malt, 91.

Es' sen, 128,

F^stuaries, 14.

Fit' na Mt,. 122.

Eu phra' tes river, 138,

Eu ra' si a (-shi-), iio.

Eu re' ka Springs, 60.

EQ' ropi*, no,

F>'ans ton, 67.

Ev' ans ville, 65.

Everglades. 56.

Ev' er est Mt., 136.

Ev' er ett, 80.

Fairs, iiy. 128, 132.

F'a/k' land Is., 109.

Fall line. 44.

Fall River, 42.

F'ar* go. 70.

Fa' roe Is., 131.

Fauna, 21.

Per nan dl" na, 53,

Fertilizers, 56.

Fez. 156.

Fez zan'. 156.

F"ie' so Ic. 122,

Eigs' 54. 122, 123, 126. 146,
147.

FT jv Is., 163,

Fin' gal's Cave, 117,

Fiord, 14.

F'ire Arms, 127. 131.

Fire Worshippers, 23.

Fishing — Africa, 160 ; Bel-
gium. 131 ; Canada, 88,
90 ; China, 140 ; Den-
mark, 131 ; France, 126;
Italy. 122 : Labrador, 92 ;
Netherlands, 130 ; New-
foundland, 91 ; Norway,
120; South America, 109;
Turkey. 123 ; United
States, 38, 41, 49, 55, 63.
80.

Flax, 54, 69, 70, 73, 90, 108,
118, 119, 131, 132, 155,
156. 1*^3-

Flint. 68.

Flora, 21,

Flor' ence. 122; Ala., 55.

Flo ri a no' po lis, 103.

F'lor' i da, 56.

F"lour, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73,
79, 90; in Austria-Hun
gary, 132.

Fond du Lac. 69.

Force, centrifugal. 8.

Forests, 88. 91, 105, 130,
123, 128, 160, 163.

For nio sa, 143.

Fort Ik-n' ton, 76.

Fort Dodge, 73.

Fort Mill, 56.

Fort Scott, 73,

Fort Smith, 6c.

Fort Wayne, 65.

Fort Worth, 61.

Fossil ivory, 148.

F" ranee, 126.

Frank' fort, Ky., 64; Ger-
many, 139.

F'red' er ick, 49.

Fred' er ic ton. 90.

Free' town. 158.

French Kon' go, 158.

French Guinea (gin' e),
ISS.

Fres' no, 80.

Fruit (see kinds).

Fh chau' (-chou), 14I.

Fu ]t ya ma, 142.

F'urs, iig, 148.

Ga la' pa gos Is., 106.

Ga' latz, 125.

Ga le' na. 73.

Ga lie' i a (-lish'-). 125.

Gal' ves ton (Tex). 60.

Gal' way Bay, 116.

Gam' bi a, 158.

Gamboge, 143.

Gan' ges, 136.

Ga tbnn/ river, 126.

Gas, natural, 65, 70, 73.

Gauchos, 108.

Gen e see' river, 46.

Ge ne' va, Lake and City,

. 133-

Gen oa, 122.

Geography, divisions and
definitions, 5, 6, 7.

George' town, 104.

Geor' gi a. 56,

German Empire. 128.

German S. \V. Africa, 159 ;
East, 160.

( jeysers, 92,

(l-iats Mts., 135.

GAent, 131.

Gi bral' tar, 121.

Ginger. 97.

Giraffe, 154.

(ji ronde river, 125.

Glaciers. 92, no.

Glas' go-.', 118.

(ilass, 47, 131, 132.

Globe. 13.

Glouces'ter(glos'ter), Mass.,
42.

Goats. 95, 146.

Go' bi. Desert, 141,

Gold — .\byssinia, 155 ;
Africa, 155.160; Alaska,
61; Australia, 161; Brazil,
I02 ; Canada, 90. 91 ;
Cape Colony, 159; Cen-
tral America. 96; China,
140 ; Colombia, 105 ;
(luianas. 104; India, 144;
Indo-China, 143 ; Japan,
140 ; Mexico. 93 ; New
Zealand. 163 ; Peru, 106 ;
Philippines Is., 83 ; Rus-
sia, 119; Siberia, 148 ;
United States, 55, 56. 70,
74. 76, 77, 78, 79. 80,81;
Venezuela, 104.

Gold Coast, 158.

(iold-dust. 156, 157, 160.

Golden, 76.

Golden Horn, 124.

Gorilla, 154.

Got' ten borg, 120.

Government (kinds of), 23.

Graf ton, 70.

Grain (see wheat, etc.).

Grain elevator, 66.

Gram' pi an Mts. , 1 16.

Gra nS' da, 121.

Grand Itanks. 61.

Cirand Canal, 140.

Grand Forks. 70.

Grand Rap' ids, 68,

Granite (N. H.), 41; (Vt.),
42: (Tex.), 60; Canada,
90.

Grapes. 45, 54, 60, 64, 74,
79. 121, 122, 133, 126,
146, 147. 159. 163.

GrStz, 132.

Gravitation, 8,

Grazing ; in Africa, t6o.
Australia, 161 ; Canada,
88; Great Britain. 115;
Mexico, 95 ; Newfound-
land, 91; Russia, ilo:
South America, 103, 108;
Sweden, l3o; Switzer-
land, 133; United States,
38, 41, 60, 61, 64, 76, 79,

Great Basin, 31, 77.

Great Brit' ain, 115.

Great Central Plains. 26, 98.

Great Falls. 76; city. 76.

Great Geyser, 93.

Great Ka na' wAa river, 45.

Great Lakes, 38, 69,

Great Plains, 31.

Great .Salt Lake, 78.

Great Wall, 140.

Greater An til' l^s, 96,

Greece, 123.

Greek Catholic Church, iio-

Green Bay, 69.

Green' land, 93.

Green Mts., 30.

Green river, 76.

Greens' bor o (-bur o). 55.

Green vil/e, S.C., 56; Miss.,
57. ,

Green' wich (grin' ij, in
England; in United States,
gren'wich), 117,

Green' wood, 57,

Gua da la ja ra (gua-tha-la-
h(i' ra), 95,

Gttadal quiv' if river, 113.

Gwade lowpe' Is., 96.

Guti di a' na river, 113,

Guam, 83.

GuS na juii' to (-hw5'-), 93;
^ city. 95.

Guano, 106.

Gwa te mH' la, 96.

Guavas (gua' vaz), 57.

Gwny a quYl' (-kel), 106.

Gufly' mas, 95.

Guern' jey, 118.

Gal fi' na (British, Dutch
and French), 104,

Guiana Highland, 98.

G win' en, 158; Gulf cf. 158.

Gulf port, 57.

Gulfs. 16.

Gulf Stream, 17.

Gums, 83, 142, 147, 155,156,
157. 160.

Guth' rie, 61.

Guita percha, 143, 164.

Gypsum. 60, 61, 68, 70, 73
90.

Hfiar' lem, 130.

Ha' gei^ town, 49.

Hague, 130.

Ilitl dar a b£d', 137.

HrtI nfin' Is., 137.

Hai'' tt, 97.

Hi ko da' te, 143.

HS' la Mts., 146,

Hal' i fax. 90.

Ham' burg, 129.

Ham' il ton, 65.

11am' mer fest. 112, I20.

Ham' mond. 65.

Han kau' (-kou), 141.

Han' ni bal. 72.

Ha noi', 143.

Han' o ver, N. H., 42.

Harbors, 17.

Hard' wick, 42.

Har' ris burg, 47,

Hart' ford. Conn., 44,

Hat' ter as. Cape, I4.

Ha van' a, 97.

Ha' ver h\\\, 42.

HSvre, 127.

Ha w*I'l. 82.

Hay, 41.45. 68, 72, 90, 115

Headland, 14.

Heart's Content. 91.

Heb' ri des Is., 116.

Height of land, 26.

HelT la Mt., 93.

174

INDEX PRONUNCIATION.

HttT] Sz', 147.
He\' del bcrK, 125.
Hel' e na. Ark., 60; Mont..
76 (St. H«] e' na, island,

159)-

Hel' sing fors, 113.

Hemispjeres, Eastern and
Western, 24 ; Northern
and Southern, 3$.

Hemp, 54, 64, 90, loS, 119.

Hen' der son, 64.

Her it', 146.

Her cu U' ne urn, 123.

Hides — Algeria, 1 56; An-
dean States, 105; Aus-
tralia, r6i; Brazil, 103;
Central America, 96 ;
India, 144; La Plata
States. 108; Mexico, 95;
South Africa, 159; Tunis,
156; Venezuela, 104,

Highland, 15.

High Point, 55.

Hills, 14.

Hf lo, 83.

Hi m&' la ya, 136.

Hindus, [44.

Hippopotamus, 154.

Hoang (hwang) liver, 136.

H6' bart, 163.

H6' bO ken, 46.

Hogs. 72. 73. 124.

Har y6k<r, 42.

Hoi' land (see Netherlands)

Hon' do, 142.

Hon dt}' ras, 96.

H6n&lH' lu, 83.

Honey, 81.

Hook, 16.

Hops, 45, 79. 80, 115.

Horns, 108,

Horses. 64, 73, 95. 115, 119,
131, 146, 147, 148.

Hot Springs, 60.

Hottentots, 154.

Hours, 9.

Hoiis' ton, Tex., 61.

Rb» sa ton' ic river, 39.

Hual 'ft' ga (wal yS' ga)
river, loa.

Hud' son river. 44; bay, 88.

Hull 118.

Hum' boliA. 52.

Hun' ga ry, 133,

Hunts' vilit, 57.

Hu'ron. 70,

Huss, John, 132.

Icebergs, 93.

Ic/ land, 93.

I'dahd, 78.

X' dri a, 132.

II' li Doij. 65.

I'lol'to, 83.

In' di a, British, 144.

In di air a, 65.

In di an ap' o lis, 65.

Indian Mutiny, 145.

Indian Ocean, 16, 25.

Indians, 30. 61.

Indian Territory. 61.

India rubber, 103. 105.

In' di^. East, 28; West,

96.
Indigo, 96, 108, 143, 144,

156.
In' do-Chi' na, 143; French,

M3-

In' dus river, 136.

Industries, 123.

Inertia. 8.

Inventions, 54.

In ver ness', 118.

I' o wa, 72.

I qui"' que (e ke ka), 107.

I ran', plateau of, 136.

Ir a wa di, 136.

Ire' land, 1 18.

Ir kytsk', 149.

Iron: Abyssinia, 155; Alge-
ria, 156; Asia, 140, 142,
144; Brazil, 102; Canada,
go; Cuba, 97; Ecuador,

lOS; Europe. 115, 119,
I2Q, 121, 126, 138, 131,
132; New Zealand, 163;
Peru, 106; Philippines,
83; Tunis, 156; United
States. 45, 46, 47, 50, 55,
56. 57, 60, 64, 68, 69, 76,
80.

Iron Gates, 131.

Irrigation, 77, 79, 146.

Islands: Continental, 14;
oceanic, 14; volcanic, 14;
coral, 14.

Isotherms, 20.

Ish' pe ming. 68.

Is pa h&n', 146.

Isthmus, 14.

Italian Africa, 160.

It' a ly, 121.

I tas' ca Lake, 69.

Ivory, 155, 156, 157, 158,
159, 160; vegetable, 105.

Ivory Coast, 158.

Jack' son, Mich., 68; Miss.,

57; Tenn., 55.
Jack' son vilU, Fla., 57;

111., 67.
Jft IS' pa (haO. 94.
Ja mat' ca, 97,
James river, 44.
James' town, 70.
Japan Current, 79.
Ja pan', 142.
Jas' sy {yis' si), 124.
Ji' va, 164.
Jef fer son City, 72.
Jer'50'. 118.
Jer' jcy City, 46.
Je ru sa lem, 147.
Jewelry, 126, 132.
Jo han' nes burg. 160.
Johns' ton, 47.
Jo li et, 66.
Jop' lin, 72.

Jo rul' lo (ho rui' yo), 94.
Ji| &n' dc Fu' ca (hu SnO

(Strait). 36.
Ju ftn Fer nan'dez (hu £n'-).

Is. of, 107.
Judaism, 23. 139.
Jum' na. 145.
Ju neau' (-nO'), 8r.
Jung' frau (yuDg* frou) Mt. .

133- ,
Jii ni at^a river, 43.
Ju' ra Mts.. 125.
Jute, 58, 144.
Jut' land, 131.

K5 bHl', 146.

Kafiirs, 154.

KaV ger Wil' helm's Land,

164.
K& la ha' ri, Desert of, 150.
Kal a ma zoo', 68.
Ka' ma, 119.

Kftme nin' Mts., 150, 159.
Kan da liftr', 146.
Kangaroo, 161.
Kft' no, 157.
Kan' $as, 73.
Kansas City, Mo., 72;

Kansas, 73.
Kash g&r', 141.
Kash mir' (■mer'). 145.
Kauri gum, 163.
Ke«ic, 42.
Ks' ni a Mt.. 150.
Ken ne bee' river, 40.
Ke no' sha. 69.
Ken tuck' y, 64,
Ke' o kuk, 73.
Keys, 57.
Key West, 57-
KAaV bar Pass, 146.
K*ar tym', 155.
K>ie dive, 155.
K^e lat', 146.
KhV* va, 149.
Kl' ef, 120.
Kliau e'a{-lou-), 82.
Kil I man ja' ro Mt., 150.

Kil lar' niry. Lakes of, 118,

Kim' ber l^y, 159.

Kingdom, 23.

King' ston. 97.

King'-te-ching', 141.

Kirghiz' (-gez'), 134, 148.

Kit' ter y. 42.

Kill' shi], 142.

Klon' dike. Region, gi.

Knox' vil/^, 55.

Kd' ko mo. 65.

Kon' go State, 157; river,

152.
K6' nigs berg (kS-), 129.
Ko re' a, 143.
Krcm' lin. iSO.
Kron' staiA, 120.
Ky6' to, 143.

Labor, 114.
Lab ra dor', 91.
Lace, 131.
La CrosJ^. 6g.
La fay eU/, 65.
Lad' o ga Lake, 125.
La dron^', t62.
l.agoons, 16.
La' gos, 158.
La Guay' ra, 104.
Lake Charles, 58.
Lakes. 17.
Lake States, 38.
I.an' cas ter, 47.
Land, forms of. 14; eleva-
tion of, 14; divisions of,

13-
Land of Dates, 154, 156.
Lan' sing. 68,
La Paz', 107.
Lap' land, 120.
La Pla' ta, river, loo; city,

108; stales, 108.
Lar' a ml^, 76,
La r?' do, 6r.
Las' sa, 141.
Lis Ve' gas. 74.
Latitude, 10; use of, 10;

parallels of, 10; effect of,

19.
Lau' rel, 57.
Lau ren' ti an (-shi an)High-

land, 26.
Lau ri c6'«ha Lake, lOo'
Lava, 15.
Law' rencc, Mass., 42 ;

Kansas, 73.
Lead: Brazil, 102; Chinese

Empire, 140 ; Germany,

128; Indo-China, 143 ;

Mexico, 93; Peru, 106;

Spain, i2r; United States.

60.65, 68,72, 73, 74, 76.

78.
Lead City, 70.
Lead' ville, 76.
Leuv' en worth, 73,
Leeds, 117.
Leather. 68. 124, 132.
Lrip' sic, 129.
Lem' bei^, 132.
lemons, 79, 93, 122, 156.
Le murs. 83.
I.e' na river, 138.
Le' on, 95.
Leopard, 143. 154.
Le' o p61d ville, 157.
Leprosy, 83.
Lesser An til' le^, 96,
Le vant', 123.
Levees, 58.
Lew' is ton, Me., 41; Idaho,

78.
Lex' ing ton, 64.
L^' dr?n, 130.
Ll be' ri a, 158.
Lib' y an Desert, 1 50.
Lick Obser\'alory, 80.
Licorice. 123.
Li ege' (-azh). 131.
Lignite, 70.
Lilies, 97.
La/e. 127.
Lf ma, 106.

Lime, Canada, 90; Ala., 57

Lim' er ick, 118.
Limestone, 56, 60. 65.

Ll moges' (-mozh), 127.
Lira po' po river, 153.

Lin' c6/n. Neb., 73.
Linen: Austria - Hungary
133 ; Belgium, 131
France, 127;. Germany,
129; Great Britain, 118.

Linseed oil, 69.

Lion, 154.

Lip' a ri Is., il).

Li;' b6n, 121.

Lit' tie Rock, 60.

Live-oak, 5I. 57.

Liv' er pool, 117.

Llama, 105.

Llanos, lOo.

Lo an' da, 159.

Lodz, 120.

Lo fo' d^n Is., t20.

Lo' gan (Utah). 78.

Lo' gans port, 65.

Loire river (Iwar), 126.

Lorn' bar dy, 123,

Long Branch, 47.

Longitude. 11.

Lon' d6n. 117.

Lon' don der ry, ri8.

Los An' gel es, 79.

Lou i si an' a. 58.

Lo«' is vil/r (t>r\ou' I-), 64.

Lourenfo Marques (lo ren'-
so mar' kes). 160.

Low' el/. 43.

Loyalty Islands, 164.

Lubecic, 129.

Luc' ca, 125.

Ll) ^ern/. Lake and City,

133-

Luck' now(-ou), 145.

Lumber: Canada, 88; Nor-
way, 120; Russia, iig;
South America, 107; Tas-
mania, 163; United
States, 38, 41, 42, 55. 56.
57, 58, 60, 64, 68, 6g, 72,
78, 80,

Lun' da, 159.

Lu' rat- Caves, 50.

Lux' em burg. 130.

Lu zon', 83.

Lynch' burg, 50.

Lynn, 42.

Ly'onj, 127.

Lyre bird, 161.

Macaroni, 122.

Machinery. 72.

Mac ken' zic river, 28.

Ma' con, 56.

Mad a gas' car, 160.

Ma dej" ra, 159.

Mad' i son, Wis., 6g.

Ma dras', 145.

Ma drid'. 121.

Magnolia, 51.

Ma gel' Ian, Strait of, 98,

Maguey, 93.

Mahogany, 93, 96.

Mfll ma tchln', 140.

Mai'n^, 41.

Maize, tog. 126, 141, 156.

Ma lak' ka, 145.

Mai' a ga, I2i.

Ma lav' Peninsula, 143;

Archipelago, 164.
Mala>' Race, 139.
Ma lay si a, 164.
Mammoth Cave, 64.
Man, Range of, 21; Isle of,

liS.
Ma na' gua. 96.
Man' ches ter, 117; N. H.,

■*'■ ,
Man chu ri a, 140, 141.

Man' da lay, 143.

Manganese: Brazil, 102;

Ga,. 56; Va.. 50.

Ma nil' a, 83; hemp. 83.

Manioc, 103, 108, 109.

Man is tee', 68.

Man i td' ba, gi.

Man' i tow, 76.

Man i to woe', 6g.

Man ka' to, 70.

Ma' nu a, 164.

Manufacturing — Africa,
155; Asia, 140; Austria-
Hungary, 132; Belgium,
131; British India, 144;
France, 126; Germany,
138; Great Britain, 115;
Italy, 122; Japan, 143;
Netherlands, 130: Persia,
146; Philippine Islands,
83; Russia, iig; South
America, 103; Switzer-
land, 133; United States,

35,41,45. 54. 63.
Man za nil' lo (man sa nel'-

yo), 95-
Maple sugar, 42, 90.
Maps, 13.
Marble, 42, 55, 56, 60, 133,

123.
Ma raenl' bo, 104.
Ma ran hao' (-youn), 103.
Mi ra Hon', 100.
Ma rt' en bad, 132.
Marine Plain, 44.
Mariner's Compass. Ii.
Mar i net/^. 69.
Mir* i on, 65.
Marl, 46-
Mar se/l/<^'. 127,
Mar* shal/town, 73.
Marshes, salt. 16.
Mar ti nlque' (-nek), 96.
Ma' ry land, 49. ■
Mas cat', 147.
.Ma sho' na land, 160.
Mas sa chu' setts, 43.
Mat a be' le land, 160.
Ma tan' zas.,g7.
Male (ma' ta), 108, log.
Mat' ter horn, 133.
Mau' na Lo' a, 82.
Mau ri' ti us {-rish' i us),

160.
Mays' vil/r?, 64.
Ma zai lan'. 95.
Mc Clure, Capt., 92.
McKees' port, 47.
Meadows, 16.
Meat Packing, 68, 72, 73,

7g.

Mcc' ca, 147.

Me dell in' (-thai yea'),

105.
Me di' na, 147.
Mrfs' sen, 129.
Me kong' river, 136.
Mel a ne' si a (-shi>), 164.
Mel' bcum^, 163.
Melons, 56.
Mem' phis, 55.
Me nom' i nee, 68.
Mcrcator's Chart, 13.
Mer ced' river, 79,
Mer' cu ry (see quicksilver),
Mer de Glace (mftr dS glfis),

no.
Mer* i da, 95.
M^r' i den, 44.
Me rid' i an, city, 57 ; circle,

TO ; prime, 11.
M^r' ri mac, river, 40.
Mesa (ma' sa), 73.
Mesh ed', 146.
Mes o po la' mi a, 147.
Meteors, 6.
Meteorites, 6.
Mex'ico, 93; city, 95; Gulf

of, 26.
Mica, 55, 70.
Mi^h' i gan, 68; City, 65.
Mi cro ne' si a{-shi-), 164,
Middle Atlantic States, 44.
Midnight Sun, 120.
Mil' an, 122.
Miles, scale of, 13.
Military Territories, 158.
Milk, condensed, 73, 73,

133-

Mil' ledge ville. 56.
Millet, Kansas. 73. 140, 141,

144. 155-
Mil wau' ke<r, 68.
Mineral Springs. 45, 60, 76,

77, 128, 142.
Mining (see each minerj).
Min ne ap' o lis, 69.
Min ne so' ta, 6g.
Minutes, 9.
Mis sis sip' pi, 57; valley

of. 31; river, 28.
Mississippi- Yazoo Delta.

57.
Mis sQir la, 77.
Mis sQu' ri. 73; river, 31.
Mit' chel/, 70.
Mo bll«^. 57-
M6' cAa, 147-
Mohammedans, 33, 144,

147, 158-
Mol len' do (-yen'-), 107.
Molina, 67.
Mo luc' cas, 164.
Monad nocks, 40.
Monarchy, 23; abstdate. 23;

limited. 23.
Mon go li a, 140, 141.
Monkeys, 143,
Mo non ga he' la rirer, 4;.
MonsooDS, 18, 83.
Mon ta' na, 76.
MoN/Ce nlr', 122.
Motit Cer vin' (sir vIkO,

133-
Monte n£ gro, 124.
Mon le rey, 95.
Mon te vid' e o. 109.
Mont gom' er y, 57.
Month. 6.
Mont pe' li er, 43.
Mont re ai', 90.
Moons, phases of, 6; new, 6;

full. 6.
Moors, 154.
Moraine, 40.
Mo re' li a, gs-
Mo roc' CO, 156; city, 156.
Moros (mo' roz), 83.
Mos' CQif, iig.
Mos sft me dfe, 159.
Mountains — Offices of, m;

Height of, is; Effect co

Rainfall, 19.
Mountaio Passes, ij:

Ranges, 14; Systems, 14.
Mt. Ath' OS. 134.
Ml Hec' la, g3.
Mt. Mar' cy. 44.
Mt. Mit' chel/. 40.
Mt. St. E U' as, 81.
Mt. Ver* non. 50.
Mt. Washington, 40.
Mo zam bique' (-bek'), 16a
Muddy Salt Mines, 77.
Muk' den, 141.
Mulberry tree, 140,143, M7.

149-
Mules, 73.
Mun' cl/, 65
Mil' mcA, 129.
Mui' ray river, 161.
Miir shed & bad', 145.
M«r««k'. 156.
Mus ca tKn^. 73.
Mirs c6' gee, 61.
Musical lostrumects, 13I

133.
Mus ke' gon, 68.
Muslins, 144.
Mus' Sfl Shoals, 55.
Mutton, 108, 163.
Myrrh, 160.

Nft ga sfi' kl. 143.
Na m&' qua land, is<h
Na aa\' mo, 91.
Nan kin', 141.
Nantrt, 127.
Na ple^, 122.
Napoleon, 131, 15^
Naphtha, 146.
Nir boDii/, 125,

INDEX— PRONUNCIATIONS.

175

ra, iza

u a. 41.

vill*', 55.
M, g?.
1'. 160.

' ei, 57.

al Bridge, 50.

ta. 103.

Academy, U. S., 49.

Stores, 51.55.56.57.
as' ka, 73.
jed, 147.
«s, 30. 157.
on river, 2S.

iMTt', 125.

V, 145-

er lands, 130 ; Colo-
Possessions of, 130.
' da. 77.
I river, iig.
Mbany, 65.
ark, N. J., 46; Ohio,

acd' ford. 42.
beni, 55.
3rit' ain, 44.
Smnj' wick, 47 ; Can-

90.
burgh, 46.
Zi\ e dd' ni a, 164.
:^' tlr, 4g; Eng.,117.
England States, 40.
f<nind land, 91.
iaq. te mli' la, 0.
juinea Igin' i), 164.
-lamp' shlrf, 41,
ia' ven, 44.

be' ri a, 5S.
\^' ^, 46.
^on d6n, 44.
^ex' i CO, 74.
!)r' le an;, 58.
port, R. I., 43 ; Ky.,

port News, 50.
iouth Wales, 163.
i'ork, 45.
^orW City, 45.
Zea' land, 163.

ml Lake, 153.

a ra Falls, 45.
ri' gua, 96.
>. 164.

bar' Island, I44>
S roi'. 103.
r. 152.

ri a, 158.

.9-

iMey of, 154 ; river,

e, 107.

nl Nov' go rod, 119.

ds. 23.

, 81.

o/k, V«., 50.

Adams, 42.

America, 36; climate
vegetatioa, 28; in-
itaots, y>.

Cape. lad.

Car ft n' na, 55.

Da kO' ta, 7a
:rn Pacific R.R., 80.
west passage, 92,
vay, 120.
rich, 44.

Dim;', 127.

tng Aam, 117.

I Sto tia (-shia), 90.

i a. 155.

n Desert, 150.

:m berg, 129.

lai, 158.

za, 153.
' sa (ne-), 160,

and, 79.

IS-

North America, 56,
65.68, 69, 70, 73, 73;
ope, 115, 118, iig;
I, 148.

ca (wft hA' kft), 95.

Ob river, 138.

Pat' na, 145.

Po t6 si*, 107.

lina, 55; South Carxilina,

Sandalwood, 160, 164.

Occupations, 22.

Paw tuck' et. R. I., 42.

Pottery (see porcelain).

56; Georgia, 56; Flonda,

Sandstone, Aric., 60; Texas,

Oceans, 16,

Peaches, 47, 54, 146.

Potts' ville, 47.

56; Louisiana, 58.

60.

Ocean Currents, 17.

Peanuts, 54.

PbugA keep' si^ (-kip'-), 46.

Rich' mond, Ind., 65: Va.,

San dus' ky, 65.

ce an' I a (o sh« an' i a).

Pearls, 145, 146, 147, 160.

Power-loom, 54.

SO.

San Fran fts' co, 7g.

163.
0' dcr, 128.

Pease, 115.

FrSgu^, 132.

Rl' ga, 120.

San Ja 9111' to, 60.

Peat. 118.

Prairies, 15, 31, 61, 152.

Rings, 6. ,

San Joaquin (h& a kSn')

Odes' sa, 120.

Pe chV W, Gulf of, 137.

Precious stones, see ruby.

Rif' de Ja net' r6(zha-), 103.

river, 78.

Og* den, 78.

Pe kin', 141.

diamond, etc.

RI' de 1& PIa' U, 100.

San Jo se' (fa6-), 79; Central

hi' 0, 64; river, 31.

Piling' Mts., 137.

President (U. S.), 35-

Rf Grita' de river, 38.

America, 96.

Oil (Iceland), 92.

Pe 16' tas (-tash), 103.

Pre to' ri a, 160.

RI* Grfa' dfi do ShI', 103,

San Ju ia' (hu-), 82.

Oilstones (Ark.), 60.

Pern' ba, 153.

Prif M lof Islands. 81.

Rl N5' gro, 100.

San Luis Po to sir', 95.

Oil trees, 143.

Pe cang', 145.

Prime Meridian. 11.

Rivers, offices of, 17.

San MX rT* no. 123.

Oise (wSz), 125.

Peninsula, 14.

Prince Ed' ward Is., gi.

River systems, 17.

SSn S&l va dor', 96.

ke eho' be^. Lake, 53.

Penn syl va' ni a, 47.

Prince' ton. 47.

R6' a nok^, 50.

San ta Bar' ba ra, 74.

Ok la ho' ma, 61; city, 61.

Pe nob' scot River, 4a

Proc' tor, 42.

Roch' es ter, 46.

San u Cla' ra. Valley,

79-

Olive, 79, 121, 122, 123,

Pen sa c6' la, 57.

Pro gre' so. gS-

Rock' ford, 66.

San' ta Cruz, 96.

126, 147, 156.

Pe 6' ri a. 66.

Projections, Conical, 13;

Rock Hill. 56.

San' ta Fe'. 74.

lym' pi a, 8a

Pepper, 164.

Spherical, 13.

Rock' land, 41.

Sin ta Lu' fi i, 97.

0' ma ha, 73.

Per nam bu' co, 103.

Promontory, 14.

Rock Springs, 76.

Sin tl a' go dg Cg' ba

97;

min', 147.

Per' ry, 6i.

Prov' i dence, 42.

Rocky Mountains, 26, 31.

(Chili), 107.

Omsk', 149.

Per sia (-sha), 146.

Pro' vo, 78.

Rocky Mountain States, 74.

Sin' to Do mi;n' go, 97.

cd' da, 43.

P« ry', 106.

Pruss' ia (prush' a), 128.

Rome, Ga., 56; Italy. 122.

San' tfia, 103.

Onions, 97.

Peruvians, 30.

Pnith, 125.

Ro sa' fi 6, 108.

Sao Pau lo (souN pott' Ip).

On ta' ri 6. 90.

Petch' ra, 119.

Pue' bla (pwa' bla), 95.

Roses, 146.

103.

Opium, 144, 146, 147.

Pe' terj burg, 50.

Pueb' lo, 76.

Rosewood, g6.

Siir a to' ga, 46.

por'to, 13 1.

Petroleum, 47, 50, 60, 64,

Pueblos (-I62), 74.

Rosin. 51.

Sa ri' tov, 120.

rSn', 156.

65. 70, 73. 90. "9. M3.

Puer* to PrKn' 9V pe (pw4r'-

Rotation of the earth, 8.

Sardine, 126.

Oranges, 56, 79, 81, 93,

M5. 159-

16), 97.

Rot' ter dam, 130.

Sar din' i a, isi.

109, I2t, 122, 126, 156,

Phases 6.

PQ' get Sound, 80.

Row en' (-iN^, 137.

Sas katch' e wan, 91 : river.

159-

Phil H del' phi a, 47.

Pu las' kl, S3.

Rqu ma' ni a, 124.

38.

Orange River Colony, 159,

Phil' ip pin^ (or -pen?), 83.

Pulque (pul' ka), 93.

Rubber: Africa, 155. 157.

Satellites, 6.

160.

Phoe'nix, 78.

Pursuits. Industrial, 33.

158, tSQ, t6o; Central

Sault Sainte Marie

(SO

Orbit, q.

Phosphates, 56, 57, 156.

Pyramids. 155;

America, 96; Philippine

sant mi' ri), 69; Falls of.

Or' e gon, 80.

Pictured Rocks, 68.

Pyr'e re<^, no.

Is., 83; South America,

68.

ri no' CO, 100.

Pied' mont Plateau, 30.

104, 105, 106, 107.

Sa van' nab, 56; river

56.

ri zii' ba (-s4' ba), 93.

Pierre, 70.

Que bee', 90.

Ruby, 143, 148.

Sax' ony, 138.

sage', 72.

Pike's Peak, 74.

Queen Char' lotte Is., 89.
Queens land, 163.

Russia (rush' a), 119.

SfhafT hau' sen. Falls of

0' ja k2, 143.

Pil CO may' River, 101.

Russian Turkestan, 149.

(shSf hou' zen), 133

Osn' kosh, 69.

Pilgrims, 34;

Queens' town, 118.

Ru wen zo' ft Mountains,

Scan di nS.' vi a, 130.

Ost end', 131.

Pineapples, 57, 81, 82, 97.

Qu£ rs' til ro (ka-), 95.

150.

Se^e nee' U dy, 46.

Ostrich, 154. 159; feathers,

Pine Bluff. 60.

Quicksilver, 60, 79, 83, 93,

Rye, 119, 148.

SeAyyV kill, 44.

153. 156, isg, 160.

Piq' ua (pik'-), 65,

96, 105, 106, 121, 122,

Sril' !y Is., 115.

Os w6' go, 46; river, 46.

Pi rire' us, 123,

140, 164.

Sa Wn^ river, 59.

Scot' land, 115.

Ot' ta wa, 90.

Pitch, 55.

Quin' cy (-zi). III., 66.

Sa' CO (town and river), 41.

Sri 6' to, 63.

Ot turn' wa, 72.

Pitts' burff, 47 ; Kansas, 73.

QuK' to (ke'-), 105.

Sae ra men' to. 79; river, 78.

Scran' ton, 47.

Oit/ en§ bor (-bur-), 64.

Pitts' field. 42.

Sag' i naw (town and bay).

Sea, 16.

Ox' ford, Miss., 57; Eng.,

Plains, 15,

Races, Civilization of, 22.

68.

Sea Island, 56.

ir8.

Plane, 9.

Ra 9Yn/, 69.

Sage-brush. 77.

Seasons, 13.

Oysters, 49, 50.

Planetoids, 6.

Railroads, 156, 157, 15S,

Siguf nSy river, 89.

Se at' tU. 80.

0' zark Mts., 51.

Planets, 6.

159, 160.

Sa h&' r&, 150.

Se da' li a, 73.

Plantain, Mexico, 93; West

Rain, ig.

St. An'tho ny. Falls of, 69.

Seine river, 126.

Pa cho' ca, 95.

Indies, 97.

Raisins, 79, 121, 147.

St. Au' gus Hn^. 57,

Sil' ma, 57.

Pacilic Ocean, 16, 28.

Plants, range of, 2T.

Ra' Irf^A. N. C, 55.

St. Kar thol' mew. 96.

Selvas. 100.

Pacific Highland, 36, 31;

Plateau Region, 77.

Ran goon', 143, 145.

St. Ber' nard, 132. 133,

Sen e gal', 158.

Climate, 34; Resources,

Plateaus. 15.

Rapids, 40.

St. Etienne (saN a tyen').

Sen' ne, 131.

34-

Platinum, 105, iig. 148,

Raw' linj, 76.

127-

Se o«l', 143.

Pa cif ic Slope, 26, 34:

164.

R*fld' ing, 47.

St. £u sti' ti us (-she us),

Serfs, 119.

Climate, 34; Products, 34;

Plftt/f river, 73.

Red river, 31.

96.

Ser' vi a, 124.

Resources, 34.

Plumbago, 145.

Red River of the North,

St. Goth' ard Pass, 122.

Se ville', 121.

Pacific States, 78.

Plymouth Colony, 34.

70.

St. He le' na, 159.

Ss''vres, 127

Pa dii' cah, 64.

P6 river, 112.

Red Sea, 134.

St. John, go; river, 89.

Shadow, circular, 8.

Piis' Ify, 118.
Pa ler' mo, 133.

Points, Cardinal, 8; Semi-

Re gl' na, gr.

St. Johns, gi.

Shang hi' i, 141. .

Cardinal, 8.

ReichsUg (rlks' t<g), 128.

St. Johns' bury, 42.

Shas'ta Mt., 74.

Par es tTn^, 61.

Polaris, 8.

Reindeer, 92, 120.

St. Jo' seph, 73.

Shawls, 144.

Palmetto, 51.

Poles, 8.

Religions, 23 (see Chris-

St. Lawrence river, 38; gulf

She boy' gan 69.

Palm, date, 147; oil, 157,

Pol y ne' si a (-shi-), 164.

tianity, Judaism, etc.); in

of, 36.

Sheep — Afgfaaoiitan

and

158.

Pomegranates, 126, 146.

Africa.

St. Lo«' is (or -I), 73.

Baluchistan, 146;

Ar-

Pi' 16s, 121.

Pom pe' ii {p6m pft' y£), 122.

Re' no. 77.

St. Paul, 69.

gentina, loB; Barbary

P« mir', 135.

Pon' s*, 82.

Republic, 23.

St. Pe' ter? burg, lig.

States, 156: Falkland

Pam' li cd Sound, 53.

Po po cS ts pet' 1, 93.

Re pub' li can river, 73.

St. Sophia, 124.

Islands, 131; France,

Pampas, loO.

Porcelain, 132, 140, 142.

Reservations, Indian, 61.

St. TAom' as, g6.

136; Great Britain,

iisi

Pan a mS', Isthmus of, 96 ;

Pork, 38.

Re un' ion (-yun) Is. , 160.

S&' lem, Oregon, 80.

Iceland, -03 . Mexico

95;

City, 96; hau, 105; SUte,

Port E liz'a beth, 159.

Revolution of the earth, g.

Salisbury (salz' bSr i), 160.

New Zealand.

163 ;

96.

Port au Prince (port' 6

Reykjavik (rlk' yl vik), g2.

S&Ionl' klf,~l34.

Russia.iig; Scanditiavia,

Pa na^, 83.

prlns), 97.

Rheims (r£mz), 127.

Salt — Abyssinia, T55 ; Aus-

120 ; Siberia. 148;

Tas-

Paper, 41, 43,

Port Hii' ron, 68.

Rhine, II3.

tria-Hungary, i32:ChiDa,

mania, 163 Tibet.

141.

Pap' H a, 164.

Port' land. Conn., 44; Me.,

Rhinoceros, 143, 154.

140; Germany. 138; Great

U nited States : Arizona, 77;

P« rii', 103. 106.

41; Oregon. 80,

Kiode W land, 43.

BriUin, 115; Persia, 146;

Idaho, 78; Indiana

65;

Pft ra saaf', 109 ; tea (see

Por to A le' gre. 103.

R/j5des, 133.

Spain, I3i; Sahara, 157;

Iowa, 73; Kansas,

73;

mate) ; river, I03.

P6r' to Ri' CO. 81.

RA6 de' "ii a, 159; South,

Venezuela, 104. United

Missouri, 72; Montana,

Parallels, 10.

Port SSId'. 155.

160: North, 160.

States: Kansas, 73; Mich-

76; Nebraska, 73, Ohio,

Par a m&r' i b5, 104.

Ports' m^uth. New Hamp-

RAon^ river, 113.

igan, 68; New York, 45;

64; Oregon 80; Utah,

Pii ra nft', 102.

shire, 41; Va., 50 ; Eng-

Ri ad', 147.

Texas, 60.

78; Venezuela, 104.

PSr' is, 126.

land, 118,

Rice: Africa, 158; China,

Salt Lake City, 78.

SheC field, J17.

Parks (Col.). 76.

Port Su din', 155.

140; Hawaii, 82; India,

SSl va dor', g6.

Sher' i dan, 76

Park' ers burg, 50.

POr' tu gfll, 121.

144 ; Indo-China, 143;

Sal wen' river, 137.

Sher' man, 61.

Parliament, 117.

Portuguese East Africa. 160.

Italy, 132; Japan, 142;

Sam ar kand (sam ar kant'),

Shet'land Is., ;ti6.

Pas a de' na, 80.

Position, how determined.

Java, 164; Korea, 143;

149-

Shi ko' ku. 142.

Pas' CO, 106.

10.

Philippines, 83 ; Porto

Samo'a, 164.

Ship building, 88, gr

lao,

Pat a go' ni a, 109.

Potatoes, 4t, 68, 72, 90, 92,

Rico, 81; South Amer-

Sa na', 147.

131.

Pa taps' CO, 48.

97, 118 ; sweet, 106.

ica, 108. United States :

San An to' ni 0, 60.

Shore. 14.

Pat' er son, 4J5.

Po t6' mac river, 44.

Texas, 60; North Caro-

San DY s' go, 80.

Shreve' p6rt, 58,

176

INDEX— PK0NUNCIAT10N8.

SI am', MS-
SI inff an\ I4r
SlM'^ria, 14S.

Straits Settlements, 143,145.

Stet tia', 129.

Strftss' burg. 129.

819' i ly, 121.

Strom' bo li, 122.

Sler' ra Le 6' n8. 158.

Stv)tt' giirt, 129.

SI cK ra Ne v&' dS, 26, 31.

Suft' kin. 155.

Silk. 122, 123, 124. 126,

Sti chau' (-chou'), 141.

140, 14s, 144. 146, 147-

Sij' erg, 107.

Silk Goods, 46, 126, 132,

Su din', 157.

133. >49-

Si; ez* Canal. 155; Isthmus

Silver, 70, 74. 76. 77. 78,

of, 150; City, 155.

80, 83, g3, 96, 102, 105,

Sugar, cane, 56, 58, 60, 81,

106, 107, 138, 140, 142,

82, 83, 93, 96, 97, 103.

143, 160, 163.

104, 106, loS, 143, t44.

Simoon, 147-

iSSi 159' '60, 163, 164;

ST' nrtl Mt., 147.

beet, 68, 78, 79, 126, 128,

SiQ ga pore', 143, 145.

131. 132.

Sin kiiing', 141.

Sulphur, &3, 122, 142.

Sigujc City, 72.

Su m&' tra, 164.

S/oMj: Falls, 70.

Sun, apparent motion, 6, 9;

S( sal' Hemp, 57, 93, 97;

rays of. II.

160.

Sun ga' ri a, 141.

Slavonic race. IT9,

Su pe' rior, 69.

Smyr' na (smer'-), 148.

Sus que han' na river, 44,

Snow line, 19.

Swe' den, 120.

Snow Mis., 150.

Swit' zer land, 132.

So fV a, 123.

Syd' ney, 163.

So' ko to, 157.

Syr' a cQse, 46.

Solar System, 6.

Syr' i a, 147.

Sol fit ta' rft. 15-

Sseg' ed In, 132.

Sol' mon Is., i6a.

Solstices, 12.

Taban (ta ban'), 143.

So miMi Land. 160.

Table-land. 15, 93.

Son' ne berg (zon' oe berg).

Ta brtz', 146.

129.

Ta eC ma, 80.

So no' ra, 93.

Ta' gus river, 113.

Soo canal, 68.

Tal la has' see, 57.

Sorghum, 73.

Tallow, 103. 108.

Sounds, 16.

Tam' pa, 57.

South America, 98-109.

Tara pi"' CO, 95.

Southampton (suth hamp'-

Ti nS ni rl" v6, 153.

ton), 118.

T&n g£n yV ka Lake, 153.

South Australia, 163.

Tan gier', 156.

South Bend, 65.

Tapioca, 102.

South Carolina, 56,

Tapir, 139.

South Dakota, 70.

Tar, 51.

Southern States, 50.

Taro, 82.

South McAlister, 61.

Tar' U ry, 137.

South 6' ma hft, 73.

Tash'k«nd. 149.

South Platte, yt.

Ta? ma' nl a, 163.

Spain, 121.

Tatars, 140.

Spanish Peninsula, I2I.

Ta«n' ton, 42.

Spar' tan burg, 56.

Tchad Lake, 158.

Spheroid, oblate, 8.

Tea— Assam, 145; British

Spices, 147, 159, 164.

India, 144; Burma, 145;

Spinning- jenny, 54.

Ceylon, 145; China, 140;

Spit, 16. _

Formosa,l43; Japan, 142;

Spiti berg* en, 19.

Java, 164; Paraguay, 109;
Russia, 119; U. S., 56.

Spheres of influence, 154.

Spo kiln/, 80.

Teak, 83. 143. i45-

Sponges, 5 7. 97, 1 22. 1 23, 148 .

Ts gu 91 g«l' pa, 96.

Spring'field,Ill.,66; Mass.,

T«h^riin', 146.

42; Mo., 73; Ohio, 65.

Te Auin tg pec', 94.

Standard Time, 85.

Stft no voi' Mts., 135.

140; in Egypt, 155; in

Stark' ville, 57.

Japan, 142; jn Persia,

Stars, fixed, 5; shooting, 6.

146.

Steamship Lines, 164.

Temple, 61.

Steamboat Navigation, isa

T«n erit/y Mt., 150.

Steel, 47, 57, 64, 65, 131.

Ten nes see', 55; river, 31.

Steppes, 119, 134,148.
SHlr wa ter, 70.

Ter' re Hautf (h6t), 63.
Ter' rell, 61.

Stock' hOlm. i»o.

Tex' as. 60.

Stock Raising. (See cattle.

Till in' Shin Mts.. 135.

sheep, etc.)

Tl* ber, 125.

Stock' ton. 80.

TI bit', 140, 141.

Stockyards (Chicago). 66.

Tides, 16; high or flood.

Straits. 16.

16; low or ebb, 16,

TI «n' tsln. 141.

Tl<r'r4d*l Fue' go, 109.

Tif fin, 65.

Tif Us', 149.

Tiger, 143.

Tl' gris river. 138.

TTm bilk' tu, 157.

Time, how measured, 9;
difference of, 9.

Timber, 50, 51, 80, 90, 91,
103. 107, 120, 132, 145,
163, 164.

Timor' Is.. 162.

Tin — Australia, 161; Banka
and Billiton Is., 164 ;
Bolivia, 107; Great Brit-
ain, 115; Indo-China,
143; New Caledonia,
164.

Tit I «a' «a Lake, 106.

Ti u men', 149.

Tobacco — Algeria, 156;
Armenia, 147; Asia
Minor, 147; Austria-Hun-
gary, 132 ; Brazil, 103;
Borneo, 164; Canada, 90;
Central America, 96; Co-
lombia, 105; Egypt, 155;
Germany, 128; India, 144;
Indo-China, 143; Java,
164; La Plata States.
108; Manchuria, 141;
Mexico, 93; Paraguay,
109; Persia, 146; Peru,
106; Philippine Is., 83;
Porto Rico. 81; Salvador,
96; Sumatra, 164; Syria,
147; Tunis, 156; Turkey,
133; West Indies, 97;
United States: Connecti-
cut, 44 ; Kentucky, 64;
Maryland, 49; Missouri,
72; North Carolina. 55;
Ohio, 64 ; Pennsylvania.
47 ; Tennessee, 55: Vir-
ginia, 50: Wisconsin, 68.

To bolsk', 149.

To can tins' river, loi.

TO' ky o, 142.

To le' do, 65.

Tom big' bee river, 57.

Tflmsk. 149.

T6n' ga Is., 162.

To pe' ka, 73.

Top'litz. 132.

To r6n' to, 90.

To«' toN'. 127.

Tow lows/, 137.

Toys,"i3"8.

Trade winds, 18.

Trans Cau ea' si a, 149.

Transportation, 33; in Afri-
ca, 156; in China, 140;
in Madagascar, 160.

Trans viaV, 160.

Tren' ton. 47.

Tries' ts, 132.

Trin i dad'. 97, 104.

Trip' 6 1i, 156.

Tropical fruits, 56.

Tropics, 10.

Troy, 46.

Truck fanning, 56.

Tsetse Ay, 154-

T« i' regs, 157.

Tflf ' s6n tor tuc' son), 78.

To cp-mjln', 108,

Tuileries (tw61' riz), 127,

Tundras (tun dra;), 134,

148.

Tu' nis, 156.

Tunnels (Alpine), 133.

Tii' rin, 133.

Tur kes tin'. Russian, 149.

Tur' key, 133.

Turks Island, 97.

Turpentine, spirits of, 51.

Turquoise, 146.

Turtles, 97,

Tus ca loo' sa, 57.

Tussac grass, 109.

Tu tu i'' la, 164.

Typhoons, 83.

y ca ya' li river, lOO.

gan' da Protectorate, 160.

United States — Phys ical
Divisions, 30 ; Additions
of Terrilorj', 35: Govern-
ment of, 35; Chief Cities,
35; Commerce, 38; Posi-
tion and Rank, 30.

U per' na vlk, 92.

U' po lu, 164.

C' ral Mts., no; river, 119.

U ru gudy'. 109.

0' ta>i {or u' ta-5), 78.

C ti ca, 46.

U' trecht, 130,

Val dal' hills, ri3.

Va len' cia (-shi a), Vene-
zuela, 104: Spain, 121.

Vale of Kash' mVr, 145.

Valley City, 70.

Valleys. 15,

Valley of California, 34.

Valley of Virginia, 49.

Val la do lid', 113.

Valonia, 123, 147.

Val pa raV so, 108.

Vancow'ver Is., 91; City.
91."

Vanilla — Africa, 160; Cen-
tral America, 96; Mexico,

93-
Vegetation, regions of, 21.
Veins. 15.
Velvets, 132, 126.
Ven e zue' la, 104.
Vcn' Icir, 122.
Ve'ra Cruz, 95.
Ver mil' ion, 70.
Ver mont', 42.
Ver siiUe^', 127.
Ve su' vi us Mt., 122.
Vicks' burg, 57.
Vic to' ri a, 91; Australia,

163.
Victoria Falls, 153.
Victoria Nyiin'za, 150, 152.
Vi en' na. 132.
Vin centres', 65.
Vine, 126.' 147, 149.
Vir gin' i a, 49.
Virginia City, 77.
Vis'tu la, 119.
VW di vos tok', 149.
yolcanoes, 15.
Vol'ga, 112.
Vosges (vOzh) Mts., 125.

W9 cha' sett, Mt., 39.
Wa'«o. 61.

W&les, 115.

Wal' la WSl' la. 80.

War' saw, N, V., 46, lao.

Wa'satch Mts., 77.

Wash' ing ton, City, 49;
State, 80.

Watches. 133.

Water, divisions of, 13.

Water buffalo. 83.

Wa'terbury(-b«r-),44.

Waterfalls, 40.

Wa' ter ford, 118.

Water gaps, 45,

Wa ter lo*/, 131; Iowa, 73.

Watersheds. 20.

Wa' ter town. 46.

Wa' ter vil/^, 41.

Wat' ling (wot-) Is., 28, 97.

Wau' sau, 69.

Waves, 16.

Wclland Canal, 38. 88.

Wei' ling ton, 163.

We ser<va'zer), 128.

West Central States, 71.

Western Australia, 163.

West In' di(^. 30, 96.

Westminster Abbey, 117.

West Point, 46.

West Rut' land, 42.

West Virginia, 50.

W^' er'§ Cave, 50.

Wheat — Armenia, 147; Bar-
bary States, 156; British
India. 144; Chile, 107;
France, 126; Great Britain
and Ireland, 115; India.
144; Italy, 12a; La Plata
States, 108; Manchuria,
141; Manitoba, 91; On-
tario, 90; Persia, 146;
Russia, 119; Syria, 147;
United Sutes: California,
79; Georgia, 56; Illinois,
65; Kansas, 73; Minne-
sota, 69; Missouri, 72;
Nebraska. 73; New Mex-
ico, 74; New York, 45;
North Dakota, 70: Okla-
homa, 6t; South Dakota,
70; Tennessee. 55; Texas,
60; Virginia, 50; Wash-
ington, 80 ; Wisconsin,
68.

Wh«l' ing, 50.

Whetstones, 60.

Whirls, 17,

White Mts., 30, 40.

Wich' i ta, 73.

Wie Iicz"ka(vy«mch'ka),
133.

Wies ba' den (ves-), 128.

Wilkrt'-Bftr re (-i). 47.

Wil la' met/f river. 80,

Will' iams port, 47.

Wil li man' tic. 44.

Wil' ming ton. 47, 54.

Wind Belts, 18.

Winds— Offices of, 18;
Trade Winds: effect on
climes. 18,

Wine — Africa, 156, 159 ;
Asia, 146 ; Austria-Hun-
gary, 133; France, 126;
Germany, 128; Italy, laa;
Portugal, lai : Roumania,
124 ; Spain. lai ; United
States : California. 79 ;
Missouri, 72; Ohio, 64.

Win' nl peg. 91.

WI nO' na, 69.

Win' st6n, 55.

Winter palace, 119.

Wis con' sin, 68.

Wood pulp. 120.

Wool — Arabia. 147 ; .\iL.
atic Turkey, 147 ; Aus-
tralia, l6l ; Austria-H-JL-
gary, 132 ; KarbarT
States, 156; Cape Cokiot.
159 ; Denmark, i;i;
German Empire, ik;
Iceland, 92 ; Italy, ik;
La Plata States, loS; Mo-
rocco, 156; New Zealar.d,
163; Persia. 146 ; Russia.
I ig; Tasmania. 163: Tur-
key, 123 ; United Suits:
Indiana. 65; Mich.,tj;
Missouri, 72 ; Monusa,
76; New Hampshire, 4;;
New Mexico,74: Ohio.64;
Oregon, 80; Texas, 60;
Uuh, 78; Wyonung. ;t

Woolen goods. 41, 4a, m.
126, 131, 163.

Woon sock' et, 43.

Worc«' ter, 43.

World, ikew. 24: old. 24.

»fian'gel/Is..39.

Wilr' tem berg, 128.

Wy an dot' cave, 65.

Wy 0' miog. 76.

Xin gu river (shSo goO.iOL

va bio noi' Mts., 137.

Yak, 139.

Yi kutsk', 137.

Yi' ly river, 137.

Yam, 97, 164.

Yftng' tze river, 1361

YSnk' ton, 7a

Vir kind', 141.

Yaz' 00 river, 57.

Year."6.

Yellowstone Park, 76;

caflon, 76 ; river, 74.
Y«m'*n. 147.
Ydnlse' i river. 138.
Y*z' o, 143.
Yo ko hfi ' ma, 143.
Yon' kers, 46.
YO~sem' i te Valley, 79.
Voungs' town, 65.
Yu*a tin'. 95.
Yu' kOn river, 38 ; territory

"of, 91.

Zam bfi' zi river, 152,

Zin^' viliX, 65.

Zin'te, 113.

Zin zi bftr*, 160.

Zebra. 154.

Zinc — Algeria, 1 56; BnxQ,
102; China, 140 ; GcrmH
Empire, 138; Indo'
China, 143 ; Rnsna, 119;
Tunis, 156 ; United
States : Arkansas, 60;
Kansas, 73; Misaooii, Jt;
New Jersey, 46; Viifiiii^
50 ; Wisconsin. 68.

Zodiac, Twelve sifm ol, &

Zones, 13.

Zu' lu land, 160.

Zu' nl, 76.

Zu' rich, 133.

Zwy der Zitf, Z30.

RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL EVENTS.

the Far East. — For the past two years (December, 1905)
eyes of the world have been turned to eastern Asia, the
; of the Japanese-Russian War, which was happily ended by
' Peace of Portsmouth " last September.
le map shows the general disposition of territory as made
le treaty at Portsmouth, N. H. Japan has Port Arthur;
ity of Dalny ; the control of the railroad as far north as
ngchengtse; the southern half of the island of Sakhalin,

UAr or JAPAM, KOXKA, MAKCHtnttA. STC (Bf courtof of Tk* IndtfendttU^

to the 50th parallel of latitude ; and the suzerainty of
Korea.

Japan,. — It is interesting to note that Japan's long chain of
islands, to the middle of Sakhalin, corresponds in latitude to the
entire extent of the eastern United States from northern Florida
to Maine and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Fifty years ago Japan's
intercourse with the outside world began with Commodore
Perry's negotiation of a treaty opening the islands to American
commerce. Her progress and development and
her conduct of the war with Russia have been most
remarkable. With her 50,000,000 inhabitants she
now ranks as one of the seven Great Powers of the
World,

Sakhalin is situated much like Newfoundland in
latitude and its relation to the continent. The
Japan current curling around the southern point
softens the climate. The half of the island acquired
by Japan is the only valuable part of it. It has
great quantities of coal, timber and iron. Enormous
shoals of fish, especially herring and salmon, swarm
in its waters. The annual number of herring taken
is said to amount to 6ve hundred million.

Manchuria is regained for China — her richest
dependency, with its productive valleys of the Liao,
Sungari, and Nonni rivers; its forests of timber; its
coal and minerals ; its sacred walled city of Mukden,
the home of the Manchus and the capital; with
Kwangchengtse, the largest city and greatest
market, and terminus of the railroad controlled by
Japan; and Harbin and Tsitsihar in the north.
The population is largely Chinese.

Korea, the ancient " Hermit Kingdom," now
comes under the control of Japan. With a stronger,
progressive government and the not improbable
immigration of many Japanese, the new Korea
is likely to be much changed from the old.

Russia, empire of vast extent in Europe and
Asia and of many peoples, is in the throes of revo-
lution. What changes in government and condi-
tion may result no one can foretell.

The Gregorian Calendar is to be adopted by
Russia, which alone has continued to use the
Julian calendar, now thirteen days behind that of
other civilized countries. This has caused much in-
convenience. The next Russian February is to be
shortened by thirteen days, and March is to begin
in the new style. It was in 1751 that in England
an act was passed correcting the calendar, omitting
eleven days (the divergence at that time between
the two calendars) after September 2, 1752 and
making the ensuing day the 14th.

Norway. — It is interesting to note that Norway,
now separate in its government from Sweden, has
received Prince Charles of Denmark as its king en-
titled Haakon VII. The queen is the youngest
daughter of King Edward VII. of England.

RECENT GEOGRAPHICAL EVENTS.

Irrigation. — An illustration of what irrigation is accomplishing
in arid regions of the West is furnished by the creation — on No-
vember 14 and November 21 in southern Idaho by the United
States Government, on sites absolutely waste — of two new towns
seven miles apart, Hcyburn and Rupert, town lots being sold to
highest bidders. It is expected that the great irrigating canals
which the government is constructing at a cost of $3,000,000 will
make the region very productive.

The Republic of Panama lies between the Caribbean Sea and
the Pacific Ocean, and extends from Costa Rica to Colombia,
about 480 miles. Its area is 31,570 square miles, a little greater
than that of South Carolina. It is now one of the Central
American States of North America. It includes the Isthmus of
Panama — the narrow portion of the state north of the Gulf of
Panama ; the shortest distance across is 37 miles at San Bias Bay.
It has an estimated population of about 340,000, combining
Spanish, Indian, and Negro elements, and a few immigrants from
the United States and from European countries.

The chief towns arc the capital, Panama (pop. 30,000), Colon,
Porto Bcllo, David (pop. g.ooo), and Boca del Toro.

The surface is mountainous. The greatest elevation of the Sierra
de Veragua is Mou nt Chiriqui, an extinct volcano, 1 1 ,260 feet high.

The soil is of great fertility. The tropical vegetation is luxuri-
ant. One of the chief products is the banana, which grows freely
on the lands adjacent to the Chiriqui Lagoon. Other products

are caoutchouc, coffee, cocoa-nuts. Brazil nuts, mahogany and
other woods. Cattle raising is carried on in some of the prov-
inces, and hides are an important article of export.

The Panama Railroad crosses the Isthmus from Colon to Pan-
ama, a distance of 47 miles.

The Inter-Oceanic Canal across the Isthmus is about to be
constructed by the United States, which has from the State of
Panama a grant of the use of a zone five miles wide on each side
of the canal route from Colon to Panama.

United States Territories, etc.— The United States now
(Dec, 1905) has six "Territories" — Hawaii being the sixth.

Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Hawaii have fully
organized territorial governments, and each is represented by a
delegate in Congress. Indian Territory has no general govern-
ment, but maintains its tribal organizations. Alaska has a gov-
ernor appointed by the President, and a judiciary system under
special act of Congress, but no legislature.

Porto Rico is governed by a special act of Congress approved
April 12, 1900. Under this act the lower house of the legislature

is elected by the people, but the upper house, or, more properly
the '* Executive Council," is composed of oflficers appointed by
the President.

The Philippine Islands have a Governor and Commission ap>l
pointed by the President, who exercise both executive and legiv
lativc functions. The bill for civil government, passed by C<iiv
gress July i, 1902, provides for an elected Philippine AsjiemWr
in the future, which will be the lower legislative txjdy, and forturv
Philippine Commissioners, who shall represent the Archipelago
at the seat of government in the United States.
Guam has a governor appointed by the President.
In TutuiJa, with the two other small islands of the Sam-Jin
group belonging to the United States, the naval officer in com-,
mand at Pago Pago is ex-officio governor.

Earthquake and Fire at San Francisco.— On April 18. 1906.
there was a destructive earthquake at San I'Vancisco, followw!
instantly by fire which utterly destroyed the most valuable panv

of the city. It wastbf |
greatest calamity of i:^
kind in the histor}' cf
the United States. Ii
is thought that about
300 persons were killed
and more than 20Q,<xo
made homeless. Tlw
fire swept over a space
of four square miles.
Nearly all the great
buildings of the citj^
were ruined. Hundreds
of millions of value
were wiped out of exirt-

IS'tllJtnoH urtCktd III -l.r. ■■ <-,...

ence. The spectacle
was appalling.

As to the cause of
the earthquake: Two
main classes of earth-
quakes arc recognized —

(1) volcanic quakes and

(2) dislocation quakes.
In the latter, when rock
strata have been broken
by great rifts called
faults, the portion on
one side of the break

has eithcrrisen orfalkn

with reference to that '■"-«'"* ""-^t-y-"^?--*-. i*>«n « p*.-^p»..

on the other side. When the strain becomes too great for the
sides to resist, a slip occurs. Great masses of rock move along
on other masses until, with a jar almost inconceivably great, the}'
suddcnlycome to rest. The vibrations spread in every direction.
The San Francisco earthquake is supposed to be of the second,
or dislocation, class.

Vesuvius in Eruption. — The eruption of Vesuvius in
April, 1906, seems to have been the most remarkable of all
the eruptions that have occurred since the appalling disaster
of 79 A. D., which overwhelmed Pompeii and Herculaneum.
For ten days the mountain was in violent eruption. Man\
villages were overwhelmed by failing ashes and by streams
of lava, some of them five hundred feet wide and forty feet
deep. More than two thousand live.sare reported to have been
lost and many million dollars' worth of property destroyed.
In Naples, twenty miles away, ashes fell in such quantities
as to break the roofs of houses. Terrific explosions threw
up large, incandescent rocks two thousand feet into the air.
The whole summit was wreathed with flames, and a perpet-
ual roar was heard. The cone of the volcano was encirclei.1
•with electric phenomena. The top of the mountain was
blown off, the present summit being some seven hundred
feet lower than before the eruption.

FMMvtM, /ran « plttt^grapk taken durtna l*>« rrcrat trvptian.

Cities of the United States having a Populution of over 10,U0O.

WltcTT ilstcH an> noi tflrcn. Iliv AgittvB lire rroiii ihf Federal Uenvns of 1000.

AdaiQ«.HMt I2.MV

Adnan, Midi CM) l0.aeu

AkruB, O U,7m

Alai

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AlbMyTV. If <■«)

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AIU1B.IIL 14^10

Aiio'in*. p« »,ii:a

Am*t«nUin, K.Y..CD(V) «.un

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Ann Arbor. Mkb.CM) 14 y»

AnMdk, Conn i3t.iwi

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Aiklind. W|«. . i'Oi) iota

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AUniiu,<)« m.>tr*

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Altli^lwiro. Mua. ...... ll.aar,

Aalturn. Mf. 14.U.VI

Aabuiu. N Y... cw>> njaa

AuiuU. Ui W.KI

AtiniaU, He il.Wt

AnnMk, 111 M.)4:

Annnn.Tcs, M.iSyi

Bii'l'DMc. M<1....C0M .M5,(nci

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lt«Hl. Mf

BhIiiii ItiiitV'', Ijl

Battii-i'm-C. Hlch-<"M|

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bwver P^il", Pa.

itcll«vlllo. Ill

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».-rkplc/. fal

Brvi^jr, MiiiM ....COA)
BLWcrnnl. lie,

91.U0
JOA77

4e.«H

tO.(6l

K:tii

4S.0M

Blnif'tRmioh. N.f .("»)

BimiinuliiutL. Alk. 88.415

BltKimflrld. .S.J It.MH

Bl<MiiiiiiiLl<>n. Ill Zi.Sa

BiuKiii.Mw* <'o&) sea.»u

Bntdlork, Fa tS.BM

Bnuirortl. PH I5.0»

Hii(l|ti:|u>n. Conn TO,SM

Bri-I(.'<'ti>i). N .l...('OS) ll|.flS4

Bnxrkioii.Mo-. .CtiC) 41.»l

Drcckltur, M«M IflJW

Buffalo. N. V ('(IS) 370.0111

Barliiiitloi^ U ,..('05) 9S.aiH

BurlltiiEtiin, Vt IK.Sta

Bntli-r. Pa I0,I«8

Ddiu-, Mont. ao.4r»

Cdlrw. Ill ItMM

Cvnbrtdn-. UaM..r V7.4ai

Ciun<tMi.l4. J (%) ia.H3

CantMn. O ao.flffT

Carixmrlaie. Pa l.f.AW

Cedar lUplda, U..('M) SR.TM

Csntnl Falb. R. !.('(») 19.440

CbariMton. S. C n&Jm

CliariMtoii. W, Va... II.OM

CbarliXlc, N C IS.Oil

ChalUiKinsa. Tenu ... 30,154

Cb«liira.MnH. ...('Ml ST .390

CbMMr.Pa 33.M8

OliejMM, Wyo... I4.(W7

Cblcaitu. in («*1.)3,00D.«KI

Ch)cnp«e,MaM.. ..(*(») tO,1Sl

cuiricothfl. o it,g7S

C1nclnDari,0..„ a».M9

ClfVi^lBOd. O («<•(.) *'j0.930

Cllnlun, la (116) <£.7M1

Clinton. Mau... . 13.607

C»h<H», N. Y CUl) iU,t;SH

Oo)i>rail(.Si.:;B.. Voio.. Hi.OSS

Ci'lupiinia. !■■- H!.SIfl

Ctiimrilii. S,, C 81. hW

C Ittmbuit. Ua 17.ni4

CwlDUbiM. u lasjw

Concord, S. H lW,«Si

Coniliijr. N. Y....Cl») 13^15

CoiK^cIl Bluffs. la (W) 8M«I

ruviiitftoo. Ky 4*M>i

Cnn>t<>ir. It. I ...(IK) if.a'O

t'rtp|j)u Cnvh. (x>i.,., i».ir

(Tiitiitirrliind, Md 1T.I«t

nalla*. Tci «t.vSS

Danbory, conn IA.sj:

Danvllle.lll ift^^l

DainHUc, Va I<l,ftiu

Darwipon, |m (^) 8S.7V7

ihi)u>»,o Aksa

Itecniiir. Ill SO.TM

DotiUon. Ter....- ]i.W7

D«ii«rr. Col lsa,tB9

D"- MoliiM. lB...Cat) :5.(l::fl

Ui-lrolt. Ulek ...(m-t.) 400.0)i»

ukvit. n. h ia.»i?

nithnilur, la ...COB) 4I.MI

niilnth. Mtno VUU M.34a

DuuUtrk. N- V. .("(») IVJSi

Diiriiiiure. Pa 11.0^9

K, r.lvpru»ol,0 15,4.-0!

Kaelou.W »i,-5W

R OratiL-v, N. J CAR) 3MTS

Jt,Pro*M.iicr. R.I.C05I l».T»

E, SI. LogU. Ill 8»,ft,-i5

Enii CiB(re. W^'.-Cra) 19.787

El|[ln. Ill SX.4SS

Kituib'ili. N.J...(\KI) tUtfim

Elkhart,lnd 1&.184

Eliotfm. N Y COS) W.W»

Bl Paao.T« IW»00

Elwood. lad OAVi

Bri«. Pa W.7S3

IC~uuialia, HIcb U-OBH

KvanaUm, III ta.-iKI

BraMTlllr. Ind eu.t>';

K<rH«>L.HBw>,. ...llfi) Win

Pall Rircr, MaM. . . ("OS) I0n.7fia

FlniWny. O 17.ei8

Ftiehl-iin:. Mart, . .C06) 9^ni!l

Pllni, Mkh C04) (H.eM

FoniJ (Jii Lac. W1«,C(0( I7.«*l

Kurt Dudni!, U . . Cflfl) 1 1 J'W

KorlMr'ill. Kani .(tHl It.iMI

Praflffmilli. Ark Il,5«7

Fan Wuyn*.li'd 4fl.llS

Fort Worth. Tex M.MS

FramltiS^i^in. Ma«f.... II.WC

Frwtitift, lu,,.. la.arw

Prw-ni.. fal ia.4T0

Oi1«iia. Kan* I9.19S

OaWhnrg. Ill in.«>7

Oalvcrton. Tpit 87.TWJ

Oaiilia-r. Ma^ Il>.l<t3

Geneva, N. ¥..,,{'05) UIV)

GvDrxrtnwn. D, C. ... Itjlfi

Glenn Fall*. N.T..... IMM

Oloncmt^r. H<IM .COS) JM.DOI

Olo'T-rlll^, N. T.rOR) l^Mt

Ur-d Rapid*. Mlrh. I'M) K.7IH

(iriai KiiIIb. .M-nt H.«*i

On«nBa]r.Wia...CW} RAM

Oraenabaro, N. 10.O6S

GrMovflk. 8. C 11,080

Gr^'D Midi. L'ona I!i,m

Ouitirla, Ukia ]n,(XM

Hmkcriurk. .N. J (MO) tl.ms

Hw.Tr-inwii. Md 18 801

llu:H.tlt<in. O, Sa.«U

Ilflininiitvft. lad IK.HTO

llaiiiiJiial. Mo IX.TW

Uarrlfburp. fa ao,lW

liarrlMi... N J. ...COB) ICSS

Harl rnrrl. I ■.mil 70,680

Havrrhlll, Maw 8;.l7&

llaal«lon. Pa H.vSu

n^k-na. Mont IB.TTO

Ucnilerroii. tiy _ lOAJTt

Itolink-n. \ J. .<W) «fk.4F.8

llolvnkr. Ma>ui....(>») t9.M4

flon>r-icad. !'a I«.W4

Hi>iiL>liil-i. navtalt au.SO't

llonK-lt-illk.N Y.CCH) 18.mti

H<«i-i.iti, Ti-» 44.tsa

Hitiiitiii:t«ii. W \'n.,., ll.liiB

Ufdc Park. >IaM. \t.i*i

IndlaaipolU. ind 1W.IU4

Imston.O II.WM

Innifroori. Mh:b..('M) lO.Olu

l()h|>i.-inliis. MUb. (*M) lljltn

UUuf. N V . . Ciia) 14,«I5

.Uik.i.n, Mtcli ...rwt V,:«ii

,r»(k»(in. TVnn I4.MI

J«cl(p'.(ivlil(>. Pin SS.4'a>

.lnck.i.nvilJp, 111 KJD7H

Jani<-*l<n«u. N. Y.('W 90.160

.Iiiiirtivlllp, WIh ..('05) is.T;n

.TrffiTiKHirfllp, Ind 10,774

Jirni-.vCllr. N J..('l») ]!8i.6e»

.FohiiMown. N.V t0.1SO

J"hni>i>'W-D. Pa. a.fNH

JnllH,lll SB,ail3

JofiMii. Mo 2S.(Kn

Kalaniawm. VUh.CM) SO.TKi

Kimk«kr,-. Ill ... 18.511ft

KaiiFu- Vixy. Kan».i^) 67.710

Kit.«i*C)lv. Mo 1(M.7W

Kcnniir. .N. J....(>Clft) I8.eiil

K*noftha. Wl {"Wl IB.iWR

Keokuk, la 14.(m

Kpj- Wr-t, PJB . 17,114

Kiiii:alnn. N. Y...C'05) «,V.T

Kdonvllk. TVbji 8S.«87

KokoiDfi, I111I 10,000

U CiwKp. Wla...COS) ».Ofl*

I.ar«rflto. Ind 1S,II(

LafiraFMr. 1'a 4l.4fi»

UiwIiiff.lMlcli... I'M) SB.Sn

l.hr«lo.T« 18,490

I,™ .<4.iii.-, ni m.*»

Luwrpiic*. Kan* 10, AM

Uiwrcncf!, Maao..<'0&i 70.050

Lmi1*1I1«. L'ol li.VA

LersvtnworVti, Kaii-Ctll) SS.ni

Lebanon, Pa 1T.IW

Li^ainfnutrr. Mass. .... IS.Mt

Lfwi-loii.Mi- M.TWI

L^xlnfflon. Kr D6.WII

LIma.O Sl.Tia

Ll(ir<i!ti, Neb 40.lfl8

Little Fall*. N Y.CO&> K.l^

l.lU1e R.Kih. Ark 1»,«t;

Lnck|K>n. S Y. C») 17.SW

Loffnnaport, End 16.904

LciTkeBronch. N.J.I "OGt IS.1)«

Liirnlii. O.... Ifi,(«S

1.W AiiifHr*. Cal... ira,4719i

I.niiUr1lli-. Ky. . . . C0&] Sn.4AA

Lowell, HaM ("05) »4,ea»

LynrhtiHrff, Va 1«.(B>1

Lrnti. Maaa i'i») 7;.vtS

McKcenuoa. Pa S4.3.7

Mwon, ()» iW.a:)l

Mi<ll«i>n. Wi« ('Ob) »t.»il

Milun.iv I it)-, Pft. l»..'^l

.M«lcl^n. MaMi - ...("Cftl »*,iO:

Ms>ictiL'»it^r. N. H IW.9Kr

Manila. P 1 aSO.iIDD

MaitMfr. MI>'h...Cl>l> ia.:08

Mauiiow..c. Wla (■'»> 1«.^**

Mnokaio, Minn. ..('u6} lOOVft

Maii-ncW.o i;.wo

MurtfUa.O ., la.'MH

Mitfiiteiie. WU.. ('05) If..**!

Marlon. Ind 17 H.i:

Msrion.O ll.ua

Marlboro, Mai>B...I'06) 14.073

MHiquelie. Mkb. CM) ]0,nil&

Manil'alllawn. la.tXQ) 1U.045

Mif^llloii. 11..-. 11.1H4

MFja|{iiM, F*. B U,lKr

MpBflville. Pa. 10,«»I

MMlfoH. Mbm CVS) 19.0W

Melffi-e. Ma** COft) MJflW

Momplil*. 'I'enn lOS.SA)

MriiomlQc-. Mkb.CM) I1.MM

MrrUli-ti. Cinr H^MI

Mnrniinn. Mlw 14,11(10

Mlrfupai Cllv. Ind.... 14AS0

MIOtlleKJwn. N.Y.CW) 14.MS

Milf-itil, Maw ll.nJ

Mlilvillp. N .1 cat} ll.KM

Mllwankc-. Wl^.CiW) 8ia,!«-<

Mitiiicai>nlU,Mlnn.i'0&) 8)11.1/74

Mobile. Ala afi.JWl

Mottne. Ill IT.34H

MontcUlr. N. J. («) IR.W

M'lnrifonwnr. AU 9ii,3lB

MoTTlnlowd, N. J.CW) lll-M

Ml riinm^l. Pa,.,,,,.. M.ttTl

Ml Vrrnnn. N. Y.('061 ev.i*^

Mnnrle. In<i 90 9 «

Mukcatti>e, U I'M) IA,0s7

Mo-keKon. Mich. .CM) au^7

Saotlcoke, Pa la.llB

Naxbtia. N n S.tW

N«.hvllli- TrTin M.Se5

NaiieMilrK. O^iTin.,.. . 10.541

Nev Albany. Ind SO.ffes

Newark. N. J... C06) 8NS.ff«

Newark, O 1S.I67

NewBcPford.MiiM.t'COl 74,.8R:

New Uiftalii. funn.... '&'.>!«

N Rruupwk-k,N..I.('nn! Z,il.VI

Nenhnnr. N. ¥...(■«) IM.aOil

Newl)aTypoTt.MaB«l'08) H.STft

Newcaiitle, Pa «l.»0

New Ratpn.ConD lfJ6.(fiT

Nrw Laiidoii, <'orin,.. . 17,648

Npw Ork-sn*. La (i-ot.) Hnn.OW

Newport, Ky lW.301

Kewixirt. R, l..,.CI») 96.0«

Newport Nrw-i. Va, .. ]U.l)4%

NewUCH:helle.N.Y.Ctl(H ao.4«>

Newlan. Mara i'lB> Sll,»«S7

Sew York, N. T-.,rnfil4.014.3M

NlnjtBn FalU.N.Y.t'OC) tt.fAD

NoniA. A'BDlca 13.4m

Norfolk, Va 4«.BSI

NofCiMnwn. Pa «,»*

No Adami-. MaM..ri}5> K,ir<a

Ni>r11iiniii)]l(»i.Maaai'a5) 11i,IK7

Niirwlrl>,<'nnn 17.ail

OKkIai>d.Cal aB,MN)

Offdeti. Ulab..,.

0«d<-nai>are, N.T.{H)5)

OIJ City, 1'a .

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Oninlia. Nrh

Oraiip'. N J COR)

0.|.ki-ll. WI»..,.C06)
OnwrKO. N- Y

OtiBwa. HI

onuiMwa. la.. , C06)

Owriit-buni. Ky.

1'B.hic.iti, Ky C«)

I*arkcr.biirj(. W. Va...

rai>«iilc. N J I'Ofl)

Patrr-oii. S. J. ...Cm)

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IVok-kfn, .N. Y

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IV"il*.lll

IVii h Amlmir. N.J,rOfi>

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Phi rtirw hunt. N. J.COft)

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PlUi-lntrg. Pa.... ('M)
PiilraehT. Ma»>....rab)

pllr»lnn. Pa

Plolnflpul. .V. J...C05)

i'lynmiitli, 1'a..

P«in<i-, I', R

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lltilniy, Ma>e I'm)

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l^oekroxd. ill

RiH-k NIaod, 111

Roine, N. Y C"*)

Rnrisnd, Vt,

^Mcramrnio, Pal.

Safilimw. Mich. ...CM)

St. J'.,.ep|i, Mo

St I.ini|. M.i...,(e»l.)
St Paul, Wlnn,...Cfl6)
Hnletii, Mad" ... .COB)
Salt L»ki; CRyjIJiab..

Ban .\iHnnlo, Tei

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SanJii'ky. O, ,

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10,890
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161 .HTM
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«7.R87
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91 .BOO

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ZaaeavIUa, O

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

ages ? Among nomadic, or wandering, races ? Among half-civilized
peoples? What are the leading occupations in the United States? How
does education help a person in his occupation? Do you think we make
better goods because of education ? How does education improve our trade
and ways of transportation ?

Written Work. — I. Describe four stages of civilization, speaking of occupations,
and trade, and giving examples of nations in each stage. 2. Write a paragraph
on Causes of Immigration to the United States (U. S. History).

6. The United States ; Rank and Industries. — The United
States produces more salable articles than any other nation.
Name our six leading industries in order of value (Fig. i). It
also has more money in its banks than any other nation. This
money belongs to the people ; some of it is loaned to business
men, and to city and state governments to carry on the business
of the country, and to build great public works. The name
" capital " is given to money which is thus invested in mills,
factories, buildings, machinery, railroads, and other things which
are used to produce more wealth. Vast amounts of capital are
needed to carry on the business of the country, and it is the
possession of capital that makes London, New York, and such
great cities the great business centers of the world.

Eleven -twelfths of our products are consumed at home. The working
people here live in better houses, eat better food, and wear better clothes

800

leoo

UlAmfAOTbRlHG

2400

3200 4000 4800

6600

AGftiCUL TURE

ISTOCX-ffAfSfJVG

MINiHG

LUMBiRit/a

\FtSHim

VALUE 01*

LEADiaO INDUSTRIES OF t'MTED STATES

IN MILLION DOLLARS

CENSUS OF 1»0

Fig. 1.

than in any other land. ' This is because wages are higher; and wages are
higher because our industries are more profitable than in other countries.
In shipping and foreign trade we rank lower than Great Britain and Germany,
but in domestic trade and internal communication we are far in advance of
them. At present much money and energy is being used to increase our
merchant marine, as the ships carrying goods to and from our seaports are
called. Why is this important? In what part of the country are agriculture,
grazing, mining, manufacturing, and fishing mainly carried un (Review
XXIV)? How does foreign commerce rank with other Industries ?

Written Work. — Write on any industry named in Fig. i, describing its location
and reasons therefor.

7. Wheat. — Agriculture is really our most important industry
because it furnishes many raw materials for our manufactures.
Flour could not be had without wheat, nor cloth without
cotton, wool or other fiber. Of all our farm products, the
grains, or "cereals," are the most valuable. They are the seeds
of certain cultivated grasses, growing in all climates, from the
Equator to the Arctic Circle. Grain, flour, and meal are called,
in commerce, " breadstuffs." Wheat is *' King of the Cereals."
It grows best in rich, loamy soil, in a cool, moderately dry
climate, and requires about three months to ripen. It is called
"spring" or " winter " wheat according as it is planted in the
spring or fall. In mild, dry climates the seed becomes much
harder when ripe than in cool, moist climates. The best flour
is made by mixing "hard" and "soft" wheat. Macaroni and

other similar foods are made from " hard " wheat. Wheat contains
much of a sticky substance called "gluten," which holds the
gases that cause bread to "rise"; thus wheat bread can be
made "light." The world's wheat crop is about two bushels
apiece for the world's people.

A bushel of wheat will make forty-five pounds of flour. If ten ounces of
flour make a loaf of bread, how many loaves a year will the United Stattj.

300 400 900 SCO 700

too

J — L— t-

soo

.*_L_

RUSStAN^ EmPfR£

UNiTED STaJCS

-t-rM-

iNDIA

" J.,

FRAIVCf

JTAtr

GERM Ait r

HUltSAPr

TVORLD'8 WHEAT CROP

]N MILLION BUSHELS 1904

[TOTAL CnCP, 31^2 MILLION BUSHELSl

ARGEfitfm

GR^£AT afflTA/tl

OTNea COUNTffiES

Fig. ».

crop make for each person (Fig, 2)? How many will the crop of Grtit
Britain make? Which nation can best sell to the other? Why might an in-
crease in our population make our export of wheat less? About one-third
of our wheat crop is exported as grain or flour to Europe. Find what nations-
buy it {Table II).

Written Work. — l. Write a paragraph about the wheat crop of the world, u^inj
Figure 2. 2, On an outline map of the United States indicate by color or shading ik^
states or parts of states producing wheat.

8. Corn, or maize, needs five months of warm weather to make
a good crop. Docs it probably grow best north or south of the
wheat region? What people first raised corn? What name did
they give it? In this country much corn is eaten in the form of
bread or meal, but it is chiefly used for feeding cattle and hogs.
Which of the Central States (XXXVI) lead in corn, beef, and
pork? Thousands of cattle are every year driven north from the
grazing regions to be fattened in the corn belt. In what formsthat
you know do wc eat corn ? Cornstarch, glucose (a kind of cheap
sugar), whiskey, and alcohol are made from corn. What States

600 1000 1500 2000 2500

^M\AUSTRIA.HUMGMY

\ARGEMTINA

WORLD'S CORN CROP

IN MILLION BUSHELS,1904.
[TOTAL CROP, 3,058 MILLION BUSHELS]

OTHER COUNTRIES

Fig. 3.

would be likely to make these articles? Corn is sown to pro-
duce fodder for milch cows. The stalks are sometimes chopped
when green and kept fresh by storing them in " silos," or air-
tight rooms. The corn thus kept is called "ensilage."

Written Work. — l. Find, by reference to Table VII, what States prodace con.
and on an outline map show the corn-growing region of our country, 2. Wtitt*
paragraph on the world's production of corn, using Figure 3.

NORTH AMERICA.

). Other Grains. — Rye is largely used as a food in Europe,
t in this country chiefly for making whiskey. It grows on
3rer soil than wheat or corn, and hence is raised in
tricts in the wheat belt where wheat cannot be profitably
)wn. About one-sixth of our small crop is exported to the
mtries of Northern Europe. Find the amount of our rye
■p (Fig. 35). How does it compare with that of Russia? Of
rmany? The greater part of our oat crop is fed to horses,
ide in oats is slight compared with the immense size of the crop,
oats are cheap and bulky to transport. For this reason they
grown in countries where they are needed. They grow in a
der climate than wheat. The increasing use of oatmeal for
id has much decreased our export of oats. Barley is used
inly in making beer. Almost our entire crop is so used, but
Northern Europe it is used also for bread and for feeding
rses. It will grow in a greater variety of soil and climate than
I other grain. It ripens in a shorter time than even the
rdiest kind of oats. Hence it can be raised on high moun-

^00

. I .

400

600

800

WOO

1200

HUSSIAN'£Mf"ft£

Uff/T£0 STATES

cERKAar ; \

\ i - . -^ 't

FRANCE

CANADA

WORLD'S OAT CROP

IN MILLION BUSH ELS, 1904.
iTDTAL CROP, 3,3ac MILLION BUSHELS]

UNITED XfVGOOM

AifSTR/A-fiVNGARr

OTHEH COUNTHIES

Fig. 4.

ins, and within the Arctic region. The malt remaining after
•aining off the beer is fed to cattle. A small part of our barley
exported to the beer-making countries of Europe. Rice grows
St in the warm belt. The United States raises about 300.000
ns of rice annually, and imports about one-fourth as much
)m Asia.

Vritten Work. — l. Find, from Tabic VII. where oats, rice, barley and rye are
wn in this couatr>', and print the names of these grains on an outline map. 2.
ite a par^rraph on the world's production of oats or baricy from Figures 4, and 34.

10. Textile Fibers are those that are used for making cloth,
itton, wool, silk, and flax supply clothing for nearly all man-
id. Cottotty because it is easily grown and manufactured, is
cap, and hence it is more used than the other three fibers
mbined. Describe the climate in which cotton is grown;
e picking and the manufacture of cotton, (XXX, 7).

The greater part of our cotton is " Upland " cotton with a fiber about one
i a half inches long. Describe "Sea Island" cotton (index). Egyptian
1 Peruvian cotton are long staple. What is the Indian cotton (index) ?
out one-third of our crop is spun and woven at home. The rest goes to
■manufacturing countries of Europe. Describe our trade in cotton (Tables
and IVj. What machines are used in cotton manufacture? Why do we
rort cotton ? For delicate fabrics, such as laces and fine muslins, the
j-fiber cotton is necessary, as it makes a fine, strong thread. Also,
:re great strength is required, as in the canvas webbing tor bicycle tires,
ing and coarse fiber, such as the Peruvian cotton supplies, is best. This
lains why wc import cotton although our own crop is so large.

- MODUCTIOM DF COTTON
I -- 1 1 » til Sain |»r If. Ik J

m—*t » 1I-, ■■'.

Fig. 5.

Written Work. — l. Mark on an outline map of the United States the cotton-
growing States. 2. From Fig. 8 and from the text book make a list of the cotton-
growing regions and color these regions on a map of the world.

(Other fibers will be studied in connection with the countries that lead in their
production.)

II. Forests and Lumber Products. — The forest regions from
which most of the lumber of commerce is cut form a great belt
in the northern half of the North Temperate Zone. Find these
regions and trace on the physical maps the northern limit of
trees. The trees of the northern belt are mainly *' soft **
woods, such as white pine, fir, spruce, and cedar. They are
easily worked and much used in building. Further south are
hardwood trees, such as the oak, birch, walnut, maple and ash.
Where do we find the cypress, cottonwood, palmetto, and hard
pine (pp. 24,25)? In tropical countries are found the hard
*' cabinet " woods. They are the most valuable, and are used
for furniture and ornamental purposes. What varieties occur
in Mexico? Central America? Brazil? West Indies (physical
maps)? What peculiar woods are found in Ceylon? Mada-
gascar? India? New Zealand? Australia? Japan (physical
maps) ?

Many of the greatest forests of the world, such as those of '
equatorial Africa and Siberia are yet little explored. The forests
of the United States have been wastefully used, and do not
supply the home demand. From what country do we get lum-
ber (Table IV) ? Wood is sold in the form of timber (logs), lum-
ber, and lumber products, such as doors, sashes, and other
forms used in building, furniture, barrel-staves and heads, wooden-
ware, and vehicles.

Ohio and Illinois lead in the making of agricultural imple-
ments because they are in the hard-wood region, and in the

RUSStA
NORWAY

LUMBER PRODUCT

OF LEADING COUNTRIES
[in million dollars. 1903]

Fia. 6.

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

great farming region. What cities are noted for this work
(Table II)? Lumber, building supplies, barrels and wood-pulp
are made near the saw-mills on the edge of the forests. Fur-
niture factories have grown up in New York, Philadelphia and
Chicago because these cities are good markets; those of Grand
Rapids are due to nearness to hard-woods.

Written Work. — i. Consult physical map, pp. 24, 25, and shade on an outline
map Oi the United Sutes the forest regions. 3. From Fig. 9 write a paragraph on
lumber production of the world.

12. Other Forest Products. — Besides lumber and its manu-
factures there is a vast number of useful articles derived from the
forests. The tanning of leather depends upon forest products
{index, bark, gambier, valonia). About a million tons of news-
paper are made in this country annually from wood-pulp. The
rubber from the world's tropical forests is worth hundreds of
millions of dollars yearly. Drugs, dyewoods, gums, resins, barks,
and oils are made from forest products. Cork, quinine, gum-
arabic, gutta-percha, amber, camphor, potash, myrrh, and lacquer

Fig. 7.

come from trees. Where is each of these obtained (see index)?
Give their uses. How are naval stores obtained (XXXI)? What
peculiar forest product comes from Louisiana (XXXIV, 3) ? (Con-
sult index yind&x logwood, indigo, madder 2.x\d other articles named
above.) Copal, and kauri gum are used in making varnishes.
Shellac is an important gum brought from India ; it dries
■quickly, forming a waterproof coating, and is used to make seal-
ing wax and as a varnish. Gutta-percha is indispensable for
coating electric cables to be used under water. Rosin is used
in making varnishes and soaps. What are the uses of tar, pitch
and turpentine (XXXI)?

Written Work. — l. Make a list of articles made of rubber. 2. From the phys-
ical maps of the continents make list of twenty-five forest-products, giving sources
and uses.

13. Tobacco grows in both cool and hot climates all over the
world. The United States raises over one-third of the world's
supply. Where was tobacco first used ? Who can tell some-
thing of the early history of the tobacco industry in this coun-
try? The flavor and value of tobacco depends upon the soil
and climate in which it grows. The Cuban variety is a favorite
for cigars ; Turkish and Egyptian for cigarettes ; the " Perique "
of Louisiana for smoking; the fine, large leaf of Connecticut is
used for cigar wrappers. Over two-thirds of our crop is exported

Fig. a.

in the form of smoking and chewing tobacco to all parts of tie

world. But we buy, chiefly from Cuba and Sumatra, about half

as much as we sell. The Cuban crop is less than one-tenth of

ours in pounds, but equal to two-thirds of it in value.

Written Work. — i. On an outline map of the United States indicate, by shadii^
the tobacco-growing States. 2. Locate on the same map the leading tobacco-maim.
facturtng cities.

14. Fruits and Vegetables are important articles in both our
foreign and domestic trade. The Pacific slope has becomeoneof
the great fruit regions of the world. What^re the leading vari^
ties (XLin,4)? What fruits does Florida produce (XXXIII)?
Where are apples and peaches grown (index)? Early fruits and
vegetables are raised in vast quantities along the Atlantic and
Gulf Coasts to supply the large cities. Fast freight lines with
refrigerator cars distribute the fruits and vegetables of Cali-
fornia and the South to all parts of the country, supplying the
large cities through the entire year.

Many small fruits and vegetables arc grown under glass during the winter,
thus maintaining a continuous supply for the city markets. Where are wine
and raisins produced (index) ? Apples are the only fresh fruit exported byus
to any extent. Other fruits are preserved by drying and canning, and in thii
form are sent abroad. What is the value of our fruit export (Table
111)? To what countries is it sent? What fruits do we import? From
what countries (Table IV) ? Potatoes and onions are the only vegetables im-
ported in large quantities. Where do we obtain them (XLVIII) ?

Written Work. — l. Make a list of fresh fruits and vegetables seen at a groctiy
store. 2. Make a list of the preserved fruits that you might buy at the grocer's.
3. On an outline map of the United States indicate by colors the several fruit-grov-
ing regions.

15. Stock-Raising. — The raising of the domestic animals— the
horse, cow, sheep, etc. — is an important industry in many coun-
tries. A mild, dry climate favors especially the raising of cattle
and sheep as it enables these animals to feed out of doors througti
the winter and save the expense of providing food and shelter.

The Western Plains of the United States have all these advan*
tages and support many millions of cattle and sheep. The natural
"buffalo" and "bunch" grasses are nutritious food even when
dried by the hot summer or buried under the snow. The cattle
raised in these grazing-rcgions and fattened in the corn belt are
the best in the world. Many of them are shipped alive to
Great Britain and the West Indies, but the larger number arc
sent to the great meat-packing centers. Sheep are mainly raised
for their wool, but several millions are annually killed for mutton.

NORTH AMERICA.

S0 Si

'?■ ■ 'p

if mUD STATES

8US)SfA

MGtHTittA

- — ^-1

GEfiitiANr

AUSTRALIA

CATTLE OF
LEADING COINTRIES

IN MILLION H£AD, 1903.

mEXlCO

Fto. 0-

orses, mules, and milch cows are raised mainly in the rich agri-
iltural states as they need to be kept in barns and fed during
)Id and wet weather. Hogs feed naturally on grass, nuts, and
:om5, but they must be fattened on corn to make the best pork,
[uch attention is given on stock farms to breeding cattle for
sef or milk. In the same way horses are bred for speed or
rcngth, sheep for mutton or wool, and hogs for pork. The
nest mutton is produced in England, where stock-raising is most
nifully carried on.

From Table \'II finti whether the states that lead in com Icid also in hogs.
'hat stales lead in horses? How do these slates rank in other farm pro-
icts ? What states lead in caulc and sheep ? What is the clim;»tc of these
lies? Their rank in other farm products? From Fig. 9 find the great
itlle-raising countries. How do they compare with the Western Plains in
imate ?

Written Work. — l. On oudine map of the United Sutes show by shading
c ilales leading in cattle. 3. Show thow leading in sheep, horses, or hogs.

J6. "Provisions" is the commercial name given to mutton,
cef, and pork products, butter, cheese, and milk. How do they
tnk in value with our other productions (Table I)?
The United States exports twice as much meat as all the rest
Fthc world combined. Since the invention of refrigerator cars,
ressed beef has become an important article of trade. It is
*nt from the slaughter houses of Chicago. Kansas City,
ndSt. Louis to all parts of thi.-i country and of Europe.
Tic best Argentine beef, also, is sent frozen to Europe, but
ac poorer quality is prepared for sale to tropical coun-
ries by dr>'ing and smoking. We eat most of our mut-
3n, but beef, hams, bacon, pork, and lard are exported
early from this country to the value of a hundred million
pilars. Name some meat-packing centers (Table II). In
liese centers the slaughter houses are near the stock-
anJs where the animals ath unloaded from the trains,
ach set of men docs only one part of the work. The hog
tsses rapidly along a carrier, and is bled, scalded, scraped. ^
:aned, cooled, and placed in cars, or it is cut into hams, '
rk, and bacon, each going to a separate room to be
red, packed and shipped, la some cases this work goes

on at the rate of a " hog a minute." Cattle and sheep are
handled with equal swiftness.

The refuse is made into fertilizers; hides are sent to tanneries to be made
into hair and leather; hoofs furnish gelatine and oil; bones, horns, and tails
are used, Not a particle goes to waste.

Cheese and milk factories and creameries are usually small and are
scattered over the country near railroad stations, where milk can Ue quickly
obtained, and the products cheaply shipped. An oil called "oteo"ismade
from the fat of CAltle, and is largely exported to Holland, Belgium, and
Denmark, where it is made into oleomar{;»rine, a substitute for butler.

Written Work. — l. Indicate by color on an outline map of the L'oitcd StaiM
the chief stock-raising states. 3. Hace on the above map the leading shipping
pointN and meat-packing centers (consult index under catlU, thee/<, httf, pork, etc.).

17. Our Mineral Wealth exceeds that of any other country.
What is our rank in coal, iron, copper, gold, and silver (Figs,
M-17)? In what section is each of these found (physical map)?
These minerals have added greatly to our wealth. Coal furnishes
fuel.and iron machinery for our factories; copper,mercur>-. tin.and
lead are used in the arts. Gold and silver give us millions of
dollars every year for use as money. Tin and lead are largely
imported. Sulphur, nitrates, and many other chemicals also are
imported (index). But a long list of minerals, such as clay,
limestone, cements, fenthzers, such as gypsum, phosphate, stone
for grinding and polishing, and building stones — from the choic-
est marbles to the hardest granites, are found in abundance.
What states produce lead? Sulphur? Phosphates? Whence
do \vc obtain tin ? Lead? Sulphur? Nitrates (inde,x)? What
kinds of building stone can you name? Where is each found
(index)? What other useful minerals can you name?

Written Work.— l. Oo outline map of Ignited States write in each suie its lead-
ing minerals, a. From Figs, \l^\^ vrnte a paragraph comparing the United States
with other countries as in mineral wealth.

18. Iron and Coal. — The presence of iron may be observed in
many places by the reddish color which it gives to rocks and soiL
This red substance is oxide of iron, or " iron rust." When rock
contains 60;* of iron it is called "ore" and can be profitably mined.

130

tso

240

780

320

■f-

360

UNITED STATES

OREAT BRITAIH

GERMANY

3M') •■

9WINB0F
LEADINU COllMKIKS

IN MILLION HEAD, 1903.

AUSTRIA-tfUNGARr

Pio. 10.

I--

..AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

^,FRAMCE

2.osa '• "

- BEUsiam

.510 •• "

..MUSSfA

29,000 " -

.JAPMM

8,000 " "
CANADA

(tS.OOO ■'

. I Ml A

se.ooo •• "

. MEW SOUTH WALES

34. 00c ■•
.SPAIN

s.soo •• '•
,^CN/NA
soo.ooo •• ••

..OTHER COUNTRIES

— 2.000 ■

OOAI, FIELDS OF THE
WOKLD

AND PRODUCTION

IN MILLION TONS, 1ft03.

ITOTAL AREAS, «7,OuO StJUARE MiLESj

[TOTAL PflODUCTtON, MS MILLION TONS. J

Fic. It.

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAF-Z/y.

The three leading kinds of iron ore are the yellow (limonite),
the red (hematite), and the black (magnetite). The two
leading kinds of coal are hard, or anthracite, and soft,
or bituminous. Anthracite burns with little smoke, and is
therefore valuable for heating in cities and on railroads. The
supply of anthracite is comparatively small It is found chiefly
in Pennsylvania, though there is a little in Colorado and New
Mexico. Bituminous coal burns with a flame, giving off much
smoke and gas. It is used in engines, in gas making, and to
make coke. Coke is made by heating bituminous coal in ovens
till the gases and coal tar are largely driven off. The gases
are used for lighting, and the solid residue is coke. This coke
■is used for smelting. The largest coke ovens in the world are in
the Connellsville district south of Pittsburg.

The separation of a metal from the ore by means of heat is called " smelt-
ing." The richest iron ores in this country are found along the shores of
Lake Superior, and the best smelting coal is in western Pennsylvania. This
coal and iron can be most cheaply brought together along the southern
shore of Lake Erie. The Lake Superior ore is mined in open pits and
shoveled into self-dumping cars by steam. These cars discharge the ore
through chutes into the ore-ships which distribute it to the iron manufacturing
towns along the lakes. The coke and limestone are brought here by rail.
This convenient location of raw materials has made the region bordering the
southern shore of Lake Erie the greatest iron and steel manufacturing section
in the world. The Birmingham district in Alabama also has all the advan-
tages for cheap iron making and ranks next in output to the Lake Erie region.

Written Work. — From Table VII make a list of the leading states producing
■»al, and the number of tons produced by each.

19. Petroleum and Natural Gas are generally found near the
coal fields. They come from trees and plants that have been
buried in the earth for ages. The gas is consumed in the neigh-
borhood of the wells, but petroleum in its refined form as kero-
sene is used in every part of our country and is one of our five
great exports. Besides kerosene, over two hundred other prod-
ucts are obtained from petroleum. Gasolene, naphtha, vaseline,
aniline dyes, drugs, and soap are some of these.

The crude oil is pumped from the wells through pipe-lines to the sea-board.
Here are great refineries which separate from the oil naphtha, gasolene, and

2S 50 7.5

OTHER
XeOUKTBIES

woKLD'B PBODUcnoir or

TETBOLEUM

IN MILLION BARRELS
OF 42 GALLONS EACH, 1903.

[TOTAL PRODUCTION. 195,000,000 BARRELS.]
Pic. II.

kerosene. What is left is made into vaseline, paraffin, anilines, and other
"by-products." Refined oil, or kerosene, is run into tank-cars and steamers
and sent to all parts of the world. What do you know about oil-wells
(XXVIII, 6) ? Natural gas is obtained by boring into the earth until the gas is
found. It is then led through pipes to the cities, where it is used for both
fuel and lighting. Natural gas forms the best fuel for glass-furnaces, and
therefore the most of our glass is now made in the gas regions.

Written Work. — i. Locate on an outline map the petroleum fields of our
eounlrj-. 3. Write from Fig. 12 a paragraph on the distribution of petroleum in
the world.

20. Copper is, next to iron, the most useful metal. Brass is
made by melting together copper and zinc. Such a mixture of

metals is called an "alloy." Brass ranks next to iron and sted
in usefulness. Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin. The chief
use of copper to-day is as a conductor of electricity. Largt

I I

J— L

150

200

Ll^X

2^0

^00

UmJE.BSrAT£S

MtMO'i ',

Jj-U..

, .. ->.. :j. .-i,

SPA/f/ AND
PORTUGAL

JAPAN

CHiLE
AUSTRIA

COPPEK PRODCCTIOIf

TN THOUSAND LONG TONS. (2,240 UBSJ

[TOTAt. PRODUCTION, ^79,051 LONG TONSX

CE'B^ANr

CANfiDA

OTHER COONTfilES

Fic. 13.

copper wires carry the current many miles to be used in running
cars and machinery of every sort. Where is the world's supply
of copper obtained (Fig. 13) ? What part of the world's copper
does the U. S. supply ? From what states is copper obtained
(Table VII)? The Lake Superior region, Arizona, and Montana
yield six-sevenths of our copper. The veins in one Montana
mine, which run through solid granite, are ten feet thick. In
Michigan, pure copper is found in masses weighing from two
hundred to six hundred tons. These must be broken up wilh
hammer and chisel before they can be raised to the surface.
The United States, owing to superior methods of smelting and
refining copper, finds it profitable to import ores from Canada,
Mexico and Japan, and to export the refined metal in ban
About half our refined copper is exported to Europe, chieflj
through New York and Baltimore, because large refineries ait
near those cities.

For what is brass used ? Can you mention anything made of broiue?
Waterbury and Bridgeport. Conn., lead in the manufacture of brasswarc
Name some forms of electrical apparatus using copper wire. Name other
uses of copper.

Written Work. — Write on outline map the copper-mining, smelting, and nusB-
facturing centers of the United States.

21. Gold and Silver are called the " precious metals," although
they are not as expensive as some metals which are rarer. They
are of great importance to the world because of their use as
money. Money is of great importance in carrying on the
business of a country as it is used to measure the value of all
goods that are bought and sold. Just as we want our pound
weight and our gallon measure to be always the same, so we
want our measure of value to be always the same. The standard
of value in the United States is the gold dollar. It contains
about 25 grains of gold 90?^ pure. Gold is the standard of
value in most of the great commercial countries. The yield
of gold is very regular. If it were sometimes found in
vast quantities, and again in very small amounts, it would
be more expensive at one time than another. This would
make it poor material for money. Both gold and silver have
been used as money from the earliest times. Gold is not found

NORTH AMERICA.

>nibined with other substances in an ore. It is found as a pure
Klal in the sandy beds of brooks and rivers, in banks of sand
id gravel, and in quartz rock obtained from mines. It is ob-
lined from sand and gravel by washing out in a pan. This is
died ■•placer-mining." Hard banks of gravel are broken down
Y powerful streams of water. This is called " hydraulic mining"
CLI). The quartz rock is ground-up in powerful mills. Gold

' '

4_^

I l-L

[£.

I t I I 1 I

?fi

COLORAbo

CAUFOdNIA

ALASKA

SO. DAKOTA

tlONTAMfl
ABIZO/ti

OTH£RStAT£S

OOU> FKODUCTION OF
LEABINCI STATES

IN MILLION DOLLARS, 1903.

[TOTAL PRODUCT. J73.59i.7Ml

Fin. I*.

60 75

I I I I I I

AUSTRALASIA

UNiTED STATES

SO, AFRICA

extracted from gravel and ground-up rock by washing or by
ssolving in mercury or cyanide of potassium.

The rock and gravel is washed down through lorg chutes with cross-pieces
" ripplrs." al the iKitlom liolding mercury. The hcivy grains of gold drop
to the mercury and arc dissolved. The mercury is separated from the
lid bv heat which drives it off in the form of vapor, leavinj; the gold behind.

Silver is found as an ore mixed with lead, copper, and
ilphur. The ore is roasted, to drive off the sulphur, and then

ground to powder and
mixed with quicksilver.
The quicksilvcrdissnives
the silver, forming a soft
mixture, which, when
again heated, loses the
quicksilver as vapor,
the silver remaining be-
hind. Name the chief
uses of silver and gold in
the manufacturing arts.
What common articles
are made of silver?

Written Work. ~i. I.ocatt.
oi) an tiutltne niup, tlie Stales
of gold and silver produclinn
United Slates (iadcx and Tabic VII). 2. Write a paragraph upon ihe world's
Btnbution of gi^d and silver, using i-'igures 14 and 15.

22. Other Minerals. — A/umhtium is obtained from clay and
the most abundant metal. It is light, strong, and is a good
irrier of electricity, but is expensive to manufacture, costing
rice as much as copper. Only small ornamental anicles are
rt made from it. Man^s^aticsc and »nM are often used to make
rry hard steel. For what else is nickel used? Where is si/tc
btaincd (index).* Did you ever see any? Zinc and lead are
3th used in manufacturing paint. Give other uses of lead ? What
tates produce it (index)? Sti// is a most important mineral.
/^hat is its chief use? It is also used to preserve meat and fish,
id in making soda and glass. Where is salt jiroduccd (index)?
Js used in making bricks, tiles, drain pipe, stoneware and

WOBLD'S
GOLD PBOPLCTIOS

IN MILLION DOLLARS, 1903
LTOTAC PnOOl>CT, (JS^il^'OO)

OTHi/i COUNTRIES
Ftc 1^.

terra cotta. It has many other uses. What states lead in the
pottery industry (indexj? What kinds of building stone can you
name? Wlicrc is each obtained (^index) ? Cement when mixed
with water hardens to stone, which dampness cannot penetrate.
The largest Portland cement works are in eastern Pennsylvania
and western New Jersey.

Portland cement is made by grinding a natural rock with hme. It is used
($r malcing sidewalks, nrtiticial stone, and Tor the foundations of buildings.
The name comes from the resemblance in color to the stone from the Isle of .
Portland. England.

Graphite is a form of carbon. Where found and for what used ? Phos-
phate, gypsum, and nitrate ot soda arc used as fertilizers. Describe mercury
and tell some of its uses. Nearly all the world's mercury comes from
Almaden, Spain, and from New Almaden, California. What is slate and
where found i* Name its uses. Platinum is a metal more valuable than
gold. It is u$e<l in making vessels for handling cert-iin acids which would
cornxle other metals and for delicate electric connections.

Written Work. — I. On an outtinc map of the Unircd Stales locate each of the
minentls named at>nvr, 2, Choi.isc Mimv metal and write an account of where it b
found, things made of [l, uid their usies.

23. Manufactures in the Uaited States. — Our manufac-
tures exceed in \'alue those of any other countr>'. Name some
of the materials which come from our fields, pastures, and mines,
which we manufacture, or change into other forms, by the use
of machinery. These are called "raw materials." In their
altered forms they are called " manufactured products." Where
is manufacturing chiefly carried on (p. 30)? What makes New

England a manufacturing region (XXV)? What helps to make
the Middle Atlantic States a manufacturing region (XXVIII)?
What advantages have the Central States for manufacture
(XXVIl)? Why has agriculture heretofore predominated in the
Southern States? Why is manufacturing now increasing there
(XXX, 7)? What occupations exceed manufacturing in the
Rocky Mountain and Pacific States? What natural conditions
cause this (XLII)?

Why are iron and steel made in western Pen nsylv.ini a fi8*)? On the
same principle explain tlie making of furniture in Mtcliigan. turpentine in
Georgia, malt liquors in Wisconsin, meat producis in Illinois, steel in Ala-
bama, and cotton goods in .South Carolina. Find some other manufacturing
industries established near (lie source of raw material. On the other hand,
the location of a factory may be due to convenience of power. Explain the
e-irly establishment in New England of factories using Southern cotton ; name
citiesof New England built near sources of water-power (XXV) ? Anindtutry

* Fi}[ur» In beavy ifpc refer lo |Mraeni|ilH In ihrw teMuiu.

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

once established in a place may remain after the cause of its establishment
has ceased to exist. There are factories in New England run by coal brought
from Pennsylvania that were established because of water-power now no
longer used. Agricultural implements are made in Illinois, Ohio and Indi-
ana, chiefly because the market is near. Sugar and petroleum are refined
in New York because they can be most easily brought there. Many industries
will be established as well in one place as another. Thus Paterson in New
Jersey leads in silk and in locomotives, Ansonia in clocks, and Brockton in
shoes, because the energy and skill of certain men have built up these in-
dustries. The building of a railroad may develop industries along its route.
Many a little station starts its creamery or canning factory because transpor*
tation is swift and cheap, and milk and fruit easy to obtain.

Written Work. — l. Write a paragraph on uses of steel. 3. Make a list of all
the circumstaaces affecting the location of manufacturing towns.

The needs of a manufacturing nation are : a, raw materials ;
*, waterpower or fuel; ^, good facilities for transportation; and
rf, a market for the goods made. Over 96 per cent, of our
manufactured goods are used at home. This shows the rapid
development of our country and the high state of civilization
and intelligence of our people. American education, intelligence,
and inventive genius have caused American machinery and
labor-saving devices to be the best in the world. For these
reasons, we are able to produce a greater variety of manufactured
goods, and at a less cost, than most countries. The following
will give an idea of the immense value of our manufactures.

TABLE I.
0«B Twenty Chief Manu fact l' ring Industries and AprROXiMATE Value in

1903-4.

Iron and Steel Goods $975,000,000

Machinery and Engines 950,000,000

Preserved Meats (beef and pork) 790,000.000

Lumber and Manufacturers of 735.000,000

Textiles (cotton, woolen, linens and silks) 690,000,000

Clothing 623,000,000

Flour and Meal 560,000,000

Paper (includiag wood pulp). Stationery, Books and Newspapers. . . . 522.000,000

Leather and Leather Goods 520,000,000

Cars and Vehicles 340,000,000

Distilled and Malt Liquors 334,000,000

Building Materials (brick, stone, lime, cement) 320,000^000

Manufactures of Tobacco 293.000,000

Copper, Brass, and Bronze 354,000,000

Refined Sugar and Molasses 241,000.000

Lead Products 183,000.000

Bread and Bakery Products 175.000,000

Furniture and Upholstering 133,000,000

Butter, Cheese, and Condensed Milk 131,000,000

Refined Petroleum 124,000,000

Other Manufactures 4,090,000,000

Total $13,000,000,000

Cost of Raw Materials 7.000,000.000

Net Value of Our Manufacturing Industries 6,000.000,000

What are our two chief industries ? What is the value of both ?
What does this show about our industrial rank. Why is the third
}(o great? Account for the fourth. The sixth. The seventh.
Give reasons for the eighth. How are the third and ninth related ?
What i» the total value of all our manufactures? How much
value ha* been added by labor to the raw materials?

WrIttiB Work. — I. Write on the chief manufacturing nations of the world,
Wtiw I'la. MJ, giving rank of the United States, and compare the value of our man-
tttidun* with Itltt o' "'•"='' '•:"dlng countries. 3. Make a list of some great inventions
tiMI h«V* «ld«t our manufaclurea.

■At Iron lind Steel.— The extent to which iron and steel are
ttMtt) m»«*Mre« the rank of a country in manufactures, commerce.

and civilization. Compare Figures 17 and ig and show he
agree with this statement. The latter half of the 19th 1
is sometimes called the " age of steel," because during th
steel began to take the place of wood and iron wherever s
and durability were required, just as we call the beginninf
20th century the " age of electricity."

What is the rank of the iron and steel industries of this country !
machinery and foundry products, the value of this branch is nej
sixth of the total value of all our manufactures (Table I). About one-t

/ 2 3

_L_

uAl/T£D'SMr£S

e^RMANr

CR£AJ S8!7AiN

\§BSTRfA-iiOltGARy

BELGIUM
iW£0£N
I OTHER COUNTRIES

-WOBLD'S

IRON AND NTEEL PKODUCTIOK

IN MfLUONTONS, 1903.
[TOTAL PRODUCT, 83.000,000 TONS]

Fig. t;.

of this finds its way to foreign countries. One-half of these exports co
electrical and sewing machines, pumping and mining machinery,
boilers, and printing presses. Other iron and steel exports are lock:
and other builders' hardware, tools, wire, and fire-arms. Steel ship
plate and cannon arc of great importance (index). Nincteen-twen
our iron and steel goods are used at home. This shows that our ir
are developing rapidly and that our domestic trade is vastly larger i
foreign trade. Besides the goods mentioned as exports, we use mt
in rails for our railroads and in frames for the thousands of steel t
erected every year in our cities. Make a list of other uses of steel.

The difference in hardness between iron and steel is due
amount of carbon contained. Carbon was formerly re
from iron by very laborious methods, but this is now
quickly and easily by the Bessemer process. Melted in
ores containing metals which will harden the iron, ai
into a vessel with small holes in the bottom through w
blast of air is blown. This blast of air burns out the cai
the melted iron, and thus changes it into steel.

The vessel, or "crucible," is then tilted by means of pivots let ;
sides, on which it is suspended, and the melted steel is run into m
any desired pattern. Much of it goes in the form of bars and plate
rolling-mills where heavy machinery rolls it into rails, armor plates,
and various other forms lor immediate use, or for further manufactur

25. Textile Goods. — The word "textile" includes all
that can be made into cloth. Name the chief animal
vegetable fibers. Asbestos is sometimes called " mineral
because it can be made into cloth. Cloth-making is ;
ing occupation in all parts of the world. Name some ki
covering for the body used by different races. In what (
is fur used? Wool? Silk? Cotton? Grass and stn
often used by the people of China and Japan.

Cloth-making by machinery began in England about the tim(
American Revolution and was soon afterwards introduced into ,
by Samuel Slater. Account for its growth in New England ; in thi
Where are the chief centers of cotton manufacture (index) ? Desc

NORTH AMERICA.

Jiff in cloth-making. Name some varieties of cotton goods. What are
,"* 'prints?" "Ginghams?" Laces, embroideries, and other trimmings are

^Jte most expensive form of cotton goods. Where are our silk and wool
^rirtained (Table IV). Where do we get our linen goods ? What cities lead
Cn the manufacture of silks and woolens (Table II) ? Cotton, linen, wool,
^md silk are mixed together in the making of some cloths, cotton being used
^irith the more expensive fibers to lessen the cost of the product. What

1000

2000

-J I I,

3000

_I I L

4000

BOpO

EGYPT
CENTRAL AS/A
OTHER COUNTRIES

TTORLIHS COTTON CROP

IN MILLION P0UNDS,1 903-4.
[TOTAL CROP, 13.200 MILLION POUNDS]

Fic. i8.

ports ship most of our cotton ? What reason can you suggest for this ?
rind out from Table III the value of our cotton export. For what are the
•seeds of the cotton-plant used (XXX, 7) ?

'Written Work. — i. Turn to Tables III and IV and compareour exports of raw
vnaterials and cloth with the imports. 3, On outline map of the United States indi-
■cate by color the States producing cotton and wool.

26. Clothing for men, women, and children is one of our
largest factory products. What is its value (Table I)? Over
two-thirds of all the clothing worn in this country is factory
made. Standard patterns of all sizes are made, and the cloth is
cut and sewed by machinery. The large cities are the centers of
this work. The clothing is sometimes made in factories, but
much of it is done by men, women, and children in their homes.
They are paid by the " piece," and often receive very low wages.
New York stands first in this business. What six cities rank
next (Table II)? These large cities are wholesale centers to
which merchants from smaller towns come to buy clothing.
This explains why clothing is manufactured in large cities. In
your city, which is cheaper, " ready-made," or " tailor-made "
garments? Why ? The cheaper grades of cloth from our home
factories are mainly used for "ready-made" clothing, while the
more expensive goods brought from France and Great Britain, on
which there is a high rate of duty, are used in work made to
order.

Not only suits, overcoats, and cloaks are now made in factories, but under-
wear, collars, cuffs, neckties, hosiery, and every kind of knit goods are thus
made. Can you tell why the factory process makes goods cheaper ? How
does the quality compare with that ot home-made and tailor-made garments ?

Written Work. — A truck being loaded with rolls of cloth is seen in front of a
wholesale store ; farther on a woman is seen carrying upon her head a great
bundle of partly made garments. Write what is suggested to you by this.

27. Flour, meal, and bakery products. — What are the
cereals (7) ? Where are they grown ( 7-9) ? What is the value
of wheat for bread (7) ? Why is not flour among the manufac-
tures of New England (XXVII, 8) ? In what part of the coun-
try do you think most of our flour is made? Many country
places have mills where wheat, corn, and oats are ground between
big stones which are made to revolve by water-power, but most
of our flour is made in enormous mills near the wheat regions,
where the grain is crushed by a series of immense steel rollers.
What city leads in the manufacture of flour (Table II)?

Other milling towns are located along the great lakes and canals.
Why is this? What do we receive for the breadstuffs sent
abroad? What countries purchase breadstuffs of us? Which
of our ports ship flour abroad (Table III)?

In most American cities, and even in small villages, the people depend
largely upon local bakeries to supply them with bread, pies, and cakes.
"Crackers "or ** biscuits" of many varieties forma considerable article of
domestic commerce. In the largest bakeries the baking is done in enormous
rotary ovens revolving slowly in heated chambers. Every revolution of the
oven turns out hundreds of loaves or pies. The annual protluct of these
bakeries is nearly two hundred million dollars. In the country, baking is
almost entirely done in the home.

Written Work. — l. On your outline map of the United States showing the
wheat regions, locate the chief cities engaged in making flour (index under " Sour").
a. Children who live near a bakery write on " What I Saw in a Bakery."

28. Leather. — From what is leather made? The skins of the
larger full-grown animals are called " hides." What part of our
country supplies hides? From what foreign countries do we
obtain them (Table IV)? The process of making leather from
skins is called " tanning." This requires large quantities of oak
and hemlock bark. These barks contain a substance called "tan-
nin," which hardens the hide, and prevents it from putrefying.
Most of the bark used is from our own forests, but there are
also imported forest products used in leather-making. When
the New England forests decreased, the tanneries of the country
moved southward. Recently a process of tanning, called the
" chrome" process, has been invented which dispenses with the
use of bark and vegetable materials. The finer and softer kinds
of leather are made by this process. " Morocco " and *' Russian "
leathers are fine varieties used in book-binding. The French
make the finest leather for gloves and shoes. They also excel
in making " patent " leather, which is ordinary leather coated
with a glossy, waterproof lacquer.

The fur, wool, and hair obtained from the skins have important uses. The
hair is mixed with mortar to give it toughness; the fur is used in making hats,
and the wool for clothing. Some skins valuable chiefly for their fur are
called "fur skins." They are tanned here and then sent to London and
Leipsic to be dyed and prepared for making into " furs" for winter use. Our
imports of hides and skins and our export of leather have doubled within a
few years.

Written Work. — t. Make a list of articles made of leather. 3. From Tables
III and IV write a paragraph on our trade in hides and leather. 3. On map of
the world color the countries producing leather (see index under leather).

29. Other Manufacturing Industries besides those we have
studied are of great importance. More money is spent for
wine^ beer, 2S\A distilled liquors &^Q\i year in the United States
than for the grain and meat used for food. What places are
noted for each of these articles (index)? How many things
can you name that are made of clayf Bricks are made in all
parts of the country, but New Jersey and Ohio are the lead-
ing states in the pottery industries. Trenton and Perth Amboy
have terra-cotta works. East Liverpool and Cincinnati, Ohio, also
make fine ware. *^Chemicals" is the name given to a large class
of products. Among them are borax, alum, potash, fertilizers,
soda, paints, dyes, medicines, oils, extracts, alcohol, and hundreds
of similar articles of less importance. Find the value of our
trade in chemicals (Tables III and IV). What things are made
of paper? How do paper goods rank among our manufactures
(Table I)? Of what raw material is newspaper made (index)?

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

What cities make jewelry? What of our trade in jewelry and
precious stones? Glass-ma4cing is also a leading industry in
several states (19). What articles, made of glass, are most largely
used ? The finest glass, rolled into plates^ is called " plate glass."

All the above are large industries worth many millions of dollars annually.
When we think that nearly everything we use is a factory product, we realize
the immense extent of our manufactures. Every button, pin, needle, pen,

r.?.?; f .f .y. 7,?.?.'^,v,y,'^,

1 1 > ' n ' ,

■' 1 I ]!

t£pSTAT^^i860

dREMT BpTAIM 1860

■y

:, VAI.TJE OF KAinTPAOTUSES IN
i FOUB LEADING COUNTRIES

IN 1860 AND 1900,
[IN THOUSAND MILLION DOLLARS]

Fic. 19.

pencil, knife, and the many little conveniences of every-day use was made in
a shop with millions of others of the same sort. Every industry gives
employment to many hands, nearly 6,000,000 workmen being wage-earners
in our factories.

Written Work. — I. If you have made a visit to some factory, describe what you
saw. 3. Manufacturing means strictly "making; by band," but now most manu-
facturing is done by machinery. Write an account of some " hand " manufacturing
that yoD have seen.

30. The Government's Relation to Commerce. — In all coun-
tries commerce is carried on according to regulations made by
the government.

Our government protects our ships, our merchants, and other
citizens in all parts of the world. Our navy is divided into
squadrons stationed in various parts of the world, so that a ship
can be sent to any place in case of trouble. Do you remember
a case in which our navy used force to protect our trade? We
have an officer called a " consul " in each important city of the
leading countries. It is his duty to watch over our interests and
the interests of our citizens in those countries, and to secure
information that may help our trade.

The government also dredges out harbors, grants land to rail-
road companies, helps build canals, improves river navigation,
keeps lighthouses along the coast, marks channels with buoys,
and pays steamship lines to carry the- mail When canals and
railroads are within the boundaries of any State, the State con-
trols them, but when they lead from one State to another they
are under the control of Congress. The government furnishes
information to merchants concerning crops, markets, and prices
in all parts of the world. This information is published and sent
free to those who ask for it. Daily weather reports also are
issued, and storm signals displayed, so that sailors and farmers
may be warned of coming storms.

Written Work. — Make a list of the various duties of the government toward
commerce and show the advantage of each.

31. Our Domestic Trade is about twelve times as g
our foreign trade. Of the vast products of our fields ai
tories amounting to eighteen billions of dollars, nine-te
used by our own people. The *' moving" of our crops a
distribution of our varied productions requires vast systi
transportation and gives employment to millions of men.
causes can you give for this domestic trade? Where <
people of the great manufacturing cities of the East obtaii
and meat? Where do they get cotton? Hides? Lu
Wool? Naval stores? What part of the country suppli
West and South with manufactures? With timber? In g(
which way do raw materials move? Food products? ]
factured goods? What trade is carried on between counti
city? Between large cities and small towns and villages
tween the coast and the interior? What do the farmi
Kansas and Iowa buy in exchange for their wheat and
Where do these things come from?

If we think how many things are required to supply all our needs, a
most of them are made in comparatively few places, and often in a
city, we shall see how far goods must be carried to reach all the
who need them. We shall see also how many shops, stores, and mari
needed to sell these goods, and what a vast number of people m
employment as merchants, clerks, messengers, and carriers. All thi
us to understand the great volume and im[>ortance of our domestic tra

Written Work. — i. Describe the trade and transportation necessary to
us with a breakfast of oatmeal and milk, coffee, rolls and eggs. a. Write «
know of the business of a grocery store. 3. Of a meat market.

31. Inland Transportation. — What are the uses of 1
Which roads are most used by the farmer? We have
3,000.000 miles of wagon roads and 200,000 miles of railro
the United States. Show the importance of each kind.
scribe our great waterways (XXIV, 6). Name three
belonging to the Mississippi system, and the chief cities 01
banks. Name ten rivers of the Atlantic Slope, and theii
cities; the rivers and cities of the Pacific Slope. Why
usually find a city located at the mouth and one at the h<
navigation of a river (p. 67)? How far is the Missi
navigable (p. 24) ? The rivers of the Atlantic Slope ? The :

100

125

tso

17S

j i . 1 1 i I .1

UNiftif'SUTES]

_ — i. i . ui - ■ '

GEfiMAHr I

FftANp€

AdSTRliHUNOAHir.

i 1 ■

UNITED HfNGDOM \

AS/ A]

BEST OF ^UROP£

ILUIAOAS8 OF TOR

WORLD

m THOUSAND MILES, 1904.
Ltotal mileage, jso.;rio miles]

REST or I

NORTH AMERICI^\
SOUTH AMERICA

AFRICA
AUSTRALASIA

Fig.

boats plying on the rivers bring farm and garden produce to the

cities and carry away goods sold to tiie merchants of the

snaller inland towns.

Locate and give the connections and commercial uses of the Erie Canal ;

the Sauli Ste. Marie ; the Welland Canal ; the canal connecting the Hudson
Lake Champlain ; Lake Erie and the Ohio ; at the Falls of (he Ohio
;XVIl. 2); conncclini; Lake Michigan and the Illinois; Lake Winnijieg
ibe Mississippi (XXXIX. 3); around the Tails of the Schuylkill.

(Railroad lines, Map of Transportation and Travel) What

>ds go from New York through Albany to BufTalo? These

ids have parallel lines on both sides of the Hudson, and across

State. What road j>ol-s to BufTulo through northern Penn-

vania, and southern New York ? Find the Delaware and

tudson ; the New York, New Haven and Hartford ; the Central

Vermont; the Boston and Maine. This road connects with

3y, New York, and has a network of tracks from central

issachusetts northward. Find the Grand Trunk branch from

tland to Montreal. When the St. Lawrence is frozen, Cana-

lian trade is carried over this road. New York is a great center

the transfer of freight and passengers. Goods brought from

northeast and northwest by rail, coasting vessel, or canal, are

iere transferred to vessels going to foreign countries, and to

ies along our coast. Some goods are ferried to the Jersey

jrc for reshipmcnt by rail, while freight and passenger trains are

ried around Manhattan to and from the Jersey coast. This con-

Brgence of many lines of transportation makes New York City

>bably the greatest distributing center of the world.

t,ToU<}w the Erie road from New York to Chicago. Trace and name the
ds from Chicago lo BufTalo ; lo Quebec ; to Cincinnati ; to New Orleans ;

(Sl Louis and Omaha ; to Ei Paso, in Texas ; lo Denver ; to Dululh. Trace
name the roads from J'hiladelphia to New York. Pittsburg, and Wash-
ton ; from Hnkimore to Cincinnaii ; Richmond to Cincinnati. Trace the

lies of Ihc Southern, the Atlantic Coast and the Seaboard Air Lines.
It cities are connected by the Central of Georgia ? Follow the Louisville
Nashville from New Orleans and Mobile to St. Louts ; from Memphis

ICncinnati. By what great roads might you travel from New Orleans to
Francisco? From San Francisco lo Chicago? From Portland. Ore.,

iDaluth?

^Written Work. — i. Insert on outline map of the United States the chief
ad center? and tennini of canals. 2. Tie^cnhe th« Irade carried in eac-h dlrcc-
lOD railroad lines between ('lilciigo and New York.

32. Coasting Steamship Lines. — fMap of Travel and Trans-
portation). A vast number of steam and sailing vessels, perhaps
40,000 in all. are engaged in carrj'ing goods from port to port
iiong our coasts and between home and foreign ports. Our
coasting trade is by law entirely carried on by American vessels,
J>ut five-sixths of our foreign trade is carried by the ships of
Great Britain, Germany, Holland, and other nations. New York
's the chief receiving and distributing point for the cotton and
dumber of the South, the grain, cattle, and wheat of the West,
*he manufactures of the North and East, and of our imports from
foreign countries. What six ports rank next in order (Table V).^

From what you have learned of tlie productions and trade of the difTerent
*'^etions of our country, name some goods which might be carried each way
**y the following lines of steamships on trips named :

Maiiory: CaUeston. Mobile, and Brunswick. Ga., to New York. Mtrch-
"ttt and Miners: Savannah to Baltimore and Philadelphia; New York,
^^=ihinglon, and Ballimorr 10 Host on. Soufhern Pacific: New Orleans to
*^ew York ; New York to San Francisco and Portland. Me. Clyde : Ch.irles-
**»i and Jacksonville to New York. Fait River, yey. andttthrr Souml Lines :
*^ew York to Boston, Providence, and New England points. Pacific Coast

Line: Tacoma to San Francisco, Los Angeles and San Diego. Alaska Steam'
ship Co.: Seattle to Dawson and Juneau. Old Dominion: Norfolk and
Baltimore to New York. Eastern StfamsAip Co.: Boston to Eastport and
Portland. About 100 transportation lines on the great Likes, connecting
Duluth, Superior, Chicago, Detroit. Buffalo. Cleveland. Milwaukee, and other
pons.

Almost all passengers and much freight going from Atlantic

to Pacific ports goes by rail across the Isthmus of Panama. But

much heavy freight goes in large schooners around Cape Horn.

AH this time and expense will be saved when the Panama

Canal shall be completed. What do you know of this canal (see

Recent Geographical Events)? Resides our steamship coast

trade, we have a large number of sailing vessels, which carry such

hea\^ cargoes as coal, lumber, brick and stone, naval stores, and

ice. Our fisheries also employ many boats.

Written Work. — x. On a map of the United Stales locale the leiding seaports
and draw and name the steamship lines connecting them.

33. Ocean Steamship Lines.— .An important part of our
foreign trade is wilh the West Indies, and the ports of the Gulf
of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. This trade is about half carried
by our own ships, which make several trips a month.

From Tables III and IV and Fig. 29, find out wh.ii goods mighi he car-
ried each way by the following lines: IVard : New York to Havana.
Plant: Boston to Halifax. United P'ruit Company: Boston, New York.
Philadelphia, Baltimore, Mobile, and New Orleans to most points in Central
America, Columbia and the West Indies. Munson ,- New York. New
Orleans, and Mobile to Havana. Lamport &* Hvll : New York to Rio.
Buenos Aires and Pemambuco. Red " D" : New York 10 Pono Rico and
Porto Cabello. Cuba Mail: New York to Tampico, Vera Cruz, and Progreso.
Panama Railroad Line: New York to Colon.

DENMARK

SKlPPINa OF THE
tEADIXG COUNTRIES

IN MILLION TONS, 1903.
[THE CARRYING CAPACITY OF
SHIPS IS EXPRESSED IK TONS]

Fic. •!.

There is a much larger number of steamships engaged in the
trans-oceanic trade; but owing to the greater length of voyage,
only one-third as many trips can be made as by a "" coaster."
Many sailing vessels also make long voyages from American
ports to Asia, Africa, and Australia. A large part of our trade is
carried by "tramp steamers." They do not run regularly be-
tween the same ports, but carry cargoes to any part of the world.

On the trade chart (pp. 126-127) trace the course of the following steam-
ship lines and tell, from Tables III and IV, what goods might be carried each
way on any given voyage : Canard: New York and Boston to Liverpool.
White Star: Boston, New York. New Orleans, and Philadelphia to Liverpool
and London. Nfrrth' German Lloyd: New Orleans. Baltimore. New York,
and Galveston to Plymouth, Cherbourg, Southampton, Bremen, and Naples.
Ham burg- American : New York and Philadelphia to Hamburg. Elder-

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

Demster and Horsley Lines: Mobile i6 Liverpool and Havre. Red Star:
New Orleans and New York to Antwerp. Great Northern: Tacoma and
Seattle to Yokohama. Shanghai, and Manila. Oriental: San Francisco to
Honolulu and Hongkong. Strachan : Brunswick, Ga., to London, Liverpoolr
Glasgow. Havre, Hamburg, and Bremen. American and Australian : New
York to Melbourne. American-Indian : New York to Calcutta.

Written Work. — On Map of the World locate the ports named above, and draw
the steamship lines between New York and these ports.

34. Our Foreign Trade is increasing rapidly as the result of
large crops and cheap transportation (XXIV and p. 68). The
export of our manufactures has increased on account of their
cheapness and excellence, which have caused a demand for them
all over the world.

The sum of the exports and imports of a country is called its "total com-
merce." The difference between the exports and the imports is-calied the
"balance of trade." When our exports are greater than our imports, the

500

WOO J ^00 2000 SBQO 3000

3500 4000

_i — I — \ — \ — I — I — u-

UMT£DHmGDOM

GERMANY

mtr^.

UNITED STATES )

FRANCE

i 1. v. •• "• — '

HOLLAND

BELGIUM

'^^

TOTAX CQMMEfiCEOF
LEA1>IN(; COINTKIES

IN MILLION DOLLARS, 1903.

RUSSIA

IMPORTS

EXPORTS til:.

FlC. aa.

balance of trade is said to be ' in our favor' because then we gel more money
than we spend / but if our imports are greater, it is ■■ against us." From
Tables 111, IV, find our trade balance for 1904. Is it against us or in our
favor? Trade balances must be paid in cash by the nation against which
they stand. No nation can afford to buy more than it sells unless it has
other sources of income. Out of our large trade balance we pay over
$100,000,000 annually to foreign shipowners for carrying our goods. We
also pay many millions to foreigners who own stocks and other property in
our country. If a nation should continue for many years to buy more than it
sold, with no income from other sources, it would become bankrupt.

Besides cheap transportation there are two other things which
mqy increase or reduce our foreign trade. These are the tariff
laws and special trade agreements with foreign nations.

A tariff is a tax laid by the government upon imports. If this tax is high
enough it may keep out imports altogether. The man who brings the goods
in pays this duty, and adds it to the price of the goods when he sells them.
Ac present our government lays a high tariff on things which we produce at
home. This is to keep up the price of these goods and thus " protect " the
home producer from being "undersold" by foreigners. Therefore this is
called a "protective tariff." If the tariff is laid solely for the purpose of
raising money for the use of the government, it is called a " tariff for revenue
only." A country that levies no tax at all on imports is said to have " free
trade." Many British ports, as Hongkong and Singapore, have entire free
trade, while Great Britain and Holland are practically free trade countries,
since a duly is laid on only a few articles for the sake of revenue.

VTritten Work. — From Fig. 22 write a paragraph on the commerce of the
leading countries, giving, if possible, a reason for the balance of trade in each country.

35. Cities of New England. — Many things have caused vil-
lages, towns, and cities to grow up. Ferries, waterfalls, the
crossing of lines of travel and trade, harbors, the mouths of rivers,
sources of natural wealth, and places noted for healthful and
beautiful surroundings, all offer opportunities for business and

trade. Can you name some towns that owe their growth to one
or more of these conditions?

Many small towns owe their prosperity to a single industry, but large cities
usually have many industries which depend upon one another. Thus, lexliie
factories support machine and repair shops and dyeing and bleaching establish-
ments ; blast furnaces give rise to steel mills, foundries, and hardware factories;
while everywhere the grocer, butcher, tailor, shoemaker, and various trades-
men, supplying the needs of everyday life, have numerous shops and stores.

What advantages have the New England States for manufac-
ture and trade (XXV, 2, 4, 6)? The New England cities had
an early start in manufacturing, and the capital and skill ac-
quired have enabled their wares to undersell the rest of the world.

What is the chief port of entry for New England (Table V) ? What arc the
chief manufacturing cities (XXV-VI and Table II) ? What do you know of
the manufactures and commerce o^ Boston (XXVI and Table II) ? How does
it rank as a port of entry (Table V) ? Compare its exports and impons. Com-
pare it with New York as to number of ships. Compare the value of its manu-
factures with those of New York (Table II}. It makes more clothing, books,
and refined sugar than any other New England city, and is the leading wool,
boot and shoe, and leather market of the United Slates. Through its port much
grain, beef and pork are exported from the West, and into the port millions of
tons of coal come for distribution through New England, Gloucester is the
leading fishing port of the United States. Wooden vessels are built there.
Worcester is an inland trade center, and ranks first in the country for the
manufacture of wire. For what are Lotvell, Fall River, New Bedford,ini
Lawrence noted? Describe the commerce and manufactures ol Portland.
It is an important port of entry. It has fine wharfs, warehouses, and grain
elevators, and dry docks for ship-repairing. For what is Bangor noted?
Much ice is shipped. Mention other manufacturing and commercial cities.
What is the only harbor in New Hampshire .'' It has considerable coast-wise
trade, and is a distributing center for coal. Name other manufacturing towns
of the State. Name the chief cities of Connecticut. What do you know of
Providence f It is a port of entry, and is the second city in New England
in size and wealth. What aVe its chief manufactures (Table 11) ? It
ranks first in the Union in jewelry, silverware, and worsteds.

Written Work. — l. On outline map of New England locate the chief manufac-
turing cities and write a fact about each. 2. Make a list of as many aniclesasjon
can that are made in New England.

36. Cities of the Middle Atlantic States.— On what minerals
do the manufacturers of these States depend ? How is the coast
adapted for commerce? How are the seaports connected with
the interior (XXVII, 5, 8)? What do you know of the com-
merce and manufactures of New York (XXVII, 2, and Tables II,
III, IV)? It is the second commercial city of the world. Nearly
half the foreign commerce of the country passes through this
port, and its domestic commerce is many times greater. Why
and how are goods reshipped here? What do you know of the
manufactures oi Rochester (Table II)? It is the third city in the
State, and owes its importance to the Genesee Falls. The canal
and railroad trade is large, as is also the lake trade through
Charlotte on Lake Ontario. Describe the manufactures and com-
merce of Buffalo (Table 11 and XXVIII, 3). This is the second
city in New York. About 1200 vessels enter and clear here annu-
ally. Compare with the trading vessels in New York harbor
(Table V)- Meat packing is the largest industry. The water-
power of Niagara Falls is used in manufacturing. Name other
important cities in New York. Philadelphia makes more carpets
than all the rest of the country combined. It leads in woolens
and leather. Why did it become a center for leather manufac- ,
turing (28) ? What are the industries of Pittsburg and AUcghm
City (Table II)? Pittsburg about equals Boston in the value of
its manufactures. Over half of its products are iron and steel.
Name other large cities of Pennsylvania. What manufacturing

NORTH AMERICA.

cities in Delaware (XXIX) ? Name the manufactures of Newark
(XXVIII ; Table II). Of Jersey City. Of Paterson. Describe
the trade and manufactures of Baltimore (XXIX and Table
II). Name other cities of Maryland; of West Virginia. What
do you know of the manufactures of Rickmondf It became
a manufacturing city because of the water-power due to its
location on the " Fall Line," but it now uses much coal. Nor-
folk is the largest peanut market in the world. What of
Portsmouth ? Petersburg^ Lynchburg and Danville ? Roanoke
and Newport News ?

Written Work. — i. Locate on outliDC map all cities named in this lessoo,
3. Make a list giving the chief manufacturing industry in each city and the best
reasoa you can for its being carried on there.

37. Manufactures and Cities of the Southern States.— The
Southern States now manufacture a good deal of their own raw
materials. These consist chiefly of cotton and its seed, forest
products, sugar, coal, iron, and rice, with the addition of cattle
products in Texas. Cotton goods is the largest manufacture.
In this, South Carolina ranks first, North Carolina second, and
Georgia third. But every Southern State, except Florida, makes
sorne cotton goods. Some factories have moved from New
England to the Southern States, to be nearer the raw material.
Yarns and coarse grades of cloth are manufactured for sale
to Eastern Asia. What do you know of naval stores? For
sugar and iron, see XXXIII-IV.

Wilmington ships cotton and naval stores. Charlotte and
Raleigh have cotton factories and cotton-seed oil mills (XXVI).
At Newbern there is held, every February, a fish, oyster, and
game fair. Name other important places in North Carolina.
Give four chief cities of Tennessee, with their industries. Give
four cities of South Carolina. The harbor of Charleston is nat-
urally poor, but has been much improved by jetties. A ferti-
lizer is made there chiefly from phosphate rock. Locate four cities
of Georgia. Savannah ships enormous amounts of naval stores
and supplies northern markets with early fruit and vegetables.
Atlanta is the meeting point of several natural routes of
travel, and is therefore called the " Gate City of the South."
The railroads have followed these routes. Augusta is called
the "Lowell of the South." Why (XXVI)? Locate four im-
portant cities of Florida. Key West and Tampa rank next to
New York in the import and manufacture of Cuban tobacco.
Locate the four chief cities of Alabama. Mobile imports fruit,
sisal hemp, and rubber from Mexico and Central America, and
ships coal, iron, and produce to Gulf ports. Birmingham is the
center of the iron and steel industries, and has many furnaces.
mills and factories. Montgomery has cotton factories, cotton-seed
oil mills and has a large wholesale trade.

Locate four cities of Mississippi. Meridian is the chief manu-
facturing city of the State. It gets coal cheaply from Alabama,
and raw materials for its manufactures from the cotton-fields, pine
forests, and iron furnaces of the South. What cities engage in
river, as well as railroad, trade ? Locate four cities of Louisiana.
New Orleans is the chief manufacturing city of the South. It is
the greatest cotton market of the world. How does it rank in im-
ports? In exports (Tables III, IV)? It is a great market for
the fruit and coffee of South and Central America and the West
Indies, and it exports sugar, rice, and barrel heads and staves.
It is a point of transfer for the foodstuffs of the West, and

the clothing and manufactured goods of the East. Shreveport is
a railroad center, ships cotton and is an important distributing
point for the surrounding country. Name other important
places in Louisiana.

Locate five cities of Texas. Galveston ranks next to New
Orleans as a cotton port. It was devastated by a great storm
in 1900, and a great wall has since been constructed to protect
the town from the sea. Houston is the chief railroad center of the
State, and has a waterway to the Gulf. It exports quantities of
cotton, and much lumber and rice. Dallas is the most important
city of northern Texas. Its great manufacture is saddlery and
harness. It is the seat of an annual state fair. San Antonio is a
distributing point for southwest Texas and a favorite winter
resort. Fort Worth is a shipping point for cattle, and has stock-
yards and packing-houses. El Paso is the gateway from the East
to Mexico and California. It has smelting plants where ore from
Mexico, Arizona, and New Mexico is reduced.

Written Work. I, Locate on an outline map the cities of the Southern States
named above, 2. From Tables II — V, write a paragraph on the trade of the chief
Southern ports.

38. Cities of the Central States.— What are the chief min-
erals of these states (XXXVI) ? Vegetable products ? Fisheries ?
What are their chief exports? The facilities for transportation?
What are the industries o{ Louisville {XXXYU)} On what falls
is it? Of what advantage is this? Coal, iron and lumber are
easily brought to the city by water. What industries arise from
this (23)? Louisville is the chief manufacturing city of Ken-
tucky, and the leading tobacco market in the world.

Where are Covington and Newportf How are they connected with
Cincinnati (XXXVH)? They manufacture tobacco, iron, steel, liquors, cloth-
ing, and packed meats. What do you know of Lexington f Name other
important cities of Kentucky and their industries.

Where is Cincinnati? It is connected by canal with Toledo
and Cleveland. In this way it obtains material for foundry and
machine shops. It makes also much clothing, boots, and shoes.
Why is the lake front where Cleveland \% situated well placed for
the manufacture of steel (23)? Electrical apparatus, sewing
machines, and automobiles are among its products.
For what is Totfito noted? Dayton f Akron f Columbus f
Indianapolis has extensive foundries and machine shops, flour
mills, carriage and wagon factories, and makes much malt liquor
and furniture. For what is Evansville noted? It has a number
of flour mills, lumber mills, and furniture factories. Name other
chief cities of Indiana. For what is Chicago noted? It has
enormous meat-packing industries, iron and steel works, furni-
ture factories, carriage and car shops, and publishes many books.
Cotton and woolen goods, silks and laces, and various other
materials are brought from the factories of Europe and the
Eastern States for use in the manufacture of men's, women's, and
children's clothing.

Flaxseed is obtained in Michigan and Wisconsin for the linseed oil used in
making paints and varnishes. Leather products, worth sixteen million dol-
lars, are made annually. Name other manufacturing and commercial
towns of Illinois.

Locate Detroit. What are its occupations and advantages?
Foundry and machine shops are its chief factories. It manufac-
tures almost five million dollars' worth of druggists* preparations
yearly. It has also tobacco factories, and several large meat-
packing establishments. Where is Grand Rapids? Its chief

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

industry is furniture making. There are over thirty factories.
Where can they get their lumber (XXXIX)? Name other cities
of Michigan.

What do you know of Milwaukee? Its chief products are
from its foundries, although it is most noted for beer. Its
leather products are worth over ten millions a year, and much
flour is made. Name other important cities of Wisconsin. For
what is Minneapolis noted ? The annual products of its flour
mills are valued at about fifty million dollars. The lumber
products which rank next, are only one-fourth as valuable.
These are the two great industries of the city. Name
other cities of this State What are the cities of North Dakota?
Fargo and Grand For/ s lead in manufacturing, but their prod-
ucts are mostly for consumption within the State. What are
the cities of South Dakota? "LoqsXc St. Louis. For what is
it noted (XL)? It is the second greatest manufacturing city of
the Middle West, although its products are only one-fourth as
great as those of Chicago.

This is mainly due to its poorer connection with the Atlantic seaboard.
The river is spanned at this point by fine bridges. Name other cities of
Missouri. For what is Des Moines noted? It is in the center of a fine
g;razing region. What are other cities of Iowa? Where is Kansas City f
The two cities of this name really form one center of population; their divid-
ing line runs through the middle of a street. The great meat-packing
establishments for which the cities are famous are on the Kansas side.
Name other industrial cities of Kansas. Where is Omaha t With Council
61uf& and South Omaha it forms a railroad and trade center and shipping
point for cattle. At South Omaha are great slaughtering and meat-packing
industries.

Written Work.— l. Locate on an outline map the cities of the Central States,
and state a fact about each bearing on its industries or trade. 3, Compare the
industries of the Central States with those of the Southern or New England States.

39. Cities of the Rocky Mountains and Pacific States and
Territories. — What are the physical features of these sections ?
Their chief products ? Some of the cities are built where they
can supply food, clothing and tools to mining regions, and smelt
or refine the ores from the mines. Some are built near forests,
or on salmon streams, and are engaged in lumbering or fruit
canning. Which are built near the coast? In what industry
may they be engaged? Which are on great transcontinental
railroads ? For what region is each a distributing center?

Albuquerque is a railroad center. On what system (map) ? For what
is it noted (XLI) ? Locate Denver. What are its industries ? It is
the financial center of the mining district of Colorado. The making of iron
and steel goods for use in mining processes is its largest industry. There
are abundant coal and iron at hand. Flour, books and paper, cars and car-
riages are among the varied manufactures of this city. On what river and
what railroads is Pueblo t What arc its industries ? It is near enough to
coal, iron, and petroleum to enable it to smelt the lead ores of the region
advantageously. Locate two other mining centers of Colorado. Where is
Cheyenne t It is a shipping point for cattle. Name other cities of Wyoming ?
Where is Helena t It is in a rich mineral regiop. Describe Butte and
Anaconda (XLI). Name other cities of Montana. What are the cities of
Nevada ? Name three cities of Arizona. Tucson reduces silver and copper
ore. Locate two cities of Utah. Why arc they so near each other ? On
what railroads are they ? Locate two cities of Idaho.

Where is San Francisco f For what noted ? It has a fine,
deep harbor, and is the center of much trade. Its exports go
chiefly to Asia ; its imports also come from Asia and from
Hawaii. It sells the wheat, lumber, flour, canned salmon, fruit,
and meat of the Pacific region, and brings tea and silk from

China, coffee from Central America, coal from Australia and
British Columbia, and sugar from Hawaii. Seal furs are brought
here from the Alaskan waters, to be shipped to London for
dyeing. This city makes one-half the goods manufactured ro
the State. Sugar is refined, beer, leather, boots and shoes,
tobacco, soap, books and many other articles are made. i

For what is Pi?r//(;«(/ noted? It manufactures fiourandlun). I
ber. Jetties have been built at the mouth of the Columbia
River, so that Portland is really a seaport. It has much coast-
wise trade in flour and lumber. Here are important shipbuilding
plants. Where is Salem? It has flour and wool mills. Locate
Tacoma and Seattle. They are, next to San Francisco, our chief
seaports on the Pacific coast. What railroads terminate at
Seattle? Fish-canning is an important industry, both here and
at Astoria.

TABLE II

The Twenty-fivk Leading Manufacturing Cities op the Umited Statu,
THEIR Five Leading Industries and Approximate Value of PsoDDcn
IN Million Dollars. Census of 1900.

CiTIBS

New York

Chicago

Philadelphia. . .
St. Louis

Boston

Pittsburg

Baltimore

Cincinnati

Cleveland

San Francisco.

Newark

Milwaukee. ..
Buffalo

Minneapolis. . .

Detroit

Providence. . . -
Kansas City . . .
Louisville

Jersey City

Rochester

Indianapolis.. .
New Orleans. .
Allegheny City.

Worcester

Paterson

Lrading Industxiks and Valub ik Hiujom Dollass

Clothing (206). Castings and Machinery (41), Tobacco
(38), beer (39), Books and Papers (36), Coffee
and Spice Koastingand Grinding (31)

Meat Packing (249), Clothing (46), Castings and Ma-
chines{4 5), Agricultural Implements(25),IronandSteel
(32), Cars and Carriages (33), Books and PapeTS(i9)..

Castings and Machines (38), Woolens and Worsteds
(-•4). Carpets and Rugs (22), Leather (18), Beer (13).

Tobacco and Cigars (26), Malt Liquors (12), Meat Pack-
ing (12), Castings and Machines (la). Clothing (9),
Cars and Repairs (8)

Sugar (16), Clothing (13), Books and Papers (10), Cast-
ings and Machines (t)). Beer (8)

Iron and Steel (97), Castings and Machines (11), Elec-
trical Machines (14), Beer (4), Books and Papers (3).

Clothing (20), Tobacco (10), Canned Goods (8j, Cast-
ings and Machines (6), Meat Packing (5).

Clothing (14), Castings and Machines (13), Boots and
Shoes (9), Distilled Liquors (9), Beer (6), Tobacco

(5)

Iron and Steel (30), Castings and Machines (15), Meat

Packing (8). Beer (4), Kerosene (3)

Sugar (11), Castings and Machines (8), Meat Products

fs). Clothing (s). Flour (4)

Leather (11), Beer (8), Jewelry (7), Castings and Machines

(6), Books and Papers {3)

Castings and Machines (15), Beer (14), Leather (10),

Iron and Steel (7), Flour (6)

Meat Products (10), Castings and Machines (7), Cars

and Carriages (6), Linseed Oil (6), Soap and Candles

(4)

Flour (40), Lumber (15), Castings and Machines (3),

Linseed Oil (2), Brick, and Stone (2)

Castings and Machines (9), Tobacco (6), Drugs (5),

Iron and Steel (4), Meat Products (3)

Worsteds (17), Jewe]ry(l3), Castings and Machines (9),

Silverware (4), Cotton Goods (3)

Meat Packing (23). Soap and Candles (i). Castings and

Machines (.66)

Tobacco and Cigars {14), Cotton-seed Oil and Cake

(5), Meat Packing (j). Castings and Machines {3},

Leather (3)

Tobacco (6), Meat Packing (6), Soap and Candles (3),

Cars and Carriages {3), Chemicals (2)

Men's Clothing (11), Boots and Shoes (7), Castings and

Machines (4), Flour (3), Tobacco (3).

Meat Packing (13), Castings and Machines (6), Flour

(4), Carriages and Cars (4), Furniture (2)

Sugar (23), Bags (3.4), Rice (Hulled) (3), Castings and

Maciiines {2), Clothing (3)

Iron and Steel (8), Castings and Machines (6), Pickles

and Preserves {4.4), Meat Packing (4), Beer (i). . . .
Castings and Machines (8. 5 ), Woolens (1.5), Wire (1.5),

Boots and Shoes (1.6), Envelopes (l)

Silk (26), Castings and Machines (6), Beer (3), Shirts (l).

Meat Packing (1.3)

VALri or ui
iKousnoti

$975,ooo,(i»

889,ooo,oi»
6o3,ooo,(io(>

234,000,000
306,000.000
303,000,000
161,000,000

i57.cao,coo
136,000,001
133,000,000

127,000,000
I2A,000,OaO

131,000,000

111,000,000

101.000,000

88.000.000

83,000.000

79.000,000
77,000,000
69.000,000
69,000,000
64,ooo,o(»
54,000,000

52,000,0*

NORTH AMERICA.

IxKate Sacratnen/o. Ii is ihc chief city in a long valley, which forms the
fjlBnarj* of the Stale. The city manufadures considerable Hour. Locate
L»i Angeles. The electric power used in this ciiy is gener.ne<l by a water-
ifall eighty miles away. Where is Alameiia t It is in an orange-growing re-
gion. Canned fruit and flour are exported. Name other cities of the Pacific
Sutes.

Written Work. — Locate an an outline map the cities named in this lesson, and
»iaic si^'tnc lact dtx>ut each bearing on its industrial importance.

Other Countries of North America.

40. Canada. — What are the surface features of Canada (map.
p, 19)? The climate (XX, XLIV) ? The chief resources?
The industries? With what nations is commerce carried on?
"What are the chief Canadian trade routes? By what routes
does Canada trade with this countr>' (p. 70)? With Europe?
"With Asia? Name the chief mineral products and tell where
each is found; the products of herding; farming; forestry;
fishiu};; hunting. In 1894 nearly a million fur-bearing animals
were caught, but the product now is not half so great. The
manufactures consist chiefly of flour, leather, lumber, and alcohol.
Onada makes more cheese than any other country in the world.
Shoes, beer, cane sugar, cotton cloth, and farm tools are made
for home use. What raw materials used in these manufactures
are you sure that Canada imports? Give reasons. From Fig.
23 state the chief occupations of Canada; the least important.

I 1 1

20 25 3i

1 1 1 t r I < > ( 1 1 , . 1 J

1 ,11; i

FAftMIHG

LUm SEIZING

miUfHG >

H£fiDftie

FISHINO

RIMO>

UXfUKTH Of

LEADL\(* nUl STUIE.S

MAMUFACTU

OF CANADA

L)N MILLION DOLLARS. l«(Hl

Fig. 13.

Compare with Fig. i. Tn what arc the industries of the two
countries alike? How do they differ? Name the chief cities of

nada, and tell for what each is noted.

Trom Fig. 29 describe the trade of Canada with the United Sutes. What
tiwrnateriais do we buy of her? Om you tell why Toronto imports ourcoal
*hi)e British Columbia exports coal lo us ? Would cost of lraus|wrtaiion ex-
pliin it ? Why does Canada buy more goods of us than of Great Britain ?
Why does she sell Great Britain more wheat than she does to us ?

Writtco Work.— I. From Fig. ag write a patacraph on our trade with
Cauda. 3. On outline ni4p of North America write our exports to and our imports
'tea Canada as shown in Fig. 39.

41. Mexico (XLVI). — Give the location oi Mexico; its
physical features; its climate, What are its mineral products ?
*nimal? How docs Mt;xico now rank in silver production?
^ind out from Fig. 25 her share of the world's production.
«ame the vegetable products of lis several regions. The coffee
of Oaxaca (wa-hS'-ka) ranks with Mocha and Java. From Fig.
26 give the three chief industries. How does manufacturing
'ftnk ? Compare the industries of Mexico with those of the
V^nited States and Canada (Figs, i, 23, 25), As in Canada, the

too

11 : '

MfiXiCO

Ukl7£D STATES

::»

manufactures of
Mexico consist of the
necessities of life.
They are generally
of rude workman-
ship. One-third of
our exports to Mex-
ico consistsof mining
machinery and ex-
plosives. What rail-
road lines connect
the United States
and Mexico (p. 67)?
Vera Cruz and Tam-
pico are connected with our leading Atlantic ports by steamship
lines which carry the greater part of the trade. Name these lines

and tell which of

AUSTBALASfA

BOU¥'lA
I
I

GERMANY
SPAIN i

■WOBLD-S

SILVER PRomcTioy

IM MILLION DOLLARS.

(COINAGE VALUE t 1903.

[TOTAL VALUE, i320.J71.600l

OTHEIi COUNTRIES

Fir,. )<.

■ ■ ■

,'?,

/«

MINING

J ;. ,....

STOCK-RAISING

BELATrVE TALTTE OF
I.SDIIMTUIE.S

LN MEXICO,! S04.

Fic »s.

_L_i our ports they enter
(33). Find Carmen,
It is the shipping

■FARMING port fof the sisat

hemp of Yucatan,

our chief import

MANUFACTURING IN MEXico,tB{)4. from Mexico. Study

Tables III and IV
for the articles of
our trade with Mexico. Most of the mining, railroading, and
foreicn trade, in Mexico, is In the hands of Americans or Ger-
mans. This is due to the enterprise and engineering skill of the
Americans and to the efforts of German merchants to extend
their trade. What is needed to build railroads?

Written Work. — 1. Consult Fif;. 29 and give the best reasons you caa why ctt-
taia tbiags are cxponed and others imported. 2. On an outline map write oar
exports to Mexico and our imports from that country ; locate the chief seaports,

42. Central America (XLVII). — Locate Central America.
Describe its surface ; climate. Compare with Mexico, What
are its mineral resources? Vegetable? The low plain on the
east yields tropical fruits. The interior is mostly forested.
Name the forest products. A medicinal gum called *' bal-
sam of Peru" is also found. The high western coast contains
the plantations and farms. What are the chief farm products?
Wheat, corn, cattle and sheep are produced in the higher table-
lands, but not enough for the home demand. Name the
states of Central America and the form of government of each.
The people are entirely engaged in agriculture and mining,
but the mines are little developed because transportation is
poor. The people lack education, and are frequently engaged
in civil war; manufactures are backward. What are the chief
exports (XLVII)? The trade is chiefly controlled by for-
eigners.

Our largest import from Guatemala, Costa Rica, and Salvador is coffee ;
from Honduras and Nicaragua, bananas and mahogany. From trade map.
Fig. 2g. name our exports to Central America. The building of tlie canal
has increased our trade with Panama. What are our other imports from
that country ? What does our trade show with regard to the industrial
development of Central America?

Written Work. — i. On an outline map of Central America locate the chief sea-
pons and steamship lines catering them, and write the exports and impons carried
as ID Fig. 39. a. Write a paragraph oa the republic of Pananaa and our interests
there.

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

43. The West Indies. — Describe the location of these islands ;
their size ; divisions; surface (map, p.19); climate (p. 75). Which
are independent? To whom do the rest belong (XLVIII) ?
From Fig. 2;; name their chief products and describe their trade
with us. These islands are almost entirely agricultural. The
sugar industry is more important than all others combined. So
much attention is given to it that food crops are neglected, and
the islands depend on the United States, Canada, and South
America for flour and meat. Compare the density of popula-
tion in the West Indies and our country (Table VI). In the
more thickly settled parts of our country and of Europe, wealth
is great. This is not true in these islands. In 1899, sixty-four
per cent, of the people of Cuba could not read. What bearing
may this have on prosperity? Exports from Cuba have doubled
since her independence. What trade-routes do you know from
these islands (pp. 124-5 ^"^ 33)? Little attention has been
given to road-building, and only the regions near the coast are
developed; the farmers in the interior of Cuba and Porto Rico
raise only enough fruit, vegetables, and grain for their own needs.

Since the independence of Cuba and the acquisition of Porto Rico by the
United States, railroads have been begun which will connect all the lead-
ing towns on each island and make a continuous circuit of the coast.
Highways also are being built and streams bridged in order to connect the
rich interior regions with these roads. What do you know of Cuban
tobacco (13) ? From map. Fig' 27. describe our trade with the West Indies.

Written Work. — I. Write a paragraph on the industries of the West Indies.
2. Compare West Indian products with those of the United States. 3. Explain how
our trade depends on the difference in climate.

44. Sugar. — The English-speaking peoples use about half of
the world's supply of sugar. In the United States the average
consumption is about seventy pounds a year for each person.

rooo

2000

3000

t-^

JAifA.

■ — ■*i : .

HmAftAH tS-

BRAZIL
LOt/tS/A//M
JKAURlTmS
PEBU
AHGEMTINA

■WOBI-D'B KttODTXOnON OP

\ CANE SUGAR
IN Million pounds, i903-4.

tT07*L ifRODUCT, 9,907 MILLION POUNDS]
\

OTHER COUflTftlES

Fio. afi.

Sugar is made
chiefly from
sugar cane and
the sugar beet.
The juices are
extracted and
boiled, and the
sugar is allowed
to crystallize.
This gives
" raw sugar"
and molasses.
The raw sugar
is then "re-
fined" or
whitened.

The countries that produce raw sugar are seldom the ones to refine it.
Hawaiian sugar is refined in San Francisco, Cuban sugar in New York and
New Orleans, and East Indian sugar in Holland, The reason for this is that
the process of refining is a complicated one requiring expensive machinery.
Molasses is also made from corn, from potato-starch, and from sorghum, an
inferior sugar cane. In European countries the sugar grower is paid a small
bounty by government. How would this affect production ? The refuse
beet is good food for cattle, while the refuse cane is burned. Many coun-
tries that formerly raised sugar catie at a profit have been forced by the com-
petition of beet sugar to raise other crops. As the sugar beet can be more
cheaply grown than cane in the countries that consume the suijar, the cane
su^ar grower is at a disadvantage, since his product must pay the cost of
transportation.

Written Work. — i. Using Figs. 26 and 33, write an account of the vorid's
production of sugar, telling in what countries and climate the sugar beet groirs;
also where sugar cane is grown — countries, and climate. 2. On map of the wo-ld,
show by color or shading the countries producing beet and cane sugar.

Fig. rj. — ncADK op thr ukitbd status with oTHsit couktkibs or nokth amkiica. on

EXPORTS ARS PLACED IN THS COUNTftV Bl'VING THEM. OUR IHPOXTS ARB PLACID KBAI TITI
BORDER OP TKE COUNTRV THAT SELLS THEM. BXPOKTS ANO IMPORTS ARE NAMED INORDUO'
THEIR VALUES.

Review of Our North American Trade.— Which parts of
this continent are largely unproductive? Why? Compare our
trade with the tropical part of the continent with our trade with
the cold part. Name products obtained from each sectioa
What products do we obtain from the western part of Canada?
The eastern part? The central part? What are the means of
transportation in each case. If instead of the Great Lakes and
the St. Lawrence River, a high range of mountains separated
Canada and the United States, how do you think the trade
between these countries would be affected? What countriesof
Europe can you name that are separated by mountains.^ Of
Asia? Do you know what effect this sepafation has had on
these countries? Judging from the map, what do you thinkof
the importance of our eastern coasting trade? What goods are
sold to Mexico? From what part of our coast would theybf
sent? What goods are received at our southern ports (Table
IV)? How do you think the Panama Canal will help the trade
of the western coast of North America? How will it help llic
West Indies?

EUROPE.

Europe.

45. Physical Features ; Resources. — How do the United
States and Europe compare in size? In latitude? In climate?
How do you explain the difference in temperature (LV, 4)?
Like the United States, Europe has abundant rainfall. It is
brought by westerly winds and decreases with distance from the
ocean until in southeastern Russia the soil is nearly barren from
lack of rain. How does the direction of mountain ranges affect
the rainfall of Europe? What mountains separate central from
southern Europe? Effect on trade (LVIII) ? In the Mediter-
ranean countries there is little rain except in winter. Hence,
successful farming depends upon irrigation.

The deeply indented shores of Western Europe give nearly every country
u. strip of sea-coast. What countries have no coast line ? How is commerce
affected by coast line ? The rivers of the Great Plain are navigable. Why
is this? Name the rivers valuable to commerce. What countries do these
rivers help? Turn to physical map of Europe and point out the chief farming
regions; the mineral regions; the grazing regions; the forests; the fisheries.
Name the plants of northern Europe; of southern Europe. To what indus-
tries do some of these plants lead? How does climate affect industries in
southeastern Europe? In southern Europe? In western Europe? A moist
climate favors agriculture and the making of textiles (48).

Written Work. — i. On an outline map of Europe draw the chief rivers and
MOQataio ranjres. 3. Locate the mineral products. 3. The vegetable products.

46. Races ; Governments ; Civilization. — The people of
Europe and of North America are almost entirely of the white
race. What exceptions are there ? Europe, though little
latter than the United States, includes twenty different nations,
each having its own government and language. Which are abso-
lute monarchies? Limited monarchies? Republics? How
does western Europe compare with eastern Europe in wealth,
manufactures, education and trade?

In production and trade Europe ranks first among the continents. We
nay divide it according to races and industries into three sections, western,
«sicm. and southern Europe. Western Europe is inhabited mainly by the
Teutonic, the most progressive of the races. It includes Great Britain,
France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium. Norway, Sweden,
and Denmark, These nations are marked by density of population, great manu-
fecturing interests, and extensive trade. Southern Europe, including Spain,
Portugal, Italy, Greece, and Turkey, is chiefly agricultural, producing fruits,
■wine, oil, and silk. The people are mainly of the Latin race. Eastern Europe
includes Russia, Hungary, Servia, Roumania, and Bulgaria. Farm crops and
•lock are the chief products, and the ruling people are, except in Hungary,
of the Slavonic race. From a study of the following table you will see
what seems to be the relation between intelligence and trade.

SECTIONS.

Population

TEH

Square Milb.

Vai.vh op For-
KiGN Trade fun

PEKMIN.

Canmot Rbad
NoK Wbitb,

SuppoHTBiJ nv
THit Stats

(PAUPIfIS).

340
130

$120

IS
12

5i
70S

15^

io«

¥lG. 18.

Western Europe can support a large population because it has many
industries which give employment to thousands of people. Southern and
Eastern Europe, where there are fewer profitable occupations, furnish the
•*^ostofthe immigrants that come to America. Remembering that manu-

facturing is most expensive in western Europe, we may learn from Fig. 30
that there is more wealth and intelligence, and less poverty and ignorance in
manufacturing and commercial countries than in those that are mainly
devoted to farming and herding.

Written Work. — x. On outline map of Europe write in each country its race and
leading industry. 2. Write a paragraph compariog Russia and Fraace in regard
to government and industries. 3. Compare Belgium with Italy as to industries,
referring to natural resources and climate as causes of difference.

47. The United States and Europe. — British trading com-
panies established the first English colonies in America and
developed the country in the interest of commerce (see London
and Plymouth companies, U. S. histories). But in those days
the British Government thought only of its own interests. " The
only use of colonies," said one Englishman, " is to furnish freight
for our ships and a market for our goods." Manufacturing in
the colonies was forbidden, and trade allowed with England only.
In this way a dispute grew up over production and trade which
led to the Revolutionary War and the independence of the
United States. Long after the Revolution, this country remained
dependent on Europe for manufactured goods, exchanging for
them lumber, fish, tobacco, and indigo.

The wars of France and England and their interference with our seamen
led to the War of 1812. Our victories in this war secured respect for our
flag and safety for our ships. The interruption to trade caused by war led to
an increase in home manufactures. The invention of the cotton-gin had
already led to the export of cotton, and the building of railroads and canals
that opened the Mississippi Valley to trade led to the exporting of grain and
meat to the overpopulated manufacturing countries of Europe. These still
form half our exports, being worth over seven hundred million dollars a year.
Our export of manufactured goods has, however, continually increased.
In 1820, 7i4% of our exports were manufactures, in 1904, 32%. Owing to
labor-saving machinery and skilled workmen much of our manufacturing is
conducted at less cost than in European countries. This enables us to pay
high wages, and yet produce cheap goods.

While we were spending our energies in opening up new lands and in de-
veloping railroads most of our manufactures were consumed at home, and we
cared less about trade with foreign nations. But now that we are beginning
to export more manufactures, we are coming into competition with European
merciiants in Asia, Africa. -and South America. Moreover, our possessions
in the Pacific and the West Indies bring us into closer relations with the
nations of Europe, There is increasing travel between the old world and the
new, due to improvement in steam navigation. More people go every year
from New York to England than from New York to San Francisco, and the
cost of tiie journey is less. Five-sevenths of our exports are sent to western
Europe, and half of our imports are bought there. The great manufacturing
cities there buy raw materials for their factories and food for their people
from us and sell to us manv of their manufactures. Thus our commercial
and political relations with the people of Europe are very close.

Written Work. — Make a list of our manufactures exported to Europe
(Table III).

48. The United Kingdom. — Of what commercial advantage
to Great Britain are the following: location? numerous estu-
aries, or sunken river valleys, along the coast? a mild and moist
climate? (such a climate favors textile industries, as all fibers
are more easily spun when slightly damp) ; vast deposits of coal
and iron? numerous colonies in every part of the globe? Until
recently. Great Britain was the chief manufacturing nation of the
world. Which nation is first now (Fig. 9)? England was the
first of modern nations to make iron and steel. The first modern
ship-canal was made in England, The spinning machine, power
loom, the steam engine, and locomotive were first made there.
Being the first great manufacturing nation and having many
ships and colonies, Great Britain secured a large part of the

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

world's trade and still holds it (LVI). What is the character of
the British people (LVI, 3) ? Find four cities located in the coal
fields of Great Britain. What are their industries? In what
parts of the country are the agricultural industries? What are

Fig. 19.— industrial Map of thk Bkitibh Islks.

the leading crops and animals? Where are the fisheries? What
kinds of fish are found? What manufactures are produced in
Ireland? What cities are engaged in ship-building?

Compare the shipping of Great Britain with that of other countries ; the
railroads; the iron and steel product; exports; imports. How does the
balance of trade stand ? More than half the commerce of tlie world is carried
by British vessels. Tlie money which England receives for this helps to off-
set the trade balance against her. Besides her manufactures and trade Great
Britain has valuable fisheries and is, according to size, a great farming and
stock-raising country.

Written Work. — l. On an outline map of the British Isles locate chief seaports
and steamship lines entering them (p. 93). a. On an outline map of the world show
by color or shading the British colonies.

49. Manufacturing Cities of the United Kingdom. — These
are grouped largely in the various coal-producing regions. Locate
Newcastle. It is the chief city of the northern coal field. What
are its manufactures ? Find Sheffield and Leeds. Of what indus-
tries is each the center ? Find Manchester. A ship canal from the
Mersey makes this city a port. Of what industry is it the cen-
ter? What is that mining field called which includes i?:rw«n^.
/w»((LVI, 12)? For what is it noted? Near Birmingham is a
region called "The Potteries" because of the earthenware and
china made from the clay found in the neighborhood. Find
Cardiff in Wales, It is the chief of a group of cities using the

coal of the region to feed iron and copper furnaces, and leads io
the export of hard coal. Find Glasgow. The coal fields of Scot-
land supply its furnaces and the ship-building works on the
Clyde. Several British cities are noted for special products, ai
Nottingham for lace. Paisley for shawls, Belfast for linen, Worcester
for china, and Bradford for broadcloth. London imports and dis-
tributes more goods than any other city., but its exports are com-
paratively small. Why is this? l^oQdX^ Liverpool, What is its
commercial rank? Its harbor is kept open at great cost. Its
trade is chiefly with America and West Africa. Foods and cot-
ton are imported, and the goods and machinery made in the
great factories of northern England are exported. The harbor
of Glasgow consists of basins and docks built along the Clyde.
This city imports ore and raw material, and sends out ships, iron
and steel, glass, and other manufactures of the Scottish mills.
Newcastle exports machinery and coal. Why (Fig. 31)? Locate
Hull. The cotton and woolen goods of the northern mills are
sent from here to the continent of Europe. There is consider-
able cross-channel trade with the continent of Europe from
Dover and Southampton. American and South African vesseb
land passengers for London at these ports. Queenstown, in Ire-
land, is a station for American mails.

Written Work. — l. From tables Illand IV make a mapshowingourtradewiili
the United Kingdom (See Fig, 27). 3. Locate on an outline map the chief duos.
faciuring centers of Great Britain and Ireland and write under the city the name of
the chief industry of that place.

50. France. — (Review Map Studies, p. 99). Describe the
position, size, surface, and climate of France. Why is France
better located than England for trade with the East? What
are its chief agricultural products (Fig. 30)? What section is
noted for horses? The north of France produces breeds of
horses famous for size and strength. They have been introduced
into all civilized countries. France has long been noted as a
fruit-growing country. The farms are small and carefully culti-
vated. The French farmer is skilful in the production of new
varieties of pears, apples, peaches, and grapes. In wine France
surpasses all other countries. What others rank high (Fig. 33)?
From what countries do we import wine (Table IV)? What
other beverages obtained from fruits are produced in France?
In what parts are cattle and sheep chiefly raised ? The chief iron
and steel works are at St. Etienne, where coal and iron occur
together. In what other region is coal found ? To other centers
iron ore is imported from Belgium, Spain, and Germany. Coal
comes from Cardiff. Salt mines are worked near Nancy, and
building stone, cement, clay, and phosphate are found. The fine
clays of central France give rise to the pottery industries of
Limoges and Sfevres. '* Plaster of Paris" is a well known white
cement. How does France rank in manufactures (Fig. 19)?
France leads the world in the production of high grade and
brocaded silks. The process of making brocaded silk by machi-
nery was invented by a Frer.chman of Lyon named Jacquari*
and is well known as the " Jacquard " loom. French goods bring"
a high price because of their artistic workmanship.

A pair of ladies' shoes from Paris, a dress, a hat, a piece of jewelry, or a
vase may sel! for ten times as much as the same article produced elsewhere.
Transportation within the country is mainly by means of rivers and the
numerous canals connecting them. How does France rank in railroad ^lil^
age (Fig. 20) ? In shipping (Fig. 21)? Compare the value of her exporu
and imports (Table VI 1. What does she buy from us ? Sell to us (TibiB
III, IV) ? Havre is the chief port of entry for American goods.

EUROPE.

f i.M<w»* ir«

Pic ya.—ttioarmAV maf or fkamcb.

Fine cloths, wines, mliUnery goods, and articles of luxury are sent tg
America, through lliis port. Cabinet woods from Central America, coffee,
cocoa, metals Train South America, and coal trom Wales are also
brought to Havre. Manieilles is the second imporlnnc port. Its trade is
Urgely with eastern countries and Africa. Wheal from Russia, r.iw silk
fhifn Turkey and CL-nlral Asia, cotton from India and Egypt, woo!, hides,
And :>kiu5 from Africa are brought into the port of Marseilles.

Written Work. — i. Oo oailtne map of Europe locate the chief ports and manu-
(Ktunng cities of France and wriLc under each its chief product, 3, On a similar
nup indicate trade with the United Stales, as in Fig. 37.

51. Belg:iuai. — What part of Europe does this country occupy?

What do you know of the population and industries of Belgium

(LXII)? What harbor and what navigable rivers has it? What

natural wealth favors manufacturing? Belgium produces more

manufactured goods per person than any other nation in the

world. For what is Liege noted? Ghent? Bruges? Brussels?

Ostend iLXII)? Belgium was the first of modern European

countries to make woolen cloth, and still leads in this industry.

Jt has, next to Ireland, the finest facilities for making linen.

■Tile water of the river Lys is well adapted to the bleaching of

"*ix, and the dense population of the country furnishes the labor

needed. This flax is made into fine laces. linens, lawns, and

•^^tnbrics. Hand-made lace requires much labor. In the city of

'■■echlin, over two hundred thousand women and girls are lacc<

"lakers. What are the total values of Belgium's exports and im-

POrts(TablcVI)? What part of her trade is with us (Table VI) ?

Written Work, — l. On outline map of Central Europe already begun, write our
^^^hantC''^ wi'h Belgium. 2. Make a list of the leading manufMlures of llelgium and

fl*^ty noted for each.
;

52. Holland and Denmark are the lowest and flattest
^untrics in Europe. For what products are both noted tLXII,

1,6)? Holland is also noted for its colonial possessions and
extensive commerce. Describe its colonies (LXII). Dutch
ships di.stribute colonial products all over the world, and do a
large carrying business for other nations. Why is transportation
easy in Holland? Smooth wagon-roads paved with brick inter-
sect the country. Kailroad building is easy, but many bridges
must be built. Why? On account of cheap transportation
Holland imports and forwards goods from her ports to the coun-
tries of Central Europe. The winds are a great source of power.
What use is made of them ?

Holland has no coal, iron, or other metals. What effect does this have
on her industries ? Building materials and timber are also lacking. tJrick,
tile, and earthenware are made in abundance. Butter, cheese, meat, anti
oleomargarine are leadinfj exports. Besides jewelry and diamonds we buy
from Holland tobacco, tin. fish, hides, and cheese. Where do you think she
produces each of these ?

Denmark produces and exports mainly milk, butter, and
chee.sc. Beef, cattle, horses, wool, and eggs, arc also sold. What
is the value of our imports from Denmark? Why so small?

They consist chielly of liides, wool, and rennet, a substance used in cheese-
making. We sell to Denmark oil-cake, grain, flour, cotton, and kerosene.
Manufacturing is little developed on account of a lack of minerals. Flour.
beet-sugar, and liquors are made, and Copenhagen builds ships out of
Norway lumber. The most carclul attention is given to butter-making,

Fig. ;t.— rxpvFntiAL maf or Bitcivu akd ntt MRTHKsiAiim.

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHV.

There are over one thousand steam factories, where it is packed and salted
10 meet the demands of all markets. Enormous quantities are exported.
Great Britain and Germany are the largest buyers of Dutch and Danish
articles of food.

Written Work. — I. On outline map of Europe write our exports to Holland
and Denmark, and the things we receive from them. a. On a similar map locate
ports, manufacturing cities, and the chief products.

53. The German Empire. — (Review Map Studies, p. 99, and
LXI.) What is the surface of Germany ? Its climate? Mineral
resources? Its rank in production of coal? Iron and steel?
Copper? Silver? What are its agricultural products (Fig. 33) ?

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

GERMAsh,

H-i-

RUSStA

. — -^

AUSTRIA ri

FRANCE

^ BELOW M

WORLD'S PRODTTCTIOST OF

BEET SIHAK

IN MILLION POUNDS, 1903-4.

[TOTAL PBODUCT. l3filK MILLION POUNDSt

UNf TED STATES

OTHER COUNTRIES

PlO. 3J.

A naturally poor soil in most of the empire has been made very
productive by skilful farming, and yet she does not pro-
duce enough food for her people. How does Germany rank
in the production of wheat? Rye? Oats? Barley? Sugar?
Lumber (Figs. 2-6, 36)? Potatoes and rye bread form the
chief food. The " black bread" of the German peasants is
made of rye flour. The larger part of the northern plain
of Europe has a light, sandy soil, suitable for rye, though too
poor for wheat. What is the rank of Germany in manufactures
(Fig. 19)?

Next to the United States she has made more progress in manufactures
than any other country. She sends us fine knives, scissors, and other cutlery.

Fig. j3.— ikdustrial map of ckrmanv.

and we sell her agricultural machinery. Germany sends many hides and
skins toustobetanned, and imports shoes and shoe leather from us. Where is
much tanning done in this country (Table 11)? What are the chief manufactures
of Germany ? What German state is noted for woolen goods ? For wines?
What is the total value of her exports and imports (Table VI) ? What part
of her trade is with us (Table VI) ? What are the chief articles of our
trade with Germany (Tables III, IV) ? What are the chief German railroad
centers ? Trace routes to Vienna, Paris, St. Petersburg, Constantinople,
and Rome. Germany is connected also by canals and rivers with the
neighboring countries with which the bulk of her trade is carried on. Many
of these are owned by the government. What do you know of German
canals (LXI)? Steamers go up the Rhine and by canal to the Rhone. From
map, Fig. 35, tell what city is noted for pottery ? Toys ? W'inc.' Woolen and
linen goods? Printing? What are the great German ports ?

Written Work. — l. From Tables III and IV, write on the outline map <A
Central Europe our imports from and our exports to Germany. 3. On a similar
map locate the chief German seaports, manufacturing towns, and a leading product
of each.

54. Switzerland (Review LXIII) has to pay large sums of
money to other countries for carrying her goods. Why is this?
How does the surface of the country affect production? Next
to Norway, Switzerland is the poorest farming country in
Europe. She has few minerals. Hence manufacturing and
dairying are the only profitable occupations. Transportation is
well provided for. Fine wagon roads are built along the valleys
and through the mountain passes. Several tunnels connect the
country with Italy.

Swiss scenery is one of the financial resources of the country. Travellers
spend over seventy million dollars there annually. The railroads earn over
ten million dollars annually. One-third of the people are engaged in manu-
facturing. The products are noted for quality rather than quantity. .No
attempt is made to produce cheap goods. What cities arc noted for
silks (LXIII) ? Thousands of hand looms in Zurich and St. Gall turn out the
richest of silks, laces, and embroideries. Swiss muslins are sold all over
the world. Geneva watches and engraved and enamelled jewelry command
high prices. Straw braid for hats, wood-carvings, leather goods, fine
machinery, and scientific instruments are other characteristic products. The
Swiss maintain technical schools to train workmen for their factories. Besides
textiles, we import cheese, clocks and watches, aniline dyes, and rcnnel
from Switzerland, and sell her raw cotton, iron and steel goods, and chemicals.
Swiss trade is mainly with her neighbors, France, Germany and Italy.

Written Work. — l. On outline trade map write our exports to and our imports
from Switzerland, a. On a similar map locate manufacturing cities and the chief
product of each.

55. Norway and Sweden are now distinct kingdoms.
Describe the surface of these countries (LVII, 9), Less than
one-twentieth of the soil of Norway and one-tenth of that of
Sweden is fit for cultivation, thus the population is sparse.
Half the Swedes and one-fourth the Norwegians are farmers,
and yet the land is so poor that food has to be imported.
Norway has more sailors and ships, according to her popula-
tion, than any other country. Compare with other nations (Fig-
21). The numerous swift mountain streams furnish power for
5000 saw mills. The forests of Norway are nearly exhausted,
but Sweden is the largest lumber exporting country in the
world. The mining and manufacture of iron is the second
largest industry in Sweden. Swedish iron made from charcoal
is used for hardening steel. How does the country rank in this
product (Fig. 17)?

The fisheries are very valuable, employing fifty thousand men. The banks
near the Lofoten Islands are, next to those of Canada, the most valuable
fishing-grounds in the world. Manufacturing is not extensive. CoaiK

EUROPE.

extitcs, wood-pulp, and matches are the chief ones. The United States buys
ron, wood-pulp and fish of these countries and sells them cotton, oil, bread-
Itufiis, farm tools, leather, and tobacco. How does the balance of trade stand
«ith them (Table VI) ? From what source besides exports does money come
into these countries ?

Written Work. — i. Color on outline map of the world the lumber producing
coontries (Fig. 6). a. Fill out on outline map of Norway and Sweden the exports to
Kod imports from the United States.

56. Spain and Portugal (LVIII).— Describe the surface;
climate; natural resources. The dry climate of Spain is due to
the mountains that border the coast. Only the coast plains and
river valleys are fertile. Agriculture in the central plateau re-
gion depends on irrigation. What are the mineral products?
These are not much used in manufacturing, but are exported as
raw materials to be manufactured in Great Britain, Germany, and
France. Seventy-five per cent, of the people are illiterate, which
belps to account for the backward condition of all industries in

Fig. 34.

Spain. How does Spain rank in the production of barley (Fig.
341? Wool (Fig. 45) ? Coal (Fig. II)? Spain is the largest iron-
exporting country in Europe. In what part is the iron found
^p.87)? The port of Bilbao ships most of it? How do these
countries rank in copper (Fig. 13)? What is the silver produc-
tion of Spain (Fig. 25)? Besides cotton we sell to Spain chiefly
tobacco, lumber, and kerosene, and receive from her cork, wine,
fruits, nuts, pyrites, and licorice. From Portugal we receive
Cork, wine, argol, rubber, and cocoa. From what colonies might
Portugal obtain the last two articles (LXXVIII) ? Pyrites is an
iron ore from which sulphur is obtained. Argol is a name given
to the settlings of wine : from it important medicines are made.
Our exports to Portugal are the same as to Spain. Compare the
Values of the exports and imports of each of these countries and
find the balance of trade (Table VI).

Written Work. — l. On trade map write our exchanges with Spain and Portugal.
3. Locate on outline map of Europe the chief cities and ports of Spain and Portugal ;
tell what each city is noted for (LVIII).

57. Italy. — What does Italy comprise (LVIII) j Describe its
surface. Its fisheries. What are the minora! products ? Is
there coal? What are its agricultural products? Much of the
'and is rich, but it is mostly owned in large estates, and does not
produce food enough for the people. Many Italian peasants

emigrate, large numbers coming to this country. The lack of
coal is a drawback to manufacturing, yet cotton, silk and woolen
goods are made in the large cities, fine glass at Venice, cutlery at
Milan, straw goods at Leghorn, and coral jewelry at Venice and
Florence. Venetian glass, Leghorn hats, and Etruscan jewelry
are famous. Red coral is found near the west coast ; its manu-
facture is an old Italian industry, amounting to many million
dollars a year. What is the value of the foreign trade of Italy
(Table VI) ? How do her exports and imports compare ? What
is her rank in shipping (Fig. 21)? She sells more goods to her
neighbors, Switzerland, Germany, and France, than elsewhere;
these are chiefly raw materials and fruits. Describe her trade with
us (Tables III, IV). We also buy of Italy sulphur, olive oil,
cheese, straw braid, marble, and wine, and sell to her tobacco,
lumber and kerosene.

Written Work. — i. Locateon map the chief Italian cities and write a statement
about each. 3, On outline map indicate our trade with Italy.

58. The Balkan States take their name from the Balkan
Mountains. — Locate Greece (LIX). Describe surface and coast.
What are its natural divisions? Its occupations? Its chief ex-
ports? Greece imports about two-thirds of the grain and flour
it uses. It buys coal of Great Britain, and petroleum of Russia.
Of the United States Greece buys kerosene, cotton, and machin-
ery, and sells us fruit, cheese, marble, licorice, and valonia (LIX),
How do its imports and exports compare (Table V)? What is
its chief port? What part do the Grecians take in the trade of
the Levant (LIX)? They pay in part for their imports with
the earnings of their ships. What other countries do this

(48,55)?

Of what does Turkey consist ? What is the surface ? Climate ?
Coast? Resources? What are the manufactures of Constanti-
nople? Adrianople? Salonica? What is the value of its ex-
ports? Imports (Table VI)? What are its chief exports (LIX)?
Our chief imports from Turkey are carpets, tobacco, hides, and
opium. Find value from Table IV. We sell to her meats, cot-
ton, steel, and leather. Value? What are its harbors (p. 89)?
What is the " Golden Horn " ?

There are very few schools in Turkey, and the government is bad. As
the Turks have no such carrying trade as Greece, they have nothing to offset
the excess of their imports over their exports, and the countr>' is practically
bankrupt. Constantinople is a famous market for oriental goods, especially
carpets and rugs. Many merchants in America and Europe send buyers
there every year.

Roumanian Bulgaria^ Scrvia, Montenegro. — Locate these states
(map, p. 98). Describe the surface of each (map, p. 87).
What are the chief occupations in each? What are the prod-
ucts? Find the chief cities in each. These countries are now
free from Turkey under whose rule they long suffered from bad
government. They are improving in education and industries.
Their trade is almost entirely with European countries. Yet,
like Russia, they buy agricultural implements of us. Our
imports from these states are almost entirely hides and goat
skins.

Written Work. — i. Draw anoutline map of the Balkan States and locate the chief
ports, manufacturing cities, and productions. 3. On a similar map write our exporu
to these countries and our imports from them.

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

59- Austria- Hungary. — Locate Austria- Hungary (LXHI).
What is its surface? Its minerals? Its agricultural products?
Half the people are farmers. How does it rank in the produc-
tion of wheat (Fig. 3)? Rye (Fig. 31)? Barley (Fig. 34)? Where
is its manufacturing region ? What are its chief manufactures?
Locate the following cities and tell for what industries each
is noted : Vienna ; Prague ; Gratz ; Brunn ; Budapest ; Szegedin ;
Lemberg ; Williczka ; Berchtesgaden. Compare the imports
and exports of Austria-Hungary (Table V). How does it rank
in shipping (Fig. 21)? What is the value of its trade with us
(Table V)? Its trade is almost entirely with northern Europe.
It sells half its food exports to Germany, and buys one third
of its imports there. The leading imports are cotton, coal,
silk, wool, copper, and machinery. She sells to us flax, beet-
sugar, glass-ware, beer, and hides, and buys raw cotton, copper,
kerosene, and machinery. It has considerable trade with eastern
countries, supplying the leading imports of Roumania, Bulgaria,
and Servia, and handling their exports. What is peculiar about
the government (LXIII)? The progress of the country is much
hindered by the quarrels of different races forming the population.

Written Work. — i. On outline map of Central Kurope place tiie chief cities
and railroads of Austria- Hungary. Write a statement about each manufacturing city.
3. Write a paragraph comparing the industrial development of Austria-Hungary with
that of Germany, giving reasons for the difference. 3. On trade map place our
exchanges with Austria- Hungary.

60. Russia.— Where is Russia? What is its size (LVII)?
Its climate ? Its surface? Its mineral wealth? Animal? Vcg.
etable? What are the chief pursuits of the people? Nine-

250 500

750

- I

J 000

'Rt/S'SfAN EMPIRE

'GERMANr

AUSTSfA-HUVOAHY

REST OF

EUROPE

IN MILLION BUSHELS, 1904.

iXutH TED. STATES itothlcrop, t,T*o Mtu-ipN bushels]

OTHER COifff TRIES

Fic. 35.

tenths of the people are farmers. Russia is the greatest grain-
raising country in the world. (Compare Figs 2, 4. 35, 36.) The
manufacturing is done mostly in a few large cities ; it consists
chiefly of cotton goods, articles of leather, wood, steel, clay, and
paper, chemicals, tobacco, and sugar. Home manufacturers nearly
supply the home market. What do you know of government and
education in Russia ? What are the peculiarities of its internal
trade (LVIII, 3) ? The trade of the country is mainly domestic.
There is a high tariff on all manufactured goods for the purpose
of encouraging home production. Our agricultural implements
and machinery are admitted at a lower rate than other goods,
to improve the farmer. Germany and Great Britain have about
half the Russian trade. What is its trade with China (LVII, 6)?
With what nation is its chief maritime trade? What are the
amounts of its exports and imports (Table VI)? How do they
compare? What is its trade with us? Russia sells us hides,
wool, hemp, and flax, and buys cotton, copper, and farm

too

150

200

250

360

RUSSIAN EMPIRE

OmTED STATES

GERMANr \

AUSTft/A~ffi/f.'CARr

JAPAN

SPAIN

\ WORLD'S BARLET CROP

: IN million BUSHELSJ 904.
1 [TOTAL CROP. I.I6J MILLION BUSHELS]

UmTED KINGDOM \

(tWER QOUN TRIES

Fig. 36.

machinery, which is the best in the world (Table III).
is its chief commercial city (LVII, 8 )? For what indi
is Moscow noted? Warsaw? Odessa? Cronstadt ? K
Saratov? Archangel? Astrakhan? Riga?

Written Work. — l. On outline map of Europe write our exports to Ru!
our imports. 2, Locate the chief cities and write a statement about each.

South America.

61. Physical Features. — (Review Map Studies, p. 76.)
pare the Atlantic and Pacific slopes as to extent and 1
Which has the greater commercial advantages? Why?
products are brought down the Amazon ? The Ori:
The La Plata? How are goods transported from the .f
plateaus to the coast (LI 1 1)? Which coast is more produ(
Why? Compare the climates of the eastern and western (
at the equator; at the tropic of Capricorn; at 10" South lat
Account for the difference. Describe the climate of the /
Highland ; of the Selvas ; of the Pampas. What is the efft
products?

Commerce is greatly hindered by natural impediments to transpor
Among these are poor harbors, mountain ranges cut by swift strean
gorges, unhealthy coast plains, and interior marshes.

Written Work. — l. On outline map of South America write the leading
cultivated; the leading minerals. 2. On another map draw the navigable rivt
name them.

62. The People of South America. — About 80^ o
people of South America can neither read nor write. M<
the inhabitants of the interior are wild Indians. How
intelligence affect production ? Why will an intelligent f
raise more and better crops than an ignorant one ? Name
occupations that ignorant laborers can not engage in.

The people of South America have republican fori
government, but ambitious leaders keep them disturbed bj
wars. In what ways does this disturb production ? Good v
roads are found along the coast, but in the interior the roai
chiefly mule paths. Numerous lines of railroad run from
towns for short distances into the interior, but the great
of the continent, except in Argentina, is still a wilderness.

SOUTH AMERICA.

The La Plata countries and Brazil have been greatly helped by foreign
immigration and foreign capital. Nearly 2,000.000 Europeans have come
to these countries during the last twenty-five years, and have built up impor-
tant manufacturing industries. British, French or German capitalists
control the more important railroads, mines, and the larger farming and
stock-raising industries. What have you learned about the people of South
America (L. 5)?

Written Work. — I. Make a list of the occupations that a person who does not
know bow to read and write cannot engage in. What does this show about the value
of education? 3. Write a paragraph on the races of South America.

63. Our Trade Relations with South America. — In our

trade with the countries of South America we can see the effects
of distance and of poor transportation. From Table VI find
our share of the foreign trade of Venezuela; of Colombia; of
Brazil ; of Argentina, Chile, and Peru. How does distance seem
to affect it? What is the latitude of New York? Of Rio?
How much farther east is the latter port ? Measure the distance
from Para to Europe ; to New York ; notice that South America
is about as near to Europe as to the United States.

But a great hindrance to our trade with South America is the
lack of regular and frequent steamship-service. Fifty European
vessels to one American vessel enter the ports of Rio and Val-
paraiso. The South American merchant ordering goods from
Europe is sure of their prompt delivery; but he may have to
wait a month before receiving them from the United States.
The European merchant also allows him a longer time in which
to pay for them.

South America needs our manufactured goods and we need the raw
products and foods of her tropical countries. Many of these now go first to
Europe and are then brought to us, thereby increasing the cost. Many
American goods also, destined for South American ports, are first car-
ried to Europe and then forwarded to their destination. This is because
there is better service between Europe and the United States and between
Europe and South America than there is between the United States and
South America. Thus both our exports and imports are carried at the
greatest disadvantage. It is also said by our consuls residing in South
America that American merchants fail to secure trade because they do not
prepare goods according to the tastes and needs of the South American
people. Circulars and labels that are put on goods are printed in English,
slanguage which the people cannot read. What languages should be used ?

Written Work. — i. Make a list of all the things which hinder our trade with
Sooth America and tell how each alTccts trade.

64. Brazil. — Describe the location and physical features of
Brazil (LI). Compare with the United States as to size and
population. What are the products of the coast plain ? The
highlands? The Amazon Valley? In what parts of Brazil do
you find stock (p. 77) ? Are there many harbors along the coast ?
Name the ports that have railroads leading inland (Map, p. yy).
These roads bring the beef, hides, cotton, coffee, and other prod-
ucts of the coast and highland regions to the seaboard. Many of
these coast towns have developed manufacturing industries.

Cottons, woolens, silks, and carpets are made at Rio, Nictheroy, Maran-
fcao, Porto Allegre, and Rio Grande do Sui. There are numerous sugar
oiills and a few refineries in Campos, Bahia, and Pernambuco. Flour,
Kather goods, and articles of wood are made at various places.

Most of the people of Brazil are engaged in agriculture.
The cultivated lands are almost entirely within a few hundred
Oiiles of the coast. Coffee and sugar are the leading products.
Cotton, hides, cocoa, tobacco, are next in value.

What other farm and forest products come from Brazil ? What of its
'Bineral wealth ? Coal and petroleum are both found, but are mined in small

quantities. Gold and diamonds are the most valuable mineral products.
Monazite sand, used in making mantles for incandescent electric lights, is a
growing export. Besides coffee, rubber, and sugar, Brazil sends to the
United States, dyes, nuts, cocoa, and hides. Our largest exports to that
country are wheat flour, kerosene, machinery, and hardware. Besides these,
lard and bacon, scientific apparatus, cottons, cotton-seed oil, and engines are
most important.

Written Work. — i. On outline map of South America write the chief productions
of Brazil and the leading towns and seaports. 2. On a similar map write our
exports to and our imports from that country, 3, On outline map of the world
shade the coffee-growing countries (see index under coffee).

65. Coffee and Rubber are the chief products of Brazil.
forming five-sixths of the total exports of the country. The
eastern slopes of the Brazilian Andes are the richest coffee
region in the world. The soil is a reddish volcanic ash, rich
in iron, which seems necessary to successful coffee culture.

The original home of the coffee tree was in Yemen, in Southern Arabia,
where Mocha, the most expensive variety, is still grown. The tree is an ever-
green growing to the height of about 25 feet if left to itself, but it is pruned
down to grow as a spreading shrub to an average height of ten feet. Itgrows
only in the tropics, and best on well-watered mountain sides. It cannot
endure the hot sun, and so on the lower mountain levels is cultivated in the
shade of larger trees. The fruit is a berry of the size and appearance of a
cranberry. It contains usually two "beans." which are removed by crushing
or " pulping" the fruit when ripe. The coffee beans are then dried in the
sun for a few days, after which the seed coats which cover them are removed
by machinery. The coffee is then graded according to size by allowing it
to roll down a tube or sieve pierced with holes of different sizes. But the
quality does not depend on size alone. The full-rounded beans are the best.
In Arabia and Turkey skilled workmen sort the coffee by hand, the best
grades of hand-sorted coffee often bringing four or five dollars a pound.
Coffee is put up in bags of 132 pounds each and is then ready for export.
What part of the world's supply ot coffee does Brazil produce ?

The name " ludia-rubher " indicates what was once the chief
source and use of this substance. An American named Charles
Goodyear discovered in 1842 a way of hardening rubber by
melting sulphur with it so that it could be worked into any
form desired. This process is called *' vulcanizing," and was the
beginning of one of the greatest of our manufacturing industries.

Where is rubber obtained (index) ? The chief industry of the Amazon
is rubber-gathering. The men go in boats up the river and its branches to the
rubber groves. The trees are gashed with a hatchet and a cup put under-
neath the wound to catch the milky juice which slowly oozes out. When a
quantity of the sap is obtained it is taken to the camp and coagulated. This is
done by dipping a wooden paddle in the juice and then holding it in the smoke
from burning palm nuts. The juice thickens and changes to the familiar
reddish-brown of rubber. The paddle is then dipped again and again until
a coating of rubber weighing several pounds adheres to it. This is then cut
through on one side and removed. The rubber is taken by boats to Para or
Manaos, where it sells for about fifty-five cents a pound. The usual annual
product of Brazil is about 3.000 tons, half of which is exported to the
United States.

Written Work. — i. On outline map of the world indicate by shading the
cotTee-growing regions. 2. In the same way indicate rubber>producing regions,
(See maps and index.)

66. The Guiana Colonies and Venezuela.— What nations
own the Guiana colonies (LI)? Describe the surface and
climate ; animal life ; productions and exports. The climate of
these colonies is too unhealthy for Europeans, and the work
on the plantation is done by negroes. Cane sugar has long been
the chief product, but the fall in price due to the competition of
beet sugar has compelled many planters to raise coffee, cocoa,
tobacco, and rice instead.

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

The low strip of coast is the only cultivated land; back of this is a rough,
mountainoua country where considerable gold is washed out of the sandy
beds of mountain streams. Our imports from the Guianas are cocoa,
sugar, and small amounts of coffee and phosphate rock. We sell them
flour, meatt cloth, kerosene, steel, and manufactures of wood.

Venezuela lies mainly in the Orinoco Valley. Describe the sur-
face of the other parts. The country is largely forest-covered
and unexplored. The northern highlands about Caracas and
Valencia are the chief farming region. What are the two lead-
ing products (LI)? Many cattle are raised on the llanos. The
hides are the most valuable part of the animal and are exported.
What metals are mined? Next to coffee and cocoa, asphalt
is the largest export. For what is asphalt used ? Rubber,
cabinet and dyewoods, vanilla, and copaiba balsam, a valuable
medicine, are obtained from the forests.

As in the case of other South American countries, civil wars have retarded
the growth of population and industries. How many people are there to the
square mile in Venezuela ? Compare with the United States. What are the
chief cities ? They are built on the highlands at a distance from the sea
and are connected with the nearest ports by short lines of railroad. The
United States has half of Venezuela's trade, buying most of her coffee and
asphalt and selling her cotton, butter, lard, hams, flour, kerosene, and lumber.
Written Work, — I. On an outline map of Venezuela, locate chief towns and
products. 2, On an outline map of South America write our imports from Venezuela
and our exports to that country.

67. Colombia. — In what natural divisions of the continent
does Colombia lie (LII, 4)? How do the Andes affect the
climate and vegetation (LII, 5)? How do they affect trans-
portation ? What are the products of each natural section ?
The plateaus along the Cauca and Magdalena rivers are the
most valuable and healthful parts of the country. The climate
and products of these plateaus are those of the temperate zone.
Along the coasts, sugar, coffee, cacao, and fruits are grown. The
mountain regions are rich in minerals. Coal and iron occur
together near Bogota and have given rise to iron industries.
But the cities of Colombia cannot use home coal, for it costs
more to bring it from the mines on the backs of mules than to
import it from the United States.

A large part of Colombia is in the upper Amazon Valley. Much of it
is forest-covered, yielding the same products as Venezuela. The llanos
also extend into Colombia, where many cattle are raised, and leather and
shoes are made from the.hides at Barranquilla. Cattle, hides, "jerked " beef,
and tobacco are largely exprorted to the West Indies. Coffee, cocoanuts,
hides, and bananas are sent to the United States in return for our cottons,
flour, meats, iron and steel, shoes, coal, and kerosene. What is the entire
value of Colombia's foreign trade (Table VI)? What is our share of it?
What is the density of population? Name sonic circumstances that interfere
with production in Colombia. Manufactures are very crude, embracing
hats, shoes, iron, candles, soap, and liquors.

Written Work. — l. Draw sketch map and locate chief towns and industries.
a. On the trade map write our exports to and imports from Colombia.

68. Ecuador. — (LII.) This country is crossed by the Andes in
two lofty ranges. What surface divisions do they make? Effect
on climate ? Both the eastern and western slopes are forested,
also the northern part of the coast plain. Rubber, cinchona,
ivory, and Brazil nuts are found. The warm lowlands pro-
duce cacao, sugar, and cotton. The mountain slopes yield
coffee. The plateaus yield grain and fruits, but the cost of
carrying them down to the coast towns by mules is so great
that foodstuffs are imported. What minerals are found ? Gold

is the only metal mined. The only important manufacture is
Panama hats, in which the workmen are very expert.

These are made from a fiber obtained from the midrib of the leaf of th,
screw pine. The fiber is very fine and must be plaited under water, or wher-^
the air is moist. The hat is woven in one circular piece and then press^jj
into any desired shape. They command a high price, ranging from five to
fifty dollars each. The name comes from the fact that these hats were firsr
imported by way of the Isthmus of Panama.

Ecuador is the largest producer of cocoa, which forms three-
fourths of the exports. It is exported mainly to France. Much
goes also to Spain, Great Britain, and the United States. Rub-
ber, coffee, ivory, and hides are other leading exports. Woolen
and cotton goods are the largest imports from Europe. From
the United States Ecuador imports lard, cottons, flour, iron and
steel, and kerosene.

Transportation is poorly provided for. A railroad is about half completed
from Guayaquil to Quito. Besides this there are only bridle paths. Trade
with the United States goes by way of the Panama Railway; with other coun-
tries, by steamer around Cape Horn.

Written Work. — l. Write on trade map our exports to Ecuador and our
imports from that country. 2. Write a paragraph on the natural divisions and
products of Ecuador.

69. The Cacao Tree grows best in a warm, moist climate,
on low grounds where the soil is rich and deep. The region
near Guayaquil has upwards of 40,cxX),ooo of cacao trees.
The Island of St. Thomas in the Gulf of Guinea, the Venezuela
coast, Ceylon, and Java rank next in the production of cacao.

The tree is an evergreen with smooth leaves, growing to a height of eighteen
feet. The fruit is a fleshy pod, thicker at the center than at the ends. It has
five cells, each of which contains from twenty to thirty thick, almond-shaped
seeds. The preparation for market consists in removing the seeds from the
pods and bur)'ing them in green leaves, where they are allowed to ferment
for a week. The heat of fermentation removes a bitter taste and prevents
the seeds from sprouting. They are then dried and rubbed to remove any
gummy matter which adheres to them. The seed coats when removed are
" cocoa shells " and are used for making the drink called "cocoa." The
beans contain an oil which is extracted by heating and forms a nutritious
food known as " cocoa butter." When the beans are ground to a dry pow-
der we have cocoa. When ground with sugar and pressed into cakes the
product is called "chocolate."

All forms of cocoa are valuable foods and much used in

tropical countries. Spain, France, Portugal, and the United

States are also large consumers.

Written Work. — i. On outline map of the world shade all the regions produ-
cing cacao. 2. Write on the uses of the products of the cacao-tree.

70, Peru. — (Review LII I.) What is the size and population of
Peru ? Density of population ? Half the people are native
Indians. Describe the climate. Why is the coast region rain-
less? Cotton, coffee, and sugar are cultivated with the help of
irrigation. What have you learned about Peruvian cotton (lO)?
The products of the plateaus and forests resemble those of
Ecuador. What do you know of the mines of Peru? The
entire products of the mines are worth many millions of dollars
annually. Most metals are exported in the ore, to be smelted
and refined in foreign countries. What does this teach us of
the civilization of the Peruvians ? What are the important rail-
roads of Peru {see map of South America) ? They connect tbe
seaport towns with the mines and farming centers of the interior.

A plant peculiar to this part of South America is the coca shni''-
A medicine, cocaine, much used at present in surgical operations, is n^'

SOUTH AMERICA.

■J^

I
SUSSIAN EUPIHE

UNiTED StflTES

SO. AFmcs

GESMANY

from it and is exported. What animal furnishes an article of export ?
Guano is gathered on the Island of Lobos near the coast. Straw hats, cotton
ud woolen cloth, boots and shoes, and other common necessities are manu-
factured at Lima and Cuzco.

The native Indians of the Amazon Valley ship large quantities of rubber
down the river from Iquitos. Cinchona, dyes, and medicinal plants are also
gathered in the forests.

Peru has her largest trade with Great Britain and Germany, the United
Sutes standing third. Find what part of Peru's trade we have (Table VI).
Her chief exports to this country are sugar, cotton, coca, wool, hides, and
guano. She imports from the United States machinery, lumber, flour,
wagons, cars, and icerosene.

Written Work. — i. On an outline map of Pern locate the chief cities and the
railroads. 2. On trade map write our exports to Peru and our imports from that
coanlry,

71. Bolivia has fertile prairies in the southeast and dense for-
ests in the north. Describe the highland region (LIII). By
what two river systems may Bolivian commerce reach the sea ?
By what two railroads ? Besides these, pack-trains of mules and
llamas carry ores to the railway in Argentina whence they are
exported by way of Buenos Aires. Mining is the leading (_
industry. What metals are found ? Borax is gathered from
the Ascotin lakes in the southwest, and some gold, bis-
muth, and antimony are found. ahcentiha

The plateau regions, where three-fourths of the people live, produce
corn, wheat, barley, fruits, and vegetables. The country about Tarija
is a very garden, and noted for large crops. From the forests of the AUSTfiAUA
North increasing amounts of rubber, cinchona bark, and coca are sent
down the Amazon to Para, and stock-raising is increasing on the east- NEW ZEALUND
ern plains. The Bolivians are few in number and poor, and English
and German money, skill, and machinery carry on the mining opera-
tions. Trade is hindered by high freights, and consists in the exchange
of ores and metals for cotton and woolen goods, machinery, and hard-
ware. No goods from Bolivia reach the United States, except through
other countries, and we sell her, directly only, a small amount of cotton
cloth and hardware.

MTritten V/ork.-^l. Write a paragraph on the trade routes of Bolivia. 2. On out-
line map locate the cities and productions.

72. Chile is, next to Argentina, the most progressive of South
American countries. What minerals are produced? Copper is
the chief metal. Give rank of Chile in copper production
(fig- 13)' Gold, sulphur, silver, guano, and coal are found.
But nitrate of soda is the most valuable mineral deposit. What
(io you know of this (LIII)?

The nitrate deposits lie near the surface in the desert of Atacama. It is
broken up by blasts introduced below the beds. It is refined by dissolving
the crude rock in hot water from which the pure nitrate of soda crystallizes
in cooling. Iodine, a drug used in medicine and photography, is obtained
from the liquid left after crystallization.

The long, narrow valley of Central Chile is one of the most
fertile regions in the world, and supports three-fourths of the
entire population. Large numbers of horses, cattle, pigs, sheep,
and goats are raised. The grains of the temperate zones, fruits,
and vegetables flourish. Southern Chile has large forests, and
vehicles and furniture are made. What other manufactures has
Chile (LIII, 11)? Chile has fine highways, nearly 3,000 miles of
railroads, and about 700 miles of navigable rivers. How does
she rank in foreign trade (Table V) ? How does the balance of
trade stand ?

Our imports from Chile are mainly nitrate of soda, wool, copper, and lead.
^"C nitrate is used in making fertilizers and cliemicals, such as niter and
*^hing and baking soda. Gunpowder is made from niter, sulphur, and
'^'larcoal. How do our imports compare in value with our exports ? These

are chieBy cottons, kerosene, iron and steel goods, lumber, farming tools, and
machinery.

Written Work. — l. Malce a.sketcb map of Chile and locate the railroads, sea-
ports, and cities ; write a statement about the trade of each port. 2. On trade map
write our exports to Chile and our imports from that country.

73. Argentina is the chief farming and stock-raising country
of South America It has the most railroads and the largest
commerce. In manufactures it stands next to Brazil. How
doeg the lack of coal and water-power affect them ? Describe
the surface (LIV), Climate. The rainfall, except in the north-
east, is light, much of the soil requiring irrigation. Explain this :
How does Argentina rank in sheep (Fig. 3^? Cattle (Fig. 9)?
Wool (Fig. 40) ? Wheat (Fig. 2) ?

About 30,000,000 cattle and 75,000,000 sheep are pastured on the pampas.
The public lands are sold in large tracts to the ranchmen, who divide it into
sections and fence it with wire. A few men can thus take care of large
herds. The ranch owners are mostly Englishmen and Scotchmen. The
best cows are kept for dairy purposes. The best beef cattle are shipped alive

!^_

3.0

r, , ,Y,,

AtiSTRtA-HOMSA/ir

asEEP or

IhihTILLION HEAD, 1903.

Fig. 36.

to Europe. Fat sheep and lambs are also sent in the same way. But the
live animals are only equal to one-sixteenth of the frozen and dried beef
exported. The largest refrigerating plant for meat in the world is at Buenos
Aires. A million carcasses of beef and three million of sheep are frozen and
exported annually.

Wheat, corn, flax, and sugar are the chief farm crops. The
production of grain increases and stock-raising diminishes as the
population grows more numerous. Argentina has mines and
forests in the far north where railroads have not yet reached.
A small amount only of gold, silv.er, and copper is mined, and
some cabinet wood is exported. Manufactures are mainly grain
sacks, leather, textiles, and hats. Structural iron is made and
some sugar is refined.

Argentina imports textiles, clothing, pottery, glass, and machinery from
Great Britain and Germany. From the United States she receives farming
machinery, oil, lumber, twine, wire, railroad supplies, tools, and hardware.
Next to animal products and wheat, flaxseed and sugar are important exports.
We buy of Argentina raw wool, hides, goatskins, and the bones, horns, and
hoofs of the cattle slaughtered. What use do wc make of these things ?

T/ii^ Falkland Islands belong to Great Britain. They produce
a nutritious grass for cattle called " tussac grass." Cattle, horses,
and sheep are extensively raised. The exports are wool, hides,
skins, and leather. These are exchanged with the mother coun-
try for manufactured goods.

Written Work. — l. On outline map of Argentina place the navigable rivers.
railroads, important cities and ports. 2. Make a production map locating leading
products and industries. 3. On outline trade map 611 in our exports to and
our imports from Argentina.

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPffF.

74. Uru£:uay and Paraguay. — (Review LIV.) Uruguay is a
level, fertile plain with abundant navigable waterways. Graz-
ing is the chief industry, though agriculture is increasing.
Wheat, flax, and the vine are cultivated. The wool product
exceeds a hundred million pounds, and is the largest export.
Seven-eighths the total exports are animal products. What is
their value (Table VI) ? What is the value of the imports?
We sell Uruguay oil, naval stores, cotton cloth, and many small
wares.

A German company has an immense establishment at Fray
Bentos for the manufacture of beef extract. " Jerked " beef is
the largest meat export, but salted and refrigerated beef and
mutton are increasing in amount. The flour and grain export is
in value next to that of animal products.

There are no manufactures of importance, and Uruguay imports various
foods, tobacco, textiles, clothing, and iron and steel goods. From the United
States she imports farm tools, oil, clotii, and lumber, and sells to us the same
products that we receive from Argentina. What is their value ?

Paraguay is a rich farming and fruit-growing region. De-
scribe its transportation facilities; its soil; climate; products.
What are the exports? Tobacco, manioc, sugar, and oranges
are leading products.

Mats is a product peculiar to Paraguay. The shrub from which the
leaves are obtained resembles a small orange tree. The leaves are
roasted and pounded into powder. This is sewed up in hides and ex-
ported to the neighboring countries to the annual value of about a million
dollars.

Our exports to Paraguay consist of hardware, kerosene,
and canvas ; our imports are hides and vegetable extracts.
There is no line of railway completed to Montevideo or
Buenos Aires but goods are sent part way by water. The
manufactures of Paraguay are leather, furniture, cigars, and
earthenware. Spirits are distilled from the juice of the sugar
cane. England furnishes half the imports. What is our share
of them ?

Written Work. — l. On an outline map show the rivers, r.iilroads, and towns of
Paraguay and Uruguay. 2. Write on trade map our exports to and our imports
from these countries. 3. On outline map of the world shade the chief cattle-raising
countries.

Asia.

75. Physical Features.— (Review Map Studies and
LXIV.) How does Asia compare in size and population with the
other continents? The interior is so elevated and so far from
the sea that it receives too little rain to grow crops. A large
part of it is a desert and the rest thinly settled. Describe the
northern part of the continent. The bulk of the people live on
the eastern and southern coasts, which receive abundant moisture
from the monsoons (XII, 5). These coasts are deeply indented
by numerous seas which afford inland waterways for ships and
have led to an extensive coasting trade. Chinese junks throng
these seas and ascend far up the rivers. The valleys along these
rivers are the most fertile parts of Asia and furnish nearly all the
vegetable products that the people of Asia have to sell. Locate
eight of the river valleys of Asia and name some of the prod-
ucts of each. (Physical Map.) The plateaus and desert re-
gions of the interior form about a third of the continent.

These are not only unproductive,^ but they separate the produc-
tive regions and act as barriers to commerce. Name three of
the deserts ; four of the plateaus.

The land of Central and Northern Asia slopes gently toward the Arctic
Ocean. But as this ocean and the rivers emptying into it are blocked wjti
ice during the greater part of the year, there is no outlet for trade in tha
direction. Much of the dry interior is basin-shaped. How does this afftci
the drainage ? What do you know of the salt lakes of this region (LXIV, 3 '■

The chief mineral regions are among the Caucasus, Ural, Altai, and Pc.
ling mountains. Locate each of these ranges and name the minerals found ir,
each.

Where are the " Steppes " of Asia ? What do they produce (LXIV ■
What are the Monsoons (LXV)? What are the disadvantages of a wet arc 1
dry season? How does the direction of mountains affect the climate of Cen-
tral and Southern Asia? The vast chains of continental islands bordering
Asia are a part of that continent and of equal importance with the mainlanii.
Name some of these islands. They are very productive and are more pro-
gressive than many of the countries of the mainland.

Written Work. — On outline map of Asia draw the rivers and mountain raogn
and write the leading productions of each country.

76. People, Industries, Commerce. — (Review LXV.) Asia is
the home of oldest civilized nations of the world. They have,
however, for many centuries been unprogressive. This has been
due in part to the physical barriers which separate them from
each other and from other continents, and in part to their
observance of ancient customs and religions. What races are
found in Asia? What religions prevail? Which three nation>
leads in civilization in Asia ? Industries are not highly advanced
among the people of Asia. Nine-tenths of them are farmers.
Methods of cultivation and farming utensils are rude and clumsy,
except in some of the European colonies where modern methods
have been introduced.

China, India, and Western Asia have since the earliest time^
been famous for the manufacture of silk and woolen goods,
carpets, rugs, and a great variety of metal work. But their
methods of hand-manufacture have been so far surpassed by
modern machinery that the nations of Asia instead of selling
textiles to Europe arenjw buying them from that continent and
from America.

In spite of their methods of production and difficulties of transportation
Asia has always had an extensive inland and foreign commerce. What dj
you know of this commerce {LXVI. 4; LXIX. 3; LX, I ; LXXl. 5)? Wha:
about methods of transportation? How has transportation been improved in
recent times (p. 108)? What railroads now connect Asia with Europe:
Trace the route from Hankau to St. Petersburg ; from Central Asia to St.
Petersburg. Which country of Asia has the most railroads (p. 67)? \Vi;y
does the foreign trade of countries having railroads exceed that of countries
having none ?

Written Work. — i. Make a list of the countries of Asia, of the races inhabiting
each, of the religions of each and the leading occupations in each.

77. The Chinese Empire.— (Review LXVI.) Of what does
the Empire consist? Compare it with the United States in area
and population. What is the character of the Chinese? How
do they rank in education ? Describe the surface, minerals,
occupations, and productions. What are the two great staple
products and exports? Compare China with the other countries
in the extent of its coal fields; in the production of coal (Fig.
11). China has many roads traversing the Empire in ever)'
direction, but they are in such bad condition that wheelbarrows,
carts, and mules are the only means of transportation that can

ASIA.

27.

be used. About 3,000 miles of railway are now in operation, and
telegraph lines extend from Pekin into every part of the Empire.
A large trade is carried on between China proper and the
provinces of Tibet, Mongolia, and Sin-Kiang; tea, rice, beans,
and manufactured goods are exchanged for metals, animals, silk,
wool, and cotton. What do you know of the caravan trade ?

What are the leading manufactures of China? For what
inventions are they famous ? Owing to foreign competition the
Chinese have been forced to make use of modern machinery.
Cotton mills are now in operation at Canton and Shanghai ;
machines for reeling silk (silk filatures) are used in many places,
and ovens for curing tea are taking the place of hand labor.
Near Hankau is a rolling mill- which turns out 300 steel rails per
day. Flour and rice mills are taking the place of the old hand
machinery for grinding.

What do you know of the foreign trade of China? Forty-three ports now
admit foreign ships. Commercial nations have been eager to trade with
China because her large population furnishes a market for low-priced goods,
and the development of her natural resources will supply the people with
money to buy them. Silk and tea are the chief exports from China, but she
also sells raw cotton, wool, beans, hides and skins, opium, straw matting,
and paper. Each of these products comes to this country. Her largest pur-
chases from us are cotton cloths, kerosene, tobacco, and lumber. Great
Britain has the largest share of the Chinese trade. What part of China's
exports do we buy ? What part of her imports do we sell to her (Table VI)?
Russia buys about one-half the tea exported. By what routes does it go
(LXVI)? Fully one-half the total exports and imports of the Empire are
handled by British merchants through the port of Hong-Kong. This is the
British crown colony at the mouth of the Canton River. It includes a small
island and part of the mainland. Hong-Kong is the most important port in
the East and one of the greatest in the world. It is a naval and coaling sta-
tion and a free port, no duties being collected on goods passing through it.

Written V^orlc — i. On outline map of Asia write the leading productions of
the Chinese Empire and locale the chief cities. 2. On a similar map write our
exports to and our imports from China.

78. Silk and Tea were first cultivated in China. The art of
weaving silk is said to have been known there 4,500 years ago.
Since the worm which spins the fiber feeds only upon the leaves
of the mulberry tree, silk culture is confined to those places
where the mulberry grows. The worms are hatched and fed
under cover, as cold or wet weather causes them to spin a poor
quality of fiber. They attain their full size in about six weeks
and at once begin to spin. The worm coils the fiber about its
body until a complete covering, or cocoon, is formed. The
cocoons are plunged into hot water to kill the pupa which
would otherwise eat its way out and spoil the cocoon.

In reeling the fiber, the cocoons are placed in warm water to
dissolve the gummy substance of the outer covering. The
fibers of several cocoons are then united until a thread of
sufficient strength is formed. This is wound into hanks or
skeins and in this form is known as "raw silk." A single
cocoon furnishes about a thousand yards of fiber. Silk culture
requires much labor and skill. Hence silk is produced only in
those countries where the population is -lense and labor cheap.
Those who engage in this work are carefully trained to it from
childhood. What countries produce silk? What countries
import and manufacture it ? Where do we get our supply ?
Which of our cities manufacture it ?

Tea consists of the dried leaves of the tea plant, a hardy
shrub growing from ten to twenty feet in height. It is a native
^^ Asia and has been under cultivation in China for 1,500

years. The quality of tea depends upon the age of the leaves
when picked and the manner of curing. The old withered
leaves and small twigs make the cheapest variety. The differ-
ence between " black " and "green " teas comes from the manner
of curing. In this process the leaves are first dried slightly and
then rolled and heated to cause fermentation. If now they are
dried quickly in ovens the product is green tea ; but if dried
slowly or in the sun the leaves turn black. During the drying
the leaves are roiled or twisted and curled, giving them the
appearance that is so familiar. What countries produce tea
(index)? What countries import tea most largely (index) ?

Written Work. — l. On outline map of the world color the tea-growing regions.
2. On a similar map color the silk producing countries.

79. British India.— (Review LXIX.) What are the three
natural divisions of India? How does it compare with the
United States in size? In population ? What do you know of
the character of the people? Their manufactures? Their civ-
ilization ? What are the chief agricultural products? Mineral
products? Nine-tenths of the people are farmers. The Ganges
valley is the most productive section, furnishing rice, jute, and
opium for export. Cotton flourishes in the rich black soil of
the Dekkan. Large crops of tea are produced in the uplands
of the North. Wheat and millet are raised everywhere. Cotton,
woolen, jute, and paper goods are the most important modern
manufactures. The Indian cotton has too short a staple to
rival the American upland in the world's markets and is made
into cloth mainly at Bombay, for the home trade. Jute is made
into coarse cloth (gunny cloth) and bags for wiapping bales of
cotton and wool and for holding grain and seed. Calcutta is the
center of the jute industries. Gunny cloth and bags are the
largest export to the United States. How has internal com-
merce been improved in India (p. 6j and LXIX, 3)? The
rainfall of India is very uncertain in large sections. . Over
3,000 square miles of land are irrigated. Yet crops often fail
and famines occur. What is the value of India's foreign trade
(Table VI)? Why is our share of it so small — only one-sixteenth
of the imports?

The food products of India proper are mostly consumed at home. Wheat,
however, is a large export, rice and millet being the staple grain foods. The
teas of India and Ceylon, owing to cheaper methods of production, have largely
driven Chinese teas out of European markets. The rivalry of the blue dyes
made from coal tar has made the production of indigo less profitable. The
cottons of India have a large sale in China and other parts of Asia. Where
is the opium sold (LXIX)? Describe the trade with the United States, Where
is tin obtained? Spices? There is no trade in animal products, as the
religion of the people forbids their use. Milk is used, and the hides are
exported or made into leather, but the fat and flesh are pollution to the
Brahman. Cotton cloth and kerosene are our chief exports to India. Great
Britain, China and Germany have the most of the Indian trade.

Written Work. — l. On outline map of India draw the Indus and Ganges Rivers
and write the chief productions of the country. 2. Locate the leading cities and tell
for what each is noted. 3. On outline map of Asia write our exports to India and
our imports from that country,

80. Japan. — (Review LXVI I.) Of what does Japan consist ?
Describe the coast; the surface; the climate. Compare with
Great Britain in size and population. What is the character of
the people ? What are the farm products ? The minerals ?
What do you know of the productions and trade of Formosa?
Of Korea? The Japanese are famous sailors. They have one of
the best navies in the world. How do they rank in shipping

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

(Fig, 2i)? Japan, like China, is a large exporter of silk, tea, rice,
paper lacquer goods, and chinaware; but, unlike China, she
is rapidly coming to manufacture the greater part of the goods
needed for home use. Cannon, small arms, and steel ships are
some of the larger products. But textile goods, boots and shoes,
clothing, glass, hardware, scientific instruments, clocks, watches,
medicines, and bicycles are only a few of the multitude of arti-
cles now produced by the " Yankees of the East." A thorough
system of schools and colleges provides for education, and thou-
sands of young men and women are sent abroad to learn the best
there is in the institutions of foreign countries.

The commerce of Japan has increased fivefold in twenty
years. What is the value of her exports? Of her imports? What
is the share of the United States in each? Raw cotton from
America is her largest import and raw silk sold to America is the
largest export.

Japan manufactures the cotton into yarn and cheap grades of cloth for trade
with China and Southern Asia, in return for which she buys rice, sugar,
tobacco, and beans. Copper is largely exported to Great Britain and the
United States, What is the rank of Japan in copper (Fig. 13) ? Japan is
poor in other minerals. She imports iron and st-el goods from Germany,
Great Britain, and the United States; locomotives, railroad supplies, machinery,
and telegraphic and other electrical apparatus are the chief items. She also
imports from this country kerosene, dour, paraffin, and tobacco. Besides
silk, our imports from Japan are tea, matting, camphor, rice, copper, and
chinaware.

Written Work. — l. On outline map of Asia locate the chief ports, cities and
productions of Japan. 2. On a similar map write our imports from Japan and our
exports to that country.

81. Indo-China.— (LXVIII.) What does Indo-China include?
Which part belongs to England? To France? Which is inde-
pendent? What is the population? What are the agricultural
products? The forest products? Gamboge (physical map) is the
hardened sap of a tree and makes a yellow dye. The civilization
of the countries of Indo-China has not advanced beyond the agri-
cultural stage. Farming, fishing, and lumbering are the leading
occupations. Rice is the only export of importance. Burma,
Siam, and Cochin-China are the largest rice exporting countries in
the world. Their product is sold mainly to France, China, and
Japan. The teakwood forests along the Menam River and the
rubber groves along the Salwen furnish the second largest export.
Pepper,- spices, sugar, cotton, and tobacco are also exported.
The Malay States lead in the production of tin. This is shipped
from Singapore, the chief tin market in the world, and next to
Hongkong the most important seaport in Asia. Its exports are
valued at $300,000,000 annually and includes opiums, spices,
woods, and gambier, a vegetable extract used in tanning. Rice
is the largest import of Singapore and is carried to many parts
of the world. Cotton, tobacco, fish, coral, and petroleum are also
large imports. All these goods are re-exported. The United
States imports tin, hides, spices, gambier, shellac, and indigo from
Indo-China and exports to that part of the world kerosene, cot-
tons, machinery, .and tobacco.

Written Work. — l. On outline map of Indo-China locate the chief cities, rivers
and products. 2. On a similar map write our exports to and our imports from that
country.

82. Russian Asia. — The Russian possessions include nearly
half the continent of Asia. (Review LXXI, 4-7.) Describe the
northern third of Siberia (LXIV, 2). Fossil ivory is the only
product. What two products are obtained in the central third?

Immense pine forests extend nearly across the continent. They
are not yet used for lumber, but are visited only by hunters j^
search of fur-bearing animals. Southern Siberia contains the
great grain and stock-raising regions. Large crops of wheat, rye,
and oats are grown. What animals are raised ? What minerals
are mined in Siberia? Little attention is paid to any metal but
gold. Two-thirds of Russia's gold output comes from Siberia.
What is its value (Fig. 15)? Where is Trans-Caucasia? It pro-
duces all of Russia's petroleum. How does it rank in this prod-
uct (Fig. 12)? The oil is pumped from deep wells near Bab.
Nearly the whole population of that vicinity are engaged in pre-
paring petroleum for market. What are the agricultural products
of Trans-Caucasia? It supplies some cotton and much raw silk
for the Moscow factories. The people are skilled manufacturers
of carpets, silks, and metal goods. What is the situation of Rus-
sian Turkestan? It furnished about one and a half millions bales
of cotton annually for Russia's great factories at Lodz, Warsaw,
and Moscow. Its farm industries depend upon irrigation. What
are its chief cities? For what is Bokhara noted? Khiva, Samar-
cand, Kokan, and Bokhara have long been famous centers for
caravan trade with the rest of Asia and with Europe. Manufac-
tures in Russian Asia are not yet of great extent, but they are
increasing so rapidly that it is thought they will soon supply the
needs of the country. Since the opening of the Trans-Siberian
railway several millions of Russians have emigrated from Europe
to Asia, and have become large consumers of Russia's manufac-
tured goods, exchanging for them their grain, cattle, cotton,
wool, and minerals. So high a duty is placed on foreign goods
that the people are obliged to buy most things of Russia. What
goods do we sell to Russia ? What do we buy of her (Tables III
and IV)?

Domestic trade has been greatly helped by improved transportations.
Cotton was formerly carried from Ferghana to Orenburg by caravan, but
now a railroad has been completed along that route. Trace the route from
Bokhara to Batum ; from Dalny to St. Petersburg. Internal trade is
helped greatly by navigation on the Black and Caspian Seas and on the
Volga River. The Ob and the Irtish are navigable nearly to their sources,
and are connected by canal with the Yenisei. This secures water communi-
cation with Lake Baikal. Caravans from China connect with this route at
Maimatchin and Kiahta. What do they carry (LXVI, 4) ? Tomsk and
Irkutsk are the most important manufacturing cities in Siberia. Flour,
leather, and articles of wood are made. Vladivostok is the chief port on the
Pacific and has much trade with Europe, Japan, Korea, and the United
States. We import squirrel skins and other furs and sell farm tools, flour,
building materials, and steel goods.

Written Work. — i. On outline map of Asia write the leading productions of
Russian Asia ; draw the railroads and name the important towns along the roulcs-
3. On trade map write our exports to Siberia and our imports from that country.

83. Persia and Afghanistan.— Persia lies in the western part
of the high tableland of Central Asia. The surface consists of
rugged mountains and salt deserts with many fertile valleys and
plains. There is little rain, but where the mountain streams can
be used for irrigation, fine crops of wheat, poppies, cotton,
tobacco, and fruits (LXX, 3) are grown. How is the water
obtained (LXX, 2) ? What do you know of the climate? The
dates of Persia are noted for excellence, and the rose gardens
of Shiraz furnish the most valuable of perfumes (LIX, 6). |
What minerals are found ? Nearly all the turquoise in the !
world is found near Nishapur. The mines of iron, lead, copper. |
and tin are little worked because there is no means of trans-

AFRICA.

porting the ore to foreign markets and no machinery for smelting
it at home. Gold, salt, and petroleum are produced in small
quantities. For what manufactures are the Persians noted?
Carpets and rugs are made by hand in nearly every part of
Persia. Each village has its peculiar patterns and no two rugs
are made alike A large carpet may take several years of labor to
complete it. There are valu Ale pearl fisheries belonging to Great
Britain near the Bahrein Islands in the Persian Gulf. Thou-
sands of men are employed, and the annual product is worth
more than $1,000,000. What are the exports of Persia (LXX, 3)?
Fruits, raw cotton and wool, silk, opium, rice, and carpets are
the most valuable. Russia buys the cotton, wool, rice, and
fruits, and England nearly all the rest of the exports.

These two countries arc rivals for the Persian trade. There are no rail-
roads in Persia, but goods are carried by carts and caravans from Teheran,
Tabriz, and the interior trade centers to the Russian frontier on tlie north
and to the ports on the Persian Gulf, What are the size and population of
Persia ? What is the value of its exports ? Its imports ? These consist
. mainly of cotton cloth, sugar, tea and hardware. Why has the United States
no trade directly with Persia ? How do we obtain Persian goods?

Afglianistan is a country of high mountains and deep valleys.
(Review LXX.) Describe the people. The caravan routes.
What famous passes does it contain ? What countries do these
connect? Afghaiiistan. like Persia, lies between Russian and
British territory, and these countries are rivals for political and
commercial control. What animals do the Afghans raise?
Their agricultural products are fruits, grain, tobacco, and some
drugs and spices. Trade is mainly with India. The Afghans
sell their horses, cattle, hides, silk, tobacco, and spices and buy
dyes, cottons, sugar, and tea.

Written Work. — On outline map locate the chief cities of Persia and Afghan-
istan and the leading productions of each country.

84. Asiatic Turkey and Arabia. — Of what does Asiatic Tur-
key consist (LXXI) ? The peninsula lying between the Black
and Mediterranean Seas long known as "Asia Minor" is now
called ''Anatolia." Armenia borders on Trans-Caucasia ; Syria
lies along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean. Mesopotamia
is a name meaning " between the rivers," and is applied to the
country lying between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. In the
mountainous region east of it and bordering on Persia is
Kurdistan. The western part of Arabia is also a part of the
Turkish Empire. What provinces does it contain ? How is
the rest of Arabia governed (LXX, 7)? All of these countries
are located on an elevated tableland, and except along the
coast there is too little rain for successful farming. Hence the
main industry is stock-raising. In ancient times, this part of
Asia, through careful irrigation, was cultivated like a garden and
(Contained rich and powerful cities. Now, owing to wars and
oad government, much of it is an unproductive desert.

What are the productions of Asiatic Turkey ? The exports ? What do
>'ou know of the sponge and coral fisheries ? Smyrna and Beirut are the
*^^^ief ports, but most of tlie trade goes tlirouj,'h Constantinople, which is
'^'innected by railroad on the Asiatic side with the chief cities. Beirut, how-
*^*er, exports silk, tobacco and oranges to the countries of Europe. Rugs,
^^rpets, raisins, figs, opium, and valonia (LIX, 3} come from .Smyrna,
^t-ebizond, on the Black Sea. is the terminus of caravans bringing fruits from
^Mesopotamia and Persia.

For what products is Arabia famous? It is the native land
^f the horse, the camel, and the goat. Aden is a British colony
3.nd a free port. Many goods are exchanged here. Tlie United

States sends cotton cloth to Aden and buys goat and sheep
skins, Mocha cofTee, and ivory.

Written Work.— l. Make a. list of the chief cities of Arabia and Asiatic Turkey
and state an important fact about each. a. On outline map of Asia locate these
cities and write the leading productions of the above countries. 3. On the trade
map of Asia already begun write our exports to these countries and our imports
from them.

Africa.

85. Physical Features.— (Review Map Studies and LXXII.)
What is said of the surface of Africa as a whole? Of the
coast plain ? The coast line is so regular that there is only one
first-class natural harbor, that of Lorenzo Marquez. Locate the
deserts and describe the effect of each on climate. Where are
the chief mountain ranges? How do they affect climate?
The Atlas range arrests moisture from the Mediterranean Sea
and makes the coast from Tunis to Morocco fertile. The low
coast plain is moist, hot, and so unhealthy that much of it is
uninhabitable for white people.

What is the cause of the Nile's overflow? What winds bring
the rain to Abyssinia and the Lake regions? The Sahara 01
Great Desert extends from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean.
Describe its surface ; inhabitants ; oases.

This region lies in the path of the southeast trade winds, which have be-
come heated by passing over theArabian peninsula. They thus become dry-
ing winds, taking up moisture as they proceed. As there are no mountains
in the Sahara high enough to cool these winds sufficiently to condense their
moisture this entire region is left barren. The oases are due to the rainfall
on the southern slopes of the Atlas Mountains which runs down into the
desert and sinks below the surface. These underground waters reappear
in lower places as springs, forming the fertile spots so necessary as halting
places for travelers and caravans. The date-palm is made to flourish in the
desert by planting it so deep that its roots can reach the underground
waters.

The Sudan is a strip of rolling prairie land stretching nearly
across the continent. Can you account for its rainfall? Describe
its people and natural wealth. It is more elevated than the
Sahara and is traversed by numerous ranges of low mountains;

Central Africa lies between 10° north and ro° south latitude. What do
you know of its climate and vegetation ? It has the most extensive forests
in the world, covering an area one-third as large as the United States.
Cotton, cofiee, tropical fruit and grains, palm trees, and rubber vines are
found everywhere. What of the animals, insects, and peoples ?

South Africa lies partly in the temperate zone. Its climate is dry and
healthy and more white people live here than in any other part of the
continent. The surface is elevated, rising abruptly from the coast. It has
rich mineral wealth, consisting of coal, iron, diamonds, and gold. The
climate is suited to agriculture and stock-raising.

The Rivers of Africa with the exception of the Niger are

marked by waterfalls and rapids where the central plateau joins

the coast plain. One of these, Victoria Falls, is the grandest

cataract in the world. How do these rapids and waterfalls affect

the country's development ? Why ?

Written Work. — On outline map of Africa locate the mountains, rivers, deserts,
and the chief products.

86. Industries and Trade.— Africa is of all the continents
the least important as regards production and trade. This is
due to the low state of civilization of the inhabitants, to their
frequent wars and lack of settled government, and also to an

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

unfavorable climate and soil- The continent is now entirely
divided up among tiie nations of Europe, only the barbarous
kingdoms of Abyssinia and Morocco and the little Liberian
Republic remaining independent. But only in Egypt, Algeria,
and in South Africa has any real progress been made in reducing
the natives to law and order, and in securing regular crops and
avenues of trade. There is a fringe of European settlements
along the eastern and western coasts where traders exchange
cloth, knives, firearms, and rum for the oil and nuts of the palm,
the gums, coffee, ivory, and other natural forms of wealth.

Experiments in farming are being made by the governments of Germany,
France, and Great Britain to ascertain what crops may be most profitably
grown, schools are maintained for the natives, roads are being built and
capital is invested in various ways in attempts to develop profitable industries
and trade. But so far these experiments have cost far more than has been
realized from them. At present the chief wealth of Africa is derived from its
mines, forests, and other sources of natural wealth. Gotd and diamonds are
the most important, but the vast mineral wealth of Africa has scarcely been
touched. Coal, iron, and petroleum exist there in vast quantities. Why is
there little use for them ? The African forests cover a million of square miles
and contain such valuable timber as teak, ebony, mahogany, redwood, and
other hardwoods. Rubber trees and vines and the palm are found every-
where and are a great source of wealth. Trade is mainly carried by
caravans of mules and camels and by trains of slaves. Railroads have been
most largely built in Egypt and South Africa, although there are a few short
lines along the coast at various points. The completion of the projected
railroad from the Cape of Good Hope to Cairo will open up the most pro-
ductive part of the continent to trade. The foreign trade of Africa is small
as compared with its size, population, and rich natural resources.

Written Work. — l. On outline map of Africa draw the chief railroads and tell
the advantages that will come from the "Cape to Cairo" road. 2, Write a para-
graph describing the means of communication in Africa.

87. Foreign Control of Africa. — Twenty-five years ago
Africa was known as " the Dark Continent." What did this
mean? Now the entire region has been explored. What
nations control it? Egypt and Northern Africa were among
the earliest homes of man. What have you learned about these
countries? What nations control these parts? For thousands
of years they furnished grain for the people of Europe and
Western Asia.

During the latter part of the 15th century Portuguese sailors
began to make their way down the Western coast, until Diaz
reached the Cape in i486 and Da Gama rounded it, completing
the voyage to India in 1497. Settlements were rapidly made
along the coast, and trade in ivory, gold, and slaves began, for
which the natives received cloth, knives, weapons, and, mainly,
rum.

The Portuguese had found the Arabs in control of the African and Indian
trade, and after many years of war drove them out. The Dutch afterwards
expelled the Portuguese and later were themselves displaced by the English,
who now hold the best part of the continent. France has entered Africa
from the north and now owns the most of the Sahara and the Sudan and a
large part of the Guinea coast. What provinces are held by Germany ?
Italy? Portugal? Which countries are independent? How is Egypt gov-
erned ? What interests have the English there and how do they share in the
government ?

The great hindrances to the commercial development of Africa
have been the lack of settled governments and roads and the
existence of the slave trade. This last is forbidden by all Euro-
pean governments, but is extensively carried on by Arab

traders.

In tropical Africa where there are no beasts of burden, goods must be

carried by men. The stronger Negro tribes raid the weaker ones, a
off prisoners to sell to the traders, who use them to carry j^oods to t
and then sell them again to other traders. Only the Turkish provinc
slavery, but it is secretly practised in other places. The British ant
have done most to improve tiie industrial condition of the people,
formerly a land of thieves, has a strong government and property
About 2,000 miles of railroads have been built and excellent highwaj
foreign trade amounts to nearly $150,000,000. What France has
Algeria, Great Britain has done for Egypt and South Africa. The
sections are the best developed parts of ilie continent. In all co
England, Germany, and France, successful attempts have been r
introduce suitable plants for cultivation. Coffee, cocoa, tobacco,
sugar, tea, indigo, and rice are profitably raised in many places. I
that these industries may flourish, railroads or other means of transp
must be furnished to bring supplies to the farmer and to take a
goods. How does the coffee of Central Africa find its way to the s
(map) ? What lines are found in Angola, Cape Colony, and German So
Africa? What is their purpose? Find six other lines and tell tli
The British have planneil a radroad from Cape Town to Cairo. The ni
now extends to Khartum and the south end has crossed the Zamb
fine bridge above Victoria Falls. How will this road help South and
Africa? Elementary and industrial schools have been begun in n
onies to teach the natives. How will this be an advantage to the
owning the colony? Will it make government easier? Will it n
land more productive ? So far the countries of Europe have spent f
on their colonies than they have received. May this become a profit
vestment? Why ?

Written Work. — Make a list of the colonies belonging to Great Britain.
Germany, Portugal, Turkey, and Italy and tell two leading products of each.

88. Region of the Nile. — Egypt is made fertile by irr
and by the overflow of the Nile (LXXIII). Describe the
rise and fall of the river. The black mud spread over tl
by its annual overflow has increased to scores of feet in thi
in the Delta and has changed the valley to a level plain;
river valley is called a "flood plain." Great dams and s
reservoirs are built at different places to hold back the wa
use during the dry season. The fertile land of Egypt is
greater in area than the State of Vermont. Compare its
lation with that of Vermont. The climate of Egypt enab
farmer to grow two or three crops each year where the
supply is sufficient. Cotton, sugar, and rice are sown in
and harvested in October and November. These are th
crops. In November, wheat, beans, and millet are plant
harvested in late spring. On the irrigated fields crops ol
tables are raised between the summer and winter
Tobacco is grown, but Turkish tobacco is imported for i
the famous Egyptian cigarettes. This is the only manufai
industry of importance and is almost entirely carried
Cairo.

Sheep, goats, and camels are raised, but Egypt is a large imf
animal products. Rice is also imported, but wheat, corn and beans
to the countries of Euro|)e. Cotton is the largest crop raised for
How does it comp.ire with that ol tiie United .States (Fig. 18) ? E
cotton is a long staple and the most of it is sold to Great Britain
United States. The former country has half of Egypt's trade. \V
many and France she supplies Egypt with cloth, iron and steel, and
manufactures. Besides cotton, we buy from Egypt gum arable an
and sell to her flour, meat, lumber, iron and steel. What do you
the caravan trade of Egypt (LXXIII, 4)? Where are the most rai
The line to Khartum ts to he extended to connect with the railroad fro
Town. How far is this last road built ? (See map.) How will its
tion help trade in E;,'ypt ? What is tlie advantage of the line to J:
Describe the Suez Canal. Four thousand ships pass through this car
year, more than half of which arc P.riiish. What possessions of Great

AFRICA.

ire reached by way of the Suez Canal ? It has made Port Said the second
seaport of Egypt. Which one ranks first ?

The Egyptian Sudan is a great undeveloped region with a
mixed population about one-fourth that of Egypt. It sells to
Egypt rubber, gums, ivory, gold, ostrich feathers, hides and skins,
and buys manufactured goods that are brought from the coun-
tries of Europe.

Written Work. — I. On outline map of Africa write the chief productioss of
E^pt. Locate the important railroads and cities. 2. On a similar map write our
sports to Egypt and our imports from that country. 3. Write a paragraph on the
Sou Canal.

89. The Barbary States.— (Review LXXIV.) What part of

Africa do these states occupy ? Which of them are fertile?
How docs the desert affect the climate of Tripoli and Barca ?
What is the source of their rainfall ?

Tripoli and Bengazi are the termini of caravan routes from the
Sudan. What products do they bring (LXXIV, i)?

Algeria and Tunis are the most prosperous of the Barbary
States. To what nation do they belong? How do they
compare with France in area and population? Agriculture and
herding are the chief occupations. There are large forests of
cork-oak. Minerals of many kinds are found. Iron and zinc
are the chief metals mined The yield of phosphate rock is
second only to that of the United States. What products does
Algeria supply to Europe (LXXIV, 3)? Esparto grass grows
in unlimited supply in the southern plateaus. It is sent to
England and France for use in making paper, and with zinc
ore and cork forms the most valuable export. Iron, hides,
phosphate, flax, tobacco, grains, wine, and sheep are the other
leading exports, Algeria and Tunis depend upon France for
seven-eighths of their imports ; these consist of cloth, coal, coffee,
tea, and various manufactures. From other countries they
import cattle, lumber, tobacco, and leather.

The United States has little share in their trade. Our whole trade with
French Africa amounts to less than $1,000,000. From Algeria we buy
cork, fitwr, and goat-skins and sell to her kerosene, tobacco, and farm tools.
Market gardening is becoming the greatest industry of Algeria. Vegetables
of every sort are raised. There are 3.000,000 of date palms on the Sahara
Oases and 10,000,000 olive trees on the mountain slopes, while the number
of orange, lemon, and other tropical fruit trees is increasing. Transportation
is well provided for by good wagon roads and railroads to the seaports
Connecting with swift steamships for the ports of Europe.

Morocco is a badly governed, barbarous country, and of little

importance to commerce. Eggs are the chief export. What

are the others (LXXIV, 2)? Its imports are cloth, coffee,

sugar, tea, and firearms. Trade is chiefly with Great Britain.

There are no means of communication except by messenger,

and goods are carried by caravan.

Written Work, — i. On outline map of Africa write the chief products of the
Barbarj- Slates. 2. Locate the leading towns and draw the chief caravan routes.
3> Write a paragraph on Algeria,

90. The Sahara, Sudan, and Central Africa. — What nation
Controls the Sahara? What do you know of its size, surface.
People, and trade (LXXV, 1-6)? What is the chief occupation ?
How are the oases formed ? How is salt obtained ? Many of the
*^3ses yield an abundance of dates and grain. By removing the
surface soil to a depth of ten feet the date palm is made to flour-
'sb, as its roots can reach the underground waters. Trace the
''Outes of trade. What goods are exchanged? What is the

Sudan? What are its products? Describe the people (LXXV,
6-!o). What are the occupations? Productions? Exports?
Imports (LXXV, 4)? Gums and rubber are gathered in the
forests. Rice, millet, and ground-nuts are cultivated. The
ground-nut is really the pod of a plant which ripens under-
ground. It yields a valuable oil and is an important export from
the Sudan and West Africa.

Where is the Congo State? What can you say of its com-
merce ? Of its productions and exports (LXXV, 10-12) ?
Describe the oil-palm. Coffee, cotton, manioc, cacao, and rice
grow where introduced. The Congo State is now the chief
source of ivory, the herds of elephants in other sections having
been nearly destroyed. Describe the surface of Abyssinia
(LXXIII, 10). The raising of cattle, sheep, and goats is the
main industry. Coffee is the largest agricultural product; the
plant grows wild, and Abyssinia is said to be its earliest home.
Cotton, sugar, dates, and grapes flourish but are little cultivated.
What minerals are found ? Only gold is mined. Transportation
is by means of animals. Harar is the chief trade center. A
railroad connects this town with Jibuti. Coffee, gold, gums, and
wax are exported. Cotton and woolen goods, cutlery, mirrors,
and matches are the largest imports. American cottons to the
value of $1,000,000 are imported annually.

Written Work. — l. On outline map of Africa write the chief products of Central
Africa, the Sahara, and the Sudan and locate the chief towns. 3. Write a paragraph
describing the trade of these regions.

91. The Eastern Coast— (Review LXXVIII.) Where is
Portuguese East Africa? What are its products and exports?
Rubber, gold, and other metals are now exported. This colony
is controlled by three trading companies and trade is almost
entirely with Portugal. The colony buys cotton cloth, metal
goods, spirits, beer, and wine. What railroads has the colony?
They connect with Pretoria, Bulawayo, and Salisbury. Where
is German East Africa? It is a rich agricultural region. Cocoa-
nuts, cofTee, tobacco, rubber, cacao, sugar, tea, bananas, and corn
are cultivated. Many cattle, sheep, and goats are raised by the
natives. Various minerals are found, among which are coal,
iron, copper, lead, agates, topaz, and tourmalin. Several short
lines of railroad have been built. The exports are rubber, gutta
percha, copra, ivory, and coffee ; the imports are cotton cloth,
rice, hardware, and iron. Trade is with the British Colony, Zan-
zibar, and with Germany.

The Zanzibar Protectorate consists of the islands of Zanzibar
and Pemba and a strip of the mainland. Pemba produces nearly
all the world's supply of cloves. Other exports are ivory and
copra. For what is Eritrea noted? Considerable gold is found.
What is obtained from Somali (LXXVIII, 6)? Cotton, rice,
and fruits are imported.

Afadagascar is the third largest island in the world. To what nation does
it belong ? It is very rich in metals, nearly all kinds being found. Gold is
chiefly mined. Stock-raising and agriculture are the inain occupations.
About 3,000,000 cattle are kept. Rice, manioc, sugar, coffee, cotton, cacao,
vanilla, and tobacco are grown. The mulberry has been introduced. Valu-
able forest products used in tanning, dyeing, and medicine are found. Silk
and cotton are manufactured. Rubber is the leading export. Ratia. a fiber
derived from a species of palm, is obtained there. Wax and ebony are also
exported. Cotton cloth is the chief import. Rice, wine, metal goods, and
flour are next in value among the imports. What do you know of Mauritius
and Reunion Islands? How does Mauritius rank in sugar (Fig. 26) ? The
United States sells Bour, cotton, tobacco, meats, iron and steel to the

LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

colonies of the eastern coast but buys little of them except hides and skins,
the raw products which they furnish going to the countries of Europe.

Written Work. — i. On outline map of Africa write the chief pn3ducts of the
countries named in this lesson and locate the chief towns. 2. Make a list of these
countries with the exports and imports of each.

92. The Western Coast.— (Review LXXVL) What are the
resources of the western coast ? What are the British posses-
sions? The French? TheGernian? The Portuguese? What
islands lie off the coast ?

All the western colonies export palm oil and nuts, ground-nuts, kola nuts
(used in medicine), copal, rubber, coffee, and ivory, and import cotton cloth,
cutlery, hardware, firearms, and liquors. What is obtained from the Portu-
guese Islands ? In all of these colonies industries and transportation are
undeveloped. Experimental farming is carried on and roads are being built.
Schools are conducted for the natives, in many of which instruction is given
in the trades and agriculture.

Written Work. — r. On outline map of Africa color the colonies of the western
coast belonging to the several nations and write their chief products. 2. Locate the
capital of each.

93. South Africa. — This region lies between latitude 1$" and
35" south. This is about as far from the equator as the West
Indies ; yet South Africa, owing to its elevation of 400 feet
above sea level, has a temperate climate. What part of it
belongs to Germany ? To Portugal ? The climate of the
western half is dry, as the rain brought by the trade winds is
cut off by the mountains. What British colonies are found in
South Africa? What are the productions of the Cape Colony?
Of Basutoland? Of Natal? Of North and South Rhodesia?
Of the Orange River Colony? Of the Transvaal? How is
transportation provided for? What parts are reached by the
railroads? What interior cities?

The export of gold exceeds that of all other products combined. How
does South Africa rank in gold (Fig. 15). Diamonds are the second largest
export. Ostrich feathers, the hair of the Angora goat (mohair), copper ore,
hides, and wine are also important. About all these exports go to Great
Britain. But considerable of the wool, mohair, diamonds, feathers, besides
spices and oil from the eastern coast, come to the United States in British
ships. Wc sell the South African colonies through the same channel bread-
stuffs, machinery, provisions, rum, lumber, tobacco, kerosene, cotton cloth,
leather goods, and fish. Our exports are more than thirty times as great as
our imports. There is little manufacturing in .South Africa because of the
small number of white people living there. We have no trade with the
German colonies.

Written Work. — l. On outline map of Africa write the chief productions of the
colonies of South Africa and locate the leading towns. Draw the chief railroads.
2. On a trade map write our imports from South Africa and our exports to that
region.

Australasia and Oceania

94. Australia.~(Review LXXIX, 1-12.) Compare with the
United States in location, size and population. What do you know
of the rivers? The lakes? The coast line is very regular. The
warm, dry climate is very favorable to the sheep industry, in
which Australia outranks all other countries. The basin shape
of the continent allows the rainfall of the bordering mountains
to run in underground channels to the interior. By boring
Artesian wells these veins are tapped and a supply of fresh
water is obtained for the sheep and cattle. How does Australia
rank in sheep (Fig. 36)? In wool (Fig. 37)? Farming is carried

too

200

300

400

600

AUSTftHAS/A

fil/SSiAIV £/ifPI/i£.

AftG£NmA\

VNIT£0-$TAn$

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CO(}NTHI£S\QF ASti

ufureomooott

FRANCE

SPAIN

SOUTHAFR/CA

WORLT)*S
WOOL PROIil'CTION

IN MILLION POUNDS,! 903.

L TOTAL 3 e<i7 MILUOM FOUNDS j

URUGUAY

Q TH£li COl/X/ TR!£S

Fig. 3J.

on wherever there is sufficient rain. Cotton, corn, sugar, wheat,
and grapes are the leading agricultural products. Fresh grapes
are sent to England on steamers having cold-storage rooms and
reach that country in good condition. What minerals are found
in Australia? How does it rank in gold (Fig. 15)? The average
yield of gold is from $85,000,000 to $100,000,000, and over
$2,000,000,000 have been taken from the mines since 185 1-
Coal, copper, lead, silver, and tin are mined to the annual value
of $30,000,000. Butter-making and the preserving of beef and
mutton by freezing and salting are the next largest industries.
The manufactures of Australia are increasing, but do not supply
the needs of the country either in quantity or quality. Farm
machinery, wagons, leather, cloth, ships, flour, beer, and sugar
are the chief articles. The gold, wool, copper, and other minerals,
and much of the meat, butter, and fruit which Australia pro-
duces are exported; and this gives her a larger export trade in
proportion to population than any other country in the world
except New Zealand.

Judging from the number of railroads, which part of Australia is best
developed ? Nearly^alf the 15,000 miles of railways are in Victoria and Ne»"
South Wales. Melbourne and Sydney are the chief ports and are connected
by steamship lines with the great commercial countries.

Two-thirds of this trade is with Great Britain, which takes the wool, foods.
and metals, and sells in return textiles, iron work, machinery, ships,
chemicals, and various manufactures. Our import of Australian wool is
very large, but most of it comes to us by way of Great Britain. Our othtr
imports are hides, hemp, and rabbit-skins, which we use in making hats. We
sell Australia more than twice as much as we buy of her. Our exports
include a great variety of manufactured goods among which are flour, oil.
steel, macliinery, tobacco, lumber, paper, explosives, glass, soap, etc. What
is the total export trade of Australia worth ? The import trade? Whatia
our share of it (Table VI ) ?

Written Work. — l. On outline map of Australia locate the chief products 31"^
cities. 2. On a similar , map write our exports to Australia and our imports (ro™
that country,

95. New Zealand.— (Review LXXIX, 12.) What is the area
of New Zealand? How many people are there to the square
mile (Table VI)? Describe the soil; climate. What are the
occupations? Exports? What peculiar products have the
islands? New Zealand is one of the most prosperous of British

AUSTRALASIA AND OCEANIA.

colonies. What is the value of her foreign trade and what is the
trade balance in favor of New Zealand (Table VI) ?

Sheep raising is the greatest industry, wool and frozen mutton
forming over half the exports. Cattle are kept largely for dairy-
ing, the value of the butter and cheese export approaching
§10,000,000. Gold, silver, and coal are the chief minerals.
Apples, grapes, and other fruits are extensively grown. New
Zealand has 20,000 square miles of forests. One of the famous
trees is the kauri pine which yields the kauri (cowrie) gum of
commerce. By far the larger part of the gum is found buried in
the ground in masses often weighing 100 pounds (LXXIX, 12).
It is our chief import from New Zealand.

Manufactures are increasing rapidly in New Zealand and already supply
most home needs.

They include iron and brass, building materials, furniture, cotton and
woolen goods, boots and shoes, clothing and lumber. Textiles, clothing,
steel, sugar, tea, tobacco, spirits, wine, and many small articles of manufac-
ture arc imported. Many of these go from the United States in British
steamers by way of British ports. What is the value of New Zealand's
eiports ? Imports? What is our share of each (Table VI )? What is the
value of her exports per person ?

Written Work, — i. Write a paragraph oa the industries of New Zealand.

2, On outline map write the chief products and locate the leading cities and railroads.

3. On map of Oceania write our exports to and our imports from New Zealand.

96. The Dutch East Indies.— (Review Oceania, LXXX).
Of what does Oceania consist? What nations control parts of
Oceania ? Of what does Malaysia consist ? Melanesia ? Poly-
nesia? What races inhabit each of these sections? What are
the productions of each of these groups? The Dutch Indies
consist mainly of Java, Sumatra, Celebes, the Moluccas, parts of
Borneo, and numerous small islands. How do they compare
with Holland in size and population ? Java and Madura are the
most thickly settled and productive parts of the group. Rice,
coffee, cotton, cocoa, corn, sugar, tobacco, cinchona bark, tea,
and indigo are all raised in large quantities. In coffee Java
ranks next to Brazil in the amount exported. Tobacco is the
chief product and export of Sumatra. The Moluccas supply
nearly all the nutmegs of commerce, besides pepper and other
spices. What is obtained from Banka and Billiton ? From
Borneo ? Among the products of Borneo are edible birds' nests,
much prized by the Chinese for making delicacjes, dammar, a resin
used in making varnish, and beeswax obtained from the forests.
Coal and petroleum are found in Java, Sumatra, and Borneo,
hut in small amounts.

There is regular steamship service with the countries of Europe and
Asia. A large part of the land in the Dutch colonies is farmed under the
direction of the government and the products are sold at auction in Amster-
'^^.ni to Dutch merchants, who arc the "middlemen " for the distribution of

Colonial products. So it happens that we buy Java coflTee, .Sumatra tobacco.

^'»c| Banka tin in Holland. We also buy there the sugar, gums, and spices

Erown in the Dutch colonies. Our sales to Holland for export to the Colonies

**"c mainly kerosene and machinery.

Written Work. — l. On outline map of Oceania color the Dutch possessions

**"*nge, naming each island or group and write their chief products, 2. On similar

'^^ap locate the principal cities and write our exports to these islands and the goods

*hlch we buy of them.

97. Possessions of the United States.— Besides Australasia
^nd the Dutch East Indies, there are over 600 island groups scat-
tered over the vast Pacific Ocean. The most important of these
^re the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands, belonging to the United
States. How did we obtain possession of each of these groups?

The Hawaiian Islands (XLIII a, 9-14) are, next to Cuba, our
largest source of sugar. Describe the origin, climate, and prod-
ucts of these islands. The rich volcanic soil and mild climate
make a great variety of products possible for Hawaii, although
sugar receives the almost entire attention of farmers. Rice, coffee,
tobacco, fruit.s, and vegetables are grown for home use. Our chief
exports to Hawaii are breadstuffs, iron and steel goods, cottons,
mineral oils, and provisions. What is the location of the islands
with relation to Asia and the United States? What advantage
is this to our country ? We buy of Hawaii twice as much as we
sell to her. Does this mean a loss to us?

The Philippines {^\A\\ a, 15-22) are the chief foreign posses-
sions of the United States. What is their number? Area?
Climate? Population? What is the chief cultivated plant?
What are its uses? Does the United States raise fiber plants?
For what do we use Manila hemp? What other products come
from the Philippines?

These islands are undeveloped. They contain rich mineral
wealth of gold, silver, copper, iron and coal. The forests con-
tain valuable and useful timber, with a great variety of gums,
rubber, gutta-percha, oils, and dyewoods. Sugar was formerly
the most valuable product and may again become so. There are
few manufactures in the Philippines and few staple foods are
produced. Our exports are, therefore, largely cloths, foodstuffs,
beer and liquors, petroleum, iron and steel goods, watches,
bicycles, and a long list of small manufactured wares.

Samoa, Guam, and Wake Island are valuable only as coaling
stations and as stations for our trans-Pacific cable.

Written Work — l. On outline map of Oceania color the United States possessions
blue, with the name of each and its chief products. 3. On the trade map write our
exports to each island group and what we receive from it.

98. Foreig:n Possessions in Oceania. — Great Britain,
France, and Germany control nearly all the 600 or more smaller
groups of Pacific Islands. The eastern half of New Guinea,
North Borneo with the provinces of Brunei and Sarawak, and
the Fiji group are the most important British possessions.
Only the last are well developed. The products comprise tropi-
cal fruits, valuable timber, gums, spices, and minerals. Coffee,
tea, sugar, rice, tobacco, and corn are cultivated. Pearls, tor-
toise-shell, the down of the cotton tree, edible birds* nests, and
sea-cucumbers, a kind of fish much prized for food in Eastern
countries, are also found.

Ofless importance are the Pitcairn, Gilbert, Phoenix, Lagoon and Solomon
groups. Copra and other fruits, coffee, cocoa, arrowroot, and guano are
some of the products. To all of these islands Great Britain sells meals,
breadstuffs, cloth, hardware, kerosene and farming tools. Many of these
goods come from the United States.

The chief French possessions are New Caledonia, New Hebrides, and
Tahiti. The agricultural products are the same as those of the British groups.
Copper, coal, and nickel are mined on New Caledonia and the rubber and
mulberry trees have been introduced. Tahiti exports copra, vanilla, and
mother-of-pearl.

Kaiser Wilhelm's Land in New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the
Caroline, Marshall, and part of the Solomon and Samoan groups constitute
the chief German possessions. These are very important to Germany as
coaling and trading stations as well as for the value of their products. Nearly
all are rich in the natural wealth of the tropics. The domestic animals have
been introduced in New Guinea, and gold and valuable woods are exported.

Written Work. — Color the British possessions in Oceania red, the German
yellow, and the French green, and write the leading production of each.

INDEX TO LESSONS IN COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY.

Abrnlnfo, M.
AdoD, 84.
Adrlanople. 5S.
AfirbanUtan, 83.
Africa. 8fr»7.
Agricultural Imple*

merits, 11.
Alameda, SB.
Albuquerque, 80.
Aiveria, 88.
AlTeffhpny City, 30.
AluT Mts.. 75.
AlumlDium. £!,
Anaconda. M.
Anatolln. 84.
Andes (Brazilian), 65.
Anllene, IS.
Arabia. 88.
AnibB.8T.
Arirentlna, 73.
Ar^l, M.
Armenia, 84.
Artesian wellB, M.
Asia. 71-70.
Asphalt, 66.
Astoria, V3.
Atlas Mts., 811.
AuKUsta, 37-
Australia, M.

Bahia, «4.
Baikal Lake, flS.
Balance of trade. 34.
Balkan Stataa. AH.
Balsam of Peru, 42.
Baltimore, 30.
Banana. 42.
BHnca,fle.
Baniror, 311.
Barbary States, 80.
Barca. 89.
Barley. 9. OO.
Barrannullla.67.
Hasuto Lan<l, 90.
Beef, 16.
Beet suKar, 58.
Beirut, 84.
Belfast. 49.
Belgium. 51.
Benirazl. 89.
Bessemer process, 24.
Bilbao. .W.
Bllliton. Oft.
Birds' nests, 96.
Blrminfriiam, Ala., S7;

EuKland, 49.
Bismarck Arcbipelaffo,

06.
Bovnti.26.
Bokhara, 83.
Bolivia, 71.
Borneo, 98.
Boston. ttA, 38.
Bradford, 4».
Bnus.19.
Brazil. 64.
British India, 79.
Bronze, 20.
Bruges, 51.
Brunei, OR.
BruBaelB,61.
Buenos Aires, 73.
Bulgaria, 68.
Butte. 30.
Butter, 62.

Cabinet woods, 11. 73,86.
Cacao, 69.

CalcutU, 70.

Campos, 64.
Canada, 40.
Canton, 77.
Cape Colony, 93.
Capital. 6.
Caravans, 82, 89.
C^nllD, 49.
Carmen, 41.
Carpets. 68, 83.
Caroline Is., 96.
Cattle, 15, 73.
Cauca Klver.67.
Caucasus Mts., 75.
Celebes, 06.
Cement, 22.
Central America, 42.
Ceylon, «9, 70.
Charlotte, 87.
Cheese, 16, 40.
Chemicals, 29.
Cheyenne. 39.
Chlco^, 88, 30.
Chinese Empire, 77.
Chocolate, Ob.
Chrome process, 28.
Cigarettes^.
Cinchona, lO.
Cincinnati, 20. 38, 30.
Cities, location of, 35.
Clay, 22.'
Cleveland, 38, 30,
Clothlntr. 26.
Clyde Kiver. 49.
Cool, 18, 60, 64.
Cocaine, 70.
Cocoa shells, 69.
Coffee. 41,42,05, 84.
Coke, 18.
Columbia, 67-
Commcrce, 2: relation of

Snvernment W, 30;
omeatic, 31 ; forclffn,

84.
ConKO Slate, sn.
Constantinople. 5X.
Consul, duties of, :!0.
Cnpalba balsam, fi6.
Copenhajren, 53.
Copper, 10.
nitirfl.li»
ainiH. fi7, 81.
C'lrk.ffl*.
Com. 8, 73.
CnttuHi. TB. 82. 88; Peru-

vlnn. 10;tree,08.
Council Elli)ffs,30.
CrjiiflLi'rH. S7.
Ciibfl, i3.

Dallas, 37.
Da Uama, 87.
Dammar, 06.
Dekkan. 79.
Denmark, 53.
Des Moines. 38.
Detroit. 38. 30.
Diamonds, 64, 86.
Diar., 87.
Dover, 40.
Drutfs, 10.
Dutch East Indies. 06.

East Liverpool, 29.

Rcuador. 68.

Education in Africa, 87,

02.
E(rg8.89.
Egypt, 88.
Egyptian Sudan, 88.

El Paso, 37.
Ensilage, 8.
Eritrea. 91.
Europe. 45-47.
Bvansvllle, 38.

Factories. 37.

Falkland (B., 73.

Fall Line, 86.

Fargo, 38.

Fiji Is., 98.

Filature, silk, 77.

Flax-seed. m.

Flood plain, 86.

Flour, 27.

Forests, 11; forest pro.

duels, 12.
Formosa. 80.
Fort Worth. 37.
France, 50.
Fray Benton, 74.
Fruits, 14, Ki.
Furs, 28. 40, 83.

Galveston. 37.

Uambler. 81-

Gamboge. 81.

Gasolene, 19.

Geneva, 54.

German Empire, 53.

Ghent, 61.

Gl!tsgow,40.

Glass. 10.67; plate, 29.

Gloucester, 36.

Glucose. K,

Gold, 21. 64. 83, 86, 04.

Golden Hr)rn. 56.

Goodyear, Charles, 65.

Gninil Forks. 3«.

Grand Itapids, 38.

Gniphitc, 22.

Great Britain, 48; cities

of. 40.
Greece, 58.
Ground nut, 90.
Guam. 97.
G uano, 70.
Guluna. 65,

Gums. M>, t»: kauri, 95.
Gunny cloth, 79.
Gutta percba, 13.

Hankau. 76.
Harar, 90.
Hawaiian Is.. 97.
Hemp, 41, 07.
Hoira, 16,
Hollnn'i..-^.
Hong KonjT, 34, 77.
Houston, 8t.
Hull. 49.
Hydraulic mining, 21.

Immigration, 5.

Indianapolis. 36, 30.

Indigo. 79.

Indo-Ctiina, 81.

Irkutsk. 82.

Iron. IS, 65; ores of. 24.

Irrigation. 73, 83, 84, 68.

Irtish, R„ eS.

Italy, .17.

Ivory, 82, 84, 88. 00.

Jacquard loom, ,50.
Japan. 60.
Java, 69. 06.
Jerked beef. 74.
Jersey City, 39.
Jibuti. 00.
Jute, 70.

Kaiser Wilhelro's Land,

06
Kansas City, 38, 30.
Kerosene, 10.
Key West, 87.
Khartum, 88.
Khiva, 83.
Kiahta. 82.
Kokan, 82.
Korea, 60.
Kurdistan, 84.

Ijscquer. 60.
Lagi'on Is., 08.
Latin Kacc. 46.
Load. as.
Leather, 26, 38.
lA-ghorn, 56.
Levant, 5H.
Liege, 51.
Lima. 70.
Limoges, 60.
Liverpool, 49.
Lohos, 70.
Lodz, 82.
Ixifoden In.. fA.
I-orenzi> Marqiiez, 85.
Los Angclos. >)0.
LouieviJlo. :iK, 39.
Lumber, 11.
Lys River. 51,

Machinery, 48.

Madagascar, 91.

Madura Id.. 9«.

Mikgdulcnu Kiver, 67.

.Mahogany. 43.

Mairoatcbin. 63.

Malay States, 61,

Malt. 9.

Manchester. 40.

Manganese, 22.

MaoriK;, 74

Maimractures. 23,2.5; lead-
ing cities of United
States, 30.

Maranhao, 64.

Marshall Is., 98.

Matches, 56.

M&U, 74.

Mauritius. 91.

Heat: frozen, 73, 04; pack-
ing, 16.

Mechlin. 61.

Melbourne, 94.

Menam Kiver. 64.

Mercury. 21. 22.

Mesopotamia, 84.

Mexico. 41.

Milan, 57.

Milk, 16.

Milwaukee, 38. 89.

Mining. 41.

Minneajioiis, 38, 30.

Mobile. 37.

Mocha, 65.

Molucca Is., 96.
Monazlte, 64.
Money, 21.
Mongolia, 77.
Monsoons, 7,5.
Montenegro, 58.
Morocco, 80.
Moscow, 83.
Muslins, 64.
Mutton, 16.

Naphtha, 10.
Natal, Ki.
Natural gas, 10.
New Caledonia, 98.
Newcastle. 40.
New Gngland cities, 36.
New Guinea, 08.
New Hebrides. OB.
New Orleans. 87. 39.
Newspaper, 12,
New York City, 36, 30.
New Zealand, 95,
Nickel, 21.
Nictheroy. 64.
Nlshapur. 83.
Norfolk, Va., 36.
North America. 8.
North Borneo, 08.
Norway, 56.
Nottingham, 49.

Oases, 85, SO.

Oats,0.
Oaxaca. 41.
Ob River. 62.
Oceania. 06.
Oleo. 16.
OllvftP, 80.
Omaha. 39.
Opium, 70. 63.
Oranges, 74.
Ostcnrt. 51.
Ostriches, 88, 03.

Paisley, 40.

Palm, date, &% 89; oil, 00.
Panama hats, 69.
Paraguay, 74.
Paterson. 39.
Pearls, 83.
FelingMt..75.
Pern am bu CO, 64.
Persia, 88.
Peru. 70.

I'etroieura, 10,64,82.
Phoenix, 08.
Philadelphia, 36, 30,
Philippine Is., 97.
Phosphate. 89.
Pitcalni Id,. 98.
Pittsburg, 36. 30.
Placer Mining, 21.
Platinum. 23.
Portland, Oregon, 30.
Porto Alegre. 64.
Porto Hlco. 43.
Portugal, 56,
Portuguese, 87 ; East

Africa, 01.
Pottery, 49.
Pretoria, 01.
Production. 1.
Providence, 35, 39.
Pueblo, 39.
Pyrites, 66.

Queensland, 49.

Railroads. 3L 86. 67,88.
Kalelgh. 87.
Ueunion Id., 91.
Bbodeela, 93.
Uice. 0, 77.
Richmond, 86.
Rio, 63.

Hio Grande do Sul. 64,
Roads, 8L
Rocheater, 36, 30.
Hoses, 83.
Rosin. 12.
Roumania, 68.
Rubber. 66, 86.
Rugs. 68.
Russia, 60.
Russian Asia, 82.
Rye, 0. 63.

Sacramento, 80.

Sahara, 86, 00.

St. Etienne, GO.

St. Gall, 54.

St. Louis. 36,30.

St. Petersburg, 76.

Salwen Kiver, 81.

Salon ica, 68.

Salt. 23.

Samarcand, 82.

Samoa. 97.

Ban Antonio, 37.

San Franclb./), 'JO.

Sarawak. 98.

Sea cucumber, 08.

Seattle. 30.

Hervia, 68.

Sevres. GO,

Shanghai. 77.

Sheep. 78. 91.

Shellac, 13, 81,

Ships, 52.

Shiraz, 83.

Shreveport, 37.

Silk. 60. 77, 78. 83; culture

<.f . re.

Silver, 21, 41,
SiuNDore, 8(, 81.
Sin Klang, 77.
Slate, 22.
Slavery, 86. 87.
Slavonic Race, 46.
Smyrna, 84.
Solomon Is., 96.
Somali, 01.
Sorghum, 44.
South America, 61-63.
Southampton. 49.
Southern States. 37.
South Omaha, 88.
Sponge. 84.
Spain, 50.
Spices, 70, 03.
Steamship lines, 32, 83.
Steamers, "tramp," 33.
Steel, 24; Besdemer pro-
cess in, 24.
Steppes. 75.
Stock raising, 16,
Sudan. 86, 00,
Suez Canal, 86.
Sugar, 44: re&ning of, 66.
Sulphur, 57.
Sumatra, 06.

Swcien. H,
Switzerland, 'A.
Sydney. 9*.
Syria, 84.

Tabriz, 83.
Tacoma.3Bi

l^hlti. 98.
Tampico. 41.
Tanning, 38.
'ntrtfr.34.«0;lDKui

1^8, re.

Teakwoo«l,8L
Teheran, 6S.
Teutonic Race, 41.
TextileB,».
Tibet, n.
Tin, 81, 96.
TtobwMM). 18, SB, 9L
Tomsk, as.
Tortoise shell. SR.
Tnins-Caucasia. S
Tr«Dapc»1atifm, ^
Transvaal, K.
Ttvblxond, 84.
I'ripoll. 89.
Tunis. W.
Turkey, 60 : Asiatii
Turquoise, 83.
TuaaoG frraas, 73.

United Kingdos. «
United States, 4-S;
tlons with Eurup
Uruguay. 74.
Ural Mts., 75.

Valparaiso. 63.
Vanilla. OHl
Vaseline, 19.
Vegetablea, 14.
Venice. .'»7.
Venezuela, 66.
Vera Cruz, 4L
Victoria Falls. SI
Vladivostok. 8S.
Vulcanizing, 65.

Wake Id.. «;.
Waraaw.SS.
Watches, 54.
West Indies, 43.
Wheat, 7. 78,
Wilmington. TT.
Wine. .50. hS, St.
Wood: soft. hart. 11;

Inet. 11.73.85.
Worcester, £, »; i

land, 40.

Yemen. 65.
YucaUn, 41.

Zanzibar, 01.
Zinc, 23.
Zurich, 64.

GEOGRAPHY OF ARKAl^SAS.

A SrPPLEMENT TO JfArUY'S NEW COMPLETE <iE<)GUAPIIY.

Bv Jons C. Brajo'kk, Pu.U., LL.D., PaopEsaoR of Geoijoov in I^rLAMi Stasioid Jcsiob L'sivebsitt; State Gtounnsr ov Aukaksap. 18fc7-ieWJ.

Location, Size, and Boundaries. -Arkansas lies entirely
ffitliin the soiitliern half of the Mississippi valley, or Cotton

Belt, lus tliis region is railed.
It I)elongs. therefore, to iho
group of Southern states. The
northern hal f of the state
corn^pondK in hititmlc with
\nrlli ('iiroliiia ami Tennessee;
the southern half lies ilircctly
west of the northern parts of
Alaljania, J^llssissijipi, South
(^aroliriJi, ami (leor^ia.

In sIec Arkansas ranks fifth
ri>r fUait smi. amung- tho Soullicrn states an<l

twenty-first among the states of the I'nion. In sliape the state
sLjiproaches a square, the distance between its eastern and west
om extremities being 275 miles, and that between its northern
ami southern extrcraitics ii'tO miles.

Arkansas is !U'parat(\I from Missouri <>u llio iiortli hy t!io iKirallol of

36'j depveR. a lino fanumt in mir hislnry in rnnncotion willi llie

MK»4>urI Coinpn>iiiiH<% liml is. Ilic law mlmilUiiH' Mtssniiri us a state.

Bj tbis law it -wan aj^rtt-d tiiat, with tlio cxcei>lioii of Missouri, wliich

hailKlaTeft, LliU line wait to l>e tho Imijiidary bfttweon sliivf lioldlng utid

iKHi-xInvO'holdingstJitr^ Wfittiif l}itiMiHsiKsi[)pi rivor. Tim MiKsissippi ntnl

St Fnincis rivtrs iicuriy form tlie eiilirL> easlr-rii bnuiulury of the stale.

Tlic Mtttxixtiippi hero Ii:ut a ^cnonil nnrLlii'iLst iititt soiithwc^t dirertHm — a

(limaioi) <.'orr««t*<">ih"^ nearly it> lliul of a line dividing the stfile into

Itijlilttndundluwluiid rt^lous.

The Surface Features of the state of Arkansas arc remark-
*I)iy varied. The broad ami fertile river lK>ttoins of the Mis-
liaiip[ii fonu it« easteni borders; its norlhwtwlern portion rises
Ui the summit of the g^eat Ozark plateau, while south of the
Arkansas river and west of Little Hock the Ouachita uplift and
other hjglilands fonn a
Wonderful series of par-
lUel ridges, peaks, and
•"oontain ranges.

Two General Sur-

'^e Divisions. — Tin'

^'■if.ue of the slate is
ihus nearly evenly di-
^i^^M from the northeast
^^ the stmlhwest into two
'widely different regions.
^He line separating the
^\T relief of the eastern
l**^rtion of the state from

the high relief of its western jwrtion enters tlie northern ptirl
of Arkansas near the boundary lM!twoen Clay ami Randolph
counties. The line uf division crosses the state a few miles west
of the Iron Mountain railway ami nearly i>arailel with it.
Everywhere oast ami south of this line the surface is low, and
for the most part gently rolling, the hills seldom reaching an
elevation of nioi*e than three humlreil feet above tide level.
West and north of this line of division the surfjice is much

W t'

■^A' «#

Oil On Oiark jiMteau, Bttflala riwrr.
CopTTigbl, tWU, b; UxtrxBanr ri-Buamva CuHrAHT, Nrw York.

more hilly and even mountainous; sevend of the highest |K>ints
have an elevation of l>et\veen 3,»>i>0 and 3,(Hto feet above tide
leveL

The Origin of Hills and Valleys.— In mniTv p:irts of our
country the nature of the surface is detenuinetl by the kind,
arrangement, and jiosltions of the rocks. Hard rocks resist decay
and erosion, while the soft ones yield. The result is that the
softer and mon? viehling roc;ks are broken down ami washed
away, leaving nivines and valleys, while the harder and more
resisting ones aro left standing out as hills, ridges, and peaks.
The surface features of Arkansas are detentiined largely

by the rocks in whieh the relief is
carve<l, and the character of the rocks
is (letcrinincd by the conditions under
which they were laid down. In order
to understaiul the forma of the land
surf;iw it is therefore necessary to know
the conditions under which the rucks uf
the stjite were formed.

How tho Rocks were Formed. —

With the excejition of the snmll area of
volcanic rocks forming Fourche mountain
just south of Little Kock, another at
Magnet Cove in Hot Kpring county,
another small area south uf Bryant, and

OF AKKANS'Al

a few other still smaller areas in the western part of the state, the
rocka of Arkansas have all been laid down underwater, and mostly
under sea water. Some of the beds are composed of pebbles and
coarse sand, others are made of fine sand, others of clays, and
some of fragments of shells and skeletons of animals that lived
in the sea* at the time when these bods were deposited. After
lying for » long while buried under great thicknesses of sedi-
ment, some of these beds bet^ame hard and comjtact, wliile
others, such as the clays, became compact, but not very hard.

Preasure also folded and wrinkled many of the bods anil even broke
mul disi»Iaced some of tlieni. After being lifted out of tlie water, rhe i*nin.
Biiow, frust. mid heat alUickwl the
rnt-ka and cjiused Iheiii to full to
pieces. These fi-agmenta were
u'asheil down tbe slopes of the
land into the larger Htreums. and
linnlly into the ocean. But in tliis
process of wasliiag- away, the softer
rocks were carried away luoi^
rapidly lh.in the harder ones, and
to-day we have left, aa the result of
Uiia loii^ and varied liistory. the
imi-alln] ridgea that fonn tl»e Oua-
chila mountain system, and cover
uliiiust all of the ArkansaM valley-
West of Little Rock through
Perry. Yell, and Scott(HJuntie«, the
long parallel ridg«s ore of sand-
stone, while iIk- valleys are tuo«lly
washed out, of the soft tthato beds.

Through western Pulaski,
Garland, Hot Spring, Mont-
gomery, and Polk counties is a

aericsof shar(>-croste<I. n.Trrnw.

StndleB on the Relief Map.— Wlucb is tbe ngiooof higfawii
Arbant^a« ? Between whut rivers does most of it lie ? In what part of Um
th« Uzark pUitMiu ? What riv(-r emi^sen it 7 Whnt rvgion un its southera
Ilow do tbd mounlAJiLa of tli^ Ozark plateau differ frotii Mii»s« of the
region? Where are the Ouachita uplands? What iifiuiral region Ii'
them? WLbI river crosses tlie RIaclflarido ? (See poh'lira! infip.> I'
of tlie state is llie preateat number of rivers ? What grt'al rivn-
the dmiiiagr of thu state ? The loops and cut-offn aloii); the Aii
ohiiiinels tlirough wliieh l.lic rivor formerly flowed. Siicb channt.'.
imyoiiK and lairooriH. WImt river divides the stule into nearly
What regions doe^ii eras* ? What mhieralprodiiclflin the ArkaiiMU *■>
What niiiirrsls are found in cai-h of the upland regions? In the i
Trace the dividing line between the hi^hlunilfi and lowUndii aer
begiiiiiitif; at lite northea-ol. Wht>r<^ do you find the deepe«L valleys iu ii>«
What, ridge of lund in lhf> CfLoIi^ru finri of tticlnwhinil regi<m ? Whinh rvi{i

!hf ('hief <Jivi-:
^ll<•et(^ ? Tni. .
riif-r from it* n
lie ftale. ^^ ' _ ,

does it cross } WlialDw
I' rnweii tiie smithwi^Hi
pan of t)i« fUte 7 Flirf i
K-ndJDgcity in each vf i
natural division* Kac
railroad enw^'in^
n-gioii. (See [Hj|iUn
Name 8ome ff the
tiniLtof each nalurmji
Name the counlicA «bo[l
01- p*irily in eaeh ngiaa.

Kfi/ (o Netirl \lati.

zig/ag inoun tains iriatle
. 4 of iKivHc'itlite, or whet-
atono rock. These ridges
are likewise hard, resist-
ing rocks that have been
thrown into great folds
closely pressed together
and afterwards worn
away by the natural pro-
cesses of weathering and
erosion, or denudation, leaving their upturned etlges exposed.

The nattirul divisions of tlie state, though well deflneil. are

not sharply' 8e|mrated, but merge one into another almost im-

* perceptibly. These divisions are shown on the key to the relief

map. By comparing the key with the geological mtip on pa^^e ;3,

tlie rtK'ks of eJioh sfs^tion named below may ho stuilietl.

I. The Arkansas-Mississippi IV. The Ouachita, Mountain

Lowlands. System.

TI. The Ouachita Uplands. V. The Arkansas A^allcylJegion.

til. The Ulacklands. VI. The Ozark Plateail Itegion.

I. TheArkansaa-
Mississippi Low-
lands are the low Hal
lands on the weetside
ofthe Mississippi river
along the entiiv east-
ern borderof the state.
They include all the
low lands along the
Arkansas I'iver below
UttleKock, theKayou
Biirtholoinew l&sds,
and lite low vjUley of the St. Francis river. From the Mis-
sissippi river westward to the Black river and to the St. Xjoois,
Iron Mountain and Southern railway, the region is not all
alluvial lantl j)roj>erly speaking, hut it is nearly all low and Hat
rrowli*y'(* ridi^e is un exceptional and remarkable feature of this
portion of the state. Tliis ridge has an elevation of only a Utile
more than 100 feet above the cotmtry along its siiles, and it vartee
in width from one mile to nine miles. Its southern entl touehrs
the Mississippi river at Helena, and, curving gently westward,
it passes into Missouri, where the St. Francis river cut« it in th
extreme northeastern comer of the state. This entire dis
is unbroken save at Marianna, where it is cut in two by the
L'Anguille river. From Crowley's ridge eastward the land is
one vast alluvial plain left by tlie nieanderinga of the Mississipji)
and St. Francis rivers. It is protected from overflow by levees
hiiilt along the Mississippi. The St. Francis river occupies the
loiiTOst part of this section, and receives its entire drainage by
means of canals which are being dredgetl out. By this mean
the swamps of this region are l>eing converted into the mo6t
valuable and fertile farming land of the state.

GEOGRAPHY OF ARKANSAS.

JfcSfr*

CAoU UmJT* on Liltit riMr >n th* iil*icktu$uU.

West of the ridge the Mia-
I sisjiippt river has had a re-
inarkable liuitory. That
I fttrKam formerly bad a souUi-
^vvst course from C'ai>e Gi-
rardeau, and eiilered what in
now the state of Arkansas
in the western part of Clay
couuty. It flowed soulhw<»il
to .Tacksonfiort, and from
Ihal place followed the course
of ihu White river, and joined
ihfi Ohio river somewhei-e
Aiuth of Helena. The old
sand banks heaped up hy tliis
stream arc still to be seen
where the railway cuts them
wc«i of Newport and alon;;
the low sandy ridge neur'
riickerman. Ho-xie, Walnut
iilgv. and lvnol>el. The
"'lississippi lieli>ed Ui remove
lliosoftsaudsaudP!'"" loose
sedimentA Uiat formerly cov-
the low countrj- west of Oowley's ridge. That ridge is therefore a
rcnniaiit left by the MiM^issippi of soft sedimentary lieds that once cov-
ered the entire t^islern part of the state and extendetl eastward to Uio
high lands of west Tennessee.

H. The Ouachita Uplands. — The region thus named is
south of Uitle Kock and lies between Bayou BartJiolomew and
theBIacklands west of the Iron Mountain railway. The Ouachita
river Hows across the middle of this area. The country is one
of low relief, the bills seldom having an elevation of more than
300 feet above tide level, and the soil of the uplands projjer is
sandy. Within this area are enormous quantities of pottery clays
that were laid down when the sea covered this (wrtion of the state.

TTT The Blacklands.— The area of the Blaoklands is not so
lai-g« Hn that of the other natural
divisions of the state. The soil
of this region is highly pro-
ductive, and owes its fertility
to the chalky nature of the rock
from which the soils are derived.
The surface is low when com-
pared with that of the regions
north of It, and it contains no
mountains or high hills. In this
area, reaching from iVrkadelphia
to Rocky Comfort, are the exten-
sive chalk beds from which Port-
land cement is rajwle. The chalk
0|eds are well exposed at Whito
'Cliffs on Little river. They are
made of the minute skeletons of
animals that accumulated at the
bottom of the soa that once cov-
ered this itoHion nf tlie stat4?.

Clinlk.— Every where at theliottolO
nf deep seas where the climate is not
too cold may be found the i-eniains
of minute shellfish and other creatures

that lire in the sea. The shells of these animals are made chiefly of
carbonate of lime which they have extracted from tlie sea water. These
creatures are so suiall that they lloat in the water near the surfaice; but
when they die ihuir remains fall to the bottom. In the course of many
centuries beds ai-c formt^l many hundred feet in thickness.

When the seas extendetl lo tlie base of the Ouachita mountains in south-
weateru Arkonsaa tJiere were muuy portions of it where clialk beds were
formed. As the ocean became shallower and the coast-line moved farther
south, these deposits were frequently covered by the material bnnipht by
Iho streams; but in other places the ocean bottom was graduany lifted up
and now forms the white chalky blutTs wliich we find scattered through
tiie section of south we^ern Arkansas west of the Ouachita river. The chief
deposits are in the counties of Clarke, Hempstead. Howard, and Little river.

Vboi* of Chalk.— ^giJes^SejjliwjRrh^^k-^fldts cojitjuu-^t«2rU.^^Ia^
iron, and ntli-r >ui»t;iiice.i. "frTiT-ti <*TrTrnTi'k is rnrTv ift'uuuti arntTSTxed

I If'

with wateic< it han^M^into
hydnii>)t(! r.einent/ ItuHO^t
of ibe wenieiits mvwsarv to

k is caliad^Tl^fZiral
ngUwatrock ]»f^semi^^

le are usualh* t-lur and

Studies on the Geological llap.

By ^f*olo((y we mean the stndy of
that thisstiulr is direelly relsted to the
tural ftnd mtiungitidiistrieeii of th« otute.
of colors, the u^ ot the di0ereut rocks of

•.*t

tb« rooks and soil. You will tlnis see
siti-face (esliires and also to the agdcul-
The a<^compnnying map shows, by meanti
Ibe stale, tn g«olngy iin.v(liiii;i,'tbftt goes
lo uiake up tlu> cnist ol Clii- curtli is called
roi-k\ It) tlio lower part u( the iiinp tbt*
naiuesof tliedifTerent rncks are givcu. the
olik-fti oitCK being nn the left; thii4the.9i*
lurian rocks are tbo oUemt In the aute.
These are very bnnl rocks. In what pans
of the slate are they found? Most of the
ziue atiti lead tuiiic» aud Ibe whi'tstonos
art! fiiuiid in ihc Silurian rw-ks. Where
are ihi* carlxiniferuus rwks found ? {Car-
bnnifai'oiis means eoaUtfaring.) Tbv-ne
rot'ks are dirided into three layers. What
an iheir names t 1'be tipper carbo-
niferou* rocks contain mo«l of rho val-
uable coal mines of the state. Where am
they found ? The middle carbouif-
erous contains much bituminous coal,
vast (]Uttntilio8 of tire clay, and some nat-
ural gas ninl petroleum. What cities are
in tins section t Tin? /ower citrbonif-
erOM* contains marble, ninl hanl pravct.
which makes an »'Se<^llent dreMJiijf Inr
mails. Whore are the crtrtacenun mcks
fotinil ? (CrotoceouA means made ofehcUk. )
Tell wtrnp- of the uscB of chalk. Thv new-
est rooks of Arkansas arc called Terti'
wry rocks. Where are they found t This
section contains excellent [K>ttoi'yclay, flm
clay, and income places lignite coal. Tbe
tertiary and crctaceons eeelions contain
tbe most fertile fanning lands of the state.

GEOGKAi'UY OF AUKANSAS.

lime. The hy^pci^^ cemeut tnauufHcLured in Uiis
wityis (.■aU^i'Topllaiid c6iuoi)t. The i^luttkofHouUi-

of ^i4x<*me«Vaudil*^ijatiuIia;U»r(ris car-

Rxl nil tn wTi^Rxtoiili nL^ifliil* ClilTa^if^w Kolmma.

Slarl.— Where we tUid chty uud chulk mixiti. it
fiirrn-s iHHlsnf bluish sund cjillfd imu-l. This !>ul>-
ilaiicc is .ibuiiclant in th« chalk ivjjiuus aud is used

a. furtiliwr.

At many iiliices within the Bhickland aavi.
espwially ahoiit I.OL'kcshiirg, Center Point,
and .Viisiivillo, Ihw mil is gi-avelly. The
gravelly hetla, hoivovor, are not deep, aiui
the cbnlk beds underlie thorn. In othcr
placos streams have out wide channels acr<wx
the cbalk be<ls, and dqiosited alhivjinii owr
Ihoir ttcxxI-plaJns. This has hap|»enetl where
the hiacklands art* (;Tt)Hsed by the Terro Koire.
Little Slissijuri, Saline, Clussjitot, Little river,
and part of Rcil river.

XV. The Ouachita Mountain System.
— A'^tist or the city of Little Hockf south
of the Poteau mountiiirs, of Petit Jean
river, and of Petit Jean mountains, and ni>rtli of Arkadelphia and
Murfreesboro, is a seiics of pejiks and parallel ridges fonnin^
the Ouachita mountain syst^?m. In strong contmst to the Ozark

whelNlone and hoae^stoue rcM^ks of Aritsusu
t oiiie from cerUiin purlH of tlie Ouucbila mouol

ri-gion.

V. The Arkansas Valley Region — Tl

portion of the state spoken of as the Arkai
valley region includes the area Imtwecn il
Petit Jean river on the south anil iho
mountains on the north, and between
and Little liock on the cast ami < >kli
llie west. The sandstone ridges are
linwi tiirough tliis portion of the Btale.
especially along the line of the C'hoctuw
way south of the river, and between
rilltnn and Searcy on the ni>rth side of
river. There is a noteworthy group of the*
ridges near Conway in Faulkner county.

Another area renmrkablo for it8 iKiraHf!
and curving ridges lies between Magazii
moimtain and the Oklahoma line south
Fort Smith.

A itrprj'dxrtilar nirrari lilr, ur uhrUt<mt. ((iff in (A*
Ouaffttla iruiunlniM'. i vlkevunty.

w^K^^^^^^^m

^^^^^^^^^^^rjc',:--^--^''', -* ■ ■ --x ' ' '-"^^

^^^^H

HIHHI

^^^PWv^mi^H^^^^^ *^

1 \

system these mountains, though most of them ure of iho same
rocks as tho Ozark j>lateau, are uia<le up almost entirely of long,
narrow, and sharp-crested ridges. Most of the ridges lie nearly
east-west, but in the western part of Pulaski county they have
a nortliwest-southwist trenil, while about Hot Springs they have
a northea.st southwest tren<l. The longest of the narrow east-
west ridges in the group is the one running southeast of l*an-
ville, Veil county, to southeast of Waldron in Scott county.
It has a total length of about lifty miles, jrauiuelle pinmu-le,
thirteen miles above Little Rock, is an isolatetl peak formetl of
tho upturn<?<l o<lgc of a thick Ijctl of sandstone.

One of Ihr hiirhrst peakR of ilip Ouachita syirtpni is in t)ie Poteau nioiiri-
taiiis wMitliWfst cif Manfiplrl ; it li.is an etovalion of 2,.'SC0 ft>rt. .Aiioilier
Iift-ilt. cjilIM While Oak niounUlit and having an ek-vation of S,2(!n UtI.
is on an eastward ppoloii^ration of Ihr F'otwiu nmiiiilniiifi; nnotliornnr tli
Iheftkine rnn^p. at the .inuthoa.st corner of Lojjaii county, lias an elnvation
of 3.575. In till' Fourcho niuitatain ninifi-, wheru Si'olt and Pulk couU'
ties join, the highest peuk has txu elevation of S,33U feet. The valuable

Maguzine nicuntaiu. with an ek*v«iit'n of ?,l
fw-t. is the hiij;h«>st (jrak in Arkansas- Mt- Nt^hoji
Yell county (elevation l,7C0 feel) and Spring mountain, a few miles
of it iu LofTiui county, ure likowifR' Hti-t topped, isolate*! peaks, hai
the Ramp gcMicni] utructurc and history an Mupizine mountain.

The Petit .renn nuiniu.iin. Hrtp**n niilcH soullipajtt of Dardanelle, tlm
JM-hHigs in the Ar-k:insus valley i-ei^'iuu. Thnt Taountnin ban an clevaliEu
of l,irj feet Tlioui^h not nearly ao liijili as many other nuuMlioniiinliif
Slate, ii iH made prominent by itit neaniesft to the .-Vrkansas river SDd ibe
sutTouudini^ bottom luncls, and by it.s apiiarently Ual top.

Most of tho vnlual>lc eoal !>imI» of tho state are in ll:o Arkansas
valley mgiou. It also ciailains enormous quanlitit-s of tirv i-lmy.
and of e.xcellent brick clays.

VI. The Ozark Plateau. — North of tho Arkansjis river aoil
west of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain an<l fouthom railway.
the roclcs have not been mueh folded except in the triangular
area lying between Little Hock. Morrilllon. and Searcy. Ttii*
relief of tlits northwestern corner of the state is high and niggvd,
but of a typo entirely dilferent from the mountain re^on south
of the Arkansas river. Tlie region is an elevated plateau, or
set of plateaus, rather than a single mountain. The rocks lie
in nearly horizontal beila, and these Iwds are cut through by
deep, steep-sided gorges.

The White river th)w« through the lowest part of I lie Oisirk

A airuHtlii *» Uf ArLa-itas iMiity.

GEOGUAI'IIV OK AUKANSAS.

plateau and drains it. Tho general surface is rolling f)r hilly,
rhUe a few isolated iwaks riw3 ;ihove tlio general level of tho
rc^'on. The country about Mountain Home, for example, is for
the most |>art a great plateau scored on the edges by the gorges

of stroants Mn'.viiii,' into White river and Its lar^« tributaries. The

.Sortij-.i tilimj O.r Whil: t-, -r- I h'f r. Irr iiriil -ti i'i.-,ri , ,'. , .

Inc Otf d^mp gory' Ihr.mjf, ih.' D.vi.-^' I'i-ilmu I ci.if; , i',,-
mt»*rwHM»tOtktr{Mr .,; ./<,r * iW. . /i '. ./.' .■". If.. ,.!>..,■ »:t: .1!.

^fni*lllatkamb*enfitr''i"i.o<' tftvti-n ir. ti.r a* / i ii.>f.1

litUs that rise above this phUouu were once

a|)|ied by the rocks that form tlie ntjrtb

hce of the Boston mountains, but these

caps were worn away long ago. Uf such

origin are Sugjir I^mf uiuuntain, two luiles

north of I^iul Hill, many of its isolati;d

penks alon;!^ "While river, those north of

Flippin and along tho loivcr part of Crooked creek, the isolated

iwilis north of Mounuiin Home, i'crry's Knob, ^'nked Joe,

TarLey Knob, Twin Knobs, and Devil's Knob, all of them on

Ihe lower White river, hut ji^kjvo Batesville.

South of the White river valley the Hoston mountains form
the waterahcfl between White river ami the Arkansas rivci-
drainage. These mountains iiave several names at diCTert^nt
[tUces Ijctween their eiuitem end, southeast of Butesviilc, and
llieir western eml, whore they pass into Okhdioma at KvansviUe
lA Washington county.

From a point l»ptwM>n fri-oen Fnrost nnd "Borryvillp in Carrtitl county,
the topo({rapliy of tlie Bijstoii inounlaiiis lo liie east is in btroujr rnnlp:ust
*i\\\ thnl U)wur<l the wcsL In Llii- lalU'r rc^non llie hi;,'')i moniibiinit
wtr\^ by .slutrL slops and with many outlying: jwaks into the plains to
Uie oorth, while towani i lie ea«t tli(> lii»t-tf)|ipe<l inonnlains rise wilii ab-
rupt escarpmenU fnun lh<! luvvLT plain un llic north. In kuhk' places Ihe
nurtli face of thf> rnn^> is nearly ^^trai^lit for many miles, in nthei-8 it ix
njt into by the streams so liial I'mg tin];f<»r-Iik-c liiiL'*'^^ prriji-i-t lnAv:inl Ihr
uurtii, or Uicy are worn away lc!i\- .
iiig lofty, isolated outliers slinilin.'
Upon the lower plain. Thruugli Umt
(n't of th« motintuinK locally known
Iftltm Blue mountains and lyiuirbo-
tmen a puiul It miles cast of Mar-
ilull «n/l the town of KatcRvillp, tliR

iilig esoarpinrnt of the Bom-

itaiiis is almost nnlirokon liy
West of this Riniight iwii-t

in^. narrow canyons ctit

; high moiinhiiTi plftte.in

^section of tlif nnrtli base of

.•angt) is especially marked on

tnui^lo Fork and Ricliland rn^eki;.

Tliesc mountain gorges are from fif-

teen to twpnty-live miles long, and in some coses Uiey are from 1,200 to
\,"M\ feel deep.

Point IVter in Seai-cy couiily. 1.030 foet above Kicliland creek, is Itie
northern end of u line example of one of the hi^h norlh-|)oiiitiuK spurs
of the Hcwtton nnMintAinii. Many of thpKe old npurs of the t^oslnn moun-
tains have been completely washed away, vvhih^ olhi-i-s }uive iH't'ii ^)rdy
partly removed, and are left iis oullifirs or isolated ]H'aks standinjr on the
lower pluiu all alonj: the north face of the nionntnins. Some of these
oiitUei*s ()r remnants of former spurs are Cow niountjiin. Panther inoun-
lain. and Roper mountuiu we»t of Mountain View ; (hero is also a cluster
seven miles south of Bellefoute whoso peaks: are known us Pilot, Boat,
Pinnacle, Sulpliur, and Fodder Stuck mouut^iins.

Wbon* the St. T.ouls and Pan Franrisi-o railway croeses the
Ozark jilatean near the Missouri-Arkansas line, there is a group
of small outliers of the Boston mountains that rise above the
^cneriil level of the snrroumling country. This gr«up includes
l*.':i Tiiili.>-e. the historiesite of a Itattle of the civil war; Hlansett,

Gentry, Itailclilf.Pond, liich, Poor,Giass-
coek, Little Sugar mountain, and the
iJevil's Eyebrow. These peaks are all in
the vicinity ofOarliebl station. Fayette-
ville stands at tlie west base of another
outlier — Kast mountain (elevation 1,734
feet) — while in the vicinity are Pierce,
Kessler, Washinj^on, Baxter, and sevenil
other |>eaks having a like iiistory. Simi-
lar but less prominent fieaks are scat-

tered along tho north face of the JJoston mountain from Fayette-
ville to Evansville. One of these, Cane hill, has an elevation
of 1,(100 feet above tide level.

The south fiieo of the lioston mounUuns in some places slopes
gradually southwartl and merges into the .\rkansaa valley region
of folde<l rock^. North of Clarksville, liowever, the mcnmtjiin

rf^ion emls ahi-uplly in the south
side, where the mountain rises
like a gigantic wall that over-
looks tlie Arkansas valley.

The 0/.ark plateau (tont-ains
enormous (quantities of marble,
HiiH-HtuiiLs and}clnNs-Kaiiil. There
arc also h-a^l and zinc mines, and
valuable deposits of iiliusplmle
rocks at many places.

Oh IhtOtark ptoUii 11 I iru ntar Fai/HitwUU, Wa»h\mtitotk tovnt\/.

The Streams.— The principal
streams of the state are the

[llissifisippi, ArVansHs, "Wliite, St. Frnncis, Ouachita. Red river,
and iJnyoa Bartholomew'. These are all navigjible, though
the smaller ones are navigable only during seasons of high water.
Other streaniR worthy of ineniion, but nut so large, are Little lied
rircr, Ciwhe, Petit .Ifan. Fonrche h\ Vn\f. and Mtillwrry river.
The Mississippi .
the Arkansas.
Red river. Petit
Jean'^ Fourche In
Fave, and liayou
Bartholomew are
laggish. nimldy
i, but most
the smaller
streamK, especial -

th066 of the ^ tJtortKitFutu tNVVc t" ">* Ihtirk rtaiou.

•rthwestern part of the state, have anasually clear water.

The Drainage of the Ozark Plateau.— Beautiful springs
clear, cold water are abundant, all through the region of the
n mountains. White river and its tributaries drain nearly
all of the Ozark plateau that lies in the state of Arkansas. Most
of the tributaries head in the Boston nnmntainsand flow north-
wani to the main Ktreiiiii ; those that lieiul near the watei-shetl
of the Boston mountains flow through deep gorges in their
upper portions and emerge on the great lower plateau at the
nr>rth base of the mountain. Over this lower plateau the streitms
liave winding courses, an«l they wiish the biwes of vertical
clilf« of hard rocks lirst on one side and then on the other. Most
of the valleys along these streams are so narrow that they have but
little bottom land. Water-worn bowlders are strewn down the
slopes of the hills along these Hti-uiims, shnwing that the streams
liave gTa*Uiaily cut their way down to their present levels.

Shifting Streams. — The Mississippi and the Arkansas rivers
Mow Little Rock are constantly undercutting their banks and

lihifting their channels. The great curves of the streams where
Ihey bend back upon themselves are called oxhoxvs on account

of their forms. These ox-l>ows occaaionally cut through the
Utrrow necks that se^mrate the two jtarts of the stream. The

MAP STUDIES.

tlome Geoffra/fhf/. — Wlml states aro ia the nme lalittide us Arkansas ?

In which ilircci ion h e»ch (mm your slate? Bi-lwcen wlial iiKTiiliniis of luiij,'!-
tadedcHtv joiir HliUe lint Iklwcon wlial parullcls uf lutitiuU'? Turn U> the mup
<it Am» *n<1 Ami «ii«t Rountri«»Iie in the same Itttituiln n*. Arkniisax. Compare
Ifc* lUihi<]i> <>f Riiropo with Ui»t of your home. Kiml countries Id South America
tW arc iu the iwitic 7^;iie aa Arkantm!*. Fi»<l snch coiinlrii.^ in Afrii^a. Fiiirl
1he Avrm^ Ipnglh anil t)io «vern);i> wiiitli of the state. iifiFig the Kcain of iiiilcii.
fuul tliC' oonnty in which you lire, Whnt is its Inlitiule? tt« longitude? iLt
ncnge lenj;lt) and breatlth ? Its are« ? In what Ivwuithip do you live ? Ilov
9tbj l/»wn»hifi* in your county t WhnT is their t-ixe? Find your connty ne&t,
fVbai t^ the number of ymir school dirtrirt ? Whnt nrc llie prin<'ip«l Imluslrles
.hjfour County? What railrooda or rivers pass through ill Name the man-
F^iKtareK. What itatc lies north of Arkansas? What Btate west? What oaij
rfvatell abaul Oklahoma? Wlnit slates ftoiith of Arkaasas? Find the distance
[hmt your town lo each of these stales, flow does your town compare in size
'*tlli ejM'h of litem?

Surfarc—in whioh natural division of the itats do yon live 1 Give some
[itwonl of earh nf tho other dirisinns. What mmiDtiiins an nearort to yon?
How high are tbey ? Find the toc-ntion of the three highest moantains in the

Stream takes the shorter course, and the ohl ci*ooked l>eil of the
stream is then abandoned. The mudily waters have their cur-
rents checked where they pass the quiet waters of the abanihmnd
channels, ami this causes them to be datmne<l up with mud, and
eventually to Ije se])arate4l from the main channel, and left as
crescent-shaped lakes in the river bottoms. This process causes
the removal of the area enclosed in an ox-bow frtuu one side of
a river to the other. Certain parts of the stat4^ of Arkansas that
were once west of the Mississippi river, have been transfen-od to
the east side by the cutting otT of these ox-bows.

The ruconls of old and new hind sur%-(<3'H made along the Arkansas
river between Utile Hock and the mouth of thn river show that tlini
strennt tthifted its trhannel ns inucli antlir^e and u half miles near ArknnNUs
Post Uilwei-n 1829 and iSSft, and two and a half miles nrar Fine Bliiir
)>f(ween the years 18!^A and IKS.'t. Alnftit ten miles below IJltte lt<H*k iho
channel shiflrtlat one ploi'** four miles in theiHriixl Ix'tw^-nii the years 1826
and 1885. The c rest-en t-shiiped lakes aUniK the Mississippi. Ihe Arkansas,
the St. Franris, the Rtxl river, and Buyou Burlholoniew originated in this
way> Between Little Rock and Fort Smith the ArkauKiut river cnnnoi
chatif^ so niueh, because in Ihnt |>ai'tof
its course it Ilowhlhroujfha, wkio" of
lianl nxtks that cinnot be undfi-cui so
readily as the uUuviul luuib of )t»
lower course.

Work of the Streams. —The
mu<ldynp|wiiniiu:e»)f river walei-s is
due to their carrying mineral mat-
ter or Hnely powdered rocks. All
streams carrymuch minernl matter
in S4dutiun also, though this dis-
solved matter is not visible. In
one yearliie Arkansas rivercarried
past Little Rock (!.S'J8,3.>() u^ns
of mineral matter or rock in
solution, and 21,471,578 tons of
mineral in suspension, a total
of 28,299,029 tons of rock. -u— a,^b-.

Hot SpringB. — The hot 8prinj;s of Arkansas are perhaps
most striking natural phenomenon in the state. The high te
perature of these springs (liH degrees) is due to the waters coi
ing in contact with hot rocks far beneath tho surface of the eart

stale, yaine iwme countiei; lying in each of the nature) dirisiona of Arkan;
What counties Ixiriler on your eonnly T What river Ijorders the state on I he e«,»r t
On the sPiJthwesn What two rivera crose the »t«te? What are the iarRi
rivers lyiriff eniircly within the utate?

attem ani»ttippi lo'
tandft? In the Ouachita uplands! Id the BlacklandsT Tell somelhitiK aboul
each of the following cities: Joneshoro, Helena, Pine BlulT, Fori Bmith, Texar-
kana. Hot Springs, ArkadelphiH, Eureka Spring?, and Camden.

Htttlrottttti, — How would you g»i liy nili-om) from your l"wn to Little Itoclt
On what road could ymt go from Little Roi^'k lo TexarkannT To Camden t To
Fort Sniilht What railroad crosses the western pari, of the MateH Throufrh
whnt cities doei* it \miNi1 What are Ihe chief e-ilies on the St. Louis, Iron Montitain
anil Southern road? OntheC'otlon Belt road? The Chocuw? How conld you
po from Memphis lo LitlU Uock ? What road follows the While river valley t
What rofid crosses tho Ozark plateau? Throngh what cities does the St. LcKiisand
Iron Slniintain and Southern r«ad pass? What railroads enter Little Rf>ck? Find
Sve lea<ling railroad centers in the stale nnd tell what roads pa«s through them.

Traee Ihe route uf each of Ihe following milnwilp ami name the chief low
through which they jn*?'* ■ Kanws Oily Soulheni, Si. Loins. Iron Mounlaiu
Si>iitfaera, Louisiana and Arkansas, St. Ixiuis and San FraTtcifteo.

The Natural Resources of Arkansas are rich and varietl. A
raiUl ami iiiuiiiL cUmaLL- ami a gi-oat vurioty of fertile soil enable
hor to prwluce a wule ranj^; of frtiiLs ami farm pro4lucts. llt:r
vast forests, which one© coveroti the entire state, anil an abiin-

ilance of coal,
iron, and other
tiiinerais, are the
l>nsiB of growing
manufacturing in-
terests ; her chief
ii\-ers are navi-
gable and connect
all sections of the
slate with the
^lississippi river

//artiHfiNp Ol/a/V'i t- (Ac di. t'rantrta
wailtt/.

system and the Gulf of
Mexico.

Climate.— Arkansas lies
in the warnvtemj>erate belt.
The climate generally k
mild and etjmibie, with
abundant rainfall. Thecen-
tral and northern parts ot
the state, however, lune »n
elevation of about one thou
sand feet above the lowland
section.

This fact, together with the higher latitude ol
these ]>art6, gives ihem a cooler cliHiale. In the low-
lands the smumoi-s are hot, but in the highlands they
are uniformly pleasant. The winters thmugiiout the
sUite are mild, the thernioineter sehhmi going far below
freezing point. The anuiuil rainfall is over 40 inches.
and well distributed throughout the year, inaaring
abundant cropa.

Soil is formed hy decay of rocks and of vegetable
matter. When it lies where it is formed, it is called

re^ithud soil; bnt «'hcn it is transported to a distance a <>Mi»n n^id and i-.rk^* n>a^ u>ttr^<:u
by moving waters and spread out over the lower [mrts of the
country, it is known as <Uluriaf, or iraiutporUd^ soil.

see*l. It is worth together about fifty millions of doUars. Tlie
best cotton land liea in the lower valleys trf the Arkansas and
White rivers, and along the Mississippi. JelTerson is the leading^
cotton -producing county, followetl by Phillips and Lee, The best
bottom lands in Jefferson county yield about a bale and a half
of fiber to tiie acir.

Com is not so proJitable a crop to the farmer as cotton, and
hence less attention is given to it. The annual crop is nearly
fifty millions of bushels, its value l>eing a little h-ss than half the
value of the cotton CTo\i. The corn of Arkansas is not sold out-
side of the state, but is used for food and to fatten hogs and
cattle. Over a million hogs and about half a Tuillion l>cef cattlo
arc kept upon the farms of the state.

Wlirat, oatH, and rye ^ow welt in the upland rpcions, where tbft
s(til is siiilnlile. Htit tl»*» combined value of tiiefMt three cro|ift U only
ab«iut oue tweulielb of llie vulue of llie collnn crop. Rioe
is HiUTessfiilly ifrown in Luiiokc county. Tlie traUtr for
IliKwUng is obtained fi-om wells. Plantations near C'aWisle have
vH'Ided from sixty to a liund^wl buslu'lsan aoro. Sugnr-cane
has been raised in Ashley und iu other couuties iu the Houtli Bud
Ci)<t. The lowlands pitxhute, hIho, enormous cro{>8 of olfalbi,
>t**rmuda grass, clover, and other forajfi- ifrasses.

It is, however, in the production of ft-iiitj* and ve^re-
laiiles that Arkansas ranks preeminent among the states.
Ap])les. pears, peaches, plums, and chemes are pr«Mluced
on the largest scale. The plateaus of the northwestern
nart of the state are peculiarly fitted for tlie succeHsful

cultivation of a]>ples, whic^
are also raised in the low-
land counties. The finest
apples of the world are pro-
4hice(i in Washington, Ren ton,
and ^ladison counties. Th
counties have moreapplet
than any other three oountiea
in the United States, and havo
sold apples to the value ot
^:i,00O,ti(M) in one voar.

Tho fertility of soil df|M-ndK upi>n, thr* nature of the rock from which it
is formed. Ohalk mid liniestune nK.-k, such as \s found iu tlie cretat'itoua
section of Arkan.sjw, forui a. very rich soil, well adapted to ooni. Rhale
and sandstonu rock make a soil less fertile, but very suitable for fruits,
vegetables and certain Held cmiiR. like ryt} and oat^. The soil of the
hijrhlaTid reponB of .■Vrkansax Ih laJ'gely residual ; but. in the lower areas of
the snutlieast, and in Ihc vulleys of tlie Arkansiis. White, and other rivers,
we find alluvial soil of >,'-reul depth utid of inexhaustiblfi fertility. These
sections produce large crops of coltttn. (-orM, i>oU»t€)es, sugar-cane, and rice.
The upland regions, especially the tiorthwestcm parls. are the fn^at fruit-
producing regions uf the nlate.

Agriculture is the Iea<ling occu])ation in Arkansas. Its prod-
ucts are in value greater than all other proilucts of the state
combined. Cotton is first iu importance, its value being about
oijual to the combined value of all other crt>[>s. Arkansas
ranks seventh among tho states in its cotton products. The
iii'cra^ annua} crop is about t:K>0,0<''> bales and 400,000 tons of

Arkansas lias been
called tho world's
orchard, and re-
ceived the higlitTst
prixe for its oxhihi-
tiun of fruits ut th*.'
Colmiibian Espo.si-
tion at Chicago in
ISd'i. Hundreds of
car-loads of applet.
I>ears, pt^acheit, and
aprieotJiareannually
exported lo foreign
countries or sold in

l',irkir.'j i-rii!>trf /i'r t'\^ f.r'Unl It WOTtAlffHWrn .iT'tanM*.

ntiier parts of the United Slater. The npTandn of the state are ulsa well|
adapted to the vine. Sniid! fruits are raised ou a larg« wale in many
parts of the state, and much attention is ffiveu to market Kardeuiug*. The
sandy eastei-n slopes of the Boston nioitntainK and the narrow vallevB ii
the same region are model land-s far str»wl>erry culture. Sweet pntal
and melons ai'e raised in abundance iu nearly every pari of the stati
and VAAt quantities of them tind a market in otlier states, csfteciallr ii
the Xorth.

The Forests of Arkansas

are to-day the most extensive
in any state of the Soutli. In
the southurn part, of the state,
pine, cviirciB, untl cottonwoocl
are the most abundant va-
rieties ; in the northern, part,
oaks, hickories, and other
hard woods prevail. The
hard-wood forests of Arkansas
are the most extensive and
valuable found in any atate
of the Union.

Wlieii the great foreste of the
iiorthuru uud north ceutral states
Ix-Efnn to fail, lumberini; bvctune
:i profltjihlenidustryiji Arkansas,
:iiid inimense saw and planhig
niillii were soon built along oil
xhf^ leading rivura and linea of
mil war.

A ,..w jurri ,•* 6^^ coM„ih. Minerals. — The minera

resources of Arkansas are varie<l and of considerable extent,
but have not been devel»|)etl on account of lack of fuel and of
tran8|«»rttttion facilities. The increasing output of coal, how-
ever, and the cxtensjon of Iiranoh lirt'"- '4" rrfH'vnv into th
mincrnl regions,
rapidly over-
coming these difh
catties.

The workable
coal deposits are
mainly in the Ar-
kansas valley re
gion, and cover an
areaof aliout 1,700
Mjuare miles. Thr
.Hverage annual
output is over two
llillion U>nB, valued
id giS.i'OO.OtK), Sebastian county yields over two thiriis of the

tire iunount. The next counties in onler of the amounts ]>ro-

H eve
Hmit

IJir Mifmiiio •'il'tr iitt (H(m*,

are Franklin, Johnson, Pojw, Logan, Washington, and

lit.

Iron is found in nearly every county in the state, but in such
■nail 'jiiantitics as to be of little value. The de|>osits are also
too disUint from manufacturing centers to be prnfitablo.

Mitiiuaiif.He is a metal resembling iron ami used in making
Aeel. It is minc<l chiefly in Independence county, nejir Hates-
tille; but it is found in small quantities in Pike, Garland, Hot
Sipring, and Saline counties.

Aliiiiiiniiim is valuable for lightness, strength, and durability.
It is obtained principally from the mineral bauxit*", which is
foand in large quantities in Pulaski and Saline counties. About
hH the aluminium used in the United States comes from
Arkansas.

The zinc and lead depoeits of the Ozark plateau have long
been famous. The counties on the northern bonier of Arkansas
contain the richest zinc deposits in the United States. I^ilroads
are being rapidly extended into this section, and preparations arc
being made for zinc mining on a large scale. ^^

Bi^'Kides the metals jiamed above, tniiny otherj (X'cur in small quantitieo^l
Antiiiiiiu,v ii' found in Howard county; lilHinutli iu Sevier county;
copper Ml Iiidopeudence and Garland: nirkt^l in SaUnc, and silver aii^^
sold in in8i<?niticant aniountJi iu various pat-Is of the i^tate. ^|

Novuciilite, or whetstone rock, is a characteristic product of
Arkansiu*. Hones and whetstones of the finest quality have
been obtained from the earliest times from the tjuarries near Hot
Springs, in Garland county. The rocks called novaculiics are
very hard sedimentary rocks. The gniin is of varying degreq^l
of liucness, fitting the stone for different purposes. The coarse*^
kinds found in the Ouacliitu niouutuins ai-e made into whetstones
for Bhar|>ening scythes and other coarse instnmients. Bat the
liner qualities, known as Arkansits sUme and found in Garlai
county, are used for sharpening line instruments. In tl

powdered fori
this stone is mu(
used by jeweler
ongra vers, ant
dentists. ^1

A great varie^|^|
of clnyK is found
iuA^rkansas. Many
[)f these are suited
for the man u f ao^l
ture of fine |)ot-
tery. From other
kinds, brick, drain
' " tne, and coarser

ducts are made. Cliitlk is found in the cretaceous section
It is used iLs a fertilizer and in making cement,
ot'hen* are oxides of iron, used in making i>aints. They occur
ill a variety of red and yellow shades. The finest deposit^ are
nund in Drew

m wrew county.
IliiiUHni; stftne is abun-
dantlv distributee! through-
out the state. Blue, gray.
and brown granites are found
in Pulaski, Saline, Garland,
and Hot Spring counties.
Marbles of various shades ai*<'
found in the C>/.ark region,
and limestone, sandstones,
and shales in difl'erent sec-
tions of the state.

Arkansas is noted for its miti-
ernl sprinRs. Someof llieso have
remarkablft curative power, aiui
have altpoctod ' health -seekers,
from every part of the %vorld.
Hoi Springs. Stdphur Springs,
and Eureka Springs have t>ecome

.^ mill Urrl in .Si^t^i'^n onwnfb, 7ft* *<>it A'l* *■*"«

rciviMYif . oii'i a taufr of coal H fnl I'lidt. nm/atn-
tnp lU.UUO fama, ia axjwaaj to vi*w-

l\)

GEOGRAPHY OF AKKANSAS.

lar^ centers of population, and are thronged with thouBands of visitors
throughout the year. Some of the largest springs are the Mammoth
springs, in Fulton county; Silver spring, in Benton county, and Big
spring, in Independence county. Crescent spring, in Carrol county, and
Elixir spring, in Boone county, afford nearly pure water, less than one
part in nine thousand being solid matter.

Manufactures. — Arkansas supplies the raw materials for a
vast and varied line of manufactures. As her natural resources
are developed and means of communication are improved, new
industries are sure to spring up. Of her manufactures lumber
is by far the most important. The pine and hard wood are
sawed into lumber for further manufacture. The cypress is cut
into shingles and barrel-heads, and the poorer kinds of oak into
stav^. There are over a hundred varieties of trees in the state
that yield good lumber. The annual value of the lumber manu-
factured in the state is over $25,000,000. This is equal to all the
other manufactures combined. Next to lumber, floxir, nical,
cotton-seed oil, and cake are the most important manufactures.
Little Rock, Fort Smith, and
Pine Bluff are the leading centers.
Iron foundries, ice factories, and
lumber mills are found in many
of the larger towns. An ac-
count of the various manufac-
turing industries is given in the
description of cities.

History. — The name Arkansas
(ar'-kan-saw) is the French spell-
ing of the name of a tribe of
Indians who once lived along the
Mississippi river near the mouth
of the Arkansas. The early ex-
plorers who visited this region "' "^ """^
applied the name to both the river and the territory bordering
it on either side.

De Soto and his followers were the first white men to enter
Arkansas. They crossed the Mississippi from the east and jour-
neyed northwest as far as the Buffalo fork of White river.
Then, turning southward, they struck the Ouachita river in the
neighborhood of Arkadelphia, passing through the hot spring
region, where De Soto is said to have halted, attracted by the
waters, which were reported by the Indians to have wonderful
healing properties. The expedition then followed the Ouachita
and the Mississippi, going south as far as the mouth of the Red
river, where the great leader died and was buried beneath the
waters. This happened in 1541.

More than a hundred years afterward, in 1673, Marquette and Joliet,
coming from Canada by way of the Q-reat Lakes, descended the Mississippi
as far as the mouth of the Arkansas river. Nine years later came the
great La Salle and his trusted lieutenant, Henry de Tonti. Two Arkan-
sas Indians guided the party to a friendly tribe, fifty leagues down the
river, whence they at last reached the mouth of the Mississippi. He
called the whole region drained by the Mississippi rirer and its tributaries
Jjouiaiana, the first name given by Europeans to the land of our state. In
1685 Tonti built a fort near the present post of Arkanras. This was the
first white settlement within the limits of the state. Emigrants from
Canada came to Arkansas from time to time, exploring the country and
giving names to the riven and mountains. St. Francis, St. Ifary's,

Fourche la Fave, Petit Jean, Poteau, Ouachita, and many other names
still bear witness to the early occupation of the French.

At the close of the French and Indian war in 1763, all
of Louisiana west of the Mississippi was ceded to Spain; but it
was taken back in 1800 by Napoleon, who wished to make
it a base for attacking the British in Canada. His plans failed,
however, and in 1803 he sold the entire region to the United
States for $15,000,000. In 1806 the present state of Louisiana
was organized as the territory of Orleans, and all the land north
of it, including our pr^ent state, was called Louisiana. In l(5l2
the territory of Orleans was admitted as a state . and took the
name of Louisiana. The remaining land north . of it was then
called the Missouri territory. In 1819 Arkansas was separated
from the Missouri territory and given a separate territorial
government.

The first governor of the new territory was James Miller, and the seat
of government was then at Arkansas Post. In 1821 the seat of government

was moved to Little Bock, wiiere it
has since remained. In 1836 Arkan-
sas was admitted into the Union as a
state, with James S. Conway as the
first state governor. It had at that time
a population of 55,000, one-fourth of
which was colored. In 1860 llie
population was 435,450. In 1861 an
ordinance of secession was i>a&sed
by the state legislature. Arkansas
took an active part in the " war l>e-
tween the statue," furnishing 30,000
troops out of a voting population of
about 62,000. Some of the important
engagements fought during the war
on the soil of Arkansas wei-e the
battles of Pea Ridge, Prairie Grove,
Helena, Pine Bluff, Little Rock, and
Marks Hill. In 1864 General Price
left his camp in southwest Arkansas for his famous raid into Missouri.
After this matters remained quiet in the state until the close of the great
war. In 1865 the people of Arkansas abolished slavery and applied for
readmission to the Union. But her senators and representatives were
refused seats in Congress, and in 1869 the horrors of reconstruction began.
The carpet-bag government reorgani:sed the state, which was readmitted
to the Union in 1870.

Since the civil war the population of Arkansas has increased
to about 1,500,000. Her manufactures have increased in value
from practically nothing to $50,000,000. Four thousand miles
of railroad have been built, and the development of her vast
natural resources has been fairl}' well begun.

Government. — The state has a government, consisting of
separate legislative, executive, and judicial departments. The
legislative department of Arkansas consists of a Senate com-
posed of thirty-two members elected every four years, and
of a House of Representatives composed of one hundred mem-
bers elected every two years. The legislature is known as the
General Assembly. It meets biennially in the odd-numbered
years. The executive department consists of a governor, a sec-
retary of state, a treasurer, a state auditor, and an attorney
general, all of whom hold office for a term ,of two years.
The General Assembly also elects a commissionet of state a
lands, a commissioner of mining, manufactare, and agricultnre,^

at I.ittU Roek.

Citient. — On the {wltlion or llio inliKbilanl^ ot itny lo(}aUty of the Mntc. aiKiicd
by at Ica^t. rweiity qimlltloU clcrtor?. Iliey luity rocoivo a charter, nr net of iiicor-
poniUoii. froiii llic (jCDoml Asscntlily. (;^vitig tliPin Iho {wwer of electing cflU'er^ to
lUBtjflf^e jiulilic nfTiiirii. SikJi & tociiltty then becomes » miirii(!i|>nl cor|>i>nittoTt. If
it cxjiilttiiis ovor G.WXt iDlmljilmils il is rulleii iv vHy "f tho first flHNi, If llie iinpii.
lalioii is liclwiMJit 2.Wm mill ft.OOO it is t-iillwl a lnIv nf tlin itoioml clftfS. An inn-nr-
[Mimioil town i>r villngv is a niuiuci[ial rarporalion ci^ntjiining Ium than 2,5(K]
JliliKlnlniit.t.

Cities of the Arkansas Valley.

JjitfJp Rttek <IVilHHki rotinly n>»t: pop. 38,8D7) is Uk> I'ttpilul nml romincrcinl

metropoliij ut Arkaiii'AS. It i?( sitiiatcd iti llic-geognvpliic-nl rriiliT of t.hc stntc on
IbB Arkansas rivi-r iirul iil tlio itilcrwclinn of tin- vh'u't nu)ri.inis. ll is one of t!ir
most imporljuit cotloti rweiviiift c't'iiltTs in llit I'nileil Stiili's. ha(i<llirifr aiinmilly
nearly 3O0.0O0 btile^ It is tlidurgt^t iimiiiifta-turer orootton tset^i) i>il iri tin- w^iU,
sliippirif uiiiiiitilly almiil 800 var UhuU of oil Aod
8,0(Kl rnr hituls af tncnl. It aUn raiikri high ti* a
grain iiuirket, recpiving annually over 4,[KX).CHW
of biinhcU of tnni. nat?t, ami mhvitt. hitlk* li<x:k
is noi only the. chief Rhi|tping point, ijut tkU-nlio
chivf iiianiifacturiiig cciitiM' of Ihc ^IHL<•, ThiTu
art- about llin-t- Immln.''! imliisn-iiil [ilrtiifs of ^kl]
snrts. The car nhoiw of ihf MiMiouri Parific
railway, cmptoyiiig aliotit .1,000 iiion, art' Ioo)il4>(l
heiv. IVsidps ihe imliiMritf* f*iiiio»-ti^i wiih cot-
ton, there are 1ar|j:eliiiril>er &i)<l furniture faotories
and machitiD shop. The oily is the chief renter
for the w]ioli"(aIu and jobbing trAile of the state.
The Stale Irisjiiip Asvhim, Meclioal Bthoul, I»wi£

HiimOe and tivi^on fiietttriea at
t'oft .Smi/V

/'inr OitilT. — Shil'fiHu tyitlun.

Mute and Blind Schools, tlie Slate Prison, and various tV-
noniinHlional strhoolR And ooIIegtiM are locate<1 in Little Rot-lf.
The population in IIK)ti was about 60,000.

Pine Bluff iJ^Senon county «j«t; pop. 11,406) i» one
of llic busiet^t anil nio£t |imis]ierou)i citicii of ihv utato. It i
Rittialcd on a high bliilT in ihuitumh bL>nd of the Arltait- <-
river in a rtno aj^ricnllnrHl and col ton-growing oounr
Many thousands of bulvs are haiiilleil ill Pine Itlnffeuch yi-^:
Tlwre arealso large shiprneiitsof slrawberries, phimtf, appi' -.
poaches, and jienrs.

IliM! BluS has c-xl^nairc Inni m>rk« Ktid inaaaraclarM rarrbgra, fu i
nlnirc llftiir, ■od eottoii-«c«(l oil. The mllroi<] sltop* of the 8i. Li^ui* u--". "■■' ■'■'—■'« ■"■
Bmtthwi'Klvnj iWCoIton llflf ntUrood compaiif in> lucatul hm-. Tlirm U iilwi ■ti-iiintHNilMTvl».>
tliiwu tlir ArkMiiHM an<l UlMlMlpid rirera. In MlilUlon U) fta |)titilk Hrhmilv, Pine IlliiO liiu h biiiil-
neMcollofn uid tlw Slate Caloral Noraud oollcffc. ttr^firM H n pTo«p«rou*lcmn.

Foti Smith (SelMiJ^tian county seat; pop, 11.087) is sitiiaLod at the confluence
of Ihi: ArkaiisHs utid Polfwii rivers mii the bonier of Oktahoiiia. in the center of an
iinexccllud iniiicnd mid agriL-ulliiral n-gion. Five niilnjiid routes pass thixMigh
tlic rity. Finn (liv and liriL-k flny,«, lend and xine. vhIubIiIi,' liitildirig stoue:*. esfcl-
lent pint.' tiniV»er and riiif. hanlwoodi* fti-« among Itm nalnnd prodiicls. T«h'I
handli^s, refrigi^rolor?^. i-ui^hp^ and doorx. Iwdcprings and mallri-isses, and shoi'f an'
among Ihr inanufacliires. There urc nli^ ilirco planing ntill^. C-oni^idcrAbln cot-
ton is grown near Forth Smith, supplying the matcHal for a cnlton (lompress,
two cotton ginK, and a eotton-sced-oil mill. The city has on excellent public scliool
syvtcm. Among the privnl* schoolti na- Si. Ann's academy and Fort Smith Com-
mercial school. The population was alwtit 25.000 in 1900.

HuMtingtmm (p(i}k IJH) U lonicd in ■ mt>nnUln(Nia r^oa llwC pnxlticca a ra*t amount

LttUt Hiftk. .Uaint UrrtI m '/<r t.i.ttnrtt t,.-l,aii.

iif «TDokelt*> coal. It la Ml llw St. Ijms'u and San Franolwn
rrtHlniitil anil lina eiHxl fucllilfa'* for olilj^iplng (far ImniiliM
i»ii|iiit ft li» cn&l mliuv. ropitlailon In 1001 3»U0.
OrrvHwcMirl i'|K>i>. 401) lunnrnf the rwiinljr vmts and on
Juiportniil rallnwl criitcr.

tiintsFftvtlte {l*n|»o county feat; pop. 1,88S)

i.«-veiiil (■itilon gins, a l«rg« icu-plnul, a furni-
ture fiR-lory, and excellent public schools. The
wonderful pontoon bridge ncros-s the Arkanns
river is u'ilhin fotir-anil-a-lialf miles of lh« city.
Pitpiilation in lOOO, 4,000.

Aittiut [piift. nil l# fit tlic foot ot Cram mmmlaln, tte

nillffi miMli ttt llK' AfiiMttnr riiix. I.ntnlMf nod rtitlon
arv fthlppeil hj llic 8i. boai*. Imii HiiiiiiTali> niid Soi}ihcM> rnlltjoiii. Tbc lonn liiu a smid public
ktIiodI jumI Inn hnitke. Pnpiilatton In IWH, 1,^0. liaprr, Londan, and l*otta»Ut» mn oUmt
killing incorporaled tuvriia In Pope cociutf.

t'l/trknt'tUe (.lohusnn county sent; )>op. 1,(80) \» neitr lhi> Arkansan river, in
tlii^ linid (Oft I f lis! rid, Within a mdiusof two to llvi> niili-K of the city am nearly
(>'<rty mines in oponttion. The town is /in important shipping point (or crotton.
• onl, and wocmI. ChirkHviUe if llio tvnl of the Arkan!«a Cumberland ctdlege.
t'opuJution hi UH38. 3.800.

roir mil (i>«p- ],34IJ. flrt<vn tnflea KnUtwtat of CInri»rlll^.1jAnilnli>f;iindahippIii|tpo4aL.

Da I' ft f J It elf *• (Yell connty tvni; pop. I,(t03) ts a rapidly growing and pinmia-
iiig little city situated on the Arkan!tni!> river at the terminus of tbo Uu!i»i'Uville
and Ihirdanellc bninch of the Kitlte Kock and Fort Smith railway.

DnnliUK-Iti! tiaa ft t-olttiti -ami-Mi I inUI. ■ roilnn irlll. niid Hovcrnl coltiKi gina. Murli iii«lnn la

alil|)pc(I frum IbU point. OnvotilM: t<mii-
i-«l iioutiMiii bridKi-a In Ihc wnrM cniMi-*
ilio AthaiiBaa Hver at DftnlaniHc TUa
|)i>|iiiIbUiiii in IBOS vnm 11,000.

Dtturllle (pop. 000) ia Uto murity wat

(i>r ili[' winiiTii dMrirl iif Yvllcumitf. It

iiuiirLtlintA] ami nlnlag mitor.

itt-llr^Ule (|Hii>. TifiS) le » |iKif|Kro«a boil-

iit'HK miUT axtil »l)lp|)iu^' point.

J*ariH (Logan county sea.t;
I»oi.. 83R> is a rapidly growing
town situated at the terminas of
itm Arkansas Oulrml nutroad.
Liirce rrops of cotton, grain, and

mltif tllll'int'll,

toliari'»ci A r o
grown tiewr Ihe
town, and four
coal min^s art'
in opt^mlinn.
PbH' fj;i- I ■ ■■'
ton - *4."'l ■ '■'
mill, n nili< '
Hour mill, f '.^"
[ilnningplftiit-
and is A ceii-
Icr for lofii
trade.

Jtoonf^tllc (pop. WK) la an Aid town n-l>nlll. It )■ ffuialcd on Ibo tVlU Jean rivnf on Ibr
Ulamt railniaO. anil Iuli n |>laaini> fi*nf. Fnntmill. n flnar mill, aixl two coium glna. PofMlMkNI

.-I nlftimlHtat tin (Ac Arkan»n» niwr.

[,• Tliejaipulatluuof all cltiiv atid liiuiis In glti-ti acnmlliig mtlM.- fidcral ccnatieut JUOO, ficr|>l nbnr vttivtwiacsUtfd.J

br Ihicti I
IMlMkNI ■

A uguitta (Woodniff county
^e;it; pup. l.(MO) is in lh« veet-
cra (Mirtorih«cout>ix, on White
rivvr nod tho Iroa MuantAin
niilrtiad. It isn well-Ucvelopcd
m<Mk'rii town and has sbw and
g^^l mills, ctiltoii gins, and k
Urj:!.- U>fM\ trade.

Vfition riautli>of>. 1.590)

U fiiur niilefi Ciul of the

C**')!" riv^r Lin tho Choctaw

Jawmbon.—Btuinrm ttction. mili^iad. III a Biie timbor rogiiiii.

The Eureka Haixlwood LuriiU-r tV>mp«in>- is UwHed here. There is also an oil

mill compauy cnUiUUsbed litre and I*"i banks.

Towns of the St. Francis and Mississippi Valleys.

Jietetm (Phillips county seat; pcjp. S.rtSO"! has nii vxccth-nl i-omniproinl location
upon Ib^ Mississippi river. It is aitualtfd ••ii )iigh land in a[iiK)?>t ihu center of tht>
oaaUTii iKnuuiary of the sUtc, and is ido tvnniiHW of thivc tailroads— llie lUinuis
Ceiitml, the ArkftiiiMis Midlmid. mid the St. I,oiiis, Iron Monniain iind Sonthern
railroails. The tdl y is iiii ImporiHiit liiriilier rmrkpl nnd n >hipi>iiiir-|i<iiril f.ir cotron
and cotton-seed oil.
(Irent f«edinjf ysrds
forcatltc nro Irwated
here and himdrcdb
iiro annually faMtrivd
for miirkpt un tlu-
meal and hulls of (In;
ooHi>n-»eyd-<iil inill^.
In B«ldtlion to it.'*
puhlie 8cho(dii, Iheiv
in a normal school U<r
polored stndentK. 'I'l"
public library, lli-'
V. S. t'iruuit Coun,
and the Post oili..-

oi-cupy the riiK-:sL liuildings in lielenn. I'he jHipiilaliun in I9l)G
was idiout 10.000.

Unrvelt (j»>ii.AM) in in iho hrkrlitf lliv r>cbt«il rknninit iBiuliir llM'Mala. It
liu^M viTBlfaiuberinnuufniCUirltiit nnA conon iflnnlof ratuUtiahniciila.

Mftrianntt (hcc county soat, pup, 1.107) is an impyrtaiit rail-
rout (.'enter and onv of thf most itirivirt; towns in the i^lale.

T>i« MirroiiiKliD); romti uf linid and uft wooiU and )br dcb tutalag tanda
ni|i|>lr lie liiaiticr lailU and |[liialn£ c»tibIUbioeDta. Harlan oa baa ncwipapere,
H IwTik, nm) tiH umdi-Tn i]ii]in>vi'iueata>

Forrent Cfff/(St. l-'raiicj» county seat: pop. 1,801) has a hij^h and ticalihdd
6itn«ti«»n on th* western shtpc of Crowluy's ridge. It hamic-otton-oil mill, Iwi. cut-
ton pu», and factoriea for the mantifai-tnro of stavvit, ttpokcs, handle:;, and buttons.

lU luniiy modern liiiprov«tiieniM nuilU! Fomwi Cily an nltractlTv place. It I* at Uic cnMnlfi);
ot Ibo ChiagD, Hock lalainl and Parllte nuirunil biu] tlm St. liimin, Imii -Mountain and SoRth^m
raitT«HM), Tba iMijiiitsUon In I9W vac *JKO, X*al««f Ih« Ii (lie aecond wmu ot itn^rOtiice.

Jir«rt«H iCrittcniIni cnonty m«i; imp. aSO) Ip Itic ii-a<ltnK Uiwn In Uw cannlr.

^oneabwo (Crainhp**! eounty seat ; pop. 4,50^) is a rapidly growing modem
town locatMl on Crowley's ridge at the crossing of two leadiiig railways It is an

important lum-
benng tenter
and gbippiiig
point for
D-lnres. head-
in^">, ntir] hard-

W-MkI tltlllKTS.

l*<truf/oultl

(Oreene county
si'ut; pop. 3..
S2l)ha<^ n nrio
lieiiltliful ]ix-a-
! ion and i.s do.-*-
- tinml to tip-
cnmc the chief

town of nortliiuuiUTii Arkansa<). The; city i.s well laid out, liasdne puhlit' buitdiiif^s,
and excellent schnoin. Th*^ rhipf industries are in connection with lumber ardcotton

Carnttg <riny ruTinty traf. pdji. 7>«> U ih* co«t*r of ili^ tinivlly ilmlwrr"! ait'l rtiio rarmiiijt utr-
tlaiu Jt0«r«r (puii. 530) In Iji a liiU fariuing wcUoii. Building niutrrlal. Inn^ber. Oour. and puollnc
wytitff are manufacUtred. Recw to alao a nowd ulucaiioaal cpntcr. tHgaott (pup. about aW;

la coumjr iwai fur lb«
raatvm diatilcl and Una
oiicnalve lumber In-
duatilce,

WalHul RIdgr
(pop. UO) is Uiocoiiiitf
«eHl of llio faaU-m (llft-
Irtct, wblle yo*ehalan
tpop. SM) la county nut
tit lb« weatern JlnEikt
at Ijurmiee CouliCj.
Blaek KafA ijiigi,
1.400) Is anr of ib« inont
IrnpoTtant riilm In ihr
county. PunilUiiv uii'l
other lumbrr pni(Iii>:ts
ara tba l«adbig niaiiu.
facinn. Flnedopoilia

Pamff(HiU dMrina the mercimnU' camioaL

of poraelidn clay an bt tho iMlfbbarboo<l. J'orf la -f|Mp. «X)) hu lumber Inteuu and cnttiiu
ffiniiluK aud floor MUblbibmcDta. Ila nntunl iwk l« mw. of the Sncal In tbc atalc.

PoeahOHtMA (Randolph county seat ; pop. lOOtf. ?,150) \» situated on the
niaiiV river, which is imvigalik- up to this p<iiiit tiy slcaiiiboata, and on the St.
Louis and San Franeiwo railrimd. Among Uib minerals found in this rieinity ars
lead, xinc, and small (luanlitifts of gold- A miiiiny (N.tnimny is eRiablishcil in
I'lK'aliotvlH-s bul the chief industry of lliolowu i)=tlii' mniiiifactiiri.' of lumber. Tha
inwn has screml Sl»wmill^ two hoop fat-lnries. and ■ flouring
■mil. Kighlccn miles west of Pocahontas are llip famous Itavcuditii
springs.

Utrrtthurff (PoIub«U ctiunlj a«al ; pop. MBi !■ alinntcd o« tlw 8L Itmlr,
Irvm Hmiotain aad 3ouUi«ro ralltoad. Wllltia u ft-w miliit ot tlit I.'AhKnllb! rircr
'(.■1 aniotiK ihe fi.othllla of Crowley's Kldgc. TTif ilmfM BTinrth bwr ts fMpcrb
.Lii-t llarhiburi; liM otun; Inmhrr rsclorla. Iluuy loiKr rlucranla aiv tucattil
nf or Uarrlabttrg,

ll'ynnr (Cross county; pop. l '■■'! i i, iho western baK ot

( 'mwleyV KiUge. is
the iTiitral and chior
tiiwh ill thf rouniy.
it. lin;^ lumlK>r niaiiii>
fucLorie; and inodeni
i m p I- o V o m e II I «v
VaUHtlnie ia (h6
i-'Minty hcat-

OKceotrt (MiHsis.

■ippi LOitiity seal :
pop. 1906, 3.000). lo.
I'litrd on ihv Missis-
sippi river and " Fris-
co " railtxiad. has
extenslTo maott&c-

There are also oottoo gins, oom-

Oatt J.- .— C>H'."i ■.■■■111 l-ri-tr :><uJ ■.'•! "nil.

tiires of himlwr. Tool handles are a si-ecialty.
pre»si-!S and oil niilb.

LtuKora (MiaBlMl[i|il cminEy; (Mp. liGSt l» on tho bank* of tiw Ulaalatlppl river bi neb. allnrial
funiing land* and tloc limber country, Ltix'itu la on the mdii line of Ibe Si. t.<iula and Han Fna-
cIhi-ii, and itlnij I'll ihi! Jun«bon>, Lak» Viij and Bastom raltroada. T)<« ctilvf lodustrln am
cotton giuuiug onrl ttie nuumfacbjre of lumber. Blirthwillv la an Iminrtant railroad oealrr. In the
Dorthcrii iMirt uf the ctimitT. Tlioa at« fine actuiola and cburcboa aad a boa|)ltal.

Cities and Tovma of Northwest Arkansas.

FayefiefUlf. (WaehinKton county «mii: pop, 1908. 7.000) i» pleasanlly situ-
ated on liii;li ground about 11 vu mih-s front WhiLv river. It iaon a jiinctiou kA lh«
St. Ix>uis Htid San PmnciMa railroad and on the Ourk, Cberokce CentnU and
Texas division of
the -same route
Itslumber.rtour,
and rolling iidlls
receive their wa-
ter (lower from
the While river.
There an? also
itinrl>le, }n'»nili\
lumber, mid ec-
itieiit worke.
The inannfao.
ture of wagons
and finished
wugou muterittb
is another lead-

GEOGRAPHY OK ARKANSAS.

iug oeoii|)tttion. The Arksiuwii State Uniroreity. b
t-nni niercinl mUcge, mtid a L'aitod St»toH cXfieriinont
elation ftrc located hor«.

4prfnp4al« (pop. 1906. t,OUO>, in Wuhioi^Q coiiuljr, t
prM p m w lowt) on b bnnch of Ibv "FHtco" •yvtrm. t» Rn
IBpoiteat alttiiiiliiit putiit tur fruiU ud IIvb MucIc. V^unlli:
dcpodta of btintnhMKii c««I anil IIiikkUkic ua found n«nr.
Tbrn; are. luipt a;t(>lr inrkiiqi biniae* and r«tnblbtiiiimtB Tax
nnnlnit *ni1 mnporaliny fruil. Pra*rii^rv»f (j»p l.Sig) In
■ItnaloJnn tlirSI. Loi)iiinml8iui PtnndBcnrailrMtlm'arn lirmtirh
r-r the Ulinoli rlvtr. Tti^ ttrgtvl applfiuidtonwtaraiinliiii pluiu
la tba MU« U Imalod boro. TInn is d«o a brick ud tile nuiua-

'■CtWltlg OtNU|M»J,

Benton viileilientan oountT !«f>at; [Kip. I.tMS»i!i
sltaat«(i l,a<K>ftft abfivetlio ssa I«r(.l iti lUt> hpjvrl nf
the great apple belt of Arkansas. Tlj^nn are over
K.000,000 trees in the country with an nnniiAl output
of S.OOO.OOO to iOOO.UOO IjushelH of apples. The prin- j.^^
cipal iniluittr}' h l)iV(lryiii|;uuilvvup(ir*tiii^of apptcw

ami the imeking of apples for Bhipiiioiit. FtentfJHviUc istlu- shipping point for grain
ani] lite stock. Is on a hranch of the St. Loiiiii nuil San Frnri(>isco railnMul. The
Ouachita Bvatonvillc iv^ademy and a Cniteil SlAles weatlii>r station are loi^akil
here. Hoffrrs (Benton county; pop. 2,158) l6 loiwiloJon ihct>zark pkieau.ahont
1-')0d feet abore the iica level n«ar White river. Three railroails pn&A throuph the
luwn. The preserving of Iniit, the distillatjon of vimtgar, and th« mannfacture
of ll'.>ur arc the Ivading industries.

SUiHttn Springs (pop. 1,748) guUi its name from ouo of Uiv twin tiprings,

{aniniifi fnriheirpiire
colli water and medi-
cinal qualiticF

An intmcTWc number
o( 'hlckcnit Bti4 «t(gR are
Kliippnl fmm UiIr luiinl.
Tbrre uw tcvtni fmlt
I'VutHirAUira In thi' fllj,
onr of them bciuf the
liirijcr*! Ill Ibp stub?. Thr
Atkanass ContcNiiot eul-
lc)ff la localMi licrc.
Sllriaiii Sprtnifa \t A vfrj
|i-';ii];..r nutntncr tMrtrl.

T ' la tUOD

lioQm.^A tiwatiKM eornrr- >■

e«N(ry <|io|i. 91^, nbuul tMi nilk-a uuttJi Ol Milium l^tirlUK*. i> rainmi' r >wLiit;ni>rl

■■oullrr nUalni;. Thm art- ruMaj large ■prinsa nrar. fnnlahiiij; water jMwtr for niiUa. Oniv*-f/r
kaa !«» flouHtiB mill*, tnn etaporalota, lw« fniil tree uanerica, a imlali) moniKv houM' niul
OthT bDNlnnu ImluolrW^.

Eureka Sprinyn (Carroll county seal; pop. ]006. 5.1S7) is in the heart of

the Uzark mountains at an ulevutiun of 2.000 feet. Itecause of the celebrated
iniucnl wat«rsof Itaain spring it in ix popular pleasure and licaltb reiiorl. The
nnmeroiis caves and sprin^fs. Pivot llock, and the Natural Bridge are the *--hief
poinU of intero&L Kureka sprinji* waler is Rhipiied all over the country. TirnbtT
13 ahundant and lumber conipnnlej) and cabinet manufacturers carry on a siiot-f>:i$.
/til bufinesa.

^of^irvlll* (Carroll conol^ teat : pop. SSl] la ittnaicd on pralrk land btfrinti hj the Oaaga anil
KInfa rlrvra, wblcb alhiTil Sua water power. Ita principal maDtirKtiifv la floor. It tiaa aUo a
' 'Mift and aiaadllf tocreaalng lumbar trade.

Or««n Kar«aff tii ibe aanie oonntjr. Ilea In tfao fruit brll aiiil lioa cnorraODi canning Inter-
""•mu, ltinib«r and flmir mllla. The Otark Normal m1ilk>1 Ir locatt-d here.
I Bttwi»an (Bootipcimiitf »r«l; (mii, l.Oftl) l« Uie imat tmporlani railroad lowQ la the coanty.

K^V hta laiga loar uiIIIr nud a niipfrovcmment butldlnK.
. B*inl99ilU (Sfaillann cnnni; N^t; pop. UOl ia imo of the oldeat towiu la Ibcauie. It I* ttie

^ ^^''Bilff ahlpptaB polnlfur tlip cixnily foi cotton, fmll*. Ilvrntock, ami min-r farm prnrlufita.

fa*p«r (Newioa countj acnl; pep. 800) hiu
j^^-^kBportant lambarins nad boalneaa Intereata.

Cities of the Ouachita
Highlands.

MTot Jl/jHfi0fi (tiariand county seat:

^»p. fl.tt7:j) is known throughout ihi*

'XvorlU as a hvalth resort on account of U»

^Xatnous hot ^priugx, iiiaiiy uf which have

^mnarkaltle incHlii-innl projKTlies. It is

1>ii>tureM]nf>l}' nitimtol in a narrow valh-y

"Ijeiween two ridgoa nf montitains Tin

springs, of which there are more than

sneveuiy in. the iicifrhborhood, are iimlpr

the control of the I'liited btatCK go%-em-

rnent, wTiieh hae laid out roads and parks. The city in noted for its hoieli and

.^iiilariiirLi*. of which tlicru are about isovcnly-fivo: the»t' acc^mnnodate nioro than
fifty tlioH.'iand visitors aninwlly. The Army and Navy (Jcnoral Hospital is also
Io<-ated here,

Benton (Saline county seat; [>op. 1,848) is at the junolion of five railroatU.
within one mile of Saline river, which affords fltra sawmill sites And within ihirly
miles of the famotu Hot Springs.

Tli« i[n>at«»i bauaeilf mine In Ibo world Ih tocalcd la Benton. The dcpo«ll» nf iHiitcr'n rlaj
Slid kai>Hti an InnhaiMtllib, and Ibr miuiufai'diiu uf \iiAtny la one uf Um- tiUUt iiiiuatrit* ot tlie
city. Tlintwr of all kinda RTOwa In tti« aaTTauiidltiii cotintrr, and rnmliare, aaatit*, noil ilnur« ar«
■ Imirenimiit Uio Ivadlnt! lDiinurn<:tiirvm.

Alaircm (lint Springs county scat: pop. 1,583) b on the Iron Mountain rail-
Way and a branch of tho Chicago, [lock Inlaml and Paciilc. Two large brick and
tile-ntakiiig (at'lories «!--• in oI'l■r■l'i'^!^ XrihTrn hns a fine ::radcd school that
ii« directly conne^^ted
wilh thei«tule unhtT-
.siiy at Kayettevillr,
The population Uoi
doubled <iiiifc ItlOl).

Arkadrlphta
(Clark tiinnty ■^eat;
pop. 3,7311) has a tine
location on the Oua-
chita river and Iron
Motintainrailway. af>
ford i n g!tp le nd id com -
tiiercial advantjigcs
for iLi lumlier. tluur,
and cotton mills.

iiiireJia Sjiriu^.

The OniMhiLa fiaptlat coUase asd the Arkadalphln Kvtbodlst collcfe are located here and
ArkadrlphU In kiuiHrii a* tlic^cdiiuiUaiial cttiU-T ofllieiKHitliwQBt, and laoflMi ealM itM> Athtms of
Af-^iwaa. The popuUtioti is iinw about 0.000.

Fordyce (pop. 1,510} is the largeot town in Dallas county. It is a busy okhI.
ern city, and has lumber factories, newspapers, fiivt-olass whoolii and all modem
improvement}'. It Ison thv line with the Cotton Belt railway which cutai through
tho 8outhoB»t«Tn corner of liie county.

/'rfiirffOM. ^ ml1m tioribMrat of Pordrce. In Ihc cenicr of Daltae ooantr. b UMCOOat^aat.
Shrridati illnttit fiiiini; m;Dl; pii|i, UM| tii Uif niiw! Itiii-Hittaril tiiun In Ibitroanty.

Murftf^shor* (Pike counlj eeal;
pop. aso) la on a iMvncli of tba IJitle
UlMoorl rifor, and U liavlnx n nphl
dpvplnpiDtnit Ptk*, the IstSM cit]'
In the couiilj. la at tli<- (nrainna of a
tinui<.'h <>r liui Iron Moanuhi lallwaj.
It luu valuable minlnf; inirtrata. and
In an Iroportaot trading ooutor.

««, Mm OCnnlpinuTV conintj aeal;
pop. tSO) baa a hltrli and b«aUbriil altu.
atton. and Increaaod rapidly In popnla-
tlon during reoeut jt*n.

£t«9N (Cleveland county wt*U pop.
4A3) In n new and prOKpmma Urvia nn
tb« main line of tb« Con0D Belt roiit«.

BnUanciUf.^-V'ieu' of thr fnirk.

Hat Spnuga.

It baa Important noBnfartnrM ot jvllim jriiif ami Imnlw-n'Hl ininhcr, unil la a «>Uan.gn)winB ocntrr.
KIngaland ipop. S6&\ JTew HdiHtttirf,/; and K^dron ai-r irtber Important railroad tonne.

Idvmi IPuIkciHintyiicnt; [uip. a,43Sj In vhlefl.T a ndlroud Inwn, tiring (he diviijon Inmilnaa ot tiw
KanoasCltjr Soutbvm railroad, and alao tlu) tennluiu>of tfa« now llol Spring and M«Da raJJraad. I1iv
aunrmndlng cimtiir la rich in lead, due and irrm ore*, aod In mangaiMwo and alnlr drpoflta.
The davdopniv^t of Uioac minn and dt'imslla, t«g«tha wrUi liimbur and cotton Indcslrlca, fumm
tlic chlnf MnircK of thtf ciij'a Income. HtOM has aewal planlDs mllla. two cotton glna, a brldtyard, ,
ami olhn- itidustiica. It baa ■Iwi two academln and a biHtneaa colli^. Haiftrld is thr aeeond i
town in Importance In lh« couiity.

Watttntn (Scott cuiint]i iwnl ; pop. 48T} tsaltnatedal the (ennlntisorUw Arkaoaaa Wrateni rail-
nod. Doe ttBber caa be had la abundaacx!, and
th<-rc ant mtmni aawmllls In Ihe Idwd,

Cities of Southern and South-
western Arkansas.

TvJ'arkaiia i^Iillcr county seal:
pup. ^.DH) i'' siluntcd oii the eiacl lK>rdcr
liiii' U'lwcen tw*i state.'', wi that one-half
tfiL- flly is in Arkarisiv* and the other half
in'iVxaa. Each oily ha« a distinct govern-
ment. It is ihe large.M. railroad center
^ntith of the Mfseouri river, being the
ifrmiims of several trunk lines.

SMr<T pipn, Ininttrr, ind tumlture ate tnanq-
factnml here. Tho liatc crops of cotton anppi;

oMterUl foe nunj MtntircMHe bimI cotton-frxvl-oJl oiillv. iither lodiurlrlca nrv Iroa wnrka nnd *
brick fKtorj. TlMttt »rv tnitiy fliii' |><il>IU- lnilliliii|.f>, ludiidlng Ihtiiti- nt rtK* Fvlrrnl rniirihoilK, the
cuaiily cuurtlioiisi^ Itiv Mgix n liix^, awl (lie T<^XArkaua Iii<liiBlrln>l i^ci]Irj;i> flolli <-|iu-n diirctlicr li!ul
I, pO^MlbtU'ii ur&MM) II. VXMi.

tjewinrille. i Liirayt-[lf <'<'Liiii,i nitr : |»i|>. 'Wb) U •>■! ihc brHlitrh of tlut Cutloii
|{«h. rnilroHil thnt riin^to Stii-eveftort. 'I'he liimbcrittf iittlusLry lius hcl]>e<t t)ii< town
1(1 iiiHkv rapid prngress. The {lopiilstinn of Lewjsvitic ^TN-s nbout '^f.^OO iti IlHJff.

Slampit (Iwirayi-lti! nmiitr; ]iu|>. ICfelli In Iti Uia- plm> bell al ttitr i-roiuiiiit; iif lilt! St. Loiilb KuiitN
wecteru anil lliu l^iilnlaiui and Arkanaiu nllroMlit. Ttie oiitpai of {tine lumUer In thlm tovB ali>nr>
I* ai.non (vet da\]f. tlNrdwruHl* nrr »Un riianiirftTtiiml. It lia* a miml»T of Ntuwaafiil incr-
CBULlli- i-flaUlldliiurnOi ami Hi-vcrAl Hin- IhiUiIIml''. inrluillii;; iliiil >'t Itiv ltl|cli >c)too). Tbe population
nf )4taiiip« haa diiuhkil niacv 1900. Fr^mtrltlr, n mplilty cmwini; Imaltirwi n'iitt*r, la Ihv tecunil
towti nf UK-c-oiiilr In ■Ixcv

MaffnttHtl (ooiintf f«at nf roliiml>iii count)': P'>p- 1.^14). an ittiportant town,
oil lliD Liiiijj'iJiim ami Nonliweslpni mil-
way. 1)113 cntisidvniljla rut ton Irulc, oil
mills fuiJ s»w iiixl ]ilniiiii^ mills. It is
tilt' pC'Ot ot Souliiwcsteni aiwleiny,

l^ DorattO iVi\i<m fmilil_v«enl; [Hip.
l.llOd) i^ I lilt 1i-iiiltM^ town in llti^ Mnitily.
It lifts i^ftiron iiius Ami romprftsspft iiml
IuidIm-i- iiiitls. flour iiiillft, iiiid is n inml-
cni mill pmprossivc lowii. Wiilijn Iwt'Ivo
iniki> fif Kl Dorado there nrc Inrj^o coal
depntiils ttiong I lie Ouacliila river.

ttHlllg lint] yrlMritttiftt, I'l Tnl'Mi miniiy,
arv litTv^ artil ifmKlni; Iohii^ niiil linvo c^d-imlce
nunufarlTireHflr ImiilN-r. Cnrgilr anil JttnrtttiM
mtv hii]inrUiiit rullinait Uivriia. Jitm'titin liail rilKiul
S..VJU pcy)|>k In 1M>>. Iw kadlne iTiilii«tr!<.> un- (he
■hl|itiHtil ifT cfiUiiii anil titr niAiiiir.ti-lutj iif liiinliur.

//n«ifc«i'(/ (.\^^lI^y pniiiily !S«i1 ; jio]i.
I,24tl>) i^ I'H'iitttl 111 llio i-ollni) n'^ioii on
thti >U?'^isr-ii»]ii, Mnitil)iir^ (iml Wi'KU>m
ntilrond Miit'licr>tii>u ]> l>niif;li! iiinl sold
h«re nnil Hltip[>ed to oIIkt |)lnee!<. Tlie
lumlwr indiiiilry is. howcfcr. first in On Ci '-■ ^■-..■■- ii C'lin-iu

importniKT, one of |])« Inr^ccst Kuwiiiills in the South being locAtetl at Croe«etI,
IWL'Ivi! iiiilc^ i1i>lniit from tlie rity,

Lttfce Vilhigv (C'liic^nt couiity seal; pop. 1,190) is Kittiatt'd on (he (itmoii»^
liivke Cliioot. pigbte(>i) inilci* lnii^ and iilKiiit aii(< mile wido.

Tile wnt«rof Lak« Chicot b aa clear u ciyttnl. tixl Itasrwltifllljr Hin[i)iic hanka lur rtivrrnl wlih
bcmllTal tlrmiDda |p«a». Tim ■tlncUom oltcral liiiiiilTu-ta of vtnlluni wliu conii- to tbc Uiuni in
ttw MBiMHT iimI BUt[kinii KMoiM uv cxcdteut IUlili>|[, hiinilng. K'xxl tMihlng iiml twMtliii:. nnil
•rtmcry riralnl only hf tlia) of Uic Crrail Utkea. Itrrmoll Ijatp. 4071 nwnufacium vtavM tlld
I u in Iter.

MoHtirrlto (Drew county seat; pop. l,67tf»i» plciwnnlly sitiiatpd on lugli bind
ftlmiit forty milps west of tliP Mi?siw>ipiii river, on [be Warren brancli *if Ibe St.
Ixiiiis. Iron Moiintftiii ami Soiiihern railruad. 'I'ltcrc are larfje dcjiosil* of vvUra

lioro. Tho town lioa cntiou tnill<t. a oo(lnn*9pe(l-oil mill, a cotton (xnniirew, a brick
and tiling pknt.Anil a IiArd\roo<| maiinrai^-tiirlDt,' plaiil. In addition to tbe |inb)ic
seiiooi*, tbeff is aJso Ilinonion'K rnivtsrsily k-IiooI, a i?o.MluciilioniU prepaiatury
in^tiliitimi.

Wilmnr itiop. KJl), In Itrew roaiilv. la bIIuuIihI iinai iMik, liii'Uur7.i;iini.nii(I cjfn** fomta, aiid
Inrci- ahi|imi-n!a nf nil t]ii-W «"■ niailp (mm Wlllimr. Drativoir vi.llrsr. wllli m> iTimlllneiil tif nuulj'
tlvc Ii>in(lri.-<1 nlilti; BtiMlfQIa. aiul Uvrlmiu nuuicjiiy fur ciiltiml etuilmta, an- livalnl at Wilnur,

Warren (Etruiili^y county scat; pop. 054} is lot-Atpd at ihe l«nninn« of ihire
niitnHuls. In the nmnnfftciuro of yellow pint? Warren exirls nil other poitita in
tbL'Niiito. Itsiiuity uiilpiit is COO,0(M feci. Oibcr indiirtlries in thp town nre a
-htvi' i-<)iii|iaiiy mill H %c-Iiiclc Ktwtk company. In adiHtioii to the piiblicr scIkwU
tiii-ri-- is ti I'lTsbylrriaii Iniinin;; .h<-UooI.

Bampton, tUe i-onnl) acat itf Culhimti nuiiHy, to a pmiiimiiif lUlli- Iowa l>f 500 liihabltnaCi.

Cumtlcn ttniaeliilivoi^nntywat; pop. 2,840). on tlieriglu bank of thcOnuchila
nvcr, tatiitniUed in tlii! bcsri of un iniineii^ rtrMil.nil, iiml tiiulM-r iliAirJrt. Sirmn-
Ijuiils asurnii llie rivor lo fjimden, whicb in Ihia wuy bas bvcoine an inii»orl«tit
slnpltinciiniiil fi)r4:'iltivti, hniilicr, and lire fitock. C&nid»u l>a« scvoral (xillnn gins,
cotlon-si'ttliiil nulls, and compresses, nnd U enga^l, to some extent, in fann-
fng. The (]epn»iis of coiiI and oil uic mostly undcveloiied,

K*r;»/icM» (|a.ii, i\7i I* til tile cxlrcmo ■»iitlH-u(t'ru caiwi i>f Ounctilta Cfliiitty, oil Uii? Ht. Lionlfl
ami $4Kitliiii<6((;Ta mllroad. It it, lEi»H|ik-ial)il tliubrr riitintrr, ami M-M:nilMWiiil]lani)il aaUramUJ
are lumiisl iiwir.

Pre^cott (Xcvnda coiinly wnl; pop. 2,005) iit llie t-hicf town in IliiH county.
It batt extensive ni«tinfatlnn-» of lumber ami briilt, cotton pins, nnd excellent
wboolfi, chiirclies, tiii'l tn.'«s.pii[»crs.

//»/»»• (Mwinpslcnd county: pop. 1,644) is Incahsl in u fine rnnning connlry.

Tlioro arc extensive deposits of potter's

CIUV !K'Ur l>>'.

r/ofM> la one at lUc ti>oat,lini>ortanl rotim nar-
kiln ill nii-*HUlc,aiiil irvRral iiiitiii-ncf ckniinauirat^v
lniispB wlih <-niii|irc«eci ■« locaWrt Iwrc. Tlinr
I* ulwcit luTuln-r. llw tratupnrUtion f»iU-
ilii-flor li<>|Knnr('irftl(.T(l. It iH.Inc at Uw Junrtioit
of fnur nillmatU. II aaA>M|rr*M ipop. S7S) la Uio
nnnriiy (cnt

Axlulincu (Little Itiver county seat;

f>op. 400) i:* ttjlnal^^d in tin; rlialk refpuii,
fwtwccn the Littl« imd R«d rivers. U
has n (-olton-wnl-oil mill, wvvntl cotton
i.'iii^, cimlk and (<cniont works, fvriilixvr
wii['h». MiwmilU. a ImmllQ facloryarKl two
brjckyai'dK. An iiuliisliiul school 15 lo-
ijaK-d heiv.

Lorhrnhurff (.S(-vii-r (^minly seat:
pop. l,.'t(XI) in r>itiinJ(r<l on Ibp hifrli divide
bclwi-cn tin' Sidiiie «nd Cossnlol, rirei-s.
-A /•viii oi riJtim .111/i uted ,\ {jrent denl of hunlxT \* niiiimfaotnred.

The lleeiwrinn High Stiiool at Loekesbtirg is one of the oldest fdiic»tiimAl

institutions in the »lut«.

Mnrtitla ipcip. 6e:>\ lit I.KIIe Rt>'cr eonnlj-. Ix Dttir LIKla rivor. a Kn&m atwiin'lln|[ tn Aah.
Many |in»rla art- Ttwml In it, Tlie [^rRaieM nflinral curirialiy flf ihr Hit to Mk aumllnl "llanillo
dliinion']." 'nils I* roiiiid in lltr miiBlt In and alxMit tliv ton-n, aihl l» a tMUuilituJ ttoar cryMAl.
Ytrtlow iiliLi'. hsIh gMi, aah. Itlckory. unJ iviJiiiil lumbw nro maniifarturfil.

Jit- gueen (pop. 1,S0I». In Si-Tlrri-rmnty, la fu Uiu n-Dter alS a tcinarkublj' fertUtt nplcaltnral
conuly. SvBTji'wIuirB may tie am-n lnnii\ hnurbliinK fanns nnd beautiful orrtuinlN. Dr QiMcn
biw two banka, and tei'vrol mnnufacmrin!: <-ntrrprlai«, liicliidlnn a luinlwoo<) Itioilwr jil niL, |>liiiillig
aiUI,nni1 awsK^^B uiul aii Ire factory. I'nrUaoiI ciinirui la iiutuafacmrad at ITIi'"- ftiffm.

jrnaAi>lff« illnwanl county: pnp. I.AWi', the trrmliiiiaof Uic Arkaneaa oihI Lautolnita rnllnwl,
liw n Cntlon rnrnpruia ami ;,-lii, liiinlnir and flawmllla, and [uart>l« wortu. Thtvo are iilao coal inlnca
In ihf virliiliy. Tfao trtuiii la rapidly iMK^omluR a wetMcaown llttk tnullotf imlni Id the aUte.
Center I'ntitt (pop. 3M) la ibe county acat.

Forinunvof Ihc pictures, and for some of the facts cnnliiSred in fbi-inrtiitle. ttfil..--sir*> tofxpTWsonr ihanks to the followinjr gentlemen : E. W. LnBe«am«,
O. v. Si T A . St. 1,1.1115 .S(iiii|nrc(ilmi R H. t'o.; K. K. PalmiT. H. K. I'. .^.. ('hic'ii^i-, Koi:k l:*land * I'liCilie H. K. f... : 11, C. TnwriM-ml. (J. P. & T. A., Si.
Louia, Iron .>U. & Soiitliem K. K. to ; A. Uillon.G. P. A., Si. 1j«hik & Sun Fruix-isuii It. It. Co.; F. E. lloesler. T. P. & L A., Kansas City Southern U. U. Co.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY LIBRARY
Stanford, California

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