Full text of "The New England farmer"

e the Cheshire

Agricultural Society 284.
Harris, Dr. T. W. his description of and remedy against

the caterpillar which destroys grass in salt meadows

238,385.

Harris, Rev. T. M. his remarks on destroying insects
by lights burning 379.

Haslam .lohn, veterinary surgeon, his remarks respect-
ing bots in horses 388.

Hats, premium, notice of 103— made of spear grass 150.

Hay, should be cut or chaffed for feeding cattle 12

should be salted 12, 399— taken off a cart or waggon
by hooks 378.

Hay-making, observations on 373.

Head aches and apoplexy attributed to wearing too
tight cravats 366.

Hemp, quantity of necessary to fit out a man of war 24.

Herdsman, his plan for a cow-house 379.

Hessian Fly, Professor Green's remarks on 113 — feed-
ing wheat with sheep supposed to be remedy against
347, 351— remarks on 351, 355, 410.

H. H. D. a writer with that signature 125.

Hoeing corn and garden vegetables, remarks on 389.

Honey, description of a mode of taking 347.

Honor, modern, ridiculed 147.

Hoof-ail in cattle, remarks on and remedies for 225.

Hops, on the cultivation of 73, 395.

Horn distemper, in cattle, its symptoms & remedy 257.

Horse, on the points of 33 — hoofs of described 33— cure
of a broken winded 35 — diseases of 45 — power of 148.

Horse-rake, description of 389, 398.

Horses, how saved from barns on fire 123 — English turf,
not a useful breed in the United States 267.

Horse shoes, patent, made in two pieces 149.

Horse shoeing, new system of 199.

Hoven or blown, a disease in cattle, symptoms and
remedy 193.

Howe Timothy, notice of his threshing machine 363.

Hull, Gen. his mode of cultivating carrots and ruta
baga 265.

Husbandry, axioms in 66, 113.

Hydraulics, description of tools used in boring for wa-
ter 360.

Hydrophobia, fatal instances of 19, 151.

Ice, how it may be kept in a common cellar 114.
Implements in agriculture, new and improved, remarks
on 198,205.

Indian corn, Mr. Davis' mode of planting 8 — Col. Pick-
ering's remarks on 36 — a second crop of 88— boiling
it for hogs recommended 108 — how raised by Thom-
as Shepiicrd, Esq. 116 — great crops of raised by J. &
M. Pratt 117- Col. Valentine's cultivation of 178—
too costly food for fatting cattle on 234 — new kind o
265 — Gen. Hull's mode of cultivating 265 — success
ful culture of by .John Lees 332 — by Henry Littli
332 — how planted, &c. 341 — remarks on its cultiva
tion 341, 342, 365 — on the various modes of prepar
ing and using it 348 — how raised for fodder 366—
quere whether best to take off the suckers 8, 390—
hilling of should not be delayed till haying 397.

Indicator, his observations relative to the time of put
ting seeds into the ground, to be learned by tin
growth of asparagus, &c. 21.

Indigo plant, wild, notice of 32.

Inflammation in the stomach of cattle 185 — of the live
of do. ib. — of the kidneys of do. ib.

Insects, remedies against 46, 293, 294 — those whicl
destroy fruit trees, remarks on 317 — destroyed b;
soap suds 333 — cabbage plants should be guardec
against, and how 350 — vines, &c. guarded agains
by boxes, &c. 377 — those which destroy Indian con
in the field, antidotes against 371,377,378 — destroyei
by flying at a light 376.

Instinct, animals, remarkable instance of 376.

Irrigating lands, remarks on 113, 317.

Janes, Mr. his speech in New York legislature on thi
bill for repealing the law for the improvement of ag
riculture 298.

Jaques, Col. notice of his breed of cattle 302, 350.

Jaundice in cattle, symptoms and remedy 201.

Joint oil, loss of in cattle 257.

Kenrick John Esq. his remarks on the best time fo

felling timber 223, 229, 234.
Knight, Mr. A. Adams, report on his crop of osious 178
Knight, Thomas Andrew, ou mildew 414.

\cc-loom, notice ef 203. , , . i, ,

M W.lliam Esq. his address before the Agricultural
Society of Maine 236.

ind, wora out, how renovated by sowing with clorer,
and ploughing in the crop J64, 366.
tndrum, Mr. Abner, his observations on fruit trees 145.
irch tree, notices of 59. .

iw, Mr. Thomas, his remarks on burning sod Jib.
■ad colic, account of 270. .

adcn pipes, water which has stood in over night
should be emptied 40.

;es, Mr. John, his communication respecting the cul-
ture of Indian corn 332.

e<rhorn hats, on the manufacture of in Italy 192.
"straw, communication respecting, from the Hon.
Samuel Dana 212.

ice on apple trees, description of, how destroyed SJJ.
ife-preserver, a dress for swimming so called, notice
of 40.

ightning, wet clothes conductors of 3.
ime, should not be mixed with fresh dung while hot,
or in its caustic state 12 — how applied to soils, &c.-

92 218 increases the productions of the earth 139

how to greserve horses feet from its effects 141 —

method of ascertaining its qualities 277 — on using it
with manure 306, 334.
ime-stone, magnesian, remarks on 143.
incoln, Hon. Levi, extracts from his address to the
Worcester Agricultural Society 180 — his remarks on
ruta baga 315.

iquid manure, Mr. Young's and Col. Pickerings re-
marks on 219. See further Manure.
ittle David, report on his crop of mangel wnrtzel 17C
— his statement respecting a crop of ruta baga 340
— of mangel wurtzel ib.

ittle U'allis, on curing bacon 251 — on raising English
turnips 258 — on relieving cattle, when choked
■with apples, roots, &c. 258, 259.

ittle Henry, his statement relative to the culture of
Indian corn, Sic. 332.

ittle Silas and Joseph, their statement relative to the
cultivation of turnips 332.
ive stock. Col. Vickerings's remarks on 220.
ong life, rules for attaining 312 — instances of 376.
dwell John, Esq. his remarks on the manner of con-
ducting the Massachusetts Agricultural Journal 1^
on soiling 10 — on horticulture, i;c. 11 — his directions
for cultivating and preserving the sweet potatoe
210, 370.

Machine, for cutting furs from skins 144.

.agnet, chemical agency of 171.

iangel Wurtzel, autumn ploughing and broad cast
manuring recommended for 28 — David Little's culti-
vation of 178 — Col. Powell's remarks on 276 — Judge
Prescott's statement relating to its cultivation 338 —
D. Little's crop of 340 — on feeding sheep with 348.

lange in cattle 163, 257.

[anure, does not sink in the soil 36 — liquid, Mr. R.
.Smith's observations on 44, [3ee,also liquid manure]
on saving and making the most of 54, 62, 86, 110,
134, 150, 174, 190,214, 281, 321— how best made
from sv;ine 282.

laple sugar, cultivation of recommended 305.

larried persons, address to from the clergyman at the
altar 384.

lassachusetts Agr. Repository, notices of 1, 390.

(uts, new method of weaving 115.

leadow land, wet how reclaimed 246.

leat, tainted, how cured 66 — how preserved by char-
coal ib. .See further receipts.

lildew not remedied by salt 148 — how prevented in
late sown peas 414.
ike|Iiddlesex husbandman, his remarks on the causes and
treatment of pauperism 187.

lilk, remarks on 324.

lillet, the cultivation of recommended 59 — crop of
raised in Wilmington 83 — Col. Powell's statement
concerning 277 — Mr. Coxe's mode of gathering a
crop of 299.

lineralogical, a series of essays, so entitled 124, 132,
. 140, 153, 161.
""lineral spring, in Bradford, E. Parish, notice of 351.

litchell, Dr. his address to the New York Agricultural
Society 157.

CONTENTS.

Mortar, theory of the formation of 44.
Mortification, balsam of Pmi, a remedy for 342.
Moths, sweet flag a remeily against 227.
Mowing ground should be harrowed, rolled, and top

dressed after haying 413.
Mowing machine, notice of 398.
Mowing match, notice of 35.

New England and Virginia, comparison hetween, as
respects expenses of house keeping, &c. 400.

Nichols Andrew, Esq. extracts from his address to the
Essex .Agricultural Society 113, 114.

Nut-galls, native, notice of 38.

Oak, how cultivated 305, 404.

Oats, eighty-five bushels raised on an acre 55 — Mr. H.

Stevens' observations on the culture and uses of 258.
Oil essential, hew obtained from flowers 299 — of G ilead

how obtained 299.
Old Colony Farmer, his remarks on imported cattle,

and the answer 266.
Onions, Mr. Adam Knight's premium crop of 178 —

how to cultivate 302,
Opium, best administered with lemon or lime juice 141.
Orchardis:, American, notice of 230.
Orchards, remarks on by John Welles, Esq. 372.
Ovens, hew constructed to save fuel 374.
Ox, weighing 2420 pounds 294.
Oxen, working, how to manage them when they will

not work well together 20 — potatoes proper food for

in the -pring 278.

Paint, ftesh, the cause of sudden death 94.

Painting houses should be done in autumn or winter 314.

Panada, a delicate diet for a weak stomach, how made
227.

Paring and burning, new method of 20.

Parsnips, how cultivated 294, 326 — raised to advantage
with peas 351.

Parsons Gorham, Esq. his note to the editor respecting
the breed of horses 267.

Pastures, observations on those which are permanent,
not to be ploughed up unless they can be enriched
297 — cattle should not be turned into too early in
the spring 317.

Patented machines said to be charged too high 29.

Patent office, remarks on 208.

Peaches, mode of drying itH.

Peach trees, insects injurious to, destroyed by walnut
shells 107 — Mr. Coulter's method of cultivating 186
— remedy for grubs in 317 — how they may be forced
to bear 326.

Pear, weighing 34 ounces, notice of 103.

Peas, on the cultivation of 11, 279 — late, saved from
mildew by frequent watering 414.

Perfumes prevent mouldiness 315.

Perkins' steam engine, notice of 392.

Peters Lovett, his receipt for diarrhoea in culves 234.

Peters, Hon. Richard, his account of Tunisian sheep
34, 202.

Petrifaction, notice of a dead body petrified 24.

Petrified animals, curious discoveries of 208.

Pickering, Hon. Timothy, his remarks on raising peas
free from bugs 11 — on the folly of regarding the moon
in agriculture 11 — on the best time for felling trees
for timber 17, 250 — his observations respecting ma-
nure's not being liable to sink in what is called riddle
land 36 — on live stock, thinks premiums should be
given for the most valuable breeds of cattle instead
of those which are biggest and fattest 36, 220 — on
Indian com sowed for fodder 36 — on fallow crops ib.
— on deep ploughing 60 — on cattle stalls 108 — his
address to the Massachusetts Agricultural Society
217 — on the food of plants ib. — on lime, and the
earths which constitute a fruitful soil ib. — on burn-
ing clay for manure 218 — on the slow progress of
knowledge in husbandry 218, 219 — on materials for
manure 219 — on liquid manure 219, 220 — on cider
220 — on turning in green crops 221, 289 — on trench
ploughing 221 — on premiums for new objects of ag-
ricultural improvement, and on new principles 221,
289, 290, 291 — on dairy soiling 289 — his description
of a brush for destroying caterpillars 308 — notice of

the part taken by him in the celebration of the 4th
of July, at ."alem .J98.
Pies, more ad\antageous for food than roasting or boil-
ing 20.
Plaster of Paris, new application of to clover, previous
to ploughing it down lor a wheat crop 44 — operated
beneficially three years alter it was applied 94.
Pleurisy in cattle, (Uscriplion of and remedy 177.
Pliny's natural history, extract from 78.
Plough, Davis' substratum, notice of 366.
Plough-cleaner, description of 107.
Ploughing, deep, remarks on by several authors 60 —
should generally be performed in the fall 278 — dif-
ferent modes of on different soils 393.
Ploughing, horizontally, description of a machine for,

and remarks on 14.
Plumbago, or black lead, discovered in Bristol, New

Hampshire 127.
Plymotheus, his remarks on a worm that destroys cora

and grass 61.
Poetry — .Agriculture 16 — the milk maid and the bank-
er ib. — the lawyer and the chimney sweep ib. — fly
not yet 24 — the evils of a mischievous tongue 32 —
the rich man and poor boy 40 — the scholar who lost
his key-hole ib. — liome 48 — the milk maid and her
lover 56 — a man to my mind C4 — a man not to my
mind ib. — the fox and the ant 72 — on the necessity
for laborious work 80 — rural life 88 — husbandman's
holiday 96 — love relishes the coarsest fare 112 — an-
tidotes to ambition 120 — rural felicity 128 — scolding
wife 136 — self puffing ib. — on a purse proud block-
head ib. — on the miseries endured by a post horse
144 — rural scenery 152 — on health 160 — the fleece
168 — on a man's enjoying the good of his labor 176
— on governing the passions 184 — the pig and the
connoisseurs 192 — song, on a farmer's life 200 — to a
New England poet 208 — ceremony, or more compli-
ments than courtesy 216 — the wearisomeness of what
is called a life of pleasure 224 — the sleep of the slug-
gard 232- -a merry heart doeth good like a medicine
240 — farmer's lot 248 — a moral lesson 256 — on the
laughter of fools 264 — rural peace and independence
272 — the farmer 280 — on the vowels ib. — contented
farmer 288 — an acre of corn 296 — on the sensibility
of the brute creation to changes in the weather 304

— address to the hou. speaker B w, on peaches

presented by him 320 — invocation to spring 328 — on
the art of pruning wall trees 336 — American sketches
344 — ode to innocence 352 — pot luck 360-— odes for
the celebration of the centurial anniversary in New
Hampshire 368 — rural scenes 376 — the PVench peas-
ant 38-4 — splendor of the setting sun 392 — ode for
the 4th July 400 — the happy man 408 — sonnet 416.
Pomeroy, S. W. Esq. his essay on the advantages of
manuring with green crops 9 — his letter on bleach-
ing 71 — his letter to Gov. Wolcott on the prepara-
tion of flax 50.
Pomona, an essay on cider, written by 76.
Ponds, for watering cattle, how made 226.
Population of the United States, remarks on 184.
Porcelain clay, American, discovered 247.
Potatoes, greater crops of raised now than thirty years
since 1 — best economy to plant large, or at least
middle sized 1, 2, 286 — may be spoiled by bad man-
agement in harvest 5 — should be boiled, steamed or
baked for feeding stock ib. — not proper for milch
cows ib. — raw, good for working oxen in the spring

ib tops of may make a good fodder 20 — pudding

made of ib. — bread made of ib. — how preserved by
peeling, rasping and pressing ib. — experiments by
J. W. on the best mode of planting 53 — ^mode of
preserving in fine sand 108 — when spoiled, how to
be maiaaged ib. — when given raw inferior to boiled
or steamed 45 per cent 117 — 503 bushels of to an
acre, raised by Joseph Watson Jr. 259 — on the culti-
vation of 286, 325— best planted whole 286, 330— a
farmer's remarks on securing them in autumn 354.
Potatoes, sweet, best mode of cultivating 210, 307, 370.
Poultry, how kept by Mr. Wakefield 5 — molasses mix-
ed with thtir food profitable ib — com given to should
be soaked ib. — should have access to slacked lime
or some calcareous substance ib. — should not be
scalded 294.
Poor, Mr. Benjamin, his communication respecting die

construction of bee hives 331.
Powell, Col. John Hare, notice of his improvem ?>nt« in
the breeds of cattle 135^u3 communications oa
mangel wurtzel and millet 276, 277^

Prairy Dog, sketches of-3(J3.

Pr'escott, J. Esq. his remarks on the culture ol miugel
wurtzel 338.

Preston, Samuel, his remarks on ^a^ing; 85 — on graft-
ing fruit trees I'il — on clearing laud 172 — on the best
mode of manufacturing maple sugar l!i2 — on mill ma-
chinery, and the measure of water in mill-races 259 —
his communication respecting the workshop of Archim-
edes 306 — on the strength and durability of limber
31)6, 354— best time of cutting do. 306— on the moon's
influence on vegetation 370.

Prince, John, Esq. his remarks on bad winter keeping
of cows y4 — his statement respecting agricultural not only to the
practic;il farmer, but to the whole community.
Every human being h;'.3 an interest in that art
which is the foundation of all other arts, and
the basis of all civilization.

Skill as well as industry is> at least as requi-
site in agriculture, as in any of the tiner but
less useful arts. The head must direct the
hand of hiisbandry ; and in cultivating the earth,
the mo-t incessant toil, without the guidance of
knowledge, and the superintendance of intellect,
is of little avail. The science of agriculture is
in a great degree founded on experience. It is
therefore of consequence that every farmer
should know what has been done, and what is
doing iiy others engaged in the ^ame occupa-
tion, and that he should impart to others the
fruits of his own experiments and observations.
Knowledge of this description can in no way be
.so cheaply, beneficially and generally ditlused
as by newspapers chielly devoted to those top-
ics wl'.ich are particularly and appropriately in-
teresting to the cultivators of the soil.

Publications of this kmd have been found to
be of great utility in Europe and in the United
States. The Jlmcrican Farmer, at Baltimore,
and the Plough Boij, at Albany, ably conducted
and liberally patronized agricultural papers,
have rendered services to the country ivhich
are generally and highly appreciated. 'ITiose
papers, however, cannot be so conveniently
circulated in New England as a similar publi-
cation might if printed in its Metropolis. Be-
sides, the matter contained in those papers is
not always adapted to the soil and climate of
the E:istern States ; and communications proper
for an agricultural paper cannot be transmitted
several hundreds of miles without more delay,
ri.sque and expense, than most are willing to
encounter, with no other remuneration than a
prospect of benefit to the public.

The New England Farmer will be edited by
a gentleman of science, conversant with the
practice as well as the theory of husbandry. —
The proprietor has likewise been promised the
assistance of several gentlemen who have been
distinguished for successful experiments and a-
ble essays calculated to improve the agriculture
of New England.

Although this paper will be principally de-
voted to Agriculture, it will likewise contan a
concise summary of news, and .sketches of top-
ics common to newspapers in general. Indied,
as a mere vehicle of intelligence, without refer-
ence to it& agricultural contents, it is prcsuwed
it will prove more useful to country subscribers
than those papers which are nearly filled with
ship news, mercantile advertisements, &c. ot
little or no value to those who live at a distance
frMn our sea-ports. And the proprietor engages

that no more than one fourth p.;rt of his paper
shall, in any case, bo filled with advertisement? ;
and in genera! a still smaller portion of it will
be occupied by advertising customers. Party
ptditics, and polemical divinity shall be like-
wise absolutely excluded from the colunuis of
the New England Farmer.

Afassackusetts Agricultural Repository end Journal.

Wc know of no pulilication so well deserving of lib-
eral patronage and general diffusion among an a^fi icul-
tural c-mmunity, as the above named. We have turn-
ed over the leaves of many works of a similar nature
issued on either side of the Atlantic, but have seen
none, which we think contains, in proportion to its
quantity of matter, so much to be remembered and
practisi/d upen as tiie subject of this noticei Some for-
(■ign joarnals which we have seen, contain articles more
elabon.tely written, but at the same time they are gen-
erally more speculative, and less useful. Good Sense,
Science and Agricultural Experience are exhibited in
every number of the Massachusetts Journal, and by
their union give results, which cannot fail to benefit
that portion of an enlightened community for whose
use they are more immediately intended.

Wc shall not attempt to write a review of this Jour-
nali but merely to give such notices of its contents, as
we hope may induce such of our subscribers as are not
in possession of its numbers to procure them for their
own benefit, as well as to assist in the diffusion of the
most useful kind of useful knowledge for the benefit of
(he public.

The number for June, 1822, commences witli '• Re-
mnrks on the TtKtnner lit. n-hich this Journal is roiulitct'
(rf, fi7id the Tides by vhich tht committee entrusted n-ith
the publication are governed. By J. L. one of that Com-
mittee.'''' We shall here give some extracts from this
paper, which appear to us of general importance, though
made with reference to a particular subject.

" The Committee appointed for the publica-
tion of the Journal do not consider themselves
as in any degree responsible lor the correctness
of the statements, or the soundness of the theo-
ries of the various writers, whose essays they
publish. Their rule is to admit every essay,
which appears to contain any new hint in rela-
tion either to Agriculture or Horticulture. It
is manifestly impossible for them to judge of the
correctness in point of fact, of any statement
made by a correspondent, and they have believ-
ed, that a more free and unreserved communi-
cation of all Agricultural experiments, whether
the conclusions drawn from them are erroneous
or not, is of great use. The cautious farmer, if
he is struck w ith their novelty, may try them
lor himself," S:c.

" It is true that with respect to many subjects
intimately connected with the prosperity of our
agriculture, our Journal during the last thirty
years has contained a great number of opposite,
and irreconcileable opinions. But iliis ought
not to diminish the public confidence, since it is
avowed to be conducted on the principles of
free enquiry, and since it is not more liable to
this objection than all similar works, published
in this or in the European world. Men of sci-
ence are found to differ on most essential points.
How many theories liaTC been published, bare

prevailed lor a titiif, and haie goue into obliv-
ion ill the important science of medicine ! How
materially bus cht-niicr,! science changed, not
only since the time of i^riestly and Black, but
since it was siqiposed to be irrevocably fixed by
Lavoisier and the French chemists of his school !
How groat are the divisions of theoretical opin-
ion among the Geologists, the Wernerians and
liuttonians !"

Wc give the preceding with a view in part to solicit
the indulgence of the reader, should our Journal,
(as it doubtless will,) exhibit opposite theories and
clashing opinions. Ligh» is often elicited by the col-
lision of opaque bodies, and the publication of errone-
ous theories, will sometimes lead to their refutation anci
the consequent developement of important principles in
science, and the discovery of useful processes in art.

Notwithstanding, however, the difference of opinion,
and mutable practices of modern agriculturists. Agri-
culture on the whole is rapidly improving. Mr. Low
ell, observes, " We undertake to say, that thirty years
since it would liave been believed impossible to raise,
as Mr, Hunnewell of Newton did 112 bushels of Indian
Corn to an Acre — and I distinctly recollect that when
the first accounts in the Bath agricultural papers reach-
ed us that they had raised 500 and even 900 bushels of
potatoes per acre, it was deemed, if not a fable, yet art
experiment peculiar to Great Britain and its soil and
climate and not to be looked for among us."

" Still we have seen that in all parts of our
country individuals have succeeded in raising
from 450 to .51)0 bushels per acre of this invalu-
able root. We have seen that the cultivation
of other rnots to aid the sup])ort of cattle during
the winter has advanced much faster with us,
considering the late period in which we under-
took it than in any part of Europe. We hear,
not occasionally but constantly, every year, of
GOO or 700 bushels of Mangel Wurtzel, or the
\vhife beet-^of 500 bushels of the Iluta baga or
Swedish turnip per acre, and our cattle are
and must be of course better fed, and eventual-
ly highly improved."'

The improvements in the different breeds of cattle,
which have been the results of modern husbandry are
not less remarkable than the increase of crops. A
friend lias informed us that " In the Picture of London,
for the present year, it is stated, that about the year
1700, the average weight of oxen, killed for the Lon-
don market was 370 lbs j of calves 50 lbs ; of sheep 28
lbs ; and of lambs 18 lbs. The average weight at pre-
sent is, of oxen 000 lbs ; calves 1 40 lbs ; sheep 80 lbs ;
and lambs 50." Could a comparison be made between
the present average weight of cattle and sheep, sold in
our market, and the average weight of the same sorts
sold 40 years since, we believe the improvement would
be visible and striking. Still, much remains to be learn-
ed in the art of breeding and fattening cattle, and ev-
ery step facilitates further progress to a degree of ulti-
mate perfection of which at present wc form no ade-
quate idea.

The i%Titer of the article alluded to is of opinion that
it is better economy to plant at least middle sized po-
tatoes, or cut potatoes, equal in size to those than
either to use for planting small potatoes, or to cut the
large potatoes into small parts, to scoop out tlie eyes,
or take only the sprouts. Tlie Hon. Josiah Quiucy in a
letter, published in the Massachusetts Agricultural Re-

NEW ENGLAND ^ARMER.

pository, vol. v. p. 64, giic llic details of an experi-
ment with cut potatoes, and whole potatoes planted in
the same field, in adjoining rows, which resulted great-
ly in favor of the v/hole potatoes. In this ca?e it ap-
pears that fact and theory coincide, for, as Mr. Lowell
well observes " the polatoe is by nature formed to fur-
nish from its fleshy and watery root the food for the
young shoots." It is doubtless the juice of the planted
potatoe which enables the young )>l;mt to endure enWy
drought better than most other articles of field culture,
while a la!t drought, which assails thcia after the pa-
ternal root has parted ^i'ith its supply of nourishment
proves very injurious to the crop.

Adverting incidentally to Hedge Fences, Mr. Lowell
has the following remarks :

'• When the Hon. Mr. Qiiincj' jmblUheJ hi?
oxperinients on Hedge phmlinjr for fences they
(the Trustees] were aware that it would not he
of much value except on farms destitute: like
liis of natural materials for stone walls. In the
sandy territory of the old Colony it may be of
extensive use, but on farms fuch an 1 know,
ivhere the rocks must be got oiit before the
plough can move ; where they must be carted to
a great distance if not used for waif-, where, in
short, v.'alls are the cheapest mode of disposing
of tbte stones, it is excellent husbandry so to ap-
ply them."

" In relation to the species of thorn recom-
mended by Mr. Qnincy, truth and long cxperi-
raent enable and require me to say, that th''
Virginia thorn so much rccoinineiuhd by Mr.
Maine, from whose account ]\lr. Qiunry very
properly introduced and recommended it, is not
by any means the be=t adapted for general use,
for quick or live hedges. !t is too a]it to run
iip, and not sufficiently prone to throw out
strong lateral shoots, and it is believed, that ei-
ther the common Wbito Hawthorn of I'.nerlnnd,
or even our own, New England Cockspur thorn
is better adapted for this purpose. Wo make
these remarks not with a view of diminishing
the merit of Mr. C^uincy in making these exper-
iments, and communicating them, but simply to
make it known, that what we publish is intend-
ed merely as hit^ts which others may follow or
pursue, and we feel bound to state from time to
lime, any doubts which may occur to us on the
subject, or any opposite experience.

" We have br:en m.ore free in speaking of the
limited extent to which thorn hedges can be
carried in the stony and rocky country of New
I'lngland, and the defects of the variety of the
Ihorn tir-t introduced because v.-e are ready to
say, and say it cordially, that we think all that
portion of otir country, which resembles the es-
tate of Mr. C^uincy, such as a pari of Kssex,
Middlesex, Plymouth, Bristol, and «oine of the
land? on Connecticut river will tlnnlly derive
great benefit from the introdudion of lire fen-
ces. They arc 3'et in their infan'"",', and to Mr.
Quincv we owe their introduction. It Will be
many years before the}' will be extensively tised,
but they will we presume eventually be intro-
iluced in all countries where stones cannot be
t'ound. and he will I trust have the credit of in-
ir'oducing them, a credit which will increase as
they shall be extended. They are very beau-
fit'iil. They give; an air of cultivation to the
landscape — they shelter the cro])s, and produce
a'oreneral effect of which no man, who has not
seen the dvHerence lietween French and Eng-
lUh scenery can have any adequate conception."

(to BI; tO.\Tl.M EI'.)

From the Ma^s. Agricultural Repository for June.

Comparison of the present with some past seasons.

We have for several years published such a
comparison, and farmers and general readers hav-
ing expressed a certain degree of pleasure from
the statement we continue it. It certainly may
be made of some use, if cultivators, instead of
consulting the Almanack, will attend to tlic in-
dications of nature. Certain plants wiW not
flower till the earth has arrived at a given de-
gree of temperature.

They vary from five to twenty d.ays in the
time of flowering in iliflerent seasons. If,
therefore, as to the tenderer plants, the Indian
corn, squash, pumpkin and melon, we should re-
solve to plant them, not at a determinate peri-
od of the year, but when we should tunl by the
flowering- of certain plants, that the soil is so
warm as to endanger their rotting in the earth,
wo think some good would be attained.

We sliall take a few plants as a specimen, and
compare the present season with some oi the
earliest during the last nine years.

T!ic Cherry opened its blossoms in ISl^JMay
10th— 1815. May 10th— 1816, May CUh— isiS,
May nth— 1C2U, May Qd— I82Q, iilay !=».

Jhpnragns \\;\s fit for the t;d>le for the first
lime in 181r3, .May Mth— 181.5, May Gth— 1816,
.May 51h— 181R, May 1.5— 18;:o, May 1st— 1B22,
May 1st. It should be remarked that the .As-
paragus was cut from the same bed in each year
— a bed was planted S3 years since, and never
changed, and one which has been constantly
groiving better — :m important fact in horticul-
ture.

Pkni!: v,-ere first in flcivcr in the year 1815,'
May 14th — 1G17, M.nv 7th — 1819, May 13th —
1821, May nth— 1822, May '1th.

Fenrs began to blow for the lirst time in 18I3<
Mav 20th— 1815, May IClh— 1817, May 7lh—
1819, May 1 7th— 1 820, May 9th— 1 822, May 5th.
jlppks first showed their open flowers, in 1813,
.ATav 23d— 1816, May 18th— 1817, May 12lh—
1819, Mav 19th— 1820, May 11th— 1822, Mav
9th.

If will lio seen by this table,, that the present
season is the earliest on the whole vvhich we
have had for nine years.

There is, however, a manifest difterence be-
tween the relative times of flonering of the dif-
f'cnu' plant" in the several jcar . ; and this is
rea/lily accounted for by the circumstance, that
a single turn of cold weather v.ill check the pro-
gross of all plants, and the season which may
have produced lb" earliest floivers on the Apri-
cot, the earliest of our fruits, may not be earlier
than usual in producing flowers on the Ap])!e.

To give one practical rule which we believe
niiy be of some use, wc should say, that when
the ,\pple tree floivers we may safely (be it
sooner or later) venture to put our corn, .squash-
es and melons into Iho earth.

This season v/as the earliest as to the open-
ing of the ground known on my place for 16
years. I ])lanted potatoes and pe;ts on the 7th
of March, .'iftcen days earlier than I was ever
able to do it before — but as I have often before
renr.irked, all these diilereiices disappear as the
season advances, and on the whole I doubt
whether the present sea.soa i.s in advance more
than four or live days of that of common years.
It however has been a great relief to the .abor
I of the larmcr- — bis season of labor has been ex-

tended this year at least three weeks in this vi-
cinity, and this is of great value to him. Th^'
show of blossoms in all kinds of fruit is very
good, nearly double to that of the last year. —
The present cool v.ealher is highly beneficial
to the fruit. Wc had a very severe frost on
the 6th inst. which in low grounds injured ear-
ly potatoes, but the damage on the whole was
not great. If we can escape another for one
week more, we may presume on a fruitful year.
The prospect of grass is at this moment abovt-
that of ordinary years.

A IIOXBURY FARMER

From the J^'iw England Galari;.

JcDCE QriKCY's Farm. — We have heard that Mr
Quincy v.as a praclicnl as well as theoretical farmer,
and it is well known that hi« talents have been induE-
triously employed in raising the standard of agricultu-
ral excellence in the neighborhood of Boston, but wc
do not recollect to have seen any description of liis fann,
or his mode of cuUivating it, till the following, for
which we are indebted to Mr. Stone's " Extracts from
a Gentleman's Port Folio."

.ludg." Q,uincy, in addition to his professional
duties, is a theoretical and practical farmer ;
and I have taken the liberty of introducing the.
name of this distinguished gentleman because
there i- a part of his system which v.as entirely
novel to me. and which I thiixli. should be more
extensively known, as 1 feel persuaded that ma-
ny of our agriculturalists may profit by it. His
farm is extensive and surrounded by a flourish-
ing hawthorn hedge ; but there is not an inte-
rior fence on the premises. The whole pre-
sents a single field, devoted to all the various
purposes of agricidture. No part of it is allot-
ted to piigture, as his cattle are fed in their stalls,
andtiever suffered to run in the field. The ad-
yanfaiccs of this system are thus given : Former-
ly there were seven miles of interior fences to
be kept in repair, and by keeping the cattle up,
the V hole of this expense is saved. Formerly
sixty acres of this farm, were devoted to pas-
turage ; but now a greater number of cattle by
one t'lird, are kept upon the products of twenty
acres ; and I never saw cattle in better case.
The saving by this means is enormous, and that
immense advantages arise from it, is too appa-
rent to be dwelt upon. During the summer the
cattle are fed upon grass, green oats or barley,
cut up the day previousl)-. and suffered to wilt
in the sun ; and the manure, which is thus sav-
ed, will more than jiay for the extra trouble
anil exi)ense. The farm is highly cultivated,
anil everj' kind of grain and vegetables grown in
the country, appeared to have a place. The
cultivation of carrots it was said was found very
profitable, and, I passed a lot of live acres. —
Near this were also several acres of cabbage-
ruta baga, mangel v/urtzel, millet, kc. he. —
Judtre Q. has also an extensive salt manufacto-
ry, cf 175 cisterns or vats, which, however, he
contfmplatcs soon to enlarge. The salt water
is ptjmped by wind, and is let otT from one vat
to ajother — first depositing the sediment, and.
then the sulphate or carbonate of lime, until it
beccmes pure, when it is suffered to stand and
evaporate by the heat of the sun. The crj'stal-
lizalions, form on the top and settle to the bot-
tom. I have preserved a beautiful specimen.
One man attends the \\ hole of this concern. —
Tlie residence of Judge Q. is a charming situa-
tion. The house is a neat and spacious build-
ing, and the grounds, varied in surface and seen-

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

ery, tastefully laid out anil richly ailorncil. It
is agreeable to perceive gentlemen of such dis-
tinguished talents and literary attainments, toil-
ing-^ thus to promote the real interests of the
country, and affording practical proofs, that the
pursuits of agriculture are neither servile nor
derogatory.

From the Hampshire Gazette.

Sweet Com. — A writer in the Plymouth pa-
per asserts that sweet com was not known in
New England, until a gentleman of that place,
who was in Gen. Sullivan's expedition against
the Indians in 1779, brought a icw cars to Ply-
mouth, which he found among the Indians on
the borders ?£ the Susqueh.annah. This writer
says that if the ears are picked from the stalks
for seed, the produce will assimilate to our com-
mon corn, but if the seed ears be selected from
the suckers, the corn will not loose its peculiar
qualities.

Cotton. — Several experiments arc now mak-
ing in New York and Connecticut, to ascertain
whether cotton can be raised in this northern
climate. Some plants in Albany are now in blos-
som.

.4 Cosmetic for ladies complexions, said to be
superior to all other washes. — Put over the fire
a pint of water, and when it boils stir in fine In-
dian meal enough to make it a paste ; let the
ladies use this paste instead of soap every time
they wash themselves. If a spoonful of honey
and a little rose water are stirred into it when
cooling, it will be still better.

Lightning. — Wet clothes are good conductors
of lightning, and if a flash in its way to the
ground, should strike a person's head, whose
clothes are wet, it will run in the wet clothes
over the surface of the bod}', whereas if the
clothes were dry, it would go through the body
and occasion death.

It is stated in a London paper of 30th May,
that among the rewards presented the day be-
fore by the society for the encouragement of
manufactures, &c. was " the large silver medal
and twenty guineas,'' to Mrs. Wells, of Weath-
ersfield, Conn, for her imitation Leghorns.

From the Boston Gazette.
' Copperas water is a cheap and certain des-
truction to bugs, which cannot be too generally
known.

It is said, that if horses be rubbed down with
chesnut-tree leaves, in the morning, they will
not be annoyed by flies during the day.

United States^ Lead Mines. — A notice from the
War Department is published in the western
papers, offering to receive proposals, at the of-
lice of the Ordnance Department, for Ifasing
any of the lands of the U. States containing mines
of lead, upon an annual rent of one tenth of the
product of the mines, to be deposited, in pure
lead, in a store-house on the ground. The leas-
es hot to be for more than three years, and not
for a quantity of land to any individual or com-
pany, exceeding three hundred and twenty a-
cres, &,c. Leases may be renewed at the expi-
ration of three years, at the option of the gov-
ernment, reserving the right to raise the rent,
but not to a higher rent than one fifth of the
product. The advertisement is dated at the
Ordnance Department, Jime 15th,

p'rom the American Fanritr.

SKIPPERS IJ^ BJiCOJV, give much trouble to
houser:i.nves in the country.

It has been discovered, by a female corres-
pondent in the coimtry, from whom we have
received several useful communications, that
skippers in bacon may be effectually and speed-
ily destroyed by the use of elder juice, but the
e.ract manner of preparing and applying it, are
not described. This ought always to be done
in giving receipts — the field is yet open for
numberless useful discoveries in all the dei>art-
ments of rural and domestic economy.

Since writing the above, we have the follow-
ing more particular account from our esteemed
correspondent :

" Last year we lost at least one third of our
ham meat, by the skippers, notwithstanding ev-
ery attention, but never destroyed the skippers
while the meat lasted. Our neighbours were,
in this respect, as unfortunate as ourselves.

" This spring, knowing that our meat had
been well smoked, and the weather being dry,
we neglected airing it as customary, until our
old enemy the skipper returned, and had eaten
it smartly. Sister, who attends to it h.ad it ex-
amined, scraped and sunned ; (no one can bo
more particular.) In a week after, she had it
examined and foinid that there were nearly as
many skippers as at first : you ma^' suppose, af-
ter the loss we suffered last year, we wore very
anxious to destroy this troublesome insect. I
had known for many years, that elder juice
would destroy maggots. If a hog, sheep, or anj'
other animal gets wounded, and the flies get to
the wound, they will create maggots ; by ivash-
ing the wound with elder juice, they will roll
out b}' hundreds, if there be so many in it. I
proposed therefore to try it on our bacon. The
leaves were accordingly beat in a mortar, add-
ing a little water ; the flesh side of the meat
was rubbed with the leaves thus bruised, and in
three weeks after, the meat was re-examined,
and the skippers utterly destroyed. The applica-
tion here described, does not in the least degree
communicate any bad taste to the meat. I liave
little doubt, that this, with m.iny other simple
applications within the reach of every house-
keeper, might be applied to many other useful
purposes, if proper pains were taken to make
the trial. If such homely communications, on
such homely subjects, are admissible in the Am-
erican Farmer, you can publish what 1 have
written, as you know 3 ou can depend on its ac-
curacy, and 1 shall be amply paid for my trouble
by what I know I shall receive, the thanks of
many A HOUSEKEEPER.

We believe that the virtues of elder are less known
and appreciated than they ouglit to be. Mr. Dcane's
Georgical Dictionary states that Christoplier Gullet,
Esq. liad made some experiments, which were commu-
nicated to the Royal Society, of which the following is
a brief account :

" He wliipt calibagcs gently with green boughs of
elder, just at the time when the butterflies appeared,
after which, tliough they hovered over them, tliey were
never obseriied to touch tliem. He whipt the limbs of
a plumb tree as high as he could reach. That part
remained green and flourishing ; but all above shriv-
elled up, and was full of worms. He concluded that
if a tree were sprinkled with an infusion of elder, once
a week or fortnight, it would effectually preserve it
without injuring the tree or the fruit. He prevented
the yellows in wheat, which is caused by an insect, by

brusliing the v.luat ivith elder ; and preserved a bed
of j-oung cauliflowers. He prefers the dwarf cider as
it emits the strongest effiuvium.

" Perhaps, it may be found, as this writer sugrgfufs,
to preserve turnips Horn tiie fly, and these and other
plants from grasshoppers and ail other insects,"

A frienrl of (lie Editor, stated to us tiiat he had used
an infusion of eider leaves as a preservative against the
small yellowish bugs, which infest cucumber vines,
squash vines, &c. and he believes with complete suc-
ce?.i, as the bugs ceased to devour the plants from the
time the infusion was applied. It was rather late in
the season, however, before the application was made,
and it is possible that the bugs had fmiihed their year's
v/ork of niirchief before they v.-ere disturbed by the el-
der infusion. We hope that further trials ^ill be mado^

Carelessness. — Negligent nmsters and mistrcsr-
e? arc considered as lawful prey by their domes-
tics ; and those v>-ho arc proverbially easy in
the management of pecuniary and economical
concerns, are at once cheated and despised for a
disposition, v.hich, however it may engage t!io
affection and esteem of candid and enlightened
characters, seldom fails to excite the rapacity
of those who are possessed of

That lov/ cunning, which in fools supplies,
And ami)ly too, the place of being vvise.

good

A man v.ho had been a zealous parfizan, in
politics, but had shifted his course so often that
he sometimes strayed so far from the lines of
demarcation which separated one party from
another that he could not always say which side
he belonged to, was asked, v, hat made him turn
his coat so often ? He rcplieil that " one
turn deserves another."

Gunpowder and Brandy. — An office in the gov-
ernment of Sat:ni, being once upon a time va-
cant, '■'■ the prince of the pjoiiser of the oiV," con-
vened a counsel, when it ivas proposed, that on
the trial of the skill and abilities of the two de-
mons, he who Caused the most misery on earth
and brought the greatest number of mortals to
the regions of despair, should fill the vacant of-
fice and be first in authority.

One went in the shape of Gunpowder, the.
other that of brandy, rum, gin, 4-c. the former
was an open enemy and roared with a terrible
noise. This made the folks to be afraid, and
put them on their guard. But the other passed
as a friend and a physician, pretended to make
them strong and healthy, was at all the merry
makirigs, frolicks and entertainments. By these
means he caused them to be off their guard ;
and at length to become his most willing ser-
vants, and that too, " for the wages of death.""
Under the "notion" of helping digestion, com-
forting the spirits, and cheering the heart, he
produced the direct contrary effects. — And,
havii/g insensibly thrown great numbers into a
fatal decay, he was found to people hell and the
grave so fast, as to merit the office, in prefer--
ence to him who went among the people in the
shape of gunpowder,

Lft week a young man with a slight obstruc-
tion n his speech, came into our office to pur-,
chase a book — the price happening to be a few.
pence bej'ond his means, we told him we wouldj
i'urn'sh him with a copy a little torn. Not find- .
ing one, however, as we expected, he very hon- .
estiv remarked, that '• wc might t-f-t tear anoth--
er." The joke w;i3 certainly worth something, '.
and we instantly furnished him with a :c.'.c.'c co-,
py. — .Ydniunket Inipnrer.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

BREAD.

There is, perhaps, no subject connected witli Do-
mestic F.conomy of more importance tlian the manufac-
ture of Bread. We have therefore thoug-lit it might
prove acceptable to our readers to present them with
some recipes for composing the Sififf of Lift ,- and should
any of our friends or patrons be in possession of any bet-
ter methods of an?v/ering the same purpose, they will
oblige us, and, we hope, do the public a service by
communicating them for publication in our paper.

I. To a peck of flour add a handful of salt, a
pint of yeast, and three (juarts of water : the
whole, being kneaded in a bowl or troug^h will
vise in about an hour ; it is then moulded into
loaves, and put into the oven. For Frencii
bread, they take half a bushel of fine flour, ten
fjgs, and a pound and a half of fresh butter,
into v/hich they put the same quantity of yea-:t,
and tempering- the whole mass with new milk
pretty hot, leave it half an hour to rise, after
which they make it into loaves or rolls, and
wash it over with an egg beaten with milk :
care is taken that the oven be not too hot.

II. Potatoes, mixed in various quantities with
flour, make a wholesome, nutritive, and pleas-
ant bread. Kliogg, who has been styled the
rustic Socrates, recommends, that potatoes well
boiled and carefully peeled, should be put into
a kneading trough, covered with boiling water,
and bruised till they be converted into a kind
of soup of equal consistence throughout. A
half, a third, or a fourth, of this souj), mixed
with the flour of wheat, makes a bread of an
excellent taste, and extremely salutary and
nutritive.

III. M. Duduit de Maizicros, a French officer
of the king's household, invented and practised
with the greatest success, a method of makin,'^-;
bread of common apples, very far superior to
potatoe bread. After having boiled one third
of peeled ajjples, he bruised them while quite
warm, into two thirds of flour, including tlie
quantity of leaven, and kneaded the whole with-
out water, the juice of the fruit being quite
^uflicient. When this mixture had acquired
the consistency of paste, he put it into a vessel
in which he allowed it to rise for about tv/elve
hours. By this process he obtained a very
sweet bread, full of eyes, and extremely light.

IV. At Debritzin, in Hungary, excellent bread
is made by the following process without yeast :
Two large handfuls of hops are boiled in four
quarts of water ; this is poured upon as much
wheaten bran as it will moisten, and to this are
added four or five pounds of leaven. When the
mass is warm, the several ingredients are work-
ed together till well mixed. It is then deposit-
ed in a warm place for twenty four hours, and
afterwards divided into small pieces about the
size of a hen's egg, which ar^,- dried by being
placed upon a board, and exposed to a drv air,
but not to the sun; when dry they are laij up
for use, and may be kept half a year. The
ferment, thus prepared, is applied in the, fol-
lowing manner : For baking six large lowes,
six good handfuls of these balls are dissolvod in
seven or eight quarts of warm water ; this'wa-
tcr is poured through a sieve into one enfl of
the bread trough, and after it three quarts ol
warm water ; the rcmainmg mass being well
pressed out. The liquor is mixed with Hour,
sulficient to fonn a mass of the size of a lar"e
loaf; this is strewed over with flour; the sieve

with its contents, is put upon it, and the whole
is covered up warm, and left till it has risen
enough, and its surface h;is begun to crack :
this t'orms the leaven. Fifteen quarts of warm
water, in which six handfuls of salt have been
dissolved, are then poured upon it through the
sieve ; the necessary quantity of flour is added,
and mixed and kneaded with the leaven ; this
is covered up warm, and left for about half an
hour; it is then formed into loaves, which are
kept for another half hour in a warm room;
and after that they are put into an oven, whore
they remain two or three hours, according to
their size. One great advantage attends this
kind of ferment, that it may be made in large
quantities at a time, and kept for use ; and, on
this account, it might be convenient on board of
ships, or in camps for armies in the field.

V. The carbonate of magnesia, [common
magnesia of the shops] when well mixed with
new flour, in the proportion of from 20 to 10
grains to a pound of flour materially improves
it lor the purpose of making bread. Loaves,
made with the addition of the carbonate of mag-
nesia rise well in the oven ; and after lieing
baked the bread is light and spongy, has a good
taste, and keeps well. In cases where the new
flour is of an inditferent quality from 20 to 30
grains of magnesia to a pound of flour will con-
siderably improve the bread, When the flour
is of the worst quality 40 grains to a pound of
flour is necessary to produce the same effect.
As the improvement of the bread depends upon
the magnesia, it is necessary that care should
be taken to mix it intimately with the flour
previous to making the dough. A pound of
carbonate of magnesia would be sufficient to
mix with two hundred and fifty six pounds of
now flour at the rate of 30 grains to a pound.

^'I. To every live pounds of flour add one
pound of rice that has been previously boiled
to a jelly over a slow fire ; then, when luke
vvarni, add your usual quantity of yeast, and
make u[) your bread. Should 3'ou judge your
jelly to be too thick add luke warm water; a
method by which thirty pounds of flour and six
of rice produce eighteen loaves, each four
pounds and an half weight Five pounds of
flour produce eight pounds of bread ; but with
the addition of a pound of rice twelve and an
half.

VII. In order to make bread of turnips the
following method is recommended in the -'.V/k-
scniin, rusticum commsrcialc.^'' an English work.
When turnips are plentiful, a number of them
should be pulled, washed clean, pared and boil-
ed. When they are soft enough lor being
mashed, the greatest part of the water should
be pressed out of them, and they should then
be mixed with an equal quantity in weight of
coarse wheat meal. The dough may then be
made in the usual manner, with yeast or barm.
salt, water, &c. It will rise well in the trough ;
aiwl after being well kneaded, it may be formed
into loaves, and put into the oven to be baked.
The person who made this experiment had
other bread made with common meal in the
ordinary method. The turnip Ijread was baked
rather longer than the other. When they were
drawn from the oven, a loaf of each sort was
cut ; and upon exannnation, the turnip bread
was sweet'-r than the other, not less light and
white, with a slight, but not disagreeable
taste of the turnip. When it was tasted twelve

hours al'ter, this taste was scarcely perceptible,
and the sm^dl was quite gone off.' After an in-
terval of twenty-four hours, it could not be
known that it had any turnips in its composi-
tion, although it still had a peculiar sweetish
taste. After twenty-four houi-s, it appeared to
be rather superior to bread made only of wheat
tlour ; it was fresher and moister ; and after a
week it was still very good.

VIlj. When wheat has grown or germinated,
before it is ground, as often happens in wet i
seasons, magnesia, soda or some other alkaline |
substance .seems indispensable to make good
bread. An Knglish writer in the I>ancaster
Gazette, 181G, mentions his having tried the
following mixtures with flour froJiiivheat which
had germinated, which, if used without the al-
kali took twice the usual time, and when baked
became a hard thick crust, elevated like a roof
over a glutinous saccharine paste, the specific
gravity of which was greater than water.

1st. Take new llour, two pounds; soda two

drachms.
2d. Take new flour, two pounds : soda one

drachm.
3d. Take new flour, three pounds ; old do.

one pound ; soda two drachms.
4th. Take new flour, three pounds ; old do.

one pound ; ground rice, half a pound ;

soda two drachms.
5th. Take new flour, two pounds ; old do.

one pound and an half; soda one drachm.
The soda was dissolved in the water in which
the flour was to be mixed, and the yeast added
in the usual way.

RESULTS.

Nos. 1 and 2 were pleasant tasted bread,
similar to brown bread ; it was friable, very
buoyant in water, and tilled like a sponge ; it
gained nearly one third, but No. 2 was better
bread than No. 1 ; and this is well worth at-
tending to, since it proves that with this flour
half the quantity of soda produced the best ef-
fect, a circumstance that is of importance in an
economical point of view.

No. 3 was better bread than Nos. 1 and 3,
and it was but little inferior to the bread pro-
cured iVom our old flour, when the alkali was
not used.

No. 4 wa.s heavier than the preceding, but
was baked in a tin pan.

No. 5 was also baked in a tin ; it was as good
bread as that made wholly with the old flour ;
but it was not very easy to distinguish Nos. 3,
4 and 5, from each other.

From these experiments it appears that by
thirty grains of .soda, a pound of the new flour,
wliichas loaf bread Nould nut ottien'-ise be eatable,
will make about a pound and an half of very
pleasant tasted wholesome loaf bread.

n.£MARHS ON THE FOREGOI.VG.

The four first of the foreg^oiiig^ recipes -were taken
from the Edinburgh Encyclopajdia. The fifth has been
proved )y an experiment made within the knowledge
of the Editor, to be useful. The sixth, seventh and
eighth r«st upon ncwspaptr authority only. Perhaps
it mightibe well to mix flour from new, or damaged
wheat, with lime water, as a substitute for soda or the
oilier alkaline substances mentioned above. The ex-
pense cf lime water would be very trifling, as lime re-
quires no less than 700 times its weight of water to
effect its entire solution, and a single handful of quitl;
liaic tlu'owa into a b^re! of water, or any l"ss quantity

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

,'hich may be wautej, will be sufficient. U will re-
uire some hours for lime wat..[-, thus prepared, to
•ttle, so as to become sufficiently clear for use, when
should be carefully poured from the sediment. We
not pretend to vouch for the efficacy of limc-watei;
lus prepared, and made use of. We JUerely suggest
le thing as worth an experiment.

YEAST.

The following methoils of maldng Yeast have been
commended, but we have never known their eljicacy
sted by actual experiment.

Take a quantity of hops suitable to the quali-
ty of yeast vou intend to make, boil them well,
id strain off the water in which they are boil-
i ; into this water stir a suitable quantity of
uur, and consiiierable salt, and then add to this
proportionate quantity of sjood yeast ; let this
ass rise as much as it will ; then stir in fine
ulian meal till it is so thick that it can be made
to small cakes of the size of a dollar or larger,
■^hen the cakes are thus made, dry them in the
n till they are hard, mindin? to turn them
equently to prevent their moulding', and then
V them by, in a dry place, for use.
When you wish to have yeast, take one of
ese cakes, crumble it to pieces, pour warm
iter on it, and let it stand in a warm place,
d it will soon rise sufliciently to make good
ast. A quantity of these cakes may be thus
ide at once, which will last for six months
more.

™ Art of making Yeast tsith Peas in Persia.
Take a small tea cup or win.e glass full of
it or bruised peas, pour on them a pint of
iling water, and set the whole in a vessel all
fht on the hearth, or in any other warm
ice ; this water will be a good yeast, and
ve a froth on its top the next morning. In
s cold climate, especially in a cold season, it
)uld stand longer to ferment ; perhaps twentj
ir or fortj-eigiit hours. The above quantity)
's Mr. Eaton, made for me as much bread ;b
lalf quartern loaf, the quality of which wap
ry good and light. It may be necessary thai,

i, I this country in winter it should be put to

)ro- 1 ment in a coo) oven.

Substitute for YeasU
L patent was granted, in England, to Mr. Richard
Iyer Blunt for his new invented composition to be
d instead of Yeast. The substance of the speciiica-
i, according to the Repertory of Arts, is as follow;
To make a yeast gallon of the above men-
led composition, containing eight beer quarts,
1 in common water eight pounds of potatoes
for eating ; bruise them perfectly smooth,
1 mix with them whilst warm, two ounces of
ley, or any other sweet substance, and one
irt (being the eighth part of a gallon of yeast)
common yeast. And, for making bread, mis
ee beer pints of the above composition with
ushel of doiir, using warm water in making
: bread ; the water to be warmer in winter.
I the composition to be used in a few hours
;r it is made ; and as soon as the sponge (the
sture of the composition with the tlour) be-
s to fall the first time, the bread should be
de, and put into the oven.

FACTS AND OB:^KRV AXIOMS

KEL.^TING TO

Agriculture and Domestic Economy.

MUSQtETOES.

To prevent the bite of Musquetoe.'?, rub the
of pennyroyal, a little weakened on the
ids and face.

Under this head, we propose, from time to time, to
publish such articles, relating to agriculture and rural
economy, as we may be of opinion will prove useful.
?ome of our statements wilt not, probably, be new to
many of our readers, and others, perhaps, will not be
found correct. But those to whom our observations
may not convey new iileas, will, we hope, endure
theni for the sake of the benefits which may accrue to
such persons as are destitute of the information they
contain, which will be in part derived from writers of
acknowledged merit and standard authority. .Should
our assertions or theories be found erroneous, we should
be happy to stand corrected by our friends and corres-
pondents. Our statements may, at least, suggest hints
and processes which may lead to valviable improve-
ments. And, as happily expressed in the last No. of
the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository, " the cau-
tious farmer, if he is struck with their novelty, may
try them for himself. If they are found to fail, he will
not repeal the experiment, but he will be very careful
to inquire, whether he has faithfully followed the in-
structions of the first essayist, ^^^le(her the soil was
the same as that in which the experiment was made,
and whether he has taken the same pains to prcdiice
the proposed result. If he is satisfied that he has -o
done, and that the novelty recommended is not entitled
to his confidence, he will abandon it."

POTATOES

May be spoiled by bad management in har-
vesting. They should be dug in cool over cast
weather, and picked immediately after the hoc
free from sun and air, and kept moist with much
dirt about them. If dug in fine weather, and
thev remain exposed to the sun, they will sweat
in the summer, and be soft, waxy and itronu^.
By lying to dry in the sun, they turn green, be-
come in a degree poisonous, operate as ph^'sic
of a purgative nature, and, it is said, sometimes
prove fatal.

In gatherino: a crop of potatoes it has been
recommended to run furrows on each side of the
rows, and then a pretty deep one in the middle,
which turns up most of the roots to the surface.
A fork, with four prongs, with the addition of
what may be called a tulcrum, fastened by a
pivot to the back part of the handle may be
used for raising the potatoes, not turned by the
plough.

In the report on the agriculture of the coun-
ty of Hereford, drawn up for the British Board
of Agriculture, is a description of an excellent
implement, invented by Mr. Yeldall, for taking
up potatoes, having four prongs, or barbs of iron,
with a fang, in the form of a double mould
board, drawn by three horses or four oxen. It
enters the ground, under the bed of potatoes,
and throws them to the surface.

In feeding stock on potatoes it is best to steam,
boil, or bake them. Sir John Sinclair, a fa-
mous English Agriculturist, (v/ho, we believe,
has corresponded with Gen. Washington on sub-
jects of rural economy,) in his celebrated Code
of Agriculture, asserts, that "there issomethinsr
injurious in the juice of the potatoe in a raw
state, which cooking eradicates, or greatly dis-
pels."

We have, however, heard it asserted by far-
mers that raw potatoes, given, in moderate
quantities to working oxen in the spring of the
year answer a valuable purpose. They are

said to prove cooling, and opening, and serve at
once for food and physic. Where cattle are fed
in part on Indian corn or meal, which is in some
dogrec astringent and heating, raw potatoes
given occasionally, we have been told, promote
the health, and add to the appetite of the .tni-
mals.

The Farmer's Assistant .says, " We never
should advise to feed milch-cows with potatoes,
either boiled or raw ; as we have frequently
known cows to be greatly lessened in their
quantity of milk, by being fed on tliis root."

POULTRY.

Mr. Wakefield, a spirited farmer near Liver-
pool, say the compilersof " The Complete Gra-
zier," keeps a large stock of poultry in the
same enclosure with singular success. He has
nearly an acre enclosed with a close slab fence,
about seven feet high. The top of the fence is
everywhere sharp pointed like pickets, though,
perhaps, this may not be necessary. Within
this enclosure are put up slight small sheds,
well secured from rain, however, for the differ-
ent kinds of poultry, and it is supplied with a
small stream of water. The poultry are regu-
larly fed three times a day with boiled potatoes,
which is their only food, except what grass may
grow within the enclosure.

The dung of the poultry, which is exceed-
ingly rich, is carefully saved for use ; and the
lurf of the enclosure is occasionally pared ofi
for mixing with composts.

We have heard it asserted that a little molas-
ses, or any other saccharine substance is very
useful to mix with the food of poultry, which it
is intended to fatten. Perhaps it might be well
to boil a proportion of beets, ripe and sweet
pumpkins, or squashes with potatoes, for the
food of poultry. When corn is given to fowls
it hould be crushed or soaked in water. Hens
it is said should have access, in winter, to slack-
ed lime, or oyster shells, otherwise they will
afford no eggs, as something of the kind is ne-
cessary to form the shells. Wheat, however, if
given to fowls lor food, will afford the substance
(phosphate of lime) which is necessary to com-
pose their shells.

BEES.

Dr. J. Anderson in one of his papers on hus-
bandry observes, in substance, that bees are
frequently induced by mild weather in the win-
ter, and early in the spring to leave their hives
and by sudden changes to cold or wet become
chilled, unable to return, and perish. And
when they do not venture abroad, warm
weather, out of season, often rouses them from
their torpid state and obliges them to consume
their stores, and they are then starved with
hunger.

To prevent such accidents. Dr. Anderson is
of opinion, that " no method would be so effec-
tual as that of placing the hives in an ice house
at the approach of winter. Here they may be
kept till the spring is so far advanced, that no
danger is to be apprehended from bad weather.
During the whole winter they will remain in a
state of torpor and require no t'ood. As soon as
the mild weather invites them to appear, tney
will commence their labors with vigor. The
intense degree of cold which bees sustain with-
out the least injury in Poland and Russia, where
even quicksilver is sometimes frozen, removes
every doubt or anxiety, coaceruing the safety
of bees in an ice hoase."

IsEW ENGLAND FARMER.

We do not know that any thing has cverbeen
attempted to ascertain the correctness ol' Dr.
Anderson's theory, but wish that some person
would try the experiment, and give the result
to the public.

STUBBLE,— BURNING or.

!\In. W. Curtis, of Lynn, Norfolk, found very
beneficial effects from burning the stubble of
(•it'*, which was left oitchtcen inches high for
this purpose, on a field broken up from old pas-
ture the same year ; he aftrrwards sowed wheat
and oats in succession on the same ground, the
Jtubble of both of which was burned in the same
manner. The iishes were in every case plough-
ed in to a small depth, and the verges of the
field mowed previous to the burning, to prevent
accidents. At'ter the third crop of corn, all of
which were abundant and remarkably free from
weeds, the tield was laid down with clover and
grass seeds, and the ensuing crops of both hay
and grass proved infinitely finer than those be-
fore the ground was broken up.

Another piece of land was cropped for three
successive years in the same manner as the first,
to which it was similar in every respect of soil,
aspect, and previous management, but in which
the stubble was ploughed in, instead of being-
burned ; the produce of each crop on it was
much inferior to that of the fii"st experiment,
:ind the weeds increased so greatly, that on lay-
ing it down to grass, they overpowered the
grass seeds so much that it was necessary to re-
.sow it ; and ever after, while Mr. Curtis held
It, the grass and hay produced were coarse and
full of weeds, and consequently inferior both in
value and quantity to those of the other field, on
v/hich the stubble had been burned.

In burning stubble, the danger which is to be
apprehended from the spreading of the flames,
may perhaps be obviated by tracing a furrow
round the held, and setting fire to the stubble on
the inner edge of the furrow.

We were furnished with the following receipt
by a lady, a pattern of industry and all domes-
tic virtues, at whose table we have drank this
wine in great perfection. It is desirable that
wine, and beer, and cider should take the place,
as far as possible, of ardent spirit*, the extrava-
gant use of which has already become the
scourge of this young country. It is, therefore,
to be wished, that every thing which can in-
crease the means or throw light on the man-
ner of making these simple and wholesome bev-
erages, should be made known for public ben-
efit ; and we shall feel much obliged for all in-
formation on such matters. The receipt is cop-
ied from "Gary's American Museum," for July.

American, Farmer.

RECEIPT FOR ."lAKir.'O CURR.\NT WINE.

Gather your currants when full ripe ; break
them well in a tub or vat, (some have a mill con-
structed for the purpose, consisting of a hopper,
fixed upon two lignumvit» rollers) press and
measure your j'lice, add two thirds water, and
to each gallon of that mixture, (i. e. juice and
water) put three pounds of muscovado sugar,
(the claaner and drier the better ; very coarse
sugar tii-st clarified, will do equally as well,)
stir it well till the sugar is quite disssolved, and
then turn it up. If you can possibly prevent it,
let not your juice stand over night, as it should
liot ferment before mixture.

Observe that j'our casks be sweet and clean,
such as never had either beer or cider in them,
and if new let them be first well seasoned.

Do not fdl your casks too full, otherwise
they will work out at the bung, which is by
no means good for the wine ; rather make a
proportionable quantity over and above, that
after drawing off the wine you may have a suf-
ficiency to till up the casks. Lay the bung
lightly on the hole to prevent tlie flies &c. from
creeping in. In three weeks or a month after
making, the bung-hole may be stopped up, leav-
ing only the vent-hole open till it has fully done
working, which gcnerall}' is about the lalterend
of October. It may then be racked off into oth-
er clean casks if you please ; but experience
seems to favor the letting the wine stand on the
lees till spring, as it thereby attains a stronger
body, and is by that means in a great measure
divested of that sweet luscious taste, peculiar to
new made wine ; nay, if it is not wanted for
present consumption, it may without any dam-
age stand two years on the lees.

When you draw off the wine, bore a hole, an
inch at least above the tap-hole, a littlt to the
side of it, that it may run clear off the lees. —
The lees may either be distilled, which ivill
yield a fine spirit, or filtered through aa Hipo-
crates' sleeve and returned again into the cask.
Some put in the spirit, but I think it not advis-
able.

Do not suffer yourself to be prevailed on to
add more than one third juice as above pre-
scribed, in hopes that the wine may be richer, for
that would render it infallibly hard and unpleas-
ant, nor yet a greater proportion of sugar, as it
would certainly deprive it of its pure vinous
taste.

By this managemnt you may have wine, let-
ting it have a proper age, equal to Madeira, at
least superior to most wines, commonly import-
ed, and lor much less money.

In regard to the quantity of wine intended to
be made, take this example, remembering that
twelve pounds of sugar are equal to a gallon of
liquid.

For instance, suppose you intend to make 30
gallons, then there must be,

24 gallons of mixture,
3 multiplied by,

equal to C gallons of
liquid.

30 gallons.
and so proportionably for any quantity you
please to make.

The common cider presses, if thoroughly
clean will do well in making large quantities :
the small hand-screw press is most convenient
for such as make less.

N. B. An extraordinary good spirit for me-
dicinal and other uses, may be distilled from
currant juice by adding a quart of molasses to a
gallon of juice, to give a proper fermentation.

Ions of juice.
lU of water,

24 gallons of mixture,
G gals, from sugar.

Jlrnerican Isinglass. — A manufactory of tbi«
useful article has been established at Cape Ann,
by Mr. Wm. llall, late of this city. The mate-
rial for manufacture is obtained from tish taken
from our coasts. The specimens of isinglass
manufactured at Cape Ann have been used by
the brewers and confectioners in our city, who
considered it fully equal if not superior to the
imported. — Boiton Pot.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

BOSTOA'.— SATURDAY, AUGUST 3, 1822.

TO THE PUBLIC.

• It was well observed by an eminent philosophy
tliat " Ifie excellehcy of manufactures, and the facili:
of labor would be much promoted if the various tx|)
dients and contrivances, which lie concealed in prr. :.
hands, were, by reciprocal communications, madt
orally known. There are few operations that ar
performed by one or other with some peculiar aJ i
t.igff, which, though singly of little importance, v.\ ul
by conjunction and concurrence, open new inlets
knowledge, and give new powers to diligence." The
remarks will apply with as miicli force to Agricultu
as to manufactures. One great and primary ob|>rt
the '■'■ A'crv England Farmer.i" is to serie as a viiiir
for " reciprocal communications" of such improvemti
in husbandry, or domestic economy, as may add stim
Ins to industry, by insuring to diligence that row?
which alone waits on tcell directed effort. The I'r jp
etor woulil, therefore, be happy to receive useful hi:!
statements and essays, oral, written or printed, rclati
to tl>e objects of his paper, as mentioned above, a
more particularly unfolded in the first article ol ;
preceding pages, from persons whose experience, r' :
ing or observation qualify them to furnish useful
formation to the community.

It is hoped that no practical farmer will be detcri
from forwarding to us for publication any informal
of the above description from an appr< hension lest
stylo should prove deficient in any of the requisites
what is called fine writing. All we wish for is that
should make his meaning understood, which may
done as well, or better, by plain words and comn
phrases, than by a pompous diction, consisting of wo
of '• learned length and thundering sound." If :
literal correction should be_deemcd necessary to fit ;
matter for the press, which we may receive from
orrespondents, it will be cheerfully rendered by
Editor.

The Proprietor will spare neither pains nor expo
tc make his paper worthy of public patronage.
picposcs, from time to time, to give engravings of -
pioved breeds of animals, agricultural implemei ,
patented machines for facilitating processes in the i •
ful arts, particularly those connected with Agricult ;
and Domestic Kconomy.

At the termination of each year from the commer •
ment of the paper, will be given a copious and con t
index of the volume preceding.

The Proprietor authorizes and requests all Post V •>
(era to receive subscriptions for the iVew England 1 •
mer^ according to the terms stated in the first pag* ■(
this day's paper, and retain ten per cent, on the anio !
which they may collect.

We have taken the liberty to forward the first n
ber of the Xew England Farmer to some gentlt i o
whose names happened to occur to us, although 1 v
are not on our subscription list. Should they appi c
of this specimen of our work, and the plan as develo i
in this and the initial articles, we hope they will af i
us their patronage, and assist in extending the circ i-
tion of the paper by such means as they may deem it
adapted to that effect.

O:;^"" ^vas stated in our Prospecti:s that the I»
England Fanner would be printed on a " large r^ al
sheet." It has since been thought best to issue it
sheet of smaller size, but of superior qunb'ly. le
price of the paper now vsed is the same as tha: »
which we originally proposed printing it. We are m
fidcnt our patroijs will be satisfied with the alterati

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

FOREIGK SUMMARY.

Intelligence from London as late as the 13th of June

A3 been received by the ship Nestor^- an-ived in New

ork from Livcrp ool. A London article of that date

ifirm? that advioes had been received from Conslanti-

ople to the lUh May, conUrniins the pacific nev.-s of

le evacuation of Moldavia and Wallachia by the

iil 'urkish troops. Russian vessels were clearing at

pj idessa for Constantinople ; and sevc-ral vessels have

een insured at Lloyd's from capture or seizure by the

urks, at one per cent.

It appears that the unfortunate Greeks are still suf-
•iring all tiiat tlie most savage ferocity can inflict un-
Jijer the domination of the Musselmen. Two Trench
ntlemen, visiting the island of Scio, represented the
vvn as pillaged and destroyed, and the streets filled
ith the festering remains of the bulchered Inhabitants.
he women and children were articles of commerce,
)th at Constantinople and Smyrna. The Turkish
2et was to sail from Scio about the 3d of May, which
arcs little hopes of their having been defeated by the
reeks.

The Belgrade accounts are very unfavorable to tl'.e
reeks. The Pacha of Salonichi had received rein-
l^rcemcnts, and defeated the Greeks. After this he
II upon thirty Greek villages, and carried away the
omen and children as slaves.

The King of France, in reply to the Address of the
hamber of Peers says, " since the opening of the ses-
>n I have received accounts which assure that peace
11 not be disturbed in the East
it is stated that the accounts received from the South
id West of Ireland continue more and more deplora-
e. The assistance given to the poor has been ex-
•mely liberal ; but their wants exceed the donations.
Dublin paper states that " a million of men, women
d children are starving — are actually dying of hun-
r, and in one of the finest seasons ever remembered ;
malignant fever, with every appearance of the v/orst
.Tiptoms of pestilence has set in."
The recognition of the Independence of tlie South
nerican nations, by the United States, has been re-
ived in Spain ; but no measures have been taken on
e subject.

The bill for throwing open the West India Islands to
trade of all nations had passed the House of Com-
itls, btt'n wad a first time in the House of LOrds,'and
is said win become a law. '

As an illustration of the singular character of the
it winter, it may be mentioned, that while the ther-
)ineter was some d-:grees above the freezing point it.
issia and Sweden, they were skating a?i(( drivinj
.iueaux at Madrid through the whole of January,
d several persons were frozen to death in the streets
Lisbon .

The last accounts frem Spain, which are to the 31st
Jime, indicate a crazed and unsettled state of socic-
Troops of partizans are in arms against the gov-
iment. These insurgents who style themselves roy-
ts, are <^mmonly headed by priests or monks, arid
:a banners were inscribed', " The K^ng and the
OSS."' They have been often defeated, but rise from
ery oveellirow with apparently renovated strer.gth
fresh exertions. The Cortes were in session, but
■re said to be perplexed, bewildered and wavering
tlieir councils. They had fixed the standing army
182-', at 62,043 men.
The Cortes have issued a Manifesto on South Amer-
m affairs, in which they invoke the Powers of Europe
t to recognize the Independence of the New States
South America.

A duel was fought in Paris, in the beginning of June,
• two members of the Chamber of Deputies, Benja-
i:i Constant and Forbin des Isarts. They were at-
nded by liro seconds each. The former being lame,
id unable to stand, they were both provided with
airs, and in that way exchanged two shots withov.t
feet ; when the seconds interfered.

At a splendid levee held by the King of England, oj
e 12th of June, Mr. Washington Irving was present
I by the American Ambassador.

"1 DOMESTIC SUMMARY.

c Slaves. — The Emperor of Russia has derided th<
■ IPstlon submitted to him by the U. States and G. Bri

J. m, in relation to slaves carried away during the lati
ar by the British— that the U. States arc entitled to :

' St indeaiiiificalion for all such slaves carried away.

Riot at the Slnle Prison.
On the first inst. there was a formidable insurrec-
tion at the Slate Prison in Charlestown. It com-
menced by an attack made on one Chadwick, who had
rendered himself obnoxious to the prisoners by giving
evidence against Green, not long since convicted and
executed. It is said that for nearly two hours the riot-
ers had the ascendancy, and were not quelled till after
they Iiad set fire to the work shops in the yard, and had
been repeatedly fired upon by the guard. A large
number of the citizens of Boston and Charlestown were
collected, including Eire Companies, and a party of
Marines from the Nr.vy Yard. The principal of the
riot, and several others were wounded, the former, it is
supposed mortally. 'I'he culprits were at length drive '.i
to their wards and secured.

J\Vg;-o Plot. — A plot has been formed by the negroes of
Charleston, S. C. to massacre the white people. They
formed themselves info a society, and held meetings at a
farm, which they could approach by water to avoid be-
ing stopped by any patroles. They intended to have
provided themselves with passes so as to deceive the
guard, and place themselves at certain parts of the ci-
ty ; then a party was to secure the guard at the guard
house, and an indiscriniinatc massacre v\as to com-
mence on all whites, who appeared in the streets, and
particularly to prevent any company from forming. —
Also to prevent the bells from tinging to give any a-
larni. A negro who was solicited to join the gang de-
clined, and gave information to his owners by which
means the conspirators were arrested, and some of (hem
condemned to be executed.

SoLO.MoN SouTnwicK, Esq. the Editor of the Plough
Boy, has been nominated a candidate for Governor of
the State of New York, in opposition to Judge Yati's.
This event took place, says the Albany Argus, at " a
very numerous meeting of Republicans," in which the
" Capitol was crowded to excess, and the citi.-^en? ani-
mated by Uie fire of seventy-six and ninety-eight."

It is reported that another challenge has passed be-
tween Col. Cumining and Mr. M'Duffic, and that the
meeting is fixed for the 10th of August.

A writer in the Boston Centinel of the 31st ult. in
remarking on certain recent failures, which have ta-
ken place in this city, snys that '■'■ many of the failures
■werjp trifling, many others not unexpected, and that
the whole will not effect the stamina of the solvent Em-
porium of New England commerce."

We have published the official decisions of the Ame-
rican and British Commissioners made under the 6th
article of the treaty of Ghent ; by which it will be
seen, that all the islands in the Niagara river, (except
Navy Islpjid) have fallen to the United States. Drum-
mond's Island, in Lake Huron, containiiig a British
post, has also fallen to us. This will serve as an ex-
change for the military works at Rouse's Point, on
Lake Champlain. — Buffalo Patriot July IG.

Caution. — Counterfeit bills of five dollars, of the
Bank of the United States, are hi circulation, and have
appeared in this vicinity. The engraving is coarse,
and the paper much thicker than the true bills.

Salem paper.
AVe are informed by a respectable physician that a
dog, evidently alfecfed with Hydrophobia, was killed
at Lechmere Point on Monday last. — Palladium.

Worcester Canal. — It is announced in the Providence
American, that Jlr. Benjamin A\'right is engaged to
survey, early the ensuing autumn, the route of the pro-
posed Canal from Worcester to Providence, and to
make an estimate of the expense of the undertaking.

Edmund Law, Esq. is a candidate for Congress in
Florida. He was, we believe, brother to the late Lord
EUenborough, and author of many of the essays on the
currency, which appeared in the National Intelligencer
a short time since — a gentleman of genius, learning,
and extensive and profound erudition.

American Ilisfory. — The Evening Post intimates,
that the Hon. Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts,
contemplates wTiting Memoirs of his own Times, or
some similar work. The following is the paragraph
conveying the intimation to which we allude : —

" We express a hope, and we have good grounds for
the expression, that this venerable statesman will de-
vote the evening of his days to placing on record, the
I history of-those events and transactions so familiar to

his remembrance, so honorable to himself, so glorious to
his country. To what better purpose ran he devote
his ti.-ne ? How can he terve posterity more essential-
ly, than by placing before their eyes, in an imparfial
light, the picture of the times that have been ? He has
served his country in the field and in the cabinet ; let
him close his labors by acting as the historian of his
own times."

Mr. Pickering has now reached the age of seventy ;
and as he is one of the living chronicles of rcToluticc-
ary events, such a work as he contemplates would no
doubt contain many vahiable facts which v.-ould serve
to illustrate our history. — .K. X. Statesman.

Charles Thompson. — .\ gsntUman of this city lately
visited the venerable Charles Thompton, secretary cf
the continental congress in the revolutionary war at
his scat, twelve miles from Philadelphia, on the old'
Lancaster read. Mr. 1 hompson has reached the ad-
vanced age of ninety-three, enjoys tolerable bodily
health, and walks with apparent ease and pleasure to
himself; his sight is so good as to enable him to read
without spectacles, but he hears with difficulty — his
mind is evidently in decay ; it is the ruins, however,
of superior intellect ; far from being puerile, it still
bears the impress of greatness, and a familiarity with
the best ancient and modern authors. He dwells with
peculiar interest on the scenes of the revolutionary war,
and relates with great precision, many anecdotes of its
prominent characters. On being asked what caused
such implicit faith to be put in the documents signed
by him, he answered " it was well known that he had
resolved, in despite of consequences, never to put his
official signature to any account, for the accuracy cf
which he could not vouch as a man of honor ;" and so
well v.-as this understood, that when Mr. T. was adopt-
ed by the Six Nations of Indians, they emphatically
named him " the man of truth." — Albany paper.

DEATHS.
In this city, Mr. Thomas Pclham, 38.— Mr. John
Burt, 20.— Miss Ann Hughes, G7.— Mr. John Hol-
brnok, 53. — Augustus O. Barton, 39..

In Roxbury, on Thursday last, James Perkins, Esq.
of this city, aged Cl-
in Fiirrlajut,. Stephen George Kemble, Esq. the cele-
brated comedikn, aged 64. In private life he was a
social, lively companion ; and on the stage he was re-
markable for playing Sir John Falstafi', without stuffing
his jacket.

JYeiv Printing Office,

THOMAS W. SHEPARD

RESPECTFULLY informs his friends and the public
that he executes all kinds of

Book and Job Printinir,

in the most fashionable manner, and on reasonable
terms, at bie Office of the Ni;w Esgi.and Farsier,

Rogers'' Building Congress Street.

05" Entrance Nos. 4 and 17.

Husbandman and Housewife.

FOR sale at the Bookstore of Charles Ewer, No. 51,
Munros & Francis, No. 4, Comhill, and at this
Office:— The HUSBANDMAN AND HOUSEWIFE;
being a collection of valuable Recipes and Directions,
relating to Agriculture and Domestic Economy. By
Thomas G Fessesdf,!?, Esq. Price 50 cents.
The follomng notice of this work is extracted from the

Massachi.seffs Agricultural Journal for June 1822.

" We have read it with attention, and think it well
adapted to the use of farmers, who would not go to the
expense of purchasing larger works. It is a collection
of receipts, many of which arc from high authority, and
all of them, as far as they are accurate, calculated for
daily and constant use. That errors should creep into
such a work must be expected. The recipes areeften
taken from such transient works, or sources, that it
would be impossible for the compiler to vouch for their
efficacy or exactitude — but still its use must be very
great to the clas; of people for whom it was principally
intended." August '9

NEW ENGLAND FARxMER.

From the jyiassucliusetia Spy of July 'J4.

Mr. F-ditor — The foilowin": communicition from an
iiitcllii'cnt prncti'-^a AKhcnltiiralist, c-mbrcici's a subjict
of si-asonablc and iiiiiiortaut inti-rost to the fanutr*. —
The question of tlic tffict produced upon the crop of
Indian Corn by rirno\ ill? tlie Siickirs, and Ihr proper
manner and time for doing it, are yet to be decided t\v
more frequent and accurate experiments tlian ajipear
to have been made, the results having been very differ-
ent, in the instances heretofore communicated. As the
season has nov.' nearly arrived, in which the experi-
ment may be repeated, it is hopi d that every Farmer
will give so much of his time and atti iition to the sub-
ject, as to take the suckers from at least a single row
of his corn, and carefully note the time and manner of
doing it, with tlie comparative proihict of a similar
quantity on which the suckers sliall be permitted to
remain — and if he will still further ascertain the differ-
ence between cutting the stalks and ka\ ing tlieni to
be harvested with thi' Corn, and communicate the re-
sult of all his observations to this Society, be would
add much to the stock of useful information, and great-
ly oblige his fellow-laborers in the business of Hus-
bandry. L. LINCOLN, Cor. Htcrilary o/Ihe
H'orcester ^^ricullural Sucitly.

To the Worcester Agricultural Society.
In the spring of cisrhteen htimlrcd tind ttvenfy-
one, I proposed to try the expcfiinetU of raising'
Corn, by planting it in rows. 1 ploughed the
ground, as usual, twice ; then carted twenty-
seven loads of bam manure on an acre, wliich
took two men with a yoke of oxen one day. —
As soon as the manure was ^vanned by the in-
Ihience of the stm, I then spread the same, and
ploughed the ground for the third time. On
the eighteenth of May, I furrowed it out, three
feet six incites from centre to centre of the fur-
row — then carried on twenty-five loads ot loom,
which was carted into my hog-yard the preced-
ing Autumn, and spread the same in the furrows,
which took tliree men and a yoke of nxpn cue-
day — I then planted one halt the ground in two
rows, six niches apart, the remainder about
nine. Immediately after weeding it, I spread
two bushels of plaster on the rows — at a suita-
ble growth gave it a second hoeing ; the second
week in July, hoed it the third time ; at that
period the growth was very rapid, and there
appeared to be a greater quantity of suckers
from the bottom of the stalks than I ever saw-
before. The observation struck me, that it
would be worthy the attention of our Agricultu-
ralists to try the cxperimcntof cutting the suck-
er from the stalk, which I did from most of it.
By observing, I found that such a proportion of
juice from the stalk wept out where the sucker
was taken off, that the growth was not po large,
and the car set higher ui)on the stalk : on the
part where the suckers were not taken off, the
corn was thicker set and more promiiKfit — the
ears set ten or twelve inches nigher the ground,
and were a good proportion larger. That part
<if the field that was jilanted thinnest, was the
Ltrgest growth ; the stalks and ears thicker set,
and the corn set nigher the groutd. The
quantity of corn that grew on an acre was
eighty-one bushels. From the best observa-
tions that I have made, I would recommend to
any gentleman, wishing to try the experiment of
planting in rows, to furrow the groundfour feet
apart from centre to centre — to platit the corn
in two rows, nine inches apart, diamond fitshion.
It is a very simple process, to level the manure
when spread in the furrows, and take a pair of
small wheels, with cogs in them, made for that
purpose, put Ihcra on an axle-tree nine iitches

apart, which will dot the ground with accuracy,
when drawn across the field, so that a child of
ten years may drop the corn with.iut the lea^t
difficult V. LE.MLEL DAVIS.

Hold'cn, March 13, 1823.

We are inclined to believe that Mr. iJavis would
have had a larger crop of corn if it had not been plant-
ed so thickly. " Three feet six inches from centre to
centre of the furrow" with two rows " six inches" or
even " nine inches" apart, if the corn was of the com-
mon size of our New England corn might, perhaps, over
stock the ground with plants.

^^\■ are told that Mr. Stevens, of Herkimer CcuntJ- in
New York, raised oni hundrtd and c'ghtttn Inuhels of
Indian corn to an acre. He planted his seed in double
rows about < ight inches apart, and the seeds were set
diagonally (or diamond fashien as Mr. Davis (xprcsses
it) the stune distance from each other in the rows. jBe-
txcetn each nfllie double roicsjcaa left a space of five and
an half feet.

Mr. Ludlow, of the same county, raised ninety-eight
bushels to the acfe. He planted his seed in smi:h
rates, four feet apart, with the prrains set eight inches
asunder. His land was not so highly manured as that
of Mr. Stevens.

Mr. Hunnewell, of Massachusetts, raised <me hun-
dred and eleven bushels of corn from an acre of ground,
which was furrowed out at a distance of fout feet (if
we ncoHiCl rightly, as we have not the statcntent now
before us) leaving each furrow a foot wide the seed
planted in the drill on each furrow, making three rows
to each furrov/, and care taken to drop the corn as near
six inches apart as possible without wasting time.

With regard to taking suckers from corn we would
recommend, in addition to the experiments suggested
by the Hon. Mr. Lincoln, that trial be made of bending
them to the ground, and covering them with earth suf-
ficient to kill them, which has frequently been stated
as the best mode of disposing of them ; as they thus, it
is said, serve as manure to the principal stocks.

Long IVoolled and Broad Tailed Sheep of Africa.

The Hon. Dudley L. Pickman, of Salem, has
presented to the Massachusetts Agricultural So-
ciety a Ram of this breed, just imported.

A Ham and Ewe, of the first race introduced
into this country, were presented bj' Gen, F.a-
toti to the Hon. Timothy Pickering, then resi-
dent in Pennsylvania, by the name of the liar-
bary Mountain Sheep. The President of the
Philadelphia Agricultural Society some years
afterwards, gave the following high chanictcr
of the breed, in the memoirs of that Society :

" I know not any breed of sheep superior and few
equal to it. Its fleece is of the first (pirtlity ; and the
valuable parts singularly good. No other Afi-ic:in
Sheep is to be comp.ared to this species, either for fleece,
fattening, or hardihood. It bears our severest winters
without shelter. Some of the best lamb and mutton
sold in our market are of this breed ; which is now
spread through many parts of this State and Jersey." —
(Memoirs vol. 1. page 163.)

General notice is hereby given to the Farmers
of Massachusetts, that the Ram now at E. ller-
sey Derby's, and at the disposal of the Trus-
tees of the Society, will be delivered to any
gentleman who is desirous to obtain a cross from
this breed, free of cost, and upon the sole con-
dition of good treatment of the animal, and to
be kept within the State. Application to be
made immediately to either of the subscribers.

E. HERSEY DERBY, Solan.

JOHN PRINCE, lioxbury.

From the Mass. Agricultural Repository for June.

Dr. Dcane's JS'cx;) England Farmer.

In our last ntmiher we mentioned that Me-sr-
Wki.ls & Liiiv had caused this valuable, and ;i
we thiidv, standard work to be revised at thii
own expense, and had put it to press. .\ wis
to render it as perfect as they could, to incoi
porafe in it most of the improvements vvhic
have taken place in agriculture since the put
lication of the second edition, and to oxpung
from it all superfluous matter, or opinions whic
arc now exploded, has delayed the work to th
time.

It will probably appear in the course of a fc
weeks. We have no other interest in introdu<
ing this subject again to the notice of otir reai
ers and subsci'ibers, than the wish to diflu>
correct agricultural knowledge. Dr. Deane
work was certainly as good a compendium f(
its size, as cnidd be found in Europe at th
time it was ptiblished. It had the special me
it, for Its, of adapting European modes of cti
ture to our soil and climate. Even in its in
proved state, it is not pretended that the wot
supersedes the necessity, with intelligent cull
vators, of an extensive agricultural library, b'
it is calculated, and well calculated, to aid tl
experience, and enlighten and direct the pra
tice of all descriptions of farmers. It has be<
necessary so far to enlarge it, in consequence
the great modern improvements in agricultur
that it may prove too expensive for small fan
ers, but tve think all farmers in easy circtit
stances will find it a very cheap book. Mai
thii»gs will not be new to them, but even the
they will find enforced by new reasoiis and s
guments. Though written principally with
view to the New England States, there is i
part of the United States in which it will n
h'-' found of great value, and perhaps it may n,
be and ought not to be its smallest recomme
dation to the farmers of the United States, th
excepting the Rev. Jared Elliot's small tract,
was the earliest and by tar the most rcspectah
at^ricultural work ever published in the Unit
Slates. The Farmer's .\ssistant by Mr. Nic
olson, of the State of New York, a very n
perlable work, is apparently modelled upon
and I presume the author will admit^ what i
tleed his pages prove, the great assistance !
derived from this work.

But in New England, it was thought best
republish Dr. Deane's work, with additions a
corrections, not with the wish, in any degrt I
to interfere with the other work alluded to.
Air from if, Messrs. Wells & Lilly, to our knov
edge, contemplated and proposed to the writ
of this notire, the republication of Dr. Deani
work, before the Farmer's Assistant went
the press.

We repeat, that as Editors of this joum
and as individuals, we have no other inter<
in, or wish to promote the circulation of t
new edition of Dr. Deane's New England F;
mer's Dictionary', than the advancement
sound principles in agriculture. We wish wi,
to all agricultural publications of merit, and »
we have alluded to the Farmer's Assistant, \
ought to add, that we think that work is o
which deserves this character. We trust t
demand often millions of people will be gr((
enough for both, and in a few jears, for ma
others.

NEW ENGLAND FAllMEH.

Publishod every Saturttey, by THOMAS W. SHKPARU, Rogers' Building, Congress Street, Hobton ; lit $0,50 p( r ami. in :\dvance, or $;!,00 :it the close of the y, ar.

Vol. I.

BOSTON, SATURDAY, AUGUST 10, 1822.

No. 2.

From the Mass. Agricultural Repository lor June.

AN ESSAY
On tke Advantage of Manuring -jL-itk Green Crops.

CY S. W. POMCaOY, KS(1.
k First Vice President of the Society for promoting; Agri-
culture in Wasjachusetts.

That eminent chemist, Sir Humphrey Davj',

apin'ohensive of the most distressing- conse-
quences.

"Providentially, some 15 or 20 years since,
the White Lupin was introduced from Italy, and
thouGjh it came by accident, to a people strong--
ly bigotted to old practices of husbandry, the
cultivation soon became general.

" The wheat and corn are harvested in Au-
g;ust, the land is soon after ploughed and Lupins

who has shed so much light on the practice as sown on the surface., or but slightly covered, at

well as on the philosophy of Agriculture, ob-
serves, that " land when not employed in pre-
paring food for animals, should be applied to
the purposes of the preparation of manure for
plants ; and that this is effected by means of
green crops, in consequence of the absorption
of carbonaceous matter in the carbonic acid of
the atmosphere. That, in a {naked) summer
ikllow a period is always lost in which vegeta-
bles may be raised, either as food for animals
or as nourishaient for the nest crop."

The rewards offered by the board of Trus-
tees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society
for more than twenty years succe.ssively, for
the best experiments on ploughing in green
crops for manure, appear to be still unclaimed ;
there is of course good reason to believe that
the practice is very limited in the Common-
wealth. To shew the advantages that result
from such a system, elsewhere, the following is
transcribed from a letter that ! addressed to
John S. Skinner, Esq. of Baltimore, the able
and zealous Editor of the American Farmer, and
J which appeared in that paper last November.

" Among the various plants applied as green
g; dressings for the restoration of worn out soils,
Ik the White Lupin stands pre-eminent in those
.(, climates that will permit their growth between
ui the periods of harvest and seed time. That ?
jjli trial may be made with them, 1 have forsvarde
fij half a bushel of the seed, which I trust 3'ou wil:
^, cheerfully distribute for the benefit of our
Southern brethren. They were sent to m •
from Fayal ; and the follcr.ving account, which
I have collected, of the effects of their culture,
will, at least, serve to convince us, that " the
, Earth, ever subservient to the xvanis of man.,''"
.vlicn exhausted by his insatiable demands, re-
quires from him but a little mechanical aid, tf;
•-nable her still to ' spread his walks with flow-
r^ and his table with plenty.' The island of
lyal, though in the same parallel of latitude
with iNIaryland, is subject to a temperature sel-
dom above 80, or below 50 degrees of Fahren-
heit. The soil is thin, and incumbent on scoria
and other nmkcomposed volcanic substances ;
but naturally exceedingly fertile. For a long
period of time, every part accessible to the
[dough, has been in tillage ; and, with the ex-
eption of selected patches .shifted for flax, un-
der alternate crops of wheat and Indian corn,
J , (the latter being the chief food of the laboring
jl ilclasses.) Such a system of severe cropping;
iijjthe resources for manure very limited, and
j,( tij without the advantage of improved implement*
.jri^t>r modes of culture, caused a visible deterio-
■ E*) ration of the soil; the crops lessened from year
I to year ; partial importations were resorted to ;
' and the zacK born of the islani became seriously

the rate of two bushels per acre. In February
they flower, tmd are then turned in with the
wheat, corn or flax in their several rotations.
By this management a progressive improvement
of the soil has become apparent : there are no
longer apprehensions of famine ; a very redun-
dant population subsists ; and besides supplying
10,00<Jon the neighboring island of Pico, vvliere
scarce any thing but the vine is cultivated, a
surplus is often sent to other islands, and in
some instances to Lisbon !

" Lupins are ranked by Gardeners among the
hardy annuals, but I am not able to say what de-
gree of frost they will bear. From a single ex-
periment 1 am led to believe that, owing to the
droughts to which our climate is subject, not
much advantage will be derived by sowing
tliem on summer fallows as a dressing for win-
ter crops. Their application to spring crops,
in those sections of our country where tliey can
lie grown in season for that purpose, will prob-
ably become the first object of experiment."

The culture of crops to plough in for manure,
is by no means a modern practice. The Ro-
mans, eighteen hundred years ago, according to
Pliny, cultivated and applied Lupins for manure
in the same manner precisely as they now are in
Italy, ahd in Fayal.* But this plant is supposed
to be unsuitable for our climate : — we should
not despair, however, of tinding a substitute.

It has been asserted by Sir Humphrey Davy.
■• that it is a general principle of chemistry',
that in all cases of decomposition, substances
combine much more readily at the moment of
their disengagement, than after they have been
regularly formed. And in fermentation beneath
the soil the fluid matter produced, is applied
instantly, even while it is warm, to the organs
of the plant, and consequently is more likely to
be eflicient than in manure that has gone thro'
the process. He also remarks, that it may be
doubted whether there is as much useful ma-
nure at the end of a clean [green crop) fallow,
as at the time the vegetables clothing the sur-
face were first ploughed in. That the action
of the sun upon the surface of the soil, tends to
Jisengage the gaseous and volatile fluid matters
that it contains ; and heat increases the rapidity
of fermentation ; and that in the summer fallow
{with green crops) nourishment is rapidly pro-
duced, at a time when no vegetables are pres-
ent capable of absorbing it."

Such expositions show the importance of se-
lecting plants that will arrive at sufficient stat-
i,re and succulence, in season for spring crops;
and it may be well to inquire wiiat vegetables

* See Pliny's Nat.
I chap. 14—27.

His*:. Book 17, cIiaiL 9, book 18,

there arc within our reach, that can be suc-
cessfully applied.

Clover, is unquestionably one of the greatest
improvers ; but a season is lost by its applica-
tion. There is another objection — i^ceds and
wild grasses that rise with it, the first season,
ripen and shed their seeds ; the efl'octs of which
are severely felt in the succeeding tillage ro-
tations.

Buck Whf.at has been most used in this coun-
try for green dressings ; and doubtless with good
effects on summer fallows for winter crops ; but,
besides not coming on early enough for spring
crops, it often leaves the land foul with its own
seeds ; and is allowed, on all hands, to be a great
exhauster.

1 am aware that an opinion generally prevails
that if plants are cut in the milk., as it is term-
ed, or ploughed in before they ripen their seeds,
that the soil is not exhausted ! I presume this
theory is founded on the supposition, that whild
the stalk and foliage are green, the supplies are
drawn from the atmosphere ; but as soon as they
become shrivelledi the seeds are perfected with
food exclusively from the soil.

This reasoning is plausible, and possibly cor-
rect as to certain classes of vegetables, but the
position should in all cases be admitted to a very
limited extent.

The hum of bees in a field of hixk wheat., and
the flavor of the hojiey from the hives in the
ncinitv, afford strong presumptive proof that
the atmosphere does not alone produce such
sweet results !

There is another consideration that should
govern us in the selection of plants for the ob-
ject in view. It cannot be doubted, but that
the soil contains, not only materials suited to
particular vegetables, but that several species
require the same principles to furnish their food.
Now from an experiment, well defined, twenty
year* ago, with oats cut in the milk, and from
constant observation of the effects of their cul-
ture on my neighbor's land since, I feel a thor-
ough conviction that they exhaust the soil of
those materials or principles necessary for clo-
ver and other grass, to a degree very destruc-
tive to those all important crops.

And such have been my impressions that
their deteriorating effects on the soil would be
lasting, that a few years since, I restricted a
tenant, in a lease which he now holds, from
sowing oats, even to cut in the mill;, under a
penalty of an increased rent of ten dollars an
acre, — I wish to be understood, that these ob-
servations are meant to apply solely to dry soils
— such as are suitable for Indian com or wheat
— and in our dry climate.

Millet is a plant, the cultivation of which is
increasing, and as an important article for fod-
der, or for soiling, will probably within a short
period he more fully appreciated, that seems
well adapted to sow on summer fallows for
winter crops, or to turn in late in the fall to
enrich the land for the ensuing spring tillage or
other spring crops. Of the exhausting proper-
ties of millet I am ignorant, but from the bulk
of the stalk and foliage, it must make large
draughts from the atmosphere, and copious re*

NEW ENGLAxND FARMER.

turns to the soil. The cheapness of the seed
is m'jcli in favOT of its extensive application.

Of all the vegetables tliat may be best sub-
stituted for the Lupin, Kve, in my opinion, is
the most promising. This plant, too much ne-
glected 10 produce food for brutes, but what is
ro be lamented, too much cultivated to funiish
poison for men, possesses all the amelioratina:
properties for the soil, that we arc accustomed
to derive tVom any of those belonging to the
Ifgiiininuus tril)e. lii/e withstands severe drought;
and without jnanure it feeds millions iu some
countries, from soils little better than blowing
sands.

Those soils inclining to loam, that will pro-
duce a rank stMle, are said to be enriched by
a succession of ripened crops ; and it is a fact
within my own observation, that rich friable
loams, on the alluvial banks of Connecticut,
which have been e,\liausted by repeated, unma-
nured, crops ol' I.idiau com, have been in some
measure restored by two or three successive
crops of Kyc. If it will do this with the dnj
stubble, what may we not expect from it grec-a,
when buried rampant and succulent in the
soil .'

In order to insure a sufiiticnt growth, in sea-
son, to plough in with Indian corn and most cf
our root crops. Rye should be sown the be-
ginning or by the middle of August, and much
thicker than when intended for a crop of grain.
If it gets too forward before winter, it should
be fed down with light stock or mown. Winter
Rye, sown early in the spring grows rapidly,
and will generally arrive at sufficient stature in
season to be turned in as manure for Ruta Baga.
Rye ploughed in when in full tlower and .Millet
soivii, which it will bring forward with great
luxuriance, and that in its most succulent state,
turned in for Wheat, may be one of the best fal-
low preparations for it that can be devised ; and
is probably the cheajtesl and most convenient
process to restore an exhausted soil. At the
.same time it should be considered, that giipsum'
acts more powerfully on soils thus prepared.

I have been induced to submit the foregoing
remarks, not only from an imjjrcssion that such
a system, as has been imperfectly suggested, ^
Will tend to increase our products immediately, i
and insure a progressive improvement of the
soil, but from a firm conviction, that it is one of
the most efticient resources that the farmers of j
New England can command, to enal)le them to
meet the crisis that awaits them ; and lor which,
perhaps, they are not fully prepared.

By the noble efforts of the State of New York,
those fertile regions in the west, many hundred
miles from navigation, will soon be a|iproximat-
cdfor everij useful purpose, and jimduce the same
effect, as if they were within forty miles of the
Huilson. And 1 apprehend that the question
cannot be too soon propounde^l — How is the
Ma.isaclui.setts farmer to meet in the market, on
equal terms llie mass of agricultural productions
which will then inundate the shores of the At-
lantic ?

Is it by Canals, in an uneven, confined terri-
tory, on which the most profitable staple is graz-
ing ? We have no inland seus mingled with
mighty rivers, to feed levels through rich allu-
vial tracts of an hundred miles in extent ! No
inexhaustible reservoirs of brine, within twelve
feet of the surface, seven times stronger than
the waters of the ocean ; and from m liich the

whole Atlantic seaboard may be supplied with
the heavy article of Salt, as cheap, and of a /j»)-
er qiuditji, than can be obtained from any part
of the world! Neither do our mountains af-
ford those valuable and ponderous minerals, the
transportation of which on canals, contribute to
the main support of those costly undertakings
iu Europe !*

On the other hand, would not greater bene-
fits (low, wore every dollar of capital that can
be spared from commerce and maiiut'actures, ap-
propriated to those vast improvements of which
the soil of Massachusetts is susceptible ? And
should a mania lor water works arise, it may
have ample and profitable gratification, by cut-
ting trenches on the ridges and tunnels through
the hills, thereby draining the numerous ponds,
swami)s and bogs, creating luxuriant meadows ;
and by erecting hydraulic machines on the innu-
merable streams and brooks to irrigate the
parched fields on their borders ! It is by such
enterprizcs that the Massachusetts farmers may
expect to prosper, aideil by a regular system of
management, with the application of all tlie mcu-
nures that can possibly be collected, on one third
part of the soil that usually receives them, and
by enriching the remainder by that joint process
of nature and art, h.ol'giii.vg in of orun crops.

M.4SS.\CHUSETTS AGRICULTLR.U. REPOSrrORY AND
JOURNAL, FOR .lUNE.

(Continued from p. 2.)

Perhaps there is nothing which more serves to preju-
dice a great proportion of farmers against what tliey
call bool( farming than injudicious attempts to carry
into effect any improvement in husbandry without suf-
ficiently regarding soil, climate, pro.ximily to market,
scarcity or plenty of land, lov/ or high price of labor,
and other circumstances, which may render a proposed
system very eligible and proper in some cases, and
very expensive and ruinous in others. Seit7ice may
give us facts and theories — but good st7ise must make
the ap[.iication ; and the more knouitdgt a man has,
if he has not judgment to make a proper use of his
information, the wilder and more ruinou^ will be
hisprojects and calculations. But in snch cases
authors are no more culpable for having given
misapplied directions, than the sun is to be found
fault with for giving that light which enables a man to
travel in a road leading him astray from his object.
Book farmers, as they are called, are, however, some-
times wrong, therefore we should be cautious; but
they are sometimes right, therefore we should not be
too incredulous. If their doctrine is doubted, bring it
to the infallible standard of repeated actual experi-
ment ; but if it carries conviction with it, — is assented
to as soon as named, let us convert it to useful pur-
poses. But we cannot better enforce and elucidate
our meaning than by further quotations from the first
article in the Journal which is the subject of our pres-
ent notices.

" Some persons have doubted the applicabili-
ty of the system of soiling to our country. By
soiling, we mean, (as some of our readers may

* The canal from Lake Erie to the Hudson, 363 miles,
will probably be finished in 1823. For 240 miles on its
line not a single yard of rock is necessary to be remov-
ed ! The average cost of the whole canal is estimated
at !j;i3,!i00 per mile. The expenditure for canals in
England average $22,000 per mile. The Middlesex
Canal is said toliave cost $17,000. Mr. Gallatin sup-
posed the medium cost of canals in America wotiid
amount to $:J 1,000 per mile. See North .American Re-
view for .lanuarv, liiSi, .■irt. xii.
Brighton, 3d June, 1822.

not be acquainted with the term, which we must
confess is a barbarous one, hav ing no sort of con-
nexion with its real meaning) the feeding cattle
eitherin the barn or barn-yard thro" the summe;
months with fVesh cut green food. Mr. Quincy has
very fully and very satist'actorily proved that it
can be profitably done in our country — that i;s
cost, compared to its usefuhiess is very small.

" We agree, however, with many farmers,
that it is not gcnerallij applicable to our present
state of agriculture. It is of great use whero
fencing stuff is dear — where grass is of great
value — where cultivation is carried to great
perfection — where population treads very close
on the heels of production. But in our countr} ,
even in the populous parts of New England, (we
say it with great respect for the gentleman ^vho
has called our attention to it.) we doubt wheth-
er it can be adopted with gTeat advantage, ex-
cept on lands in the vicinity of great cities, or
on farms reduced to a state of great improve-
ment and high cultivation, or on very small
farms, where it is invaluable. For example, to
myself, its value is beyound calculation. But
my next neighbor, has a rocky pasture, to sub-
due which, to any tolerable state, for any sort
of cultivation, would cost the whole value of his
faim — but it makes excellent pasture land. The
cattle thrive admirably among the rocks and
shrubs of this stubborn pasture, which will nev-
er be cultivated, till our country shall count as
China does its 270 millions of souls.

" Immense woods and pasture grounds exist
within 50 miles of Boston, which can be used
in no way so profitably as they are now used,
for pasture. Till they are taken up and cultivat-
ed soiling will be limited, must be limited only
to small cultivatc«-s, or great experimental farm-
ers. If it he asked why are not these waste pas-
ture lauds taken up for cultivation ? ray answer
is they are not wanted — they will not pay the
price of reducing them to cultivation. They
will remain as they are, till New England shall
have its half a dozen Manchesters and Birming-
hams, and then soiling will become, and never
till then, extensively in use."

Mr. Lowell concludes this valuable paper by stating
his opinions relative to such obiects as require the at-
tention of those who would ameliorate the present sys-
tem of Agriculture.

" My own ideas as to the most practicable im-
provements in the agriculture of this part of our
country, are principally confined to the follow-
ing particular.s.

" First. The improvement of the character
and qualities of all our domestic animals. It
would not be extravagant to say that the ex-
pense an<l profits of raising stock would be ben-
eficially affected by having the best races of ev-
ery sort that are now known in Europe. New
England will never bo a grain country, anymore
than she will become the raiser of tobacco or
cotton. But she can probably supply two mil-
lions of people with beef, pork and wool.

" Secondly. To do this, she may and must
use for half a century her natural pastures, be-
cause she cainiot afford at present prices, to
break up her uncultivated lands, but she can
raise, and raisje to advantage, by a succession o(
crops, a sulficient supplj' of succulent roots, such
as the Swedish turniji — tlie Mangel Wurlz?l or
white beet, carrots and potatoes, to come m aid of
her cultivated and natural grass-land-, to support,
and improve the condition of her stock ^' aiii-

NEW ENGLAND FARMEK.

taals, to Ihe extent of double, nay, I believe,
treble their present numbers.

"They will not, they cannot exceed the de-
mand, that must regulate the supply, alter all
we can say or write, but much may be done to
enable us to raise cheaper and better animals.
If cheaper the demand will be greater. We have
iione much in this way, but much remains to do.

'• Thirdly, wc arc very del'icieut in Horticul-
ture. To be sure there is no great profit in
cash arising tothe farmer from gardening beyond
ihe limits of twenty miles from a great town —
but when men have arrived to the degree of
comfort which our farmers generally enjoy, they
ought to seek innocent luxuries. We cannot hope
or expect to see their front yards ornamented like
those of the Dutch and English cottages, who
are not worth a twentieth part as much as they
are, with flowering shrubs and plants, so neat
and so beautiful as to realize the description of
the poets, who have descanted on pastoral life.
This depends in those countries on fashion, and
as the more opulent indulge in those luxuries,
the others follow as imitators ; but a delightful
pear — an excellent plum or peach, or an admi-
rable winter apjile, fresh in April, would be as
sweet to the palate of a farmer as to that of a
luxurious and opulent merchant, and why these
are neglected, I never could comprehend, as the
labour amounts to a trifle in procuring and in
preserving them.

" Perhaps New England owes its inferiority
in these particulars more to the want of good
nurseries, than to any other cause. No farmer
ought to be without his asparagus bed, which,
once laid down, will last without his labour for
forty years — no one ought to be without his patch
ot green peas — lettuce — early and late beans.
If more attention were paid to these comforts,
we should hear less of spotted and typhus fevers
in our otherwise healthy villages, and our fe-
males in the country would be more proud of
the grounds about their houses, and take more
interest in their neatness and comfort than some,
perhaps too many of them now do. We do not
mean to say, there are not a great many farm-
ers who pay some attention to these things, but
the deficiency is deplorable."

The next paper in the Repository is a letter frojn
the Hon. Timothy Pickerisg, President of tlie Agri-
cultural Society tor the County of Essex, to John Low-
ell, Esq. Corresponding Secretary of the Massachusetts
Agricultural Society. In this letter the honorable wri-
ter observes, in substance, that the greatest difficulty
to be encountered in raising peas is to produce them
free from bugs. An effectual remedy for this evil is
late sowing ; but the hot sun of June will so pinch the
vines of the late sown peas, that the crop will be
small ; unless the land be moist as well as luli. He
then details some experiments by which he concludes
that this insect is limited to a certain period for depos-
iting its eggs ; and that if the tender pods are not found
till that period has passed, the pease will be free from
bugs. Mr. Pickering quotes the following from a pa-
per, written by the late Mr. Bartram, a distinguished
N.aturalist of Pennsylvania.

" They (the pea bugs) feed, when in the ca-
terpillar or grub state, on the green garden or
ficl ' pea, as soon as the pods have arrived to a
State of maturity sufficient to shew the peas which
ar. Within liiem. In the evening or on a cloudy
da)-, the female deposits her eggs on the outside
of the pod.s ; these egg;!^ or nits soon hatch, and
♦he yo'jng larva or v, orm eat.' directly through,

and enters the tender young pea, where it lodg-
es, and remains (ceding on its contents, until it
changes to a chrysalis, and thence to a lly or
beetle, before tlie succeeding spring ; but do
not eat their way out until the colds and frosts
are i)ast, which is about the beginning of April,
when we generally begin to plant peas." "Af-
ter they haye disseminated their eggs, they
perish." " But that which is suprising and dii-
licult to be accounted for, is, that the womi
lea>es the rostcUum or sprout untouched, or at
least uninjured; for almost every pea vegetates
and thrives vigorously, notwithstanding the cor-
culiiin (the rudiment of the young plant) and
plumula seem to be consumed."

" One or two years observation," continues
Mr. Pickering, " in different climates, may be
recpiisite to ascertain the time when the flight
of these insects is over and they perish. As
peas of various sorts blossom and form their
pods at very different times, some that come
late may perhaps admit of such early sowing
as to secure a vigorous and ample growth of
the vines before the intense heat of summer ar-
rives ; in which case a satisfactory crop may
more surely be expected."

Mr. Pickering concludes this paper with the follow-
ing remarks on the opinions which some people enter-
tain of the influence of the moon on agriculture and
other sublunary concerns.

" Having noticed the folly of regarding the
Moon in relation to the time of sowing pease, 1
add, that the idea of its influence in any other
operations in husbandry, ought to be alike dis-
carded. It is a mischievous supposition kept a-
live by tradition, and countenanced and support-
ed by the idle remarks and representations in
almanacks. The figure of a man marked w ith
the signs, and the prognostications of the weath-
er, ought to be expunged ; and every well dis-
posed almanack-maker would banish them if he
knew the injuries they occasion, by misleading
the farmer in any branch of rural economv. I
once heard some farmer.s — speaking of spread-
ing manure on grass-land in the spring — say ve-
ry gravely, that it sliould not be done Zi'hen the
horns of the moon -jnere turned upwards, for then
the inaaure, instead of sinking into the ground,
■xould 7-isc '^ith the grass, and do no good. On the
contrary, they mentioned one farmer whott'o«/rf
not set up his worm fence w/ioi t!ie horns of the
moon pointed dozz-n-j^'ards — for then the stones
placed under the angles of the fence would sink,
and the lower rails touch the ground and rot.
And an industrious farmer in another state told
me that he had slaughtered a tine heilier calf
which he wished to have raised, becmtsc it ixas
dropped in the dark of the inoon. If 1 had not
witnessed these facts, I should have hardly
thought it possible that such ridiculous notions
could have been entertained by any persons who
claimed a share of common sense. Even the
changes of the weather so generally supposed
to be influenced by the phases of the moon, ha^ e
been found, by long course of observations, to
happen at all periods of the moon's appearance
indiscriminately. This fact which your father
mentioned to me twenty years ago, was this day
repeated to me by the gentleman who had no-
ted those observations. Were it otherwise, he
remarked, — did the moon's influence deter-
mine the weather — then should not this be fair
or foul, at the same times, in all countries on
the globe ?" {To be contimied.)

Prayer of a Young Gentleman for a Wife.
From a vain coquette — from a pert assuming
Miss, good Lord deliver mo. From one whose
time and thoughts are employed in dress, orna-
ments and visit* ; from one who is enamoured
of her own pretty face and afcom|di<hments,
and " (lelightclli with her praise ;" from one
who talkelh loud, aflcctetli much, and laugheth
always, may I by a providence, be delivered.—
From one who is not dclightod with her home,
whose eyes roll with boldness on the faces of
men? frnni one who is insolent, proud and coneeil
ed, I earnestly desire to be delivered. From okc
ivho appe;weth to be delicate beyond what is
natural; from one on the contrary, who delights
to be seen performing the duties of men ; from
one who is pleased with a gorgeous apparel ;
from one on the contrary who is sluttish, neg-
lects her dress, and wanders about bareiboteTl
and barelegged, I pray to be delivered. From
her who would be thought learned in the sci-
ences, whose ambition is gratified in disputing
upon politicji and divinity ; from one on the con-
trary who is ignorant, and delighteth not in books,
I wish to be dcHvered. From one who i^ per-
petually finding fault, fretful and uneasy ; whose
house and family will be kept in continual up-
roar by her termagant disposition, I ever prav
to be delivered. From her whose treatment to
her friends is all ceremonious; from her whose
manners in company are awkward, who is too
bashful to join in the conversation and amuse-
ments of polite company ; v.ho knows not when
to speak and how to speak, may 1 be delivered.
But grant me the hand and heart of that amia-
ble, modest, unaffected, neat and virtuous fair,
whose frankness and serenity manifest the dis-
position of her natural mind. Grant me one
who walketh in maiden sweetness ; with inno-
cence in her mind and modesty in her cheeks.
One who is adorned with neatness in her dress;
whose conversation is instructive, pure and de-
cent ; one whose eyes sparkle love and kind-
ness ; one who delighteth not in slander and ob-
.scenity ; one whose breast is the mansion of
goodness, whose actions are the index of a pure
and virtuous mind. Give me the giil who has
not yet been taught to disguise the honest sim-
plicity of iwture, by the modes of behavior
originating from the " beggarly refinement of
modern education ;" one whose great beauty
consists in mental accomplishments ; and whose
heart and conscience dare to ai ow the sentiments
of her mind ; one who shall alleviate my trou-
bles by her counsels, and sweeten enjoyments
by her endearments ; whose answers are all
mildness and truth ; whose affections mitigate
distress ; and whose good humor and compla-
cency banish afflictions. Such a young lady
shall be the object of my affections. Such au
one 'hould be cherished as a blessing from above.
The kindness of my behavior shall endear her
to my heart. Happy shall I be to find such a
wife. She shall be more precious to me than
riches.

Dr. Franklin. — Lord Howe in a conversation
with Dr. Franklin on Staten Island, in the time
of the Revolutionary war, said " I feel a great
affection for the people of America, and should
be sorry for the fall of the people of this coun-
try." " We w'ill endeavor to prevent youi' sor-
row, my lord," replied Franklin.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Facts and observations relatixg to
AGRICLLTl RE k DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

SORREL.
"Ovf;r croppin:^ and shallow plough)ii<^, with
exhaastiri!^ crops in succession frequently canst-
overwhelming (growths of MrreZ to infest ill maii-
aged lields. Lime is the only-remedy: and yon
will see in Lord Dundoiiald\ " Connexion^'' iic.
the good effects of lime ; which destroys the
sorrel, and produces the sorrcline nciW, highly
friendly lu wholesome and profitahle vegetation.
Green sorrel grows on fertile soils ; but the rcil
sorrel is a certain mark of sterility."

A'oliccs for a Yuung Farmer, i:c. from .Mfmoirs
of Ike Philadtlphia Jl^ricullural Socie.lij.

All dung should be covered cither with earth
or a roof, to prevent evaporation and waste of
its mo.it valuable ingredients. Mix no hot lime
with 3'our muck, dung, or compost heap, before
fermentation h:is ceased, or sulliciently advanc-
ed, as it injures moderate fermentation, and of-
ten consumes the muck. Instances of even con-
flagration of strawy muck by hot lime, to a great
extent Cim be given. — ibid.

Cut or chaff your hay, straw, corn tops or
blades, and even your stalks, with a powerful
straw cutter and you will save a great propor-
tion, which is otherwise wasted, or passed thro"
the animal without contributing to its nourish-
ment. One bushel of chaffed hay at a mess,
given in a trough, three times in twenty-four
hours, is sufficient for an horse, ox, or cow. A
bushel of chaffed hay, lightly pressed, weighs
from 5 to 5 1-2 pounds. An horse, or horneil
beast, thrives more on 15 lbs. thus given, than
on 24 or 25 ibs. as commonly expended, (includ-
ing waste) in the usual mode of feeding in racks ;
to which troughs properly constructed, are tar
preferable. Salt your clover and other succu-
lent as well as coarse hay. But ovejr salting
diminishes the nutriment. More than a peck
to a ton is supertluous. Half that quantity is of-
ten sufficient. Ten or fifteen pounds is usually
an ample allowance. Feeding your stock by
weight and measure of food will not only save
your provender, by its orderly distribution, but
frequently, the lives of animals, too often starv-
ed by niggardliness or neglect, or gorged and
destroyed by profusion. If it be true, as it is
that " the master's eye makes the hoi-se fat ;"
it is equally so, that the master's eye prevents the
borsc trom being pampered, wanton, purslve,
bloated, foundered and linaliy wind-broken and
blind.— i6:t/.

Do not commence Airming with erecting cost-
ly (niildings ; but apply your time, efforts, and
pecuniary means, to your farm ; and shit't on
with tolerable accommodations, until your fields
will warrant your providing better. Let your
dwelling hmcse and its a]»pendages be to leeward
as it respects commonly prevailing winds, (those
in winter especially when (ires are constant,)
of your barn and stack-yard ; and sulliciently
distant from them to avoid accidents by Jire.

Stables for /ioraei- should not be too close. Dis-
eases arc generated by confined air; and horses
kept too warm cannot fcafely encounter cold and
wet. Swine kept in too warm, and more so in
filthy pens, are ever subject to diseases and un-
profitable feeding. There is no greater mis-
take than that oi' gorging swine, when first pen-
ned for fatting. They should on the contrary,
be moderately and frequently fed ; so that they

be kept full, but do not loathe, or reject their
food ; and in the end contract fevers and dan-
gerous maladies, originating in a hot and cor-
rupted mass of blood ; against some of which,
dnj rotten wood is an absorbent, and, some al-
lege, smith's cinders, thrown in their pens are
preventives. In airy and roomy, yet moder-
ately warm pens, paved or boarded, and often
cleaned, they are healthy and thriving. They
show a disposition to he cleanly, however oth-
erwise it is supposed ; and they always drop their
ejections in a part of the pen different from that
in which they lie down. No animal will thrive
unless it be kept clean. — ibid.

RYE.

A writer in the American Farmer says " The
great and the only secret with regard to insur-
ing a good crop of Rye is early sowing. Frons
the middle of /bigust to the middle of Septem-
ber, I have always found to be the best time for
sowing Rye. From three pecks to a bushel per
acre, is amply sufficient for seed. Early sown
rye is much more heavy than the later ; and
further, it affords excellent pasture both in the
fall and spring, nor does pasturing injure the
crop ; in many cases it is a real benefit — par-
ticularly when eaten down by sheep. Clover
also succeeds much better after rye than after
wheat."

BUTTER— HOW made.

The dairy house should be kept neat, should
never front the south, southeast or southwest.
It should be situated near a good spring or cur-
rent of water. The proper receptacles for
milk are earthen pans not lined or glazed with
lead, or wooden trays. In warm weather milk
should remain in the pail till nearly cool before
it is strained, but in frosty weather it should be
strained immediately, and a small quantity of
boiling water may be mixed with it, which will
cause it to produce cream in great abundance,
and the more so if the pans or vats have a large
surface.

In hot weather the cream should be skimmed
from the milk at or before sunrise, before the
dairy gets warm, nor should the milk, in hot
weather, stand in its receptacles longer than
twenty-four hours. Id winter milk may remain
unskimmed thirty-six or forty-eight hours. The
cream should be deposited in a deep pan, kept
in summer in a cool place, where a free air is
admitted. Unless churning is performed every
othej- day the cream shoukl be shifted daily in-
to clean pans, but churning should be perform-
ed at least twice a .week, in hot weather ; and
this should be done in the morning before sun-
rise, taking care to fix the churn whore there is
a good draught of air. If a pump churn is used
it may be plunged a foot deep in cold water, and
remain in that situation during the whole time
of churning, which will much harden the butter.
A strong rancid flavor will be given the butter
if we churn so near the fire as to heat the wood
in the winter season.

After the butter is churned if should immedi-
ately be washed in many (liflerent waters, Jill it
is perfectly cleansed from the milk ; and if
should \)e worked by two pieces of wood, for a
warm hand will soften it, and make it appear
greasy.

Butter will require and endure more working
in winter than in summer.

Those who use a pomp churn must keep a
regular stroke : nor should thty permit any per-

son to a-'^ist them unless they keep nearly the

I same stroke ; for if they churn more slowly, the

I butter will go back^ as it is called ; and if the

I stroke be more quick, it will cause a fermentation

by which means the butter will acquire a very

disagreeable flavor.

Cows should never be suffered to drink im-
proper water ; stagnated pools, water wherein
frogs spawn, common sewers, and ponds that
receive tlie drainings of stal)les are improper.

The operation of chui'ning may be very much •
shortened by mixing a little distilled vinegar
with the cream in the churn. The butter be-
ing afterwards well washed in two or three
changes of water. The whole of the acid will
be carried off; or if any remain it will not be
perceived by the taste. A table spoonful of
two of the vinegar to a gallon of cream.
To take the rancid taste from Butter.

When fresh butter has not been salted in prop-
er time, or when salt butter has become rancid
or musty, after melting and simmering it, dip in
it a crust of bread well toasted on both sides ;
and in a few minutes the butter will loose its
disagreeable taste.

Butter made from scalded Cream.

As soon as the milk is taken from the cow let
it be placed on a steady wood fire, free as pos-
sible from smoke, and scalded for thirty minutes
— particular care must be taken not to let it boil.
It mu^it then be placed in a cool situation, and on
the following day a thick rich cream will ap-
pear on the surface of the milk (which is ex-
cellent also for dessert purposes) this may be
taken off and made into butter in the common
way. This method is practiced in England, and
it is said that a greater quantify of butter, and
of a better quality can be made by this than b^
the common mode.

Receipt for curing Butter.

Take two parts of the best common salt, one
part of sugar, and one part salt petre; put them
up together so as to blend the whole complete-
ly : take one ounce of this composition for eve-
ry sixteen ounces of butter, work it well into
tlie nia.ss and close it up for use.

BEER.
To fine and clarify Beer.
Pot into a barrel a piece of soft chalk, burnt,
about the bigness of two hen''s eggs, which will
disturb the liquor and cause it afterwards to be
fine, and draw off brisk to the last, though it
were flat before. — iimer. Farmer.

PUDDINGS.
To make a Rnta Ba^a Pudding.

One and a half pints of pulped Ruta Baga,
two spoonfuls of wheat flour, four eggs, half
pint of milk, and one table spoonful of butter.
The pan greased and flowered, and balied with
a quick tire.

Another Way. — One pint and a half of pulped
Ruta Baga, a half pint of wheat flour, four eggs,
a lialf pint of suet, and a pint of milk. The
pan as before.

.'hiother. — One pint and a half of pulped Ruta
Baga, five spoonfuls of flour, a tea cup full aiid
an half of beef marrow, three egg'', two tea
spoonfuls of mace, and one pint and aii half of
milk. The pan greased as above.

Il is saUl there lias been a °;ood crop of Hay in Main<i,
and that persons in Portland have offired to coutiaot
for the delivery of Eotatots at Od yer busliel.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

-Fium llu Phugk Boi/.

F.iTTIXG CATTLE.
Mr. UoMEsprfi,

1 have lately rend an es:;ay of Mr. Landon, ot"
Conneclicnt, on what he deems the clieapest
method of preitarinsr cattle for tlje stall, the sub-
stance of which is here arivcn.

In the winter of 1817, Mr. L. fatted an ox, and
a heifer, in a way that he found cheaper than
even conimon keeping. He fatted the heifer
first. Her food for the purpose was chopped
straw, scalded and seasoned with salt, to which
was a<lded a little meal of Indian corn and oats,
and a small allowance of oil cake, or boiled -flax-
jtpcd — I lie whole mixed up so as to form a mash.
Of this about three pecks was given at a time.
In fatting the heifer, she only eat a bushel of
boiled flax-seed. Some boiled hay was also giv-
en her. The ox was afterwards fatted in pretty
much the same manner, as nearly as we are a-
ble to understand the report of the two cases ;
for Mr. L. appears to have been more of an
adept in fatting, than in describing the manner
with clearness and precision. According to this
account, however, it appears that his protits in
pursuing this mode were very uncommon, and he
says that the tatting of these cattle aftbrded him
more clear profit than he had derived from all
the cattle he had ever before fatted. It would
seem, indeed, that he considerably more than
doubled the price of his cattle in fatting' them,
and that the expensfe of it was very inconsider-
able.

This being the usual time for commencing
the business of fatting for the winter store, 1
have thought proper to exhibit the plan of Mr.
L. from a belief that it is excellently adapted
Tor falling cattle with the least expense. It will
readily be perceived, however, that the fall pas-
ure is calculated to obviate the expense of us-
ng boiled hay ; but I have no doubt that when
jood hay is steam-boiled, which may be done
ivith a little expense, it is just as nutritious for
;attle as when in its green state.

A PLOUGH BOY.

FARMER'S CAPITAL.
There is, perhaps, nothing; in which o\vc farmers
nore frequently irr than in undertaking; to extend
their farming; operations beyond the reach of their
means. The following remarks from Sir John Sin-
clair's Code of Ag;ricultnre, though written for Great
Britain, will apply to this country, with such varia-
tions, and allowances for circumstances, as the g;ood
sense of the practical farmer will not fail to sug;g;est.

It is indispensable for the success of every
undertaking, that a sufficient capital to carry it
on, should be at command ; and for that of farm-
ing in particular. When there is any deficiency
with respect to that important particular, the
fanner cannot flcrive sufficient prolit from his
exertions ; for he may often be obliged to dis-
pose of his crops at an under value, to procure
ready money ; or he may be prevented from
purchasmg the articles he may require, though
a favorable op|)ortunity may present itself. An
industrious, frugal and intelligent farmer, who
is pnnct\inl in his pa^'mcnts, and hence in good
credit, will strive with m^my difficulties, and get
on with less money, than a man of a different
character. But if he has not sutlicient stock to
work his lands properly ; — nor sufficiency of
cattle to raise manure ; — nor money to purchase
Ihe articles he ought to possess, he must, under
ijrdiaary circumstances, live in a state of poiiury

and hard labor; and on the tii-st unfavorable
season, or other incidental misfortune, he will
probalily sink under the weight of his accumu-
lated hurdons. In general, farmers are apt to
begin with too small a capital. Thev arc de-
sirous of taking large farms, without possessing
the moans to cultivate them. This is a great
error ; lor it makes many a person poor upon a
large farm, who might live in comfort, and ac-
quire property upon a small one. No tenant
can be secure without a surplus at command,
not only for defraying the common expences of
labor, but in case any untoward circumstance
should occur. When a farmer, on the other
hand, farms within his capital, he is enabled to
embrace every favorable opportunity of buying
with advantage, while he is not compelled it' the
markets are low, to sell with loss.

The amount of capital required, must depend
upon a variety of circumstances ; as 1. Wheth-
er it is necessary for the farmer to expend any
sum in the erection, or in the repair of his farm-
house and offices ; 2. What sum an incoming
tenant has to pay to his predecessor, for the
straw of the crop, the dung left upon the farm,
and other articles of a similar nature ; 3. The
condition of the form at the commencement of
lease, and whether any sums must be laid out in
drainage, enclosure, irrigation, levelling ridges,
&c. ; 4. Whether it is necessary to purchase
lime, or other extraneous manures, and to what
extent ; 5. On the term of entry, and the peri-
od at which the rent becomes payable, as this is
sometimes exacted, before there is any return
from the lands out of the actual produce of which
it ought to be paid ; and, lastly on its being 1. a
grazing, or 2. an arable farm, or 3. a mixture of
both.

1. Grazing Farms. — In pasture districts, the
common mode of estimating the amount of cap-
ital necessary, is according to the amount of
the rent ; and it is calculated, that in ordinary
pastures, every farmer ought to have at his
command, from three to five times the rent he
has agreed to pay. But in the more fertile
grazing districts, carrying stock worth from 30/.
to 40/. per acre, (as is the case in many parts of
England,) five rents are evidently insufficient.
When prices are high, ten rents will frequently
be required, by those who breed superior stock,
and enter with spirit, into the new field of spec-
ulation and enterprise.

2. Arable farms. — The capital required by
an arable farmer, varies, according to circum-
stances, from 4/. As. to 10/. or 12/. per English
acre. An ignorant, timid, and penurious farmer
lays out the least sum he can possibly contrive ;
and thence obtains the smallest produce or pro-
fit, from his farm. These, however, will al-
ways increase, when accompanied by skill, spir-
it and industry, in proportion to the capital em-
ployed, if judiciously expended. At the same
time, attention and economy cannot be dispens-
ed with. It is ill-judged to purchase a horse at
sixty guineas, where one worth thirty can ex-
ecute the labor of the farm ; or to lay out sums
in expensive harness, loaded with unnecessary
ornaments. Prudent farmers also, who have
not a large capital at command, when they com-
mence business, often purchase some horses still
fit for labour though past their prime, and some
breeding mares, or colts ; and in five or six
years, they are fully supplied with good stock,
and can sometimes sell their old horses without

mucii loss. In every case such shifts must be
resorted to, where there is a deficiency of caijw
ital. ^ '

.3. A mixture of Arable and Grass Farming.-^
This, on the whole, is the most profitable nieth-
od of farming. Independently of the advanta-
ges derived from the alternate husbandry, (which
are always considerable,) the chances of profit
are much more numerous, from a varied system,
than where one object is exclusively followed.
Where this mixed mode of farming is practised,
the farmer will frequently rely on the purchase
of lean stock, instead of breeding his own ; and
derives great advantage, from the quickness
with which capital thus employed is returned.
But, in that case, much must depend upon judi-
cious selection.

It is not necessary to enter into any detailed
estimates of the capital required for stocking
arable or mixed farms, as they have been al-
ready detailed in former publications. In gen-
eral it may be said, that to stock a turnip land
arable farm, will require, at this time, from 5i.
to 6/, and a clay land farm from 11. to 8/. per
English acre.

This capital is necessarily divided into two
parts. The one is partly expended on imple-
ments, or stock of a more or less perishable na-
ture, and partly vested in the soil ; for this the
farmer is entitled to a certain annual gain, ade-
quate to replace, within a given number of
years, the sum thus laid out. The other is em-
ployed in defraying tlie necessary charges of la-
bor, &.C. as they occur throughout the year ;
the whole of which should be replaced by the
yearly produce. These two branches of ex-
pense on a farm, arc the first to be attended to,
both in order of time, and magnitude of amount.

The most satisfactory statement hitherto giv-
en, of the profit derived from the expenditure
of an adequate capital in arable farming, is that
furnished by George Rennie, Esq. of Phantassie,
in East Lothian. On a mixed soil of 702 Eng-
lish acres, he states the profits at 1/. 5s. an acre,
or about 1 4 per cent, on the capital employed. On
this subject it has been well observed, that un-
less something commensurate to their skill, cap-
ital, and industry, is made by intelligent and in-
dustrious farmers, it would injure both the pro-
prietors of land and the public. Adventurers
who possess but little capital, would occupy the
farms, probably at too high rents ; they would
exhaust the soil, instead of improving it ; and
while the rapacious landlord would be pnnished
the public would suffer.

From the importance of capital to the farmer,
it is evident, that where he unites prudence to
energy, it would be of very great utility, to en-
able him to procure the use of capital, on as easy
terms, as the manufacturer or the merchant. He
ought to gain from 10 to 15 per cent, on the
capital he lays out. He can easily therefore
pay 5 per cent, for the money he may have oc-
casion to borrow. As the best means of enabling-
him to give adequate security, it has been sug-
gested, that the farmer shall have the power of
sub-letting his farm, or assigning his lease, al-
ways securing a preference to the landlord on
equal terms. A prudent farmer, of respectable
character, would in that case, never want credit
when necessary ; and his difiiculties regarding
capital would in a great measure be done away.
If this .system were encouraged by liberal pro-
prietors, persons possessed of ardent minds, <ind

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

a turn for agricultural improvement, with n pow- 1
er of 8ub-lettiug under reeuonahle restriction?,
might go on improving one farm after another, j
and thus be the means of bringing extensive
tracts of country, even in remote districts, into
a productive state, liut this plan crmnol take i
place, where the tenant is not enabled, to ])ledge i
(he improvements on his farm, as a security to i
his creditors. '

From the American Farmer.
yrcm a Serirs of Essays on ^grituHure and Rural Af-
fairs ; by ^'■Agricola," a .'i/'orlk CaroU.ia Farmir.

HORIZONT.\L PLOUGHING.

There is no improvement in agriculture which
promises to be of more lusting benelit to our
country, than liorizontal ploughing.

Such has been the system of agriculture a-
mong us for ages past, <hat hilly or broken lands
have been no sooner cleared, than wasteil.

To test the correctness of this assertion, we
need only cast our eyes over the ditferent parts
of our country, to behold thousands of acres of
hilly laud rendered entirely barren, not so much
from the vegetable nutriment being extracted
by the crops cultivated thereon, as from the soil
itself being washed away and deposited in low
and sunken places, creeks, rivers, &c.

What would be the consequences of such a
system of Agricultnre, if it admitted of no reme-
dy or improvement? As a great part of the U-
nited States consist of hilly or broken land, the
consequences would not only have terminated
in the destruction of the soil ; but would have
extended to the impoverishment of half a nation,
and even the destruction of navigation itself

I do not, theretore hesitate to believe, that
I-orizontal and deep ploughing, promise to be
the salvation of our hilly lands, particularly if
combined with enclosing, the use of I'laster
of Paris and Red Clover.

Horizontal Ploughing was first introduced in-
to practice in this country t>y Colonel Ran-
dolph of Virginia, son-in-law to Mr. .'elTerson.
Mr. Jefferson, who has frequently witness-
ed the great and beneficial effects, result-
in"' from this practice, not only on the farm of
Col. Randolph, but also on his onn, thus details
the mode of horizontal ploughing in a letter
to a distinguished farmer in ftlassachusetts, and
published in the Agricultural Repository :

" Horizontal Ploughing has been practised
here O'lririnia) by Col. Ilandol])!], my son-in-
law, who tirst introduced it, about a dozen or
fifteen years ago. Its advantages were so soon
observed that it has already become very general,
and has entirely changed and renovated the face
of om- country. Every rain before that, while
it did a temporary good, did greater permanent
evil, by carrying otf our soil, and lields were no
sooner cleared than wasted; at present, we may
sav that we loose none of our soil — the rain not
absorbed in the moment of its fall being retained
in the hollows of the beds until it can be absorbed.
Our practice is, when we first enter on this pro-
cess, with a rafter level of ten feet span, to lay
off guide line*, conducted horizontally around
every hill side, and about thirty yards apart ;
the steps of the level on the ground are mark-
ed by the strokes of a hoe, and immediately fol-
lowed by a plough to preserve the trace ; a man,
or a boy of 12 or 16 years old wiili llie level,
and two smaller boys to mark the ste|)s, the one
with sticks, the other with the hoe. will do an

acre of this an hour, and when once done, it
is forever done. We generally level atieldthe
year it is put into Indian corn, until all have
been once levelled : the intermediate furrows
are run by the eye of the ploughman, governed
by these guide lines, and is so done ;us to lay
the earth in horizontal beds of 6 feet wide with
deep hollows or water furrows between them,
to hold superfluous rain — the inequalities of de-
clivity in the hill will vary in places the dis-
tance of the guide lines, and occasion gores,
which are thrown into short beds.

'' I have transferred this method of ploughing
to a possession I have near Lynchburg 90 miles
to the S. W. from this place, where it is spread-
ing rapidly, and will be the salvation of that, as
it confessedly has been of this part of the coun-
try.

'' Horizontal and deep ploughing, with the use
of plaster and clover, which are but beginning
to be used here, we believe will restore this
part of our country to its original fertility, which
was exceeded by no upland in the State."

A.? many persons may not have a correct idea
of the rafter level, the use of which is recom-
mended in this Essay, the Editor has procured
the annexed engraved representatioo of it.

A B

It is necessary to caution the reader, that un-
less horizontal ploughing be correctly done, it
had better not be done at all ; because I iiave
observed that many have attempted this mode of
ploughing, without understanding its principles:
If the water furrows, which are intended to hold
the superfluous water, have the least descent
one way or another, they will have the effect
of throwing the water to one point, whc^e such
a quantity will be collected in heavy rains by a
number of water furrows leading to the same
point, as will inevitably produce a breach thro"
the ridges. It is advisable, that before the lev-
el is applied to a field its surface be made as
even as possible ; this is best done, if its une-
venness renders it necessary, by flushing up the
ground in the fall or winter with a mould board
plough, and early in the spring to be well har-
rowed with a two horse harrow ; this last ope-
ration will not only level the surface, but will
have the additional valuable eftect of breaking
the clods and thereby ellectually pulverizing
the ground, which will ])rove of great advan-
tage to the corn in every stage of i(s growth.
The level, in this case, may be ap])lied in the
spring and the ground listed or thrown into hor-
izontal drills for the planting of the corn. Suc-
cess in horizontal ploughing depends on the ex-
actness of the level to suspend, and the depth
of" the ploughing to absorb the water. Inclos-
ing is indispensably necessary to make it bcn-
oiicial. as by that the earth is brought into a

proper state for absorbing more water, and tl
suspension of the progress of this water by i
vegetable cover, allows more time for the op'
ration of absorption — In heavy rains, when tl
ground is in cultivation, and however accurati'
ly levelled, instances will occasionally occur f
breaches across the horizontal beds — The rer
edy is, to fill them immediately with brush, ha'
ing the leaves on, well packed.

These instances, however, are very rare ai
easily thus cured.

Besides the inestimable advantage from hoi
zontal ploughing in protecting the soil again
the wasting efTect of rains, there isa great one
its preventing the rains themselves I'rom beir
lost to the crop. The Indian com is the crc
which most exposes the soil to be carried offt
rains ; and it is at the same time the crop whic
most needs them — Where the land is not on
hilly, but the soil thirsty, (as is generally tl
case with such lands) the preservation of tl
rain as it falls between the drilled ridges, is
peculiar importance ; and its gradual settlir
downwards to the roots.,^ is the best possib
mode of supplying them with moisture. In tl
old method of ploughing shallow up and Aow
hill, the rain as well as the soil was lost, whi<
not only destroyed the upland, but rushed do\^
and poisoned the vallies. The result of hoi
zontal ploughing in V'irginia is extremely e
couraging to those who may wish to adopt th
practice here. Farms there which are ve
hilly, whose soils were particularly liable to I
washed away, and which were excessively ga
ed and gullied, have been relieved probably
nineteen parts in twenty of those calamities 1
horizontal and deep ploughing in combinatii
with inclosin"'.

ill

JN'LW LNGLANIJ FARMER.

BOSTOJ^. —SATURDAY, AUGUST 10, 182i

THE SCIK.\CE OF AGRICULTUHE AND BOOK FARMING
Agriculture, the oldest of the arts, conjidercd as
science, is still in its infancy. It is, ■we believe, n
fifty yeare since chemistry was brought to the aid
agriculture, and this will evrntually prove one of .
principal pillars. Systematic Rotations of crops — Ii
provements in breeding cattle — the use of Plaster
Paris — Soiling of Cattle — the extensive Field Cuitu
of Roots, for the purpose of feeding cattle — Artifici
Grasses, 4:t. k.c. are of modern date, and have broug!
about great revolutions in the theory and practice
farming. The practical farmer, especially in the old
and more populous parts of the country, must unde
stand, and in some degree practice these improvement
or he will not only neglect to make the most of his mean
but probably make so many backward k down-hill mov
ments in the journey of life, that, ten chances to on
old age will find him in the vale of poverty. The cu
tivator who does not keep pace with his neighbors :
regards ;igricultural improvement and information, wi
soon find himself tlie poorer in consequence of the pro
perity that surrounds him. He will be like a stinte
oak in a forest, which is deprived of light and air b
its more towering neighbors. For instance, A. fine
out a mode of managing by which he can raise 30
luishels of potatoes with as little expense as B. ca
raise 20t» bushels of the same root. A. can not onl
undersell B. and thus injure him as an individual riva
but after a while Messrs. C. U. E. F. and so on to th
end of the alphabet, adopt A's mode of culture ; th
market price of potatoes is reduced, B. can no long(
affo;i tc raise them for what they will fetch— his occv

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

itioii is gone, and it is to be l'< ared that he must go
ith it, either to a poor-house or the state of Ohio.
But we wouUl not advise farmers in middling cir-
unstances to make expensive experiments, nor adopt
ly novi Ity in husbandry on slight grounds, without
ing well convinced by testimony, observation or ex-
■ritnce, of its beneficial etl'icts. We had better by
ilf follow the beaten track of our ancestors, if it be a
tie rugged :uid circuitous, than strike out at once iu-
a wilderness of whim-whams, and theories not sanc-
)ued by actual and repeated experiments. A farmer,
iless he be very rich indeed, cannot afford to be "/«//
' nolio?u," but must leave merchandize of that sort to
lO good citizens of the Metropolis. He should exer-
se his own good sense on every proposed improve-
eut, and neither consider that it must be useful be-
lusc it is new, and has the sanction of some great
unes, nor let its novelty be an insupcTLible objection
its adoption. iMaiiy plants, animals, and theories re-
ting to agriculture, S:c. which some years since were
msidcred as wry useful and meritorious, are now de-
rvedly sunk in public estimation ; and those who
iopted or introduced them have suffered in conse-
lence of their anticipations not having been realized.
hus the theory of Tull, by which frequent ploughing
as to supercede the use of manure ; the Lombardy
Dplar, which was supposed to be more useful and or-
unental than any of the countless species of trees
hich adorn our forests — the Burnct-grass,.w1iich was
presented as the grass which must eventually root
it all other grasses, have had their day and their ad-
)cates, and some ardent theorists have undoubtedly
iffered in consequence of their carrying into practice
leir predilections in favor of this or that plant, or plan
cultivation. These things, however, should not
leck enterprise, but inspire caution, and teach us
lat every novelty may not be an improvement, altho'
•ery improvttntnt was oyict a novdty.
Some farmers tell us that they never knew any good
suit from what they call book-farming. That gtnlk-
en farm,ers, who know nothing about farming but
hat they get out of their libraries spend a great deal,
jt never make any profit by their agricultural pro-
:cts, and schemes of domestic economy. We will ex-
tnine these positions a little.

It was truly said by Lord Bacon that ^'■Knowledge
pow7«r." This maxim applies with as much force to
grJculture as to any thing which can be the object of
uman agency. If we hitto nothing we could effect
othing beneficial to ourselves or others, but must bur-
jw in the ground and subsist upon beech nuts, and
ther spontaneous productions of the earth. This
nowledge, which gives man his supremacy '^ over
ae beasts of the field and the fowls of the air," and
jhich bestows on individuals among mankind a pre-
minence much more substantial and less invidious
ban birth, wealth, titles, or popular applause, can be
.cquired only by three modes, viz. observation^ conver-
ation and reading. Observation and conversation are
ery important inlets to ideas, and reading furnishes
)erhaps, as great a quantity of useful materials for the
nind to operate upon as either of them. Book-knnid-
dge then is power, and other things being equal, the
armer who obtains information from books, or other
)rinted works, and has strength of mind, and good
icnse sufficient to make a proper use of it, has the ad-
'antage over his unlettered neighbor, who despises
xiok finning, equal perhaps to one pair of hands and
.wo yokes of oxen. Besides, what is this book knowl-
dge, which some honest cultivators think is so much
.0 be dreaded ? It is nothing more than the result of
>bservation, or experience, which after having parsed
irough the channel of conversation, is at length re-

duced to writing, sent to the press, and the moment it
is printed, becomes, according to the objectors to whom
we allude, bnok farming ; and therefore is to be con-
sidered as something very ruinous to the practical hus-
liandmun ! Thus, we will suppose that A. has found
out a safe and easy cure for botts in. horses, or an anti-
dote against the Hessian fly, or a metJiod by wliich he
can raise double the usual qimntity of hmian corn on
an acre ; A. communicates his discovery or improve-
ment to B. his near neighbor, who, although he has u
great aversion to book farming, makes use of and de-
rives great advantages from it on the strength of A's
oral testimony. 'But A. sends an account of his dis-
coveries and processes to the printer, and it is publish-
ed in some periodical paper, and perhaps finds its way
into some volume written on agricultural subjects.
The whole then becomes book farming., and not wor-
thy of the attention of real, genuine, practical farmers !
But these absurdities arc fast yielding to reason and
the lights of science. The time has arrived in Europe,
and is fast approaching in America, in which books,
and the information which they contain, will be con-
sidered as necessary to make a man a complete farmer,
as a complete physician, lawyer or divine.

THE SEASON.
■We believe that the present season bids fair to be
quite as fruitful as usual. The early drought has been
succeeded by copious rains, and for some days past
cool and pleasant weather has afforded the farmer an
excellent opportunity to gather the products of the
fields. Grass-hoppers and other devoiu'ing insects are
not so common nor destructive as they have been for
several summers past, and there is every prospect that
the year will be crowned with the goodness of the
great Bestower of all benefits.

A late arrival from Liverpool at New York furnishes
London dates to the 2-d June. By these we learn that
several bills, annihilating the long continued naviga-
tion system of England, have passed through Parlia-
ment, and of course a free trade will be allowed to
every part of the British dominions, including the West
India Islands. This will give fresh stimulus and ener-
gy to commerce and navigation, as well as to agricul-
ture and every other species of laudable industry.

The war between Russia and Turkey seems to be
suspended for the present, and perhaps will be adjourn-
ed without day. Those, therefore, who long for some-
thing sanguinary and terrible, will probably have their
depraved appetites baulked, and must be satisfied with
such calamitous accidents by flood and field as these
" piping times of peace" can aflbrd us.

The situation of the Greeks, it is to be feared, is
desperate. The Emperor of Rustia, it is said, refuses
to interfere in their behalf, and they suffer all that
those can inflict whose tender mercies are cruelty.

There is some vaporing in foreign journals about
fighting between France and Spain, but we are inclin-
ed to think that the rumors of war were got up for pe-
cuniary purposes, either to accomplish some stock job-
bing mancEUVTe, or to give interest to the dull columns
of newspapers destitute of news.

A Naval Court of Inquiry, at the request of Captain
Hull, will commence at the Navy Yard on Monday
next. The members are Captains Rodgers. Chauncy,
and Morris. The two former are Navy Commissioners.

A highway robbery was committed Hfst Tuesday
night, between 1 1 and 12 o'clock, near the draw-bridge.
in Fore Street, on a young man, who was knocked
down by the highwayman, and rifled ofhis pocket-book,
containing one $10 bank note, and several others of a
smaller denomination.— .Er'/Jg Gazette.

On Wednesday, Ticket No. V24o, wliJch drew the
Capital Prize of $8,000, in 3d class of Canal Lottery,
was presented, and paid by Benj. Huntington, No. 21,
Exchange st.

Hill, who was wounded in the late insurrection at
the State Prison, died on Sunday last.

.\t New Brunswick lately four persons were poisoned
by eating muscles — and two of the persons died.

I'UODI'fJti or JlOniCLLlVRk.

The amount of the product of the well cultivated
lands of the Eastern States, would astonish any but
those who have been accustomed to the river bottoms
on the western rivers, or to alluvial lands. We can
scarcely believe when we read them ; and should not
believe it, were not the facts too well vouched to be
<)u( stioned. We lately met with an account of the
premiums given at a .Massachusetts meeting sinne time
last autumn, and a few of the results are stati (i below,
for the gratification of the curious in such matters.

Of Potatoes. — Five hundred and fifty-one and a half
bushels were raised on one acre of land, by Payson
Williams, Esq. of Fitchburgh, in the county of Wot-
cester, (from "24 bushels of seed.)

Of Turnips. — Seven hundred and filty-onc bushels
of the common English sort, weighing ,54 lbs. to the
bushel, were raised by Messrs. T. i; H. Little, on one
acre of ground.

Of Mangel Wurtzel. — Six hundred and forty-four
bushels were raised on one acre of ground, by John
Prince, Esq. of Uoxbury.

Of Cabbages. — Forty-three tons nineteen hundred
and ten pounds weight, were raised by E. H. Derby,
Esq. of Salem, on one acre, one quarter of an acre, and
twenty-seven rods, being at the rate of thirty-one tons
to the acre.

Mr. Derby received also the premium of $30 for hav-
ing raised the greatest quantity of vegetables, (grain,
peas and beans excepted) for winter consumption of
the stock oahi^ own farm. He raised the last season
on his farm 749 bushels of mangel wurtzel, 530 bushels
of carrots, 526 bushels Swedish turnips, 1288 bushels of
potatoes, 126 bushels of Russian radishes, 757 bushels
of common English turnips, 23 tons and 19 cwt. of cab-
bages, and 15 ox cart loads of pumpkins.

Of Rut a Baga. — Mr. David Little raised six hundred
and eightv-eight bushels on one acre.

Of iVk'ite i>'en?ii.— Thirty-two bushels and four qts.
were raised on one acre by William Mears, of Marble-
head. — Xational Intelligencer.

THE DUELISTS— A trvf. stort.
We learn an affair of honor recently took place in
this vicinitj-, between the heroic wife of ensign W. and
oi>c of the veteran marines of the illustrious Preble. The
parties, instead of using swords and pistols, supplied
their hands with weapons more innocent and less hon-
orable, from the odoriferous contents of a pig stye ; —
and disdaining to stand Gumming and Macduffylike,
boldly faced each other. The contest was continued
with great spirit, and the utmost politeness, on both
sides, (ill the locks and garments of either party dripped
with liquid odour ; and till the fair antagonist fell un-
der the well directed fire other adversary, and was de-
clared unable to maintain the combat any longer. We
are happy to learn that she is " perfectly comfortable ;"
and that the uuquenched animosity of the parties re-
kindled by the officious intermeddling of the mischief-
making public, will probably afford us a renewed ex-
hibition of their martial spirit. Indeed, it is currently
reported that a second challenge has been sent and ac-
cepted — the official bulletin announcing the same is
hourly expected, the result of which we shall wait with
as much anxiety as of that which is to take place on the
10th inst. at the South ; and we doubt not the parties
will retire from the field of combat equally covered with
honor.''' — Salem Gatctte.

DEATHS.

In this city, Mrs. Hannah Farrar, wife of Mr. John
A. F. 38.— Miss Mary Waterman, 19.— Mr. William
Badger. 80.— .Mr. John Lloyd, 39.— Martha Esther,
daughter of Ebcnezer and Dolly Hill, 2 yrs. 6 mo.

GREAT ADDITIONS TO THE

NEW ENGLAND MUSEUM,

76, COURT STREET.

THE Proprietors of this extensive establishment have
the pleasure to announce to their patrons and the
public, that, besides their usual continual additions of
curiosities from all parts of the World, they have just
added another entire .Museum, making now one
.Granel Consolidation, nf A Museums united in one.
The late additions alone are supeiior in extent and
variety, to any other Museum in thii city.
0:5=Admittance 25 cents only. August 10

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

AGRICVLTURE.
Thovi first of arts, sourcf of domestic ease.
Pride of the land, and patron of the seas,
Thrift Agriculture ! lend thy potent aid ;
Spread thy green fields where dreary forests shadf ;
Where savage men pursue their savage prey,
Let the v/hite flocks in verdant pastures play ;
From the blooui'd orchard and the showery vale-
Give the rich fragrance to the gentle gale ;
Reward with ample boon the laborer's hand.
And pour the gladdening bounties o'er our land-
Columbia's sons, spurn not the rugged toil,
Your natiana iflory ts a cultured sod.
Rome's Cincinnatus, of illustrious birth,
Incrtas'd his laurels while he tillM the earth ;
E'en China's Monarch lays his sceptre down.
Nor deems the task unworthy of the crown.

THE MILK-J^LiJD AJ^'D THE BA.VKEIl.
A Milk-maid with a very pretty face.

Who liv'd at Acton,
flad a black Co-nr, the ugliest in the place,

A crooked-back'd one,
A beast as dangerous too, as she was frightful.
Vicious and spiteful,
.And so confirmed a truant, that she bounded
Over the hedges daily, and got pounded.
Twas all in vain to tic her with a tether,
I'"or then both cord and cow elop'd together.

Arm'd with an oaken bough (wh.it folly !

U should have been of birch, or thorn, or holly,)

Patty one day was driving home the beast.
Which had, as usual, slipp'd its anchor.
When on the road she met a certain banker.

Who stopp'd to give his eyes a feast
By gazing on her features, crimson'd high
By a long cow-chase in July.

" Are you from Acton, pretty lass ?" he cried ;

" Yes," with a curtesy, she replied.

" Why then yon know the laundress, Sally Wrench

" She is my cousin, sir, and next door neighbor."
" That's lucky, I've a message for the wench,

" Which needs despatch, and you may save my labor.
" Give her this kiss, my dear, and say I sent it,
" But mind, you owe me one— I've only lent it."

" She shall know," cried the girl, as she brandish'd
her bough,

" Of the loving intentions you bore me,
" Rut as to the kiss, as there's haste, you'll allow
" That you'd better run forward, and give it my Cow,
*'^ For she, at the rate she is scampering now,

" Will reach Acton some minutes before me."

THE LAWYER AND THE CHIM.\EY SWEEP.

A roguish old Lawyer was planning new sin.
As he lay on his bed in a fit of the gnut ;

Th(' mails and the day-light were just coming in,
The milk-maids and rush lights were just going out :

When a chimncy-swecjj's boy, who had made a mistake,
Came flop down the ITue, with a clattering rush.

And bawl'd, as he gave his black muzzle a shake,
" My master's a coming to give you a brush."

" If that be the case," said the cunning old elf,

" There's no moment to lose — it is high time to flee ;

" F.re he gives me a brush I'll brush off' jnyself,
" If I wait for the devil, the (Kvil lake me !"

So he limp'd to the door, without saying his prayers,
lint Old Nick was too deep to he nick'd of his prey.

For the knave broke his neck by a tumble down stairs.
And thus ran to the devil by running away.

The strongest of all ties is the consciousness
of mutual benefit and assi.stance.

It is too true that wounds, however small,
which are inflicted on our self-love are never
forgotten, and rarely forgiven ; and it is safer to
censure the morals of our acquaintance, than to
ridicule their dress, a peculiarity in their man-
ners, or a fault in their persons.

We are all of us too apt to repeat stories to
the prejudice of others, even though we do not
believe thcin. Well indeed docs St. James say
that '• the tongue is an tinruly member."

Whatever may be the ill Conduct of a hus-
band, that wife must be deluded indeed, who
thinks his culpability an excuse for hers, or seeks
to revenge herself on her tormentor by follow-
ing the bad example which he sots her. She
is not wiser than the child, who to punish the
wall against which he has struck his hand, dash-
es his head against it in the vehemence of his
vengeance, and is himself the only sufferer by
the blow.

There is nothing more dangerous to the vir-
tuous and to the interests of virtue, than associa-
tion with the guilty who possess amiable and at-
tractive qualities.

Opportunities for" confering large benefits,
like bank bills of ;J1000, rarely come in our way,
but little attentions, friendly participations, and
kindnesses are w<anted daily, and like small
change are necessary for carrying on the busi-
ness of Hfe and happiness.

Many a conjugal union, which has never been
assailed by the battery of crime has fallen a sac-
rifice to the slowly undermining power of petty
quarrels, trivial unkindnesses, and thoughtless
neglect.

Attention to decorum is one of the greatest
bulwarks of female virtue.

It is a painful but well known fact that the
envy and rivalship of near relations is the most
bitter and inveterate.

All persons given to anger are apt to dwell on
the provocation that they have received, and
utterly forget the provocation they gave.

APHORISMS.

To bear and forbear is the grand surety of
happiness, and ought to be the grand study of
life. It is that '• charity which sufiereth long,
and is kind, and is not easily provoked."

Some persons say severe things at random,
without appearing at all conscious of the wounds
which they indict by

'■ The word whose meaning kills, yet told,

The speaker wonders that you thought U cold."

ANECDOTES.

In England, it is well known that the Yan-^
kees are ridiculed with the name of Bumpkins.— -
An English lady, on a tour through the northei
part of this country, passing a field of p\impkmv
enquired what they were ? Her companion rejsi
plied that they were pumpkins. " Barbaruu
■wretches,'' exclaimed the lady, (mistaking flu
name for tniinpkins.) "barbarous wretches, (/
bury their fricnth u-iik their heads out of ground.'

PETTR PUFF AUCTIONEER,

Dyer and Man Milliner — mends clocks
makes wigs; tunes piano fortes and cuts con
man-midwife, .md horse-shocr ; boIlows-makS'
and teacher of psalmody ; has a diploma froi
Gretna Green, and another from the Univc
of Aberdeen ; attends at all times and phv
from br'^ak of day till three o'clock the n(
morning to unite the votaries of Hymen, inoi
late children, bleed horned cattle and othi
reptiles ; rings pigs noses and the parish be
and performs all kinds of manual operations
steam, water, and thirty-ass-power, withi
touching hand or foot to the machinery.

Irish paper.

A gentleman in Cork, of much taste fitted
a house in a style of great elegance. On shi
ing it, however, to a friend, the latter objec
to the thinness of the partitions, which dividei
the rooms from each other, observing that al
that was said in one room might be heard in thi
next. To this the owner replied that he wouli
immediately try the validity of the objection b
an experiment which would not fail. He ac
cordingly called his servant Patrick, directe'
hinv to go into the next room^ to carefully shu
the doors, and then listen in order to ascertai
if he could distinguish any words spoken in th
other room where his master remained. Whe
iiie master thought Pat was properly statione
he called out to him " do you hear me ?" Pa
answered " no Sir.''''

When Themistocles was a boy, he was on a
certain time returning from school. Pisistratus
happening to meet him, the master said to The-
mistocles, " stand out of the way, and give place
to the prince." " What," said Themistocles,
" has he not room enough ?" thus intimating
the little respect he paid tg a tyrant.

Some people are proud of dress, others are
proud of their singularity. Some are proud of
being extravagantly in, and others of being ri-
diculously out of fashion. Some are proud of
their humility. A Greek philosopher being at
a celebrated feslival saw some joung men of
Rhodes magnificently arrayed. Smiling he ex-
claimed " this is pride." Afterwards meeting
some Lacedemonians in a mean and sordid dress
he said " and this also is pride,"

JYew Printing Office.

THOMAS W. SHEPARD

ESPi;CTFULLY inlbrms his friends and the pubb"
that he executes all kinds of

Book and Job Printing,

in the most fashionable maimer, and ou reasonabl
terms, at the Office of the New Engi.a.nd Farmi;b

Rogers'' Building..u Congress Street.

0:^ Entrance Nos. 4 and 11. ,

Husbandman and Houseivijc.

FOR sale at the )3ookstore of Charles Ewer, No. 51
Munroe &. Francis, >'o. 4, Cornhill, and at tlii
Office:— The HUSUANDM.VN AND IIOUSEVMH:
being a collection of valuable Recipes and Uirectioie
relating to Agriculture and Domestic Economy. B
Thomas G. 1'esse.vde.\, Esq. Price 60 cents.
The folloxring notice of this work is txlrttcled from th

Massachusetts Agricvllural Journal for June 18-2.

"We have read it with attention, and think it wel
adapted to the use of farmers, who would not go to thi
expense of purchasing larger works. It is a coUectioi
of receipts, many of which are from high authority, an(
all of them, as far as they are accurate, calculated lb
daily and constant use. That errors should creep int.
such a work must be expected. The reci))es arc oliii
taken from such transient works, or sources, that i
would be impossible for the compiler to vouch for tliei
efficacy or exactitude— but still its use must be \'T)
great to the class of people fcr. whom it was princi|!:ill]
ml uded.'- August 3.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

blibhed every Saturday, by THOMAS W. SHI:FA1U), Holers' liuildinj:, C;oii,2:ri-ss t^trK t, Boslo

it S-',50 per anil, in advaiin-, or $3,00 at the close of the year.

i-^OL. I.

BOSTOiN, SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1822.

No. 3.

From the American Farmer. I

le immense importance pf durable timber for farming ]
as well as naval purposes, gives an interest to every
judicious, or even plausible speculation on the sub-
ject. The communication from a person of Commo-
dore Porter's intelligence, will of course attract at-
t'lition : especially when viewed in connexion with
hi, .nHcial station, which peculiarly demands the best
attainable knowledge of the matter. Believing the
opinion he has given, which is, and probably has
been for ages that generally received, to be errone-
ous ; and thinking it possible that 1 might throw
some light on the subject ; — I submit to your readers
the following observations on the

FELLING OF TREES FOR TIMBER.

In the 22d number, volume III, of the Amer-
an Fanner, is a letter from D. Porter, (com-
otlorc Porter) on " The best time to fellTim-
;r with a view to its (hirability" ; in answer

one from the Editor, requesting a communi-
ition on the subject. The commodore, " avail-
Ef himself (as he says) of the knowledge and
iiperience of others, in support of his opinion,"
ates this to be, that " the most proper season
if felling timber with a view to its durability,

in the winter, when the sap has ceased to cir-
ilate." This corresponds with the opinion 1
ave heard generally expressed, ever since I
Dticed observations on the subject ; and the
recise time in the winter is fixed, by tradition, to
the old of the moon in February."

Many years (perhaps half a century) have
(lapsed, since 1 have been inclined to doubt
'hether the animal and vegetable kingdoms

ere under the government of the moon. The
jmmodore thinks its " influence nearly if not
luite as powerful as [that of] the sun." He
Bks, " why that body [the moon] whose attrac-
ons can raise the tides and influence all animal
reation, should not have the power to put the
ip of vegetables into circulation, assisted as it is
y capillary attraction ?" — As heat is essentia)
J give motion to the sap in plants, and the hea.
f the sun is adequate to that effect, it is not ne
essary to seek for any other cause ; still less ti
esort to one merely conjectural. No means yei
ried have discovered any heat in the rays o.
ight from the moon.

If any effects on vegetation were ascribable to
he moons attraction, yet in an entire revolution,
ts diflerent distances are not so considerable, a-
produce very different effects. Besides coni-
lining its different periods, it is as near the earth
n its decrease, as in its increase ; and its pow-
;r of attraction must be the same in both cases.
The sowing of seeds, therefore, and their vege-
ation, and the growth of the plants proceeding
"rem them, cannot, (as the commodore seems to
suppose) be influenced by the phases or appear-
mces of the moon. The notion of the moon"';
'influence on all animal creation," if not a nov-
jlty, I believe to be altogether visionary. An-
iently, indeed, mad people were supposed to
be affected or influenced by the moon ; and
thence were called lunatics : but that opinion
seems now to be exploded. I am indeed satis'l-
ed (contrary to the general belief) that ckanges in
the weather have no dependence on the moon ;
but happen indifferently at all periods of its in-
Srease and decrease. It has not heat to raise wa-

tery vapours from the earth, or to suspend them
in the air ; and under the same aspect of the
moon, the weather is fair at one place and foul
in another.

No one can doubt that " dryness is favorable
and moisture unfavorable to the durability of
timber ;" and in winter the sap of trees is prob-
ably inspissated to a considerable degree ; but
no living tree is then '• devoid of sap." — The
important question, therefore, in relation to the
felting of timber trees, is, I am inclined to think,
not simply Xi'he7i trees have the smallest quantUy of
sap ; but at Xii/iaf season the sap they Contain -jcill
most easily escape or be expelled. The facts 1 am
going to state may show this to be in the spring,
wlien the sap is thinnest and flowing in the
greatest abundance.

In the year 1800, divested of public employ-
ment, and about to commence husbandman, I
made a visit to the late Joseph Cooper, of New
.lersey, one of the most intelligent farmers I ev-
er knew, to converse with him on the subject
of his vocation. Among other things, he spoke
of timber ; and stated the following facts. His
farm lying on the Delaware river nearly oppo-
site to Philadelphia, was exposed to the rava-
ges of the British army while occupying that
city. Pressed for fuel, his fences first fell a prey
to their necessities. In the month of May 1778,
they cut down a quantity of his white oak trees :
but circumstances requiring their sudden evacu-
ation of the city, his fallen timber was saved. —
The trees he split into posts and rails. The
ensuing winter, in the old of the moon in Februa-
ry, he felled an additional quantity of his white
oaks, and split them also into posts and rails to
carry on his fencing. It is now, said he two
uid twenty years since the fences made of
the May-felled timber were put up, and Ihey
are yet sound ; whereas those made of the
trees felled in February, were rotting in about
1:2 years. He then pronounced confidently, that
the best time for Jelling timber trees, for durability,
.cas when their sap ■aas vigorously Jloiuing. He
^aid, also, that white oak and hickory trees foil-
ed at that season, would not be attacked by the
ivorms, producing what is called " powder post."
And added that hoop-poles of oak and hickory
ought, for this reason to be cut the same season.

In the same year, accident threw in my way
•.he late Oliver Evans' book on the construction
of mills ; to which was subjoined a treatise of a
Mr. Ellicot, a mill wright, on the same subject.
Turning over some of the leaves of this trea-
tise, I lighted on the passage in which the au-
thor directed hickory timber, intended for the
cogs of wheels, to be cut when the sap was run-
ning, that they might not become powder post. — In
the following winter (1801) being in Boston,
and conversing with a friend from the country
on subjects of husbandry, I repeated Mr. Coop-
er"'s observations, as aliove stated. This friend
then mentioned a farmer, the well pole (or
sweep) of whose well happened to break at a very
'>usy time : that to supply its place, he cut down
the first small tree that came to hand , and this
was a white birch. The sap then running free-
ly, he stripped off the bark, and put up his pole ;
and it lasted seventeen years. Had he put it up

with the bark on, it would probably have rotted
in a year ; the closeness of the birch hark present-
ing the escape of the .sap. A close coat of jiaint,
laid on unseasoned wood, operates like the close
birch bark, by confining the sap, and hastening
its decay.*

More than fifty years* ago, feeing a quantify
of logs with the bark on, piled up by a chair
maker's shop, 1 asked him why he did not split
them, that they might the sooner get seasoned.
He answered, that so long as the bark remain-
ed on the logs the sap remained in them, and
they were more easy to be dressed and turned.
0:;5"Un!ess timber trees he cut when the sap i.=
running, the bark cannot be stripped ofl ; tho'
with considerable labor it may be removed by
the axe and drawing knife ; but less porfectlj'.

The late Mr. Bordley (who was vice-presi-
dent of the Philadelphia Society of Agriculture,
from its formation in 1785, until his death) once
told me, that when riding in the vicinity of
Philadelphia, he met a master ship-builder, who
had been viewing some trees for ship timber.
Mr. Bordley mentioned to him the greater val-
ue of ships built with the tinibt'r of trees allow-
ed to remain gfandiiig a length of time after
their bark had been stripped oft". The ship-
wright said he was fully sensible of it ; the ships
would last so much longer. Why then, asked
Mr. Bordley, do you not adopt that practice ?
Because, said the shipwright, such timber be-
comes very hard, and costs much more labor to
work it. — ^I have heard new settlers dispute,
which was the best way of clearing woodlands ;
whether by girdling (chopping the bark all
round the trees to stop the circulation of the
sap, when the}' gradually die) and letting the
tree stand ; and at once seeding the land for
a crop : or by cutting all down at first, and burn-
ing. The advocates of the latter mode, said,
that by girdling and letting the trees stand, they
became dry, and so hard as greatly to increase
the labor of afterwards cutting them down.

"Dr. Plott [who wrote in the 17th century]
says, it is found by long experience, that the
trunks or bodies of trees when barked in the
spring, and left standing naked all the summer,
exposed to the sun and the wind, are so dried
and hardened, that the sappy part in a manner
becomes as firm and durable as the heart itself'i
This is confirmed by M. Bufl'on, who in 1738,
presented to the Royal Academy of Sciences at
Paris, a memoir, entitled " An easy method of
increasing the solidit}', strength and duration of
timber ;" for which purpose he observes, " noth-
ing more is necessary than to strip the tree en-
tirely of its bark during the season of the rising
of the sap, and to leave it to dry before it be
cut dowii."t

* In confirmation of the opinions advanced by Col.
Pickering, we can add, that poles cut from the green
willow, the tenderest and least durable of our trees, in
June, and stripped, became extremely tough and hard,
so as to be applicable to many uses, such as ladders,
&c. for which spruce is used. The loppings of all trees
cut off in .lime become extremely hard, and will endure
for years without rotting. These we know to be facts.

Editors.

t See British Encyclopaedia, article Tree ; also Rees'
Cyclopedia, article Timber.

NEW E-NGLAXD FARMER.

Bui why should limber tree's be foiled in May,
(or when (he sap is trcfly running.) as in the
r.a^e stated by .loseph Cooper; or barked and
left standing until dry, according to EulTon, be
more -durable tiian timber felled according to
the prevailing & popular notion, of the old of liie
Moon in February ? For an answer 1 olfer the
ibllowing conjecture. — The thinner and more
fluid any body is, the sooner and mure pci iVct-
ly it will evaporate. The sap of trees is doubt-
less more inspissated, or of thicker consistence,
in winter than in the spring, when it is appa-
rently thin and watery. In the lalter state it
will IJnd its way, and escape, tlirough tlie pores
of the wood, with vastly greater case and ex-
pedition than when, as in winter, it is much
inspissated. Moia^ses, conden-'^ed by tlie "in-
ter's ccM, runs very slowly through tubes of a
large size. In summer, the same molas=es
swelling to a large volume, and becoming very
thin, w:ll pass through very small tubes, and, I
believe through the pores of some sons of wood.
The same substance (molasses) exposed, in a
small quantity, to the hot sun of summer, would
soon discharge its more tluid parts, and at length
leave, as I suppose, a solid substance behind :
but if much diluted with water, would not the
whole substance be nearly if not cpiite carried
otl" by evaporation ? — the same reasoning may
apply to trees left standing, alter being divested
of their bark in the spring.

It appears by some English books that their
usual time lor felling oaiis is in the month of .\-
pril, when the sap is running, and they can strip
otr the bark for tanning. But the commodore
states, " tkat in all their contrccis for !i,nberj'nr
naval purposes, the influence of the moon on the
sap is more guarded against than any other;"'
and he adds, what seems very extraordinary,
that " more attention is paid to the time of the
■moon when timber should be cut, than to the
neason of the year; for (;is before remai'ked)
seeing tlie moon is at the =ams distances from
the earth during its decrease us its increase, its
power of attraction must be the samp in both ca-
ses ; and consequently all the different effects
which tradition has a.scribed to the icani:!'; and
the ^caxing moon must be vis'ionary.

The miUuritij of t.mlier is quite another thing ;
;ind probably of more unportance than the time
of telling it. There i> a point of ripeness when
freci acquire tlieir gn-atest soli<lity, strength
and^durablo (piality for timber. The late Dr.
.Tames Anderson,* says — -' It is now well known
that the best lir timber which comes from Riga,
and other places on the Baltic, is the produce
of the same tree that is commonly cultivated
here [in Scotland] under the name of the Scotch
fir ; but having gro-vn more slo'^i-li/ in those coun-
tries than the planted trees do here, and having
been allowed to attain a much greater Af,E, that
wood is beyond comparison closer and four times
ut least more durable, in any kind of work, than
the young razt.' deals [boards and ]ilank>] which
are made of wood the usual growth of this coun-
try.

i)r. .•\nderson, in early life a prartic;il farmer,
a man of letters, and an ingenious and philoso[)h-
ical observer of nature, appears, nevertheless,
to be entirely mistaken in his ideas of the cause
of the liarilncss and strength of wood, and in
ascribing to the same cause in part, its dura-
bility. Mentioning the rings in trees which

mark their growth, he says — "as one of these
rings is added to the circumference of the free!
each year of it< growth and forms the whole m- 1
crement of the tree for that year, it follows, thatj
the less that increment is, or in other word~, ;
the sloii-er the trees grow, the less will be the j
breadth [thickness] of those rings, and of course,
the closer the grain of the wood, and the harder
also it will be." Just the reverse of this is the'
fact. Kvery farmer and carpenter, in the United
States, knows that the thicker the annual ring,
or, in the common language, the larger the grain,
the harder and stronger is the wood. Hence
the butt-cuts oiv.hite oak are preferred for the
spokes of wheels, and ol hickory for axe helves.
Every wood-chopper also knows how much eas-
ier it is to fell and cut np the trees growing
with small grains in a close forest, than trees of
the same kinds which have grown singly and
faster in open grounds. And every man who
has used husbandr}' tools, a fork or rake for in-
stance, whose handles are of ash, knows how-
much harder, stronger, and heavier, because
more solid, they are when made of timber with
large grains, which had grown la^t in good soils,
or at such distances from tree to tree as not to
rob one another of their food, — than v.hen of
small grained slow growing timber. But the
timber of trees, pasture oaks for instance, stand-
ing singly and at distances from others, and
which are of rapid growth and consequently
with large annnal rings, or grains, though twice
as tough and strong, is found, I have long under-
stood less durable than the timber of oaks of
slou'cr grovith. The reason is obvious. The
oaks in forests do not attain the sizes fitting them
for ship timber, until they have reached the age
oC iiiaturily or ripeness. In this state they may
probably continue stationary for some years :
but if left standing for many years after they are
01 full age, the toughness and strength of the
wood are greatly impaired. But patture or oth-
er fast gro-i'ing oaks, attaining, i'l much fewer
years, sizes suitable for ship-building and other
uses, arc sometimes cut down heforo they come
of age, before they are mature, or perfected h>j
time : and hence t'.- earlier <lecay of such tim-
ber. The fact stated by Dr. Anderson, in com-
paring the " rarv'"' Scotch and the mature Baltic
tirs, exemplifies this doctrine. And in corres-
pondence with it, I will mention a maxim which

I probably had been handed down from genera-
tions, and v.as repeated to me by my lather
when I was a boy, upwards of sixty years ago,
which 1 perfectly remember, and have repeat-
ed to others : "My father used to say (so the

j maxim was introduced to me) youiig v. ood for

>fire, old wood for timber.'''

In reference to the memoir of M. BulTon, he-
foro mentioned, the authors of the British En-
cycl(q)a'dia, say that '-By many experiments, par-
ticularly d(scrd)ed in that essay, it ap[iears that
the tree shoulil not bo foiled till the third year
after it has been stripped of the bark ; that it
is then perfectly dry, and the sap [saj) wood] be-
comes almost as strong as the rest of the timber,
and stronger tlian the heart of any other oak
tree which has not been so stripped : and the
whole of tho timber stron'zcr and heavier,* and
harder ; from which he thinks it fair to con-
clude, that it is also more durable." And they

'Essay.s on AsiiciUturc, Vol. III.

* \i heniirr -when of (1ip .samf hulk with coinmnn tim-
ber, its f'llircs must lir cin.trr tni;rlhir^ be tlurd'orc liss
fcrvious Iq moisture, :\atl conscqu;-utly mure durulU.

add, that " the navy board, m answer to ihe en
quirics of the commissioners of the land revenue
in May, 1739, informed them thr.tthey had thei
standing some trees stripped of their bark t\V(
year= before, in order to try the experiment o
building one half of a sloop of war with tha
timber, and the other half with timber fellec
and stripped in the common way." — '• We an
sorry that we are not able to inform our reader-
of the re-^ult of the experiment."

Commodore Porter and his colleagues of IIk
American Navy Boanl, may have it in theii
power to make, and can-y into complete etfec
the same cxi)eriment. So may fanners possess
ed of timber trees. To render tho experimen
more fair and conclusire, trees as nearly as pos
sible o!' the same size, and growing in the sam(
soil, sliould be selected. Growing in the vicini
ty of each other, the equality of size will be at
indication of an erpnilitij of age, — a point proba
bly, of material importance.

The-c experiments I hope will be made ex
tensively i>y farmers, in preparing their tree^
for (encing, find for carts and other implement-
much exposed (ot'tcn unnecessarily) to al
changes of the weather. For however plausibb
theories may appear, careful experiments alone
can determine their correctness. — Experiment:
by farmers may very easily be made, in Iheii
fences ; by having some panels (or lengths o
rail-*) of timber prepared in one way and ther
a like number of timber prepared in the other
.\t tiie same time too. they can try an expori-
ment to ascertain whether, in post and rail fen-
ces, tho rails, with their heart edges downwards,
will last longer (as the commodore supposes]
than with those edges ujiwards, in the modt
universally practised. He suggests that the
concentric rings (the annual growths) in tree-
split into rails, and those placed in fences with
their edges upwards, form so many cups or hol-
lows, into which the rains and dews tailing on
the rails enter ; and ha\ ing no other way to es-
cape, soak through the rings to the sap wood
and bark on the under side, and thereby hasten
the rotting of the heart wood above, I muci)
doubt the correctness of this theory. Rails
placed with their heart edges upwards, have
very sleep r«ofs, by which water spceilily runs
off. Their heart-wood soon seasons, and its
surface becomes close, without visible cracks
But place the broad bark side upwards, the fall-
ins; water rests louger upon it, an^l enters the
sap wood, often an inch or more in thickness, and
as soon as this siiall become rotten, it will bo a
spungc to receive and hold water, to soak into
and gradually rot the heart-wood below. Such
is my view of this subject : but lot experiments
bo made. For the purposes of the navy, or oth-
er shi,pbui!ding; experiments may also be easily
made; though not so satisfactorily as by con-
structing a vessel with the two sorts of timber
as designed by the Engli.-h Navy Board. An
equal number of pieces of timber lolled in the
two ditfcrcnt ways, may be dressed to the same
sizes, and equally exposed to the weather in all I
its changes; and to expedite the result, they
may be often immersed in water, so as to be
almost daily wet and dry.

Hickory (in New England generally called
Walnut) grows in many parts of our country.
It is a tough and hard wood ; but when exposed
to the weather, soon decays ; yet may, it seems
be advantageously used in salt waters inlestcd.;

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

villi worms. Eighteen or twenty years ago,

vassin" by a saw mill jjlaced on tide water, 1

iLiservetl some hickory planks. 1 asked the

awyer lor what use they were intended. He

' nsivered, for the sluice ways or other water

"•i-orks, of tide mills ; because, not liable, like

ak, to be eaten by the worms. Passing a few

ays ago by some tide mills ou the same streams,

mentioned the fact just stated to one of the

roprietors. They continue to use hickory for

he same purpose, "because, said he, "the worms

on"t touch it." Any person inclined to make

rials of this wood for such purposes rnay pre-

iously ascertain the fact, by sinking two pieces,

nc ol' oak and the other of hickory, in waters

''.here worms are known to abound; and after

few months takinc;- them up again.

TIMOTHY PICKERING.
Salem, Sept. 10, 18'21.

* From the New England ralladium.
DOMESTIC COFFKi'^

I haf^ learned, to my great concern, that tiie
ood peo]de of Boston, and some parts of its
icinitv, have lately acquired the practice of
sing ivhat they call " Domestic Coffee," by
■ay of economy ; and after making some inqui-
V concerning it, 1 find some of it to be a com-
ound of half IJye and half imported Coffee
round togetiier. When I made this discovery,
was at no srreat loss to account for the vast
umber of persons, who, of late, have suffered
mch from weakness in their limbs, and debili-
ited systems. Rye is peculiarly calculated to
roduce that effect, in whatever way it may be
sod — more especially when it has been roast-
d and ground with cotTee where everj' particle
f fluid is extracted and absorbed in the coffee.

Let Rye be ground into meal, and bread
lade of the meal be eaten without sifting, and

will have an effect similar to opium. Let
le bran be given to pigs, and it will make
lem lie down and swell with weakness ; hut a
erson may eat of the tine meal without wit-
essing anv ill etiects. The reason of this is,
lat the debilitating lluid is attached to the hull
f the grain.

Let a horse eat as much Rye as he will, and

will destroj' him, by taking away first the

rength of his limbs, and then that of hi^^ whole

II ody. -i Friend lo Health.

HVWIOPHOBIA.

The Baltimore Chronicle gives an account of
distressing case of the hydrophobia which oc-
urred in that city last week. Mr. Samuel
)unham, who was bitten by a mad dog nine
.eeks since, died on the 20th ult. in horrid
gonies. He was convulsed in every joint;
rothed at the mouth ; and it required the
trength of two men to hold him in his bed —
otwithstanding he was bitten so long arjo, it
fas only on Thursday last that he exhibited
ecided symptoms of the hydrophobia, and be-
,'lllore Friday night he was a cold corpse. The
eceasod, amidst all his spasms and agonies, re-
ained the clear possession of his reason to the
ast. lie has left a wife and several children.

'I'o the Kditor of the American Farmer.
rOU.VDER TN HOr.SFS.

Paris, Bouivu7i Co. K'lj,
Dear S'ir,

.\fter a journey devoid of interest, owing to
the lateness of the season, I have arrived in
Kentucky, and being desirous of communicating
a cure for '• Foundering," recently known ; 1
make one effort to conduce to the value of your
present work, the American farmer.

One of the writers in your " Farmer''' calls
foundering, "chills and founder," and compares
it to inflammatory rheumatisms ; I apprehend
he does not understand the disease in all its
stages ; — it evidently proceeds from surfeit. A
horse rode until heated and fatigued, and fed
too plentifully while warm and hungry — and
swallov.'ing his food too grcedih', that he may
lie down and rest his wearied limbs ; — and the
stable being wet or damp, and the horse in a
copious sweat, arc reasons the best that can be
given, for the formation of the disease.

Instead of rising up refreshed, the poor ani-
mal is stiff and useless. Ifhehadgot leave to
cool perfectly, a.-.d been fed sparingly, he would
have escaped this sore complaint.

The cure is a lump of alum the size of a
walnut, reduced lo powder and dis-'olvetl in
warm water; the horse must be drenched with
this liquid, which in a short time will throw
him into profuse perspiration, and he will be
able to pursue his journey the next day, and if
not liadly foundered, in a few hours.

You will keep it out of sight that this com-
munication comes from a woman, as 1 wish to
escape the

'' \^'c.rl^^s JreaJ langh, which scarce
" The Tirin philosopher can scorn.*''
Yet it is a fact that I always prized fine horses,
and endeavored, by every means in my power,
to alleviate their pain.

Pray do not put yourself to the expense of
sending seed you have to purchase. I hope
you received the last seed I sent you enclosed
in a letter from Missouri, particularly the " Pra-
irie Sensitive Plant" seed.

P. S, — The valuable remedy for the founder
was communicated by Col. B. Chambers, who
experienced its good effect on his own horses,
and others.

A Cucumber grew this season, in the garden
f Mr. Lovell Fames, in Framin^hani, measur-
ig 18 inches in length and 7 inches in circum-
2rcncc. — Statesman.

(iir The authoress of the above is amongst
our most valued and useful correspondents,
worth a million of indolent men, who neither
write nor think any thing useful to society —
and yet who call themselves the Lords of the
creation — acting the while the part of sluggish
drones — -J'ntgcs consumere naii.

From the New Yorlc Mechanic's Gazette.
AMERICAN Sir.K GOOnS.

Mr. .las. Read has done us the favor to call at
our olhce to show a piece of elegant blue strip-
ed silk, manufactured by him for a suit of chair
and sofa coverings, for the Hon. Mr. Crawford,
secretary of the treasury. It is made of Italian
and American silk, the latter of which is made
at Mansfield, Con. where wc understand that
the silk worm is cultivated to a considerable
extent. Mr. Read's vest patterns, and watch
chains have heretofore received public notice ;
they are said to be equal to the best English,
and can be afforded on equal terms, but the
S^pccimen of silk above referred to (about forty

yards) far sur[)asses any thing we expected to
see of domestic manufacture for many years to
come, and is a flattering specimen of taste and
ingenuity, which cannot faif to meet with en-
rouragcmont. We hope that Mr. Read ^vill be.
favored with similar orders from our wealthy
citizens, who can have their taste gratified with
any color and pattern they may select.

From tlie Boston Patriot.
DOMESTIC WI.NE.

Wc arc informed that an enterprising agri-
culturist in Newton, through whoso altcntioii
and a])iilication to the raising and cullivating of
fruit trees many of the farms and garden;^ in the
vicinity of our city have been furnished with
the best of fruit, has this season manufactured
seven hundred gallons of Currant Wine. This,
it will be recollected, is manufactured by one
individual. Should the same spirit of enter-
prise prompt one individual in each town in tin-
Commonwealth to produce an equal quantity of
this pleasant beverage, we should soon need no
importations cf common wines, hut might rely
wholly upon the product of our own gardens,
for a supply for domestic consumption.

On Monday, says the Newark, N.J. Ccntinel,
we were presented by Mr. Leonard Richards,
with a Green Gage, (a species of plum) of aii
extraordinary size. It measured six inches in
circumference, and weighed 2 1-2 ounces.

From the Hainpihirc Gazette.

Tobacco. — Experiments are making in Penn-
sylvania with the Cuba Tobacco, so celebrated
for its line flavor; it promises well and several
loads have been cut and housed ; some of the
leaves are 25 inches long, and 16 broad. This
kind of tobacco is said to be worth jj^Ct) per
hundred in the Havana.

Cattle. — It is stated in a Hamburgh paper of
April last that two oxen raised in the county of
Holsfein Ditmarsen, Germany, weighed, after
being killed, as follows. Largest ox 44u2 Eng-
lish pounds, the second 4034 pounds.

Leeches. — It is stated in a London paper that
a gentleman after applying eight leeches to an
inflammation, deliberately cut off their tails ;
notwithstanding which they continued to adhere
as before, whilst the blood poured thro' Iheni
in an uninterrupted streamT The editor ob-
serves that these leeches resemble some state
leeches, called ininisters of state.

The following experiments were made with
a thermometer, at the Navy Yard, in Norfolk,
Va. on the 2d inst.

At half past 11 the toraperafure in a house
was 83 degrees. The thermometer was then
suspended in the open air, sheltered from the
rays of the sun by a 6/otiU linen umbrella, when
it rose in a few minutes to 93. It was next
placed under a silk umbrella, and in the same
period rose to 97. Exposed to the sun it stood
at II-'.

A very general alarm prevails respecting thtr
danger from canine madness. Measures to aC-
fonl greater security to the Citizens have been
adopted in most Cities, and are conceived by
many, to be greatlj' needed in this.

Palladium.

NEW ENGLAND FAilMER.

Facts a.\d observations nEL.\TiNG to
AGRICULTURE fc DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

POTATOES ~

Should be du? and housed as soon as they ;trc-
ripe, and before the vines arc entirely dead.
In this state they generally adhere to and may
be pulled out of ground with them; but if they
remain in the ground until the vines are quite
dead they sejKiratc from the vines, and the ex-
pense of digging them will be greatly increas-
ed. A sort of an hoe, with prongs or claws
like a fork, and fixed at the end of an handle
like a common hoe, and which may be had at
the Agricultural Establishment of Lincoln Fear-
ing, &i Co. ]So. 20, Merciianfs Row, near the
old Market, Boj^ton, is said to be very useful,
and much superior to the common hoe for dig-
ging potatoes, as well as for various other pur-
poses.

It is said that a very good kind of fodder for
horned cattle may be made of potatoe tops, by
spreading and dr3'ing them on grass ground in
the vicinity of the potatoe field. We are told
that in the Southern states, they reap about
two thirds the length of the potatoe tops, and
dry them on mowing land in the usual v.ay of
hay-making. Several tons may thus, sometimes,
be collected from an acre, and no damage be
done to the potatoes, if the tops are not gath-
ered till the potatoes are ripe.

The following method of preserving potatoes
was communicated by Mr. Millington (England)
to the Society for Bettering the Condition of
the Poor : —

I caused, (says this gentleman) three pounds
and a half of potatoes to be peeled and rasped ;
then put in a coarse cloth, between two boards,
and pressed them into a dry cake, hardly so
thick as a thin cheese. They were then plac-
ed on a shelf to dry. There was about a quart
of juice expressed from the potatoes. To this
was added about a like quantity of water, and
in about an hour it deposited more than sixty
grains of white starch or flour, tit to make pas-
try. A cake of this was prepared and sent to
the Society. In bulk it occupied only a sixth
of the compas.s of the potatoes ; in weight it
had lost about two-thirds by the process ; but
the cake, when dressed with steam or other-
wise, will produce nearly the same quantity of
food as three pounds and a half of potatoes,
properly dressed for the table would do. Some
potatoes, quite frozen, have been pre])ared this
way, and the cake was perfectly sweet; where-
as some of the same parcel that were left, and
not pressed, were spoiled in a few days.

PARING AND BURNING.
A new method of "burning without fire" has
been lately discovered. This consists in sub-
stituting quick-lime for fire. The lime in its
most caustic state, fresh from the kiln, is laid
upon the vegetable surface to be consumed ;
and before it is wealiened by exposure to the
air, a quantity of water just suilicient to put it
in powerful action, is applied. This process
unites the advantages of burning and liming,
and is probably the readiest and cheapest mode
of fertilizing soils, which snperabound with veg-
etable matter, and for which lime would prove
a suitable manure.

French mode of making Brandy-Peaches.
Preserved fruit is generally cloying, and of-
ten tunes unwholesome to the stomach, because

of its vtimixed szeectncss., arising from the man-
ner in which they are usually prepared.

The most grateful ])reparalion of the peach
we have ever seen, is that which is accomidish-
ed by the following process :

Scald them in hot water, then dip them in
hot strong lie, rub them with a cloth and throw
them into cold water; make a syrup of 3-4 of
a pound of sugar to one pound of fruit, and when
cold put in an equal quantity of brandy.

Aintr. Farmer.
BUTTER.

The following is given as an improved meth-
od of preventing the bitter taste which butter
has from cattle feeding on turnips, cabbages,
leaves of trees, &.c. Boil two ounces of salt
petre in a quart of water, and put two or more
spoonfuls, according to the quantity of milk, in-
to a pail beiore milking ; if this is done con-
stantly, it will prevent the taste of turnips, but
it will not be etfected if even once neglected.
This has been proved by twenty years experi-
ence, and if it does not succeed the fiirmers may
rest assured that the fault arises from the neg-
lect of their dairy maid. — ibid.

" To generate the best kind of seeds, the most
healthy plants must be chosen, and those which
are most early in respect to the season ; these
should be so insulated, as to have no weak
plants of the same species, or even genus, in
their vicinity, lest the fecundating dust of weak-
er plants should be blown by the winds upon
the stigmata of the stronger, and thus produce
a less vigorous progeny.

" When new varieties are required, the male
dust of one good variety, as of the nonpareil
apple, should be shed upon the stigmas of ano-
ther good variety, as of the golden-pi{)pin ; and
it is probable that some new excellent variety
might be thus generated."

Danvin''s Phytologia.

Working Oxen. — When oxen refuse to work
equally well on either side, or when they pull
off against each other, yoke them on the side
you wish them to work, and turn them out to
feed in that ua}'; they soon become accustom-
ed to it, and work afterwards on either side
alike. — Amer. Farmer.

Dr. Lettsom observes that in general, pies
are more advantageous than roasting or boiling.
This he illustrates. Of mutton, 64 ounces in a
p)je^ made with L'4 ounces of wheat flour, and
oaten with 8 1-4 ounces of bread, in all 96 1-4
ounces, dined eight persons fully ; whilst 60 oz.
of mutton roasted, and eaten with 'o3 ounces of
bread, in all 03 ounces, dined only iive of the
same persons.

Potatoe Pudding.
12 oz. of potatoes, boiled, skinned and mashed,
1 do. suet,

1 do. milk, that is, two spoonfuls,
1 do. cheese.

Mix all together with boiling water to a due
consistence. Bake it. Instead of cheese, there
may be an ounce of red herring pounded line in
a mortar. — Lettsom.

Potatoe Bread., in England.
A skillet of potatoes, with cold water is hung
at some distance over the fire, that the water
may ?iot boil., till the potatoes become soft. —
Then skin, mash, and mix them with their
weight of wheat Hour, and also with the je^ist,

salt and warm water wanted. Knead all too-oth.
er. Lay the mass a little before a fire to rise •
then bake in a very hot oven. Flour of rice of
barley may be used instead of that from wheat.

Another mode is given by the Board ofdi^ri
culture. It directs, to select the most' me'dy
sort, and boil and skin them. Break and strain
12 lbs. of potatoes through a very coarse bait
sieve, or a very fine one of wire, so as to re
diice the pulp as near as possible to a tlour,
This quantity makes nine loaves of 5 lbs. each,
in dough ; or when baked about two hours, 48
lbs. of excellent bread.

Dr. Fothergill says, if potatoe bread is cul
beiore it is a day old, it will not appear enough
baked ; because of the potatoe moisture. He
adds, never slice potatoes with a knife, raw oi
boiled, but break and mash with the hand or s
spoon, otherwise they will not be soft.

Doctor Lettsom next proceeds tO'give the besi
soups; according to Mr. Justice Colquhoup.
\. Potatoe Soup. — Colquhoun.

SteTJi' b poui^b coarsest parts of beef or mut

ton, in 10 quarts of water till half done.* Add

quantity of potatoes skinned, and some onions

pepper and salt.— Stir frequently and boil enough

Bones of beef added would increase the soup it

richness or quantity. mills

Estimate in mills. 5 lbs. coarse beef at 60 mills 30t

13ones, to enrich it - 5J

Potatoes 24 lbs. or 1-3 bushel

Onions, a bunch

Pejiper and Salt - . -

It gives 10 quarts of soup, meat and potatoes
and dines 10 men at nearly 5 cents. A red h
ring is said to be a good substitute for onioi
pepper and salt ; but red pepper may be added
II. Barley Broth. — Colquhoun.

It admits of a mixture of almost every kini
of garden vegetable, and is never out of season
Onions or leeks and parsley are alwaj's a pan
of the ingredients ; besides which, cabbage oi
greens, turnips, carrots, and peas may be added
A teacup of barley sufiices for a large family.—
Pear/ barley is dearer, yet not so good as thi
common husked or Scotch dressed barley. Watej
4 quarts, beef 4 pounds, with bones, barley
ounces, [Count Ruraford says barley meal is beJ
ter than whole barley for thickening broth, ant
making it more nourishing.] Ste-u^ all togethe ^
two hours. Then add the herbs cut small, an
salt. The whole then boils till tender. Skii
off the fat or not, as you like it. Onions or leek
must not be omitted.
111. A plain good food, 'dcilh very little meat, an jtj,

as 'jihotcsome as can be obtained from xijlicat o

barley. — Colquhoun.

Cut half a pound of beef, mutton or pork, io
to small pieces ; add half a pint of peas, 3 slice<
turnips, and 3 potatoes cut very small ; an onioi
or two, or leeks. — Put to them 7 pints of watei
and boil the whole gently, over a slow fire fo
2 1-2 hours. Thicken with a quarter pound o
ground rice, and one-eighth pound of oat meal
(or 1-4 lb. pound of oat me;d or barley meal
without rice.) Boil 1-4 hour after the thick
ening is put in, stirring it all the time. That
season with salt and pepper, or ground gingei
As only a pint will be lost in boiling, it is a men
for 4 persons, and will cost 2 cents each persor

IV. Cul into very small bits, 2 pounds of beei
mutton, or pork, out of the tub, or hung bee)

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

reslifiicd in water; and jJUt thorn in a pot with
is quarts water. Boil nioxa near three hours,
■r ratlier ste-^v till tender. Add 1-4 lb. carrots
ir parsnips, and 1-2 lb. turnips, all sliced small,
iometimes instead of them a tew potatoes sliced ;
ilso add some greens, cabbage, cellery, spinach,
)arsley, and two ounces onions or leeks. Thick-
•n with a pint of oat meal, (or a quart to make
t very thick.) Boil it well together, and sea-
on with pepper or ground ginger and salt. It
vill serve a i'uniily ni' six for a day. Or it may
le thickened with any kind of meal, or barley,
leas, beans or rice.

V. Take 4 lbs. beef, onions 3-4 lb. turnips 2
bs. rice 1 1-2 lbs. parsley, savory, thyme, of
;ach a large handful, pepper and salt ; water
17 quarts. Cut the beef into slices, and after
spiling it some time, mince it small. The tur-
lips and onions infused, and sweet herbs may be
minced before they go to the pot. Boil the
(vhole gci'tlji together about three hours on a
■hxv tire. Scarcely two quarts will be wasted
n boiling. The rest will serve 18 person* for
3ne meal. Cost 2 cents each.

Where fuel is scarce, the materials in the
three above receipts may be stewed in a pot, all
oight, in an ov en, and will next day require but
1 quarter hour boiling.

VI. Bake in an earthen pot, a shank of beef,
n six quarts of water, with a pint of peas, a
ieek, and lour or five turnips sliced.

COW.

The principal distinguishing marks of a good
Dow are said to be these : wide horns, a thin
lead and neck, dew lap large, full breast, broad
Jack, large deep belly ; the udder capacious
Jut not too fleshy ; the milch veins prominent,
md the bag tending far behind ; teats long and
arge ; buttocks broad and fleshy ; tail long,
)liable and small in proportion to the size of
:he carcase, and lh€ joints short. To these out-
^•ard marks may be added a gentle disposition,
I temper free from any vicious tricks, and per-
fectly manageable on every occasion. On the
jther hand, a cow with a thick head and short
leck, prominent back bone, slender chest, belly
racked up, small udder or a fleshy bag, short
teats, and thin buttocks is to be avoided, as lo-
cally until for the purposes either of the dairy,
the suckler or the grazier.

The milch cow is generally in her prime at
five years old, and will continue in a good milk-
ing state till ten years of age or upwards. Cows
should be milked regularly, morning and even-
ing, and always as nearly at the same hours as
may be. Some have recommended milking
them three times a day, at live, one and eight ;
and it is said if they arc full fed they will give
half as much again milk if milked thrice as if
only twice a day. Those farmers who would
make the most of their cows should provide a
bull to run in the herd.

ON STALL FEEDING.
" Stall feeding of bullocks with potatoes, giv-
en in different states of preparation, has been
for some time extensively practised in Sussex,
and is much approved of by many. They there
find that a beast of from one hundred and forty
to one hundred and sixty stone* weight cats
from one to two bushels of the roots in the
course of the day, but consumes but little hay,
or not much more than ten or twelve pounds in

that space of time." " .\nd a careful expcn-
inenter, >vho was largely in the )>ractitc of fat-
tening oxen wilh them, it is said, gave them
up — from the conviction that with every ad-
vantage of breed, attention, warmth, and clean-
liness in regard to the animals, they would not
pay more than four pence the bushel.'"

" Further, the Swedish turnip when it is cul-
tivated in a proper manner, is a most valuable
root, when used with this intention." — " In some
trials which we have lately attended to, it was
foinul to have the advantage, nearly in the pro-
portion of one fourth; and in other experiments,
it is said to have gone still farther in this use."

" And the proportion in which they are con-
sumed by the fattening stock, has been found to
be something more than a third of the weight
of the cattle" by some ; but by others, about a
third in the day, as stated in the Gentleman Far-
mer. However, in other experiments carefully
made, an ox of from seventy to eighty stone has
been ascertained to eat something less than
three hundred weight in the course of a day,
besides chaff and hay ; and small cows of about
thirty stone, one hundred weight and three
quarters in the same time. And in the Rev. Mr.
Close's trials it was found, that when consumed
in stalls and sheds, an acre of^ooi^ turnips, will
completely winter fat an ox of fifty score ;" —

"When this root in given in the stall, from
its very succulent nature, it becomes necessary
to employ as much' dry food as possible during
the use of it, in order to the expeditious fatten-
ing of the cattle by such means."

Rees^ Cijdopitdia.

Cud fast by an ox or cow, — remedy for.

Mix together an equal quantity of sour leaven
and common salt, then add a piece of loam or
brick clay, equal in weight to the whole : break
and mix all these well together, and then add
as much urine as will serve to beat it up into a
paste. Make this into two or three balls as big
as the creature can swallow, force one of these
down his throat every tliree days and it is said
it will effect a cure.

Receipt for American Tokay.

A barrel of good new cider from the press
Let it ferment, carefully brushing off the froth,
as it comes out of the "bung-hole. When the
fermentation ceases, draw it off and add as much
honey as will give it strength enough to bear
an egg ; return it to the barrel which should be
washed clean. It will now undergo a second
fermentation, which must be treated as the first,
and when that ceases, add half a gill of French
or peach brandy, for every gallon. Bung it
tight and so let it remain until the March fol-
lowing, when in a calm, clear and dry day, it
should be bottled. — Jlmcr. Farmer.

* Meaning probably tight pounds to the stone.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL REPOSITORY AND
JOURNAL, FOR JUNE.

(Continued from p. 11.)

Tlie next article to those which we have before re-
marked upon, has the signature, " ^ Roxbury Farmer,''''
and is entitled " A comparison of ttie present with some
past seasons." This article we have given at large in
the 1st No. p. 2. It appears to be one of a series of
similar notices which have for a number of years been
published by the same author. Such a Kalendar, reg-
ularly kept from year to year, cannot fail of proving of
great importance, " if cultivators, instead of consulting
the almanack will attend to the indications of nature."

Dr. j)'_anc, in hi^< /'ui'/nirV JJictionuri/, cbservcdj
" That great naturalist Linnicu?, did not approve cT
farmer's confining themselves to certain set days, c-r
weeks, for committing their seeds to the earth. 'J'hc-
seasons are much forwarder in some years than in otli-
ers ; therefore, he, who thus governs himself, will as-
suredly sow his annual seeds sometimes too early and
sometimes too late.

" That a better practice might be introduced, he re-
commended it to his countrymen to take notice at what
time the trees unfolded their leaves, tc.

" In order to reduce to practice so ingenious a hint,
an account should be made out of the first leafing, and
I may add the blossoming of a variety of trees and
shrubs. I suppose trees and slirubs to be most suitable
for this purpose, as they are more deeply rooted, and
therefore more steady and uniform in their appearan-
ces, than any plants which are perennial only in their
roots. They are especinUy much more so than annuals.
" It is certain that such an account taken in one
place will not answer alike for every part of the coun-
try ; because the vegetation m every part is not equal-
ly forward. Therefore, I would earnestly recommend,
that in each degree of latitude, throughout New Erg-
land at least, some attentive naturalist would make a
list of a considerable number of trees and shrubs, which
are near at hand ; carefully watch their appearances,
and minute the times of the first opening of their kaves,
and also of their blossoming. By comparing the ac-
counts, the absurdity will immediately appear, of sow-
ing the same kinds of seeds at the same time of the
month or year, in the 42d, 43d, 44th and 45th degrees
of latitude.

" When these accounts are obtained, let trials be
made by sowing a certain kind of seed before, at, and
after the foliation, or the flowering of some particular
plant, and the produce compared. Let accurate ex-
periments of this kind be yearly repeated, with all the
most useful spring plants ; by this, in a few years, com-
plete kalendars may be obtained for every degree of
latitude in this country. The consequence will be that
the farmer will be able to read the true times of sowing
by casting his eye upon the trees and shrubs that are
about him. We have already such a rule as this with
respect to Indian corn ; but it perhaps ought to under-
go a further examination.

" But such rules, after all that can be done, ought
not to govern us invariably. The right times of seed-
ing admit of some latitude, on account of the degree of
dryness of the soil, and of its exposure to the solar
warmth. Land should have the right degree of mois-
ture when seeds are sown on it ; and a southern expo-
sure will afford an earlier vegetation than a northern."
The statements and views of .4 Roxbury Farmer,
are ably corroborated by the writer of the next article,
who uses the signature " Indicator." This gentle-
man remarks that

" If each former or gardener will make his
own observations within his own grounds, and
always upon the same plants, while in health,
and under the same degree of cultivation ; and
make his notes with care when the state of the
blossom is at the same stage of forwardness,
there can be no doubt of its correctness. Let
him take his own asparagus bed as an index of
the warmth of the ground in the early part of
May, and he can judge with great correctness,
provided the asparagus bed be always forked
and dressed on the same day, or nearly, in the
month of April, and with the same quantity and
quality of manure : for on this plant the warmth
of the soil acts immediately on the root alone,
and therefore there can be no better guide ibi

NEW ENGLAND FARMF.R.

ascertain:n<j thn temperature of the ground at
that season. If we can plant corn an-.l sqiiasli
seed the middle of May when the asparaijus is
in a state to l>c cut the 7tli of that mouth, why
not plant those seeds the 7th when the aspara-
gus is (it to cut the tit-st of May ? A poach tree,
cherry tree, or a |)lum tree in fjood lioalth, is
also a fair indication of the tcniporatiirc of t!ie
earth, as i-s tlie apple and pear tree, if always
kept in a g-oo.l state, or in a cultivated or plouyh-
eil piece of cfroand ; but in the orchard, where
the grass is allowed t.j check the circulation,
three years out of five, trees are not ^o correct
an index as the asparagus bed, or as they them-
selves arc when growing in a garden or plough-
ed field where the ground is always open, so
that the rays of the sun and the warmth of the
atmosphere enter with less obstruction.

'' I have said that the same plant should al-
ways be taken as the standing index, because
peaches, ("or instance, of different sorts or vari-
eties, and ciierries of different sorts, as well as
pears and other fruits, open their buds and
blossom sooner or later according to the res-
pective habits of each individual or variety ;
so that a person who should take one yt^ar
an early peach, and the next the late heath
as U^ index, might find hiniself very far from
correct.

" With respect to the rains which prevail in
the month of .M.i}', by which seeds are rotted
in the ground, 1 apprehend that if the ground
be warm enough to excite the germ of the seed
farli/ in May, it will as soon be out of danger
from rot, as if it be planted the middle of May ;
for the rains prevail as much toivurds the la<t
a.5 the first of the month. And as respects the
iate frosts which are dreaded so much by many
people when the spring is early open, I con-
fess, that so far as my own observation goes, I
Mhould fear it less when the spring is forward
than when it is tardy. I don't mean to say that
premature heat, which wo sometimes have, is
not like to be followed by frosts in May ; but
when the spring continues to put forth new evi-
dence daily of its settled state in a regular and
natural manner, so as to bring forward vegeta-
tion ear!//, and with unusual vigoi,' in May, I
think tliere is much less danger of late frosts
than when the cold bla?ts from rtic Canada bor-
ders are constantly interrupting its progress —
because in one instanc ? the earth is gradually
ivarmcd, and creates witlun its inijucnce a warm
atmosphere that prevents iVost from taking
place ; whereas in the other case the earth
continues cold, and the temperature of the at-
mosphere near its surface is less capable of re-
sisting the night chillin'.r dcivs which tall upon
the young plants that are putting I'orih. I be-
lieve that if recourse be had to the state of the
weather for any ten years together from the
'Joth March to the 5th May, it nil! be found
tliat late in the season frosts have occurred
much more frequently when the average tem-
perature of the spring months has been bclozo
rather than v/hen it has been ubo-cc any given
point."'

Wc think with the above qnolcJ v.iitiis that it
would be a matttr of but little clitiiculty lor every fiir-
mer to ni;il:e hiiiiseil' a Vegclahle ,iilnuinac!i, IVoin the
productions of lii.-* own soil ; and thus turn, a= it were,
t'le ISnok nf.Vatrirc into a Pcrptlual Kahndar. This
mirrht be tlonj without any referrnce to the artificial
• ii'^'i'^i"^ of timf, as ?et down in common almanaclr',

and, v/e think, would prove not only simple, but cor-
rect and useful. For example:
The Gooseberry buds be- > S o i

gin to swell, \ pow early peas.

Wiiiow buds do. do.
I.ilic do. do. do.

Asparagus fit for t

} i, !>ow flax, oat?, Spring

$ \ wheat and .Sprii;g rye.

[• \ Plant potatoes, early use.

J ( riant a potatoe patcli,

able, N < also some pumpkins

) ( near your hog stye.

Currants put forth leaves, [■ ■{ Plant garden btans

.\pple trees blossom, }■ \ Sow carrots, beets, fcc.

White oak leaves as big j < m ^ i .• •

as a mouse's ear, °\ | Want Indian corn.'

We give the above as something like the/or»n which
might be adopted for the purpose of enabling the young
and inexperienced agricnltor to adopt some gtncrnt
rules for seeding his grounds. The substance of the
Kalendar must be established by actual observation,
and be the result of good sense operating upon experi-
ence.

An advantage, which perhaps has not been adverted
to, may be anticipated from recording annually articles
like that of .'2 Rorburi/ Farmer, in which the times of
the annual budding and flowering of plants are noted.
The practise will aiFord data for ascertaining with con-
siderable precision the effects of cultivation as regards
climate. Some philosophers tell us that by depriving
the earth of its forests, and opening its surface to the
more direct uifluence of the sun's rays, the springs
come on earlier upon an average, and the mean tem-
perature of the climate is increased. Others den}- these
positions, and say that the mean temperature of the
climate can ni ither be increased nor diminithed by any
changes on the earth's surface, as the quantity of ca-
loric emanating from the sun will be the same in cor-
responding latitudes, whether such surface he compar-
atively rough or smooth ; and that when we expose
the earth to the more direct impulse of the solar rays,
we likewise deprive it of a mantle which covered it
in some degree from the frigid influence of those north-
ern blasts which so often bid " winter chill the lap
of May."

(to be coxti.vued.)

* This we believe is Hie Indian maxim alluded to by
Dr. Deane as above.

jSEW LNGLAJNl) KAllMLK.

BOSTOJ^:— SATURDAY, AUGUST 17, 1822.

The Editor would be happy to make his best ac-
knowledgments acceptable to certain conductors of
newspapers and others whoso talents and stations give
them iulluence, for the favorable notices which they
have taken of this establishment. The indications of
good will, anil expressions of approbation, with which
he has been honored, having beep received from gen-
tlemen well qualified to appreciate the value of lite-
rary and scientific efforts, cannot fail to add stimulus
to industry, and elicit every possible eflbrt to realize
the favorable anticipations which appear to be enter-
tained by min, the acquisition of whose good opinion
is an object of high and laudable ambition.

Among tliosc to whom we are under great obliga-
tions for announcing our paper in terms well adapted
to introduce it to general patronage, we shall hold in
grateful vememlirance the Editor of the Mannfnctarer.s''
and Farmers'' Juumnl, a valuable paper, printed at
Providence, P.. I. \\'e hope we shall not be accused
of egotism in giving the following extract from an edi-
torial article wbi<51i appeared in that p;ip<-v of the 12tlv
inst. since it relates principally to our oliject, which it
co.rnct bo arrojance ia uito pronounce to be laudable.

and gives, among other topics, a lucid exposition of Hi-
benefits which cultivators may hope to receive fro ;i
the JN'tif England Farmer, by making it a channel I.m
communicating to the public their own discoveries ami
improvemeiils.

" There are many good reasons for the cstablisb.-
ment, in the northern section of our country, of a paper
mainly devoted to the interests of Agriculture. 'J he
meist prominent is, the great difierence between th-
cliviales of the i!^outhern and Northern States. '11
difference, requiring the cultivation, in one section, .;
crops which catmot be cultivated with advantage m
others, produces, of n«:cessity, different systems of farm-
ing. Kvery enlightened cultivator, wherever he may
live, has a system of his own, adapted to the peeuliai
situation of his land, as well as to the general charar-
ter of till- climate under whieh it lies ; (vhich system i-
the result eif experience. A number of such men slij.-
ulate, f-.r their mutual benefit, that each shall conmiu-
nicate to the whole, the result of his own experienr, ,
and to make a paper, like the one under consideratioj:,
the vehicle of co-mmunication. Now the utility of suclr
an agreement depends on the limits which are presciii
ed to it, and the fidelity with which it is executed, i
is plain, that those only who cultivate the same crtj
can be mutually serviceable to each other. 'J he plan-
ters of Georgia and Caroliiia, whose crops consist prii-
cipally cf cotton, rice and sugar, cannot communica''
much useful i.iformation to the farmers of the norlluri.
and middle states, who cultivate grain and keep lari;
stocks of animals, in a climate where the season i
from two weeks to two months shorter than it is with
them — nor can they learn of the latter any thing which
may be generally useful in their planting. The differ-
ence of sod and climate, even between the northern
and middle states, is so considerable, as to require, in
the one, a s;,stem of cultivation, widely dilferent fror>
that which is practised in the other. In every section
of our country, therefore, distinguishable from the oth
ers by pt culiarities of climate anel soil, and following a
system of husbandry materially different from the .sys-
tems in practice elsewhere, there ought to be estab-
lished a paper which should be made a common medi-
um, through which every experienced farmer may
convey to his brethren the result of his own experi-
ence. Tliis paper shoidd be supported and maele use-
ful, I'y a punctual payment of the subscription money,
and by a constant supply of original matter."

Since the .above was in type we have been indebted
to the khietuess of Mr. Skinner, of Baltimore, not
only for the common civility of a proffered exchange
of papers, but for a complete file of the ciirrent num-
bers of the 4th vol. of that excellent work, the " Amer-
ican Farmer," together with an elaborate index of
the 3d volume, containing three printed sheets. To
these highly valueel favors is added a fricntfly letter,
in v.hich is evinced a disposition to " strengthen our
hands and encourage our hearts," in the duties of our
present cmp'IoJ^nent. Vi'e are happy to be assured ei(
a fact, (which hideed we had anticipated from Mi .
Skiimer's reputation for liberality and regard for the
interests of the community,) that the able fMitor of the
American Farmer, a publication, which has, not only
given a highly beneficial impulse to Ameiican agricul-
ture, but whose establishment may be considereel ;.-
tlie commencement of a new and brilliant era in it-
annals, is willing to regard us as a coadjutor, wortbv
to second his efforts in " extending the knowledge ei
all discoveries in the science, and all improvements in
the practice of Agriculture and Domestic Economy.'
Mr, Skinner's approbation cannot fail to be of essentia
aehantagc to us, and we would tender in return our
tribute of gratitude, ruid proffer the best services iu
our power (.o render to him or his establishment.

COOKING FOOD FOR C.'.TTLr.

.Imong the most useful improvements of modern hvf-

banilry may be numbereel the practice of steaming o

boiling food for domestic animals. Some acceiunt i-<

the crigio of this practice in Great Britain may 1. c

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Ibund in the ^^ Complete G-ra:iir," an rxcelUnt F.ngp-
}ish work of high authority, from which the following
•is extiarttil

" Steamed food may he jivon to milch cows with
great a;ivantajo. I'or this important fact in rural cco-
MOjiiy, we are indebted to the ingenions and perse\ er-,
iug cxptrinuiits of J- C. Curwcn, Esq. M. 1'. whose at-
tention to the comforts of Iiis tenants, and judicious
r.eal for the improveinents of ajricullure are too well
known to reiuire an)- eulogy, in prosecution of a sys
teui wliich he had lon^ practised of givini^ cook(-d lood
to animals, Mr. C turned his attemion to the cheapest
mode of sujiplyinj milch cows wilh it ; and in a com-
munication to the society for the eacoura^eicent of
arts, &c. (which •«'hs honored with their lesser gold
medal) he states his belief that -he has at Irnglh hcen
completely successful. He uses a steam boiler of 100
gallons contents,* on each side of which are fixed iJiree
ijoxes, containing 11 stonet each of chull', (tlie husks
of wheat, rye, &;c.) which, by being s(c-,imotl gain more
than one third of their original weigiil. The steam is
fonveyed by various stop cocks into the lower part of
the boxes ; and thus two or three boxt s may be steam-
ed at the same time ; the quantity of fuel required is
about 2 lbs. for each stone of chaff.

'• In giving the steamed chaff to the cattle, 2 lbs. of
oil cake are mixej with one stone of chaff; and the
milch cons are fed with it morning and evening, hav-
ing an allowance of one stone at each time. On b( ing
taken from the steamer the food is put into wooden
"boxes, which are mounted on wheels to be drawn to
■Ihe place where it is intended to be used ; and the
<;hail' requires to stand some time before it is fit for use.

" The average of milk on a slockof thirty-six milch
cows, was nearly 13 wine quarts, for 3'20 days. The
cows were never suffered to he turned out'; aad to
prevent their being lame, their hoofs were properly
Vared, and they stooil with their fore feet on clay.
One great advantage attending this method was. tliat

most if not all the milch cows were in such a condition
that, with a few weeks feeding after they were dry,
they became fit for the shambles, wilh very little loss
irom the first cost. As a substitute for chaff and oil
cake, Mr. C. recommends cut hay ; which, v.-hon
-teamed, would make a much supenor fond, and he
■ntertains no doubt would greatly augment the miik,
4S well as benefit the health of the animals. Mr. Cur-
iven gives cooked food from October to June, nearly
■ight months out of twelve, and his plan of treatment
las been adopted by several farmers in different parts
>f the kingdom wiili great success."

The practice of cooking food for cattle is by no
neans a novelty in New England. A simple apparatus
or that purpose has been for some time in use among
armers of our acquaintance. The following is a brief
lesciiption of it. A kettle, holding twelve gallons or
note, is sell in a furnace of brick or stone, and over
his a hogshead with one head taken out and the other
■ored full of holes. This is set so close that the steam
f the kettle, when boiling, can only rise througii the
.oles, and thence ascend among tlie articles to he boil-
d in the hogshead and pass off at the top. lu this
•ay a hogshead of potatoes will be nearly as soon boil-
d as a s.-nall part of them could be if placed in the
ettle underneath.

As the kettle is so closed as to prevent any steam
om passing off, but through the bottom of the hogs-
ead, a pipe or tube is set in such a manner that with
le aid of a funnel water may be poured into the kettle

often as is necessary. After poured in, the tube is
opped with a plug for that purpose. 4:

•.4n engraring of if is given in the SOtk volume or
e Societi/^s Ti-ansactions.
1 14 Ills, a stone.

X The. "Complete Grazier" contains a drawing ttv4 ,
script, on of this simple apparatus, which it calls ,.
ot-^tcamer ; ojirf observes that if i-as introduced inli'
"gland from America. It states that Ike top of Ih'
sk, vhich in America '■'■is usually left open, mr'h:
oreadmntageousli/ be covered wilh a thick coarse cloth ■
( whuh )s much bitter, after Ihe vess-l is filled vilh I!''
uhed roots, it is closeli/.clai/ed all round, and the head

Grain of all kinds may be steam boiled by this ap-
paratus, to great advantage, for feeding or fatteuir.g
cattle ; Irut in that case, it is requisite to have the bot-
tom of the hogshead covered with a cloth, to prevent
th" grain from running down throiigli the holes.

llxperiments have been made in Pennsylvania, by
which it appears that Indian corn and potatoes will
fatten swine one third faster when boiled or steamed
then when given to them without any preparation.

An .\ddress delivered to the Maryland Agricultural
Society, liy their President, Mr. Robert Smith, and pub-
lished in the American Farmer, No. 11, Vol. 4, contains
the following observations on this subject :

" Economy in the feeding of stock is an object of (he
highest importance, interesting alike to the public and
to the indi\'idual. The great waste of hay, straw,
corn fodder, chatf and other offal, apparent on every
estate, undtU" the prevailing practice of our country,
has suggested to me the expediency of having at my
dairy farm a steaming apparatus. Tliis 1 have recent-
ly establiihed on a plan so simple and so cheap, that
any person in any part of our country may have a simi-
lar one, greater or smaller, according to the extent of
his farm and the proposed number cif his stock. It
consists of an iron boiler and two wooden boxes. The
boiler contains 100 gallons. One of the boxes is ei"-ht
f-et, the other five feet long ; both three feet wide and
three feet dc>ep. The boiler is globular, and was made
by screwing together the biims of two salt pans. The re
is also attached to it a hogshead for any extra cooking.
" Tlie boiler is fixed in brick work, calculated to
afford the greatest degi'ec of heat, with the smallest
wtiste of fuel. -Without pretending to give directions
as to the particular construction of such a furnace, 1
would merely remark, what the physiologists have told
us, namely, that heat being produced by the combined
operation of the fuel and of the air feeding the fire, that
portion only of the air, which passes in contact with
the btirning fuel, contributes to the production of lieat,
and that, therefore if the fire place should be larger
than the he.ap of burning fuel, a certain portion of air
wiil insinuate itself without ioing through the fire, and
of course, not being decomposed will contribute noth-
ing to the heat.

"To (he water in the boiler is given all the heat
necessary to generate the required steam. The steam
is conveyed into the boxes by copper pipes attached to
the upper part of the boiler, "and is introduced between
the bottom of each box, and a false bottom, consisting
of several sheets of copper perfor.ited with holes. Into
this chamber, fom- inches high, formed by (he two bo{-
toms, the -steam is conveyed, and passing (hrough (b.e
holes of (he false bottom, diffuses itself throughout the
whole contents of the box, and (bus effectually cooks
the great mass of food (herein contained. AVhen suffi-
ciently boiled, the steam, by means of a common stop
cock, is turned into the other box. At one end of each
box, and near the bottom, is a spigot and faucet, by
means of which are drawn off the condensed steam and
i'quid matter, vrliich had oozed out of. and been ex-
tracted from the cooked matciials. This decoction is
of a deep chocolate color and highly flavored. It may
be given to (he calves, or it may be returned to and
mixed with tlie steamed food. It, however, may not
be amiss to remark, that when a liquid feed is propos-
ed the false bottom is not used.

" In the corner of the steam house next to the pumn
there is a hogshead of water in which is inserted a
leaden tube, the other end of wbicli is immersed in the
water of (he boiler and nearly (o (he bottom of if. The
admission of the requisite supply of water from this
reservoir into the boiler is regulated by a stop cock.
And the cold water being specifically heavier than the
warm, will necessarily take its place at the bottom,
whilst the hot water v.ill remain at tlie top. This
simple plan is preferred to the self-supplying valve,
which is apt to get out of order. At the top of the
toiler there is a safety valve for the escape of all re-
dundant steam, the electric force of v/hich would oth-
"rwise endanger the wSole establishment.'"
(Tb be C07ilinued.')

LATEST FROM EUROPE.

'i he ship Triton, C'apl. Busscy, arrived r,t this port
on the ]2lh inst. in 30 ilays from Liverpool, and brc't
London papers to the 9th and Liverpool paper; to tUe
11th ult.

Turkey and Russia have of late made no menacing
movements, nor assumed new attitudes either of a hos-
tile or pacific nature. The Turks, however, accordiri'
to the last advices, continued to exercise the most a(rf-
cious crueltii-s on the miserable Greeks — stretching'
(heir ferocity to the utmost limits of their power. In
the mean time the great Potentates of Europe appear
to be gazing quietly on (hose scenes of suffering, and
scarcely exhibit a symjiiom of sympathy for the suffer-
ers ; thus giving fresh proof of the correctness of the
assertion of the moral poet, who says, " there is no
flesh in man's obdurate heart." " Pity 'tis" that they
have no pity, and well would it be, if changing places
with the sufferers, (hose heartless monarchs could " bi-
what they behold," till the actual endurance of calam-
ity should teach them to put a stop to its infliction.

Spain continues in a state of confusion, and " civil
dudgeon" adds dome stic calamity to foreign menaces.
The king prorogued the Cortes on the 30;h June, en
which occasion he made a clever and gracious speech,
according with the spirit of the constitution. This,
however, did not prevent tunuiUs from talcing place in
^Madrid. Some shouted i<ir an absolute, scjiie .for a
constitution.al king, and others evinced a disposition to
submit to no king. In the mean time France threatens
the Spanish frontiers with about 60,000 men in arm|,
ready to take advantage of those domesticdisturbKnces.

The distresses in Ireland continue undiminished, and
it is said the funds of charity are exhausted. In Lon-
don it has been proposed tliat every family should go
without a dinner one day, and contribute the saving to
the relief of the Irish sufferers. " War," says one of the
Irish papers, " with all its horrors, is mercy, is para-
r!ise, to the condition of Clare, Kerry, Cork, Galway,
Mayo and .Sligo."

The Yellow Fever has made its appearance in New
York, and several persons have falkn victims to that
dreadful disorder.

fastened down to eonfne the /team ; and, if necessary.
.1 short wooden plu- nui'/ be inserted fir the purpose of
admitting air, and wliich. may be removed at ■pleasure.^''

M.-IKRL-IGES.

In Utica, N. Y. Mr. Franklin Shenill, of Itbica, to
Miss Mary Ann Edwards, daughter of Thomas Edwards,
Esq. of this city.

In tills city, Mr. John W. Gammage, (0 Miss Han-
nah Sawj'er.— Mr. Joseph R. Taft, to Mrs. Mary Man^

DF..^THS.

In South Boston. Mr. Joseph Kill, of N. Hampshire,
supposed' to have fallen overboard in a fit.

In tiiis city, Mrs. Fear Scudder, wife of Mr. Charles
Scudder. r.3— Mr. James Furneaux, 42— Mrs. Lucv
Watts, widow of Mr. Prince W. 61 — Widow Jan<-
Hammond, To — Mr. Caleb Clark, 28— Sydney C. W il-
liams. son of Robert W. Esq. 14 — Mrs. Lvdia lAIaria
Grcele, v.ife of Mr. S.amuel G. 31— Mr. John Sullivan,
'V2. — Droiraed, Master Samuel S. son cf .Mr. Samuel
Norwood, 13.

GREAT ADDITIONS TO THE

NEW ENGLAND MUSEUiVI,

T6, COURT STREET.

THE Proprietors of this extensive establishment have
tlie pleasure to announce to their patrons and the
public, that, besides their usual continual additions of
curiosities from all parts of (he World, they have just
added another entire .Museum, making now one
Grand ConsoHdaiion, of -i Museums iinitcd in one.

The late addidons alcne are superior in cxlent and .
variety, (o any odier Museum in this ci(y.

{t5=Adn:ii(tance 25 cents only. August 10

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Fran tlic JS'ev) Monthly Magazine, for Junt.

AIR, " FLY NOT YET."
When eastern skies are tinged v.ith red,
And fairest mom with liasty tread
Upsprings to cpe Heaven's golden gate,
And chase the ling'ring stars that wait

To spy the blushing dawn ;
\Vhilc rays from Fhoebui' glowing car
Gleam brightly on your casement's bar.
And pour a flood of glorious light
To shame the slothful sons of night,

Oh haste — oh haste
To snatch the fresh and (letting hour
Ere noon has sipp'd each dewy flow< r

That decks the spangled lawn.

Oh shake off slumber's drowsy spell,
In morning's pleasant haunts to dwell ;
And haste to join the feathcr'd throng.
To greet the dawn with choral song.

Or skylark's earlier lay :
With careless footsteps freely rove
O'er sunny plain, or leafy grove,
While new-mown hay its sweets bestowing,
Perfumes the air that's freshly blowing ;

Oh haste — oh haste
To meet the bee on busy wing
O'er opening fiowerets hovering,'

And watch the squirrel's play.

To taste the gifts of earth and air.
That Phoebus' fiercer beam will scare,
On new-born buds of every hue
Tor trace the glittering drops of dew,

The timid hare to spy,
Who stealing forth, now hopes unseen,
To banquet on the humid green.
And oft, the white she fearless graze?)
Admires her leveret's frolic mazes,

Oh haste — oh haste —
Joys like these will never stay.
But melt like summer's mist away,

From days too piercing eye.

MISCELLANEOUS.

DOG-STAR AND DOV-DAYS.

The ancient Ep;vptians, in their ohservation?
on the stars, noticed that when a certain star
of considerable mag-nitude first appeared above
the horizon in the mornina;, just before dawn —
the overflowing of the Nile immediately fol-
lowed. Beins; warned by this precursor, they
retired to the hiafhlands to escape the inunda-
tion, carrying with them thincfs necessary for
their retreat. As this star performed for them
the service of the house-dog, by warning them
of approaching danger, they called it the dog-
star, and supposing that this star was the cause
of the extraordinary heat, which usually falls
out in that season, tlicy gave the name of dog-
days to six or eigiit weeks of the hottest part
of the summer. They ascribed an extraordina-
ry influence to this star, paid it divine honors,
and from its color formed prognostics, what the
"cason would be. The (Ireeks and Romans
also held the opinion that the dog-star was the
cause of the sultry heat, usually felt about this
time. Its inlluence was esteemed so great by
the Romans, that they sacrificed a brown dog
to it every year to appease its rage.

All these notions of the ancients, and all simi-
lar opinions that pi-evail at the present time, on
thi-: subject, are mere idle fancie?. The dog-

star ha.s no more influence in producing heat or
sultriness, than any other star that decks the
sky, and the days usually denominated dog-days,
might with as much propriety be said to begin
on the 20th or 15th of July, as on the 25th.
The atmosphere sufl'ers no greater change on
the 21lh and 25th of July, nor on the 5th and
6th of September, than it does on other days
preceding and subsequent to those days. If the
term dog-days has any appropriate signification
it is because the word is intended to denote
forty or fifty days of the most hot and sultry
part of the year, but as these days vary almost
every year in their commencement tind termin-
ation, any notice in the almanack, or elsewhere,
pretending to define the time when dog-days be-
gin and end, is futile and of no more importance
than the predictions concerning the weather,

PUT.K/iMS ROCK.
The last number of the American Journal of
Science, edited by Professor Silliman, of Yale
College, contains the following " Extract of a
letter from Professor Dana, of Dartmouth Col-
lege, to the editor, dated Feb. 5th, 1822.— "1
have received an account of Putnam's Rock,
which is in the river, opposite West Point. It
was given to me by my friend Col. Tucker, of
Gloucester, Mass. and the history, as connected
with the American Revolution, cannot fail to be
interesting.

" This famous rock, originally a native of
the highlands above West Point, was situated
on the extreme height of Butter Hill;* when
the morning fog was descending from the hill
it had a very beautiful appearance not much
unlike a horseman's tent or hospital marquee
riding on the cloud. It was a common amuse-
ment for the oflicers when off duty to roll large
rocks from the sides of those hills. These of-
ten set others going with them, to the great
terror of those persons who were below. One
day when this laborious amusement was over.
Col. Rufus Putnam proposed going up to take a
peep ofl' this curiously situated rock ; it was
found situated on a flat rock of great extent,
and near the brink of a considerable precipice,
,ind hung very much over it. Col. Putnam be-
lieved that it was moveable, and if once moved
that it would roll over; and falling from twenty
to fifty feet, commence it rout to the river. A
few days after we formed a party of oflicers, with
our servants, who took with them axes, drag*
ropes, &.C. in order to procure levers for the
purpose of moving the rock, which we soon
found was in cur power. The levers being
tixed with ropes to the ends of them all, Col.
Putnam, who headed the party, ordered us to
haul the ropes tight, and at the word Congress
to give a long pull, and a strong pull, and a pull
altogether. This we did, the levers fell, the
rock rolled over, tumbled from the precipice,
and took up its line of march for the river !
The party then had the satisfaction of seeing
the most majestic oaks and loftiest pines, bow-
ing down in homage and obedience to this
mighty traveller, which never stopped til! it
had reached the bed of llie river, where it now
lies on the edge of the flats and far enough
from the shore for a coasting vessel to sail
round it. The party followed after in its path,
and were astonisiied to see that rocks of many

tons weight, and trees of the largest size, were
ground to powder. On arriving at the river,
the party embarked, and landed, to the number
of sixty or seventy on the rock, when Col. Put-
nam broke a bottle of wiiiskey and named it
" Pulnain's Rock.''' I may hare forgotten some
of the minutia; of the transaction in the lapse of
forty-three years ; but it is a fact that the rock
now in the river was removed from the ex-
treme top of the Butter Hill by the oflicers of
Col. Rufus Putnam's regiment, in the revolu-
tionary war, in the service of the U. States, some
time in the month of June, in the year 1778."

From an Ohio Paper of July 2.
Petrifaction. — An elderly gentleman, who re-
cently died in Fayette county, Kentucky, pre-
vious to his death requested that his daughters
remains should be disinterred and deposited by
the side of his own. His daughter had been
buried about eleven years, in the county of
Bourbon, Ky. After his decease, the old gen^
tleman's request was complied with. To the
great surprise and astonishment of those engag-
ed in raising the daughter's remains her body
was found to be entire, and of its full size. On
a minute examination it was discovered to be
perfectly petrified ; its specific gravity was a-
bout the same as that of common lime stone. —
The cofBn was entirely decayed. Her countC'
nance had undergone so small an alteration tha
her husband, it is said, on beholding her, fainted

In Petersburgh, Va. a man is exhibiting ser
pents, and among them a rattlesnake four fee
in length, five or six inches in circumference
fangs ami rattles entire, which is complete!
domesticated, and as obedient and affectionat
to his master as a dog, and will coil himself up
on his shoulder, caress him, and kiss his cheek
There is no disputing about tastes.

* This hill is 1520 feet above tide water, aud 1332
above ite ba^e, accordiiig to Capt. Patviilge.

The sails and cordage of a first rate man <
war require 180,000 lbs. of rough hemp ff
their construction ; and it is said to average fiv
acres of land to produce a ton of hemp : thi
one of those monstrous towers of human ing(
nuity consumes a year's produce of 424 acres (
laud" to furnish its necessHry tackle.

The following curious circumstance, (says a Lond(
paper) which occurred during a fire at Bankside, ni:
be relied on as a fact :— In one of the houses thiit a
peared as one sheet of fire, the firenif n perceived a c
sitting on some bags which were in the midst of tl
flames ; the cat cried " mew ! mew !" most bitterl
finding her escape impossible. One of the firemen wl
saw aud heard htr, cried out to Solomon, a .lew, wl
assisted them to work at the engine, " ^^olomou, y
hear the cat calls out — -Tew '. Jew !" Solomon nn
emphHtically cried, " you shall not be disappoint( d
the Jew, if, at the risk of my life, 1 can save you." I
tlirew up a rope, to which there was a hook attachi
which fortunately stuck in the sack, and wilh a qui
jerk, he pulled the sack from the midst of the fiaDV
and also the cat, whose hair was all singed from 1
fire. During an hour afterwards, whilst he worked
the <'ngiMe, the cat never quilled him, but held fast
his shoulder, or sat near liim on the engine ; and
afterwards Ijrought his cat home to his own house.

A German Priest walking in procession at the ht
of his parisliioners, over cultivated fields, in order
procure a blessing on their future crops, w ht ii he ca
to those of unpromising appearance, would pass i
saying, " here prayers and singing 'nHll avail uolhir
this must have manure."

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Publisliid every Saturrlay, by TIIOAIAS \V. SHr.l'ARl), Rojers' Biiildin=:, Con«:iess Street, Boston ; at $2,50 per ann. in advance, or $3,00 at the close of lln year.

Vol. I.

BOSTON. SATURDAY, AUGUST 21, 1822.

No. 4.

CATTLE SHOW.

Exhiliition of Manufactures, Ploughing: IMatch,
and Public Sale of Animals and Manufactures,
at Brighton, Mass. on Wednesday and Thurs-
day, the 9th and 10th of October, 1822, to
commence at 9 o'clock, A. M. on each day.

The Trustees of the Massachusetts Society, for
the Promotion of Agriculture, encouraged by
the patronage of the Legislature of this State,
intend to ofl'er in Premiums, not only the sum
granted by the Government for that purpose,
but also the whole amount of the income of their
own funds. They, therefore, announce to the
public, their wish to have a Cattle Show, and
ExHiBrnoN OF ftLiNUFACTur.ES, &:c. &c. at Brigh-
ton, on IVcdnesday and Thursday, the 9th <S- lOM
of October, 1822; and ihey otfer the following
Pre.«iims :

FOR STOCK.

For the best Dull, raised in Massachusetts, above

one year old, $30

For the next best do. do. 20

For the best Bull Call, from 5 to 12 months old 15

For the next best do. do. 8

For the best Cow, not less than three years old 30

For the next best do. do. 20

For the next best do. do. 15
For the best Heifer, from one to three years old,

with or without calf 15

For the next best do. do. 10
For the best Ox, fitted for slaughter, regard to be

had to the mode and expense of fatting 40

For the next best do. do. 30

For the next best do. do. 20

For the best pair of \\ orking Cattle 30

For the next best do. do. 25

For the next best do. do. 20

For the next best do. do. 15

Tor the next best do. do. 10
for the best pair of Spayed Heifers, not less than

one year old 25
for the best Spayed Sows, not less than four in

number, and not less than five mouths old 20

The claimant to be entitled to either of these
:wo last premiums, must state the mode of ope-
ration and treatment, in a manner satistactory
;o the Trustees.

Tot the best Merino Wethers, not less than six in

number, having respect to iorm and fleece
For the next best do. do. do.
For the best natnre Wethers, not less than six in

number do.
"or the next best do. do. do.
■"or the best Merino Ram, do.
'or the next best do.
or the best Merino Ewes, not less than fi%e in

number, do.
'or the next best do. do. do.

for the best Boar, not exceeding two years old do.
"or the next best do. do. do.
or the best Sow
or the next best doi
'""or the best Pigs, not less than two in number,

nor less than four mouths old, nor more tb^n

eight
"or the next best do. do. 5

None of the above animals will be entitled
premiums, unless they are -jchoUy bred in the
5tate of MiLSSachusetts.

'or the best Ram which shall be imported into
this State, after this advertisement, and before
the 15th day of October next, of the improved
Leicester breed of long woolk d sheep, or of the
best DislUey breed, or of the fine, and long

woolled slietp oS the Netherlands, the length
and fineness of whose wool shall be found supe-
rior to those of our present breeds, $50, or a gold
nil dal of that value, at the option of the im-
porter.
For the next best do. do. 50

For the best Ewe, of any of the said breeds import-
ed under the same terms, and for the like supe-
rior qualities , 40
For the next best do. do. 30

No animal, for which to any owner one pre-
mium shall have been awarded, shall be con-
sidered a subject for any future premium of the
Society, except it be for an entirely distinct
promium or for qualities ditTerent from those
for which the former premium was awarded.

Any of the above Stock, when raised and still
o\vned at the time of the exhibition, by the
person who raised them, will entitle the claim-
ant to an allowance of ten per cent, in addition.
But Sheep, to be entitled to any of the above
premiums, n-'ist be raised by the person enter-
ing them.

FOR AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENTS.

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Indian Corn on an acre, not less than
seventy bushels $30

To the person who shall make the most satisfacto-
ry experiment, to ascertain the best mode of
raising Indian Corn, in hills, in rows, or in ridg-
es ; not less than half an acre being employed
in each mode, in the same field, tl»e quantity
and quality both of land and manure to be equal
and uniform ;n each mode ; all to receive a cul-
tivation requisite to produce a good crop 30

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tifv of Carrots on an acre, not less than six hun-
dred bushels 20

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Potatoes on an acre, not less than five
hundred bushels 20

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Parsnips on an acre, not less than four
hundred bushels 20

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of common Beets on an acre,- not less than
six hundred bushels 20

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Mangel Wurtzel on an acre, not less than
six hundred bushels 20

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Ruta Baga on an acre, not less than six
hundred bushels 20

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of common Turnips on an acre, not less
than six hundred bushels 20

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of common Turnips, after any other crop in
the same season, being not less than four hun-
dred and fifty bushels M)

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Onions on an acre, not less than six hun-
dred bushels SO

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Cabbages on an acre, not less than 25
tons weight 20

To the person who shall introduce any Grass, not
before cultivated iu this State, and prove, by
actual experiment, and produce satisfactory evi-
dence of its superiority in any one quality, to
any now cultivated 30

To the person who shall give satisfactory evidence
on ' Soiling Cattle,' not less than six in num-
ber, and through the whole season, together
with a particular account of thiHbod given, and
how cultivated 30

To the pf rson who shall make the experiment of
turning ia green crops as a manure, on a tract

not less than one acre, and prove its utility and
cheapness, giving a particular account of the
process and its result 30

To the person who shall, by actual experiment,
prove the best season and modes of laying down
lands to grass, whether spring, summer or fall
seeding be preferable, and with or without grain
on different soils 30

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of dry Peas on an acre, not less than thirty
bushels 20

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of dry Beans on an acre 20
To Oie person who shall give proof of having pro-
duced the largest quantity of dressed Flax, rais-
ed on an half acre 20
To the person who shall take up in the season, on
his own farm, the greatest quantity of good
Honey, and shall at the same time exhibit supe-
rior skill in the management of Bees 10
For the best Cheese, no! Usi than one year old,

and not less in quantity than 100 pounds 10

For the next best do. do. 5

For the best Cheese Itss than one year old 10

For the next best do. do. 5

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Wgetables, grain, peas and beans except-
ed, for winter consumption, of the stock on his
own farm, and not for sale, in proportion to the
size of the farm and stock kept, having regard
to Oie respective value of said vegetables as
food, stating the expense of raising the same,
and the best mode of preserving the same thro'
the winter 30

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of winter Wheat on an acre 30
To the ptrson who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of spring ^\ heat on an acre 30
ro the person who shall prove to the satisfaction
of the Trustees, that liis mode of rearing, feed-
ing and fattening neat cattle is best 20
For the best Butter, not less than fifty pounds 10
For the second best do. do. 5
For the best Sole Leather, not less than five sides 10
For the second best do. do. 5
For the best dressed Calve Skins, not less than

twelve iu number 10

:'or the second best do. do. 5

For the best five barrels of superfine Flour, manu-
factured in the State of Massachusetts, from
wheat raised in this state 25

For the greatest quantity of Butter and Cheese,
made between the loth of May, and the 1st of
October, from not less than four Cows, the qua-
lity of the Butter and Cheese, and the number
of Cows to be taken into consideration, and spe-
cimens to be exhibited at the Show, of not less
than twenty pounds of each, and the mode of
feeding, if any thing besides pasture was used 20
To the person who shall prove by satisfactory ex-
periments, to the satisfaction of the Trustees,
the utility and comparative value of the cobs of
Indian Corn, when used with or without the
grain itself, ground or broken 20

To entitle himself to either of the Premiums,
under this head of Agricultural Experiments,
the person claiming, must cultivate a tract of at
least one acre in one piece, with the plant of
production for which he claims a premium, (ex-
cept flax) and must state, in w riting, under oath
of the owner, and of one other person, (accom-
panied by a certilicate of the measurement of
the land, by some sworn surveyor,) the foUow-
■ ng particulars :

1. The state and quality of the land, in the
spring of 1822.

2. The product and general state of cultiva-
tion and quantity of manure, employed on it the
year preceding.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

3. The quantity of manure used the present
year.

4. The quantity of seed used, and of Potatoes
tlie sort.

5. The times and manner of souintr, weed-
ing, and harvesting the crop, and tlie amount ol
the product, ascertained by actual measureincnl,
alter the wiiole produce, tor which a i)remlMm
is claimed, and the entire expense of cultivation.

And in relation to all vegetables, except I'o-
tatoes, Onions and common Turnips, the lair
average weight of at least twenty bushels must
be attested ; and if there he hay scales in the
foivn, in which raised, not less than three ave-
raged cart loads must he weighed. "*^

The claim under this head, together with
the evidences of the actual product, must he
delivered, free of postage, to Benjamin Guild,
Esq. Assistant Recording Secretary of this Soci-
ety, on or before the lirst day of Dec. next.
Till"! Trustees not intending to decide upon
claims under the head of Agricultural Experi-
ments, until their meeting in Decemlicr.
FOR INVENTIONS.

To the person who fhall use the Drill Plough, or
Machine, and apply it mo5t succeFsfulIy to the
rultivation of any small Grains or i"eeds, on a
scale not less than one acre $20

To thfe person who shall invent the best Machine,
for pulverizing and grinding Plaster to the fine-
ness of twenty-five bushels per ton, and which
shall require no more power than a pair of oxen
or a horse, to turn out two tons per day, and so
portable that it can be removed from one farm
to another without inconvenience CO

To the person who shall produce, at the Show,
any other Agricultural Implement, of his own
invention, which shall, in the opinion of the
Trustees, deserve a reward, a )irf mium not ex-
ccedmg 20 dollars, according to the value of
the article exhibited 20

In all cases proofs must be given of the work

done by the Machine, before it is exhibited ;

and of its having been used and approved bj'

some practical farmer.

FOR FOREST TREES.

Tor the best plantation of \\ hite Oak Trees, not
less tlian one acre, nor fewer than one thousand
trees per acre, to be raised from the acoru, and
which trees shall be in the best thriving state,
on the first of September, 1823 $100

Tor the best Plantations of White Ash, and of
Larch Trees, each of not less than one acre, nor
fewer than one thousand trees per acre, to be
raised from the seeds, and which trees shall be
in the best thriving state, on the first of Sep-
tember, 1823 50

For the b( st Live Hedge made of either the \Vhite
or Cockspur Thorn, planted in 1820, not less
than one hundred lods, and which shall be in
the best state in 1823 50

FOR DOMESTIC MANUF.^CTURES.

To the person or corporation, who shall produce

the best specimen of fine Broadcloth, not loss

than 1 5-8 yards wide, exclusive of the list, 40

yards in quantity, and dyed in the wool $30

For the second best do. do. do. 20

For the best superfine C'assimere, not less than 3-4

yard wide, nor less than forty yards in quantity 1 .j
For the second best do. do. do. 10

For the hest superfine Sattiuet, 3-4 yard wide, not

less than fifiy yards 111

For the second best do. do. do. C

To the person or corporation, who shall produce
the best specimen of Cotton Cloth, manufactur-
ed in tills State, not less than fifty pieces 20
To the person who shall produce the best speci-
men of any other fabrics of Cotton, manufac-
tured in this State, in public factories, not less
than fifty pieces 20
In private liuiijlies, not less than five jiieces 20

FOR HOUSEHOLD M.\NUFACTURES

For the hest W oollen Cloth, 3-4 wide, not less u.an

twenty yards in quantity
For the second best do. ilo.
For the best double milled Kersey,. 3-4 yard wide,

not less than twenty yards in quantity
}'or the second best do. do.
lor the best Coating, 3-4 yard wide, and not less

than twenty yards in quantity
For the second best do. do.
For the best Flannel, 7-8 yard wide, not less than

forty-five yards in quantity
y'or the second best do. do.
For the best yard wide Carjieting, not less than

thirty yards in quantity
For the second best do. do.
For the best 5-8 yard wide Stair Carpeting, not

less than thirty yards in quantity
For the second best do. do.
For the best pair of Blankets, not less than 8-4

wide and 10-4 long
For the second best do. do.
For the best AVoollen Knit Hose, not less than 12

pair in number
For the second best do. do.
For the best ^\■orsted Hose, not less than twelve

pair in number
For the; second best do. do.
For the best Men's Half Hose, (woollen) not less

than twelve pair in number
For the second best do. do.
For the best Men's 'Woollen Gloves, not less than

twelve pair in number
For the second best do. do.
For the best Linen Diaper, 5-8 yard wide, and not

less than thirty yards in quantity
For the second bes( do. do. do.
For the best 4-4 yard Hiaper, (for table linen) not

less than thirty yards in quantity
For the second best do. do.
For the best specimen of Sewing Silk, raised and

spun in this State, of good fast colors, not less

than one pound
For the second best do. do.
For the best Linen Cloth, (for shirting or sheeting)

one yard wide, and twent^'-five yards long
For the second best do. do.

$12
8

12
8

disingenuous measures, by which the objects of
the society have been defeated, such person
shall not only forfeit the premium which may
have been awarded to him, but rendered inca-
pable of being ever after a competitor for any
of the Society's premium''.

All ])rcmiums not demanded within six months
after lliey shall have been awarded, shall be
deemed as having been generously given to aid
the funds of the Society.

The Trustees of the M;issachusetts Society
for Promoting Agriculture, hereby give notice,
that they intend, on the second day of the Cattle
Show, viz : on the lUth day of OctoI)cr next, to
give premiums to the Owners and Ploughmen
of the three Ploughs, to he drawn by oxen,
>\bich shall be adjudged, by a competent Com
v^ mittee, to have performed the best nnrk, Tvith
'^ the Icust expense of labor ^ not exceeding half an
acre to each plough, and of such depth as the-
Committee shall direct.

First Plough $20 Second Plough $12 Third Plough $:;

5 Ploughman 10 Ploughman 6 Ploughman ^A

3 Driver 5 Driver 3 Driver 2

In each case, if there be no Driver, both

sums to be awarded to the Ploughman.

The persons intending to contend for these
Prizes, must give notice, in writing, to S. W.
Po!.iERov, or GoKiUM Parsons, Esq'rs. of Bri"-h-
lon, on or before the 2d da}' of October, so that
proper arrangements may he made for the pur-
pose. No person, w ill, on any consideration,
be admitted without such notice. The compe-
titors will also be considered as agreeing to fol-
low such rules and regulations as may be adopt-
ed by the Committee, on the subject. The
ploughs to be ready to start at 9 o'clock, a. m.

The result of the last Ploughing Matches at
Brighton, and the satisfaction expressed by so

Cotton, must be of the growth and nianuficture
of the State of Massachusetts. And all Manu-
factures, when presented, must have a private
mark, and any public or known mark must be
completely concealed, so as not to be seen, or
known by the Committee, nor must the Propri-
etors be present when they are examined ; in
default of either of these requisitions, the arti-
cles will not lie deemed entitled to considera-
tion or premium.

.■\nimnls. Manufactures, or Articles, may be
offered for ])reniium at Brighton, notwithstand-
ing they may have received a premium from n
County ,\g-ricnltural Society.

It is understood, that whenever, merely from
a want of competition, any ol' the claimants may
be considered entitled to the jueniium, imder a
literal construction, yet if, in the opinion of the
Judges, the object so offered is not deserving of
any reward, the .Judges shall have a right to
reject such claim*. Persons to whom juTmi-
ums shall be awarded, may, at their option,
have an article of Plate, with suitable inscrip-
tions, in lieu of money. Premiums will be paid
within ten days after they shall be awarded.

That in any case in which a pecuniary pre-
mium is offered, the Trustees may, having re-
gard to the circumstances of the competitor,
award either one of the Society's gold or silver
medals in lieu of the pecuniary premium an-
nexed to the several articles.

That if anv competitor for any of the Society's
jiremiums sjiall be discovered to liave used any

many of their agricultural brethren, will induce
All the above Manufactures, except when of | "'e ^'wiet.v to continue these premiums annu-

llv, in connexion with the Cattle Show, as an

efficacious means for exciting emulation and
improvement in the use and construction of the
most important instrument of agriculture.

Persons intending to offer any species of Stock
for premiums, are requested to give notice
thereof, either by letter (post paid) stating the
article, or to make personal application to Mr.
.ToNATHAN Wixsmp, at Brighton, on or before the
8th day of October, and requesting him to enter
such notice or application ; so that tickets may
he ready at 9 o'clock, on the 9tl# No person
will he considered as a competitor, who shall
not have given such notice, or made such ap-
plication for entry, on or before the lime above
specified.

All articles of manufactures must be entered
and deposited in the Society's Rooms, on Mon-
day, the 7th of October, and will be examined
bv the Committee on Tuesday, the 8th, the day
before the Cattle Show ; and no person but the
Trustees shall be admitted to examine them
before the Show. The articles so exhibited,
must be left till after the Show, for the satisfac-
tion of the public.

The applicants will be held to a rigid com-
l>liance with this rule relative to entries, as
well as to the other rules prescribed.

The examination of every species of stock,
(except working oxen) will take place on the
9lh ; and the trial of Working Oxen, examina-
tion of Inventions, and Ploughing Match, ou lli£
lOlh of October.

NEW ExNGLAND FARiMKR.

The Trii.-^tees also propose lo appropriate, on
the second day of the Cattle Sho.v, their Pens
for tlu! public sale of any Animals, that have
been ollered for prcminm, and also ot any oth-
ers, that are considered hy them, as possessing
line qualities ; and their Ylalls for the public
sale of ManiUactures. Both sales to take place
at half past eleven o'clock, precisely. And for
all Animals or Manufactures, that are intended
to be sold, notice must be given to the -Secre-
tary, before 10 o'clock of the 10th. Auction-
eers will be provided by the Trustees.
By order of the Trustees,

J. LOWELL,

J. PRINCE,

G. PARSONS,

E. H. DERBY,
January, 1822.

Committee.

From tlie Boston Daily Advertiser.

COXSTRUCTIO.Y OF STABLES.
Most of the horses brought into this town
from the country, become soon diseased, gene-
rallv in the course of the first week, and fre-
Hueutly in 24 or 43 hours after they are phced
in our stables. It has been frequently ftsked
what can be the cause of this sudden alteration
in the health of the animal, and it has almost as
frequently been answered, a change of air and
of food. There is no doubt a change of food
has some inlluencc, but the effect is principal-
ly attributable to a change of air. It is not
however the kind of change, that is generally
supposed. It is not the bringing horses from a
fresh atmosphere to a salt one, that pro-
duces the disease I allude to. It is the brmg-
ing them from a pure atmosphere, and confin-
ing them in crowded stables, where the air be-
ing vitiated bj' respiration, and the effluvia from
nnimal bodies, a malignant quality, which being
inhaled by horses imacustomed to it, soon de-
ranges the system and generates disease ; and
So long as our stables are constructed, as they
now are, so long will our country horses be
sick , when brought into them. We have ali
of us heard of jail fever, hospital fever, plague
and typhus; and much has been said about the
domestic origin of yellow fever, but what jail,
hospital or prison ship; or what situation in our
streets, or about our wharves, can be found,
where the air is so vitiated as in a common
stable ? Imagine for instance 30 or 40 horses
confined inii space 50 by 30 feet, and 9 feet
high, (the scafl'old is generally about 9 feet
from the ground) surrounded by a brick wall,
without windows, and no ventilators through
the roof; and no outlet for the hot air, except
at the doors, and those closed at night ; and then
consider the fact as stated by Dr. Hales, that a
man cannot live in 74 cubical inches of air, one
minute, without danger of sutiocation. It is ob-
vious, that a horse so situated, must breathe the
same air over and over again and not only the
air which has repeatedly passed through his
lungs, but that which has been breathed many
times by other horses, and is filled with exhal-
' ations, arising from animal secretions and excre-
tions ; and perhaps too, the planks and timbers
of the very stall he stands in, may have been
saturated, for years, with excrementious matter,
which can emit only noxious effluvia, or what
is called animal miasms.

It has been stated by a writer of some emin-
ence, that three thousand men contined in the

compass of one acre of ground, ivould make an
atmosphere of their own steams, seventy feet
hi;;h, which would soon become pestilential, if
it were not dispersed by the winds. After
considering these facts, who can doubt what
generates disease in horses brought into our
stables from the country? The only doubt that
naturally suggests itself is, how our horses get
along so well as they do. After gettinc: over
their first sickness, or seasoning, as it is called,
(which requires more or less time, according to
the constitution of the horse, and the stable in
which he is placed) they go on tolerably well.
Their constitutions become assimilated to their
situation, as to the air which they breathe, and
its effects are not so injurious ; in the same man-
ner as a man, may become so accustomed trom
habit, to the use of tobacco, opium, and arsenic,
that they will not make him sick, jet none will
say. that these are not injurious to the human
constitution ; and I believe few will say, when
the subject is properly understood, that the air
in our stables is not equally so to the animal.

In making these remarks, I have but one mn-
tivej which is to draw the attention of the pub-
lic to this subject, in hopes that an alteration in
the construction of our stables may be the con-
sequence. We have many excellent buildings
in this towui occupied as stables, and with a few
alterations, they might be made very healthy
and comfortable dwellings, for horses.

In constructing a stable, the first object ought
to be a propfcr system of ventilation. This
may be effected in the following way. Let a
hole 3 by 4 inches he knocked through the
brick wall, immediately above the head of each
horse, and another of the same dimensions op-
posite to it, and parallel with the floor of the
stall. This will occassion a perfect and con-
stant ventilation. As it is the property of hot
air to ascend, every time the horse makes an
expiration, the air expelled from his lungs, be-
ing more rare than the surrounding atmosphere,
wdl go out at the upper hole, and a correspond-
ing quantity of pure air will come in at the low-
er hole.

No danger is to be apprehended from cold
air coming in at the upper hole, upon the head
of the horse, as the current will constantly be
turned upwards. The rarified and unwhole-
some air will escape at the upper hole, and the
wholesome air will come in at the lower.

As some stables may be so situated, as to
render this method of ventilation impracticable,
1 would recommend, where this is the case, that
one, two, three or four openings be made
through the roof The number ougiit to be in
proportion to the length and size of the stable.
This may be done in the following wa}'. Let a
hole be cut through the scalVold about 3 feet
square, and another directly over it, through
the root', about 2 feet square, and let a box be
inserted, open at each end, of a shape and size,
to correspond- to these two openings, and sulTi-
ciently long to extend from the under side of
the scatTold, through Hie roof. Then let holes
be cut through the doors, or through some con-
venient parts of the stable, on a jjarallel with
the fioor, of equal number and dimensions, as
those through the roof. By this method a re-
gular and systematic ventilation will be pro-
duced. If any one doubts the justness of these
remarks, and believes that our present method
of stabling a good one, and that horses ought to

be kept in a hot air. and covered up with wool-
en blankets, let him trj' the experiment upon
himself; let him sleep in a heated room, with
ten or fifteen others, covered up with clothes,
sweat it out for the night, and try the condition
he will be in for any kind of employment '
whatever.

I cannot refrain here from making one or
two remarks upon the very common, but very
absurd practice of blanketing horses in the sta-
ble, thougli this is a sul>ject which more pro-
perly belong; to the maiuigcment of horses than
the construction of stables.

It must be obvious to every one, who reflects
at all upon this subject, that if a horse requires
one blanket in a warm stable, he ought to have
two when he goes out in a cold storm. Instead
of this, when the horse is taken from the stall,
his blanket is throw i off, and he is exposed per-
haps for the day to the inclemency of the wea-
ther, and frequently withotrt much exercise to
counteract the ellects of cold. Even the con-
stitution of a horse cannot withstand this treat-
ment. He soon becomes infirm, decrepit, and
broken down. His usefulness is diminished and
his life shortened by this kind of iiwiiagement.

From the Rhode Island .\mcrican.

FARMERS— ATTEjyn.
James !-isson, Esq. who lives at Warren
Neck, about three miles from the village of
Warren, is well known to the publick as an en-
terprising Agriculturali^. He is always seek-
ing improvements in what is most useful to his
fellow-citizens, viz. Orchards, the introduction
of new kinds of Grain, the best mode of culti-
vating his farm, &c. He imported from Bre-
inen,"in November, 1820, two pairs of the larg-
est kind of Geese, supposed lo be the largest in
the world, weighing when fatted, 20 pounds,
and, it is confidently asserted, some weigh 30
pounds- At first he' was rather discouraged, as
they would not cat Indian corn, an-d the spring
following they sat early and both Geese reared
but one to maturity. That one, however, this
spring, brought off two litters, and the two old
pairs each brought up a litter ; he now has 17
young and 5 old ones., all perfectly white and
liealthy, and of full size. They feed and set as
well as any of our common Geese ; the young
cenie off healthy and strong, and yield about
double the quantity of t'eathers. I was at his
farm, a few days since, and was highly gratified
in viewing on the lawn directly in front of the
house, two beautiful flocks of snowy whiteness
(he has the common geese, feeding near them,
and they resemble ducks in point of size) and 1
have no hesitation in recommending to the
farmers of New-England that they introduce
this valuable breed of poultry into their barn
yards. Mr. Sisson will dispose of a few pairs,
if applied for soon, and the opportunity ought
not to be neglected.

A Fiiend to Agriculture.

A'ea) Covering for Floors. — A new material
has been introduced and is becoming fashiona-
ble in Philadelphia as a covering for floors. It
is made of paper, is said to be very handsome,
as it may be fashioned in a great variety of
patterns, is quite durable, and is only one quar-
ter as expensive as Carpets or Oil Cloth.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Facts and observations rei.atlng to
AGRICULTURE & DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

\V0UKI.\O BULLS.

"The bull ii naturally vicious, anil often be-
cotnes so mischievous as to cndatigci many val-
uable lives ; an evil which wc conceive mi^ht
be remedied by training him to labor. For,
being tlie only, beast of his size which is in-
dulged in idleness, and as he possesses e(|iial
strength with the ox, we doulH not, but ii he
were properlj' worked, and allowed to indulge
his desires during the breeding season, he woidd,
by being inured to labor and attended by man-
kind become gradually tame, and harmless, as
the horse, or any other naturally vicious ani-
mal. Several experiments, indeed, have been
made for this purpose ; and from their success-
ful result, we think the practice of working
bulls maybe advantageously adopted; especi-
ally as these animals are not only broken in
with little difiiculty, and work well, but also
because they recover from fatigue much sooner
than an ox." — Complete Grazier.

REMEDY against ANTS AND SPIDERS.

Mr. Clutterbuck, Jr. of Watford, washed the
walls of his hot-house with a painter's brush,
dipped in a solution made of four ounces of cor-
rosive sublimate, in two gallons of water : and
since that a|>piication, neither the red spider,
against which this remedy was employed, nor
auts have made their appearance.

Domestic Encyclopedia.

CRICKETS.

An easy method of destroying crickets is to
place phials half full of beer, or anv other li-
quid near their holes, whence they will crawl
into them and cannot escape. Cats are ver\'
fond of crickets ; but the great quantities they
consume often occasion their death. Hence it
is more advisable to destroy these insects, either
by pouring hot water into the holes through
which they retreat, or exposing boiled peas or
carrots, mashed up with quick-silver, in places
which they frequent. Another mode of exter-
minating them, consists in placing pea straw
near their habitations, and then immersing them
in water, together with this straw, to which
they are peculiarly attached. — ibid.

REMEDY AGAINST VERMIN WHICH INFEST SWINE.

Mr. .loscph W. Ballard, of Mount Pleasant,
Isle of Wight County, Virginia, directs, in cases
where hogs are infested with vermin, to lake
" a little tar, and grease of any kind sufficient
to make the tar quite thin, then pour it over
the hogs, when fed, sufficiently so as to have
them quite smeared with the tar; this may be
repeated often in the summer and fall, as Icon-
ce^e it to be an excellent thing for the health
of the hogs — Or in good weather you may give
to each hog a small table spoonful of sulphur in
the.r food, or in damp weather have them well
sprinkled with strong wood ashes ; either of
these remedies will prevent or destroy the
vermin." — American Farmer.

SrENT TAN OR TANNEr's WASTE.

This substance is, we believe, valuable for
agricultural purposes, and have therefore been
sorry to see a great (Jeal of it accumulating in
useless piles al)out tanner's yards, and sciittcred
about highways and commons. It is probable,

however, that if it is employed as a manure in
a crude state, it may not prove immediately
useful. It would be likely to retain something of
the gallic acid, which is we believe unfriendly to
vegetation. This acid, however, may easily be
neutralized by mixing with the hark a quantity
of quick lime.

The Complete Grazier informs us that " Oak
bark, or, (more correctly speaking,) tanner's
ivaste, may be accumulated into small heaps,
and mixed with lime and a sufficient degree o!
water to keep it moist, and promote its decom-
position and putrefaction. It is an excellent
manure for cold stifl' soils, whether arable or
grass lands ; but for the latter it should be made
to approach the nature of vegetable mould as
much as po.ssible. The best time of spreading
it on grass lands is shortly after Michaelmas,
(beginning of October) that the winter rains
may wash it into the ground ; as, if it be ai>pli-
ed in the spring it will burn the grass, and ex-
haust rather than improve the soil fur that
season."

It has been said that if boxes are made round
peach trees about one foot in height, to hold
about a peck, and these tilled with the bark
taken from tan vats, pressed a little together,
the trees will remain free from worms about
their roots, which often prove fatal to them.
.Spent tan, likewise, we have been told, will
preserve fruit trees from the curculio, (a small
worm which is found in jierhaps one half the
apples and pears raised in New England.) We
apprehend, however, that if this substance is
intended as a preservative against insects, it
should be applied in a fresh state, and without
being mixed with lime, as it is probably the
acid which proves destructive to insects, and
the acid would be destroyed by quick lime. —
Another use of spent tan spread about the roots
of fruit trees is to prevent a too early vegeta-
tion in the spring, and thus the buds and blos-
soms escape early frosts.

WEIGHT OF SWINE.

The Complete Grazier gives the following
rules to guard the unsuspecting purchaser a-
gainst imposition in buying swine : — " When
swine are fat, it appears from actual experi-
ments that every twenty pounds of live weight
will, when killed, produce from twelve to four-
teen pounds clear weight. Where the hogs do
not exceed twelve stone of fourteen pounds to
the stone, the weight will be twelve pounds ; if
they be of a larger size, it will be upon an ave-
rage about fourteen pounds ; so that if a larmer
or breeder weigh his beasts while alive, he will
be enabled to ascertain the net profitable weight
when dead; and likewise by weighing the hogs
every week to fix the best time for disposing ol'
them to advantage ; because, as soon as an ani-
mal ceases to acquire that daily increase, which
makes it beneficial to keep him, the best step
that can be followed is to sell or slaughter him
without delay."

MANGEL Wl'RTZEL.

A writer in the Farmer's Journal, an English
periodical publication of much merit, in treating
of the culture of Mangel Wurtzel, observes that
'' Having noticed the issue of an innumerable
quantity of small lateral fibres from the sides of
this plant during its vegetation ; considering
them conductors of nutriment, and that putres-

cent vegetable or other matter was the be-i
pabulum, a compost of dung and soil (preparcii
in autumn^ was ploughed in with tiie whe;i
stubble ; the succeeding ploughings. harrowinv-.
i;c. well mixed it with the soil. This was the
largest crop 1 ever cultivated or have seen ;
which I attribute, in a srreat measure, to the
intimately mixing the manure with the soil."
" This remark," says the editor of that jniper,
" is doubly important, as it shews that autumn
ploughing, and broadcast dunging (performed in
autumn) are best for mangel wurtzel."

SCRAPINGS OF ROADS, AND MCD FRO.M SWAMPS, &.C.

.Some little knowledge of chemistry seems in-
dispensable for the proper management of ma-
nures. A writer in the Farmers" Journal states
in substance that turnips manured with scrap-
ings from the city road, consisting chiellv of
ballast ground to powder, enriched with the
droppings of cattle, grew very vigorously until
the bulbs should have swelled, when they all
turned yellow and died, notwithstandinar they
were, from time to time, well watered. The
same writer says, •• The experiments of Mr.
Malcolm prove that scrapings from gra\ el roads
may be generally suspected of containing quali-
ties injiirious* to vegetation, although the drop-
pings of cattle, &ic. mixed therewith, give a
temporary vigor to the plant. On the other
hand, scrapings from chalky roads, or any calca-
reous stone may be very useful on suitable soils."

We have likewise know n swamp-mud, appar-
ently rich, hut mixed with sulphate of iron
(copperas) (as was manifested by that kind of
scum on the water drained from the swamp
which denotes the presence of that metal) dis-
appoint the expectations of farmers, who used
it for manure. This may be easily accounted
for. " Vitriolic impregnations," according to
Sir Humphrey Davy, '"in soils where there is
no calcareous matter, are injurious, jirobablv m
cons;_'quence of their supplying an excess of
ferruginous matter to the sap. Oxide of iron i
in small quantities forms a useful part of soil',
and probably is hurtful only in acid combina-
tions." The remedy, in such cases, is simple,
and is thus pointed out by Sir Humphrey Dav\ .
" If on washing sterile soil it is found to contain
the salts of iron, or any acid matter, it mav be
ameliorated by the application of quick lime.
A soil of good apparent texture from Lincoln-
shire, was put into my hands b« Sir Joseph
Banks, as remarkable lor sterililvT on examin-
ing it, I t'ound that it contained sulphate of iron ;
and 1 offered the obvious remedy of top dres-
sing with lime, which converts the sulphate
into a manure. "t The sulphuric acid ol the
sulphate of iron, combines with the lime and
forms sulphate of lime, which is Gypsum, or
Piaster of Paris.

GOOD HINTS.

The following, extracted from an .\ddress by
.Mr. James Garnett, President of the Fredericks-
I'urgli Agricultural Society, delivered belore
that Society at an anniversary meeting, may be
found well worth the attention of those whom
it mav concern.

'• I here beg leave to offer, (although I know
that 1 shall receive no thanks for it) a stigges-

* Probably sulphatf of iron (copperas) or some other
combination '>i'acifi« willi metals.

t Ag;ricultural Chemistry, p. 141, Philadelphia ed.

NEW ENCLAND FARMER.

tio;i to nil makers oi" pati^nrcJ asricultural iiii-
I'lrments. This is to calculate well before they
t\\ their ])nces, whether they could not make
t;rvitoi' profits by selhnsj at lower rates. 1
kiunv a maker of cast-iron ploug'hs, tor instance,
who, allhoMcrh he has considerably reduced his
p; ; es, still receives at least twenty cents per
pi vi.ul tor th'm, as I have ascertained by actual
w :?hiii£;', when common castings, the monopo-
ly of which is not secured by patent, sell from
^\\ to ei^ht cents! This dilTerence, I think,
/ IV well be called an exorbitant exaction ; and
my certain knowledge it has prevented mam
ii: i-s from using, notwithstanding they highly
liove lb' ra. Now, although I ivould be one
uie last men in the world to withhold liberal
I I luiragement from new inventions, yet I must
. tliat some ot the authors of them appear to
I iuire other restraints than those which their
iiwii consciences and our patent law afford. —
Tiiat any very useful discovery should enrich
the man who makes it, 1 think all quite fair ;
liin his riches should result rather from the ex-
ili^ive right of selling his invention, . and the
I'i iihicts thereof, than from his extravagant
jHolils on the articles which he vends beyond
what they would command if he bad no mouo-

pnly."*

Extracts from an Address delivered before the
Pliiladelphia Society for promoting Agriculture,
at its annual meeting on the loth Jan. 1822.

'• It was stated two years ago by one of the
Vice-Presidents of this Society, that the average
cri-p of wheat in Lancaster count3> which is
considered the richest in the state, did not pro-
bably exeecd fifteen bushels per acre. Now
llie average of all France is more than eighteen
bushels — the average of all England twenty-four
— and in some counties, as in Middlesex and the
Luthians, forty. With regard to rents, it is not
t asy to speak with accuracy. If we except the
alluvial meadows near this city, which rent for
nine or ton dollars per acre, 1 should not esti-
mate the avenige rent of cleared land with im-
provements within the district just mentioned,
at more than two or three dollars. In Italy, in
England, and in Scotland, lands not particularly
favored by vicinity to markets, lent for from
Sixteen to twenty dollars, and in the neighbor-
hood of large cities, from thirty to forty dollars.
The causes of this inferioritj' may be discov-
ered in two characteristics of our farming — a
disjiroportionale capital, and an inefficient cul-
tivation. The first is a striking deficiency.
Agriculture, though a very common, ii not, I
think, a favorite pursuit in Pennsylvania. It
attracts few from the other classes, and its ranks
are rather thinned by desertion than recruited
by volunteers. The enterprising shun it for its
iiiictivily ; the gay from its loneliness; the pru-
'■ !!t from its unproductiveness; so that altho"
J I eat proportion of the wealth of the state is
•I in land, an exceedingly small capital is
'>ted to farming. We too often exhaust our
■ ns in clearing or purchasing a farm, leaving
;ctly any resources for stocking and culli-
\aiing it. Now an English farmer, with a cer-
tain capital, rents a farm, as a manufacturer
rents a house, and devotes his capital to extract
.Irom it the greatest possible produce. Accord-
ingly his proceedings seem almost incredioie to
the possessors of large American farms. It has

* "ree Americau Faruicr. May 3, 1822.-

becoiTi!^ a settled maxim of English husbandry,
that before occupying good arable land, a capi-
tal of from thirty to forty dollars per acre is
necessary. On an estate of three hundred acres,
therefore, a farmer begins by exp"nding in ]ire-
parations nine thousand dollars ; and his annual
disbursements in labor, manure and other arti-
cles, are about five thousand dollars a }'car.
His operations are all on a proportionate scale.
To contract to pay a rent of liventy or thirty
thousand dollars ; to expend in a single year on
lime alone, eleven thousand dollars; to pa^- two
thousand dollars a year for rape cake to manure
lurni|)s ; to make a compost heap costing four
thousand dollars ; sucii are the combinations of
wealth and skill to produce good husbandry.
These we cannot, and we need not imitate.
But they may teach ns that we should measure
our enterjirises by our means ; and that an ill
managed farm can tio more be profitable than
an empty factor)'. Men praise the bounty of
nature. It is much safer to rely on her Justice,
which rarely fails to reward our care and avenge
our neglect. Our farms, then, though small, are
generally too large for our capitals ; that is we
work badly too much ground, instead of culti-
vating well a little. It is wonderlul, indeed,
bow profusely a small spot of ground will re-
ward good husbandrj-. There are in Itai}' hun-
dreds and thousands of people, living on t'arms
of I'roni four to ten acres, and paying to the
owner one third or one half the produce. The
whole straw for the Leghorn bonnets, by the
exportation of which in a single year five hun-
dred thousand dollars were gained, would grow
on two acres. There are in Switzerland some
hill sides, formed into terraces, which have sold
for two thousand dollars an acre ; and in fortu-
nate spots for gardening, as near London, a sin-
gle acre will yield a clear profit of from eight
to nine hundred dollars a year. These exam-
ples may perhaps explain, hcrw without the
great capitals of England, and without diminish-
ing our tarras, we may gradually render them
richer and more productive by judicious cul-
ture."'

BARN Y.\RDS AKD STERC0R.4R1ES OR MANURE HEAPS.

The following humorous exposition of the
faults of some farmers, as respects the economy
of their barn yards and stercoraries, is extracted
lYom an Address to the Ma.ssachusetts Agricultu-
ral Society, by the Hon. Josiah Quincy.

" As we proceed to the farm we will stop
one moment at the barn yard. We shall say
nothing about the arrahgements of the barn.
They must include comfort, convenience, pro-
tection, for his stock, his haj', and his fodder,
or they are little or nothing. ' We go thither
tor the purpose only of looking at what the
learned call the stercorary, but which farmers
know by the name of the manure heap. What
is its state ? How is it located ? Sometimes we
see the barn yard on the top of a hill, with two
or three fine rocks in the centre ; so that what-
ever is carried or left there, is sure of being
chicHy exhaled by the sun, or washed away by
the rain. Sometimes it is to be seen in the
hollow of some valley, into which all the hills
and neiochboring buildings precipitate their wa-
ters. Of consequence ali its contents are drown-
ed or water soaked, or what is worse, there
having been no care about the bottom of the
lecoptacie, its wealth goes off in the under
strata, to enrich possibly the antipodes.

" Now all this is to the last degree wastet'ul,
absur<l and impoverishing. Too much cannot
be said to expose the loss and injury which the
farmer thus sustains. Let the farmer want what-
ever else he pleases — but let no man call him-
self a farmer, who sutlers himself to v/ant a re-
ceptacle for his mrmure, water-tight at the bol-
tom, and covered over at the top, so that below
nothing shall be lost by drainage ; and above,
nothing shall be carried away by evaporation.
Let not the size of his manure heap be any ob-
jection. If it be great, he looses the more, and
can afford the expense better. If it be small,
this is the best way to make it become greater.
Besides, what is wanted? An excavation, two or
three feet deep, well clayed, paved and '• dish-
ing," as it is called, of an area from six to thirty
feet square, according to the quantity of the
manure ; over head a roof made of rough boards
and refuse lumber if he pleases."'

CURE FOR THE BITE OF THE RATTLESNAKE OR OTHER
VE.VOMOUS ANI.MAL.

We have had the pleasure of a conversation
with Dr. .Joseph Moore, of Gibsonport, Miss.
who informs us that, during eighteen years res-
idence in that climate, there have come under
his particular care thirteen cases of the bite of
the rattlesnake and moccasin, (the latter of
ivhich is more venomous than the rattlesnake)
and that he has found the following a certain
and immediate cure. The remedy was intro-
duced into Europe from Asia, by Sir William
Jones, and has the confidence of the medical
faculty, wherever it has been applied.

Give to a grown person a teaspoonful of the
volatile spirit of sal ammoniac, or what is com-
monly called spirits of hartshorn, in half a wine
glass of water, every half hour, until the symp-
toms disappear, binding at the same time a linen
clotii, of three or four thicknesses, wet with the
spirits, unmixed with water, to the wound ; the
cloth to be wetted in the spirits every five mi-
nutes.

If the wound has been given some hours be-
fore the application can be applied, it should
be scarified freely round the bite with a sharp
knife or lancet, before the wet cloth is laid on.

The most severe and obstinate cases have
been known to yield to this remedy in a tew
hours.

Very great care ought to he taken that the
spirits of hartshorn should be kept tightly cork-
ed ; for, if exposed to the air, it soon looses its
efficacy. — Village Record.

EFFECTUAL CURE FOR THE CHOLERA MORBUS.

Take four ounces of chipped log wood, and
one ounce of cinnamon, put them in three pints
of water, and boil them down to a pint and a
half; then strain it and add a pint of brandy,
and tour ounces of loaf sugar ; then simmer it
over a slow fire for a short time, and then put
it up for use. For a grown person take a table
spoonl'ul, and a child a tea spoonful. • Our in-
former, a respectable gentleman from L'pper
Marion Township, Pennsylvania, states that it
has been used in his family, also by several of
his neighbors, and in every instance it has been
found to give almost immediate relief.

Philadelphia Union.

A correspondent informs us that if land is in-
fested with white weed, it will be effectually
destroyed in two years by jiasturing sheep onii.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Candles -j:iih wooden ■a.ichs. — A writer in
the Aurora, states the result ol" an experiment
he has made with wood for the candle wick.
The wooil was of a cypress shingle, siilit to
the size of a rye straw and made round, so tiiat
the coat of cotton which was applied, niiiflit be
more easily put on by rollint; the stick u|)('n a
card which contained the cotton, and whicii liail
l)cen previously well carded. The candle i\ itii
the wooden wick lasted 7 hours while i>ne of
the same size (six to the pound) with cotton
wick, lasted but 5 hour*. Agreeably to this
experiment, a pound of candles will last forly-
fwo hours, when they would only last thirty
made the usual way.

SAIL CLOTH.— Wc are ploa'od to bo able
to announce the successful establishment of a
manufactory of Sail Cloth, on a new and improv-
ed principle at Stoncham, near this city, by a
Mr. JoiiNsox. Bolts of Jifl'erent numbers" of Mr.
J's manufacture have been sent tor inspection
to the Charlestown Navy Yard, whose fabric
has been declared by competent judges, to be
decidedly superior^ in beauty and streni^th, to
any article of this kind ever exhibited in the
U. States. — Boston Statesman.

WOOL. — A correspondent informs us, that
from January 1st to June 30th, of the present
year, there has been imported into this district
Irom foreign ports, one hundred and niartij seven
thousand nine, hundred and four pounds of Wool.
A very sound reason for our farmers to grow
more of that useful article, as it will coinmand
readily the money, from thirty-two to sixty
cents per pound. — ib.

The Long Island Farmer states, that eleven
pounds of well washed fine white wool was
sheared, a few days since, t'rom a merino buck
belonging to Mr. James Scott. — jV. Y. Gazette.

Canada Thistle. — Mr. Butler states from his
own experience, for the information of farmers
and agriculturists, that if the Canadian thistle is
cut down in this month it will decay, for these
reasons : the seed will be rendered abortive,
and the stock, which is hollow, will fill with
water and destroy the plant.

Ulster Pkheiun.

Easy cure for the Ague. — When the fit is on,
take a new laid egg in a glass of brandy, and
go to bed immediately. This very simple re-
ceipt has cured a great many, after more cele-
brated i)reparatioiis have proved unsuccessful.

Jlrsenic. — A man, says an English paper, was
poisoned in a very singular maimer. His physi-
cian prescribed for him a dose of arsenic and
sent it to a druggist to be yiut u|). The drug-
gist ha\ ing adju'^ted his scales with the proper
weights, turned to get the arsenic ; while in the
act of getting it, a worm or catterpillar crawled
up the scales in which the weights wore, and in
this situation added its own weight, which occa-
sioned the dose to be too large, and thus des-
troyed the patient.

Dense Population. — .Vt Pawtucket, near Prov-
idence, on an area of from eighty to ninety
acres of land, there are three hundred and sev
f.niij seven families, and tzco thousand three hun
dred and ninety Jhrce individuals.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

liOSTOX.—SATVlUJJlY, AUGUST 24, 1822.

A friend to our establislimt-nt, and a member of the
Massachusetts .4?riciiltMial .Society, liaving- suggested
to us thp propriety auil probable utility of republishing
till- Notice of the Cattle Show, List of Premiums, &c.
with which this number commences, we have given it
a place to the exclusion of some others articles intend-
f <l for this day's paper. We are happy in being in any
degree instrumental in furthering the views of the So-
ciety ; and those to whom our first article conveys
nothing new, will excuse its republication when they
are informed that we have distant subscribers, who,
prubably, have not seen the list of premiums, and who,
perhaps, may yet be induced to become competitors
for tlio.se rewards, with which the bounty of the gov-
ernment and the liberality of the Trustees of the Socie-
ty propose to remunerate superior skill and industry in
various departments of Agriculture and Domestic Man-
ufactures.

Rye Coffee. — A writer in the N. E. Palladium of the
23d inst. with tlie signature " A Middlesex Farmer,"
has controverted the assertions and theories of a
■' Friend to Health," (published in our last No. p. 19,)
relative to the injurious effects of rye when used for
Domestic Coffee, &c. We do not wish to condemn
one of the staple articles of our country without at
least giving it a fair trial, and its advocates a full and
ijnpartial hearing. We shall, therefore, give the re-
marks in favor of Rye Coffee, by " A Middlesex Far-
mer," in our next number.

COOKING FOOD FOR CATTLE.

{^Cuntinuid from page 23.)

.4 great advantage, which results from preparing
food for cattle by steaming or boiling is obtained by its
converting U'afer into solid food. This may appear in-
credible to those who have either not thought at all, or
thought somewhat superficially on the subject. A few-
grains of reflection however, together with a spice or
two of philosophy may serve to show that water is ca-
pable of affording a great deal of nutriment eiUier in a
liquid or solid form. We pass over the fact that some
jthints will grow with no other nourishment than what
is afforded by water and air, and proceed to show that
much nutriment for animals may be obtained from
water, when combined witli other substances, by the
agency of heat.

It is a fact, which will be acknowledged as soon as
suggested that a pound of Indian meal, or of rice, when
boiled, gives more nourishment to man, or bea.st, than
several pounds in a raw state. Count Rumford says
" From the result of actual experiment it appears
that for each pound of Indian meal employed in making
ha«ly pudding, we may reckon three pounds nine ounci.t
of the pudding."* And again '' Three pounds of Indi-
an meal, three quarters of a pound of molasses, and one
ounce of salt, having been mixed with five pints ol'
boiling water, and boiled six hours produced a pudding,
which weighed I tn pounds and one ounce. "t The gain ol
weiglit in boiling rice is still greater. Now it is evident
that these dishes must contain much more nourishment,
as well as more substance after having been cooked
than could have been derived from their materials, if
swallowed in a raw state.

But we will give another example to show that
water is not only capable of being converted by heat
into solid nutriment, but may even be made to compose

* Riiniford^s Essai/.i, vol. \.page 258, Eoslon Edition.
+ liumford''e Essays, page 26^1.

a constituent part ol sugar, oi.t of the aiost nutiitious ol
all substances. It is remarked by De Saussure thut
"As Starch boiled in water with sulphuric aid, a I
thereby changed into Sugar, increases in weight -ni ii-
out uniting with any sulphuric aid or gas, or with, ut
forming any gas wc are under the necessity of ascribing
the change soltly to the fixation of ualtr. Hence \.(
must conclude that Starch sugar is nothing else than a
comliination of starch u-ilh leater in a solid state. T\i<
sulphuric acid is not decomposed, or united to tl..
starch as a constituent.* Should any person still doii
whether water can exist in a solid state, combined
with other bodies let him take the trouble to weigh a
small quantity of quick lime, then slack it with water.
and mark the increase of its weight. If then .10/ J
nourishment can be obtained from water by any chi ap
and practicable process, that husbandman must be
blind to his own interest who omits to make use of such
process.

Having thus as we conceive settled the point that it
is good economy to steam or boil food for cattle, we will
now attend to some enquiries respecting the best mode,
of executing such processes. Our observations will bo
plain and practical : and should we fail to point out
the best methods of effecting our object, we may p. r-
haps be of service by directing the attention of others i .
the subject, who may be more capable of its investiga-
tion.

We are not fully acquainted with all the impro\ f -
ments in producing steam for steam engines and otlur
purposts. We shall however advert to some inven-
tions of the kind which appear to us simple as well as
ingenious and perhaps superior to the means generally
employed for similar uses.

A boiler invented by Count Rumford, and presented
to the French National Institute is described in Aikin^p
Atheneum. The substatice of the description is as
follows.

Tilis boiler was made on a small scale being a cop-
per cylinder only twelve inches in diameter, and as
many in heightli, closed at top and bottom with cir-
circular plates. From the bottom seven tubes projected
downward, each nine inches long, and three inches ,
across, open next the cavity of the boiler and closed at
their further extremities. From the top of the boiler
a short tube arose six inches in diameter, and three
inches high, shut at the top by a copper plate, through
which passeil one tube for the safety valve, anoth-
er to convey the steam when wanted, and a third
to admit water fiom the reservoir to supply the evapo-
ration. This last tube passed downwards to within an
inch of the bottom plate, where it was furnished with a
cork and floating ball, that was so placed as to keep
the water six inches deep in the cavity of the boiler
above that in the tubes. t The furnace in which this
boiler was placed was of sheet iron three inches high,
and seventeen inches in diameter, lined with masonry,
which is not particularly described ; but as the grate
is mentioned to be but six inches in diameter, it is
probable that the cavity of the fire-place was of a con-
ical shape from it to the bottom of the seven tubes.

Count Rumford reports that the boiler exceeded his
expectations — he supposes that a boiler made in this
form would have more strength in proportion to the
surface exposed to the same internal pressure than one
in the usual shape, and that it would be less liable to

* See a Treatise on Manxires, printed in the same
volume vith Sir Htnnplirrt/ Oavi/^s ^igncullural Che-
mistrij, PhitadcJiiliia Edition.

t This contrivance is probahli/ the same, or bears so7ur
analogy to what Mr. Smith calls the '■'■ se!f-supi>li/{f l-
valrc, which is apt to get out of order.'''' Sec our lu.-
A~o. p. 23, 'id col.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

loss of liiat iVoin cold air coming in contact with its
iuternal surl'acc.

When a boiler of this kind is constructed on a large
scale, the Count mentions that the seven descending
lubes may be made of cast iron, and the rest of the
boiler sheet iron, or copper; and thinks that when of
this construction, it will cost less than one of equal
surface of the usual form.

A Mr. Lloyd obtained a patent in England for a
boiler, which is described in substance as follows :

Tlie bottom of Mr. Lloyd's boiler is introverted, so
as to form a cavity which would nearly hold as much
as the boiler itself, if it were reversed ; the sides of this
cavity are somewhat conical, and from the top a pipe
passes out at one side through the cavity of the boiler
to the air ; the whole boiler or kettle is surrounded by
an external case, a Tittle distant from it all round, clos-
ed at top, and having a small opening at the side to
give vent to the smoke. The small pipe adds some-
what to the effect, but is not absolutely necessary.
For large boilers the cavity at the bottom need not be
90 large in proportion as that described. If it rises
into the boiler a third of its depth, it will probably be
sufficient. The flame and radiant heat of the fuel is
reverberated in all directions in the cavity of the hol-
low bottom, and must (says the inventor) have much
more effect than what can be produced by its uncon-
fmed lateral action against the external sides of a num-
ber of upright tubes, however well arranged.

A patent for " a new method of applying fu'e for the
purpose of heating boilers,'" Szc. obtained in England
by Mr. Thomas Rowntree, has the following descrip-
tion :

" For heating of coppers, boilers, furnaces, ovens,
and stoves, my fire place is much smaller tlian hereto-
fore made use of for the same sized copper, boiler, fur-
nace, oven or stove. Instead of placijig my fire-place,
according to the common practice, immediately under
the boiler, or other vessel, I place it at the front side
Dr end, as I see most convenient, in such a manner as
lo oblige the flame to rise in the front-side or end, and
pass all round the vessel, &c. while at the same time
It strikes the bottojn of the vessel, &c. without suffer-
ing the flame to pass off in a flue, or flues, .as it usually
loes in the common way, and by that means sending
-he heat into the flues, instead of its being used where
t ought to be, namely, on the vessels, Sic. ; this my
Tiethod effectually prevents; for. by means of a small
jcrpendicular, or other opening into a box or trap,
which I call a reservoir, and which I place horizontally
^|)r diagonally, as the situation may require, and is
inade of iron, brick, stone, or any otiier material capa-
jle of bearing heat, where a valve is placed, riding on
centres or otherwise, and standing in a diagonal or oth-
.^ T direciion, as is found most convenient, the flame is
returned or impeded in its progress to the chimney, and
nade to descend below the bottom of the vessel, and
)ass out at the bottom, top, or side of said box, trap or
escrvoir, into the common chimney. This reservoir is
" )!aced between the vessel, &c. and the chimney. To
he opening which admits the flame into the reservoir,
.re affixed, when necessary, sliders, registers or stops,
rhich serve to increase or diminish the heat. The
'alvc in the reservoir is for the same purpose in anoth-
I r degree, wliich more immediately appertains to in-
Ireasing or diminishing the draught, which it does by
lioving the said valve into different positions, as the
^ Ipeed of the operation may require.'"*
if The above described boilers, and method of applying
eat to them, or something like them, may perhaps be

found expedient for farmeis, who perform their opera-
tions on a large scale. But for common use we believe
a five pail kettle so called set in the common way and
filled about half full of water, would fully answer the
purpose. Steam at the temperature of boiling water,
Mr. Smith thinks is best adapted to the purpose of
steamhig roots and other food for cattle. At this tem-
perature, steam occupies about 1200 times the space of
water ; or one gallon of water reduced to steam of the
same temperature with boiling water, will furnish 1200
gallons of steam. It is true that steam when it first
begins to operate on roots and other cold raw substan-
ces must be somewhat rapidly condensed. But if the
apparatus is tight, or if even a coarse thick cloth is
thrown over the vessel in which the food is steamed,
as recommended by the Complete Grazier, the whole
%vill speedily become so much heated that the steam
will be but slowly condensed, and of course the supply
from the boiler need not be very copious. V>'e cannot,
therefore, see for what purpose connected with the
steaming of any reasonable quantity of dry food for
cattle, a boiler of 100 gallons capacity should be need-
ed. In preparing liquid messes for cows giving milk,
&c. by the agency of steam, its expenditure will be
great, in consequence of its being condensed by contact
with cold water. But that steam may be made a vehi-
cle for conveying heat with very little waste by evapo-
ration, has been proved by actual experiments. We
shall cite one in this place. A letter from Mr. Robert-
son Buchanan, Civil Engineer, Glasgow, is published
in Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine, vol. xxxviii, p. 7G,
from which the following is extracted. " A place of
worship has been for a considerable time heated by
steam on a most simple plan, so as to require little or
no attendance, and docs not require any icater wkiiltver
to be added lo ihat first put into the boiltr, above thrice
in a winter.'''' We believe in this case the furnace and
boiler were placed without the building which was
heated by the steam, and the steam was conveyed by
suitable tubes from the boiler into metallic vessels or
reservoirs placed in the apartment which was warmed
by its agency ; and the tubes and resei'A'oirs were so
arranged that when any part of the steam became con-
densed it ran back into the boiler.

(^Concluded in our next.")

. Fur farther explanation of this method, see U'il-
j) cft'i Domestic Enci/cloiicdia, Art. Boiler ; lil.cuu',
iepcrluri/ of ^irls, ml. rii; p. 1. First Series.

SU.MMARY OF CVRRE.VT EFE.VTS.

A late arrival from Gibraltar has brought intelligence
from Spain to the 11th of Jujy. B}' this it should seem
that things in that quarter wear a very menacing as-
pect. The population is divided into three parlies,
viz. The advocates for unnu*xed democracy — the stick-
lers for the old order of things, an absolute monarchy —
and those who are friends to the present constitution,
or a limited monarchy. On the return of the King
from adjourning the Cortes, his carriage, was beset by
riotous assemblages, and his guards, bting pelted with
stones, fired on the assailants and compelled them to
disperse.

The next day (.Inly 1st) sanguinary scenes were an-
ticipated, but nothing realized worse than menacing
words and movements. But during the night four reg-
iments of guards left their barracks, and encamped a
league to the northward of Madrid. Many of their of-
ficers, and some privates, however, refused to accom-
pany them, and joined a guard left in the Palace, The
seceders, amounting it is said to about 4000, appointed
a Frenchman (whose name is not mentioned) leader,
and took the road to the French frontiers, avowing
themselves to be friends to absolute monarchy. They
were followed by Gen. Morillo, an officer faithful to
the constitution and existing form of government, who
attempted to persuade them to return to Madrid to
protect the King, and perform their other incumbent
duties. This they refused to do, and in their turn at-
tempted, in vain, to seduce him from his allegiance.

The King remained at Madrid, to which tranquillity
had been restored. He is considered as Uie Icaijtr of

the Constitutionalists, and has been called upon to put
himself at the head of the militia and march against
the guards. This step, which would be the commenci -
ment of a civil war, he does not appear to be prepared
to take.

The following (says the Centinel) is an extract of a
letter from a well-informed American gentleman in
Gibraltar: — '■ Gibraltar, .lalt/ '\\. We have very se-
rious accounts from Madrid. The Anti-conslitutioii;tl
party are taking measures lo reinstate the old order of
things — an unlimited monarchy, privileged clergy, tc.
The country is in a stati- of anxious disquietude, and
much blood is about to be shed in civil strifi', Spain
is in a wretchedly forlorn condition, and her capilalists
an- getting their jiropevty out of ji iipardy. Nearly a
aiillion of dollars have been remitted to this place within,
afortniffhl.'''

An article from Curacoa, by the way of Norfolk,
states that Gen. Bolivar had fought a battle with the
Spanish General Cruz Mourgeon, on the borders of
Upper Peru, which lasted all the day, and that Boli\ar
was compelled to retrt at the next morning. The for-
ces were stated to have been GOOO on each side ; that
the patriots lost half their army and one g( neral ; and
that the loss of the Spaniards had been uncojnmonly
severe.

Complaints (says the Palladium,) are loud in Eng-
land against the Bank, for not adopting some plan to
render the counterfeiting of their bills more dilficuU,
and the impositions and executions Itss frtquent. Mr.
Perkins' mode has been adopted by most of the private
Banks in England, and by the new Bank in Portugal.

A battle is said to have taken place between the
Turks and Saliots, which lasted three days, in which
the Turks were deft ated with the lo->s of COO men tak-
en, including fifty eminent Turks.

There seems to be no prospect of war between Rus-
sia and Turkey. On the contrary, a Vienna Gazette
says, " We expect a declaration from the Emperor of
Russia, by which he will detach himself from the
Greek cause."

In France there have lately been' some attempts to
organize insurrections against the existing government.
It does not appear, however, that they were successful.

A public dinner has been given at the city of London
Tavern, to Don Francisco Zea, Vice President and
Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Colombia.

The wheat harvest had commenced in England,
previous to the date of the last intelligence, and is
said to be very productive.

A great part of a late No. of the " Farmers' Journal,
(an agricultural newspaper printed in London) is filled
with details of Irish distress. A writer upon that sub-
ject observes that ^^ beyond all doubt government will
have to support the entire population of Ireland, before
twelve months elapse, if it persist in refusing to allow
a sufficient supply of legal tenders.

The author of Waverley is engaged in writing a
ncM' novel, to be called " Peveril of the Peake." It
will he publislied in the antumn.

.M.iKRL/lGES.

In this city, Mr. George Bell, to Miss Mary Gardner.
In .Mantanzas, Mr. Michael S. Tracy, formerly Of
this city, to Miss Louisa Andrea, of M.

DE.1THS.

In this city, Mrs. Therese Kenny, wife of Mr. Asa
K. 47. — Mrs. Mary Forsaine, wife of Mr. Nath'l F. 4h.
.Mr. William Todd, 75. — Mr. .lames Ft nno, 62.— Char-
lotte H. daughter of Capt. Pardon Gifford, 15 months,
killed by falling from a chamber window. — Mrs. Sarah
L. Draper, wife of Mr. Edw.ard D. C7. — Widow Lydia
King, 77. — iMrs. Rachel, wife of Mr. Selim Hayden...—
\A"idow Lydia Hunt, 69. — Mr. Horace Fairbanks, 27. —
Emily, daughter of Mr. David A\ hiting, 2 yrs. S mo.

In Taunton, Miss .Augusta Thomas, 19, daughter of
the late Mr. Isaiah T. .Ir, of this city.

In Mantanzas, Mr. Worham Pritst, of Boston.

Deaths in N. Y. last week, 102— In Philadelphia 51,

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

O.N THE LMLb Oi
BY T. C

A MISIJIIUAOUS
FESSESDEN.

Many have fallen by the edge of the award, but not so
many as have fallen by the loiifrue.

Eccl. Apoc. xxviii, 8.

Tho' millions the sword of the warrior has slaughter'd,
While fame has the homicide's eulogy rung ;

Yet many more millions on millions are martyr'd —
Cut otf by that cowardly weapon, the tongue.

One sword may bn match'd by another as keen,
In battle the bold man a bolder may meet,

But the shaft of the slanderer, flying unseen

From the quiver of malice, brings ruin complete.

An insolent tongue, by a taunt or a gibe,

Enkindles heart-burnings and bloody affrays ;

A treacherous tongue, when impiU'd by a bribe,
The guiltless condemns, or a nation betrays.

A smooth subtle tongue vile seducers employ
The fair sex to lure to libidinous thrall ;

A slip of the tongue risay its owner destroy,

And the tongue of the serpent occasionM the fall.

Then be it impressed on Columbian youth.

That the tongue is an engine of terrible force ;

Not govern'd by reason, not guided by truth,

A plague, which may desolate worlds in its course.

From the New York Statesman.

O.V THE WILD IJs'DIGO PLAJ^T.

jVIessrs. Editors,

While we are anxiously copying the manipu-
lations of European artists in our dyehouses, we
are neerlecting to use an indigenous plant, far
more valuable than any thing contained or used
in Europe. Our blue dyers began with tl^e ash
vat, described by Berthollet, and others, and I
which Dr. Bancroft infonns us, " is so costly,
as to be chiefly employed to dye silk." If this
tvere the only objection, it would in itself be
sufficient to induce an alteration ; but w hen in
addition to this we know that the color is not
so bright, or so permanent, as when indigo is
fermented by some vegetable basis, containing
in itself the primitive coloring matter, we shall
be much surprised that this mode of dying has
been so long continued.

The plant used by Europeans, from time im-
memorial, to ferment their blue vats, has been
the isatis, or woad, which is indigenous in Eng-
land and other parts of Euro|)e. It is not sur-
prising, therefore, that it shou!:i be used there,
as nothing better offered itself; but tn the U.
States we have the wild indigo plant, growing
abundantly every where, that possesses all the
valuable fermenlative properties of woad, with
twentv times as much coloring matter, and giv-
ino- a tint that for permanency and brilliancy is
unrivalled.

" It is well known, according to Mr. Clark-
son, that the African dyes are superior to those
of any otiicr part of the globe.

>•• The blue is so much more permanent and
beautiful than that which is extracted from the
same plant in other parts, that many have been
led to (loulit whether the yVfrican cloths brought
into this country (England) were dyed with ui-
digo or not. They apprehended that the colors
in these, which became more beantiful upon
washing, must have proceeded from another
weed, or have been an extraction from other
iveed.? which are celebrated for dying tliere —

The matter, however, has been cioarly ascer
tained ; a gentleman procured two or three of
the balls, which had just been prepared by the
Africans for use ; he brought them home, and
upon examination found them to lie the leaves
of indigo rolled up in a very simple state."

Having noticed the above article in Dr. Ban-
croft's incomparable work on permanent colors,
I was induced last fall to collect some of the
jilant, not with an intention of coloring with it,
as I had no means of preparing for that jiurpose,
but to use the woad \ats m place of swill from
bran and madder, to assist their fermentation,
which were weak, owing to the woad being of
an inferior ciuality. I gathered nearly a cart
load, too late in the season to obtain it in matu-
rity, and bad it boiled, and used the liquor when
wanting. The plants were too old to retain
much of those succulent juices in which their
value chielly consists, yet it answered the in-
tended purpose, for the liquors so long as I was
enabled to supply them with it, worked much
freer and more vigorous, than in the usual way,
and although this experiment was not decisive,
for want of a sufficient quantity, and from the
plant being too old when gathered, yet 1 am
convincedljy the effect produced that it may be
used to great advantage.

As the indigofera is found every where in
the United States, and in many places m great
abundance, it would seem desirable that some
experiments should be made on it, to test the
superiority attributed to it, of which there ap-
pears but little room for doubt ; for if this were
established it would become an object of great
national importance, inasmuch as the color
made from it, would be superior to those ob-
ta!ne<l from Europe, and thereby give to Amer-
[ ican fabrics the preference in color in which
they are now decidedly deticient.

fapiuehend the balls are made by simply
placing the leaves together, face ways, as they
are gathered ; that when a ball is made it fer-
ments, and exudes sufficient moisture, to cause
an adhesion of the mass ; and that this process
developes the coloring matter, so as to enable
the vat liquor to extract it with sufficient faci-
lity. This IS not the only mode of preparing
thie plant. The following extracts will prove
there is considerable latitude, both in preparing
and in working it afterwards.

Capt. G. Roberts, in the account of his voya-
ges, mentions " the indigo plant as growing
wild at Bonavista; and that the natives prepare
it, only by pounding the leaves of the shrub
while green, in a wooden mortar, with a wood-
en pestle, and so reduce it to a kind of pulp,
which they form into thick round cakes, or
balls, ^iid dVying it, keep it till they have occa-
sion to use It Tor dying their clothes. Mr.
Mungo Bark, in the" account of his travels in
Africa, says, " that to i\\& cloth of a lasting
blue color, according to the practice of the ne-
gro women, the leaves of the indigo when fresh
gathereil, are pounded in a wooden mortar, and
mixed in a large earthen jar, with a strong ley
of wood ashes^ (chainberley being semct'mes
added) and the cloth is steeped in this inixUiiv,
and allowed to remain until it has acquired a
proper shade. When indigo is mosi plentilui.
they collect the leaves and\lry them in the sun,
and when they wish to use them, they reduce a
suiiicicnt quantity to powder, and mix it with
lev a* before mentioned.

Mr. iMarsdeii. in hts h;.-iory of .Suinatra, sa;. -.
"■ the indigo shrub (Yaroom) is always found in
their plantations ; but the natives, to dye with
it, lea\e the stalk and branches lor some days
in water to soak, then boil it, and with their
hands, work some quick lime among it, with thf
leaves of' the pacoo sabba for fixing the color
They then drain it off, and use it in a liquid
state."

Other extracts might be added, confirmincr
the good qualities of this plant, but I think
enough has been made to convince the most in-
credulous reader, that it may be appropriated
without much difficulty, to purposes highly val-
uable.

The indigo made from the wild plant is said
to be of much better quality than that which is
obtained from the cultivated, but that it does
not contain so great a quantity of coloring
matter.

The leaves should be gathered when the
plant is in full blossom, which at three cents a
pound, would be a lucrative employment for
country children, and if a sufficient supply ot
the dried leaves could be obtained at that price,
It might be rendered, when manufactured ready
for use, at less than the first cost of woad in
England. By this means the American dyers
could lie supplied with a native article now
considered as useless, equal to woad as a fer-
mentative medium, containing twenty times as
much coloring matter, more permanent than
manutactured indigo, and giving a color une-
qualled by any other plant, or process

UOPSON.

Cleanliness. — Aristotle ranks cleanliness as ;
minor virtue; and Addison not only recommend
it as a proof of refinement, and as the means o
conciliating esteem, but considers it as havinc
some analogy to purity of heart. To the opin
ions of these good judges m morals we ma)
add, that it holds a place amongst the charm-
of social life, Avhilst it is, at the same time, tht
greatest preservative of health.

Value of Time.— The difference of rising ev
ery morning at six and eight o'clock, in tht
course of forty years, supposing a person to g(
to bed at the same time he otherwise would
amounts to 29,200 hours, or three years, 121
days, and 19 hours, which afford eight hours a
daV for exactly ten years, so that it is the samle
asif ten years of life, (a weighty consideration"
were added, in which we may command eigh
hours every day, for the cultivation of our live;
and the despatch of business.

It is a mortifying rellection, says Dr. .Tohn
son, for any man To consider what he has done
compared with what he might have done.

" Mr. P." said a citizen, '• has a \ ast deal o
wit." " Very probable," said another, '• am
he seems determined to keep his stock guud
for he never was known to expend or to mak<
use of any."

Sir Thomas Overlmry observes that the mai
who has nothing to boast of but hiS illustriou
ancestors, resembles a potatoe — the only gooi
belonging to him being under ground.

Dinner Time. — A pcr'.on asked a Grecian ]dii
losopher what he thought was the proper l:i n
iodine. '-Sir," said the ancient, '•' the prop c
time of dinner, with the opulent, is when O.o
choose ; with the poor man, when he cr.oi."

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

■ •■-^KTM L*W*.^J*I

?ublishcd every Saturday, by THOMAS VV. SHEPARU, Roji is' Rnililing, Coii'iiss Street, Basloii ; at '^'2,M per ami. in advar,ce, or •53,00 at the close of the year.

VOT,. I.

BOSTON. SATURDAY, AUGUST 31. 1822.

No.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAP-JIER.

POLVTS OF A HORSE.
Ma. Editor.,

A good horse is a desirable acquisition, and
lie wlio finds one, in the course of liis life, may
ihink himself lucky. The points, or marks, of
I good horse, are perhaps not i^enerally known,
imong your readers, though to many they nny
je familiar. A person who is well acquainted
tvith tiie marks indicative of a good horse, is
!iot very likely to be deceived in regard to his
physical powers, though he may be, with res-
pect to the character of the animal. A horse
may possess all the points, or marks, character-
istic of power, and at the same time, have some
vice, that will render the use of him unpleas-
ant, or dangerovis. It is therefore advisable,
before purchasing a horse, to give him a thor-
augh trial, and in a variety of ways.

A particular quality, in a horse, is sometimes
in desirable to the purchaser, that he is \Villing
to dispense with many good points, for the sake
of it. For instance, the ditficnlty and inconve

attached to it thick and large. When the hand j cles attached to the os calcis
is passed down the neck and the slinulder blade ! bone projects backward, the

The further thi.s
nger is the lever
cannot he felt, it amounts to a certainty that ' by which tlie muscles act, and the greater will
that horse has good action. The a[iparent be their propelling power.

thickness of the shoulder depends upon the j The legs of a horse ought to be flat— tiid
obli(|iiity of the shoulder blade, and in propor- bones small and the muscles large. Bones do

tion as it is oblique, so is its motion limited.

The carcass of a horse ought to be a subject
of particular attention. This cannot be too cir-
cular. A cylinder gives the greatest possible
capacity. A horse, therefore, with a round
chest, has more room for the expansion of his
lungs than a horse with a chest otherwise form-
ed. His wind must therefore be better ; be-
sides he fats much easier ; he requires less food.
A horse w ilh a round chest will keep fat upon
almost any thing, whereas it is almost impossi-
ble to I'at a horse with a narrow or flat chest.
A horse with a thin narrow chest cannot bear
heat, has bad ivind, is always lean, weak and
tender.

The vigor of a horse depends more on the
formation of the carcass than on any other
point, and the reason must be obvious — the

tiience of tying a horse, in the streets, are so carcass contains the heart and all tlie important
jreat, that many gentlemen content themselves and vital organs.
with inditTcrent horses, if they but possess the

virtue of standing" well. Very much may be
known of a horse's character by his physiogno-
my ; but to describe the different expressions of
!he^ human countenance is difficult, and the less
Melinite one's of a horse, I shall not attempt —
my object is merely to give some of the most

* prominent marks, or points of a good horse ; a
lescription of which may serve as n guide, in

"llhe selection of this useful animal. I begin with
ihe head, which ought to be small and progres-
ively to diminish in weight, and size, as it ap-
proaches the nose. The neck ought to be
ihort and light. The head cannot he too small,
nor the neck too short and light. The reason
is obvious. The head and neck of the horse
are placed wholly anterior to ]iis points of sup-
port. The shorter the neck, therefore, and
ihe lighter the head, the less likely is the horse
to stumble and fall. The more weight there is
anterior to the lore legs of a horse the more
difficult it is for him to keep his balance, or to
recover himself on making a false step. This
can be explained upon the principles of the
lever, or by the steel-yards. Suppose a horse's

ill neck ten feet long, and a head of a common
size, attached to its extremity — the weight of
the head, with this immense leverage, would
be so great, that the weight of the body woi;ld
not counterbalance it, and the horse would con-
stantly be tailing upon his nose.

A horse with a long neck is not onl}' more
likely to fall, iiut cateris paribus his wind cannot
be so good. The longer the neck, the more
difficult is the access of air to the lungs. A
horse, therefore, with a long neck, will have
short wind ; and is only calculated for slow
draught. He will not answer for the turf. No
horse can run well ;vith a long neck.

The next point is the shoulder, several cir-
cum-tances concerning which are important to
be considered. The scapula or shoulder Idade
ought to be broad and long, and the muscles

The spine, or back, which extends from the
(ore to the hind quarters, cannot be too short
for strength. A short, hump-back is indicative
of great strength, especially in carrying weights.
We arch bridges for the purpose o< adding to
their strength, and a horse's back may be com-
pared to a bridge, and the four legs the four
pillars of support. The shorter the arch, the
greater weight it will support, and lor the same
reasons, a horse with a short, curved of hump-
back (other things being equal) will carry the
greatest burthen.

Although a short back rs indicative of strength,
it is not of speed and action. A long back must
obviously give grea'tcr room for action. The
Hare and Weasel have, in proportion to their
size, extremely^ long backs ; and "• to run like
a March Hare," is proverbial. A long back,
however, must be a weak back, and unable to
support heavy weights, in choosing a horse,
therelore, for common use, it will be best that
he should have a back of a medium length ;
neither too long nor too short.

The hind quarters of a horse ought to be
long. I mean by hind quarters, the parts trom
the haunches backwards, the parts that lie be-
tween tlie ns Ilium and the os hchivm.

The bock or gamhrel ought to be long an;;
broad. The os calcis, or heel bone of th.s
joint, corresponds to the same bone in' the hu-
man subject. The longer this bone is, and the
further it projects backwards, by so much the
greater length of lever, do the muscles act.
which are attached to it. It must be obvious,
therefore, that this is a very important point in
a horse, and one that ought never to be over-
looked. It is impossible to have a good horse,
without a good hock. A horse may be a goo<i
animal with bad fore legs, but he never can be
with a bad hock. The fore legs merely sup-
port the body — tho hind legs propel it forward.
The horse puts himself in motion and performs
all his functions soldi/ by the action of the mus-

not give strength, and when the hones of tho
leg are sullicientiy large to support the weight
of the animal, all over this is superlluous, and
worse than superfluous; it is a dead weight
upon his motions. Bone.'; arc mere levers, and
the skeleton a Jnerc frame, on which the mus-
cles act. Bones are, in themselve?, inert sub-
stances. Muscles give strength. All the mc-
tions of the animal are performed by his mus-
cles. The relative position of the bones may
be such as to add very much to the power ol*
the muscles. When the bones are so placed
ivith regard to each other, as to give a long
leverage to the muscles, such muscles act with
increased ])ower ; and in ibis consists, in a great-
degree, the excellency in the mechanism of the
horse.

The above are the most prominent marks or
points, as they are called, of a good horse. In
the purchase of a horse, how ever, many other
circumstances are to be taken into considera-
tion. It is of immense consequence that he
should have perlect feet. It is obvious, that a
horse with bad feet, however good his points
may be, must be rather a useless animal. A
horse with bad feet, is always an unsafe horse ;
ho will always trip, and is very liable to fall.
.\ny tenderness or uneasiness about a horse's
feet, renders him unsafe. Even a shoe, that
does not set easy, will surely cause a horse
to trip.

The following description of perfect and im-
perfect feet, is taken from Goodwin's New
System of shoeing horses — an ,\bridgment of
which has recently been published in this

city-

Perfect Hoofs. — " A perfect foot has the shap6
of a cone, except at the heel. The front, which
comprises the largest portion of the wall or
crust, is the most cone-like, and the quarters
arc less so. When the horse is standing on a
pavement, the foot, at its base or bottom, is
much larger than at the top or Coronet, and
;!ie crust ilesccnds from the coronet to the bot-
tom in a regular slope, at an angle of about 45
degrees in front."

" The hoof should be smooth and even on
ts surface, strong, tough and vigorous in its
appearance ; tli* heels should be well back,
uid the nearer they approach to the back part
of tlic frog the better, and the more the quar-
ters and heels approach to a perpendicular po-
silicni, the more thev are calculated to support
(he weight above : the .space appropriated lor
the (Vog shouUl be wide and open."

'• Having described as much of a perfect fool
as can be seen when tho horse is standing, 1
proceed to describe the appearance and shape
of a pcrtect hoof, when the foot is taken up.
Tlio (Irst circumstance that deserves attention
is the uniform box of hern, which being divest-

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

ed of all its suj)pvi1iious or exuberant part*, ap- in;; convex on each side, concave in the centre
proaclies to the form of a circle," for about Juaif its lenglh, and tlien convex to its

*' Th? woriis • siiperiluous part-' may require torniiiiation, should be stron-j, full of horn, pro-
Some explanation: — Suppose a hor<e to have mincnt ami vlprorous in its appearance, open in
run in the fields until he is four or tivc 3 ears the centre or cleft, and full on its sides and poipts.
old, and that his foet have never been touched •' The s|)ace between tiie fioij and bars should
by an instrument, this stale of the feet, would be open, distinct, and clear, and the heels of the
by many persons, be called a slate of nature, crust should come as far back, or nearly so, as
and the foot «o.ild therefore be thought per- the heel of the frorj/'

feet ; but it ought to bo considered like any oth- IVcok Feet. — " Teet of this di>=cripfion are
er production of horn, nl-.ich has grown into a frequently large, flat and thin, thouj:h there are
state ol exuoerance in some parts, and is worn also some which are verv thin, lull not out of
and broken in other-. AVhen the hoof is dives- proportion in si/e : both kinds ari> uidformly run-
ted o( these exuberances in the same way, as v:c ca\e on the front i)art of the crust, and curl up
cut our nails to keej) them in a lit state, 1 con- at the toe, in proportion to the extent of the
sider that the proper time to look at the hoof, defect, it is equally observable, that the cru>t
to observe its natural shafie. It will then appear in feet of this description, is uncxen on the sur-
that the base or bottom of the crust descends to face; being frequently indented, wrinkled, aud
the lowest part of the foot, and I'rojects beyond having a rin^like appearance."
the sole, and is that i>art which the hor-e rests Snnill Fed. — '' It is, not unfrequcnt to see large
ujion. It should therefore be thick, tlnn and horses, but chielly among those which are
*'''°"2;. thorough-bred, with small feet. The bass of

"As the crust is that part on which the shoe the feet of these horses not being broad enough
rests, and to which it is nailed, it is \evy im- to support the superincumbent weight, they are
porlant that it should be perfect in thickness consequently insecure on their legs, and soon
and strennfth. The bars or hinders, being a re- break down."

flection or continuation of the crust, should he
tirm and strong, and should have an oblique
poBition in the descent to their imion willi the
bottom of the frog. The sole should also be
tirmly and unlbrmly united with the crust and
bars, and be strong and concave."
" Th

Large Feel. — " There is likewise a class of
horses with feet of a form the reverse of the
last described, having no particular malforma-
tion, but being too large and unwieldy,"

" When such horses are required to work, the
weight of the foot has a manilest effect on their

e frog, which is uneven in its sur.lice, be- action, rendering it slow and clumsy
* S

EXPLA.VATIO.y OF nijil CUTS.
Fio. 1. — Natural hoof, -aiut rf-prc-sentation of tlic French metlioii of diivinjf tlic naile within tlic crust, and

going througli a portion of the sole.
Fig. 2. — Contracted hooC
Fic. 3. — Convex sole, or pumiced hoof.
Fig. 4. — Flat thin hoof, with weak low heels.

Fro.Ti the American Fr.rmer of Anjust 23. I have given a full account of these sheep in

the 2d volume of the Pliihulelphia Agricultural

TUNISIAN SHEEP Memmrs. My opinions continue unaltered; and

,,, , . , . J- ,1 rii ■ 1 had supnosed the subject to have been ex-

We have ctc at pleasure in recording the rollov,in» , , , . 1 • • • j- 1

authentic history of an importation of ■funisian Sheep, hausted. I have no desire to revive it, turlher

and we i)articularly desire that our correspondents than to answer your queries as fully as historical

would furnish us with accounts, as detailed, respecting facts require; and that with no personal objects,

every impi.rtalion of Live Stork, which has come witli- | ^^ „(,( relate the circumstances to blazon mv

,n their knowledge ; and especially when the facts ^^^^^ exertions, but under a persuasion that a use-

50 conclusively demonstrate the t<'ndency ol agricuRu- _ , , \ , /- .1 1 .1

rul pursuits and subjects to inspire all who .mhark ^u' moral may be drawn from them. I am the

therein, with a liberality of feeling and design which, only person acquainted with the whole subject,

so far from admitting the idea of venal rivalry or sordid to which I do not mean to give more importance

monopoly, hid every one generously welcome to the thaii your inquiries seem to elicit. Col. Pickeriii'.;,

fair enjoyment of new sources of profit. with'bis accustomed candor, has published, 111

Fo7(/io«''i paper of the 4th or 5th of July l:i«t,
Belmont, August 14, 1822. what he thought proper as to himself" The
Dear oir, paragraph has not his singnature ; but he inform-
In your paper of the 2d instant, I see queries ed me of his having written it ; and 1 mention
respecting the Tims nno.\nrAii.En Shekp. it, for reasons operating with me.
" Hoxu many 7vere received i* and were any sent I imderstood, /Vow Gen. Eatnn, and so did
iiUo ether states ?" Col. Pickering, that eight or ten sheep were

shipped; but only a pair arrived. Reing fai
preferable to the coast sheep, they were pro
cured by Gen. Eaton, (as he inibrincd me,) <\
the Dey's farm in the interior of the country, h\
the Dey's permission, as a compliment to the
I'liifed Stales. It was therefore proper tha:
they should pass under the direction of the Sec-
retary of State. They arrived in the TJclau-are.
in a publ'c ship; and of course, were placed hv
Col. Pickering in the neighbourhood of the pori
of arrival. It v.ould have been out ofcharactei
with him, (only one pair having arrived) li
have sent them into any other state ; nor woul
he have so done, in wliatsoever way he niigli
have received them. 1 was informed that tlu
rest of the shipment |)erished at sea. Cajii
Ccihlcs, to whose care they were committed, hai
a character too respectable to permit any sup
position that he was either negligent or selfish
yet Gen. Eaton expressed much dissatisfactioi.
and chagrin.

The burlhensomc, though not regretted, de-
posit, uas put into my hands by Col. Pickering
Concidciing myself as a kind of trustee; aniJ
always desirous of spreading through our coun-
try tiie benefits of such acquisitions; I refuset
offers of emolument ; though no terms forbid-
iling personal profit, were made. I gratuitously
disjiersed the breed, not only in Pennsylvania
but into the neiglibouring states ; at no smal
trouble and expense to myself. Several victu-
allers, finding the superiority of the mutton ove:
that of all other sheep, both in quality and price 1
made up a purse and offered any sum I chose U
fix for the Ram. I refused the proffer, and af
ter his covering, during several seasons grea
numbers of ewes sent to my farm; and thci(
pastured and served without charge; he was con
Tcyod to my late friend. Gen. Ilinid'x farm nea;
Lancaster; where he was killed by dogs ; affe;
propagating the breed extensively. The ew<
met the like late, on my farm ; having yeaned ■
healthy lamb at sixteen 3 ears of age.

Chancellor Liringsion^s sale of two .Merini
sheep for §3000, gave impetus to the ardo:
which had begun to operate in favor of tha
breed. Had he given them away, the effec
would have been tar olherivise on the minds
both farmers and speculators. Euila les homnics
Fancy paints profits in proportion to price paid
Small gains are counted on gifts, or cheap pur
chases.

Discovering the impolicy of continuing (how
ever beneficial my distributions may, at first
have been.) gratuitously to bestow lambs ; am
of mv other modes of dispersing the breed with
out charge ; I encouraged my neighbor, Thoma.
Bones, in raising fine Broadlailed Sheep, fron
my stock, for sale on his own account. He di(
great justice to my confidence in him ; and sole
considerable numbers ; many whereof at thcii
request, 1 selected for the purchasers. Manj
were sent to South Carolina, as I mention in oui
volume. The credit of, and dcaiandfor the sheepl
Xi'ere rcalhj enhanced by the prices paid for them
though those prices were moderate, indeed
compared with those of jlffri.ios; which over
whelmed the Tunisians in public opinion, dur
ing the Jlerino-fever.

Country peojile do not vabie an article givet
a-ji-aii; presuming that it is held by the donor it
^inall estimation ; and in this they are not sin
Hular. The usual short sighted practice amon§
farmers, of selling to victuallers, or in the mur

Nfi^V ENGLAND FARMER.

ket the best lambs and sheep; and keeping; only
those unsaleable ; deteriorated the breed mo>-t
lamentably. My tenants, who had the charge
of my Hock, had their share in this culpable pro-
pensity. Several butchers posted breeders from
mv stock, in Jersey and Uelarfare. The pro-
s:eny were slaughtered for the market. This
also diminished the multiplicatikii of the breed.
Yet 1 was surprised by the information I fre-
quently received, at the numbers produced from
an original pair, even under circumstances not
-dhvay'\,^eourag'inar.

1 know of no other importation of Darbary
sheep, contemporaneous with the sulvjects of
this account. Long after the arrival of the pair
mentioned ; I was inl'ormed that Capt. Baron
had brought some broacllailcd coast sheep into
Virginia. Hut from the accounts of them 1 had
heard, they were inferior to the Mountain sheep
ot' Tint is : anil so are all other African sheep
which have iallen \inder my notice. The sheep
of the Eastern countries, Asia and At'rica, are
generally (with some exceptions,) broadtailcd.

Many years ago I saw, in England, in Die
King's tlock at Richmond, several of the Lati-
candcr. Some of them with cumbrous trailing
tails, borne on little wheel carriages, dragged
after them. None of them, in appearance, equal
to the Tunis Mountain sheep. In my old, learn-
ed, and valuable work, — Hcheuchzer's Pkijsicw
sacra, — there are plates, admirably executed,
of victims for the Jewish altars. Among them,
trailing Broadtails similar to those I saw at
Richmond. So that there are many varieties of
the Laticaudo; ; and the success of breeders
entirely depends on the selection of the valuable
kind".

The name, (as you seem to require it) I gave
to the Ram, was Caramelli, that of the E^ve,
Setiina. They will, perhaps, become memora-
ble, as the first emigrants to our country, from
this branch of the extensive family of the Lali-
candce.

Not knowing, exactly, the object of j'our que-
ries, I may have enlarged unnecessarily. But
vou may gather what you deem satisfactory,
for any purpose you contemplate. Yours truly,
RICHARD PETERS."

John S. Ski.n'ner, Esq.

From the New England Palladium of Xug. "23,

RYE COFFEE.

Messrs. Editors,

A writer in the Palladium of the 16t!i inst.
who signs a '• Friend to Health,'' has ad\ anccd
a theory on the effects of Rye, which appears
so absurd, thai Tam almost inclined to think he
meant the article as a hoax ; be that as il mav.
the subject is of too much importance to the
community to permit such unfounded assertions
to pass without refutation. This writer attri-
butes the cause of ■weak limhs and ih.hUhaied
systems, which he says a vast number of [)ersons
have suffered from, to the use of •' a compound
of half Rye, and half im]icrted Coflee, ground
together;'' and that '■' Rije is peculiarly calcu-
lated to produce that effect." — Now, if he had
stated that a free use of the spirit distilled from
Rye produced such elTects, he might have found
but few to controvert his position. Rut, that
Rye, its outer coat or bran, by any preparation,
except by di.stillation, is deleterious to man or
blast, I pledge myself to prove to the satisfac-

tion of every unprejudiced person, is an asser-
tion not founded on facts.

If the writer will aiiply to the able and wor-
thy Professor of Chemistry at the University,
he will learn, that most of this outer coat, which
ho says produces those debilitating ciTects, is,
by the ruasting process, converted into carbon —
in plain English charcoal, which is insoluble, aiid
of course, if the decoction is well fined, no part
of it w ill be taken into the -system, and if it w as,
no injury could possibly result, as a little char-
coal is considered by most medical men as not
unhealthy, and tor some complaints is prescrib-
ed in large doses.

This " Friend to Health" admits that ■' a per-
son may eat the fine meal, w'ithout witnessing
any ill eflects." Indeed ! 1 will go farther, and
say that it is a fact which can be fully substan-
tiated, that five, or perhaps more, that ten mil-
lions of men that have composed the armies of
Russia, S-xedcn, Denmark, Prussia, and the Ger-
man Powers, during the wars of the last centu-
ry, have subsisted upon little else than bread
made with Rye Bran, and which they consider-
ed a luxury if the bark of trees was not mixed
with it — for such compounds were often fur-
nished by Peter the Great and Charles the 12th
— yet history makes no mention of any com-
plaint of " -<veak limbs, debilitated systems, or un-
common inclination to sleep,'''' except what was
caused by the innumerable yorcct/ inarches those
wretched beings were harassed with !

But this writer's theory is overthrown nearer
home. The hardy yeomanry of Massachusetts
eat very little other bread than Rye, coarsely
sifted, mixed with Indian meal. The outer coat
of Rye in our climate lieing very dry and brittle.
is broken so fine in grindnig, that a great por-
tion passes through the sieve and is eaten. —
Moreover, the lovers of broivn bread, and 1 am
one of them, well know, that the finer the sieve
the less s-i'cct the bread. But we have no com-
plaint among our farmers of n-eakncss of limbs,
or that they are, like a parcel of Turks, under
the influence o( opium.

1 presume that if the " Friend to Health"'
had ever been in Market-street, in the City of
Philadel[>hia, he would not have introduced
Horses to support his theory. He migdit there
have seen fine teams of that noble animal, as
large and powerful as Elephants, and as f;it as
Whales, just off a journey of 5 or 600 miles,
across the Allegh.iny mountains, with a load of
tour or five tons, that were fed the whole route
on Rye, outer coat, chaff and straw cut up to-
gether, and as much too as they wanted ; with-
out any other gi'ain, or scarce a lock of hay
during the whole journey ! He happens to be
equal!}' unfortunate with the Pigs lie has bro't
forward to prove that Rye Coffee is injurious to
the human system, for on this point I do speak
from the experience of near thirty years, and
from the use of more than n thousand bushels
of jK^c and Rye bran in roaring and fattening
Pigs. This writer says that after eating bran
they will "lie down and swell with weakness!'"
I have seen them lay down after being gorged
with this nutritious food, and they might have
appeared to the ej-es of some persons to " swell
u';(/t ^■eakness,'''' but 1 believe that it would ap-
pear on dissection, to have been caused by a
full belly of ihis poisonous slnff, and their dispo-
sition to sleep, from its fattening properties ! I
could cite many examples to shew tjic benefit

of I'eeding animals with Rye and Rye bran. But
it is time to i'cturn to Rye Coffee, which ap-
pears to liave been extensively used in the
middle States, particularly in Pennsylvania, for
seveial years past, but no accounts of its debili-
taling cflccts have reached us ; on the contrary,
1 shall offer high Medical authority to prove
that it is a strengthening beverage for the sto-
mach. Gen. Cahin Jones, of North Carolina,
one of the most eminent Physicians in the
Southern States, and who stands in the front
rank of the philanthropists of our country, has
written a dissertation on Dyspepsia, the great
prevalence of wliich he attributes, in some ttc-
gree, to the use of strong imported Coffee, and
he s:iys that in order to induce some of' his pa-
tients to dispense with it, he has prevailed on
them to substitute Rye Coffee, and that the free
use of it has relieved them! — A letter from him
fo Mr. Skinner on the subject, was publislied in
the American Farmer, last March or April ; it
is not at hand now, or 1 would send it to yon.
I hope however to see it soon published in your
valuable paper.

The goodness of Domestic Coffee depends en
its being proi)er!y prejiarod from sound Rye.
I look up'on the discovery and introduction of
it, as very fortunate and of great importance to
the country, as it lessens the expense of a very
considerable item in house keeping, and at the
same time is conducive to health. Its use there-
fore should not be discouraged till some better
proofs can be adduced of its ill effects, than
vague surmises and arguments, drawn from
Horses and Sivine.

A MIDDLESEX FARMER.

Mozi'ing Match. — There was a famous mow-
ing match in New Boston, on Saturda}', August
17th, between Mr. Daniel Andrews, of New
Boston, and Mr. Abel Hart, of Gotfstown. The
comjjetition was who should mow an acre of
meadow grass the quickest and best. The
ground was staked out and the work performed
in the jirescnce of numerous spectators. Mr.
Andrews completed his acre in one hour and
tucntj'-six minutes. BIr. Hart, in one hour and
twenty-eight and a half minutes. The victory
was oV course decided in favor of Mr. Andrews.
Amherst {JV. H.) Cabinet.

A safe, easy and cheap cure. — A broken winded
horse had been kept in a field where there wa.s
not any water, excei)t in the boffom of an old lime
kihi, and had recovered his wind — The owner
ordered a stable shovel full of quick lime to be
renewed every five or six days, and the water
to be poured ofl", and a bucket of it to be given
every day to a broken winded coach horse, aged
eight years, which had almost a constant cough.
The horse was sup])lied with water thus prepar-
cd for about five weeks, and kept in the stable.
Me is now perfectly recovered in his wind, and
free from a cough. — Conn. Journal.

We have seen a twig broken from a pe.rr
tree (says the last Newhuryport Herald,) this
season, scarcely two feet long, which, when
laken off, we are told contained upwards of 80
pears. On it was upwards of 60 hanging in
clusters like grapes, and of a size as large -a.s
hen's eggs. It came from the town of Essex ia
this couufv.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

FACTS AND OBSFIRVATIO.NS RIXAII.'.G 10

T^GRICULTUIIE & DOM r.STlC. ECONOMY.

MANLRC.

It is a generally received opinion that in
some soils of a loose texture, the fcrtilizinsr
parts of manure escape by sinking; Lioyonit the
reach of plant-. The Hon. Timothy I'lrlcering,
in an Address to the Essex Agricultural Society,
delivered May 5, 1818, made thf; followin:,'- ob-
servations on this subject. Speaking' of wiiat is
.sometimes called riih/tc lami, Mr. 1'. remarks:

" But is it true, that on such land, or on any
land, the fertilizingf parts of manure escape by
.sinking beyond the reach of plants? If they do,
hovv hajjpons it, that in lands which have been
cultivated and manured for ag;es, every layer of
earth below the cultivated soil is, nevertheless,
found dead and barren ? Is it not for this reason,
that farmers in jfeneral cautiously avoid j)louu;h-
ing deeper than the soil, lest by stirring that
dead earth, and ni'xing it with the soil, they
should lessen its fertility? The result of a lit-
tle experiment which 1 had made prior to our
revolution then occurred to me. Its recital may
in some other resj)ects be useful.

" Within a stone's throw of my lather's house,
was apiece of sandy loam, winch from its conti-
guity to the dwelliii;,'--place ofhimself and ances-
tors, for upwards of a hundred and thirty years,
must have been kcfif, a large portion of that
time, ill tillage, and consequently have been of-
ten manured. Vet the colored soil was no more
th.en five or six inches in dcj)lh. This soil I re-
moved from one spot, with three or four inches
of the earth ne.xt beiiealii it. Of the next, red
earih, 1 then took up as much as measured a pock
and u half Dividing a long box into two e(|ual
portions by a board, into one I put a peck of the
earth ; and into the other a half peck, intimately
mmglcd and incorporated with half a peck of
clay — perfect clay to the touch; but it was ta-
ken from the edge of a clay-pit holding water,
where cattle often drank, and a flock of geese
bathed, during the summer. Hence the appar-
ent cl.ay was doubtless impregnated, in some de-
gree, with the droppings from these animals.
This box I. placed, on the sud'ace, in a garden.
Adjacent to it, I sunk, to a level with the surliico,
a small earthen pot tilled with the same sort of,
clav'. In these three places 1 sowed turnip seed,
as late as the 2Uth of August. In a few >lays I
reduced the number of turnip plants in each to
thyee. The pot of clay, even with the surface,
received suiTicicnf water from rams: but I reg-
ularly watered the parcels of earth in the box ;
bestowing equal quantities, and at the same
times, on each division. Near the close of Oc-
tober, I carefully took up the turniin, and wash-
ed them, leaving u|)on them the tibroiis roots
and leaves. The three which had grown in the
pot of clay weighed ten ounces — the bulbs hot
lo the taste, stringy and tough. The three i'rom
the de;id red earth weighed only three ounces,
and the bulbs were sol't, spungy and insipid.
But the three which had groun in the mingled
red e;irth and clay weighed twenty-four ounces,
:ind the bulbs were of good texture, and well fla-
vored.

" P'rom the facts above stated, I fell authoriz-
ed to infer, that all the lost manure, (that is, all
til ^ parts not imbibed by the roots of plants, nor
Temalning in the soil) instead of sinking befcw
♦h • sphere of vegetation, rosr into the atmos-
jiherc : and that " riddle laud,'" (land on which

the elTects of manure were not lasting) however
highly manured, so soon lo«t its fert'lit\, not by
letting the essence of the manure sink speedily
through it, but by its incapacity to retain it
aguiiisl the pov:er of evaporation.'^

From these, ^iid other considerations, Mr.
Pickering infers, " that manure arising from
dung, and from all animal and veget djie sub-
stances, should be exposed as little as possible
lo the sun, the air and washing rains, and when
applied to the soil, be immediately ploughed in.
.\nd further that the aim of the husbandman,
possessing a soil from which the essence of his
manure soon escapes, should be to add some-
thing ivhich will render it more tenacious ;
like the soil which, in current language, is said
' to hold manure well.' Tor this purpose, noth-
ing, probably, is equal to clay."

LIVE STOCK.

In observing on premiums given by Agricul-
tural Societies for the best animals, Mr. Pick-
ering observes :

" With great deference I would inquire, whe-
ther giving rewards for the biggest and ihe fat-
test, is the best mode of obtaining the most x(du-
rti/e breeds ? Bakewell, the English celebrated
breeder of cattle, sheep and swine, exercised
his genius to produce such as were excellent in
form, of sudicicnt size, which yielded the great-
est quantity of meat on the most valuable joints,
and would grow and fatten on the smallest quan-
tities of food. In the fattening of cattle and
sheep, there is a point to be attained, at which
their tlesh will be of the best qiialit3-, and most
valuable to the consumer. Is not all beyond
this a waste of time and expense in their keep-
ins ?■'

INDIAN CORN.

Under this head Mr. Pickering remarks : —
•' The inijjroving of our hu-!)andrv, in New
England, is to be expected, not from a rejection
of Indian corn as the ruin of our lands, but by a
bolter management of that crop, in order to
render it, as it ai>pears it may be rendered, the
best prejuiration for a crop of wheal, and other
small grain.

'•' Every farmer knows how eagerly cattle
devour the entire plant of Iiidi.an corn in its
green stale ; and land in good condition will
produce heavy crops of it. Some years ago,
just when the ears were in the milk, I cut
close to the ground the plants growing on a
measured space, equ:il, as I judged, to the ave-
rage product of the whole piece ; and found
that, at the same rate, an acre would yield
twelve tons of green fodder; probably a richer
and more nourishing food than any other known
to the husbandman. And this quantity w-as the
growth of less than four months. The ground
was rich, and yielded, at harvest, upwards of
fifty bushels of corn to the acre. The green
stalks of our northern corn are incomparably
sweeter than those of the southern states ; at
least v/hen both sorts arc groivn in the north.
Perhaps the greater and longer continued heats
of the south may give a richness to the same
large plants, which these cannot attain in the
north. The stalks I have grown, rose to the
height of 13 or 11 feet, and many of them
weighed above live pounds. To support this
height they arc necessarily thick and woody in
their fibres. My cows ate a small part of them

— reluctantly — while they would devour the
stalks ol' our northern corn. It has appeared
to me that the sort c:illed sii'cri coivi, (bavin? a
white shrivelled grain when ripe) yields stalks
of richer juice than the common yellow corn.

It is also more disposed to multiply suckers

an additional recommendation of it, when plant-
ed to be cut iu its green stale, for horses and
cattle, and especially for milrh cows ; and its
time of planting ni:iy be so regulated as to fur-
nish a sup|dy of food, just when the common
pa'^iure* usually fiil. 1 am inclined ^u dcubt
whether any other green food will ali'ord butter
of equal excellence."

F.tLI.OW CROPS.

"Mr. Pickering further observes, that, " The
substituting of fallow-crops for naked fallows is
one of the capital improvements in English
husbandly. The naked fallows, formerly in
universal practice, consisted in repeatedly plow-
ing the land from spring to autumn — with tivo
objects in view : one, the destruction of weeds,
with which their lands became foul by repeat-
edly cropping them with small grain, as wheat,
barley, oats, rye, in immediate succession ; for
the weeds springing up with these crops, and
ripening their seeds, the soil, in three or four
years, was so amply stocked, that some mode of
extirpating the weeds became indispensable. But
for many ages no other than naked fallows seein
to have occurred. The English farmers now
grow tallow crops, selected according to the
nature of their soils; as beans, carrots, turnips,
potatoes, mangel wurtzel, cabbages. While
these are growing, they/fl//oKi the ground; that
is, they stir it repeatedly with the plough or
hoe, or both; by which they as effectualy de-
troy the weeds as by the naked fallow ; a»d at
the same time benefit their crops, whose pro-
ducts reward them for their labor.

'■ Naked fallows seem also formerly to have
been considered as the means of enriching as
well as of cleaning the land. The error of their
practice, in this view, cannot be better illustra-
ted than by the following fact, communicated
above 30 years ago to the Phil.idelphia .Society
of .\griculture, when I was a reiidenl member,
and which 1 well recollect. But to prevent cii-
ciim-tantial errors in the recital, I have turned
lo the Notes on Husbandry, by Mr. Bordley,
(who was the vice-jiresident of the society.)
where the case is staled.

'• Pi. gentleman of Jlaryland (Mr. Singleton oj
Talbot) ploughed up part (and this was the rich-
est jiart) of a clover field, in March, intending
to plant it with tobacco. It haiipenoil, that the
toiiacco crop was omitted. So. this part was
t'allo-j:ed, that is, it was repeatedly ploughed in
the summer, and on the first of September, sown
with wheat. The residue of the clover field
was twice mown. In August it was once plough-
ed, and on the same first of September sown
with wdieat. At harvest, the fallowed part o
the field yielded only 1 1 and a half bushels to the
acre. The other part, besides two crops ofclover
hav the preceding year, now gave 2t and a half
bushels to the acre. This striking fact admits
of an easy explanation, and in conformity with
the principles already advanced. The repeated
ploughing of the fallowed part of the field ex-
posed the clover plants, roots and tops to the sun
and air, by which they were dried up, and nearly
annihilated ; while other vegetable food in the

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

soil was also dissipaleil, or grcall}' reduced, Li\
evaporation. But the clover, turned under by
« simple ploughing-, was cninpleteh' covered with
carlli, kept moist, gradually rotted, and so sup-
plied food to the wheat plants most plentifully
wlien most wanted, that is, in iho ensmng sea-
son, when the wheat was attaining its complete
growth, and ripening the grain.*'

IMl'ROVF.MF.NT OF SOILS.

Soils may be improved by the admixture of
earths to alter their texture. This is a distinct
thing from applying the substances commonly
called manures. A soil may be composed of
ni iterials so essentially unfr.endly to vegetation
that any attempt to manure it without altering
its consti'ution^ or correcting its noxious quali-
ties, would lie like feeding a sick man with
nourishing things, without removing the cause
■of his disorder.

Sir John Sinclair says, " Soils with acids, or
salts of iron, may be ameliorated by the appli-
cation of earthy lime or chalk. The sulphate
of iron (copperas) is thus converted into manure.
If there be an excess of calcareous matter (lime
or chalk,) it may be improved by the applica-
lion of sand or clay, or earthy substances. Soils
too abundant in sand, are benefitted by the use
of clay, or marl, or vegetable matter. A defi-
ciency of vegetable or animal matter must be
supplied by manure. An excess of vegetable
matter is to be removed by burning, or to be
remedied by the application of earthy materi-
als. The substances necessary for improving
^oils arc seldom far distant. Coarse sand is often
found immediately upon chalk, and perhaps al-
ways under it, while beds of sand and gravel
are commonly below clay, and clay and marie
generally below sand.''

PRESERVING ME.^TS.

The following recipes are from Additions to
Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia, by Thomas
Cooper, Esq. Professor of Chemistry and Min-
eralogy. '

" If meat be intended merely for family use,
and to be u«ed in two or three months, the fol-
lowing pickle deserves to be recommended :
Water, one gallon ; salt, nineteen ounces ; salt
petre, one ounce and a lialf; sugar, half pound.
'•The Russians are fond of the flavor of juni-
per berries, and add a pound of bruised juniper
to a gallon of pickle.

" A tea-spoonful or two of cayenne pepper to
ihe gallon, greatly increa.ses the preserv.ng
I power of the pickle.

; '' To cure gammons, first sprinkle them as

Ii soon as they are cut and trimmed, with a little

' (Livcr()Ool) salt. Let them lay together for

i twelve hours : take them out of the tub. dri.n

^.^nd wipe them ; then rub them separately '.vilh

a mixture of twelve parts common salt and one

part salt petre, well dried and then ground line.

Hub in this mi>iure well ; lay them in the piok-

' ling tub, and the next day rub them again with

a similar mixture. The day after fill up the tub

^viih a brine made in the proportion of 18 oz.

salt, 1 lb. molasses, and 1 oz. salt petre, to the

gallon of water. In this pickle they may stay

f I r a fortnight. Then take them out, drain.

wipe and smoke them.

'■ It they are sulTered to make their own
brine by means of dry salt and salt petre en-
tirely, t!iey will lose too much of the juices of
ihe meatj and become bard and dry.

'• 1 have successfully cured beef in summer
thus :

" I killed an ox in the middle of .\ugust, at
9 o'clock in llie evening ; it was cut up at 3
o'clock in the morn.ng. The pieces were
(piicklj' rubbed with a mixture of ten parts of
salt, and one part of salt petre, and put into a
barrel. In the mean time a brine com|)oscd of
1 1-2 lbs. of sail, 2 oz. of salt petre, and half an
ounce of common pepper, to the gallon of wa-
ter, was ready over the fire, and when the beef
was all packed in the barrel, it was poured on
boiling hot. This prevented and destroyed all
lly-liloivs. In a week, the pieces were taken
out, drained and wiped ; the pickle was boiled
over again, scummed, and again poured boiling
hot on the meat when re-packed. The process
answered the purpose perfectly."

A METHOD OF PRESERVING CREAM.

Take twelve ounces of white sugar, and as
many grains of finely powdered magnesia, and
dissolve them in a small quantity of water, over
a moderate fire. After the solution has taken
place, 12 oz. of new cream should be immedi-
ately added, and tlie whole uniformly mixed
while hot. Let it then gradually cool, and pour
it into a bottle, which must be carefully corked.
if kept in a cool place, and nol exposed to the
air, it may be preserved in a sweet state for
several weeks, and oven months.

Doiiicsiic EncyclopcdUi.

TO PREVENT BOTTLED CIDER FROM BURSTLVC.

Make a strong frame of plank, say 1 1-2 or 2
inches thick and 9 deej), by locking it together
edge-wise, place it in the cellar, and sit the
bottles of cider in it, (after being well corked)
as close as possible, until it is entirely filled,
except the space for one bottle, which must be
left to commence taking them from, when want-
ed for pse. Then put clean sand on them, and
settle it between the bottles, by (hrouing on ^\-
teriiately water and sand, until the sand is well
settled half Hay up the neck of the bottles. In
that situation the bottles will be preserved,
filled with the very best cider for any length
of time.

By placing ice on the sand over the quantity
of bottles |)roposed to be used a day, it will be
as if put into ice water. — imerican Farmer.

TO rRF.VE.NT SKIPPERS IN B.ir0N.

Take of red pepper finel}' powdered one ta-
ble spoonful for every joint of meat, and rub it
on the meat with the salt, when it is first cut
up. It has been often tried, and was never
known to fail in producing the above effect. — ib.

EXTIRP.ITING RATS AND MICE.

Lay bird lime in their haunts ; for though
they are nasty enough in other respect.s, 3'et
being very curious of their fur, if it is but daub-
ed with this stuff, it is so troublesome to them,
that they will even scratch their skins from oil
their own backs to get it off; and will never
abide in the place where they have suffered in
this manner. — Farmer's Journal.

Qitfre. — Would tar answer the same purpose
as bird lime ?

From (he Providence Journal.
To those zuho make., and those who love good Cider.
A few years ago, I was dining with a friend.
who knew my fondness for Cider with my food.

He remarked, '• my friend, 1 have no cider to
otter you. Onr apples have been principally
cut off by frosts and insects, for several years
past ; but I can give you some cider wineV' I
took some of it, and diluted it with water, suffi-
cient as I calculated, to reduce it (0 the strength
of late made cider. When 1 drank of it, to my
surprise, 1 found I had a glass of very excelleiit
cider, with only the liistc of a little ajiple bran-
dy in it. The discovery of this fact suggested
to my mind the following conclusion : — That
farmers in a iderdii'ul year of apples, may, with
a little care, lay up a supply of good" cider,
against a year of scarcity. This niav be done
within a small compass, in the following man-
ner : — Take your first made cider, which is fit
only for the still, and convert it into brandy ; put
nine gallons of this brandy into a new barrel ;
then fill the barrel with late made cider, well
strained, and bung it tight. This gives you the
strength of near four barrels of cider, in one.
The strength given to it by the brand}', will
preserve its sweetness entire, for many years.
That which 1 drank was ten or twelve years
old ; and it was not impaired by age. When if
is used, it only requires a sufficient quantifv of
water mixed with it, to render it excellent ci-
der. The barrels should be new, and clean.
To guard against the rotting which is caused
by damp cellars, they should be iron bound,
and well painted. In this manner, any farmer,
who has the fruit, may put up, in six barrels,
the essence of twenty barrels of good cider,
and keep it until a time of need. It will Jine
itself; and will grow better with an increase
of age. Besides, if it is not wanted as cider, it
is a very pleasant cordial, when imdllnted; and,
with the addition of a bushel of wild grapes,
bruised, and put into each barrel, it imbibes the
peculiar flavor of the grape, and becomes a
very pleasant wine.

As there is an unusual quantity of apples this
year, I have thought this communication might
be useful to agriculturists. Now is the time
for grinding up the early windfalls ; and the
cider, which these produce, if distilled, will
furnish the brandy necessary for making the
cider wine. And I can assure you, my friends,
prepared in this way, it is much pleasanter, and
less injurious to health and morals, than when
drank, in the usual manner, mixed with wafer.

Those farmers who are fond of good cider
with their food, and who have felt the want of
it, in consequence of a scarcity of apples, will,
1 trust, feel the importance of attending to this
subject, now, when they are blessed with an
abundance of fruit. And another season, when
their neighbors are destitute, the possession of
a plenty of excellent cider in their cellars, will
more fully realize to them the value of this
communication, if they will make the experi-
ment. \. B.

A correspondent states that the medical qua-
lifies of pulverized Charcoal, are daily devel-
oping themselves. In addition to its value in
bilious disorders, two ounces of the Charcoal
boiled in a pint of fresh milk, may be taken in
doses of a wine glass full, by adults, every two
hours, in the most obstinate dyscntert/. until relief
is imparted, which has not failed to be the effect
in almost every instance. It is harmless and the
experiment maj' be safely tried. Charcoal made
from maple wood is the purest that can be read-
ily obtained. — Baltimore Chronicle.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

From the Floridian.

XATIVE ATT GALLS.

Messrs. Editor?,

It may perhaps be gratifying to your readers
lo learn, that among the abundant veg;etable
productions ot' West Florida, Iha Qnercus Cer-
ris or Oriental Oak stands in the first class. It
owes its importance principally to the produc-
tion of Nut (ialls. They have hitherto been
imported from the Mediterranean at a great
expense, and tiieir importance in manufactures
is well known. They are the production of an
insect of an lii/incnoj)itrous ^)ccicr'. The Cijnops
Qucrcifolu, who de[iosit their eggs on the leaves
and tender branches of the tree ; an excrescence
is soon I'ortned around the eg?, which enlarges
to a ball the .size of a bullet, enclosing the egg;
which in process of time is hatched, and the
enibr^'o olten undergoing several changes, finally
eats its way out of its prison. This excrescence
is the iVut Gall ; and those found in Florida arc
equal in every respect to those imported from
the Levant.

This tree seldom attains the hei»ht often feel.
and grows prmcipally in low and wet situations,
and the galls cover the branches in great profu-
sion. The writer of this gathered in the space
of a few snoments several pounds. When it is
taken into consideration the importance of this
production in Dying and Medicine, their present
high price (from 50 to gGO per cwt.) and their
not being indigenous in any other part of the l^
S. we know of nothing that would so well repay
the enterprize of any of our citizens, as collect-
ing and sending them to the northward for sale.
4 Friend to Domestic Industry.

From the Amherst (N. 11.) Calliiet.
Tlio Committee of the Hillsborough Agricul-
fural Society appointed to view the tield pro-
ducts of competitors, performed the duty as-
signed them in the present week, agreeably to
the new regulation of the Society, substituted
in the place of the greatest croiis, viz. "The
premiums are to be awarded by a viewing com-
mittee from actual inspection of the crops
growing in the liclds, and they will take into
consideration not only the crops, but the soil,
situation, former and present method and ex-
pense of culture, and the general husbandry of
the farm." The gentlemen composing the
committee who attended to the duty of their
appointment, were Kev. H. Moore, P. Wood-
bury, E'<(i. Capt. Wm. Riddle, C'apt. E. Abbot,
Joseph Cochmn, Esq. Mr. Phillip Brown, and
Mr. Porter Kimball. This conmiittee appears to
have been judiciously chosen ; being all men of
practical farming knowledge. They passed
through this and the noighl)oring towns on
Wednesday, and were accompanied by a number
of gentleman in viewing the farms entered for
competition. They proceeded in their bu.sincss
with precision and expedition, and evinced
judgment and skill suited to the undertaking.
TliL' committee expressed themselves highly
pleased with their employment, and the highest
•mcomiums on llie reception and generous treat-
ment they every where met with on their tour
of observation — the people generally appear-
ing greatly pleased with the change of the sys-
tem of granting premiums on agricullural pro-
■iucts. The committee entertain no doubt that
premiums awarded in this manner will produce
'he hajipiost re-ul(-. It i= hoped that this c.-i-

periment \vM excite the farmers of the county
to a lively sense of the importance of promoting
the general interests of the Society as immedi-
ately connecled with their own and the general
wcllare of the community — That hereafter the
Society may be enabled to offer premiums for
the best managed farms, taking into consideration
the soil and situation, the ability of the owner
to make improvements, and the system on which
he manages — and that the competitors may be
greallv increi-ed.

i\EW ENGLAND 1-AKMEK.

BOSTOjV.— SATURDAY, AUGUST 31, 1822.

We would beg leave to direct the attention of our
readers to the piece with which this day's paper com-
mence?, which we think rational, philosophical, and
calculated to be useful. Future favors of a similar na-
ture from the same haud are respectfully solicited.

COOKL\G FOOD FOR CATTLE.
{Concluded from page 31.)
In the conslriictiou and management of " root
steamers," (as they are called by the Complete Gra-
zier,) there are some things worth attention, which we
have yet to notice. " If water be heated in a close
vessel no steam will he formed ; if the steam escape by
a small hole there will be lesa foraied than if the whole
surface of the water were uncovered."* It follows
that, other things being equal, shallow vessels, or ves-
sels about half full, exposing large surfaces of the wa-
ter in proportion to its quantity, from wiiich the steam
may ascend, will afford the most steam wilh a given
quantity of iitat applied.

Allowing that one gallon of water will produce 1200
gallons of f team, it would be easy to calculate the ex-
act q'lantity of water necessary to boil in order to fjll
with steam the vessels in which the food is cooked,
were it not that the following circumstances are to be
taken into consideration. Steam will be condensed
with greater or less rapidity in proportion to the tem-
perature of the atmosphere, and the temperature, the
solidity, the dryness or wetness of the feed which it
operates upon. Besides if the whole apparatus is made
perfectly tight, a safely ralrc will become necessary,
through which some of the steam will make its escape ;
and the exact quantity of the fugitive steam cannot be
calculated. If the vessel in which the food is prepar-
ed is either open at top (as is common when a fit e pail
kettle and a hogshtad placed over it is used,) or is
covered only by a thick coarse cloth (as recommemled
by the Complete Gr.azier,) a considerable quantily of
steam will be wasted. But though, perhaps, no pre-
cise data can be given for generating or gradualiug the
exact quantity of steam necessary for given purposes,
as relates to cooking food for cattle, we believe there
is commonly more water boiled, and of course more
fuel used in steaming solid food than is necessary.
Accurate experiments on this subject, and their results
carefully recorded, would undoubtedly prove useful.

Steam may likewise be very profitably used in pre-
paring liquid messes for cattle, as well as in warming
vats for dyers, tanners, paper-makers, itc. &c. Many
attempts have been made to heat liquids by stiani in-
troduced into them, which have generally failed, in
consequence of its not being known, or not adverted to
by those who have attempted the process, that fluids
are non-cundaclnrs of heat., and consequently that heat
cannot be made to descend in them. It is therefore
necessary that the tube, which conveys the hot steam,

jVichohon^s Chcmisfry.

should open into the lovesl part of the vessel, ^\luch
contains the liquid to be heated. We shall abridge
from Count Uumfjrd's Essays such directions as w ill
enable any workm.iu of ordinary sagacity to effect this
purpose.

To succeed in he.ating liquids by steam, it is neces-
sary, not only that the steam should enter the liquid at
the bottom of the vessel which contains it, but also
that it sliould enter coming from abovi. The steam
tube should be in a vertical position, and the steam
should descend through it pre vious to its entering the
vessel, and mixing with the liquid which it is to heat ;
otherwi-se this liquid will be' in danger of being forced
back into the boiler by this opening : for the hot steam
being stiddt nly comiensed on coming into contact wilh
the cold liquid, a vacuum will necessarily be formed
in the end of the tube ; into which vacuum, the liquid
in the vessel, pressed by the whole weight of the in-
cumbent atmosphere, will rush with great force, and
with a loud noise ; but if this tube be placed in a ver-
tical position, and if it be made to rise to the height of
six or seven feet, the liquid, which is thus forced into
its lower end will not have time to rise to that height
before it is met by steam and obliged to rctuin back
into the vessel. There will be no dilBculty in arrang-
ing the apparatus in such a manner as efl'ectually to
previ nt the liquid to be heated from being forced back
into the steam-boiler ; anel when this is done, and som.c
other necessary precautions to prevent accidents are
take n, steam may be employed with great advantage
for healing liquids ; and for keeping them hot, in a va-
riety of cases, in whicli fire, applied immediately to
the bottoms of the containing vessels is now used. The
boilers intended to be heated in this manner may be
placed in any part of a room, at any distance from the
fire, and in situations in which they may be approached
freely on every side. They may be surrounded with •
wood, or constructed entirely with wood. The tubes
by which the steam is brought from the principal boil-
er (which tubes may be conveniently sii pended just
below the ceiling of the room) may in like manner, be
covered, so as almost entirely to prevent all loss of heal
by the surfaces of them ; and this to whatever distance
they may be made to extend.

In suspending these steam tubes, care must, howev-
er, be taken to lay them in a situation not perfectli/
horizontal under (be ceiling, but to incline them a
small angle, making them rise gradually from their
junction with the top of a large vertical steam-tube,
connecting them with the steam boiler, (JUite to their
furthest extremities ; for, when these tubes are so plac-
ed, it is evident that all the water formed in them, in
consequence of the condensation of the steam in its
passage thiough them, will run backwards, and fall
into the beiiler, instead of accumulating iu them, and
obstructing the passage of the steam, which it would
not fall to do were there any considerable bends or
waviugs, upwards and dowiiwards, in these tubes, or
of running forward and descending wilh steam into the
vessels containing the liquids to be heated, which
would happen if the tubes inclined rfo7."»ler/)Y/.p, instead
of inclining upwards, as they recede from the boiler.

Tlio steam tube may eithc-r descend within the ves-
sel to which it belongs or on the outside of it, as shall
be found most convenient. If it comes down on the
outside of the vessel, it must enter it at its bottom, by
a short horizontal bend ; and its junction with the bot-
tom of the vessel must be well secured to prevent
leakage.

When several steam tubes, belonging to diflVrenl
containing vessels, are connected with the same Iiori-
zontal steam conductor, the upper end of each of thesi
tubes, instead of bting simply attached .by solderinj

iNEW ENGLAND FARMER.

to the rt.iilir tide of the condiic'.or, cuist cuter hI leSEt
one inch within the cavity of it ; otherwise tha wat( v
resnlling- from a condensation ol a part of the steam, in
the conductor by the cohl air wliich surrounds it, ii>
Etcad of fuiding its way barli i;ilo the steam boik r, will
descend tlirough the slcani tubes, and mix with the
liquids ui the vessels below ; but when the open ends
of these tubes project upwards within the steam con-
ductor, though it be but to a small height above the
level of its under side, it is evident that this accident
cannot happen. In order that the ends of the sttain
tubes may projv'Ct upwards within the horizontal con-
ductor, the diameters of the former must be considera-
liiy less than the diameter of the latter.

As it is essential that the steam employed in heating
ii (uids, in tlie manner before described, should enter
the conlaininar vessel at, or very near its bottom, it is
tvident that thif steam must be sulBciently strong or
elastic to overcome, not only the pressure of the atmos-
phere, but also the additional pressure of the superiu-
eumbent liquid in the vessel ; the steam boiler, must,
therefore, be made strong enough to confme the steam,
when its elasticity is so much uicreased by means of
additional heat, as to enable it to overcome that resist-
ance. This increase of the elastic force of the steam
need not, however, in any case, exceed a pressure of
five or six pounds upon a square inch of the boiler, or
one third pari, or one half\ of an atmosphere.

In this and in all other cases, where steam is used as
,a vehicle for conveying heat from one place to another
it is indispensably necessary to provide saftty valres of
tww kinds ; the one for letting a part of tiie steam es-
cape, when, on the fire being suddenly increased, the
steam becomes so strong as to expose ttae boiler to the
dangc-r of being burst by it ; — the other for admitting
air into the boiler, when, in consequence of the dimi-
nution of Uie heat, the steam in the boiler is conden-
sed, and a vacuum is formed in it ; and when, without
this valve there would be danger, either of ha^'ing the
sides of the boiler crushed, and forced inwards by the
pressure of the atmosphere, or of having the liquid in
the containing vessels forced upwards into the horizon-
tal steam conductors, and from thence into the steam
boiler.

Count Rumford proceeds to shew that the principles
above described had been carried into effect upon a
very large scale, by Messrs. Gott and Company, at
Leeds.

The dyeing house of Messrs. Gott and Company is
very spacious, and contains a great number of coppers
of different sizes, some of which contain xipward of
1800 gallons, and they are all heated by steam from
one steam boiler. One of the largest of these coppers,
containing upwards of 1800 gallons, when filled with
cold water from the cistern, requires no more than half
an hour to heat it till it actually boils .' By the greatest
fire that could be made under such a copper, with
coals, it would hardly be possible to make it boil in
less than an hour. Common wooden tubs may be sub-
stituted for coppers, for retaining vessels, or vessels in
which the food is cooked.

The foregoing may give our readers some idea of the
mode of heating liquids by steam. Tliose, however,
who would wish to construct an apparatus for boiling
liquids by steam, would do well to consult Count Rum-
ford's Essays, which may be found in the Boston .4th-
cneum.

We would here observe that what we have recom-
mended and in part described in this essay does not
rest on theory, nor speculations not tested and war-
ranted by actual and beneficial practice. This v.e en-
deavored to shew in the brginni-ig of our essay, (p. 23)
i^d to oiakeit still more evident, we shall add to this

.11 tide a fev/ facts derived chielly from .Mr. Smith's
.iddiess to the Maryland .Agricultural Society.

" .Mr. ^Villiam Bean, of the city of Eallimo.'-e, the
constructor of my apparatus, has stated to me that he
can build such as mine at a cost from GO to £00 dolls.
A boiler of the lowest price, containing i^O gallons,
would be sufficient to cook food f.ir the stock of mo.-t
farms in our country, 'i he capacity of my boiler is
100 gallons. It has enabled my people for some time
to cook every day, for more than one hundred head of
stock, nourL'^hing food, consisting of cut hay or straw,
or corn tops and blades, or corn husks mixed with
meal produced from the corn and cob ground together,
or with other meal and a due proportion of water.
When this food is intended for cows in milk, as much
water is used as will serve to give it the liquid con-
sistence of what is called a wash ; but when it is pre-
pared for dry cattle or for horses, so much water only
is applied as is used ia the common feed of chopped
rye and cut straw.

^* Clover Iiay, corn tops, blades and husks, when
steamed, have been found greatly to contribute in the
winter season to the improvement of the quality oi the
milk, insomuch as, in a great degree, to impart to the
butter the yellow color and delicate fiavor, it would
have received from the same articles in a green slate.
It is, however, proper to premise, that to produce these
pleasing effects, tlio clover hay and the corn fodder
must be well cured. ^\"ben cut straw has been used,
the advantages, though very perceptible, have not,
from the dryness o{ the straw, been so strongly com-
municated to tlie butter. If the steamed food should
not be intended for cows in milk, or for cattle for the
butchers, or for working oxen or horses, but lor stock
going at large, there is no necessity to mix it with any
meal whate^'er. And from the experience I have had
I have no hesitation in pronouncing that not only straw
and corn fodder, but the very corn stalks, instead of
" wasting their svreets on the desert air." may, if well
cured and preserved, be converted into nourishing food
for the maintenance of stock throughout the whole
winter season." »

" The richness of the milk, the f.avcr and yellow
color of the butter, Afford the most convincing evidence
of the excellency of cooked food. And this is confirm-
ed by experiments made from time to time, in suspend-
ing and resuming the steamed preparations. Besides,
under this system, every particle of the hay, of the
straw, and of the coarsest offal is consumed. There is
no waste ; every thing is eaten with avidity. It would
hence appear that the steaming apparatus, converting
as it does all vegetable matter whatever, coarse as well
as fine, into the greatest quantity of nutriment, aflbrds
the united benefits of nutrition and economy. And in
this country, where so little green food is raised for the
maintenance of cattle in the winter, the steaming of
straw and corn fodder combines incalculable advan-
tages. Besides, it sho\Jd ever be kept in mind that,
in the feeding of animals, the provender ought to have
bulk as well as nutriment. A certain distention of the
stomach is requisite."

AEWS FROM EUROPE.

London papers to tlie 19th July have been received
by the Herald, Capt. Fox, from Liverpool. By these
it .appears that Madrid was in extreme agitation from
the 1st to the dth of July. On the 6th at night, one of
the battalions of the revolted troops made a forceable
entry into the cili". They entered the avenues lead-
ing to the square at day light, and commenced a vig-
orous fire on the constitutional troops, or militia. The
latter defended themselves successfully. At six in the
morning. Gen. Morillo ordered a piece of artillery to
be placed in the main street to prevent the nrtreat of
the guards in that direction, the militia continued to
fire upon them, and the mutineers, being repulsed on
every side, withdrew to the palace, where they were
received and welcomed by some persons of rank. They
then offered to enter into negotiations, but notwith-
standing their offer, subsequently attacked some of the
miiitia, but were again repulsed. Some other events
took pLace. whose details are of little importance. On
the r.t'.i, all the remaining mutineers surrendered, and
the Bishop, in presence of the militia, performed a sol-
emn mass in honor of the triumph.

-V Paris paper of the loth ult. states that " a meet-
ing of the Foreign Ministers has been held at Madrid,

to sign a decl-.raliou relativ* to the events in that cap-
ital. Mr. Forsyih, the American minister, lefused to
sign it, as totally tutrue ; assertirg that the loval ad^
hirents to Ferdii;;;nd were his greatest entmif's, and
that the fortes, Riego, ^c. were liis best fri< nds. It
is added that eventually all the foreign ministers, ex-
cept the Austrian, agreed v.ith Mr. Forsyth.

LoKDO.v, July 19.— /ri);.or/cn/._Extratt of a private
letter received this morning from I'aris, dated Jlcnriay
evening last :— " The French government have ju^t
concluded a contract for 10,000 horses for the artille-
ry, fcc. All lh<j different officer? have been ordered to
their posts, and the conscripts of the year ]1!2I arc or-
dered to join the [irniy. If this does not look like war,
I don't know what does."

Mcrmuid. — The British Missionary Society in Lon-
don have published an official accevnt of the arrival of
a Mermaid, at the Cape of Good Hope, and given a
full description of her, and slate that the propiietor of
the extraordinary anunal is Capt. !!des, of Boston, in
America ; who had been offered 10,000 dollars for it,
but refused to part with it for any sum.

STILL LATER. — Since writing the ibove, Lon-
don papers have been received by an arrival at this
port, as late as the 25th ult. Accounts from Madrid
are to July 12. The insurrection of the Guards is en-
tirely suppressed — the late minister of war deprived of
his functions. Uisturbancts, however, continue to
exist in some of the Norlhcrn provinces of Spain. It
was said that the Constitutionalists had gained a vic-
tory in Catalonia. The insurgents fled to the moun-
tains, where large bodies of them collect, and make
occasional predatory descents on the neighboring cities.

A petition has been presented to the British Parlia-
ment from certain persons in Leeds, praying for the
interference of the House in the massacres of the
Greeks by tl>c Turks. The petition was ordered to be
printed.

HARVARD V.VIFERSITY.

The annual commencement at this ancient seminary
took place on Wednesday. His Excellency the Gov-
ernor, with the other State Authorities, was escorted
from this city to Cambridge, in the morning, by the
corps of Ca\ airy under Capt. Piichardson. A proces-
sion was then formed, consisting of the Government of
the University, and their invited guests, which pro-
ceeded to the meeting-house, where the literary exer-
cises commenced at half past ten o'clock, to a very
crowded and discriminating audience. Among other
distinguished persons, we were gratified to see the Rev.
President Ilolle-y, of tl e Transylvania College, of the
audience on this interesting occasion. After the usual
exercises, the Govermnent, with their guests, the
Alumni of this and other similar institutions, repaired
to the Hall, partook of a generous repast, and conclud-
ed the day with their accustomed festivity.

The degree of A. B. was conferred on fifty-nine
young gentlemen. — Gaztlle.

New York, .August 27.

Although the last reports of the Board of Health are
not of a nature to create new alarm, yet the panic stil
continues, and is extending in the lower part of the city.
This is however, natuial. The alarm is more conta-
gious than the fever ; the stoutest heart is ajipalled by
seeing his neighbors fleeing from their abodes, and the
only relief is to follow them. Broadway, and the other
great Avenues to the upper part of the town and Green-
wich, exhibited yesterday a continued throng of carts,
laden with merchandize from the warehouses below.
It has already become a scene of bustle and business at
the new locations.

The Banks began to move yesterday morning, and
we understand, are all now established at Greenwich
and Broadway, excepting the JIanhattan, which is at
their building in the Bowery, near the junction of
Broadway. This is a great calamity to New York, but
it is hoped, will be borne with fortitude.

On the 24lh inst. the President issued his Proclama-
tion opening the ports of the United States to British
vessels from all the British Colonial Ports at which
our vessels are admitted — and on reciprocal conditions,
as regards the vessels, proportion of mariners, and na»
tureof the cargo. — Palladmn.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

FOR TUi: A'F.W ENCLA.VD FAR31ER.

THE RICH MAN AXD THE POOR BOY.
A certain lad, who was a iva; complete
Whom even a yankee pedlar could not cheat,
Full of finesse, and paltry cunning tricks,
As rogues who shine in party politic?,
Oucc met a coxcomb with less brains than cash,
THio therefore undertook to cut a dash
By dint of money, having nought beside
To form the underpinning of his pride.
" May't please your honor, sir," the urchin said,
" Give me two cents to buy some ginger-bread."
" I give you cents! — you little vile clod-hopprr,
" Two kicks I'll give you, sooner than one copper.
" Give you two cents! — that would indeed be funny,
" You stand in need o( manntrs more than monry,"'
" Sir," said the lad, " I ask your honor's pardon.
" My case you must acknowledge is a hard one ;
" For neither cash nor manners / ean boast of,
" 1 therefore ask'd for what ijuii had the most of."

FOR THE SEW F.NGI.AKD FARMER.

THE SCHOLAR WHO LOST HIS KEY-HOLE.

A scholar, once, who had been drinking till he

Was quite impertinent and somewhat silly,

Came reeling home 'twixt twelve and one at niglit,

Fumbling his way to bed without a light.

But bellows out as loud as he could roar,

" Somt rogut has stoVn Iht l,i i/-holc lo my door .'"

From the American Daily Advertiser.
Extract of a letter from an American gentleman

in Smyrna, dated 21th May last, to hi.i friend

in Philadelphia.

" Our situation in this conntry continues to be
very distrcssiniij, and our t'utnrc prospects most
nncert;(in. Notwithstanding- the strong hopes
that now exist, that a war with Russia will not
take place, I must confess, I cannot much flatter
myself with that hope. The Turks, by their
conduct, will lorce Kussia, if not eventually all
the Christian powers, to declare war asfainst
them. The Island of Scio, containing- a popula-
tion of about one hundred and fifty thousand,
has been taken by the Turks. This island wa«
by far the richest of any of the Archipelago.
The Turk*, on their appearance, held out pro-
mises of pardon ; they met with scarcely any
resistance, still all the men have been killed,
and the women and children made slaves, and
daily pass through this ]>laco, on their way to
different parts of Asia. To behold a young lady
of respectable family, brought up in all the ease
of alUuence, a slave to some Turkish IJoor, is
most distressing. Other scenes, far worse, we
arc obliged to see and hear of daily. Strict or-
ders are given tc prevent any of Ihese slaves
from being sold to any Christian ; slill, howev-
er, a few, very fow, are saved in this way, at a
great expense.

" The Turkish licet and the Greeks are now
in presence of each other; the force of the lat-
ter is very inferior lo the former, still they do
not venture to attack them. The Greeks wail
to find them at anchor, with the hopes of burn-
ing them ; should they succeed, we may expect
great disturbances here.'"

About GO blacks were convicted at Charles-
ton, for being concerned in the late conspiracy,
.'j4 of whom were executed, and the rest sen-
tenced to be transported.

From the Baltimore I'atriol of August 14.

DROUGHT.

The northern and western parts of Maryland,
and Ihe adjacent parts of Pennsylvania, have
suffered from a drought tliis season to a de-
gree, unprecedented within the memory of the
oldest persons living, hi York, (Peni^) no rains
of consequence had taken place on the llith inst.
from the preceding 21st of February, the time
of the fresh — and for the la=t two months, there
had not been a shower. Not one mill out often
could grind at all, and the few that could, were
not able to supply the dom ind. Farmers have
been obliged to go twenty miles, to get as much
ground as woidd supporl their families. The
Vork paper seriously stales, ibat a few v.-ecks
more of dry weather, would compel the inhabi-
tants to resort to Baltimore for flour I ! The
summer crop.s have almost altogether failed. —
" Some fields will not yield a grain of Corn, and
the best of them not more than a few bushels to
the acre." \'erbal reports and letters confirm
these statements, and in fact, give even more
gloomy views of the state of the crops and the
streams in the adjacent part of our state.

The York Gazette says, " we hoar daily of
springs that were considered never-failing, disap-
pearing, and the people, like the thirsty throng
of Israel, have to go miles in quest of water to
sustain themselves."

Although nothing like the distress alluded to,
has been experienced in Baltimore and its vicini-
ty, the season has been of late very dry. Y es-
terday the dried plains received partial refresh-
ment from timely showers, which have caused a
perceptible difference in the atmosphere.

CHOICr. OF A WIFE.

As notwithstanding all that wit, or malice, or
pride, or prudence, will be able to suggest, men
and women must at last pass their lives togeth-
er; I have never, therefore, thought those wri-
ters friends to human happiness, who endeavor
to excite in either sex a general contempt or
suspicion of the other. To persuade those who
arc entering the world, and looking all abroad
for a suitable associate, that all are etpially vi-
cious, or equally ridiculous; that they who "trust
arc certainly betrayed, and they who esteem
are always disappointed, is not to awaken judg-
ment, but to inflame temerity. Without hope
there can be no caution. Those who are con-
vinced that no reason for preference can be
found, will never harass their thoughts with
doulil and deliberation ; they will resolve, since
they are doomed to misery, that no needless
anxiety shall disturb their quiet, they will plunge
at hazard into the crowd, and snatch the first
hand that shall be held towards them. That
the world is over-run with vice cannot be de-
nied ; but vice, however predominant, has not
yet gained unlimited dominion. Therefore,
those who undertake to initiate the young ami
ignorant in the knowledge of life, should be
careful to inculcate the possibility of virtue and
happiness, and to encourage endeavors by pros-
pects of success.— Jo/uiii'o»i.

From a Philadelphia Paper of August 17.
We were yesterday highly gratified with the
sight of a man walking on the water by the help
of the life preserver. He jumped boldly into the
middle of the Delaware, and made his w-ay ag-
ainst the tide with apparently but little exertion.
The length of time which it took to put on and
adjust tl>e dross, struck most of those present as
a serious objeetion, but we learn that ihis incon-
venience will be remedied in anew dress vi-bich
the inventor is now preparing; and we have no
doubt tliat the invention inay prove useful in
cases of shipwreck near land, where, not unfre-
qucnlly, it only one can escape to shore, meant
ma}' be obtained of saving the whole crew.

President Adams has recently given in imme-
diate possession to his native town, Quincy, near-
ly two hundred acres of land, containing in a part
of it an inexhaustible quarry of stone for buil-
ding houses; the whole ]irocceds to be appropri-
ated to religious and literary purposes from gen-
eration to generation. He has also given to the
lovvn his whole library consisting ol' highly val-
ui'.ble books, in various languages. This has al-
ready come into possession of the town.

Portsmouth Journal.

Aa eminent Physician, who was acquainted
with the dangerous effects of Lead on the hu-
man constitulion, recommended those who re-
ceived their su])ply of water through Leaden
Pipes., to have the water which had been stand-
ing in the pipes through the night, drawn oif
every morning, before they drav,- for the use
of their families.

There is a dear and precious period in the
life of man, which, brief as sweet, is best ap-
preciated in recollection ; when but to exist i*
to enjoy ; when the rapid pulse throbs wildly
with the vague delight which fills the careless
heart, and when it may be truly said, that noth-
ing is, but what is not.

There is not the greatest man living but may
stand in need of the meanest, as much as the
meanest does of him.

When the heart is deeply involved, every
sense allies itself to its feelings, and the eye
beholds no object, and the ear receives no
sound, which, in the first impression, awakens
not the master pulse of emotion.

Pielations take the greatest liberties, and give
the least assistance. If a stranger cannot help us
with his purse, he will not insult us with his
comments; but with relations, it mostly happens,
that they are the veriest misers with regard to
their property, but perfect prodigals in the arti-
cle of advice.

PRONf.NCIATIO.V.

Sir David Dundas spoke in Parliament witlr
a broad Scotch accent. " I say, Mr. Speaker,"
said he upon one occasion, " it is not in the
poor [power] of this house to do so." " What,"
Slid a country member, " does the advocate of
Scotland mean by talking of the poor of this
hoijse ?" '• He means, I suppose," said Mr. F,.
•• the forty-five Scotch members."

A person having asked his physician how-
much daily food was required to nourish and
support the body, the physician replied, " One"
jiound of Ibod will support m;in ; should he take-
more; the man must support the Ibod."

iril

■^

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Published every Saturday, by THOMAS W. SHEPARU, Hogers' liiiilding, Congress Street, Boston ; at $-2,50 per aim. in advance, or $3,00 at the close of the year.

\ OL. I.

BOSTON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 7, 1822.

No. 6.

At (he sug:grstion of a friend, but in perfect accord-

n. ' with our own views, we this day commence tlie

r-pnblication of the foUowin;^ pamphlet, which we

li ili continue, from time to time, till completed. Al-

-h not designed particularly for this section of the

-1, it is, for the most part, as well adapted to New

Old as to New York ; and we think its contents

.it fail to be interesting to that cla?s in the com-

nunity, who have most leisure to read, and may be

xpected lo derive mo.=t profit from reading. Writings

ike the following have a tendency to make the most

iseful pursuits the most fashionable, and may perhaps

urn the attention of many young men of family and

brtune lo almost the only honorable vocation, which

s not already thronged and crowded to a degree which

eaves but little chance of success to new competitors.

"^onsidcrntions on the necessity of ettablLliiua an
,'lgricultural College^ and liavitig more of the
children of Zi-caltky citizens educated for the
profession of fanning. Albany' : Wcbsters &.
Skinners, pp. -1'2.

The purpose of the following observations i.<
o recommend an institution for the education
if agriculturists, or, in more familiar language,

teach the bu.siness of farming.

The necessity of such an institution is the

irst thing that will be required to be shewn

I efore advocates for it can be expected, and

his I think will appear in a convincing manner

7om the following considerations.

There are now thousands of wealthy citizens

1 this state who do not know what to do with
leir sons. In the tirst place, without any de-
■rminale object in view, they give them a lib-
ral education, or rather, they send them for
>ur years to a cohege to obtain the reputation
r having a graduate's diploma, and so much
istruction in the dead languages and the ordi-
iry sciences as they are compelled or dispos-
J to attend to ; after that there are only three
rofessions from which ordinarily they are to
loose their means of living and rising into
)nsequence — la-s.\ physic and divinity ; but so
reat arc the numbers of young gentlemen des-
ned for those professions, that their prospects
•e truly dismal ; but what other provision can
eir fathers make for them ? Turn them to
me mechanic employment ? that is consider-
1 too degrading — To manufacturing? it has

en tried and proved ruinous — To mercantile
isiness? that too is overstocked — To the armv

navy ? there is little room there, and many
■asons against it — To farming ? nothing, it I's
id, can be made by it.

In most European countries, the manufactur-
g department affords a vast opening for rcs-
;clab!c enterprise, and gives employment to
illions. Its business can scarcely be overdone.

it arc found some of the most" important and
fluential men of the nation to which they bc-
ng. In respectability, wealth and usefulness.
w in other departments excel them. Hither
en, without offence to the most lastidious

ide, may the oflspring of families of ev. t\

nk be directed for employment. To us this

ppartment may in some sense be said to be

K'solutely shut, a circuBslancc whicli most uia-

terialij' narrows the field of profitable and hon-
orable pursuit. With us so few arc the chan-
nels of what is esteemed exclusively reputable
business, by the proud classes of society, that a
multiludo, too great I'or their capacities, rushes
into them at once. Happily for the agricultural
department, it has, among all the capricious and
absurd modifications and revolutions of nations,
remained exeinpt from dishonorable imputa-
tion ; but Still it is guarded by a terrific phan-
tom, which threatens ol).?curity and poverty to
those who shall attempt to enter it, still repeat-
ing, that by fanning nothing is to be inctdc.

That nothing is to be made by t'arming, how-
ever, is an opinion easy to be related, and that
will presently be done ; in the mean while,
some further preliminary observations are to
be made.

There are no entailed estates in our country :
and there are very few, however enormous, that
may not be dissipated by the immediate descen-
dants of those who have acquired tlieni. It may
therefore he said, with little qualification, that
every person, whatever ma3' be his patrimony,
must calculate on being the arbiter of his own
fortune. As many young men are now brought
up in opulent families, the inevitable conse-
quence will be that they, excepting such as may
fortunately escape the effects of their education,
must eventually sink out of siight from the re-
spectable part of the community. In the mean
time the descendants of the industrious mechan-
ics, following the lessons and examples of their
fathers, together with those extraordinary gen-
iuses, that not unfrequently rise from the man-
sions of obscurity, will by their native powers
•and unsiibduable energies, mount to the highest
eminences, comnuind the wealth, and rule the
destinies of their country. It is melancholy to
look back and see how many families ol high
repute, have, merely by fostering a despicable,
inert, family pride, and disdaining such occupa-
tions for their children as \vere only suited to
their talents, and abandoning them to their way-
ward inclinations, become extciTninaledfrom the
ranks in which they formerly stood. And it is
pitiable, truly pitiable, to see, as any one ip
every section of the country may see, by look-
ing not far about him, a family raised to opu-
lence and character by the genius, enterprise
and industry of its head, exhibiting, from the
same cause, sure and dismal presages of its spee-
dily submerging far below the level of its pre-
sent stand in society. — Who cannot point to
some such in which not one of its branches can
be selected with the least prospect of a survi-
ving reputation distinguished from that of the
common mass of mankind, after the head of il
shall have ceased to uphold it? And hoiv is this
to be accounted for? By that same pernicious
pride and most culpable tenderness, which for-
bid persons, elevated by their circumstances
but a little above the common level, to subject
their children to that severe discipline which is
indispensably necessary to prepare them t'ov
such callings, no matter which, as arc indicated
by their capacities and the natural bent of their
dispositions. Such persons do to their sons the
office of the angel of ['ar^dise, in guarding, a-

I gainst their entrance, the only place where hap-
piness for them is to be found. Nor can it es-
^ cape observation, that to the neglect of early
I and systematic religious and moral instruction,
can evidently he traced the annihilation of fami-
I lies once holding conspicuous stations in the
community.

It may here be proper also to make some re-
marks on the notion which is generally enter-
tained of the hardships, sometimes called cruel-
tics, of discipline. The discipline of young ])er-
sons is nolliiiig more than compelling them to
do what they ought to do, and must do, to c.«cape
a comparatively ignominious life, but what they
arc naturally unwilling to do, and by proper
means to impress on them the habit of" doing it
Tills in the operation may not be pleasant to
the patient, but the habit once induced will be-
come the source of his greatest enjoyments
As some confirmation of tlie truth of this re-
mark, I have heard persons, who had in their
earlier age passed tlirough a course of the se-
verest discipline, animadvert on it with the
highest satisihclion ; and w ith recollections of
gratitude to their, once considered cruel, mas-
ters, ascribe (o it all the consequence they had
acquired in life. On the contrary, I have heard
bitter upbraidings from those who have in after
life wofully experienced the effect of its not
having been enforced by those who had the
control of them in the days of their infancy and
youth.

I believe every reader of this will, from his
own experience, be ready to testify to the just-
ness of this remark. For myself I can truly say,
that there is no hardship which I have suffered
to prepare mc tor the duties of life, nor any
which I have endured in the prosecution of
them, \vhich I now regret. If 1 have any one
thing more tlian others to regret, in my recol-
lections of the past, it is, that stronger injunc-
tions have not been enforced, or that a greater
self-control, and a course of more scrupulous
and assiduous performance of duties have not
l^een a-^sumed. The pains of additional labor
would have been abundantly compensated by
the feelings of self-applause, which a retrospec-
uon would afford, and the satisfaction yielded
liy a consciousness of powers better matured for
actions more extensively useful.

On this topic I will make one other remark
which, as to its importance and truth, I recom-
mend fo the serious and dcliberafe consideratioa
of those wealthy parents, v.hose anxieties to pro-
vide for the happiness of their children, render
them incapable of attending to the plainest dic-
tates of reason and the most impressive lessons
of experience.

A youth supplied v/ith cash lo the amount of
his wishes, to he employed for his pleasures in
such ways as his undisciplined inclinations may
lead him into, and which will most probably be
to di>>ipated company, gambling houses, and the
resorts of obscenity and intemperance, will enjoy
much less real happiness than an apprentice un-
der the strictest master of a mechanic art. Be-
sides, such a youth must expect ultimalely to find
the apprentice of the mechanic, and many a lar-
mer"5 son, infinitely his superior in the estimation

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

comforts ; and il he has any reflection, he will
look back with hitter but unavailina: regret on the
cruel indulg-cnce of his parents. Better for hiin
would it have been if he had been the oflfspring
of poverty, or, as is sometimes the melancholy
I'act, better that he never had been born. Hut
.should he, by a happy-constitution, or a fortu-
nate concurrence of circnm~tances, be kept from
the paths of dishonor and vice, still tlie chance
in great that his pursuits will be al'ter frivolous
objects, and that his character through life will
be marked with the stamp of insignificance.
To such a doom do many of our most wealthy
and respectable citizens deliberately devote
their offspring. Cruel parents! Neglecting to
bring up a son to any business, trade or profes-
sion, whatever may be the rank or condition
of the parent, is a crime of the deepest die — it
is next to munler — It is the same thing as cut-
ling off from society one of its members, whose
usefulness, if a due discharge of parental duty
had not been omitted, might have been cminent-
Jy great — It is more — It is letting loose on soci-
ety one, who, as he has not been taught to do
any thing useful, must of necessity do miscliief,
for inaction is unnatural. If his constitutional
powers, temper and disposition happen fortun-
ately to be feeble, mild and spiritless, he may
be comparatively harmless. But the greater
his powers, the more ardent his temper, the
more perverse his disposition, and the more in-
flated his pride, and these commonly go together,
the greater is the evil to be apprehended tVom
him — It is a parent's devoting his child to that
unhappy existence, which is the inevitable lot of
all who are not put into the road of useful em-
ployment, and often it happens that it is also
consigning him to ignominy, coupled with every
calamity of life in its most terrible form — It is a
crime of the worst kind against the community
— It is one of the most cruel curses that a fa-
ther can intlict on a son.*

Let the biographies of eminent men be con-
.sultcd, and it will be seen, that, superadded to
the ordinary severities of their instructers or
masters, their distinction is to be chiefly ascrib-
ed to self-i7iiposed severities, deliberately adopt-
ed and perseveringly observed, till they have
riviited the habits that gave the complexion of
their fortunes and determined their destinies.
Such men have in their education and subse-
quent pursuits submitted themselves to priva-
tions and toils compared with which the ap-
prenticeship and labors of the most active iar-
mer may be said to be but of trifling amount.
Without such self-imposed discipline, Franklin
would not have risen above the standing of an
ordinary printer. Washington, whose name is
encircled with a halo of glory unparalleled a-
mong mortals, would have been confounded
with the common planters of Virginia, had he
not, from early life, subjecteil himself to a uni-
form series of labors and sufferings, both of body
niid mind, of which the mo-t industrious farmer
or mechanic cannot form an adequate idea. It
is nevertheless true, however, that the innate
greatness of such men gives them a sublimity
of feelinjj that makes their labors and sufferings

comparatively light. And so will it be with all
who undertake a profession with that exalted
enthusiasm which is not to be daunted, nor
chilled for a moment, by prospects of the great-
est obstacles, but, ever contident of victory, will
encounter them with the utmost prompitude
and alacrity, however formidable and appalling
their character or appearances may be.

The chief difference between the noble and
ignoble of the human race is this : The one,
after liaving obtained a distinct view of his du-
ties, and the necessary means for attaining a
noble end, prescribes to himself a conduct for
accomplishing his purposes from which he will
never deviate, whatever may be the tempta-
tions or discouragements to induce him to re-
linquish it or to relax in his efforts. The other
will, on the appearance of every little difficulty,
shrink into himself like a snail, or sink into a
helpless state of despondency.

Read the choice of Hercules when addressed
by Fame and Pleasure, personified as deities.
Had he been intimidated by the labors which
the first required of him, or accepted, like many
an unfortunate youth of our times, of the prom-
ised dalliances of the other, instead of obtaining
an immortal fame, he would have sunk, a mis-
erable, debauched, effeminate wretch, into the
gulf of oblivion.

Nothing is more idle or preposterous than
the notion that success or celebrity, in any
sphere, can be obtained without great exertion
and intense application. Reason, at the first
glance, pronounces it ioolish ; and every day's
observation shows it to be false ; and yet it
seems, some parents think that their sons will
become soiiicthiiig without any labor to qualify
them for it, and as a consequence, their sons
dream of distinctions without an effort to attain
them. They expect to glide smoothly down
stream on the credit of a family name, or a
family's riches, or po.ssibly on the reputation of
a superior genius, without the necessity of com-
batting contrary winds and currents, into a port
where accumulatious of wealth ,ind honor await
them. Miserable dreams ! fatal delusions ! No :
young men must have it impressed on them, as
an undeniable self-evident proposition, that they
must work, and work hard both in qualifying
themselves for the business of their profession,
whatever that may be, and in conducting it af-
terwards, if they have any ambition to be seen
in the ranks of honorable men ; and that all their
powers must be strenuously, systematically and
perseveringly exerted, if they aim at any thing
like superiority.

(to be conti.vued.)

*■ Tlic author lias been informed, that in a town in
this state, not as populous as Albany now is, and not
less healthful, out of forty younj; men of llie most re-
spectable families whn had reaclicil thi' a2;e of manliood,

MASS.\CnUSETTS AGRICULTURAL HEP0SIT0RV AND
JOURNAL, FOR JUNE.*

(Continued from p. 22.)

The next article which merits particular at-
tention, is by J. Lowell, Esq. on the culture of
Sea Kale, (Crambe Maritima,) and of the Salsa-
fy, or Oyster Plant, (Tragopogon.)

Mr. Lowell says these plants were introduced
some years since, but their use has not become

common m this country, although they are both
favorites at European tables.

'■'• The Sea Kale is a plant of recent intro-
duction in Europe. Perhaps its culture cannot
be traced back beyond forty years. It is a na-
tive of the sea coast of the Southern parts ot
England, where it is found growing in sea land.

'■• It is very hardy — grows in any tolerable
soil — is perennial, and costs not half the labor
bestowed on asparagus. It may be raised from
the seed or from the root, and fifty plants, oc-
cupying a very small space, will supply a single
family. In its taste it resembles the Cauliflower
The only labor it requires is to cover it witl
san<l, or earth, or with pots, or boxes in March
so as to exclude the light, and to blanch it, oi
make it white. If not blanched it is neither st
beautiful to the eye, or so tender, orsodelicalt
to the taste as if blanched. It should be thor
oughly boiled, and is better if boiled in mil
and water. It should be served up like Cauli
flowers, with melted butter. It comes in at
season in which our vegetables in this countr
are very deficient.

•'If in England and France, where it has t
compare at the same table with green peas an
spinach, it is admired as a luxury, can it b
possible that it will not eventually succeed wit
us ? We shall be happy to furnish seeds of it t
any persons who may be disposed to introduc
it.'"'

'• If in older countries, with milder and shor
er winters, in which they give you green vegi
tables nine months in the year, they value sue
a plant as the Sea Kale, it must be of great*
value to us, whose soil is bound in frost fro
the lOth of November to the first of April, ai
sterile till the first of May." .

'• It requires no manure as the Asparag J
does. It is indeed injured by it, and if our fa '
mers in the interior had a patch of it in tin
gardens, they would have an earlier succuU-
vegetable to eat with their salted provisioi ^5
than any other they could raise."'

Hill's British Herbal remarks that, " Tl
people about the sea coasts boil the Cram
Maritima, in the way of savoys and cabb.agt
and the like ; and it is very well tasted ai
perfectly wholesome. This had led some
take it into their gardens, and it is preferred
most other kinds at table."

" The Salsafy, or Oyster Plant," Mr. Low.
continues, " is another vegetable of easy pi
duction, and universally eaten, when introduc
to the table. I know no one vegetable whi
is more esteemed.

" It resembles a small parsnip in its appe;
ance. It is raised annually from seeds, and
easily, requiring no more care than the carr
In bears a tolerable crop. In Europe it is eat
both boiled and fried. In this country it is p:
boiled, and then fried either in batter, or wi
out. It forms an admirable garnish for boil

" .-fome persons may, perhaps, think it needless for
un to quote largely from a puljlication wliich is in the
hands of many of our readers. But, we beg leare to
observe that the greater part of our subscribers do not

and who had not been educated fur any profossion, not take and have no chance to peruse the Massachusetts
one survived his fui tiotji year. 1 Agricultural R.ef)ository. Wc arc more solicitous to

publish vxtfitl than orighial matter ; and surely
circulation of any article which promises advantagt
the public ouj;ht not to be limited to the publicatior 1^
which it makes its first appearance. In England i ' I
useful article is published in any one of the many sci
tific periodical works with which tiie country abour
it is copied into all the rest. Krirh paper hasgener:
a share of matter, written for that particular paper,
the greater part of its content-? is frlcrted from cl
co-temporary publications.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

fowls or turkies. In its taste, it so stronjjly re-
sembles the oyster, that when sliced, ami fried
in batter, it can scarcely be distingiiislicil from
it. If our gardeners would introduce it into
the market, and our citizens once try it, there
would be no danger of its ever failing hereafter
to be raised. It is in eating from November to
May, precisely the period in which our vegeta-
ble market is "most deficient in variety."*

Mr. Lowell, in this article, states his confi-
dence in the success of attempts which are mak-
ing to naturalize the Sweet Potatoe in New
■, England, and says,

'• Wc are confident they will be regularly for
sale in Boston market, from this time forward.
Wo have had experience this spring of their
hardihood. They encountered a severe frost
on the sixth of May, after having been trans-
planted from a hot bed, where they were made
patt rnally tender. They were cut down by the
t'ln^t, but have started again more freely than
common potatoes. They are now one month
earlier, than any we ever raised, and we feel
no doubt that they will produce an abundant
crop, and those which will not sell, will furnish
the best possible food, for pigs, cows, and poul-
try. This is no speculative theory, but the re-
sult of four years constant observations and ex-
periment. We have no idea of its being an ob-
ject of general culture, but it will, and must form
a part of the cultivation for the market, <ind of
■ gentlemen, who feel a taste for horticulture."
The next articles are long, and relate entire-
ly to Horticulture. The writer in an introduc-
:ion to " Extracts fron) th,e Horticultural Trans-
Ktions," complains that

" We are utterly destitute, in New England,
if nurseries for fruit trees on an extensive scale.
Ac have no cultivators on whom we can call
or a supply of the most common plants of the
.mailer fruits, such as strawberries, gooseber-
les, raspberries of the superior kinds — we have
I 10 place to which we can go for plants to orna-
nent our grounds — we have not a single seeds-
nan, who can alwaj's furnish us with fresh seeds
)f annual flowers on which we can place a re-
iance. These are trifling evils compared to
lie want of bread, but when we are tilled with
ihundance, we look round for something to grat-
ly our tastes."
'' Let those, who please, laugh at the absurd-

* Rees' Cyclopedia observes, in substance, that the

talks of the Tragopogon, or Salsafie "may be cut in

, J lie spring, when they are four or five inches high, and

Iressed like asparagus, in which way they eat very

ender and well ;" and gives the following

^^ Method of Culture. — The seed should be sown in
he spring, in an open situation to remain, either bioad-
ast and raked in, or in shallow drills eight or nine in-
lus asunder, scattering the seeds thinly, and covering
htm half an inch deep ; and when the plants are come
ip two or three inches in height, they should be thin-
" led and weeded by hand or the hoc, leaving them
" ight or ten inches asunder, repeating as required, diir-
i? the summer, which is all the culture they require,
iid they will have large roots by the autumn, as early
■ September or October, when they may be begun
iking up for use ; and in November, when the leaves
• gin to decay, a quantity should be preserved in sand

r use, when those in the ground cannot be got up.

'■ In the spring, when those rtmaiuing in the ground
(gin to shoot, the shoots, when a few inches high,
lay be cut for use, whieh, when quite young and ten-
• er, on being boiled are excellent eating. The roots
re brought to market in bunches during the autumnal
ad winter seasons."

ity of talking seriously of the importance of rais-
ing orntinipntal trees, shrub?, and herbaceous
dowering plants; let them ridicule the zeal,
which would furnish us with all the varieties of
fruits, which grow from Palestine to Archangel,
which would supply our tables with lettuce in
February, and green pease in March, yet there
are few of these laughing gentlemen w ho w ould
not gladly see and taste these rarities, and they
must he had, and will be had in spite of ridicule.
They are in truth as rational sources of pleas-
ure, and as just objects of pride and display as
a fine carriage, or superb dresses. They in
truth, give more general pleasure ; for w hile
the coach and the muslin robe are chiefly grati-
fying to the owner, those who cannot afford
either the one or the other, can feel, and often
do feel, more exquisitely, the pleasures derived
from the display of the beauties of flowers, or
the taste of the delicious fruits of nature. The
cultivator then of fruits and flowers is much less
selfish. Their sweets are not produced for him
alone. He can derive little pleasure from
them, but by their distribution."

"• To shew the utter incompetency of our oxji
nurseries (if the few we have can be dignified
with the name.) I will simply state the fact, that
one hundred roots of strawberries, all of which
were nearly dead, sold at the late sale at auction
for a greater price than fine plants of approved
sorts, would be sold for in England, and that
raspberry plants sold at such a price, as would
have given me six hundred dollars, had I chosen
to break up my raspberry plantation and send
the plants to auction ; and I could have guaran-
teed better plants and better sorts than any which
could be expected in a promiscuous importation
and as good as can be found in Europe. This
shews the demand and the inadequacy of supply.^''
(to be contikued.)

WORCESTER COUNTY

CATTLE SHOW, EXHIBITION OF MANUFAC-
TURES, AND PLOUGHING MATCH,

At Worcester, on Wednesday, September 23, 1822.

The Committee of Arrangements, appointed
by the Trustees of the Worcester County Ag-
ricultural Socict}', give notice, that in the dis-
charge of their duty, every accommodation will
be atibrded to the citizens of the county and the
public, which this interesting occasion may de-
mand. From comniuniiations which have been
made to them, they have the pleasure of antici-
pating a more excellent Show of Cattle and a
finer Exhibition of Manufactured Articles than
in any preceding year, and they doubt not of the
best endeavors of the industrious, spirited and
prosperous inhabitants of this extensive, popu-
lous and rich county, to render the day most
highly creditable to their exertions, and emi-
nently gratifying to the numerous and distin-
guished strangers, who may honor it by their
attendance.

The Ploughing Match will lead in the exer-
cises of the day'. The Teams must be on the
Field, prepared to start at 9 o'clock, A. M. pre-
cisely. By the rules of the Trustees, "• those
persons who design to become competitors,
must give notice in writing to the Recording
Secretary, on or before the 15th of September
next, that suitable ground may be obtained, the
proper number of lots measured and marked out,

and the requisite arrangements made for the
occasion.

A Procession will be formed, immedifrfely af-
ter the Ploughing Match, of the OflTicerH and
Members of the Society and of invited strangers,
and proceed to the South Meeting-house, where
Prayers will be offered by the Chaplain of the
day, and an Address will be delivered by a Mem-
ber of the Board of Trustees.

The Pens for the Cattle will be erected on
the Common, near the Meeting-house.

The Procession will be conducted from the
Meeting-house, into the area between the ran-
ges of Pens, for the examination of the Animals.

The trial of Working Oxen will follow the
examination of the Stock.

The Examination of Manufactures will be at-
tended to i)> private, by the Committee appoint-
ed to that duty on Tuesday the 24tli of Septem-
ber, and the articles must be entered with the
Recording Secretary, and delivered to the per-
son appohited to receive them before 1 1 o'clock
of the forenoon of that day. These articles,
together n:ith whatever is curious and ivonderfiil in
fabric, or in the product nf the Earth, 'i'ill be
publicly exhibited in the Rooms of the Soci..ty
from 9 o'clock, A.M. until 5 o'clock, P.M. of the
25th. The citizens of the county are respect-
fully and earnestly solicited to contribute to the
interest in the Exhibition, by sending to the
Rooms any article in their jiosscssion, which
may be worthy of observation, although it may
not be of the description advertised for Premi-
um. The most faithftil attention will be paid to '
preserve every thing from injury, and to re-
store the property to the respective owners.
The Rooms for the Exhibition, are furnished to
the use of the Society by the liberality of Ma-
jor Flagg, and arc the same which were used
the last ysar.

The Funds of the Society will not admit of
further gratuities for the Exhibition of Teams
of Cattle from the neighboring towns, but the
Committee trust in the public spirit of their fel-
low citizens that the high gratification afforded
by the fine display made by the good 3'eomanry
of Sutton and Shrewsbury, the two last jears,
will be renewed at the approaching Cattle Show,
by similar Exhibitions from those and other con-
veniently situated towns of the county.

The respective Committees of Premiums will
make their Reports, and the Premiums will be
awarded in the Meeting-house, at five o'clock,
P. M.

Marshals are appointed and will be under
oath, to enforce the Rules and Regulations of
the Trustees, and to preserve good order on the
occasion.

God speed the plough, and give success to the
Spindle, the Shuttle, and the Loom!
Lev: LI^•coL^•,

Theophilus \Vheeler, Committee
Oliver Fiske, > of

Thomas Chamberlain, Jlrrangemenis.
Nathan Howe, J

Worcester, .'lug. 28, 1822.

Mr. Isaiah J. Hendrix, of Bennington, (Vt,)
has lately invented, and obtained a patent tor an
instrument c,-<lled the Delineator, to be used in
the cutting of garments. Being fitted for th<?
fashion required, it shows with precision all the
points necessary to be found in cuttiiig for any
size or proportion.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

FACTS AXD OBSrP.VATlOXS RF.LATING TO

agricultl:re s: do.mi:stic eco.\omy.

LKtlTD MAMRK.

Mr. Robert Sniilh, President of the Maryland
Agricultural Society, gives the foUowiua^ ac-
count (uliich is taken from the American Far-
mer) of the arranijenient- he luis iiiado for tiie
preservation and application of the li(|uid ma-
nure, yielded Uy liis stribles and Ijarn yard at
Orange, tivo miles t'rom tiie city of Baltimore.

'• The yard is situated to the south of the
barn ; on its east and west sides are built cow-
stables, which extci'.e'i almost the whole leng^ih
of the yard. In tlic=e stables, well ventilated,
are several ranq-es of cattle standing in separate
stalls, and each secured by a chain and halter.
At the tails of each range of cows, there is a
drain, made of strong planks fourteen inches
wide, and twelve inches deep, and so fixed us
to receive all their dung and urine. These
several drains have a suHicient declivity to car-
ry all fluid matter to their soutiiern termma-
tions, where they intersect similar drains, which
convey all their liquid manure into a cistern
fit'ty feet long, six feet wide and six feet deep.
This cistern is so placed and constructed as to
receive not only the urine of the stables, but
also all the liquid matter of the farm yard. In
it there is a pump by means of wliich its con-
tents are pumped into a large hogshead fixed
on a pair of wheels drawn by oxen. To the
end of this hogshead is attached a box, jiierced
with holes, into which this liquid matter tlows
through a spigot and faucet, and is then sprink-
led over the ground as the oxen rao\o forward.
Before these drains had been made, the stables,
notwithstanding the greatest exertions of two
pains-taking men, were so wet and dirty that
the cattle could not be liept free from tilth.
But since they have been made, the stables
have been dry and clean, so as to be comforta-
ble to the cows, and agreeable to the milkers.
But this is not all. One man Ins now so little
difficulty in cleaning the staldes that he has
time enough for the currying of all the cows in
the most perfect manner. .At the time of laying
these drains, 1 was somewhat apprehensive
that they would prove too deep ; but experi-
ence has sliewn, that they have the recommen-
dation of convenience as well as of cleanliness.
Were they but five or six inches deep the cattle
ivould often stand with their hind feet in them,
and in such case the advantages of the drains
would be but isartially obtained.

" In the middle of the farm-3 ard is a large
trough supplied with water for the stock from
a hydrant. This water is conveyed in pipes
under ground from the milk house. A line of
these pipes I am about laying so as to have a
hydrant at the upper end of every drain to fur-
nish water for the washing of the stables. All
the water employed in this operation, carrying
with it the dirt of the stables, will tlow dov/n
the drain into the cistern to the no inconsidera-
ble increase of its invaluable contents.

" The urine in the cistern contains not only
its own constituent fertilizing properties, but it
is also highly impregnated with certain portions
of the dung with which it had been mixed, and
among which it had flowed. Tlie beneficial
eff'Cts of this species of manure are practically
known to all farmers. And Sir Humphrey Davy
and other chemists have assured us that urine
^Ci^tams in a state of solution the essential ele-

ments of vegetables. The highly celebrated
author of the f'nde of .\griculture, has, more-
over, stated that .>Ir. Harvey, of Ghi'igow, by
using cow urine has cut grass six times in a
season, and that the aver.ige of each cutting
was fifteen inches in length.''

Should the farmer think that drains, of the
above description, would be too expensive,
he may obtain some practical hints from the
foIlo^ving observations by Sir Humphrey Davy.

" When dung is to be preserved for any time,
the situation in which it is kept is of impor-
tance. It should, if possible, be defended from
the sun. To preserve it under sheds wouicl be
of great use ; or to make the site of a dunghill
on the north side of a wall or building. The
floor, or place, on which the dung is heaped,
should, if ])Os<ible, be paved with flat stones ;
and there should be a little inclination from
each side towards the centre, in which there
should be drains connected with a small well,
or cistern, furnished with a ptimp, by which
any fluid intitter may be collected for (he use
of the land. It too often happens that a dense
mucilaginous and extractive fluid is suffered to
drain away from the dunghill so as to be en-
tirely lost to the farm."

The Complete Grazier sajs that " Urine or
the liquor of farm-j'ards, is a fluid capable of
being employed with great benefit both on
nicodo-u' (mowing lands) and arable land, which
renders them uncommonly fertile. It should be
used as fresh as possible, as the soluble animal
matter it contains is destroyed by putrefaction ;
and if not mixed with solid matter should be
diluted with wafer, as, when pure, it contains
too much animal matter to form a proper fluid
nourishineriit lor absorption b}- the roots of plants.

'• In order to make the most of this valuable
manure it should be carried to the mowing land
or pasture intended to be watered in dry weath-
er, as the farm yard liquor in the reservoirs is
at that time strongh' impregnated with salts,
ivhicii may be known by its deep brown tinge.
Thus the reservoirs, or ponds, appropriated for
its reception, may be constantly kept in a state
of readiness for that purpose; while the land
may we watered or sprinkled as often as the
operation may be necessary.

*' .\n interesting account of an economical
mode of collecting and applying the urine of
cattle as a manure to land, has been communi-
cated in No. XLIX, of the Farmer's Magazine,
by an intelligent farmer, Mr. Charles Alexan-
der, in the vicinitj' of Peebles. His farm build-
ings are so disposed, that the urine of all the
stalls is conveyed by trunks into a dung pit ;
and the dung is laid in a place appropriated for
that use, instead of being thrown into the mid-
dle of the yard, according to the usual practice.
Tiie dung pit is twelve yards square, and four
feet deep, and is filled with mould {)reviously
carried into it, for the purpose of being impreg-
nated with the urine and moisture from the
dung. This pit produces about 238 cart-loads,
forty of which are suflicient for an acre. 'l"hc
dung itself is laid on the land in the common
way ; but the compost, made by the urine, &c.
with the mould, is spread on the surfice after
ploughing, and is merely harrowed in."

NEW APPLICATION Or PLASTER OF PARIS.

A correspondent to the American Farmer
says that he has ascertained by experiment that

pla-tcring clover largely at the time of turning
it down, and preparing for a wheat crop, is by
far the most advantageous to the crop, and
much preferable to turning in the clover in the
usual way and plastering on the surface. He
states that " the action of the plaster, thus ex-
cluded from atmosjiheric air, upon the clover,
covered over, is instantaneous, and the putridity
is so certain as to cause considerable ga*, which
in its passage through the clod, impregnates it
with all its manuring qualities, and the root of
the plant shoots down and feeds on a bed of
manure."

OS THE FORMATIOX OF MORTAR.
Extract from an E'^say of .Kimes Andf r.-on, l.l.d. f.b.s

" The best modern mortar I ever saw, was
made of lime that I myself had analyzed, and
found it contained eleven parts of sand to one
of lime. — To this there was added between
twice and thrice its whole bulk of sand by ynea-
sure, which may be allowed to have been al
least three times its quantity by weight.

'■'• Now supposing that ever3' particle of thai
lime had been so perfectly calcined as to be it
a caustic state, there could not be less thar
forty .seven parts of sand to one of lime. The
reader may allow what he pleases for the un
caustic part of the lime, and make his calcula
tion accordingly. But it is hardly po.«sible t<
suppose, that above one hundredth part of thi
mass, independent of the ' w ater, consisted o
pure caustic calcareous earth.

" I>ut whatever was the exact proportion
caustic lime, the mortar was made of these ma
terials in proportions expressed, and was em
ployed for pinning the outside joints of th
stone wall of a house situated in a tempestuou
climate, and exposed to every blast. It is hot
about fourteen years since it was finished, an
I do not believe there has fallen to the grount
in all that time, one pound weight of th I
mortar.*

" Had this mortar been employed in buildin
a thick wall, whore it would have been suftere
to dry slow enough, there seems to be littl
reason to doubt but it would in time have be
come as firm as the stones of the wall itself

" From these considerations we maj' clearl
see, that it is impossible to prescribe any d<
terminate proportion of sand to lime, as th:
must vary according to the nature of the limt
and other incidental circumstances, which
would be tiresome to enumerate, and whic
would form an infinity of exceptions to an
general rule.

'' But it would seem, we might safely infe
that the moilerns in general, rather err in gi.'
ing too little sand, than in giving too much.

'• It deserves, however, lo be remarked, th;
the sand, when naturally in the limo-stone,
more intimately blended with the lime thr
can ])o.ssibly be ever effected by any mechan
cal operation — so that it would be in vain 1
hope to make good mortar artificially from pui
lime, with such a small proportion of caust
calcareous matter, as may sometimes be effec
ed when the lime naturally contains a vei
large proportion of sand. But there seems 1
be no doubt that if a much larger proportion '

* fn a note to a serontl edition of this worlc is tl
lollowinf^ addition : — "After seven years longer tri;
the mortar still proves good and firm, and exhibits 1
appearance of evtx falling;.""

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

sand were cmplovcJ, and U' that were iii^ire
caretully blended, and expeditiously worked,
than is common, the mortar would be mucli
more perfect than usual in modern times.

'• Tliis 1 have tried experimentally, with the
•desired success.'"

From the !«. England Journal of Mtdicinc and Surgf ry.

Messrs. Editors,
If you think a publication of the following facts
which I hnve obtained by reading- some late
writers upon the subjects to which they re-
late, will be of any public utility, you are at
liberty to insert them in your valuable Jour-
nal. J. B. BROWN.

A knowledoje of the diseases of animals in gen-
eral, cannot be inferred from a knowledge of
the diseases of any one particular species of an-
imals.

Thus he who is acquainted with The diseases
of the horse, would not from that circumstance
be able to prescribe correctly for the diseases
of quadrupeds generally. The anatomy and
pby.siology of animals differ. For example, the
<log has no insensible perspiration. The mouth
of the horse performs but one office, that of
conveying food to the stoKiach. It conveys
nothing to the lungs or from them. It has noth-
ing to do with the modulation of his voice, as in
jnost quadrupeds and in man. The passages to
the lungs and to the stomach in the horse, are
distinct.

The horse unlike most other quadrupeds has
no gall-bladder, notwithstanding a work which
has been through twelve editions, and one at
least in this country, (Taplin's Farriery) gives a
particular description of the diseases of the gall-
bladder, and the symptoms of those diseases.

It has been stated above, that the anatomy
and physiology of animals differ, so also do their
iJiseases.

The horse is not subject to fever, i. e. he has
no simple, idiopathic fever, no cold, hot and
sweating stage, as man has. The feverish ac-
tion, which the heart and arteries of the horse
^sometimcs assume is sympathetic, and is always
preceded by some local atfection. It is a dis-
ease of irritation.

The eyes of the horse are subject to a spe-
■cies of cataract, that affects no other aninral. It
arises from a constitutional disease, brought on
sby bad stabling. It is never produced by local in-
jury. This species of cataract commences with
an inflammation of the conjunctiva, without any
apparent cause. Local applications have no ef-
fect in removing it. The only rational method
of treating it is to remove, if possible, the con-
stitutional disease and improve the health and
■condition of the animal.

Oxen and cows have the disease called bots in
■their skin, but in the horse this disease (if it may
be so called) is confined to the stomach.

Farcy and glanders, I believe, are diseases
peculiar to the horse. I know of no other ani-
mal subject to them. They are contaq-ious dis-
eases, but may be produced without contagion,
by bad stabling. The poisonous matter of farcy
w ill produce glanders, and ince versa. Farcy is
now ascertained to be a disease of the super-
ficial absorbents ; whereas in all the old books
on the veterinary art, it is represented as a d;s-
.ease of the veins

A Iioi"se glandered has the whole ma-s of blood
ccntatninatod. This may be considered by nic-
dicil gentlemen as an important fact, as it goes
to ])rove (he doctrine of humoral patholoijy.
That the whole mass of blood is diseased in a
horse alVected with glanders has been proved by
the tiillowing experiment made by Mr. Coleman,
Professor at the Veterinary Institution. England.

Ho took a yoimg healthy ass, an animal, as he
states, peculiarly susceptible of the disease, and
introduced a pipe having a stop cock into the
jnarular vein, united t)y means oi' an ureter to
another pipe, which he introduced into the car-
otid artery of a glandered horse. He then bled
the ass to death, by opening his carotid artery,
and turning the stopcock, admitted the blood of
the horse into his vessels, and resuscitated him.
The result was that the ass became violently
glandered. He inoculated other asses from the
matter produced in him, and was able to carry
on the same disease.

Corns in the feet of horses are very vmlike
corns on the feet of the human subject. There
is nothing which grows in the feet of horses that
constitutes corns. There is no increase of sub-
stance. Corns in the feet of horses are mere
bruises. Every body has seen or experienced
the effects of bruises upon the human nail.
Corns in the feet of horses are injuries of a sim-
ilar nature. The red appearance which they
have is caused by an extravasatioa of blood
which spreads itself among the fibres of the
horny hoof Corns are generally occasioned by
the shoe. They may, however, arise from
other injuries. They are easily cured by suit-
able remedies and a proper mode of shoeing,
unless the inflammation occasioned by the injury
has been of long standing and assumed a chronic
character. In this case the cure is more tedious.

Horse ail. — I will take this opportunity to
make a few remarks on the nature of this com-
plaint

Strictly speaking, all diseases of horses are
horse ails; but custom has given this epithet to
a species of disease very common among our
horses. The disease referred to, is called stran-
gles in most of the old books on Farrierj'. It
consists in an inflammation of the membrane lin-
ing the nose and the arytenoid cartilages. This
disease is accompanied by a cough and a dis-
charge from the nostrils. The cough is sym-
pathetic, and is produced by the extreme sen-
sibility of the membrane thus inflamed. The
lightest dust, or even a drop of water lodged
upon this membrane, in this irritable state, pro-
duces coughing. The inflammation sometimes
extends to the lungs, and then this disease is ac-
companied with a disease of the chest, and re-
quires speedy and energetic treatment, as in-
flammation of the lungs in the horse is apt to ter-
minate speedily in gangrene. Copious bleeding,
from six to ten quarts at first and smaller bleed-
ings afterwards, as the .state of the case may re-
quire, and small doses of aloes from one to two
drachms, given daily, have been found the most
successful remedies in inflammation of the lungs.
Drastic purgatives should be avoided, as they
increase the irritation, and put the life of the
horse in extreme hazard.

It has been stated above, that the diseases of
animals differ as much as their anatomy and
physiology. The specific effect of medicine
upon different animals is no less various than
their structure and diseases.

Glauber's salts in doses of one pound operate
on the ox as a cathartic, but on the horse they
operate principally as a diuretic. Castor oil
does lint operate on the horse as a purgative, any
more than train oil or anv other oil.

Opium does not produce its specific effect
upon the horse. It operates merely as an as-
tringent. It has no anodyne effect, as it has
upon man. It will nut mitigate pain. It is un-
fortunate that most writers on the veterinary
art have copied from each other, and have re-
commended medicines for the horse which arc
known to be useful to men. Thus calomel, rhu-
barb and colocynth, have been recommended as
purgatives for horses, whereas they are now
known to have no such effect on that animal.

Bark produces no sensible effect upon the
horse.

There are no medicines that operate on the
horse as ipecacuanha and tartar emetic do upon
the human subject.

Tartar emetic in doses of four ounces will
sometimes occasion a little nausea and purging,
but in smaller doses it has no sensible effect.
No preparation of mercury will produce sali-
vation in the horse. His gums may be made
sore by mercury, but ptyajism cannot be produ-
ced by it.

Sugar of lead which is known to be a most
deadly poison to man, the horse can take without
injury. Tobacco has no deleterious effect upon
the horse.

Hellebore in doses of half a drachm produces
a tendency to nausea in the horse. Hemlock is
good food for goats, but a deadly poison to man ;
and wheat, the natural food for man, is poison
to the horse. Spirit of turpentine, which an
infant may handle without injury, operates as
caustic when applied to the skin of a horse, al-
though it may be applied to sores and fungous
flesh on that animal without producing pain.

" All great improvements have originated
from men who combined science with practice,
and there is not at present a more popular pur-
suit in England, nor a more interesting topic of
conversation in well informed circles, than the
philosophical and leading doctrines of agricul-
ture. This art is now clearly understood to be
the chief support of national greatness and in-
dependence ; and the various questions in poli-
tical economy to which it gives rise and affords
a solution, all hold a share in the general in-
terest." Young''s Letters of Jigricola.

Speaking of Agriculture, the same writer ob-
serves, " I hold it as unquestionable, that there
is no other art in the whole compass of human
ingenuity and skill, which admits of such inter-
esting experiments, of such a clear insight into
the laws of matter, of such philosophic contem-
plation, of such healthy and invigorating exer-
cise, and of such intimate union with all the
sciences that ennoble man and exalt him to his
just pre-eminence."

THE PLEASURE OF PLEASING.

To a man who possesses a good heart there
can be nothing more pleasing than the con-
sciousness of giving pleasure to others. The
luxury of doing good is a most exquisite as well
as a most innocent luxury to him whose feelings
and affections are such as make a man capable
of enjoying as well as bestowing happiness

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

BOSTOjX .—SATURDAY, SEPT. 7, WZl.

THOUGHTS ON A(iRlCL'LTURK, AND CERTAIN MKA.NS
FOR ITS IMPROVK.MENT.

The celebrated Sully declared agriculture to be the
breast from which the State must draw its nourish-
ment. Commerce and manufactures he considered as
the sinews of the State, and deserving all possible en-
roiirajeraent. But, perhaps the most effectual way to
encourage commerce and manufactures, is to foster ag-
riculture, which is the parent of all improvement, and
the source of all national and individual prosperity.
The manufacturer must eat his bread at a moderate
price, or his work shop will cease to support him, and
he will either drag on a wretched existence in penury
and discontent, or seek, by emigration, some ameliora-
tion of his circumstances. The merchant, likewise,
cannot expect to flourish in a country whose soil is un-
productive, and whose inhabitants of course are too
poor to afford remitlanccs to sanction his importations.

Merchants and manufacturers, therefore, who are
alive to their own interest, will encourage agriculture
by all the means in their power, and will be sensible
that it is the first and greatest link in that chain of na-
tional prosperity, which embraces all ranks in a happy
and well regulated community. Agricultural Socie-
ties, and Publications on Husbandry, are among the
most aj^proved means of giving speed to the plough,
and success to the labors of the husbandman, and
ought, therefore, to be patronized (as they frequently
are) by those whose pursuits are entirely remote, and
apparently foreign from rural occupations.

Every man who cultivates the ground should be am-
bitious to contribute something from the stock of his
knowledge, whether acquired by reading, observation
or experience, to the general fund of agricultural in-
formation. By this means he may become a benefac-
tor ol his species, and be placed higher in the estima-
•tionof good men, than the greatest conqueror, who
ever waded through seas of blood to the summit of
that " bad eminence," which can only be ascended
by devils and heroes. If he is convinced that he has
made any improvements, which promise to be useful
to his fellow creatures, he will not perform the part of
a patriot nor philanthropist if he does not put mankind
in possession of such improvements. If he can gain
any equivalent for his discoveries by virtue of patents,
premiums, or otherwise, let him obtain it. If not, he
will do well to lay them before the public, and take
his reward in the consciousness of having been of ser-
vice to his fellow creatures. The man, who refuses a
benefit which he might bestow without injury to him-
self, is I nt little better than one who does an injury
without receiving any benefit from the injurious act.
The latter destroys human happiness, and the former
withholds the means by which happiness might have
existed.

It is no apology for these misers, whose thoughts
are worth money, and therefore hoarded in their own
bosoms, to say that they cannot write in an elegant
style, and do not know how to put their ideas upon
paper in such a manner as to escape the ridicule of
men of learning. If they cannot write elegantly, they
may perhaps write naturally, so as to be imderstood,
and nothing more is wanted. If a farmer has discov-
ered some improvement relating to his occupation,
which, if generally known, would prove of general
utility, and thinks he cannot well deseiibe it in writ-
ing, let him tell his story concerning the matter, either
to the editor of this paper, or to some other person,
who will write off his information in a plain style, and
send it to the New Kngland Farmer, or some other pe-
riodical work, for publication,

There should be no secrets in agriculture, and what-
ever concerns the public good, the public should be
put in possession of. The benefits which would result
from the more general diffusion of agricultural intelli-
g( nee would be immense, and almost incalculable.
We will state a few evils which infest the husband-
man, and may be styled the plagues of agriculture,
and set down concisely their real or supposed reme-
dies, and leave it for the reader to judge of the advan-
tages which would result from the universal extension
of the knowledge of those remedies, which are effec-
tive, or of others more efficient, where they are una-
vailing.

In some seasons the vegetables in our gardens are
almost annihilated by worms of several species. Fall
ploughing, or spading the ground just before frost sets
in, and strewing the ground with fine salt in the spring
some time before the seeds are sown, are said to be
sovereign remedies against these petty but powerful
depredators.

There is a kind of worm (which the learned call
curculio) found in apples, pears, and some other sorts
of fruit, which either injures or destroys little if any
less than one half of the fruit produced in New Eng-
land. It is said (but the report wants confirmation)
that spent tan from the yard of the tanner, spread a-
bout the roots of fruit trees, will secure them against
these little thieves, who steal every year about one
third of the products of our orchards, and injure a con-
siderable part of the remainder. Spent tan, likewise,
some suppose, will prove a specific against canker
worms and catterpillars. We solicit further informa-
tion on this subject.

There is another kind of worm, which bores its way
into peach trees, locust trees, &c. at or near their
roots, which some say should be cut out with a knife,
or chissel, and others affirm that soap suds, heated af-
ter a family wash, and poured about the roots about
the middle of August, will destroy the eggs of the
young worm. Unleached ashes and spent tan are
likewise recommended.

There is a worm, or maggot, which affects the head
of sheep, supposed to be a species of bott, and which it
is affirmed may be expelled by injecting vinegar by a
syringe into the nostrils of the affected animal, A
worm of the same, or different species, is also found on
the outside of the head of sheep, at the roots of the
wool about the throat, ears, &c. This, we are told,
may be destroyed by the application of spirits of tur-
pentine.

There is a worm, called, we believe, the wire «orm,
which destroys seed corn before it vegetates. The at-
tacks of this insect, we are informed, may be guarded
against by soaking the seed corn in .a solution of com-
mon salt, or salt-petre. But if the solution is made
too strong, and the seed suffered to remain in it too
long, it will destroy the principle of vegetation, and
the corn will never come up, unless you dig it up, as
we have found to our cost.

Some people affirm that horses affected with bots,
and apparently in the last agonies, may be cured al-
most instantaneously by the external application ol
spirits of turpentine to the breast. Others advise to
turn a dose of spirits of turpentine down the throat of
the animal.

Some assert that cattle or sheep, which are hovcn or
swollen, iu consequence of having eaten loo much
green and succulent food, may be cured by a dose of
lye, made with potash, pearlash, or house ashes. Oth-
ers say that the animal must be stabbed, scientifically,
in order to let the gas escape, which is the cause of the
disorder.

Some say that elder juice expressed from the leaves

or berries, or even a decoclion or tea made of the com-
mon elder, but more especially the dwarf elder, will
not only destroy maggots in meat, cheese, &c. but
sprinkled over cucumber vines, squash vines, kc. will
preserve them against the bugs and flies which so often
prove destructive to those vegetables, W't- have very
little doubt of the efficacy of elder for the purposes
above stated, but should be glad to learn something
further on the subject.

We do not pretend to assert that all, or any of the
above named remedies are never failing specifics.—
Some of them, however, we know to be useful, havin"
witnessed th< ir good effects ; and some others we have
collected from persons whose veracity and discernment
we have no reason to call in question. Now if even a
part of those remedies are efficient, their general know-
ledge and consequent application would save the in-
habitants of New England, in one year, more money
than they pay in taxes, of every name and nature, in ,
ten years. It costs a farmer, who owns one hundred I
acres of land under cultivation, more to maintain the j
worms in his garden and cornfield, the bugs in bis i
peas, the lice upon his cabbages, the caterpillars and
canker worms in his orchard, the flies of his turnip yard
and dairy, including the Hessian flies of his wheat field,
the bots in his horses bellies and sheep's heads, &c. &c.
than it would to bring up a family of children, and send
one or more sons to an agricultural college, (if we had
such an institution) into the bargain.

These diminutive enemies, however, are easily
subdued if we knew how to attack them ; and we
have no doubt but there are individuals who are in
possession of Information which would enable every
farmer to rid himself of the destroyers ; and we ar-
dently wish people possessing such information would
forward it to us, or some other printers, to be published
for the benefit of mankind.

Jf'oreester Cattle Show. — We are sorry that we are
not able to publish, at large, in this week's paper, a
list of the Premiums, &c. offered by the Worcester
County Agricultural Society. The copy was received
too late for insertion in the present No. but shall ap-
pear In our next.

commumcatioa:

We present the following' desultory, but we
hope well considered remarks, as a Communi-
cation, because we propose to speak of " The
Neiv Enui.and Farmeu," and its titles to atten-
tion, and encourasrement, and we would not
have it appear to be an editorial article. AVe
have never doubted, that a newspaper princi-
pally devoted to agricultural subjects would be
of great use, but we have entertained feai-s that
farmers and cultivators would not with sutlicient
zeal and spirit give it their support. Too many
of them believe, that they know enough already
— that nobody can teach them any thing which
is new — that agricultural labor is so simple, that
nothing is necessary to the full accomplishment
of a farmer, but to mow well, to hoe his land
with expedition, to hold the plough, and drive
his oxen with skill, and to commit to the soil,
to (7)11/ soil, without considering its adaptation
to particular plants, the seed, without any ref-
erence to the unejucstionablc and well settled
fart, that after one plant has exhausted the soil
of the nutriment fitted for it, another will llour-
ish as well as if the former had not been raised
upon it — in short, without any ideas of the use
of a succession of crops.

Til'' present state of general information, and
particularly the greatly advanced stale of agrt

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

cultural knowle(Is;<?, forbid the continuance of
these indolent and den:r:idin2r opinions. It is
perceived that agriculture as well as its coadju-
tor, manufactures, is susceptible of great and
indefinite improvement, and this improvement
cannot be extensively and with due rai)idit_y
circulated, and promoted, but by journals pub-
lished more frequently, than the formal and
stated journals of the several ag'ricultural socie-
ties. There is another reason, Ibesides the more
frequent opi)ortunities afforded by ncwspa|)ers,
and their much more extended circulation.which
should give them the preference and make them
more extensively useful. The periodical jour-
nals have more stateliness and formality — they
are composed of essays written in a style more
elevated and more learned, than communica-
tions in a weekly newspaper commonly are.
Many intelligent farmers are therefore deterred
from communicating their experiments or sug-
gesting their doubts or their inquiries. No man
feels the smallest fear of addressing the Editor
of a newspaper, secure of secrecy, and equally
secure of admission if he suggests any thing in-
genious, novel or interesting.

It would seem to be a paradox, or extremely
strange, if while our commercial community
consisting at the utmost of 500,000 persons can
sustain several hundred newspapers, the agri-
cultural interest composed of the residue of the
community and amounting to nine millions can
support but two or three exclusively devoted to
Ogricidture. It would argue less intelligence,
less zeal for their best interests, less desire »i'
improvement among farmers, all which we be-
lieve, and hope not to be the case. The truth
we believe to be, that they have never been
awakened — that they are more quiet, less ad-
venturous, less active, but full as intelligent
and full as desirous of improvement when the
path is laid open to them.

We have to be sure had newspapers printed
in the interior, and agricultural towns, but they
have too often been mere copyists of the news-
papers of the metropolis. They have, too often,
been meagre and dull, with little original mat-
ter, and still less of articles devoted to agricul-
ture. Two journals form an exception to this
rule — The Plough Boy, printed at Albany, and
the American Farmer, printed at Baltimore. —
The well merited success of these works en-
title the Editors to great praise, and they will
have the honor of turning the attention of the
public to its most interesting and important con-
cern. Whatever success may here;\fter attend
agricultural journals will be and ought to be
attributed to them in a great degree — but the
.expense of postage — the difference in the modes
of cultivation in Maryland and New York, ren-
der these interesting papers of less value with
us, than their intrinsic merits would seem to
promise. We want a New England agricultur-
al newspaper. It should be centrally placed —
and we ask is there any place more convenient
than the Metropolis of New England ? We are
not citizens of the new city of Boston — we have
no local prejudices — but we think that the ag-
ricultural societies of Maine, New Ham|)shire,
Vermont, Rhode Island, Connecticut and Massa-
chusetts, the cultivation, soil, climate and habits
of which are very similar, (taken in a general
view) can find no place more convenient for the
communication, and dissemination of the exper-
iments, essays and ofhcial papers of their sever-

al societies, and individnals of these states can
j as conveniently conmiunicate with the Editor of
a paper at Boston as with one at a distance in
his own state.

Having made these remarks favorable to the
new paper just published in Boston, we think it
proper to add, that we have no connection
whatever with the journal, but we believe the
Proprietor, and Mr. Fessenden the Editor, per-
fectly competent to the undertaking, and that
with suitable patronage they will fult'il all the
just expectations of the agricultural public.

Without such aids both by u-ay of subscripiion
and of communication on the subject of agriculture,
</((,v, and every other such undertaking must neces-
sarily fail — with them, they must succeed. Noth-
ing in New England ever failed, to which she
put forth her force with perfect good will.

We are happy to remark, that a respectable
paper edited at Plymouth, called the " Old
Colony Memorial," devotes a part of its pages
to agriculture. A writer in that paper with
the signature of " Monumet" asks, "• is there
" no method of staying the ravages of the worm
" that is devastating our grass and our corn-
" fields ? What is their history ? Is their pro-
" duction or their progress in any way connect-
" ed with the excessive dryness of the season ?
" Why have they a singular distaste for shade
" or moisture, leaving a verdant circle round
" every tree, and making an exact line of de-
" marcation between meadows and upland ?"

While we must commend the spirit of inquiry
and the desire of improvement and of obviating
existing evils which check the laliors of the
farmer discovered by this querist, the writer of
these queries will we are convinced excuse us,
for expressing our regret, that he did not give
us more precise descriptions of the insect which
has proved to be thus injurious. If he has as-
certained, that it was a worm, which produced
this devastation, he might have described its
length, its color, and its first appearance, and
duration. Is it the same worm, which attacks
the grass, and the corn ? A worm, which should
destroy or injure Indian corn in August, must
be an important enemy, and should be describ-
ed. Let us intreat our farming brethren when
they meet with such an insect to preserve a
few of them in phials, that they may be exam-
ined by naturalists. A FARMER.

Roxbury, Sept. 3d.

LATEST FROM EUROPE.

London papers have been received at this port, by
the ship Champion, which bring dates from that place
as late as July 31. They contain little matter of in-
terest. Tranquillity appears to be in a great measure
restored to Spain, and the national militia, who had
been encamped in Madrid from the 1st to the 17th of
July, broke up at the last mentioned date, and retired
to their homes. It is reported, however, that two di-
visions of French troops had crossed the frontier, and
entered the Spanish territory. It is thought that these
movements will serve to unite the Spaniards in fa%'or of
the popular cause. The French soldiers too, it is said,
have expressed an unwillingness to oppose tlie progress
of freedom in Spain.

The Greelis appear to be stemming the torrent of
oppression with some prospect of eventual success in
the acquisition of freedom. They are said to have
burnt, on the y^d of June, the Turkish admiral's ship,
and two others, aud it is stated that the Capt. Pacha,
who commanded at Scio, during the infliction of the
barbarities w'hich have desolated that island, has lost
his life by the fire, which consumed his ship. The
Greeks promise their troops lauds seouestered from the
Turks.

The distress of the Irish for want of Ibod api cars to
be but little if in any degree mitigated.

The llrilish I'arliament has made an appropriation
for publishing by authority, a uniform and regular cdi
tion of British History. It is expected to cost about
9000 dollars a year.

The fever in JVi w York continues to prevail, notwith-
standing the removal of the inhabitants from the quar-
ter in which the disease made its first appearance. On
the 30th Aug. were reported 4 new cases — 31st, 3 —
Sept. 1st, 4 — 2d, 4 — 3d, 6. A very considerable part
of the population has left the city.

LAW OF PATENTS.

CHARLES EWER, Ao. 51, Cornhill, has juUjnih-

lished, price $3,.'j0, hound,

AN ESSAY ON THE LAW OF PATENTS FOR
NEW INVENTIONS. Bi TnoMAs Gr££j<
FF.ssE.fDEN, Counsellor at Law.

" As the West Indies had never been discovered,
"without the discovery of the Mariner's Needle ; so it
" cannot seem strange, if Science be no farther devel-
" oped, if the Art itself of Invention and Discovery be
" passed over." — Bacon.

The second edition, with large additions, corrected
and improved by the author.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

EXTRACTS FROM LETTERS TO THE AUTHOR.
Salem, Sept. 4, 18vl.

Sir — 1 have examined your MS. on the Law of Pa-
tents with as much care as my engagements would per-
mit, and I have no hesitation in expressing my opinion,
that the work will be highly useful to all persons who
are engaged in obtaining patents, or in vindicating
them in Courts of Justice. The manuscript contains a
collectioa of all the cases, on the subject of Patents,
within my knowledge ; and the principles contained in
them are detailed with accuracy and fullness in the
Summary, at the conclusion. I know of no work so
comprehensive as yours on this subject ; aud it may be
relied on as a safe guide. I hope you will receive en-
couragement sufficient to justify the publication, which
I should think would be profitable as well as exten-
sively useful. JOSEPH STORY.

Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq.

Boston, September 25, 1821.

Sir — We have looked over the manuscript of the sec-
ond edition of your publication on the Law of Patents.
This edition is a grerd improvement on the first, and
we think it will be a valuable and useful book to the
profession, as it contains the statutes, and states we be-
lieve accurately, all, or nearly all the decisions, which
have been made on a branch of the law, daily growing
more interesting and important. WM. PRESCOTT,
Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq. D. WEBSTER.

Boston, September 2.7, 1821.

Sir — The new edition of your Essay on Patent-Law,
which I have taken seme time to examine, is a very
improved work. More ample materials, furnished to
your hands, by decisions, subsequent to your former
edition, have enabled you to present to the public, and
the bar a more minute analysis, as well as a more com-
prehensive view of this branch of law than has yet ap-
peared in England or in this country. Your method of
arranging all the decisions, in the order of an anna-'
lytical digest of the several requirements and provisions
of our statutes for granting patents, puts the lawyer at
once in possession of the judicial construction of the
statutes ; while your synthetic summary, far more ex-
tended and comprehensive than in the former edition,
place within reach of the mechanic a sure mean* o
judging whether hi« invention is a fit subject for a Pa-
tent ; what is required of him by the statute in order to
obtain his Patent ; and what provisions are enacted for
securing to himself and heirs his meritorious privilege.
I cannot conclude without wishing you the success
your labors surely deserve. GEO. SULLIVAN.

Tliomas G. Fessenden, Esq.

SUBSCRIBERS to the New England Farmer who
wish to be considered as paying in airance for the
first Vol. must forward us $2,50 on or before the first
day of October nert. All who neglect paying at that
time will be charged $3. We give this seasonable no-
tice that none may complain, as this rule will be strict-
ly adhered to. Sept. 7.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

HOMt:.

Home ! His the name of all that sweetens life,

It speaks the warm affection of a wife ;

The lisping babe that prattles on the knee,

In all the playful grace of infancy ;

The spot where fond parental love may trace

The glowing virtues of an infant race ;

Oh, 'tis a word of more than magic spell,

W hose sacred power the wanderer best can tell.

He who long distant from his native land,

F'eels at the name of home his soul expand ;

Whether as patriot, husband, father, friend,

To that dear point his thoughts, his wishes bend ;

And still he owns, where eV-r his footsttps roam.

Life's choicest blessings centre all at home.

From the Conneclicut Agricitttural Almanack.

THK FARMER'S CREED.
Let this be held the Farmer's Creed—
For stock, seek out the choicest breed ;
tn peace and plenty let them feed ;
Your land sow with the best of seed ;
Let it not dung nor dressing need ;
Inclose, plough, reap, with care and speed,
.4nd you will soon be rich indeed.

iince perfectly similar to the corn winch 1 rirsi
romemljered to have seen. I then selected
some of the ears from the suckers, which were
sufficiently ripe, uiitl served for seed, mul found,
that on the ne\t year's planting-, I had repro-
duced corn, at the least ten years' retrograde ;
and have since then aiuiually !«aved a portion of
seed in that mode. The fact will be obvious
to any one who is in the practice of gathering
the corn, that the ears which are produced on
the suckers, though small, retain the milk long-
er, and are suitable for the table longer, than
those that are produced o;i the leading stalks.
If these iiuits can give any satisfaction to your
querist, or can, in your opinion, be the occasion
of eliciting any further information on the natu-
ral history of sweet corn, you will please give
them a ])lace in your vehicle of agricultural
and historical information. Yours,

PLYMOTHEUS.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Yrom tlie Old Coleny Memorial.
To the Editor.— Sm,

In your last paper, a correspomlent inquires,
" from whence came the sweet corn, and at
what time was it introduced here ?''

Of the natural history of the sii:eet corn, it is
presumed, that, with all the other species of
the Indian corn, it is indigenous to America.
Of this particular species, nothing was known
in this section of the country (if in New Eng-
land) before 1779. In that year an expedition
under the command of General Sullivan, was
sent against the Six nations of /ni/ians, inhabit-
ing on the borders of the Susquehannah. Poor's
brigade made a part of that expedition. A gen-
tleman from this place,* then im officer in that
brigade, on his return, after the expedition,
brought some ears of that corn.t That was the
tirst a '(he species ever seen here, and has,
since that time, been more and more diffused ;
and I believe within a fe-u:^ years oatij, has been
generally and extensively cultivated for culina-
ry purposes. The species ha.s undergone some
change since it was tirst introduced — then the
core was a bright crimson, and at'ter being boil-
ed, and the corn taken off, if the core was laid
in contact with any linen (the table cloth or a
napkin,) it communicated an indelible stain.
This inconvenience has disappeared. This spe-
cies also, like what is distinguished by the ap-
pellation of southern or Hat corn, by repeated
planting here, assimilates it to our local corn —
for a number of years I was careful in selecting
the largest and fairest ears for seed, until it
grew nearly as large and fair as the common
corn, and at the same time lost much of its pe-
culiar qualities, softness and sn-eclness ; and 1
concluded it would, in process of cultivation,
become assimilated to the common corn of New
England, although I accidentally discovered that
the ears which were produced on the suckers
(and it is very much disposed to sucker,) were
smaller, much more shrivelled, and in appear-

* Captain Richard Ragnal, then a Lieutenant,
t There called the I'npoon -corn, probably from its
tenderness and sweetness made tlie food of chitdrin.

THOUGHTS O.V JV.IR.
It is wonderful with what coolness and indif-
ference the greater part of mankind see war
commenced. Those who hear of it at a dis-
tance or read of it in books, but have never
presented its evils to their minds, consider it as
little more than a splendid game, a proclama-
tion, an army, a battle and a triumph. Some
indeed must perish in the most successful field,
but they die upon the bed of honor — resign
their lives amidst the joys of conquest, and filled
with their country's glory, smile in death. The
life of a modern soldier is ill represented in
heroic fiction. War has means of destruction
more formidable than the cannon and the sword.
Of the thousands ami tens of thousands that per-
ish in war, a small part feel the stroke of an
enemy. The greater number languish in ships,
in tents or hospitals, amidst damps and putre-
factions ; pale, torpid, spiritless and hopeless,
gasping and groaning, unpitied among men made
obdurate by long continuance of hopeless mise-
ry, and at last are buried in pits, or heaved into
the ocean, without notice ;mhI without remem-
brance. By incommodious encampments, and
unwholesome stations, where courage is useless,
and enterprizc impracticable, fleets are silently
dispeopled, and armies sluggishly melted away.
Thus is a people gradually exhausted, for the
most part with little efi'ect. The wars of civil-
ized nations make very slow changes in the
system of empire ; the public perceive scarcely
any alteration but an increase of debt, and the
few individuals who are benefitted, are not sup-
posed to have the clearest right to their advan-
tages. If he that shared the danger enjoyed
the profit, and after bleeding in the battle grew
rich by tlie victory, he might show his gains
without envy. But at the conclusion of n ten
year's war liow are we recompensed for the
death of multitudes, and the expense of millions,
but by contemplating the sudden glories of pay-
masters and agents, contractors and commissa-
ries, whose equipages shine like meteors, and
whose palaces rise like exhalations. These
are the men, who, without virtue, labor or haz-
ard, are growing rich as their country is im-
poverished. They rejoice when obstinacy or
ambition adds another year to slaughter and
desolation, and laugh from their desks at brave-
ry and science, while they are adding figure to

figure and c\pher to cypher, hoping for a new
contract from a new armament, and computing
the profits of a siege or a tempest.

Dr. Johjison.

He who goes to bed in anger has the devil
for a bed telloiv.

All antiquary has been said tcr esteem every
thing a.s Dutchmen do cheese, the better for
being mouldy'.

A good character is the greatest of temporal
blessings, with the exception of a good con-
science ; and good health stands next on the list
of sublunary enjoyments.

Knaves live upon fools as naturally as spiders
prey upon flies. But there is nothing worth
being dishonest. Crimes, though secret, are-
never secure, for Providence has set up racks
and gibbets in the consciences of transgressors,
and they all carry Cain's fears about them. He
that deserves punishment, expects it, and is ever
in apprehensions until detected; his very sleep
is painful, and his life a terror.

How sweet in the moment of afHiction is the
exercise of the social affections ! they are the
balm which, mingled in the bitter cup of grief,
allays its harshness, and subdues its venom. No
human being can be perfectly miserable so long
as he can enjoy the sympathy of one kindred
soul ; and even when that is denied, the Chris-
tian knows tljcre is an ear open to the sorrow-
ful sighings of every afflicted heart.

THE PROGHESS OF LOVE.

Love makes it? way insensibly through res-
pect and gratitude, as a flower, which in order
to blow, opens the slight texture in which it
is enfolded.

N.iTURE's MISTAKES.

Dame nature is liable to errors as well as
other geatle folks — although, in general way,
it must be acknowledged that the old lady is
pretty correct in her conduct, yet she some-
times takes steps, which in demi-reps would be
deemed very disreputable. She makes calves
with two heads,, snakes with two bodies, &,c.
and these are called lu.n naiurw., or amusements
of nature. But her greatest error lies in the
mode in which she forms some people's heads
and hearts, by making their heads soft and
their hearts hard, although good workmanship
requires exactly the reverse.

Age and love associate not ; if they arc ever
allied, the firmer the friendship, the more fatal
is its termination ; and an old man, like a spi-
der, can never make love, without beating his
own death-watch.

[Note. — It may not be generally known that
the male spider is supplied with a little blad-
der, somewhat similar to a drum, and that tick-
ling noise which lias been termed the death-
watch, is nothing more than the sound he makes
upon this little apparatus in order to serenade
and allure his mistress.] — l''orlland Gazette.

Joking Dialogue. — Would you believe it? Mr.
B. tells me ho has written a comedy, but I sup-
pose he was joking. By no means, for 1 have
seen it, and I assure you there is no joke in it

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

'ubliilied every Saturday, by 'I'flOMAS VV. SlIF.l'AiU), Kn^irs' litiildins:. Congrn ss Stnet, liostnn ; at CJ,5iJ per aim. in ;: lu ance, or 9:!,00 at (lie cloie ol' Uie year.

Vol. I.

BOSTON, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1C22.

No. 7.

CONSIDERATIONS

H oy THE NECESSITY OF ESTABLISHING AN

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE,

ind h.iving more ol' the chiMren of wealthy citizens
educated for the

PROFESSION OF FARMING.

(Continued from p. 42.)

By tlie infallilile oracles of divine inspirntion