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LIBRARY
MASSACHUSETTS
AGRICULTURAL
COLLEGE
No.-.iLi-Q DATE..n.-JAsu:
souRCE-X.D.,>N.T:T£rv.ck-..
Per '»5y,3
SPtClAl COLLECT <vJf*s
THE
NEW ENGI.AND FARMER,
HORTICULTUMAL JOURNAL,
CONTAINING
ESSAYS, ORIGINAL AND SELECTED,
RELATING TO
AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY;
AND THE
PRICES OF COVIVTRY PRODVCE.
BY THOMAS G. FESSENDEN.
VOL. XL— NEW SERIES, VOL. II.
Ronton:
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NOS. 51 AND 52, NORTH MARKET STREET.
1833.
ar
INDEX
To the Eleventh Volume of the New England Farmer.
A. B. C. on Nullification and pumpkin pies. 179.
Absence of mind, ludicrous instance of, 141.
A. C. on the culture of Indian Corn, 241, on arable lands,
green crops for manure, t&c. 26.5.
Accidents, calamitous, notice of, 197.
Acids in soils, remarks on, 365.
Address of Dr. William J. Harris to Mass. Hor. Society,
204, 211, 220, -225, 236, 244,252; to the Plymouth
County Agricultural Society, by Rev. Jonathan Bii;e-
low,268,27G; to the Worcester Agr. Society, by Wal-
do Flint, Esq., 284, 292; to the Mass. Agr. Soc, by
James Richardson, Esq., 300,308; to Essex Agr. Soc,
by Rev. Gardener B. Perry, 316, 324, 332; to the
Bristol County Agr. Soc., by Roland Howard, 364, 369.
Adlum, John, his notice of a chesnut tree, planted by
Gen. Washington, 167.
Adulteration of Spirits in London, 31.
Advice, good, 336.
Ao-ricola, on the high Cranberry, 339; on the maturity
of, on old and new lands, 394.
Agricultural Dinner at Albany , 259.
Agricultural paper, notice of, 254.
Ao-ricullural School, proposed at New York, 313, 321
in Rhode Island, 314, 318.
Agricultural Essays, introduction to, 121 ; No. II. 129
l^os. III. and IV. 138 ; No. V. 145 ; No. VI. 153 ; No
VII. 162; No, VIII. 172; No. IX. 177; No. X. 185
No. XI. 193 ; No. XII. 202 ; No. XIII. 210 ; No. XIV
218; No. XV. 225; No XYI. 233; No, XVII. 241
No. XVIII. 249; No. XIX. 258.
Agricultural Report, for August, 1832, 105,
Shows, remarks on, 75; Societies, remarks on,
157,
Society of Mass., reports of Committees of, 44,
114, 115, 122, 123, 127, 157, 238, 243, 251 ; notices oi
their Cattle Shows, &c. at Brighton, 68, 86, 99, 113,
114,
- of Worcester, notices of their Cattle Shows,
70, 110; Reports of, 110, 126, 138,
- of Essex, 75, 91 ; premiums offered by, for the
best farms, 211 ; officers of, 406.
■ of Middlesex, 75, 107 ; officers of, 107 ; list of
premiums of, 132 ; Report of Committee of, on Manu-
factures, 132; Report of Committee of, on Swine, 156;
Prospectus of, for Oct. 1833.
of Merrimack County, N.H. 107.
of Bristol County, 107, 124,
of Hampshire, Hampden, and Franklin, 131 ;
premiums awarded by, 347."
- of Rhode Island, officers of, 149 ; their Cattle
Show, &c. 328.
of Cumberland, Maine, 9.
■ of Quebec, exhibition of, 138.
Agriculture, a school for, recommended, 178, 187, 194 ;
compared with other pursuits, 209.
Agricultural science, utility of, 394.
Ague, Boerhaave's method of curing, 189.
Amateur, on a flourishing rose bush, 345.
a floral, on the rose Dahlias, &c., 73.
American ingenuity remarks on, 378.
Americus, a great ox, so called, notice of, 246.
Amicus, Ills remarkson dietand regimen, 89.
Andrews, E. D. his remarks on irrigation, 356,
Angling in the sky, 32.
Animals, acuteness of hearing in, 267.
Another, on Swine devouring their offspring, 305.
Anthracite coal, articles manufactured from, 349.
Antiquarians, a disc 'vcry interesting to, 296.
Ants, anecdotes, showing the sagacity of, 32; and
Swine of the Georgian Islands, 64; modes of destroy-
ing, 8.5, 315, 397.
Apiary for bees, remarks on, 12.
Appetite, a delicate, 104.
Apple orchard, remarks on, by Mr. John Mackay, 61.
Apple pomace, best uses to which it may be applied, 291.
Apples, notice of a large, weighing 28 oz., 1,50; Newton
Pippin, origin of, 183 ; early, by G Parsons, Esq. 38 ;
modes of preserving, 82, 127 ; exhibited by Dr. Shurt-
leff, Messrs. Winships, &c.,103; Sweet, useful in fat-
tening hogs, 116 ; on preserving, 155; 15 varieties of,
presented by E. Bartlett, Esq. 1.59 ; the York sweet
water, 197 ; how gathered for winter, 210,
Apple tree, a large, 363.
Apricots, remarkably large, 43.
Arable lands, green crops for manure, &c., 365.
Aracacha, notices of, 28.
Ardent spirits, uselessness of, 139,
Arnold, the traitor, notices of, 336.
Arrow root, imitation, manufactured from Potatoes in
Portsmouth, 395.
Ashes,of sea coal, injurious to vegetation, 6 ; of wood,
mixed with plaster, useful as manure, 59; remarks on,
as manure, 218; used for preserving fruits and seeds,
363; leached, valuable for manure, 379; of use for
destroying insects, &c., 412.
Asparagus, on its culture, by a new and simple process,
310 ; large roots of, 349 ; top-dressing for, 381 ; all
kinds of salt pickle used for, 397.
.\ttentive reader, statements of, respecting a diseased ox,
211.
Audubon, Mr. notice of, 8.
A. W, his remarks on the appearance of a garden in win-
ter, 242; on the importance of the silk culture, 269.
B. his remarks on lime, ashes, &c., as applications to the
soil, 9, 41 ; on cottage architecture, 51 ; on keeping
bees in a garret,&c., 73 ; on the vegetable marrow, Val-
paraiso squash, «&c.,73; on rotation of crops, 100; how
to raise three crops from once ploughing, 154 ; on a
school of agriculture, 178, 187; on vegetable physiol-
ogy, 200 ; on improving fruits, 217 ; hints to farmers,
219, 228, 237, 289, 353 ; on the culture of oats, 273 ;
on the admeasurement of manure, 273 ; on under drain-
ing, 348; on summer pruning, 372; on W. Kenrick's
orchardist, 389 ; on circulation of sap in vegetables,
396.
Bacon, on the preservation of, 133.
Bakewell, his method of improving a breed of sheep,
246,
Barbour, J. R. his apparatus fortransferringbees from one
hive to another, 12, 17.
.Barley, on its cultivation, 210; Mr. Sprague's premium
crop of, 243; 100 heads from one kernel, 405.
Barns, best mode of making tight, 298.
Barn yard, remarks on, 6 ; on the advantage of uniting
with the hog pen, 291.
Bath, a cheap and convenient, 370.
Battle, but few balls take effect in, 160.
Bayberry, or wax bearing myrtle, notices of, 91.
Beans, Lima, exhibited by Mr. Richard Ward, 103; and
peas, how boiled, in hard water, 345 ; on the cultivation
of, 350.
Boar, a large, caught in Pennsylvania, 389.
Bee, common whiUng, a remedy for the sting of, 83.
Bee-hunting, remarkson, 397.
Bee-moth, best method of destroying, 4 ; how to prevent
its ravages, 177, 338, 363.
Beef, low price of, 83 ; best mode of fattening, 349.
Beer, spruce, recipe for making, 13 ; for hop beer, 283 ;
for small beer, 379.
Bees, a description of an apiary for, 12 ; apparatus for
transferring them from one hive to another, 12, 17 ;
remarks on, by J. Howard, 50 ; remarks on, by B.
showing that they may be kept to advantage in a gar-
ret, 73 ; on obtaining Jioney from under glass, 82 ; on
managing so as to prevent the ravages of the bee moth,
177 ; on the the management of, 210, 290 ; sagacity of,
290 ; on preserving in winter, 347.
Beet, weighing 161-2 lbs., 146; yellow turnip heet,
weighing 16 lbs., 155; French Amber, 155 ; several
large, the largest 23 lbs., 223 ; sugar, on its culture
and uses, 318.
Berkshire, on sows devouring their offspring, 321.
Betty, remarks of, on butter in London, 14.
Bigelow, Rev. Jonathan, his address to the Plymouth
County Agricultural Society, 268, 275.
Birds, great mortality among, 8 ; vocal machinery of,
179; essay on, and their misfortunes, 388; should be
protected for tho purpose of destroying insects, 390 ;
on their sag.acity, 405.
Black, a recipe for coloring, 261.
Black Cherry tree, gum of, nutritious, 53.
Blood, showers of, red snow, &c., 21.
Blue bird, notices of, 51.
Bonnet grass, quere concerning, 313,
Book farming, remarks on, 172.
Boot Blacking, recipe for, 315.
Borer, apple tree, works of 3C6 ; remarks on, 406.
Boston, notice of the commerce of, 117.
Botts in horses, fish brine lecommended for, 35 ; how to
prevent, 277.
Bowers, H. G. on preparing coffee from carrots, 242,
Bradley, Dan., on destroying Canada thistles, 196, 204,
237.
Bradley, Joseph P., notice of his Isabella grape vine, 54,
Brakes, their use for manure, &c., 78,
Bread from turnips, how made, 13 ; economical, made by
boihng bran, <fcc., 18; a substitute for milk in making,
190 ; receipt for making, 290.
Bread stuff, on raising, in Maine, 388.
Breeder, A. his remarks on the pedigrees of cattle, and
inquiry relative to that of the bull Admiral, 10.
Brewer, J. B. on reeling silk, 394.
Bricks, for green house flues, 133.
Brighton Market for the year 1832.
Bronson, Russel, his directions for cultivating madder,
49.
Brooks, Adam, his machine for spinning and twisting
silk, 274.
Brother Jonathan's wife's advice to her daughter on the
day of her marriage, 329.
Brown, Reuben, notice of his decease and character, 96,
Browne, Mr. notice of his scientific excursion, 275.
Budding, remarkson, by O. Fiske, 42.
Buel, Judge, on the formation of a cattle yard, &.c.,30 ;
on harvesting Indian corn, 70 ; on the cultivation «f
Indian corn, 305.
Buffalo berry tree, remarks on, 155.
Buffalo hunting, 202.
Bulbous root, preserved in the hand of a mummy, 16.
Bull, Admiral, pedigree of, 19.
Buonaparte, on his character and pursuits, 112.
Burns, a cure for, 38.
Bushes, directions for destroying, 15.
Butler, Benjamin, notices of his cultivation, and of the
use of roots in farming, 209.
Butter, in London, remarks on, by Betty, 14 ; on making
in winter, 82 ; different prices of, in consequence of
difference in making of, 147; how made in winter
witli heated cream, &c., 162; and Cheese, report of a
Committee on, 170; quantity of, shipped from Catte-
kill, 205 ; how restored to sweetness, when sour, 349 ;
excellent, made from a cow fed on mangel wurtzcl
only, 380,
Byron's opinion of the power of beauty, 163,
C, his remarkson the use of fruit for preserving health,
100,
Cabbage, weighing 28 lbs. 155.
Cabbages, modes of preserving, 142, 1,50; on their cul-
ture, 210, 278; how raised early, 301.
Cabbage tree of Lapland, notice of, 397.
Calves, remedy for looseness in, 35 ; attention to, requir-
ed in Nov. and Dec, 142; notice of a large, 142; on
the management of, 230 ; on tlie feeding of, 293 ; on
their sucking milk through a gourd, 325.
Camplior, description of, 184.
Canada thistles, how destroyed, 52, 196, 204, 229, 237;
how to destroy, and at the same time raise a crop of
potatoes, 229.
Canadian rice, a cut and description of, 81.
Canker worms, how destroyed, 197.
Capron, J, W. on diseases in horses, 297.
Care, on using a tarred rope, for choked cattle, 299.
Carlo, his recipe for a liquid opodeldoc, 411.
Carnation, on the culture of, 163.
Carrots, bow cultivated and used, 211.
Carter, W. his mode of cultivating a premium crop of po-
tatoes, 238.
Caterpillars, best mode of destroying, 402, 405.
Cattle, remarks on fattening, &c., 62 ; superior breed of,
exhibited at Brighton Cattle Show, 89 ; British, im-
provements in, 93 ; remarks on foreign and native, by
Ulmus, 1 16 ; fine, bred in West Chester, 133 ; best food
for fattening, 142 ; remarks on wintering, 198 ; how
fattened in France, 214 ; proper treatment and food of,
233 ; feeding on fish, 2.55 ; on foddering, 260 ; fat,
driven through Northampton, 260 ; disease in, called
IV
INDEX.
ahold fast, an, &c. see ox ; tarred rope to be used
for, when choked, 2!;'y, 313; improved by crossing
short horns with devons, 315 ; on watering, 378 ; on
feeding in summer, with green cut grass, &c , 398.
Cattle yard, on the formation of, 30.
Cauliflower, on its culture, ifcc, by Mr. Turner, 150;
recommended by Epicurus, 211, 24C; remarks on, by
Quantum Sufficit, 233.
C B. H. on a disease in oxen, 230.
Celibacy, miseries of, 2.5G.
Cellars, how rendered warm and healthy, 206.
Cement, fire proof and water proof, 283, 341.
Cemetery of Pere Le Chaise, notices of, by H. A. S.
Dearborn, 65; of Mt. Auburn, 163.
Chamberlain, Samuel, notice of his Temperance Farm,
401.
Charcoal dust, useful as manure, 7; how used in medi-
cine, 37 ; on its purifying properties, 291.
Cheese and butter, report of a Com. on, 249.
Cherries, Mr. Lewis' mode of forcing, 117.
Cherry stones, on preserving the vegetative principle of,
Cherry trees, English, &c., remarks on transplanting,
&c,,74.
Chesnut, Spanish, remarks on its cultivation and use,
330; tree, planted by Gen. Washington, 187; re-
markably large, 221, 299; directions for planting, 187.
Chickens, hatched in the bark bed of a hot house 285.
Children, on tlie punishment of, 341 ; should not be
awakened suddenly, 392.
Chivalry, remarkable instance of, 410.
Chloride of lime, directions for using, 24 ; said to be a
preservative against small pox and measles, 29.
Cholera, remarks on, 2, 8; how conquered and driven
out of Paisley, in Scotland, 11; precautions against,
20; prescription for, 24 ; notices of, in different cities,
&c., 31 ; second report of Boston physicians on, 43;
case of timidity with regard to, 43; how cured by cam-
phor, 45 ; Burgundy pitch, a preventative against,
47 ; attacks intemperate persons, 47 ; observations on,
by Dr. Waterhouse, 80 ; does not often attack tempe-
rate persons, 104, jG5; solution of camphor recom-
mended for, by Lord Ponsonby, 163 ; does not prevail
in woodlmd districts, 169; timely cautions against,
301; vegetables do not predispose to, 372; musk pre-
scribed lor, 378.
Church, a, in South America, burnt, together with its
congregation, 299.
Churning on horseback, 372.
Cider, remarks on the management of, 145.
Cion, or grafts, notices of the influence of the stock on,
by Dr. Mease, 97.
Cions, when cut, and how managed, 211.
Citron, American, recipe for preservincr,61.
Clark, Wm. Jun. on the culture of Indian Corn, 337.
Clay, Henry, on the culture of hemp, 233.
Clothing and diet of farmers, remarks on, 177.
Clover, on making hay from, by W. B. 2 ; by B. 23 ; on
its cultivation, 211 ; when plastered, thought to be
injurious to sucking colts, 40G.
Coal, bituminous, a company formed for introducino-
into Philadelphia, 269 ; found in Wrentham, Mass.29d.
Oobb, Jona. H. notices of his silk worms, 24.
Cobs of Indian corn, uses of, 402.
'<Cock roaches, remarks on destroying, 307, 350 ; adulte-
rated, how detected, 416.
Coffee, grape seeds said to be a substitute for, 50 ; how
prepared from carrots, 242.
Colts, on the manner of breaking, 211 ; the management
of the first winter, 222.
Oombustion, caused by lime, 181.
Compost of peat, directions for makincr, 249, 343.
Conductors of lightning, how fitted to buildings, 397.
Consumption, chlorate of lime and soda gases recom
mended for, 197 ; vapor of nitric acid said to be a cure
for, 203.
Contagion and Infection, remarks on the difference be
tween, 37.
Cooking food for horses, &c. 404.
Gooprr. C-njamin. his mode of selecting the best plants
and seeds to raise others from, 273.
Cork ColK.r Jackets, utility of, 27.
Corn crake, notice of, 352.
Corn busks for beds, how prepared, 142.
Corse, Henry, Esq. his remarks on two varieties of ap
pies, and packing scions for transportation, 130; his
letter to Gen. Dearborn, ^vith a present of plum and
apple scions, &c 355.
Cotton, a new species of, discovered in South Carolina,
205. '
Cotton Seed Oil Factory, notice of, 371.
Couch grass, roots of, dried and sent to market in Na- 1 Extraordinary nerve, 229.
pies, 20 ; recommended for recruiting worn out horses. Ewes, on the management of, 218
299,
Cough, a recipe for, 189.
Cow houses and stables, remarks on, 246.
Cows, on opening and distending the milk vessels of,
197 ; notice of a large, 298.
Cows, remarks on the management of, 66, 62, 211 ; no-
tice of a fine one, owned by L. Jenkins, 150; milch,
how managed in the neighborhood of London, 254.
Cow tree, notice of, 347.
Cow wasli, in the growth of vegetables, advEintages in
usinnf, 142.
Cranberries, a mode of preserving, 197.
Cranberry fair, at Barnstable, 12o ; high bushed, query,
and information concerning, 313, 339, 340, 361, 3o7.
Crinum araabde, a flower, notice of, 334.
Crops, rotation of, 100 ; how to raise three from once
ploughing, 154 ; on adapting to the soil and market,
219.
Cucumber, insects which prey upon, 225 ; new way of
raising, 315; notice of early, 347 ; on their culture, 368.
Cultivation, expenses of, in England, 91 , notice of pro-
fitable, by B. Butler, 209.
Curds and whey, made by citric acid, 50.
Curious matters of manufacture, 181.
Curiosities, a water fall and precipice in Georgia and
South Carolina, 240.
Cypress tree, seeds of, sent to Mass. Hor. Soc. by Com.
Porter, 354.
D. on the importance of selecting the best breeds of live
stock, particularly Swine, 277; on sows devouring
their offspring, 298.
Dahlias, from Col. Perkins, notices of, 78, 94; remarks
on, from the American Farmer, 101 ; sent by William
Prince and Son to the Editor of the N. Y. Com. Adv.
133 ; remarks en the origin and culture of, 349 ; mode
of preserving, 365.
Dairy secret, 106.
Dandy, anecdote of a, 317.
Dearborn, Gen. H. A. S., his reports to the Mass. Hor.
Soc, 33, 65 ; his notices of the Cemetery of Pere la
Chaise, 65.
Debts, should be avoided as much as possible by farmers,
170. '
Derby, E. H. his notices of the pedigree of the bull Ad-
miral, 19; his notices of a disease in cattle, called a
hold fast, 289.
Diamond mill at Amsterdam, 182.
Diet and regimen, remarks on, 89, 1(58 ; of rye hasty
pudding, occasionally, saves from dyspepsia, 154 ; pro-
per, for a farmer, 177.
Ditcliino-, may in some cases be well, begun in winter,
174.
Dogs, madness in, notices of, 224.
Drams, remarks on, by the Editor, 52 ; from the Gene-
see Farmer, 173.
Dress of a married lady, remarks on, 1.52.
Drougiit, remedies for, 14, 1'2.
Drunkards, spontaneous combustion of, 160.
Dryden and his wife, notices of, 240.
D. T. his notices of the blue bird, 51 ; on destroying
Canada thistles, 52 ; on exotic plants, 96.
Ducks, remarks on the raising of, 283.
Dysentery, recipes for curing, 239, 336.
Dyspepsia, Mrs Trollope's notices of, 136 ; diet of rye
hasty pudding a preservative against, 154.
Ear, acuteness of, 140.
Ears, human, artificial, 227.
Earlheit ware, on its manufacture in Staffordshire, 366.
Earthquake, description of, 216.
Eaton, Dr. J. bis recipe for preservino- American Citron,
345.
Economy, habits of, 184.
Education of Farmers, remarks on, 202 ; of the lower
classes, 245 ; how connected with manual labor, 347,
348.
Eels, remarks on the law for protecting in Nantucket,
320 ; anecdotes of, 380.
Ei'js, on preserving, 200.
Elder, remarks on its uses, &c., 61.
Elderberry svrup, recipe for making, 50.
England and France, comparative wealth of, 339.
English opinions of Americans, 331.
Entimsiasm, religious, remarkable instance of, 280.
Epicurus, recommends the cultivation of the Cauliflow-
er, 211,246.
Essex North, on caterpillars, tar for seed corn, and horn
distemper in cattle, 377.
Experiments, mteresting, for determining the value of
nutritive substances, 356.
Facts, a million, extracts from a work with that title, 264.
Fallow crops, their advantages over summer fallows, 51.
Family Lyceum, notice of, 54.
Farm, on the selection and management of, 185.
Farm buildings, rules for the construction of, 50.
Farmer, A. on the best mode of fattening beef, 349.
Farmer, a complete, character of, 121 ; should keep a
daybook, 162; theoretical and practical, 172; on Mr.
Gilmore's cultivation, 340.
Farmer, the. Mount Vernon, 90 ; a young, 266.
Farmer, the Virginia, 189.
Farmer, a laboring, on leaves for manure, 329.
Farmer, a Maine, on raising bread stufi'in Maine, 388.
Farmer's own book, notice of, 54.
Farmer's work for July 6, 398, 406 ; for August, 30, 46 ;
for September, 02, 70, 78 ; for November, 126, 134 ;
for December, 166 ; and Gardeners work for January
and February, 222, 240. 254; and Gardener's, for
March, 270, 278,280 ; for May, 350 ; for June, 366.
Farmers, should not engage in law suits, 185 ; impor-
tance of good neighborliood to, 193; remarks on the
education of, 202 ; hints to, by B., 219, 228, 237, 260,
aS9, 3.">3 ; sayings for, by Dr. Franklin, 320.
Farming, profits and expenses of, 182.
Farm yard manure, on the makino- and manao-ement of
30.
Farrier, Gentleman's pocket, notices of, 267.
Farms, small, most beneficial, 413.
Fashion in London, its attributes, 175; dreadful conse-
quences of, 309.
Fellenberg's establishment in Switzerland, notice of, 409.
Female society recommended, 149.
Fences, posts of, set bottom upwards will last the longer,
23 ; durable, of button wood trees for posts and cedar
rails. 1 15 ; on the loss accruing from bad, 226 ; differ-
ent kinds of, 310 ; posts of, for gardens, set in ashes,
411.
Fire, remarks on the power of, 163 ; on walking through,
by Hindoos, 307; shower of, in France, "336; on se-
curing buildings against, 358, 300, 380, 387; a new
kind of, which burns under water, 387.
Fires in Boston, statement of, 411.
Fish, eattle fed on, 255.
Fishin" cats, notices of, 344.
Fiske, Dr. O. his remarks on budding, 42.
Flannel, for apparel, utility and healthiness of, 141.
Flax, observations on its culture, 210.
Florists, hints to, 173.
Floiir, improvements in its manufacture, 147.
Flower, the largest known, 64.
Flower Garden, remarks on planting, 164.
Fodder, a cheap, how made, 340 ; remarks on the ex-
pense of, Ac. 200.
Fogs, remarks on the cause of, 13.
Fontenelle, anecdote of, 368.
Forest trees, American, notices of, 140 ; on pruning of,
196.
Fosdick.D. his remarks on grapes, 81.
Foster, Gideon, his cultivation of a premium crop of rye,
243.
Fountains, artificial, heat obtained from, 145.
France and England, youths of, their diflTerent views and
• pursuits, 136.
Franklin, notices of his last days, 72 ; anecdote of, 240 ;
his sayings for farmers, 320.
French, B. V. his method of obtaining honey under
ghss, 82.
Frolics in America, 144.
Frug.ility, the importance of, 283.
Fruft, a lover of good, on the curculio in fruit, &c., 1 ;
-J- crops, scarcity of, 61 ; good, the prices of, 223.
'"Fruits, on insects, which are found in, 1 ; remarks on, as
articles of diet, 11, 100 ; how to enlarge by supporting,
50; useful in preserving health, 100 ; remarks on the
amelioration of, 201, 200, 217 ; on the causes of their
deterioration, 281.
Fruits and flowers, of Messrs. Winships, notice of, 307.
Fruits and seeds, on the preservation of, 305.
Fruit trees, remarks on, and a list of new and rare, by
Wm. Prince «& Sons, 1 ; on insects, which are found
in, 1 ; on the reciprocal influence of the stock and the
graft, 97; on healing wounds on, 173; remarks on
pruning of, 173 ; in nurseries, how preserved against
rabbits, mice, &c. 174; advantages of planting on de-
clivities, 213 ; beneficial effects of protecting the stems
of. from frosts in thespring,253; remarks on pruning of,
290, 294 ; none hut those of the best quality should be
cultivated, 291 ; Chinese nmde of propagating, 357 ;
in planting on poor soils and in exposed situations, 397.
INDEX
Fuelisa Tree, its introduction into England,_280.
Fungi, remarlcs on the natural history of, 275.
G. hts remarks on the influence of the scion of a tree, on
the stock, ays.
Gates instead of bars advised, 317.
Garden, a, remarks on, by A. W. 242.
Gardener, properties of the, 40; pleasures of the profes-
sion of, 3d0.
Gardener's work for May, 350 ; for July, 406.
Gardening, cautions and directions in, 213.
Gardens, on the management of, 146 ; their use to far-
mers, &c., 237, 410.
Gas, notice of an apparatus for roasting by, 299.
Genius, not always known to its possessor, 184.
Gentleman, description of the life of a, 312.
Geological facts, of coal embedded in a rock, 16.
Geolotry of Massachusetts, Professor Hitchcock on, 8,
2.59."
Giants, height of different, 256.
Gilbert, Aaron, on an antidote against vegetable poi-
sons, 3.
Gilmore, John, his profitable cultivation, 340.
G. H.B.on tlie culture of the strawberry, 121.
Goat, Cashmire Shawl, introduced into Fr-ince, 181.
Good temper, remarkable instance of, 181.
Graft and Stock, reciprocal influence of each on the oth-
er, 97.
Grain, difference in the maturity of, on old and new
land, 394.
Granite, description of, 149.
Grapes, ripened by tying them up in black crape, 50 ;
vines, remarks on, 69 ; rapid mode of raising, 371 ; ob-
servations by M. S., 210 ; remedies for mildew in, 342 ;
how preserved fresh through the winter, 348 ; remarks
on the rot in, 381 ; observations on, by D.Fosdick, 81;
on ripening, by S. W. 154; Thomerymode of training,
193.
Grass lands, on watering,' 142; manure for, 286.
Green, Roland, his report on Peter Thatcher's premium
farm, 12-!.
Greens, vegetables suitable for, 382.
Gregory, J. B. M.on disease in horses, 108.
Ground nuts, remarks on, 38.
Grumblers, notices of, 204.
Guessing, safe, 336.
Gypsum, an improved mode of sowing, 405.
Habit of finishing what we have begun, valuable, 8.
Hams, mode of curing, 51.
Harris, Dr. T. H. his address to the Mass. Hor. Soc. 204,
211,220,225, 236,244, 2.52.
Hartshorne, Hugh, on preparing the seed of orchard
grass for sowing, 254.
Hawk, an anecdote of one, 189; how used to frighten , 382; cobs, of their use, 402,
remedy for scouring of, 101 ; remarks on a disease in,
by J. M. Gregory, 108; American, wild, notices of,
115; Turkish cure for founder in, 225; remedy for
heaves in, 261; to prevent botts in, 277; trotting
horses, queries concerning, 282; reniarks on, by J.
W. Capron, 297 : lose 25 per cent, of their value, by
having their tails cut off, 315 ; how to cure founders
in, 315 ; drink for, 305; on watering, improperly, 381 ;
on cooking food for, 404.
Horse Radish, on its cultivation, 117. '
Horticultural Journal, kept at the garden of the Proprie-
tor of the New England Farmer, 15, 51, 86.
Horticultural Society, Massachusetts, proceedings of, 14,
23. 30, 33, 3-<, 40, 54, 59, 65, 70, 86, 94, 103, 1 18, 127,
156, 202, 259, 283, 299, 338,346,354,363,371,379,
367, 395, 403, 411 ; notices of their festival, 102, 118,
127,134,150,186; premiums awarded by, 186,202,
226; premiums ofl'ered by, '307.
Horticulture, its influence on the taste, morals, and com-
forts of the community, 125, 222 ; notice of an e.xperi-
ment in, 163; in Maryland, notices of, 330.
Hot houses, heating by hot air, practice of condemned,
13.
Hot water, houses warmed and meat roasted by, 118,
262 ; insects destroyed by, 377.
Houses, built of iron, 377.
House-keepers, good, benefits derived from, 10.
Howard S., his remarks on bees, 50.
Howard's ploughs recommended, 334 ; Roland, his ad-
dress to the Bristol County Agr. Soc. 364.
H. S. his recipe for good house soap, 206.
Husking, without spirits, 155.
Hybrid vegetables and animals, on propagating from, 73.
Hydrostatic, bed for invalids, 224, 227.
Hypochondria cured, 240.
Ice, remarks on preserving, 227, 261.
Ice-house, a portable, 261.
Incombustible wash, and stucco white-wash, 380.
India Rubber cloth, on its manufacture, 216.
Indian, female, adventures of, 2-88.
Indian corn, use of wetting the seed of with soft soap,
and rolling it in plaster, 3 ; on cutting the stalks of,
25 ; great crop of, raised by H. & A. Spraguc, 45 ;
improved by impregnating the pistils of one species
with the pollenof another, 58; remarks on harvesting,
70; injured by early frost, 83 ; on removing suckers
from, i05 ; when touched with frost, how preserved,
182; on the culture of, 221, 305 ; plaster and leached
ashes for, 275 ; Mr. Clark on raising, 337 ; on sowing
broad cast for fodder, 340 ; planting early recommend-
ed, 357; on its culture, 362, 3C6; on preparing seed of
with tar, &c. 377, 382, 401 ; on sowing for fodder.
birds, 346.
Hay making, remarks on, 365.
Hay, how best made from clover, 2, 25.
Hayes, A. A. his analysis on ditl'erent sorts of salts, 345,
H. C his remarks on feeding swine, &c. 361.
Health, maxims relating to, 215.
Heat, communicated from bored wells, 90 ; expansion of
solids by, 325.
Heating apartments, remarks on, 42; by artificial foun-
tains, 45.
Heaves in horses, how cured, 2G1.
Hedcres, a shrub, called prickly ash, recommended for,
298.
Hedgford, a celebrated horse, notices of, 29.
Hemlock and Henbane, on the peculiar qualities of, 357.
Hemn, American, manufactured by S. Allen, and pre-
sented to the American Institute, by A. Varick, 180;
remarks on its culture, 225, 233.
Hens, how made to lay eggs in winter, 283.
High ways, must be made passable, when blocked up
with snow, 285.
Hildreth, S. P. his letter to Mass. Hor. Soc. together with
a package of seeds of the magnolia acuminata, 299.
Hints to Farmers, No. 1 , 919 ; see Farmers, &c.
Hints to Housewives, 330.
Hogs, hov/ made to work in Illinois, 5 ; an improved
mode of scalding, 174.
Homer, James, notices of sunflower oil, presented by, to
Mass. Hor. Soc. 363.
Honesty in a boy, notice of, 400.
Honey, purified and made a substitute for sugar, 91.
Hops, in England, prospects of, 101 ; to be a substitute
for asparagus, 381.
Horn distemper in cattle, how treated, 353,357.
Horse, to asceitain the pulse of, 3.
Horse Chesnuts, useful in making paste, 13.
House keeping in Germany, notice of, 13.
Horses, slobbering of, said to be cured by sulphur, 61 ;
^^sects in fruits, remarks on, by a lover of good fruit,
and by the Editor, 1 ; destroying by hot water, 1, 377;
found in pear trees, 6 ; remarks on their habits, &c.,
36; not destroyed by putting sulphur in trees, 174.
See Address by Dr. W. T. Harris, 204, itc. ; on des-
troying in gardens, &c. 3S0; how destroyed in hot
beds, 411 ; destroyed by dry ashes, 412.
Intemperance, deplorable instance of, 248 ; in France,
remarks on, 413.
Inventions, American, notices of, 85; distinctions be-
tween and discoveries, 235 : for disengaging horses
from a carriage, 256.
Iron, .American, compared with foreign iron, 410.
Iron houses, remarks on, 'o77.
Irrigation, Dr. Spafl'ord's Essay on, 26 ; remarks on, by
E. D. Andrews, 3.56 ; farther notices of, 370.
Isabella Grape Vines, &>c. do, 54, 110; great produce of,
raised by A. Mitchell, Esq. 134 ; by Mr. Dobson, 147.
Isabella wine, process in making, 117.
Isis, relics found in the temple o', '371.
J. on destroyincr Canada Thistles and raising potatoes,
229.
J. B R. his remarks on wild or Canadian rice, 81.
J. B. on the culture of Ruta Baga, 277.
J. E. on an insect found in pear trees, 6.
Jenkins, L. on Improved breeds of cattle, 315.
Jerusalem Artichoke, should be planted in gullies, &c.
109.
Johnson, W. R. notices of his farm, 31.
Joke, a geological, 305.
Jones, J. T., his economical mode of applying manure,
164.
Jones, James, his observations on the rot of the grape,
381.
J. S. M., his remarks on rural taste, 218.
J. W. on guarding against the. bee moth, 363.
Kangaroo, a tame, notice of, 20.3^
KenrickjWm., notices ofhisorchnrdist, 193,200,213,389.
Kersey, Joseph, recommends the use of tar for sheep, '331.
Keyes, B. F. on the produce of peach trees, 105.
KIrtland, Jared, P., his notices of vegetable productions,
peculiar to the western regions of the U. S. 198.
Knight, Adams, Ills mode oi^ cultivating a premium crop
of rye, 238.
Knowledge, on its advantages, by Rev. L. Withington,
1.52.
Labor, remarks on the best hours for, &c. 138 ; on the
exchange of, 138 ; freedom of depends on the freedom
of the soil, 250.
Lambs, remarks on weaning, &c. 398.
Lambs and geese, protected by tar from foxes, 269.
Lands in England, lying waste, notice of, 162.
Laziness, grows on people, 216.
Lazy Fever, a cure for, 328.
Lazy man, notices of, 3.52.
Leaves, for manure, recommended, 126, 329.
Leavitt, Hooker, his mode of cultivating a premium crop
of wheat, 243.
Legal impudence, anecdote concerning, 96.
Leopard, caught by a mirror, 205.
Letters, on the invention of, 173.
Lettuce, on its culture and uses, 278.
Life assurance, advantages of, 372.
Lighting.a city, new mode of proposed, 334 ; economic
from the burning of wood to procure acetic acid, 344.
Lime, ashes, &c. as appUcations to the soil, remarks on,
9, 22, 59, 217.
Lime, for preserving health, 362.
Lime-stone, how burnt with coal, in warming houses,
&c. 282.
Lincoln, Gov. of Mass., his remarks on preparing men
for the State Prison, 96; notice of his address to Mas-
sachusetts Legislature, 214.
Lindsley, Philip, on the cause of Farmers, 353.
Little, Tristram, his cultivation of a crop of rye, 251.
L. L., on the selection and management of a farm, 185,
186; on ao-riculture, compared with other pursuits,
209,210; on manure, 261.
L. M. P., his remarks respecting a disease in oxen, 241.
Lion and bear, interview between, 192.
Locke, Charles H., his remarks on an apple tree injured
by the severity of the winter, 129.
Longevity, remarkable instances of, 224, 333, 408.
Longworlh, N. on the culture of the vine, &c. 137.
Lover, Cobbett's advice to, 376.
Lowell, Hon. J., his remarks on the Cattle Show and
Plou.cfhing Match at Brighton, 08; his strictures on
articles in the American Farmer, 68 ; on raising grapes
in the open ground, 69 ; on stirring tJie earth as a rem-
edy for drought, 92 ; on the culture of sweet potatoes,
326.
Lowell, notice of the town of, 370.
Loxia, bird that lights its nest with a glow worm, 345.
Lucerne, on its culture, 334.
Lyceums; County , remarks on organizing, &c. 45 ; 'Vil-
lage, a plan and description of, 130; for farmers, 140.
M. on the causes of the deterioration of fruits, 281.
Machinery, Miss Harriet Martineau's remarks on the uses
of, 3.34.
Machines for sawing barrel staves, notice of, 69 ; for
transplanting trees, 169; for making nails, 195; for
cleaning rice from the hull, 219 ; for glass blowing,
261 ; for spinning and twisting silk, by Adam Brooks,
274 ; for knitting stockings, 291 ; for making pins,
299 ; for Imlling rice, 331 ; for grooving window
blinds, &c. 378 ; for sawing and bormg, 387.
Mackay. John, on apple orchards, 61.
Mad bull, anecdote of, 413.
Madder, remarks on the culture of, by Russel BronsoB,
49; to dye red with on woollen, 109.
Madness, extraordinary instance of, 112.
Magnitude, how to acquire a correct idea of, 8.
Magpie, the anecdote of, 336.
Mahogany, size, value, and uses of, 85.
Mangel Wurtzel, remarks on its culture and uses, 318.
Alantel tree, an old, 336.
Manure, an economical mode of applying, 164 ; wasted
by evaporation, 165; remarks on collecting, 172; on
gathering in pastures, &,c. 23; observations on, 218;
remarks on, by L. L. 257 ; on making from peat, 240,
257; for grass land, &,c. 286 ; liquid, use of.
Martineau, Miss Harriet, on the use of machinery, 384.
Marvin, Mr., his notices of Black Sea wheat, 118, 145 ;
on the tea wheat, 298.
Mattress of cork, notice of, 390.
Meade, R. K., on the improvement of sheep, 105.
Mease, Dr. James, on the influence of the stalk on its
graft, 97; his experiments with Chinese silkworms,
188.
VI
INDEX
Mangel Wurlzel, its culture and uses. 54. 2if4.
Manual labor school reconiinended, 347, 348.
Mfirshes reclaimed, Mr. Welles' remarks on, 41.
Materials, naturally of no value, how made useful, 395.
McCall, James, on liming seed wheat, 51.
Measles in swine, how to cure, 233.
Meat, how preserved in snow, 18"2.
Mechanics, their importance in community, 203.
Melons of Persia, &c., remarks on, 11.
Mice, recipe for destroying, by R. M. W. 61 ; other
means of destroying, 137, 138, 305.
Milk, on removing the taste of garlic from, 25 ; a com-
pany formed for introducing pure into New York, 372.
MiUv powder, how made, 315.
Mind Fever, caused by an.xiety of mind, 133.
Miracle working, anecdote of, 272
Mole catching, a science in Westmoreland, England, 184.
Moon, directions for cheating, 333.
Morgan, Jedediah. his mode of wintering a flock of sheep.
246.
Mortgages on lands, bad consequences of, 250.
Morns Multicaulis iSIulberry, remarks on its superiority,
81.
Mountains, on their formation, 191.
Mount Auburn, notice of, 395.
Mouser, a black snake noted as, 256.
Mowing, remarks on, 233.
Mowing land, how managed, 233.
M. S., his remarks on the introduction of new and ame-
liorated fruits, 201 ; his remarks on grapes, 210.
Mulberrv tree, the quickest mode of raising, 2 ; new
Chinese recommended, 155; the planting of advised,
317.
Mustard, cultivation of recommended, 341.
Nankeen, American, manufactured at Patterson, N. J.
from nankeen colored cotton, 125, 189, 339.
Nantucket, notices of, 272.
National characteristics, 392.
New England Galaxy recommended, 342.
Negligence, bad consequences of, 224.
Newhall, Gen. J., his remarks on the best time to cut
trees for re-production, 230.
Nichols, Eli, on fattening hogs on sweet apples, 116.
Newspapers, anecdote, showing the advantages of, 16.
Newton, Sir Isaac, notices of, 144.
Nott, Dr., notice of his application of anthracite to gene-
rate steam, 334.
Nova Scotia, notice of crops in, 141.
Nuisances in London, hops and Newcastle coals, 198.
Nut and forest trees, remarks on, 85.
Oak, quercitron, description of, from Brown's American
Sylva, 10 ; notice of an extraordinary one, 232.
Oat, the Hopetown, notices of. 165 ; Chinese skinless,26l.
Oats, on the culture of, 241, 273.
Ode, written for the Anniversary Dinner of Mass. Hor.
Soc. by Miss Gould, 104; for the Anniversary of the
landing of the fathers, by Mr. Bryant, 208 ; to com-
memorate the same event, by Rev. James Flint, 208.
Oil from sunflower seed, new mode of obtaining, 27; re-
commended by T. G. Fessenden and G. C. Barrett, 379.
Oil soap, recipe for making, 341.
Onions, premium crop of, by J. Perkins, 44 ; on the cul-
ture of, 242.
Opodeldoc, to make a liquid, 411.
Orchard grass, how prepared for sowing, &c. 254.
Orchardist, New American, by W. Kenrick, notices of,
103, 206, 213, 339.
Orchards, observations on, 153; on the management and
pruning of, 385.
Oregon expedition, disasters attending, 259.
Ornaments among the Indians, singular, 181.
Osgood, B., his inquiry relative to zinc plates for roof-
ing, 339.
Ostrich eggs, as an article of diet, &c. 223.
Otis, Mrs., elegant compliment to, 370.
Out-buildings for farmers, remarks on, 282.
Oxalis crenata, a supposed improvement on the potatoe,
301, 331.
Ox, statement respecting one with a disease called a hold-
fast, 211, 222, 230, 241 , 258, 289 ; gigantic one called
Americus, 246 ; large in New York, 331 ; in Saco,
Me. 325.
Oxen, Cuba, notices of, 56; heavy, fattened by Mr.
Graves, 207 ; remarks on their training, 353 ; in Italy,
a superior race of, 407.
P., remarks of on silk worms and the morus multicaulis,
81.
Painter's colic, cure for, 141.
Painting houses, economy in, 382.
Paradise apple, quere concerning, 182.
Parmentier, Mrs. and her daughter, their premiums, 315.
Parrot, anecdote of, 352.
Parsnip, on its culture, 242.
Parsons, Gorliam, Esq., his letter to Rev. J. R. Barbour,
on transferring bees from one hive to another, 18.
Pastures, on the management of, 242, 350.
Paupers, caused by intemperance, 144.
Pea, remarks on insects which infest, 220.
Peabody, Dr.. his notice of a disease in cattle, called a
hold-fast, 289.
Peaches, high price of in Covent Garden Market, 181.
Peach trees, great product from, 105 ; on heading down,
107; on the yellows in, 373.
Pear and apple trees, remarks on the management of, 177.
Pear, German summer, notices of, 54; Bearre Diel, sup-
posed to be superior to the St. Michael's, 75.
Peas, a new mode of sticking, 82; on the culture of, 270;
how boiled soft in hard water, 345 ; how to prevent
their degenerating, 410.
Peat for manure, how fermented, &c. 249, 257, 274, 390.
Pedestrianism, extraordinary, 341.
Perkins, Joseph, his premium crop of onions, 44.
Perkins, T. H., his statement of heating by a newly in-
vented hot water apparatus, 262.
Perrine, Henry, on rearing poultry in Mexico, 129 ; of-
fers a premium for the manufacture of Sisal hemp, 142.
Perry, Mr., his experiments in raising silk, 27.
Perry, Rev. Gardner B., his addiess to the Essex Agr.
Soc. 316.
Perry, M. C, his letter, with notice of grape vines, sent
Mass. Hor. Soc. 33 ; his letter with a box of seeds,
&,c. sent to the Mass. Hor. Soc. 186.
Phillips, John M. on housing and preserving sweet pota-
toes, 84.
Pictured rocks of Lake Superior, notices of, 29.
Planter s Guide, notices of, 153, 155, 158, 289.
Planting early recommended, 357.
Plants preserved through the winter by spring water,
82 ; exotic, remarks on,- 93 ; on adapting them to soils,
146, 158; native, ornamental, 373 ; on their diversi-
ties, 389 ; quere relative to glazed pots for, 394 ; how
protected from bugs and worms, 390.
Plaster and leached ashes, utility of, 59.
Plaster, use of, by Onondaga, 3t>5 ; an improved mode
of sowing, 405.
Plouo-hing, generally best done in the fr.ll, 127; remarks
on°24-f.
Plouii-hmen should be trained to habits of activity, 381.
Plum, Washington Bolmer, notices of, 75, 86.
Poetry. The Virtuous Man, 8; the Sailor's Song, 16;
the Land of our Birth, 24 ; our own Fire Side, 32;
Description of a Cow, 32; Domestic Economy, 32;
Early Recollections, 40; the Accepted, 48; Retrospec-
tion, 50; Poet's Inventory, 64; Epilhalamium, 73;
the Winged Worshippers, 80; a Dandy's What, 88;
the Poet's Song to liis Wife, 96; Ode written for the
Anniversary Dinner of the Mass. Hor. Soc. 104; Hard
Times, by Hannah Moore, 112; Spring, by Harry
Cornwall, 120; the Harvest Moon, 128; Autumnal
Sketches, 136 ; What I hate, 144 ; to the Blue Anem-
one, 152; Autumn, by Miss Fanny Kemble, 100; the
Faithful Friend, 176; There is a Star, 1,80; Christ-
mas, 192; New Year's Address of the Carrier of the
N. E. Farmer. 200 ; to commemorate the landing of
the Pilgrim Fathers, 208; Domestic Love, 216; the
the Petition and the Reply, 224; to the Winds, by
Bernard Barton, 232; Winter, by T. G. Fessenden,
240; a Wish, 248; Snowing, by Miss Gould, 250;
Ode for the Celebration of the 4th of July, 236 ; to My
Son, 264; Sonnet, 264 ; the Disenthralled, 272 ; Hu-
man Life, 272 ; Recipe for making Sweet Potato
Puddinir, 280 ; to the Lovers of Rum, 288 ; In Earth's
Lonely Uesert, 288 ; the Love of our Country, 296;
Wit and Wisdom, 304 ; New England Museum, 312;
a Voice from the Wine Press, 320; Spring, 328;
March of Mind in Ireland, 336; a Thought, 336;
Stanzas, 344; Invocation to May, 352; the Depravity
of Man, &c. 360 ; the Petition of the Lungs, 368 ;
Hymn to the Flowers, 376 ; Lines written on a pun-
cheon of spirits, 384; Pain in the Breast, 392; Emi-
grant's Song, 406 ; a voice from Mount Auburn, 408 ;
Power of Caloric, 416.
Poisons, vegetable, antidotes against, 3, 203; by ivy,
342 ; by dogwood, 342.
Political economy. Miss Harriet Martineau's remarks
on, 384.
Pompeii, part of discovered, 336.
Ponds, empty, on procuring manure from, 20.
Pope, Byron's opinion of, 72.
Porter, David, Esq , his letters to Gen. Dearborn, and
description of plants and seeds presented to Mass. Hor.
Soc. 33, 354, 363.
Potatoes, may be used alone for fattening pigs, 1 ; a
mode of preserving, 27 ; Payson Williams's premium
crop of, 44 ; remarks on their cultivation by T. A.
Knight, 108; notices of large, 142; notice of a new
variety, 174; great yields of, 179, 182; on insects
which infest, 220; raised under straw, and thistles de-
stroyed, 229; Mr. Carter's cultivation of a premium
crop of, 238; remarks on their culture and uses, 2'19,
302; a supposed improvement On, in a root called ox-
aUs crenata, 301 ; how to make a jiaste of. 301 ; how
first introduced into Wilmington, Mass. 338 ; two
crops of, grown in one year" from the same ground,,
341 ; on making a fine flour, or sago from, 347; and
Indian corn, on the culture of, 301 ; new method of
roasting, 412.
Potatoes, a substitute for in the oxalis crenata, 331.
Potatoes, sweet, J. M.'s mode of preserving, 59. See
further sweet potatoes.
Potemkin Prince, anecdote of, 360.
Poultry, how reared in Mexico, 129; remarks on feed-
ing, &c. 150 ; notice of Mowbray's treatise on, 345.
Powder mills in Canton, Conn, blown up, 299.
President's Message, abstract of, 231.
Prickly ash, a shrub recommended for hedecs. 298.
Prince, John, Esq., his communication respecting the
analysis of difi'erent sorts of salt, 337.
Prince, Wm. <fc Sons, their list of, and remarks on, fruit
trees, 1 ; on the influence of the stock on the graft in
fruit trees, 98; thanks of Mass. Hor. Soc. presented to
for their Pomological Manual, &c. 150; visit to their
Linna'an Botanic Garden, 402.
Privies, mode of ventilating, 35.
Proverbs, a collector of, anecdote of, 408.
Prunus, his remarks on the Washington Bolmar Plum,
Publisher's notice, 374.
Puffery, ne plus ultra of, 382.
Pulsation, in the human species, more slow formerly
than at present, 139.
Pumpkin pie and nullification, 179.
Pumpkins, great product of, 134 ; rich food for swine,
150; to save the seed of pure, 151.
Putrefaction, remarks on by Dr. Waterhouse, 133.
Quaker, the benevolent, anecdote of, 328.
Quince trees, coal dust secures against insects, 358.
R. his queries relative to heating apartments, 42.
Race Iiorses, anecdote of, 56; value of in London, 198.
Radish, weighing 9 lbs. 9 oz. 155; how cultivated, 278,
Rail Ways, beneficial cfl'ects of, 131, 146, 184 ; swift
travelling on, 222.
Rail Road, Boston and Worcester, remarks on, 43, 46 ;
from Boston to Lowell, 215.
Rat, a persevering, anecdote of, 144.
Rats, and Mice, remedies against, 01,106,365; notice
of their destroying corn in the hills, 298.
Reader, a constant, on sows destroying their offspring,
&c. 281.
Receipts, vindication of their uses, 54.
Recipe for scab in sheep, 2, 100; of a preparation for
cleaning plate, 11 ; for making spruce beer, 13; for
making bread from turnips, 13; for making bread by
mixing the dough with liquor in which bran had been
boiled, 18 ; to preserve steel from rust, 20; for a new
mode of preserving potatoes, 27; to prevent horses
from being teased with flies, 27 ; for preserving cran-
berries, 29 ; for looseness in calves, 35 ; for baked
beans, 37; for brown bread, 37; for cleansing foul
casks, 38; for a burn, .38; for cholera, 45, 168; for
gravel, 45 ; for lemon syrup, 45 ; to preserve peas and
beans, 46 ; to preserve gooseberries, 40 ; for a substi-
tute for champaigne wine, 46 ; for elderberry syrup,
,50 ; for brewing beer from mangel wurtzel, 50 ; for
preserving American citron, 61 ; to destroy mice, 61 ;
to cure warts, 61 ; to make strong, or book binder's
paste, 61 ; for slabbering of horses, 61 ; for the sting
of a bee, 83; to destroy rats and mice, 100; for musty
grain, 106 ; for the rot in sheep, 106; for lice and ticks
in sheep, 100 ; for rheumatic pains or lumbago, 106 ;
to dye a madder- red on woollen, 109; to preserve com-
mon water melon rinds, 109; to cure dysentery, 139;
for painter's colic, 141 ; for wounds, 142 ; to take out
grease spots, &c. 147 ■ preparation of black lead for
cleaning stoves, 147 ; for the ladies, Salem fancy cake,
154; preserved pippins for daily use, 154; sweet ap-
ple pudding, 1.54 ; to ferment cider, 155; to preserve
apples, 155 ; for preserving tomatoes, 157 ; for healing
the wounds on fruit trees, 173 ; for shoe blacking, 173;
for making pumpkin pies, 179 ; for extreme costive-
ness, 184 ; for the cramp, 184 ; to stop the hiccoughs,
184 ; to cure a cough, 189; for consumption, 203; for
INDEX.
Vll
good house soap, 20G ■, for head ache, yoii; to cure a
wen, 215; to cure measles in swine, 233; for a cut,
bruise, or burn, the coating of the shell ol a raw egg,
243; for a sow that refuses the male, 24'J ; for throat
distemper and scarlet fever, 250 ; to cure wounds on
horses and cattle, 253; for heaves in horses, 2(il ; for
making transparent soap, 2G1 ; to color black, 2G1 ; for
domestic yeast, 2(31 ; for tomato catsup, 2C1 ; for pre-
serving eggs, 200; to cure butter, 207; to restore
manuscripts become illegible by time, 209; to make
green wax, 275 ; cheap wash or paint, 275 ; for mak-
ino- hop beer, 2?3; fire proof and water proof cement,
283; to make bread, rusk and apple dumplings, 2'JO;
to make yeast, 290 ; for a broken winded horse, 30J ;
for making potato paste, 301 ; for an improvement in
candles, 301 ; for cleaning gilt frames, 301 ; for mak-
ing bread with a mixture of boiled Indian meal, 301 ;
to? destroying cockroaches, 307 ; for removing spots
from mildewed stuft", 309; for sewing on glazed calico,
309; for boot blacking, 315; for founders in horses,
315 ; for destroying bed bugs, 315 ; for improved white
washing, 339 ; for making oil soap, 341 ; wash for fruit
trees, 342 ; remedy against mildew in grapes, 342 ; for
poison by ivy, 3-12; for poison by dogwood, 342; to
boil peas or beans, 345 ; for preserving the American
citron, 345 ; for making a fine flour or sago from pota-
toes, 347 ; for preserving grapes fresh through the
winter, 343; to make paint without white lead or oil,
357 ; to make an incombustible wash, and stucco white
wash, 358 ; for destroying rats and mice, 305 ; for the
cholera, 305 ; to take ink spots out of rhahogany, 305 ;
for making small beer, 379 ; to prevent the annoyance
of flies, 381 ; to destroy the red spider, 381 ; to pre-
serve beans and peas through winter, 381 ; to preserve
wheat against the weevil, 381 ; for cleaning cloths,
&c. 380 ; for obtaining oil from sunflower seeds, 387 ;
for lowness of spirits, 392 ; for destroying ants, 397 ;
for destroying the red spider on plants, 397 ; for mak-
ing tincture of roses, 404 ; for the foot rot in sheep,
405 ; to make liquid opodeldoc, 411 ; to preserve culi-
nary vegetables through the winter, 411.
Remedies, several useful, 184.
Revolutionary anecdote, 400.
Rhubarb, on its efficacy in diarrhcea, 59.
Rhubarb plant, advantages of removing the blossom buds
from, 371 ; its growth promoted by placing a barrel
over it, 372.
Richardson, James, Esq., his address to Mass. Agr. Soc.
300, 306.
R. M. W., his recipe for destroying mice, 61 ; on the
scouring of horses, 101 ; on forest trees, 101 ; on the
preservation of bacon, 133 ; on preparing seed wheat,
180; on making compost, 348 ; on the absorbent prop-
erties of potash, and ploughing and hoeing in dry
weather, 3.50 ; his receipt for making small beer, 379 ;
on leached ashes, 379; on destroying the turnip fly,
&c. in hot beds, 411.
Road making, directions concerning, 341.
Rodman, Benjamin, his letter together with a package of
onion seeds, from Lisbon, to Mass. Hor. Soc. 299.
Roman Empire, magnitude of, 299.
Romantic incident, 308.
Rose, remarks on by " A Floral Amateur," 73.
Rose bugs, antidotes against, 390, 402.
Rose bush, a flourishing, 345.
Roses, tincture of, how made, 404.
Rotation of crops, remarks on, 100.
Rouen, or aftermath, remarks on, 37.
Rum canal, article concerning, 339.
Rumination, remarkable case of, 101.
Rural taste, remarks on by J. S. M. 218.
Rush, Dr., an untiring student, 291.
Rnssia, manners and customs in, 208.
Ruta baga, on the culture of, 277, 398.
Rye, remarks on raising, 4G ; vitiated, pernicious effects
of, 82 ; Mr. Adams Knight's premium crop of, how
cultivated, 238; Mr. Gideon Foster's premium crop,
243; Tristram Little's cultivation of, 251; Nathan
Smith's crop of, 251.
S. on penning swine, 340.
Salads, %vashing of in salt water recommended, 380.
Salivation of stock, &c., remarks on, 37.
Salt, recommended for cattle, 124, 100,300; on its man-
ufacture in the county of Barnstable, lOS ; may be in-
i'urious to sheep in winter, 240 ; analysis of difi'erent
Linds of, 337, 345 ; scarcity of in Africa, 347.
Salt hay, how cured, 249.
Saw'dust, remarks on feeding hogs with, 164.
Science, value of to the practical man, 180, 381.
Science and art, the triumphs of, 170.
Scion of a tree, its influence on the stock, 298.
Scott, James, on the best mode of destroying caterpillars,
402.
Season in Canada, remarks on, 42; aspect, crops, and
prospects of, 02, 09, 100,372, 4UC; in Nova Scotia,
115; in England, 115; in Vermont, 102; e.xtraordi-
nary productions of, 180; in Ripley, N. Y. 298; in
Massachusetts, 360 ; and prospect of crops in Middle-
bury, Vermont, 395 ; in Louisiana, 410.
Sea water, for watering plants, &c. 306.
Secession of a State from the Union, 227.
Seeds, on the gathering and preserving of, 6 ; on the fall
sowing of, 00 ; remarks on the germination of, 73 ;
how to accelerate their germination, 175; on selecting
the best to propagate from, 273, 323, 382 ; on change
of, 249, 273, 323.
Sencx, on the interest of farmers, 411.
Sheep, re.-ipe for scab in, 2, ICO, 112 ; on the manage-
ment of, 5, 410 ; and shepherds in France, 34 ; a very
large, 38 ; age of, how ascertained. 93 ; on raising oats
for keeping, 101 ; remedy for the rot in, 100 ; remedy
for lice and ticks in, 80 ; should be fattened when they
begin to grow old, 182; remarks on the improvement
of," by Mr. Meade, 195; on selecting the best breeds
of, 240 ; on wintering. 240 ; salt in winter may be in-
jurious to, 240; tar recommended for, 3'.J1 ; treatment
of the foot rot in, 405 ; for murrain or the scab in, 412.
Slieep shearing at Nantucket, 412.
Sheridan, William, his statement relative to his raising
melons, erroneously attributed to Mr. Senior, 211.
Ships, American, increase in the tonnage of, 209.
Shot tower, to be erected in Galena, 395.
Silk, manufactured by ladies, and died with blood root,
5 ; Mr. Perry's experiment in raising, 27 ; Mr. Cobb's
manufacture of, 43, 84 ; the best made from the morus
multicaulis, 81 ; remarks on its culture, 100, 130, 200,
209; raw, sold by Mr. Starkweather, 141 ; circular
letter relative to the manufacture of, by Messrs
Brownell & Macomber, 190; remarks and inquiries
concerning, by a lady, 190; on reeling, 190; report
on, by Mr. Wheelock, 245 ; its manufacture in Ver-
mont, 340 ; on reeling of, 394.
Silk spinner and twister by Adam Brooks, 274.
Silk worms, raised on the morus multicaulis, or Chinese
mulberry, by Mrs. Parmentier, 70 ; Chinese, experi-
ments with, by Dr. Mease, 183.
Size and starch, best made of East India flour, 219.
Skunk cabbage, remarks on, and remedy against, solic-
ited, 14.
Slaves, estimate of the number of, 223.
Smith, Nathan, his cultivation of a premium crop of rye,
251.
Smith, T. H., on a diseased ox, 222.
Smokers, a warning to, 1347.
Snow, a substitute fx)r eggs in making a pudding, 197 ;
in Vermont, on the 9th of June, 398.
Soap, transparent, how made, 201 ; soft, for the use of a
family, how made, 275.
Soap suds, use of as an antidote for insects, &c. recom-
mended, 366.
Social intercourse, remarks on, 2.59.
Soils of a light and sandy sort the most profitable, 100 ;
on their stimuUtion, by J. Welles, 217; when sour,
how neutralized, 394.
Somnambulism, remarkable case of, 43.
Sow, how managed, when she refuses the male, 249.
See swine.
Spanish grass seed, notice of, 334.
Spavin in horses, quere concerning, 206.
Speakers of the House of Commons and House of
Representatives, their offices and emoluments, 128.
Sperry, James, on the advantages of fallow crops over
summer fallows, 53.
Spicer, James, on the utility of mixing plaster and
leached ashes for manure, .59.
Spider red, recipe for destroying on plants, 397.
Spafl'ord, Dr., his essay on irrigation, 26.
Spooner, Alden, on making wine from the Isabella
grape, 117.
Sprague, Henry, his cultivation of a premium crop of
barley, 243.
Staniford, John, notice of his glass supporters of flowers,
134.
Stables for horses, remarks on the construction of, &c.
State Prison, how to prepare men for, 96.
Statistics of some parts of Europe, 349.
Steam Carriage to run on the road between Birming-
ham and London, 3.5 ; notices of by Homer, 370.
Steam, its power on the Liverpool ajid Manchester rail
road 131 ; notices of, 158.
Steamer, family, notice of, 398.
Steam power in Manchester, 205, 261.
Steers, method of breaking, 317.
Stimulation of soils, remarks on, by J. Welles, 217.
Stock, remarks on, by Ulmus, 116; of the Durham
short horn breed, 291.
Stone pine, an useful tree growing in Switzerland,
notices of, 27.
Stove, Dr Nott's, damages for infringing Patent Right
pf, 261.
Straw, to be ploughed into ground intended for corn,
131 ; on the nutritive matter of, 157; may be cut up
and mixed with barley or oats for feeding cattle,
182.
Strawberries, bearing in autumn, remarks on, 93; re-
marks on their culture, 121.
Strength, colossal, in soldier of the French army, 216.
Stucco for walls, how made and applied, 372.
Stud, a lady's notice of, 179.
Subscriber, a, his notice of a large beet, and on the
management of a garden, 146 ; on sows devouring
their offspring, 298, 346 ; his quere concerning bon-
net grass, 313.
Sugar, purified honey a substitute for, 91 ; made by •
concentrating cane juice in vacuo, 174.
Sugar refiners, extraordinary heat to which they are
exposed, 232.
Sulphur, of no use for plugging trees to destroy in-
sects, 174.
Sunflower seeds, new mode of obtaining oil from, 27 ;
oil of recommended, 379.
Superstition, remarkable instance of, 56, 184.
S. W. on ripening grapes in the open air, &c. 154.
.Swans, a bewildered flock of, 336.
Swedish turnips, grown on the same soil seven years
in succession, 27.
Sweet potatoes, rules for housing and preserving, 84,
154 ; one weighing 4^ lbs. 189 ; on the best mode of
cultivating, 320.
Swine, fattened on potatoes only, 1 ; fattening of on
sweet apples. 110, 182; how managed at the South,
125 ; on feeding with saw dust, 184 ; improved mode
of scalding, 174 ; a large, slaughtered by Mr. A. Lit-
tlefield, 182; notice of the escape of one from be-
neath ice, 198; measles in, how to cure, 233; when
a sow refuses the male, how managed, 249 ; notices
of, 256 ; how to remove from place to place, 267 ; a
large, killed by Mr. Salterthwaite, 209 ; on the im-
portance of selecting the best breed of, 277 ; on sows
devouring their offspring, and the causes of such vo-
racity 282, 297, 305 313, 321,338, 340; fattened with
potatoes and sweet apples, boiled together, 291 ; on
a pasture for, 310 ; improvement in, 340 ; advantage
in penning of, 340 ; remarks on feeding, &c. 361.
Tanneries, an emprovement in, 85.
Tea, economy in making, 283.
Teak Tree, seeds of, received for propagation, 147.
Tea, on the culture and manufacture of, 412.
Tea wheat, remarks on its advantages, &c., 298.
Tooth, the, remarks on, by Mr. Delafons, 394.
Teamster, a, on training oxen, 353.
Temperance, good T;ffects of, 10, 403; in the Navy,
227 ; anecdote of, 272 ; consequence of, among the
Quakers or Friends, 352 ; societies formed for promiO-
ting, 371.
Temperance boarding house in N. York, 147.
Temperance Farm, products of, &c., 401.
Temperance Society. American, Periodical CircvJar of,
171 ; in England, 339.
Thatcher, James, on the best method of destroying the
bee moth, 4.
Thanksgiving Sermon, extract from, 108.
Thatcher, Peler, Esq. report on his premium farm, 124.
Thinker, a slow, on incombustible buildings, 387.
Thirst, allayed by the external application of water, 334.
Thistle, Scottish, origin of its adoption as a national em-
blem, 2(il ; remarks on its extirpation, by the Wan-
derer, 409.
Thorburn's seed store, notice of, 373.
Tidd, J. notices of his experiments in raising potatoes,
and the products resulting, 321, 326.
Toads, useful in gardens, 315.
Tobacco, benefits resulting from relinquishing the UK
of, 163 ; use of, in destroying insects, 390.
Toilette of Ladies, 80.
Tomatoes, how preserved, 157.
Tommy Buck, on his attempts to turn beau, Ac, 211.
Top dressing for grain, grass land, &c., 286.
Town Farms, utility of, 293.
Trade, the course of remarks on, 115; with honest naeB
as with rogues, 312.
Tree, a singular, 405.
Trees, advantage of scraping the bark from, 1 ; cuhoM
VUl
notices of, 24 ; and shrubs, improvement of, by cuJti-
vation, 09; on shortening the top roots of, 73; re-
marks on transplanting, &c., 74, 150, 260 ; sliould not
stand too near dwelling houses, 62 ; a mode of trans-
planting to prevent their being loosened by the wmd,
&c., 82; various modes of planting, 04; forest trees
should be planted in waste and rugged places, 101 ;
time for planting, 106 ; time for sowing the seeds of,
127 • see forest trees, for shade, 150 ; on transplanting
large, from Steuart's Planter's Guide, with an engra-
vino- 153, 161, 178 ; best time to cut for reproduction,
23oT how to promote tlie growth of, '298, 341 ; should
be pruned in summer, 372 ; on the cultivation of, 382
Trout, destroyed in many places by pickerel, »3 ; should
not be taken in winter, 260.
Tulips, a <Treat price for, 220, Mr. Walker s bed of, 350.
Turkies, wild, still to be found in N. England, 201, 202,
302.
Turkey Chicks, how managed, 258.
Tumor, Otis, on the culture of the cauliflower, 150.
Turnips, on their culture, &c.,6,258, on gathering, 82 ;
notice of a large, 142, 155 ; on resembling a man s
hand, 173; insects which infest, 220; new mode ot
harrowing the seed of, :>49.
Twiggs, Farmer, on calves sucking milk through a hole
in a gourd, 325.
TJlmas, his remarks on stocks, 116.
Under-draining, observations on, by B., 148.
Utensils, Farmer's, maxim concerning, 197.
V bis remarks on the Washington Bolmer Plum.
Van Marn, Dr. his letter to Gen. Dearborn, Pres. Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, 33.
Vegetable Physiology, observations on, by B. 203.
Vegetable instinct, remarks on, 195.
Vco-etable marrow, remarks on, and instances of, 40.
Vegetables, planting of in rows and stirring the soil
about deep, 14, 92; curious in Cuba, 72 ; relative pro-
portions of food in different kinds of, 109; notice of
their introduction into England, 115 ; Mr. Kirlland s
notices of several peculiar to the western region of the
United States, 198; Mr. Cooper's mode of improving
by propagating from the best, 273 ; how to obtain ear-
ly, by scooping out a turnip for a seed bed, 310.
Vesuvius, eruption of, 259.
INDEX.
Villa, buried under a volcanic eruption, 304.
Vinegar, a recipe for making, 12.
Vine plants, rapid mode of raising, '371.
V. W. S., his improved mode of sowing plaster of Paris,
405.
Walker, James, Esq., on cultivating silk in Maine, 130;
on the introduction of potatoes into Wilmington, Mass.
338 ; on tlie high cranberry, 339.
Walker Samuel, notice of his fine bed of tulips, 350.
Wanderer, the, JNo. 4, 409.
Washington, the Farmer of Mount Vernon, notices of,
90 ; anecdotes of the mother of, 381.
Wasps, a mode of destroying, 50.
Water, how purified with alum, 141 ; obtained by boring
in the desarts of Africa, 197 ; its use in vegetation ,&c.
374 ; boring for in jSew York, 381.
Waterhouse, Dr., his remarks on cholera, 80 ; on putre-
faction, 133.
Watering places in the fifteenth century, notices of, 29.
Watering grass lands recommended, 142; neat cattle,
remarks on, 378.
Water melons, remarks on diseases in, &c. 53.
W. B. on making hay from clover, 2; on plants being
nourished by air, 19.
Wealth, enormous, of the Duke of Buccleuch, 222.
Webber Samuel, on the high cranberry bush, 346, 361.
Weeds, on the destruction of, 7, 14, 24; extirpated by
giving a premium to children for gathering, 46.
Well, found under ground in New Hampshire, 29C;
mode of sinking in Asia, 360.
Welles, Hon. John, his communication to Mass. Hor.
Soc, together with roots of meadow saffron, 34 ; his
remarks on reclaimed marshes, 41 ; on the stimulation
of soils, 217.
Wells, bored, communicate heat, 90.
Wen, a recipe for curing, 215.
Weevil, to preseive wheat against, 381.
W. H., his mode of destroying caterpillars, 348.
Whaler, on sows and their pigs, animal food for swine,
&c. 338.
Wheat and flour, which comes cheapest to the purchas-
er? 386.
Wheat, two thousand years old, notice of, 3 ; premium
crop of, by J. Wilson, 45 ; for seed, on liming of, 51 ;
lemarks on, and cuts leprcsenting, 57, 58, 76; on
transplanting, 93 ; a new kind of, for seed, called
White Bald Indiana Wheat, 109 ; Black Sea, winter,
notices of, 118, 145; winter, recommended for culture
in New Hampshire, 125; spring, late sowing of, saves
from the ravages of a gmall worm, 126; remarks on
pasturing, 173 ; how prepared for seed, 180; damaced
injurious to horses, 189 ; on its supposed convertibility
into chess, 206; Mr. Leavitt's premium crop of, 243;
on its culture, 258, 278, 373 ; remarks on the kind
called tea wheat, 293 ; how secured from the ravages
of a little yellow worm, 340 ; rust in near Petersburgh,
Va. 381 ; on its cultivation by a Maine farmer, 3!S8;
on raising in New England, 393 ; how improved by
selecting the best seed, 406.
White washing apartments recommended, 7.
White weed, remarks on and remedies against, 38.
Wife should be chosen wisely, 248.
William, Paj'son, his premium crop of potatoes, 251.
Willow, remarks on the cultivation of, 22t>.
Wilson, J., on preparing seed corn, &c. 401.
Winship's Nursery, notice of, '307.
Winter cantelope melon, notice of, 290.
Withington, Rev. L., on common schools, 120 ; on the
advantages of knowledge, 152.
Wives, advice to, 173; New England recommended, 379.
Woman of fortune spends money more judiciously than
one not used to it, 256.
Woad, odorous, in Switzerland, notice of, 173.
Wood collars for horses and iron bows for oxen recom-
mended, 349.
Woodlands, how oflen to cut, 131.
Wool, prices of, &c. 30, 69,8-3,118,372; quantity of,
manufactured in Great Britain, 101.
Wool grower, a, on the management of sheep, 5.
Working-man's speech, 88.
Working men, notice of their meeting, 03.
Worship, public places of in London, 248.
Wounds, a remedy for, 142.
Writing should be legible, especially of names, 109.
Yankies, liberality of, 131.
Yeast, how made and preserved, 290.
Z. on the high cranberry, 339.
Zinc plates for roofing, inquiries concerning, 339.
]\EW ENGLiAl^D FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Agricultural Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR*
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENINtJ, JUJ^Y IS, 1832.
»Jr, % . —
NO. 1.
C o Ml in H Bi i c a t i o 11 s
FRUIT TREES.
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARIIER.
INSECTS IN FRUITS.
Worms in apples and plums are caused by a
I'nall brown miller, and not by a bug or curculio,
Tbe body of the miller j-escra-
SiR — So numerous have been the varieties o( i
„ . . , ^ r • 1- 1 i\s some suppose,
fruit trees imported iiom lorejgn climes and con- 7', . , r .i i i • •
, . ' . , ? , ,i'Jles the grub of the canker worm, but is not so
centrated in our nurseries, during a long course 0*^ J
lar;
years, that it might almost have been supposed the
sources had become exhausted. Such an opinion,
however, would have varied from the fact. Thci-s
yet remained many exceedingly choice species auil
varieties, which it had been found impossible to
obtain, or which, during repeated efforts at their
importation, had perished on their respective voy-
ages. During the past winter, it was made an ob-
ject of our particular attention to transmit orders to
every foreign clime, for all the choice varieties of
fruits which had not previously reached our shores.
These selections were made with the greatest scru-
tiny, and we are happy to be enabled to state, that
the utmost success has attended our eflbrts. They
have almost invariably reached us in admirable
condition, and are now flourishing in our nurse-
ries. A course of propagation has been adopted,
which will enable us to furnish the public with a
large number of these rare and choice varieties
the ensuing autumn ; and a catalogue of them is
now preparing for publication, which will be
transmitted to every applicant.
In addition to the fruit trees expressly selected
for us in Europe, we have been presented with
many varieties by foreign Horticultural Societic
and we annex a list of those received from that of
London. Yours, very respectfullv,
WJI. PRINCE '&. SoxNS.
Lin. Bot. Cardai, Julj 3. 1839.
List of new aiid rare Fruit Trees presented to fl'm.
Prince S,- Sons, by the London Horticid-
tural Society, spring of 1832.
PEARS.
Ambrosia.
Bequ6sne Musque.
Beurre d'Aremberg.
Beauchamps.
Beurr6 Bosc.
Bou Chretien Fondante.
Autumn Colniar.
Comte de Lamy.
Figue de Naples.
Fondante du Bois.
Hessel.
Hacon's Incomparable.
Louise Bonne of Jersey,
Monarch (Knight's.)
Thompsons.
Emerald.
Early Bergamot.
Summer Frauc-roal.
TiUington.
PLUMS.
Kirkes.
Coe's Fine Late Red.
Nectarine.
Lucombe's Nonsuch.
Isabella.
Chinese Yellow.
CHERRY.
Bowycr's Early Heart.
GOOSEEEERIES.
Pitmaston Green Gaga
Taylor's Bright ^'enus:
APPLES.
Breedon Pippin.
Coe's Golden Drop.
Dutch Codlin. ,
Conquest de Wigers.
Bellefleur Brabante.
French Crab.
Ilaggerston Pippin.
Hick's Fancy.
Leyden Pijjpin.
Redding's Nonpareil.
Herefordshire Pearma/n.
Hormead Pearmain.
Lamb Abbey Pearmtin.
Devonshire Quarend<n.
Rymer.
Summer Thorle.
West Grinistead Pip}in.
Winter Majctin.
Zoete Peter Lely.
Mank's Codlin.
MULBERRY, Scedlcss Bhck.
They are very active, and their wings
short ; they are now depositing their eggs in the
young apples. You may see a speck as though
they had been pricked with the point of a pen-
knife; open the wound carefully, and you will
find a white egg, very small; in about ten days it
will become a worm with a black head, though not
bigger than a large hair. Then it commences its
march in all directions through the apple, which
causes so many to drop off; some few hold on,
and the apple and the worm both grow to matu-
rity ; then the worm spins down by a thread or
falls with the apple, and crawls under the bark of
the tree or some other convenient place and lies
till the next spring, when the young apples are
formed again, and then comes out a miller.
I doubt whether any of the wortns ever go into
the ground ; they like a dry situation. I have
found them in the crevices of flour barrels, where
ap]jles have been kept for the winter. I have ta-
ken the ai)pl«s in the fall with the worms in them,
put them in glasses till they left the apples, and
secured themselves in a kind of felted covering be-
tween some pieces of bark, that was prepared for
them, and have come out millers next spring.
- You will make what use of this you please,
Yours, respectfully,
A Lover of Good Fruit.
Remarlis by the Editor.
We have delayed the publication of the forego-
ing for some time, in order to make some investi-
gations connected with the subject of the commu-
nication, and yet have found nothing satisfactory.
There appears to be a great variety of insects
found in fruits and fruit trees, which exist in va-
rious forms of bugs, worms, flies, millers, flying
and creeping things, which have no affinity to each
other. Besides, the same insect has a variety of
forms in different states of its existence, and it is
often difficult to trace it from the egg to the bug,
worm, caterpillar, chrysalis or pupa, fly, miller,
&c. The insects sent us by our correspondent
were moths or millers, or insects, we believe, of
the class of Lepidoptera ; they have four wings,
and resemble the insects which buzz about lamps
in the night time. These are evidently very dif-
ferent from the curculio described by Dr James
Tilton, and generally considered as the parent of
the worm in apples. Dr Tilton's curculio is a ge-
nus of insects belonging to the Coleoptera order,
that is, such insects as have crustaceous elytra,
[crusty wing cases or shells,] which shut together
and form a longitudinal suture, or seam along the
back. In other words, the parent of the worm in
fruit, generally called the curculio, is a beetle or
bug ; the insect sent us by our correspondent
above, is a moth or miller. But they may be prop-
agators of worms or larvae of diftisrent kinds ; and
a knowledge of their natures and habits may lead
to the discovery of remedies against their ravages.
BJr Manly, in the Genesee Farmer, iu spejjking
of an insect Which attacks stone fruits, say's,,. "J
would suggest to entomologists, that its descriptive
cognomen should indicate it as the stone fruit curr
cidio, as I think it quite a different species from
the one that nttiicks the apple, pear, and other seed
fruits, and causes them to become wormy." The
stone fruit curculio, however, according to the
same writer, is of the Coleoptera or beetle order,
and of course not identical with the moths sent us
by our correspondent. Indeed the insects which
are found in tiuit and fruit trees are endless in
their varieties, and no human efforts could coun-
teract their mischievons propensities, were not the
same remedies often ajiplicable to the destruction
of a great many different species. In the last
edition of Linna'us, it is said, there are six hundred
species of tlie'curculio,and yet notone of them in-
cludes the insects known by that name in this
country.
ITEMS IN RURAL ECONOMY,
Original and Selected. By the Editor.
Destroying Insects by Boiling JVater. — A Mr
Beatlie, in the Gardener's Magazine, found that
neither chamber-lie, nor soap-suds, nor clay-iiaint,
would destroy the scaly insect ; but on a mild day
in February, a green gage plum tree was unnailed
from the wall, and with a painter's soft brush
washed over with boiling water, at least as near to
boiling as it could be carried a short distance in a
small water-jint. No injury was found to be done
to the ti'ee, ivhllc the scaly insect was completelv
destroyed. The following winter the whole oV
the trees infested were treated in the same man-
ner, and the insect completely got rid of. A very
inteUigent friend of Mr B. washed trees with boil-
ing water, with the garden engine, in frosty weath-
er, and the trees sustained no injury. Mr B. also
tried boiling water on tiees in peach houses, in
fested with the white bug, and found it completely
successful. He therefore considers the efficacy
and safety of this simple application as completely
established.
Fattening Pigs on Potatoes. — In the "report
of the London Society for bettering the condition
of the [poor," is a paper published by the Rev.
Thomas Wilson, giving an account of an experi
ment for fattening a pig on potatoes only. The '
pig was farrowed in August and continued in the
straw-yard till March succeeding, when it was
'ept entirely on potatoes thoroughly baked, but
not burned on the outside. Water was provided
in another trough, but the pig drank but little.
The iiotatocs were given whole, dry, and unmixed
wi;h other food ; the quantity consumed being
about two bushels a week. On the 8tli of March
the pig weighed about fiftysix pounds ; when it
was killed, on the 3d of May, the weight was one
hundred and one pounds. It was fat on the in-
iide, "proved well, and was a complete cottager's
pig-"
On Scraping off the Bark of Trees. — Mr Thom-
as Thompson, in the Gardener's Magazine, thinks
that trees do not decay so much from want of
fibrous roots to imbibe nourishment, as from tbe
compression of the alburnum by the indurated
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
July 18, 1832.
outer l)ark ; hence tlie atlvaulaire (if scraiiiiig it ofl'
in old trees, while removing it in young trees does
harm. Mr Thomson lias scraped oft' the outer
bark of old trees for upwards of twenty years.
The best season is the spring and autumn ; and
after the operation the trees are painted over witli
a paint made of clay, pounded into a fine powder
and mixed with water.
Recipe for Scab in Slieep. — The JIunster Farm-
er's Magazine informs, that "A member of the ag-
ricultural committee having found the following
wash very efficacious in the scab, thinks it, of ad-
vantage to have 'it published. The cheapness,
cleanliness and convenience with which it may be
used, recommend it in a particular manner. Half
an ounce of corrosive sublimate is to be dissolved
in two quarts of water, and to this, when dissolved,
a table spoonful of spirit of turpentine is to be add-
ed. The parts affected must be wet with this
mixture by means of a painter's brush ; common
cases will be cured by three or four applications."
Mulberry Trees. — The quickest and most cer-
tain mode of raising the mulberry tree, is from the
cuttings of the old branches. Take a branch
early in the spring, eight or nine feet in length,
plant it half its length in any good soil, and it will
succeed to admiration, producing fruit the follow-
ing spring. — Gardener''s Magazine.
All directions for making hay in this country,
without the sun, are worse than useless. Clover,
like other hay, to be good for anything, must be
dried in the sun ; care should he taken not to
waste the leaves, and much more not to waste
the stalks. Cut it when rank, as soon as half of
it is headed out; give it nearly three days of sun-
ny weather ; and dejiond on it, your cattle will
cat both stalk and leaf, and fatten on it. A poimd
of it thus cured, jirobably contains as much nutr-
ment as a pound of any other grass. The excro
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARSIER.
" After being cut, the clover sliould remain in
the swath till it is dried about two thirds of its
tbicknrss. ]t is then not tedded or strewed, but
turneil over, either by the hands or the heads of
hay rakes. If turned over in the morning of a
day, it may be cocked in the evening. The hay
lis little shaken or scattered about afterwards as
possible; and if the weather be good, after remain-
ing for two 01- three days in the cock, it may be
carried into the stack."
Mr Lorain gives us both sides of this question.
ment of cattle fed on such hay, will look as if they ^Ile says, " I did not like to abandon the practice
were fed on meal.
The objections to clover hay are, it is not so
easily secured from rains in cocks, and it suffers
much by renroval after it has been once stored,
more than other hay docs.
Yours," respectfully, - W. B.
Framingham, July (i, 1832.
Remarks by the Editor.
The directions which we republished from the
Farmer's Manual, relative to making hay from clo-
ver, and which form the subject of our correspon-
dent's animadversions, correspond with the rules
laid down by most of the writers we i-ecollect to
have read on this subject. Still, on inquiry, we
tind that our practical fanners entertain different
opinions, and pursue different practices in making
clover hay. The general method is tliusdcsctibed
by Loudon and others.
The making of herbage plants, [such as clover,
lucerne, sain foin, burnet, <Scc,] into hay, is a pro-
cess somewhat different from that of making hay
rasscs. As soon as the swath is
thoroughly dry above, it is gently turned over (not
MAKING HAY FROM CLOVER.
Mr Fessenden — In your last No. (vol. x. page
402,) I noticed an extract from the Farmer's Man-
ual, on making clover hay. The writer assutues ) from natura
that " the heads and leaves of clover are its prin , , , . . ^
cipal value," and he then sives directions for cu- tedded nor scattered,) without breaking it. Some-
ring these at the expense ol the stalk. 1 have ol-
ten seen similar directions in English ])ublications,
but all our practical farmers, I trust, know a iar
better mode to make hay, either from clover or
any other grass
If the writer's premises arc true, why do we
cultivate clover ? Its stalk is twice the weight of
its head and leaves. It would be absurd, then, to
cultivate this grass and lose two thirds of it, when
we can raise other grasses equally good and save
the whole. Wc are directed in haying clover, to
let the swaths, cut after the dew is off", lie untouch-
ed till noon ; but if showers threaten, make the
clover into small cocks immediately after it is cut ;
these must never be opened, but are to lie four
days at least in the heap, to cure the leaves and
heads. Now it will not require three days to cure
• the whole, stalks and leaves, when exposed to the
sun. We are not much in fear of showers on grass
of any kind just cut, and do not put it in cocks.
We^are next told to follow the mower and turn
over the swaths gently. Why gently? will the
leaves fall oft' when green ? We direct our boys
to shake them roughly; shake ihein to pieces;
shake off"the dew and expose the whole to the sun
and air, to be dried and sweetened. We never
turn it gently till it is partially dried. When a
times this is done by the hand or by a small fork ;
and some farmers are so anxious to jirevent tbe
swath from being broken, that they will not per-
mit the use of the rake shaft. Another writer ob-
serves, that the practice of the best English, Flem-
ish, and French farmers, is to expose the hay as
f.^' curing hay in the swath, having observed that
it saved labor. The grasses are at all times very
expeditiously turned in the swath. If continued
rains occur, the swaths are not only quickly turn-
ed, but if the sun shines powerfully between the
showers, the inside of them is not parched by its
rays. By turning the swaths throughout long con-
tinued rain, as often as the underside of thorn was
likely to be injured by fermentation, I have saved
extensive "fields of hay ; while my neighbors, w)i«j
gave no attention to this interesting subject, had
their crops entirely ruined. If the grasses, how-
ever, be raked up into small winrows, they are as
readily turned and may he as eff'ectually preserved
as if they remained in swaths, but in this case the
labor is greater."
The same writer, however, in the next para-
graph, takes other ground. " Curing hay," he
observes, " in swath, to save the juices, seems to
be not only practically wrong, but also opposed to
reason. The confined heat and moisture in the
interior of the swath promote fermentation, and
must le more or less injurious to the nutritive mat-
ter ccntained in the grasses. It is exactly calcula-
,ted to weaken the grasp of the leaves, and to sep-
arajc them from the stalk. It also greatly we.ik-
ffns their general texture .and causes them to crum-
into pieces, when they become dry. While this
is doing, the outside surface of the swath is scorch-
ed by the rays of the sun, and becomes but little
better than straw, before tbe inside is moderately
little as possible to the sun. It is carried in dry, ; cured. In raking, cocking, heaping, and inning
but preserves its green color ; and we see hay oi
one or two years old in their market, of so bright
a green color, that we could scarcely conceive it
to be cured. Yet they are in the practice of pre-
serving it for years, and value it more for its age.
If such a course be best in climates so cool and
cloudy, how much more important would it be
under our scorching summer suns.
" But if the weather be unsettled or if showers
be Irequent, it may be better to spread grass zocll
as soon as it is mowed, stir it often, cock it the
same day it is mowed ; open it the next fair day,
when the dew is oft'; let it sweat a little in the
cock, and house it as soon as it is dry enough. It
will bear to be laid greener on a scaffiild than in a
ground mow ; and in a narrow mow, greener than
in a broad one ; and that which is least of all
made, should be put upon a scaffold." — Deane.
Sir John Sinclair is very explicit on the subject
of "making clover into hay." "The process,"
the swaths are so far separated, that many of the
leaves are lost before the hay gets into the mow ;
jut few of them get into the rack."
We have thus given both sides of the contro-
verted question in agriculture, and our readers
Till take that which appears to them most tenable..
"Ve confess ourselves rather inclined to embrace '
the o])iuions of our correspondent above. If it be
(orrect to " make hay while the sun shines," it
nay be well to make it as (piickly as possible ; but
it this, as in many other processes, circumstances
ater cases.
hired man turns green swaths gently, we give him observes, " is quite diff'erent from the plan of mal.
only half pay.
The direction to make it in dry weather, we
do not object to. None of us think wet weather
so good as dry, for hay-making. Some are daily
looking at the moon and the almanac, to learn
when to cut hay. We say to them, the moon has
no hand in the business, that one day's sun is
worth a dozen moons for making hay.
ay from natural grasses. In all cases, clover
ought to be mown before the seed is formed, that
the full juice and nourishment of the plants may
be retained in the bay. By the adoption of this
system, the hay is cut in a better season, it can be
more easily secured, and it is much more valua-
ble ; nor is the strength of the plant lodged in the
seed, which is often lost.
From llie Ijiverpoot Slercury.
REMARKS ON THE CHOLERA.
We shall not waste our time nor expose our
igiorauee, in discussing whether the cholera he of
amospheric, volcanic, telluric, electric, galvanic,
or magnetic origin ; nor whether tbe disease be
enfeniical, epidemical, or contagious. As these
ar^points upon which the learned difl'er toio calo,
we shall off'er no opinion ; for " Who shall decide
wh^n doctors disagree ?" It is more to our pres-
ent |)ur|)ose to urge the following facts upon the
attention uf our readers. It appears jiretiy gener-
allyadmitted, that the atmosjdiere and llie disease
are In some way connected, as cause and eff"ect,
whilevcr other Influences may conspire to aggra-
vatathe symptoms.
Vol. XI.-No. 1.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
3
The gi-ovving conviction of the futility of the
iliiarantiiie restrictions, is to be ascriljed to the
belief, that the state of the atmosphere is con-
nected with the ])henomenon, and tliat, as "the
wind bloweth wlicre it listeth," all attempts to ar-
rest its apiiToachcs must be useless. If we could
determine what it is that communicates the dele-
terious property to the atmosphere, we should
iiave couic towards a remedy for the disease, al
" An interesting experiment was tried here last
week, on the state of the atmosphere. A kite was
sent up, having attached to it a piece of butcher's
meat, a fresh haddock, and a small loaf of bread.
The kite rose to a considerable height, and re-
mained at that elevation for an hour and a quar-
ter. When brought to the ground, it was found
that the fish and the piece of meat were both in a
uutrid state, but particularly the fish ; and the loaf
though we could not stay its irresistible and invis- Af bread, when examined through a microscope
ibie progress. If the atmosphere possesses thp/was discovered to be pervaded wuh legions of an-^
malignant influence ascribed to it, it may arise
from its abounding more than usually with anitnal
culfB, which, although they may evade detection
by the naked eye, may exist in suflicieut quantities
ro render that portion impregnated with them del
cterious or poisonous. That the atmosphere is
peopled with myriads of insects too small for de^
lectiou by the naked eye, or even a good micro
scope, we have not the slightest doubt ; aud the
greater or less number of these creatures which
are thus mixed up with the air we breathe, may
constitute the difterence between a h«dthy and an
unv/holesome state of the atmosphere.
From recent experiments made by same scien-
tific persons in London, there is reason to believe
that the animalculfe, called infusoria, with which
water abounds, assume the winged state, althougl
unseen, aud exist in vast quantities in the atmos-
phere.
A letter which appeared some weeks since in
the Scotsman, is so applicable to our present pur-
pose, that we shall here transcribe a portion of it:
" On my way from Haddington, the day after
tlie cholera appeared there, I observed the atmos-
phere, for miles, clouded with a small white ani-
mal, in color like a drop of water. I can observe
them here at present, with the naked eye, but not
in such numbers. Place yourself opposite the
window, and keep your eye fixed steadily on the
same point for a udnute, you will notice something
like water in the air, and then the animalcuhe will
become distinct, whirling and careering round in
all directions."
The following passage from the Englishman's
Magazine, is also worth transcribing in connexion
with the subject:
"During the summer of 1830, the Tartars, who
frequent Moscow, predicted the approach of a pes-
tilent malady, which the inhabitants would not
credit. Suddenly, how/Cver, the atmosphere was
filled with dense masses of small green flics, which
in Asia are the forerunners of pestilence, and are
called plague flies. The streets swarmed with
these insects, and as soon as the inhabitants quit-
ted their houses they were covered from head to
foot." *
Recent French journals state, that " A very ex-
traordinary phenomenon has been observed at the
Valenciennes, in France, in the grounds of two
bleachers, which are more than six hundred yards
from each other — the linen laid out to whiten
has become as red as if it had been dried with blood.
The water with which the linen was dressed lias
been analyzed, and found not to contain the least
acid. When the cholera became extinct, this col-
oring ceased. A chemist of the town attributes
it to certain acid exhalations, from whence he sup-
poses the cholera proceeded."
The following paragraph appeared a month or
two since, in a paper published in one of the towns
in the north, where the cholera was prevalent :
imalculffi. I must have read of experiments of
this nature, but the results have escaped my recol-
lection. It may be worth while to re])eat the ex-
periment in other places to which the cholera may
unfortunately extend itself." •
It is some consolation to know, that in general,
wherever the cholera has made its appearance here
or elsewhere, the average mortality has not been
perceptibly increased ; and that the disorder, par-
taking of the nature of Aaron's rod, has been foimd
to supersede or extirpate other maladies. Dr Han-
cox, in his judicious pamphlet on this subject, says :
" It (the cholera) puts to flight for the time oth-
er mortal distempers, or at least absorbs other fa-
tal diseases in itself, and it so far seems to arrest
the mortality from other causes.
" During the year in which the town of Alet
was visited by the pestilence, (says the same wri-
tei',) the mortality was not greater than was usual
in other years from different kinds of diseases, be
ing about three hundred, or equal to the number
of births; and it was remarkable, that all other
acute diseases vanished during the plague, and that
all the acute diseases partook of its character."
Sir Matthew Tierney stated at Brighton, on the
authority of Prince Lieveu, the Russian Ambassa-
dor, that " the cholera, during its ravages at Pe-
tersburgh and Moscow, did not increase the mor-
tality beyond the average of former deaths." In-
deed, the Ambassador is said to have asserted, that
" by the oflicial returns, the number of deaths, ta-
ken as a whole, during the prevalence of the epi-
demic at Moscow, was absolutely less than in or-
dinary times."
From the Ameiican Farmer.
OLD WHEAT.
We expect, in the course of the present year,
to be able to lay before our readers one of the
most interesting facts on the subject of wheat, that
has ever been published. At the present time we
can only say, generally, that there is now growing
in France a patch of wheat, the seed of which was
upwards of two thoxismnl years old. It was ob-
tained, we believe, directly from one who was an
inhabitant of Egypt somewhere about the year 418
before Christ, by some gentlemen in France ! In
other words, it was taken from a mummy. At
this time, we only know that the wheat was in ev-
ery i)articular the same as that of the present time,
and that it was planted and was growing finely at
the last accounts we had of it. We have made
arrangements to obtain all the particulars in rela-
tion to it, and shall immediately lay them before
our readers.
This is a most interesting circimistance, and
adds one of the most important items to the his-
tory of agriculture, ever before recorded. It
proves conclusively, that wheat is not a factitious
vegetable, as has been so often and so authorita-
tively asserted ; and further, that it was not orig-
inally an inferior grain and improved by cultiva-
tion to its present quality. 15ut, on the contrary,
that it has been for at least two thousand two hun-
dred and fifty years, exactly the same as it is now.
We could say a great deal on this interesting sub-
ject, but forbear until we have the detailed state-
ment from Europe. It completely annihilates, for
instance, one of the principal grounds of the the-
ory of the degeneracy of wheat to cheat ; which
is, that wheat was cheat originally, but by cultiva-
tion has been made wheat, and hence it is said, it
is liable to return to cheat again.
From the Journal of Coiomercc.
ANTIDOTE AGAINST VEGETABLE
POISONS.
As this is the season when those who are ex-
jiosed to the various poisonous vegetables of our
country, are liable to lie affected by them, I think,
by giving the following antidote an insertion in
your paper, requesting its circulation by country
editors, that you would be the means of alleviating
much suffering, should the remedy be resorted to
in season.
As soon as the poison manifests itself, and be-
fore blistering takes place, procure the roots of
Bell-ivort, (the Uvularia perfoliata of Botanists,)
clean and bruise them in a mortar to a pulp, and
rub the affected parts with it. Two or three ap-
plications will entirely cure, if taken before the
blistering. If this is not resorted to before the
skin is blistered, the antidote should be bottnd on
the ]iart affected, and kept moist until the heat
subsides. It is well to drink often of a decoction
of the leaves of the same, or, which is better, a
deooction of burdock and American sarsaparilla
roots. The Bell-wort is very common in this
country and well known to all botanists. I have
never known it to fail of efliecting a perfect cure.
AARON GILBERT.
JVeiv Lebanon, June 18, 1832.
From the Genesee Farmer.
USE OF PLASTER ON CORN.
Mr N. Goodsell — Through the medium of
the Genesee Farmer, I wish to communicate a fact
to the farming community, from which some may
perhaps profit ; it came under my observation last
sunmier, and is simply this: I planted with In-
dian corn a field which contained about five acres.
This seed was all wet with soft soap and rolled in
plaster, except a few rows through the middle of
the field, which was planted dry. Both kinds
were treated alike, and occupied the same kind of
soil (sandy loam,) and the whole field had a gen-
tle declination to the sun. The difference between
the two kinds was very great. That «hich was
prepared with soap and plaster was a fair crop ;
that which was planted dry did not yield at the
rate of three bushels to the acre, stalks in propor-
tion. I am convinced plaster will liave no ene-
mies, if any one will give it a fair trial.
W. P. W.
To ascertain the Pulse of a Horse. — The Turf
Register gives the following directions for feeling
a horse's pulse, which is by applying " the palm
of the hand, pressing it hard, just behind the el-
bow of the left fore leg ! " The " ill effects of
rest," and the " good effects of work," are said t»
be exemplified in the instance of the horse.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
July 18, 1832.
f lom Ihe JMussacliuicUs Agricullural I'.opository ami Journal.
BEE-MOTH.
The best method of Dcstroijin^ the Bee-moth, or of
Preventing its Ravages among Bees.
The whole tribe of moths and butterfiifs propa-
gate their species by eggs, which the feiimles de-
posit iu situations and substances in wliicli the off-
spring caterpillar may find its appropriate food, the
moment it is disclosed. The female moth is en-
dowed by the all-wise Author of its existence,
with a most wonderful sagacity and skill, in antic
pose in the night ; when, by tlie aid of a light, veloped themselves, and in this chrysalis state they
they may be seen in great numbers, hovering about remained till July and August, when they made
the apiary, to which they are allured by the sweet " '''
odor from the hives. The female moth makes
every eflbrt to deposit her eggs within the hive,
but failing to find admittance slie lays them about
the lower edges and crevices, as near the entrance
as she can ; and it sometimes happens, probably,
that they are carried into the hive by the legs of
the bees. The eggs are, according to the course
of nature, hatched into caterpillars or worms, bav-
an aperture with their head, through which they
escaped, and, expanding their wings, launched into
the air. Thus the disgusting caterpillar, which so
lately crept on sixteen feet, now is Beeii.to fly with
that gracefulness and ease peculiar to the butterfly,
one of the most elegant and active of the winged
insects. Here we may recognise the Deity in his
wonderful works !
• In October, 1830, I took from a bee-hive which
ing sixteen feet and a reddish head. These crea-jT purchased, about twenty cocoons containing
ipating the wants of the young grubs, when they I tures soon wend their way into the hive ; and not chrysalis, put them into a box glazed on one side.
escape from the eggs and have no mother to diject
or provide for tbeni. The numerous species of
moths and butterflies seldom live more than a few-
days after depositing their eggs for 'a future prog-
eny. The period at which the eggs are hatched
after deposition, depends much on the temperature
of the atmosphere ; by exposure to the cold of an
ice-house in summer, the hatching may bo retard-
ed, as it may be hastened by a heated atmosphere
iu winter or spring. In general, the eggs of moths
remain locked up during winter, in the secure spot
which the mother insect had selected, and are
- hatched into grubs or worms by the genial heat of
spring.
The silkworm moth, when unrestrained in its
natural habits, deposits its eggs on the leaves of
trees and carefully glues them to the leaves, that
they may not be shaken ott'by the wind or wash-
ed away by rains ; and the larvse, as soon as dis-
closed, finds its nutriment in llie leaf by which it
is sustained. The moth that produces the cater-
pillar (Phalmna neustria,) and that which produ-
ces the canker worm (Phalftna nrnata peekii,) at-
tach their eggs to the branches of fruit trees, that
the ensuing vernal heat may bring the young brood
into existence, where they find their food in the
unfrequently they have been known, «iili their I and kept them in moderate temperature throu
strong jaws, to cut a channel of their own size the winter. In the months of July and August
through the substance of an inch board, to obtain
admittance. These worms, when arrived at ma-
turity, construct an oblong oval pod or cocoon, in
which they envelope themselves. In this situation
they continue to enlarge and extend their cover-
ing, leaving an opening for the head ; and while
in their armor, thus formed, they are perfectly se-
cure from any annoyance from the bees. They
feed on the wax and comb, devouring and gnaw-
in"^ down the cells which contain the eggs and the
young bees, until they are wholly destroyed. At
length the caterpillars are changed into a chrysalis
state, their bodies are contracted within their co-
coon, they cease to feed, and in due time are trans
they were transformed into winged moths, a part
of which were double the size of others, probably
dcsigualive of the different sexes ; but I was sur-
prised to observe one among thfem, a beautiful
snow white miller.* I put a quantity of hon-
ey-comb in the box, with tlie hope of procu-
ring a niusery, that I might be able to discover
their habits and mode of propagation, but they
survived but a few days.
Methods by which the Bee-moth may be Destroyed.
The extermination of this destructive species of
insects is absolutely impracticable, by any means
that art can devise ; but their number may be con-
siderably diminished in any "local situation, and
formed into a winged insect, the t'ue bee-moth. I ,^^.;^.^^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ 5^,.^^ ,„.^^ be entirely pre
Here the insects continue to increase in number
till the whole order and economy of the domicil is
interrupted ; and the bees, being overpowered,
either die, or in despair quit their hive to the ene-
my, the fiist or second year of their attack.
The moths disclosed from the cocoons seek an
exit from the hive, when they couple ; and the fe-
males, having deposited their eggs in a suitable ni-
dus, soon perish, leaving in the hive in autumn a
buds and leaves just expanding. The moth from 1 numerous progeny to be transformed into their
which comes the worm called the borer, and the
insect from which proceeds the peach tree worm,
deposit their eggs on the bark of trees, that the
larvse may penetrate into its substance for support.
The mischievous curculio stings the young fruit
and deposits its eggs, where the young maggot
will find its nutriment, and at the same time its ve-
hicle to convey it to the earth for a more perma-
nent residence. The diminutive rtioth whose
progeny preys upon woollen cloth, selects that ar-
ticle as a nidus for her eggs. To these instances
numerous others might be added.
The true bee-inotb, according to Dr T. M. Har-
ris, the Phalrena tinae cereanea of Linnaeus, is a
native of Europe, but has been introduced and
naturalized in our country. This insect makes its
appearance in April or May, according to the
warmth of the season, and continues its depreda-
tions among bees till October. It afipears in the
form of a small miller or nocturnal bufrrfly, the
same that we see fluttering: about our lights in a
perfect state in the ensuing spring. The moths
thus transformed pursue the same train of actions
to propagate the species, which had been pursued
by the parent insects of the preceding year ; and
it is not iniprobable, that two or more generations
are reared in succession the same .season. These
destructive insects are more prevalent in some lo-
cal situations than in others ; in some places the
stock of bees is entirely annihilated, and all at-
tempts to cultivate them are abandoned.
The female moth is remarkably fertile, laying
■100 or 500 eggs in a season. The precise time
when the female deposits her eggs, and the time
required for their hatching, has hitherto eluded
my research ; but I have known moths to appear
early in April, and at one time have seen a worm
thrust out of a hive by the bees in the month of
March. The process, both of hatching and trans-
formation, is promoted by the heat within the hive.
There is always in the hive with the moths and
grubs a quantity of web, resembling that of the
summer's evenmg. It is smaller than a bee, of a I spider, the use of which, as I conceive, is to en-
grayish color, paler towards the head, glossy brown tangle the eggs to prevent them from being spread
or purplish near the outer margin of the wing;
They have four wings, but seldom soar high iu
the air ; they are frequently seen attached to some
substance, apparently motionless, but on the ap-
proach of danger they instantly leap off with great
rapidit}'.
These pernicious insects discover a peculiar dis-
position to molest bees, and propagate their species
in bee-hives. They lie concealed in the grass
abroad and lost, and to serve as a sort of cradle for
the young grubs. Aliout the middle of Jlay, 1828,
I perceived on the floor-board of a hive, a mass of
web in which were numerous grubs, from the size
of a needle's point to that of half an inch in length.
When this web is observed in or about a hive, it
may be certainly known that the hive is infested
with insects. I inclosed a number of full-grown
caterpillars in a box for experiment. They im-
vented. Bottles, with a little honey or syrup at
the bottom, placed ncar^the hives, will entrap mul-
titudes. If open shallow vessels, containing a
mixture of sweetened water, to a i)int of which a
gill of vinegar be added, are placed within their
range, they will be enticed to sip the liquor, by
which they will become intoxicated and drowned
by hundreds. They should he burnt the next
morning, lest by the heat of the sun and air they
become resuscitated. If lights were placed near
the hives, a still greater number would be allured
to the traps, where they may be destroyed.
When these insects have got possession of a
hive, they cannot by any means in our power be
expelled : the only remedy consisis in the remo-
val of the bees into another hive. It would be
preposterous to suppose that any article could be
applied to the insect, while in its cocoon in the in-
terior of the hive, that would effect its destruction.
Common salt has been recommended, but I have
inclosed the worms in a box containing marine
salt, and they have covered themselves with their
web and remained there six months, when they
were transformed into the miller. I have put
them into a solution of alkaline salts, and even
potash, and they have escaped with,impuBity.
Knowing, therefore, the inutility of all our
means to effect the destruction of the bee-moth,
it only remains to describe the most efiipctual ex-
pedient to prevent its ravages among our apiaries.
A i)roper understanding of the instinctive hab-
it^ of the female moth for the propagation of her
fjiecies, will indicate the most successful mode of
procedure. It has been already observed, that the
female selects an appropriate siluntion as a nidus
for her eggs ; she discovers a partiality for the
floor of the bee-hive, anticipating the sweets of its
contents for her dainty offspring. Secluded from
the interior of the hive, she deposits her eggs
about its edges, and in crevices as neal its
entrance as possible, trusting to the instinctive fac-
during the day, and effect their mischievous pur- mediately spun their cocoons, in which they en-
* Probably another^insect of different habits.
Vol. XI.-No. 1.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
ulty of lier progeny to seek their way into tlie liive.
From all my observations, I have not been able to
discover that moths enter bee-hives by the com-
mon entrance. The bees have constantly station-
ed at their avenne a powerful and vigilant guard,
and on the approach of a moth, a mutual alarm
to the public. I wish to be understood that 1
am a practical man, and what I say on the man-
agement of sheep is the result of my own experi-
ence. It has been bought by previous similar
losses and disappointments ; and as a proof that
there must be something useful in the plan I now
and commotion is observable, and the assailant is adopt in the keeping of my sheep, I will farther
soon oblised to retreat. In locations, however, state, that the two last winters I have kept nearly
where moths are very numerous, they may out-
general their opposers, and obtain an entrance.
From the foregoing considerations it must appi^ar
obvious, that the only effectual method to see^re
the hives from the ravages of the great enemy to
one thousand sheep each winter, and, "despite of
wind and weather," my loss the first winter was
trifling, and the last winter, which has justly been
called a long and tedious one, requiring about four
and a half months winter feed, has been but two old
bees, consists in a close house, to seclude them sheep by disease and two by accident. A few of
from all access. This unquestionably affords the
only defence, and combines all the requisite ad-
vantages.
From three year's experience, I can alTirm that
this plan has answered my full expectations, and I
can rely upon it as a perfect security. I have no
reason to suppose that my apiary is in the least
infested with the insects. The form and dimen-
sions of the house which I have found convenient,
my late lambs died and likewise a few of my year-
ling wethers, but on counting numbers on the
]5th of April, I am not twenty less (deducting a
few I sold) than I was last spring immediately af-
ter the lambing season, counting lambs and all.
My lambing season commences about the first of
May.'
To say that the constitutions of om- fine sheep
are not sufficiently hardy to withstand the severity
is in length proportioned to the number of hives of our winters, is not the true reason why so many
which it is to contain ; the width is about eight- are lost at that season. My own experience and
teen inches, and the height about two and a half i that of others who have likewise been successful
feet, for a single tier of hives, with a roof sloping wool-growers, contradicts it. On the contrary,
in front. The front part should be entirely closed, they are peculiarly suited to our climate. Nature,
having apertures at proper distances to correspond by fitting them with a close and warm covering,
with the mouths of the several hives to be placed manifestly intended them for it. All that is want-
within. The outlet from the hive and from the i ing is a little care on the part of their owners, and
house, should be a little sloping downwards, that ! in proportion to their numbers, they are not more
the bees may with greater facility remove obnox
ipus substances, and be better enabled to defend
themselves against their enemies. The whole
wall on the back part should consist of doors fiir-
nished with hinges and fastenings. The house is
to be placed on i)osts about two and a half feet
high, set into the ground and secured from being
turned over by the wind. The doors may be shut
or left open in the day, as circumstances may re-
quire, both winter and summer ; and if thought
necessary, a grating may be placed before the av-
enue at night. Instead of the house just describ-
ed, the hives might be placed in an upper apart-
ment in an out-house, and the height from the
ground would afford additional seciu'ity against
the moth. As a further precaution, it may be re-
commended to whitewash the front of the house,
and the floor-board, which should also be chang-
ed frequently.
I subscribe myself the committee's very humble
servant, JAMES TIIACIIER.
Plymouth, Oct. 30, 1831.
From the Columbian Sentinel.
MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.
Mr Editor — Situated as you are, in an agri-
cultural district, I trust that a few observations on
the management of sheep, will be admitted a place
in your cohimns. To the farmer this subject is at
all times important ; but it is more particidarly so
now, from the fact, that through this sectiH^ of
country where large flocks are kept, thev have
been sorely thinned the past winter by both pov-
erty and disease. Any observations, then, which
may tend to prevent similar losses in fuiinc, will
be useful. And in the hope that what I shall now
submit, may at least throw a little light on this
subject, and lead to further investigation by oth-
ers, more particular and more competent, I am in-
duced to give the result of my own observations
subject to disease than the horse, neat cattle, or
swine. If we lose our sheep, therefore, there is
wrong management somewhere — where it is, I
will now endeavor to show.
In summer time sheep will live upon a little
vegetation ; knowing this, we permit them to re-
main in lots almost bare of herbage ; and that too
after other animals have cropped the grass as close
as ])ossible. The little nutriment they obtain is
suflicient to support them, but not enough to cause
them to thrive ; on the contrary, they suffer, and
that from hunger. Now it is that their constitu-
tions are injured, and the foundation laid for dis-
ease ; they are kept too poor, and the consequence
is, when winter sets in, what with light carcasses,
short wool, and dry food, they cannot withstand
its length and severity. Under such circumstan-
ces is it a wonder that they die ? The only won-
der is, that so many live, when we have been so
heedless of them. Careful winter feeding will on-
ly partially remedy the evil. Would we think of
bringing our horses, cattle and swine, into winter
quarters in this impoverished state ? Dxperience
has long since taught us the consequences that
follow, and that an animal to winter well must be
in good condition at the commencement of it.
The fofiidation, therefore, of the mortality that
assails our sheep in winter, is laid in summer.
My own experience warrants this conclusion, a
jiart of which I will now relate.
When I first began to keep sheep, I had seen
farmers turn them upon ploughed fallows when
there was little for them to eat. I did not dis-
criminate between the difference of turning in a
few, who might feed along the fences in a lot of
this kind, or turning in, say, one hundred. I kept
them on scant pastures during the summer, intend-
ing that in winter, as I had plenty of provender, I
would feed them well ; but for two or three win-
ters I met with very considerable losses, between
twenty and thirty per cent, although I fed them
])leutifully on hay and often on grain. One win-
ter, particularly, my sheep coming in thin, I fed to
one hundred sheep more corn than the fall previ-
ous I had fed to eight fatted hogs, still I met with
a very considerable loss, and that of sheep too
which cost me from five to eight dollars each. At
this time I was discouraged, I thought the animal
by constitution unsuited to our climate. Still
something must be done ; and when I looked
around me and saw one or two of my neighbors
more successful in preserving their sheep, I was
soon satisfied that their success was owing to plen-
ty of food, both winter and summer, but more par-
ticularly the latter. Since I have adopted that
plan I have no cause of complaint. Bly rule now
is, fat them in summer; they keep easy in winter,
and depend upon it, this is tJie true secret of pre-
serving your sheep. The profit too, to which all
have an eye that keep them, is comparably great-
er. You have more and better lambs in propor-
tion to your flock, they keep easier during winter,
you lose fewer of your old sheep, the fleeces of
all are much heavier, and you go on increasing
rapidly in numbers. During both winter and
summer they should be kept in as small flocks
as possible, one hundred in- a flock is a great
abundance ; if in winter they should be reduced
down to fifty, it is still better. You cannot get
them well into good condition in large flocks, they
will not fatten ; they are gregarious animals, and
those that come behind in a flock only pick up the
leaving of tliose who go before ; consequently, the
first are very apt to become poor ; to avoid this,
therefore, keep the flocks as small as possible, they
do not want as much food and they will do much
better.
Much more might be said on this subject, but I
have already trespassed too much on your col-
umns, Mr Editor. I will therefore only repeat to
the wool-growers, fatten your sheep in summer,
they will keep easy in winter and without loss.
A WoOL-GKOWER.
.Si7/i. — We were shown a few days ago a num-
ber of skeins of sewing silk, of every variety of
color, manufactured in this county by two young
ladies. Miss Mary Jane Greenlee and Miss Mary
Ann McCluer, v/hich in every respect are equal to
any foreign silk we have ever seen. Our atten-
tion was particularly called to a skein of most beau-
tiful orange, and we are informed that it was dyed
by a new ingredient, which suggested itself by
accident. The dye used was the extract of the
Sanguinaria canadensis (or Puccoon or Blood root)
and vinegar. The color was afterwards set with
alum, and is ascertained to be as permanent as it
is beautiful. What is it that the skill and inge-
nuity of our citizens cannot accomplish as well as
foreigners ? — Lexington Union.
Hogs. — The Chinese have a proverb, that
" every gentleman in China works for his living
except the hog." We make him work in Illinois.
When a chimney is to be built or a cabin to be
daubed, a hole is dug in the earth of suflicient di-
mensions and water poured into it ; the hogs are
then called, and a few grains of corn thrown into
the hole, when the hogs plunge in and soon pre-
pare the lump of clay for the hands of the daub-
er.— Western Ploughboy.
He that lives upon hope will die fainting
dustry need not wish. — Franklin.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Juir 18, 1S32.
Boston, Wednesday Evening, July 18, 1832.
FARM WORK FOR JULY.
Born Yards. — It is not iinprobKblc, that to-
wards the latter end of tliis month you will have
leisure to begin to cart into your barn-yard, such
substances as will answer good purposes for ma-
nure ; to wit, swamp-mud, clay, straw, fern or
brakes, marsh-mud, peat, turfs, weeds, stubble
which may be worth while to mow for the pur-
pose, &c, &c.
Turnips. — It will be well to sow soot, ashes,
lime, or a mixture of two or more of these, over
your turnips. Ellis, an old writer on husbandry,
says, " Turnips sooted about twentyfour hours af-
ter they are up will be entirely secured from the
fly." Some advise, and it may be well if not too
much trouble, to leach soot and sprinkle the young
turnips with the liquor. jM'Mahon, in treating of
the cultivation of turnips, says, " the plants should
be left from seven to twelve inches every way ;
this must be regulated according to the strength
of the land, the time of sowing, and the kind of
turnips cultivated ; strong ground and early sow-
ing always producing the largest roots."
" The width of the hoe should be in proportion
to the medium distance to be left between the
plants, and this to their e.\])ectcd size.
" The critical time of tlie first hoeing is, when
the plants, as they lie spread on the ground, are
nearly the size of the palm of the hand ; if, how-
ever, seed weeds be numerous and luxuriant, they
ought to be checked before the turnip plants ar-
rive at that size ; lest being drawn up tall and
slender, they should acquire a weak sickly habit.
A second hoeing should be given when the
leaves are grown to the height of eight or nine
inches, in order to destroy weeds, loosen the earth,
and finally to regulate the plants ; a third, if found
necessary, may be given at any subsequent period.
" Here will the farmer exclaim against the ex-
pense and trouble of hoeing ; but let him try one
acre in this way, and leave another of the same
quality to nature, as is too frequently done, and he
will find that the extra produce of the hoed acre,
will more than compensate for the labor bestow-
ed."
Loudon says. Arch. Garrie, a Scottish gardener
of merit, tried steeping the seeds in sulphur, sow-
ing soot, ashes, and sea-sand, along the drills, all
without effect. At last he tried dusting the rows
when the plants were in the seed-leaf, with quick
lime, and found that eftectual in preventing the
depredations of the fly. '■ A bushel of quick lime,"
he says, " is sufficient to dust over an acre of drill-
ed turnips, and a boy may soon be taught to lay
it on almost as fast as he could walk along the
drills. If the seminal leaves are powdered in the
slightest degree, it is sufficient ; but should rain
wash the lime off before the turnips are in the
rough leaf, it may be necessary to repeat the op-
eration if the fly begins to make its appearance."
obtain not only more plentiful crops, but those
which will come to maturity earlier in the season,
by selecting seeds from forward and vigorous
plants. It is best, in general, to keep them in the
pods or husks, and, where it can be economically
done, with a part of the stems; and spread them
in some airy place where they are not exposed to
moisture, that the seeds may dry and harden grad- community regarding the present situation of our
ment is situated about two and a half miles above
the City Hall, and out of the compact jiart of the
city.' The total number of cases (in the hospitals,
at Bellevue, and in private houses,) since the com-
mencement of the disease, is 719 ; deaths, 345."
To iillay, in some measure, the fears of our
ually ; observing to turn them now and then, and
not to lay such a quantity together as to bring on
a fermentation and hazard the loss of the whole.
The seeds of all soft fruits, however, such as cu-
cumbers, melons, SiC, must be cleaned from the
pulp and nuicilage which surround them ; other-
wise the rotting of those pans will destroy the
germ, or deprive it of the principle of vegeta-
tion.
It has been recommended^ when seeds are in-
tended to be sent a great distance or it is wished
to preserve them a long time, to wrap them in ab-
sorbent paper and surround them by moist brown
sugar. A writer in Loudon's Magazine, recom-
mends packing seeds down in charcoal dust for
the purpose of preserving them.
ity, and also to diminish any solicitude which
tliose in our immediate vicinity may feel, we have
thV satisfaction of stating that there never was a
tin\. of more general health. Our bill of mortal-
ity for the last week shows only twentyfour deaths,
which is a very small number for this season. —
Boston Transcript.
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMEB.
INSECT IN PEAR TREES.
Sir — Within a few days I have cut off several
limbs from our pear trees, which have died within
the last fortnight ; these limbs all put forth leaves,
and ap])eared to be as flourishing as any other
part of the tree. I first noticed the leaves wilted,
and during the past few days of warm dry weath-
er, both leaves and limbs have become quite dry.
I examined the limbs and found a small worm,
three fourths of an inch in length, had made some
CHOLERA.
This subject occupies most of the attention
which our good citizens can divert from iudispen- , ....
" . ,,,, , ,, , , , progress m eatmg the mner bark and wood : but
sable occupations. What shall we do to be saved r ^ °, i i .i n
',,,,.,,., It appears to me almost impossible, that so small a
tioin the terril) e disorder? is the great question. I , ii i j , ■
,. , .,*.,' I worm should have done so much damage in so
In answer to this, there are specifics without num- , . .• n ■ j i i, . ,■ ., ..
. , , ' ,,',., . ,• • short a time. Beside, I could not discover that
ber ; and to those who have laith to believe m .,,.,, i ■ „ • n i • ^ .i i • i
. . . ^ ■,-. •,• , •,. ■ > the limbs had been cirdled in an v place : the bark
their mfal ibility, each wi 1 prove m some degree , , j i • n i .i i .i i. i
" , , , V . • • >vas cracked and shrivelled through the whole
useliil, un ess the contents or the recipe are posi- , .i j-.i r u r i- i . . i
'. . . , , ' . ' length of the limb, one of which was ten or twelve
tively injurious to the human system. II a man
feet long. Having a tew valuable pear trees, and
having suffered much from the same blight a few
years past, 1 should esteem it a favor if you would
publish a remedy, if you know of an eflectual one.
Yours, respectfully, J. E.
Remarks by the Editor.
We presume that the insect above mentioned is
were to drink a glass of distilled water, with full
belief in its power as a preservative, the con-
fidence which he would imbibe with his draught
by fortifying his system against the inroads of fear,
would render it less assailable by disease.
Physicians, philosophers, and the rest of our in-
icllectnal characters, are divided in sentiment rela-
tive to the contagious and non-contagious nature ,!,„ Borer, Saperda bivitata, an insect which does
of this disease. We shall not take a side nor of- „,.(,.,[ mischief to apple trees in this and many oth-
fer our opinion on this to))ic. But there can be cr parts of the country. The only remedies which
not a shadow of doubt, that this disorder, if not „,e i,ave heard recommended, are to dig out the
entirely prevented, may be greatly mitigated by insects with a mallet and gouge, ami then wash
means at the command of every person in our ,j,e s,e,ns of the trees infected with a strong solu-
community. Temperance, personal cleanliness, ti,,,, „f potash, or apply to them two good coats of
and the free use of those disinfecting ngeijts, the whitewash, made of pure lime and water, once or
chlorides of lime and soda, are the- most efficient twice in the latter part of the springer during the
preventives ; and in case of an attack, an immedi- smmner. Perhaps some of our friends or corres-
ate applicatio'ii to a physician is a measure respect- ' pendents may oblige us with something more defi-
ing which there neither is nor can be any division ; uite and useful on this subject,
of sentiment. It is said, that Paisley, in Scotland,
GATHERING SEEDS, &c.
It is quite time to think about selecting seeds of
many kinds of vegetables for future crops. It is
perhaps not known or not thought of by many
cultivators, that the breeds of vegetables as well as
of animals, may be improved by selecting the
finest specimens to propagate from. You* may
when the pestilence visited and ravaged every
town in its vicinity, was wholly exemjited in con-
sequence of the extraordinary exertions of the
magistrates, seconded by the active efforts of its
inhabitants, to cleanse and purify the place.
The following is the latest news on this topic,
received in season for this paper.
" The New York Board of Health reported on
Friday, at the hospitals, 39 cases and 22 deaths ;
Si:a-coal ashis iiijvi-ious to vegetation. — A cor-
respondent of Mr Loudon, for the Gardener's
Magazine, says in substance, that a large garden
in Scotland, which had been manured or coated
over with coal ashes from a neighboring town,
for two years in succession, w.is thereby rendered
barren, and " the gardener, finding his fruit trees
not t* thrive so well as he expected, but attribu-
ting ,t to a different cause, took a number of
Bellevue, 35 cases, and 17 deaths ; private houses, them and formed a substratum of ashes in order to
27 cases and 10 deaths ; total, 101 cases and 49 lay them, as he said, dry and comfortable. The
deaths. On Saturday, at the hospitals, 43 cases trees got worse, and were again taken up, and the
and 29 deaths; Bellevue, 29 cases and 22 deaths ;! ashes removed ; but such were the deleterious ef-
private houses, 43 cases and 15 deaths ; total, 115,fccts of the ashes already worked into the soil,
cases and GG deaths. The Journal of Commerce that his garden, which previously was and now
says, 'The number of inmates at the Bellevue [ is one of the most productive in Scotland, was
Alms-house, where so many cases of cholera have I two or three years before even moderate crops
occurred, is about sixteen hundred ; this estabUsh- could he raised."
Vol. XI — No. 1.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiTORDAY, July 14, 1832.
Fruits presented. — By S/ G. Perkins, Esq. a
basket of beautiful Golden Cliasselas Grapes, from
his grapery. By Z. Cook, Jr. Esq. a fine speci-
men of Golilen Drop Gooseberries.
Per order. E. VOSE, Chairman.
Destroy Jfeeds. — If you have not had time to
root out all the weeds on your premises, you w/!
at least endeavor to prevent their going to se('_!l,
by cutting oft" the tops with a scythe or sickle ;
and it will be good economy to lodge the proceeds
of yoiu- cuttings in your barn, barn-yard, or com
post bed. An antidote to the increase of weeds
may be found in burning the stubble as it stands
after reaping. On land that is designed to be
sowed the next year, this is more especially good
husbandry ; for it will destroy so many of the
seeds of weeds, as to prevent the ensuing crop
from being so weedy as it might be otherwise.
At the same time, this process will destroy many
insects, clean the ground, and render it fit for op-
erations of tillage, besides fertilizing the soil by
the ashes of the stubble.
Jflutewashing. ■ — The practice of whitewashing
apartments, eminently contributes to the preserva-
tion of health ; hence we would recommend the
proprietors of cottages, to enjoin their tenants reg-
ularly to perform- this operation, at least once an-
nually. In countries abounding with lime, the
expense will be trifling; and even though the ar-
ticle should be purchased, the whole cost will not
exceed one sliilling. It ought- to be remarked,
however, that hot or quick lime is preferable to
any other, and must be em])loyed as soon as pos-
sible after it is slacked ; for by attending to this
circumstance, its effects in destroying vermin and
removing infection, will be considerably increased.
Charcoal dust a useful manure. — Sir Thomas
Smith, an English gardener, recommends charcoal
dust as a top dressing for onions, and as a cure
for the clubbing in cabbages. The charcoal duat
which he made use of was the refuse of a chaiv
coal pit. It was spread upon the ground about
half an inch thick, before sowing the seed, and
merely dug in with the point of the spade so as to
mix the soil and charcoal dust together. Six
years' experience have convinced Mr Smith, that
charcoal is a remedy for the grub and niouldiuess
of onions ; and he has repeatedly proved that it
effectually prevents the clubbing in the roots of
cabbages and catdiflowers.
Downer S,' Austin's Oil Factory. — We would
beg leave to direct the attention of our readers to
the article in onr advertising columns, relative to
the Prepared Oil of Messrs Downer & Austin.
Every advance in useful arts adds to the strength
and resources of the country, as well as to the
convenience and comfort of individuals ; and tIKN
enterprising and ingenious proprietors of the es-
tablishment alluded to, are worthy of the patron-
age of all who wish well to, or wish to derive ad-
vantage from improvements in American manu-
factures.
Samuel Jaques, of Charlcstown, has been re-
appointed Inspector of Hops for the Common-
wealtl).
Paint Oil.
THE sulisctibers continue to sell their Prepared Paint
Oil, for outsiile painting, and respectfully refer tithe
buildings below enumerated, where samples of the paint-
ing may be seen.
House and out-buildings of John Fox, Dorchester; do.
do. Joshua Gardener, do. ; do. do. Thomas Mosely, do. ;
do. Edward Pierce, do. ; do. Samuel Downer, do. ; do.
do. Daniel Chandler, Lexington ; buildings of Charles
Davis, Koxbury ; do. B. B. Leeds, Milton Village.
All the buildings painted with this oil have dried well,
with a firm, tough coat, and a good gl»ss, and with a
saving of 25 per cent in cost.
The Prepared Oil is found lo answer a valuable pur-
pose to mix with Lin,seed Oil, giving it strength and du-
rability, and causing it to bear out a better and more per-
manent gloss. It will not crack in the shade, or, where
exposed to the sun, dry up and leaVe the lead so as to be
easily washed or wiped off; it diies tenacious and elastic,
forming a firm skin or coat impervious to w.Uer, and will
resist a long time the heat of the sun.
They have made large sales to the country and eastern
trade, and liave not had an instance of complaint.
N. B. — This oil, being light, does not color the lead
in mixing, hence a very clear white can be painted.
DOWNER & AUSTIN,
July 18. Oil Factory, head Foster's wharf.
PRICES OP COUNTRY PllODUCE
Mrs Parmentier,
AT the Horticultural Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, two
miles from the city of New Voik, olfers for sale on mod-
erate terms, a fine collection of Apple, Pear, Cherry,
Plum, Peach, Quince Trees, &c, Grape Vines, Orna-
mental Trees and Shrubs. Also, Green-house and Her-
haceous Plants, which will be .felivered at Boston with-
out expense of exportation. Catalogues forwarded gr.itis.
3t J. B. RUSSELL, Agent,
July IS. No. 50| North Market St. Boston.
Caution to Trespassers.
THE Roxbury Yeoman Association for the protection
of Fields, Orchards and Gardens, against the depreda-
tions of strollers and pilferers, caution all boys, apprenti-
ces, and other persons, against entering their inclosuies
if they would avoid the penally of the law.
SAM'L J. GARDNER, Sec'y.
Roxbury, July 16, 1832. 3m
Horse Quicksilver.
QUICKSILVER will stand this season at the stable of
the subscriber, in Brighton, a few rods south of the meet-
ing-house, and will cover only twenty mares the present
season, at $15 each, and .fl in addition, lo the groom.
Mares warranted to be in foal, if $20 is paid, and $1 lo
the groom ; and in discharge of v\ arranty, the $20 will
be returned.
Quicksilver is a beautiful bright bay, three years old ;
his sire, Sir Isaac CoiTm's horse, Barefoot, conspicuous in
the racing calendar of England ; liis dam, Rebecca, from
the imported Cleveland bay horse Sir Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mare, well known fur her fine form, speed,
and bottom, ocjce owned by Mr Leavittof Salem, to whom
persons are referred for her character, and will be to many
others in Massachusetts and Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by good judges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
for a first rate covering horse. Mares sent to him, and
if left with the subscriher, will be well attended to on rea-
sonable terms, but he will not be responsible for acci-
dents. BENJAMIN W. HOBART.
Brighton, June 13, 1832. If
Bene Plant.
SEEDS of the Bene Plant, in packages of 12J cents
^ach, for sale at the New England Seed Store, 50^ North
Market Street.
This is an esteemed medicinal plant for the summer
complaints of children ; the green leaves thrown into a
tumbler of water, converts itintoatbin tasteless mucilage.
July 4.
Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead.
LEAD PIPE and Sheet Lead of all si-^es and dimen-
sions, constantly for sale at No. 110 Stale street, by
ALBERT FEARING &. CO.
Printing Presses for Sale.
FOR sale at this office, one Smith's Imperial Press,
one do. Medium, and one Rarnage. July 11.
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort,
Beans, while, .
Beef, mess, . . • .
prime,
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, in.spected. No. 1, new
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed,
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
Coi-n, Southern yellow
Rye, .
Barley,
Oats, .
Hav
Hog's Lard, first sort, new,
Hops, 1st quahty,
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear.
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, nortliern,
T.4LL0W, tiied.
Wool, Merino, fidi blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, ^ths, washed,
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, ,
Native, washed,
J. f Pulled superfine,
^ -o I 1st Lambs,
£=«(2d, "
I S. I 3^. "
i^ [_ 1st Spinning,
bushel
barrel
pound
busliel
barrel
FROM
TO
5 00
6 00
103 00
106 00
109 00
112 0
9i:
100
12 00
12 50
8 00
85 0
8 00
9 00
12
13
8
M
cask
ton
barrel
pound
cwt.
pound
1 12
6 50
6 12
6 00
6 00
70
66
80
75
50
65
9 00
22 00
1 15
3 25
16 00
13 00
12 75
2 50
67
10
8 50
45
55
40
37
33
33
55
44
35
PROVISION MARKET.
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal, . .
Mutton-, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)
pound
10
"
8
"
64
"
7
"
4
"
9
'1
12
"
14
dozen
17
bushel
<.
62
barrel
4 00
1 25
6 75
6 37
6 50
0 00
75
68
85
87
55
70
10 00
23
1 25
3 50
18 00
14 00
13 00
3 00
75
8 75
50
65
42
38
35
35
56
45
37
30
44
7
10
10
12
14
16
20
92
75
75
5 00
BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, July 16,1832.
Reported for tiie Daily Atlveutiser and Patriot.
At Market tiiis day 486 Beef Cattle, 30 Cows and
Calves, 3O0S Sijecp, an«J 58 Swine. 130 Beet Cattle,
and about 250 Sheep were repotted last week. About
1-20 Beef Cattle and 500 Sheep remain unsold at the close
of the market.
Prices, Beef Cattle — The maikef continues "glut-
ted," and prices are reduced since last week. We quote
exlia at .§5 75 a 5 87.^ ; prime at 5 a 5 .00; good at 4 50
a 5 ; thin at 3 50 a 4 50.
Cutvs and Calves. — Dull; we noticed a few sales on-
ly, viz. § 18, 20, 22, 25, and 27.
.'Slieep and Lambs. — DuW; lots of Lambs with a few
old Sheep,, at $1 42, 1 54, 1 67, 1 75, 1 92, 2 00, 2 12,
and 2 25 ; wethers at 2 50, 2 75, and 3 00 ; small select-
ed lots at 3 50, 4 00, and 4 25. We were informed by
some of the Drovers, that they sold Sheep for 50 cents
each less tti.tn they originally cost in the country.
Swine — No salus at a reduced price; five or sis only
were sold.
New York, July 14.— Beef Cattle. Only 400 head
in market this week, and of these about one quarter re-
main over. Sales very dull and at a falling off fiom last
weeks prices. Average, $6. We quote 5 50 a 6 50.—
Sheep and Lambs scarce ; wha» have arrived this week
not being half equal lo the demand. Sales of sheep from
$2 00 to 4 00, and a few at 5 00. Lambs 1 50 a 3 00.—
Baity Jidv.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
July 18, 183J.
Miscellany
From Ibe Lowell Journal.
The following ailmirable stanzas are translated from
the Portuguese of Lewis Camons.
I SAW the virtuous man contend
With life's unnumbered woes,
And he was poor, without a friend,
Prest by a thousand foes.
I saw the Passions' pliant slave
In gallant trim and gay ;
His course was J*leasure's placid wave,
His life a summer's day.
And I was caught in Folly's snare.
And joined her giddy train,
But found her soon the nurse of care.
And punishment and pain.
There surely is some guiding power,
That rightly suffers wrong ;
Gives vice to bloom her littlf hour.
But virtue late and long.
begins to be overpowered at an early step of the
comparison ; for there are, it is probable, a hun-
dred million of such bodies as the sun within
the scope of our modern instruments, each indi-
vidual of which may be as vast as our solar orb ;
and if all these were congregated into one mass it
would probably be but as nothing, when compared
with the material creation that lies beyond the hu-
man research. — Timers Telescope.
BIRDS.
The great mortality among birds in many parts
of the country, lias generally been attributed to the
unprecedented coldness of llie present season.
This is probably the primary cause, but the more
immediate one, we believe to be the great scarcity
of insects on which they feed. We are led to
adopt the latter opinion, because tlie greatest mor-
tality lias been observed to prevail among that
species which live principally upon insects, as
swallows, martins, &c. In Sweden and Norway,
■wallows survive the winter ; and it is said, that
in this country they have been taken in a torpid
state from hollow trees, during the severe cold of
winter. If such be the fact respecting the liabits
of the swallow, is it not unreasonable to suppose,
that the weather has been the sole cause of the
death of such immense numbers ?
The account which we gave a few weeks since,
respecting the great depredations which the birds are
making in the cornfields in this vicinity, shows
that they iiud great difficuhy in obtaining food.
The boldness with which they commit their r.iva-
ges is surprising ; in some instances they have
pulled up whole fields, in despite of scarecrows,
dressed as fantastically as Petrnchio for his wed-
ning. Some of the birds which commit these dep-
redations are not of tlie species of Avliich farmers
usually complain. — Barnstable Journal.
GEOLOGY OF MASSACHUSETTS.
Silliman's Journal for Ajnil contains an article
of seventy pages on the Geology of Massachusetts,
accompanied with a map ; by Professor Hitchcock,
of Amherst college. It was drawn up in fulfil-
Hient of his commission from the Legislature, to
make a geological examination of the State ; and
embraces only one out of the four parts into which
the work will be divided. He remarks, that he
has collected specimens of every variety of rock
and of all the ores within the Commouwealth, and
that his collection for the use of the government
comprises seven hundred and eighty individual
pieces. He has also, agreeably to his instructions,
collected a cabinet for all the colleges in the State.
A vast deal of information is contained in lliis ar-
ticle, on the subject to which it relates, some of
which may be turned to practical account. It
were to be wished that a similar enterprise might
be set on foot in every State in the Union. The
cost is comparatively small ; the advantages in a
scientific point of view are great, and may be still
more so in an economical point of view, by lead-
ing to important discoveries of coals and minerals.
MR AUDUBON.
Mr Audubon has just returned to Philadelphia
in excellent health. His arduous excursions du-
ring the last nine mwiths, in the Carolinas, Geor-
gia, East Florida, and the Torlugas, have been
richly repaid. During this comparatively short
period, Mr Audubon has, by his own gun, acquir-
ed nine species of birds, altogether new to the
United Slates. We have seen these rare birds ;
it has been our good fortune, also, to sec the inim-
if able drawings he has made of them, with the in-
tVesting landscapes so peculiar to the southern
country, and which vie with them in beauty and
intcrrst. Besides these, Mr Audubon has brought
with him about two thousand specimens of rare
southern birds, in the highest state of lu-eservation,
together with an immense quantity of shells and
l)laiits. It is impossible to say too much in praise,
either of the talents or perseverance of this unri-
valled naturalist. — U. S. Gazelle.
Pedigree. — One of the prosecutors at the Lew-
is Assizes, whose name is " Mutton," hves upon
a stnall freehold estate in this county, which has
been in the uninterrupted possession of his family
for no le.^s than seven hundred years. The name
was originally " Mouton," his ancestcrs having
come over to this cotintry from France ; and the
estate is to this day called "Norman's." — Brigh-
ton Gazette, Eng.
TO APPRENTICES.
The only way for a young man to prepare liim-
self for usefulness, is to devote himself to study
during all his leisure hours. First, be industrious
in your business ; never complain that you are
obliged to work, go to it with alacrity and cheer-
fulness, and it will become a habit which will
make you respected and beloved by your master
or employer ; make it your business to .see and
promote his interest, by taking care of his you W'ill
learn to take care of your own.
Young men of the present day are too fond of
getting rid of work, tiny seek for easy and lazy
employments, and frequently turn out to be poor
miserable vagabonds. You must avoid all wishes
to live without labor ; labor is a blessing rather
than a curse, it makes men healthy, and procures
them food, clothing, and every other necessary,
nd frees them from temptations to be dishonest.
Cholera. — It is remarked on- with the greatest
sur))rise by the Parisian.s, that the English escaped
the cholera, for with them it is compaiati\ely
harmless. Superior cleanliness, probably, ex-
plains the mysteiy.
.MAGNITUDE.
To acquire a correct idea of magnitude, we
must learn to ascend some elevation from whence
a prospect might be obtained of an uninterrupted
horizon ; hero would be displayed an extent of
view, stretching forty miles in each direction, form-
ing a circle eighty miles in diameter, consequently
two hundred and fifty in circumference, and an
area of five thousand square miles. This, then,
would be one of the largest objects that the eye
could grasp at one time ; but, large as it is, it
would require forty thousand such prospects to
constitute the whole surface of the earth. But
this is comparatively nothing, for one of those glit-
tering points which ornament the celestial canopy
(Jupiter,) is fourteen thousand times larger than
our earth, and the sun 1,384,480 times larger than
our terrestrial globe. Here then the imagination
VALUABLE HABIT.
One of the most valuable habits in life is that
of contemplating every undertaking. The men-
tal dissipation in which persons of talents often in-
dulge, and to which they are perhaps more prone
than others, is destructive beyond what can be ini-*
agined. A man who has lost the power of prose-
cuting a task the moment its novelty is gone, or it
becomes encumbered with difficulty, has reduced
his mind into a state of lamentable and wretched
imbecility. His life will inevitably be one of
shreds and patches. The consciousness of not
having persevered to the end of any special un-
dertaking, will hang over him like a spell and will
paralyze all his energies, and he will at last be-
lieve, that, however feasible his plans, he is fated
never to succeed. The habit of finishing ought
o be formed in early youth.
A little neglect may breed a great mischief; for
want of a nail the shoe was lost, for want of a
shoe the horse was lost, ami for want of a horse
tliP rider was lost. — Franklin.
Treatise on Domestic Animals.
THIS day published, by Lilly &. AVait, and Carter &
Hendee, and lor sale by J. B. Kussell, No. 504 North
Market Street, " A treatise on breeding, rearing, and
I'lttening all kinds ol poultry, cows, swine, and other do-
riestic animals. By B. Moubray, Esq. Reprinted from
tie sixth London edition. With such abridgments and
atlditions as it was conct'i\'ed wouUl render it best adapt-
id to the soil, climate, and common course of culture in
the United States. By Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq., ed-
itor of the New England Farmer." Price 75 cents.
June n.
Published every Wednesday Kvening, at 53 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from llic time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction of iil'ly cents.
O" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Bdtts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing tan be executed to meet the
wishfs of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
I'dssFLL. at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52. North
itlarket Street.
AGENTS.
Nfw York — G. Thorbukn kV. Sons, G7 Liberly.-street.
^ibamj — Wm. Thorbukn, 347 Market-street.
i^hiladelphia — D. & C Landreth, 85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
CiTiciunali — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Marketstreet.
Flushing. N. Y. Wiw. Prince & Sons, Prop.Lin.Bot.Gardien
Middlebtiry, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Sipringjield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Newbury-port. — EiiENEZER Stedmak, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. H. — i. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Atifcusta. Me. — WK. Makn.
Halifa.r, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq.
Moidreal, L. C. — Henry Hillock.
NEW EWGL.AND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOT^. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUI^Y 25, 1833.
NO. 2.
C o in an u 11 i c a t i o n §
OPERATIONS OF LIMK, ASHES, &c, AS
APPLICATIONS TO SOIL, &c.
Mr Editor — I avail myself of the first rainy
day wliii'h lias driven mo from the field and gar-
den, to make a brief comment upon your remarks
on my communication, published in the Farmer of
the 27th ultimo.
The points upon which we differ, if I appre-
hend you right, are these : —
1. Professor Eaton and yourself, maintain, that
carbonate of lime causes fertility, by its chemical
operations upon the soil or atmosphere. I hold
the negative.
2. The Professor says, and your arguments
seem intended to support his position, that " cul-
livated vegetables receive their chief nutritious mat-
ter from the atmosphere." I have the misfortune to
dissent from this hypothesis. And
3. You cautioned your readers not to permit,
in any case, unleachcd ashes, or lime, in a caustic
state, to come in contact with the seed corn or
young plants, lest this contact should destroy them.
I treated the caution, I admit, with rather unbe-
coming levity ; but must yet persist in saying, that
it was altogether uncalled for, certainly in the case
where the admonition was so gravely applied
soil. According to the new theory, this sliould
possess unusual fertility; yet,so faras I can learn,
such a belief has never yet obtained currency.
Caustic lime is not a manure. If it was, its ap-
plication to poor soils would induce fertility,wliere-
as the contrary is known to be the fact. It is not
a natural aliment of plants, though it is often an
adventitious constituent. It facilitates the prepar-
ation of vegetable food, and is ultimately exhaust-
ing. It forms with fibrous vegetable matter, a
compost, partly soluble in water, and thus renders
matter nutritive which was before inert. Car-
the skill and the judgment with which this branch
of husbandry is managed, that especially marks
the difference between good and had, between
profitable and unprofitable husbandry. The care
which is profitably bestowed in feeding and fat-
tening animals, is no less profitably bestowed in
feeding and fattening vegetables. They both sub-
sist on the same food, though under difiereut mod-
ifications.
3. In discussing tlie third point, I must recur
to the origin of our difl^erence. At the bottom of
directions for a compost for five acres of corn,
bonate of lime has no action of this kind upon ' which would amount in the aggregate to 60 bush-
vegetable matter. Quick-lime is soluble in wa- ' els, and of which ashes and lime were to consti-
ter. Carbonate of lime is insoluble. It only ini- j tute a))ont 13 per cent of the mixed mass, you ap-
proves the texture of the soil, or its relation to ab
sorption, and acts merely as one of the earthy in-
gredients. I quote the opinions of Loudon (Enc.
of Gard. p. 244) Davy, Park, Brown, &c, &c, and
am supported by the deductions of experience.
Again. If the operations of caustic and carbonate
of lime are analogous, as J thiidi you as well as
the professor would maintain, why is the former
most extensively and beneficially applied to soils
already surcharged with the latter? I mean lime-
stone lands. That this is the case, particularly in
Pennsylvania, where caustic lime is most exten-
sively used in agriculture, may be seen from the
I will examine the points of diflTerence in the letters of Messrs Jacobs and Buckley, inserted
order I have arranged them. And '" t'le 3d vol. of the Memoirs of the New York
1. Is powdered limestone a mantn-e, or does ilsPoai"d of Agriculture, pp. 123—125.
chemical operation upon the soil or air increasj
fertility ? I have examined your remarks \t> Siij)-
port of the affirmative, and am compelled to say,
that although I find detailed many valuable philo-
sophical facts, I can discover nothing like practi-
cal proofs. And yet this is a question, above all
others, which is capable of a ready practical solu-
tion. The only thing that tends to favor your po-
sition is the assumption, that carbonate of lime
seizes upon the acids evolved in the putrefiictive
process of vegetables, and is by them converted
into an hypercarbonate, soluble iu water, and
which, through that medium, becomes the food of
plants. An<l, that ''when there is a scarcity of al-
iment in the soil, it seizes and secures the carbonic
acid of the atmosphere, and afterwards disperses
it, according to the ccdls and necessities of vegeta-
tion." A very provident and discreet purveyor,
this, for the vegetable community, it must be con-
fessed. Without however, scanning the laws of
chemical aflinity, or bewildering your readers with
the subtleties of the "nietapliysics of agriculture,"
permit me to ask, if carbonate of lime performs
such wonders, by natural means, in seizing, secur-
ing, and dispersing vegetable food ; and is withal
endowed with a prescience which enables it to
know the loanls of the soil, as well as with a fac-
ulty of hearing the calls and of administering to
the jiecessities of plants — how comes it that lime-
stone lands are not naturally and uniformly supe-
rior in fertility to those which are not denomina-
ted calcareous. There is an extensive belt of
country, extending along the borders of Conncc
2. The agency of the atmosphere is as neees
sat-y to vegetable as it is to animal life ; yet it is
not the chief, nor material source of nutriment to
either. Animals, without other food, famish and
die. Vegetables, upon an arid soil, or one desti-
tute of vegetable and animal matter, if they grow
for a time, soon wither and die, or are rendered
useless to agriculture, under the influence of a
summer's sun. Although some animals and veg-
etables may seem to form a partial exception,
these are insufficient to impair the authority of a
general rule. And besides, the daily observation
of every intelligeht man conclusively contradicts
the assumption, that plants receive their principal
nourishment from the atmosphere. The atmos-
pliere it is admitted, contains the aliments of both
vegetable and animal food, and imparts a portion
of these to the respiratory organs of both. The an-
imal imbibes oxygen, and gives off carbonic acid
gas. The vegetable, by its leaves, which perform
the office of lungs, receives carbonic gas, and im-
bibes and gives off, alternately, oxygen. The at-
mos])here is essentially the same, as to its elemen-
tary constituents, in all climates, and particularly
in the same district of country ; and it is impar-
tial and equable in the distribution of its benefits
to the vegetable tribes. Whence the great dispar-
ity, then, in the fertility of adjoining fields, if the
atmosphere is the grand source of vegetable
growth and development ? fllan cannot modify
nor control this element. It is as unchangeable
and diffusive as the light and heat which eman-
ate from the solar orb. But man can modify and
control inert vegetable and animal matter, the true
ticut, Massachusetts, New York, and Vermont,
^f^ from Long Island Sound to the Canada line, in ] basis of the food of vegetables ; he can preserve
which limestone is a principal rock, and the debris i them from waste, husband them with care, and
of which must form a material constituent of the ' apply them with effect. And it is the industry,
pended a caution, that neither the unleached ash-
es, nor the caustic lime should in any case come
in contact with the seed corn or young plants,
lest it shoulil destroy them.* This brought to rny
mind so forcibly a grave caution which 1 once
read in a iiev. spaper, jiet^er to shave in a room
where there is a monkey, because one of these pet
animals had cut his throat in attempting to imi-
tate his rtiaster in the shaving process, that my
mind lost its balance, and I confess I treated the
admonition with a levity which neither the sub-
ject, nor the respectability of the monitor, justi-
fied me in indulging in. But the introduction of
Doctor Dean, Sir H. Davy, and Sir J. Sinclair, to
give a sort of plausible support to your ojiinions
has awed me into sober seriousness. And yet,
should their ju.igments be construed to favor your
tliesi.o, I nll'.st .ij-jjcal to a higher tribunal — from
the speculations of the philosopher to the practi-
cal experience of the farmer. For however you
may speculate in your closets, the trial after all,
must, in these matters, be made in the feld. I
then reiterate, that neither unleached ashes, nor
hydrate of lime, i. e. lime slacked by water or
air, the only caustic slate in which it is ever ap-
plied in agriculture, are neither of them hurtful to
the vitality of seeds and plants, in the mode in
which they are ordinarily applied, even in a pure
state, and more especially in a compost in which
they form but an inconsiderable portion of the
mass. L^nlcached ashes are unhesitatingly sprink-
led upon young corn, grass and garden crops, of
the tenderest kinds, without prejudice. Lime is
freely used, with equal impunity, in the prepara-
tion of seed grain, as a top dressing for young
crops, and with water, as a wash for fruit and
other trees. And since I penned my former com-
munication, observing that the black flea was de
stroying my cabbage and egg plants, which were
unfolding their second pair of leaves, I immedi-
ately wet the plants w ith a watering pot, and then
literally covered their leaves with recently slacked
lime, procured for white washing, which saved
*" 1 tie wliole seiitunce is as lolluws ; — *• Tho farmers
of Rensselaer County, New York, say, that ashes or
quick-lime ought always to be applied to the top of a
cornhill immediately alter planting if it follow sward, to
prevent ^rub larvae tVoin destroying it. The same appli-
cation will have a similar effect if applied to the top of a
potato bill. But neither unleached ashes, nor lime in
its caustic state, should, in any case, come in contact
with the seed corn, or the young plant." [See N. E.
Farmer, vol. x. p. 350.] It did not lefer to compost. We
intend as soon as our avocations wil permit, to resume tho
foregoing topics of discussion. — Editor,
10
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
July 25, 1832.
them from ruin. Applied in mass, lime is destruc-
tive to vegetation. So is manure, and so is water.
The Sim has just broke out, after a continued
rain of thirtytwo hours, and business calls me
out. I leave the decision to the impartial judg-
ment of our intelligent yeomanry, for whose ben-
efit we have both embarked in the controversy.
Albany, Juli/, 1832. B.
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
Mr Fessenden — Will you, or some one of your
correspondents do me the favor to furnish through
the medium of the New England Farmer, the
history and pedigree of the imported bull "Ad-
miral."
From whose herd was lie selected, and what
was his original name ? I fancy it may have been
changed. He was probably a Herd Book animal,
and that being the case, you are doubtless aware,
that a change of name after being entered, would
deprive him of his place in that correct and valu-
able Register of English short horned cattle.
The fact is important to all who have bred from
Admiral, as it must aftect materially the value
of his stock.
In this country we do not attach sufficient con-
sequence to a well authenticated pedigree. We
judge simply of the individual without inquiring
into the family or descent. Hence it is, that many
have been disappointed, and hence, the frequent
complaints in your paper against Short Horned
Cattle.
The truth is, that high prices have often been
paid for animals imported from the " Cotv Keep-
ers" of England and not the established breeders
of the country. It is within my own knowledge,
that an individual near Liverpool, who keeps a
large number of cows, to siqiply the^ity with
milk, has constant orders from this country for
animals. They come out as full bloods, with
ample pedigrees on paper, when in fact, they are
only mixed bloods and their pedigrees cannot he
traced. Let those gentlemen who complain of
the defects of their Durham Short Horned Cattle,
endeavor to trace them in the Herd Book, and then
perhaps, they will cease to wonder, that they are
no better.
Yours, &c, A BREEDER.
Springfield, July 17, 1832.
Reinfliks by tiie Editor.
It is not in our power fully to comply with the
wishes of our correspondent, but we will state
what we know relative to the subject of his in-
quiry.
At a meeting of the trustees of the Jlassachu-
setts Agricultural Society, held the 21st day of
August, 1823, some me.asures were adopted rela-
tive to the donation of the Bull Admiral, by Sir
Isaac Coffin to the trustees of the said society.
And among other proceedings it was
" Voted, that the thanks of this Board be pre-
sented by the Corresponding Secretary to Admiral
CoFFirf for his very valuable present, and that he
express to him their sense of his patriotism, and
attachment to his native soil, which neither time
nor distance had been competent to weaken.
" That the animal presented by him is a noble
one, and aftbrds in his own person, proof of his
descent from the most approved stocks, independ-
ent of the historical pedigree which accompanies
him." In a subsequent paragraph of the same
document it is asserted that "His pedigree is as
follows : got by Mr Wetherell's North Star ; dam
by Comet ; grandam by Wellington ; grcat-gran-
dam by Gran by. North Star was by Comet;
dam by Baronet ; grandam by Cripple ; g. gran-
dam by Irishman; g. g. grandam by Hubback. "
We have not a copy of the Herd Book, and
can give no other information than the above rel-
ative to the animal in question. We should be
greatly obliged to any person who would do us
the favor to comply with the request ol" our cor-
respondent, and state in our paper the lineage,
qualities, &.c, of the imported Bull Admiral.
We copy the following article from the Sylva Anieii-
cana, or a description of the forest trees iudigenous to the
United States. By D. J. Browne.
BLACK OR QUERCITRON OAK.
Quercus tinctoria.
Except the state of Maine, the northern part of
New HampsUire, Vermont and Tennessee, this
species is found throughout the United States on
both sides of the Alleghanies and is everywhere
called Black Oak, except in some parts of New
England, where it is called Yellow Oak. \t is more
abundant in the Middle States, and in the upper
parts of the Carolinas and Georgia, than on the
southern coast. It flourishes in p poorer soil than
the white oak. In Maryland and certain districts
of Virginia, where the soil is lean, gravelly and
uneven, it is constantly united in the forests with
the scarlet, Spanish and post oaks, and mockernut
hickory, with which the yellow pine is also fre-
quently mingled. There are several varieties of
this species of oak, all of which aftbrd the quer-
citron bark, so highly esteemed in dyeing, staining,
tanning, etc.
This oak is one of the loftiest trees of the
American forests, being 80 or 00 feet high and 4 or
5 feet in diameter. The trunk is covered with a
deeply furrowed bark of middling thickness, and
generally of a black or very deep brown color,
whence probably is derived the name of Black
Oak. Northeast of Pennsylvania the complexion
of the hark is the only character by which it can
be distinguished from the red, scarlet and gray
oaks, when the leaves are fallen. Farther south
this character is not sufficient to distinguish it
from the Spanish oak, whose bark is of the same
color, and recourse must be had to the buds,which
on the black oak are longer, more acuminate, and
more scaly. AH doubt may be removed by chevy-
ing a bit of the cellular integument of each : that
of the black oak is very bitter and gives a yellow
tinge to the saliva, which is not the case with the
other. The leaves are large, deeply laciiiiated,
and divided into four or five lobes : they resemble
those of the scarlet oak, but have less deep and op-
en sinuses, are less shining, of a duller green, and
in the spring and during a part of the summer
have their surface roughened with small glands
which are sensible to the eye and to the touch.
The same appearance is observed on the young
shoots, the leaves which change in the autumn to
a dull red, and those of the old trees to yellow,
beginning with the petiole. This tree fructifies
once in two years and its flowers put forth in IM«y.
The acorns generally grow in clusters, are of a
brown color, sub-sessile and about half buried in
a thick, scaly cup. This species is more remark-
able than any other for producing the oak apple.
The wood is reddish and coarse grained, with
em|ity pores ; it is, however, more esteemed for
strength and durability than that of any other oak
of biennial fructification. As it is abundant in
the Middle and Northern States, it furnishes a
larg(> proportion of the red oak staves exported to
the West liidies, or employed at home to contain
flour, salted provisions and molasses. It is said
to furnish the best of fuel except the hickories.
The bark is extensively used in tanning, as it is
easily procured and is rich in tannin. The only
inconvenience which attends it is imparting a yel-
low color to the leather, which must be discharged
by a particular process, to prevent its staining the
stockings ; it is a great error to assert that this col-
.or augments its value. From the cellular integn-
raeiit of the black oak is obtained the quercitron,
of which great use is made in dyeing wool, silk
aB»l paper hangings. This substance was first
prepared as a dye by Dr Bancroft : he has given
it the name of quercitron, by which it is now uni-
versally recognised.
Before extracting the color from the bark, the
epidermis, or external covering, ought to be re-
moved by shaving. The remaining parts being
then properly ground by mill stones, separate part-
ly into a light, fine powder, and |)artly into stringy
filaments or fibres, which last yield but about half
as much color as the powder, and therefore care
^^hnuld be always taken to employ both together,
and as nearly as possible in their natural propor-
tions, otherwise the quantity of color produced
iii.iy either greatly exceed or fall short of what
ii):iy be expected. The quercitron thus prepared
and proi)ortioned, says Dr Bancroft, will generally
yield as much color as eight or ti n times its weight
of the weld plant, and about four times as much
as its weight of the chipped fustic. The coloring
matter, continues he, most nearly resembles that
of the weld plant; with this advantage, however,
that it is capable alone of producing more cheaply
all, or very nearly all, the effects of every other
yellow dyeing drug ; and, moreover, some effects
which are not attainable by any other means yet
known. The coloring matter of quercitron read-
ily dissolves in water, even at blood heat. If the
infusion be strained and left at rest, a quantity of
resinous matter subsides in the form of a whitish
powder, which produces the same eftijcts in dye-
ing as the part remaining in solution. The clear
effusion being evaporated and dried, affords an ex-
tract equal in weight to about one twelfth of the
bark from which it is obtained. Much care, how-
ever, must be em|doyed in procuring this extract,
Vol. XI.-No. 2.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
11
so as to make it produce colors equal in beauty to
those obtained directly from the bark itself. ]f
the evaporation be carried on rapidly, and the heat
be too great, the color is tarnished, probably, as
Dr Bancroft conjectures, from the absorption of
oxygen, the color thus undergoing a sort of semi-
combustion. On the other hand, if the evapora-
tion be conducted too slowly, the coloring inalter
suffers another change, and soon spoils by keep-
ing. The decoction of quercitron is of a yellow-
ish brown color, which is darkened by alkalies,
and brightened by acids. A solution of alum be-
ing added to it, separates a small portion of the
coloring matter, which subsides in the form of a
deep yellow precipitate. The solutions of tin
I>roduce a more copious precipitate, and of abeau-
tifid, lively, yellow color. Sulphate of iron caus-
es a copious olive precipitate ; sulphate of copper,
a yellow of an olive cast. To dye wool, it is suf-
ficient to boil the quercitron with an equal
weight of alum; in dipping the stuii' the deej)est
sliatle is given first, and afterwards the straw col-
or : to enliven the tint the stuff may be passed, in
coming out of the dye through water whitened
with a small portion of chalk; but a brighter col-
or is obtained by means of a solution of tin.
Quercitron ma)' be substituted for woad, in im-
parting all the shades of yellow to silk. It is
highly valuable as an article of conmierce, which
has often been sold at $40 or $50 a ton. Large
quantities are aimually exported into Europe frojn
the ports of the Middle States.
A valued correspondent has favored us with the
following letter lately received by liTm from an
eminent agriculturist in Maine.
Dear Sir — I have the pleasure to send you
two extracts from a late English publication, rt-
garding some objects, which may be introduced"
into our gardens, not only by means of the offi-
cers of our agricultural societies, but of various
individuals here, who have avocations in Eng-
land. If those who make tivo plants grow where
only one grew before render service to the pub-
lic, those who introduce valuable new plants may
also claim some merit ; and it is with this view
that the inclosed extracts are forwarded, that you
may procure an insertion for them in the New
England Farmer, of which the circulation is de-
servedly so extensive.
I am, dear sir, yours with respect.
tember, 162G ; and the individual fruits referred to,
were the produce of the society's garden that
season.
VEGETABLE MARROW.
Vegetable Marrow, (cucurbita succada) is a very
important gourd ; and though it lias been but late-
ly introduced into this country, (England) it is al-
ready cultivated to a considerable extent. It is
straw colored, of an oval or elongated shape; and
when full grown, attains the length of about nine
inches. When very young, it eats well fried in
butter; when half grown, it may be cooked in a
variety of ways, and is peculiarly soft and rich,
having an oily and almost an animal flavor. When
fully matured, it may be made into pies, for which
purpose it is much superior to any of the other
gourds. But it is in the intermediate or half
grown state only, that it deserves its conuiion ap-
pellation of vegetable marrow. The vegetable
marrow gourd is a native of Persia, but if the soil
on which it is placed be rich and warm enough,
it thrives very well with us in England, in the
open air.
" I have been able, (says Mr Sabine,) to obtain
but very imperfect accounts of the origin of this
goiu'd. It was certainly new in this country with-
in a few years, and I think the most probable ac-
count, (of the many that I have heard) of its in-
troduction, is, that the first seeds were brought
here in one of our East India ships, and came
probably from Persia ; where, as I am told, it is
known, and called deader. Its cultivation is easy."
If any other kind of gourd grow in the neigh-
borhood, no reliance can be placed on the good-
ness of the seed of the vegetable marrow.
and studied the diseases to which each portion of
his beautiful and complicated fabric is liable, to
hear those grave observations on ails and food,
which have originated in ignorance, and which
have been propagated from generation to gener-
ation, without truth and without judgment.
Acid drinks and acid fruits, the present and the
ensuing months, are the real sanatives of health,
and no prejudice should prevent their use. These
should not be denied to children, when their ap-
])etite craves and their nature require that, which
nature ordained for their consumption. Eat or be
eaten is one of the first laws of animal life ; eat
those things which were designed for food, but bo
temperate ; and health will be promoted, strength
will be accumulated, and a long and comfortable
life may reasonably be anticipated.
Pulmonary consumption, that insidious disease,
which is continually sweeping from existence the
fairest flowers of earth, those interesting objects of
our care, those solaces of man in weal and wo —
women — and often in the very morning of their
days, when jouth and beauty heighten all their
innate charms, has often had an origin in some
false management in diet. Women of delicate
constitutions should habituate themselves to a va-
riety of edibles ; they should try to live on almost
every thing which has a place in cookery and suits
their stomach, and its tone, however delicate, will
soon acquire new and vigorous powers. Pain in
the side, the invariable concomitant of some irreg-
ularities in the primfe vise will oftener yield to a
generous and nutritious mode of living, than to
boluses and powders. To be well, eat well, and
almost anything which relishes the best ; but still
remember temperance.
From tlic Library of Entertaining KnowleiJge.
VEGETABLE SUBSTANCES.
Melons. — The melons of Persia have long borne
a high character. " Persia," says Make Brun,
(writing after Chardin, Olivier, and Langles) "is
consoled for the occasional failure of her grain
crops, by the fineness of her fruits. There are
twenty sorts of melons: the finest are in ICho-
rassan. In Persia, this fruit is extremely succu-
lent, and contributes greatly to health : they are
sometimes so large, that three or four are a full
load for a man."
It was not till lately that the seeds of melons
were received in England direct from that coun-
try- In 1834, Mr Willock, (the Ambassador to
the court of Persia,) sent a parcel of seed : and
another parcel in the spring of 1826. An account
of ten varieties of these melons, by Mr Lindley,
was read before the Horticultural Society, in Sep-
From the Boston Medical Intelligencer.
As fruits become plenty, children become vic-
tims of diseases of the bowels ; but not so fre-
quently in consequence of using it too liberally,
as from being permitted to indulge their appetites
with it when in a crude state ; ripe fruit seldom
injures any body ; it was made for man, and a
kind Providence has bestowed it ,upon us at that
peculiar season, when, in fact, it is not only ne-
cessary, but when it is in its greatest perfection ;
and those who use it freely, if only ripened well,
will generally enjoy the best health. Eastern na-
tions have no such erroneous notions about fruit,
as have crept into the pericraniiims of our moth-
ers and nurses ; nor is there any evidence of its
injurious eflects on tbe health of individuals of any
grade, in the West Indies, where the inhabitants
could not subsist without it.
Apples, pears, peaches, melons, &c, should be
served up on the table, every day, while they are
good, and whenever, in our climate they are no
longer suitable, and wwuld prove detrimental to
health, by interrupting the ordinary functions of
the system, nature invariably admonishes us of
the danger, not only by lessening the abundance,
but also by the diseases which are resulting from
a continued use of them at improper times. Peo-
ple are governed in this enlightened age, by art
"and abitrary customs, rather than by that sage
philosophy which results from reason and experi-
ence. It is ridiculous as well as provoking, in the
estimation of those physicians who have a com-
prehensive view of the structure, habits, and con-
stitution of original beings, and who have exam-
ined the machinery of man with a microscopic eye,
It is said to be a fact, that in Paisley in a single
day, the Cholera was conquered and driven, out of
the place. Every house was white washed, every
gutter was cleansed, every spoonful of filth was
removed in every vault, sink, or out house of ev-
ery description. The disinfecting agents were
freely used, and the fire engines completed the
process by thoroughly washing every square inch
of smface in the town. The destroyer passed by,
for it could find no place to light upon. Burning
tar and firing cannon are also said to be effica-
cious. There are few places in the Union appar-
ently more neat than Portland is at present — but
is there not a great deal of dirt out of sight ?
Many vaults untouched — many sinks unlocked at ?
Life is the reward of attention and cleanliness.
Death is the penalty. What stronger or sterner
inducements can we have! — Portland Advertiser.
Preparation for cleaning Plate. — Take four
balls of the finest whiting, crumble it to a fine
powder, the finer the better ; two pennyworth
each of spirits of wine and camphor, spirits of
hartshorn and spirits of turpentine, half an ounce
of quicksilver, and a pennyworth of rose pink ;
put the (luicksilver into a i)bial, with about half
the turpentine, and shake it till the quicksilver be
killed, then mix all the ingredients together, and
the whole is fit for use. (The quicksilver and a
little turpentine should be first beat up with a
skewer or fork, in a large cup, till it becomes
thick as a salve.) After it is thus made, it should
be suflered to grow dry, a little of it being wetted
with water when used. The mixture is to be rub-
bed on the plate with sol't leather, which becomes,
better for use.
12
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
July 25, 1832.
Fiom the Massachusetts Agricultural Repositorj and Juurnal.
ON BEES.
APIARY.
To the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society.
Gentleme.-v — With this is forwarded, for your
exatnination and disposal, the model of an Ajjiary,
designed to guard the bees within from the bee-
moth. The distinguishing principle of this apiary
is, that with the aid of frame doors, covered with
millinet, the miller is effectually shut out of the
house, while the bees are not at all injured from
the want of air. For the principle, I acknow-
ledn-e myself indebted to the Rev. Thomas Noyes,
of Needham. I vvill describe the apiary as built
for two Charlieshope hives. It may be made long-
er, so as to admit any number of hives.
1. Two planks, 5 feet and 3 inches in length,
and 1 foot and 8 inches in width, are placed per-
pendicularly in sills 6 feet in length. These planks
form the two ends of the apiary.
2. The length of the apiary for two hives
should be 4 feet outside. A partition board in the
centre divides the house into two ap^tments, 21i
inches wide.
3. The roof is double, and made to be put on
and taken oft' at pleasure. It is fastened with four
iron pins, and at each corner. It must be taken
off, in order to put in or take out the hive.
4. The bottom, or floor, is inserted 4 inches
from the sills.
5. In the back, two doors are inserted against
each apartment. The upper door is for the pur-
pose of examining the bees through the glasses in
the hive. The lower for admitting a free circula-
tion.
6. In front the apiary is boarded down within
18 inches of the bottom. A cant is here inserted,
8 inches wide, to throw oft' the water. The space
below -is filled with a moveable frame, covered
with millinet — to be put in a little after sundown,
and removed before sunrise, through the miller
season. Parallel bars are inserted in each apart-
ment between which the hive stauds.
In the model, the cedar blocks represent bricks,
on which the sills stand. There are holes in the
ends of the sills with pins, which are to be driven
into the ground, that the apiary may stand per-
fectly firm.
With the model of the apiary I send also a
model of the Charlieshope hive, and a model frame
for the convenience of moving it.
Remarks. — 1. I think it would be an improve
ment in this apiary, to have the roof permanent,
and the bar in the back moveable, so that the hive
can be set in, or taken out, by simply removing
the bar.
2. It is essential, that every part of the apiary
be made tight ; and that it may continue so, it
should be well painted.
3. For two seasons I have used an apiary, not
constructed after the model which I send you, but
embracing its distinguishing principle, that is, the
millinet doors ; and am satisfied, that it is an ef-
fectiial security against the miller.
4. The Charlieshope hive I think preferable to
any other that I am acquainted with, in regard to
its'shape. But the Tbacher hive is rather prefer-
able in this particular — that of taking away the
surplus honey. I have, therefore, made and used
a hive combining the distinguishing principles of
both ; that is, having the wedge bottom, and draw-
ers in the top. In some, I have two drawers, and
in others but one, that being made to fill the whole
sj)ace. I have glasses in the lower part, and also
the drawers.
APPARATUS FOR TRANSFERRING BEES.
Accompanying this, I forward, for your inspec-
tion and disposal, the model of an apparatus,
which I have prepared, for the purpose of trans-
ferring bees from one hive to another, with wa-
ter. The ajiparatus consists of the following
parts, which, for convenience of description, I have
named thus : —
C — Cisten), to receive the hive to be operated up-
on. It is 30 inches in height, and 20 inches square.
T — r»)i?ie/, fitted on the outside of the cistern,
to convey the water to the hive.
F — Follower, to rise and fall in the cistern. It
has an opening ten inches square in the centre,
covered, on the upper side, with sheet-iron slides.
There is also, on the upper side, a set of handles.
It is two inches thick on the sides, made sloping
on the under side, to the centre, in order to assist
the bees in keeping out of the way of the water,
as it rises upon them. On the opposite sides of
the follotver are fastened leather straps, an inch
wide, with buckles with which to confine the hive
to the follower.
R — Receiver, into which the bees are driven. It
is 20 inches in height and 10 inches squtire, cor-
responding with the opening in the foltoiccr, to
which it is fastened with elects and buttons, and
can be taken off', and put on, at pleasure. There
is a set of slides at the bottom of the receiver,
corresponding with those on the follower. In the
top of the receiver is a chamber, to receive the
bees that may happen to get into the water, and
come out torpid. A perpendicular board, with
holes in right lines in the centre of the lower
room, serves as a support for the slides, and also
to assist the bees to keep out of the water. A slide
in the top, opens into the chamber. A partition
slide opens a communication between the cham-
ber and lower room. There is also a slide in the
side of the receiver, at which to let out the bees
into their destined tenement, Two panes of tin,
7 by 5 inches, with holes punctured, inserted in
opposite sides of the receiver, serve to admit light
and air.
Directions for using the above described appara-
tus.—\. Let the hive to be operated upon, be re-
moved some distance from any other, and stand
there long enough for the bees to become perfect-
ly wonted to the localities of the place.
2. The evening (or some evening) before you
design to operate upon the iiivc, raise it gently
and place under it the follower, bottom side up —
the slides being carefully closed and fastened.
3. In the morning, if the weather be warm
and pleasant, sto]) the door of the hive, and with
clean linen rags cork every place where a bee can
pass out. With the straps confine the hive to the
follower. With a gimlet bore six or eight holes
in the side of the hive near the top to admit the
water. As the comb is usually put up in paral-
lel sheets with a space between, it is best to have
the water admitted into each space.
4. Take the hive thus prepared from the stand,
and, by the handles upon the follower, set it gent-
ly into the cistern.
5. Take the receiver, with all the slides care-
fully closed, and place it upon the follower, and
turn the buttons.
6. Draw the slides in the follower and the cor-
responding slides in the bottom of the receiver,
and permit the bees to pass up. This they will
be glad enough to do, when they perceive the wa-
ter coming in upon them, which is the next thing
to be done. Pour the water slowly. into the' tun-
nel until it overflows the slides in the receiver.
7. Close and fasten the slides of the receiver
and take it otf. Raise the hive from the water,
remove the follower, invert the hive over the cis-
tern, and a few raps upon it vvill bring out thetees
that may remain in it in a torpid state. Perhaps
a wing, or soft brush, may alt-o be useful. With
a common kitchen skimmer, take the torpid, bees
from ihe water, and put them into the chamber
))n;parcd for their accominoilatlon. Draw the par-
tition slide, and thus admit the wet ami dry bees
together. The heat of the family will soon re-
store the torpid ones to animation.
8. Take from the old hive pieces, (more or less
as you may choose) of good broad comb, and put
them into the hive designed for the habitation of
yoiu- bees. This may be done by running a rod
or rods through them.
0. Place the receiver horizontally upon tlie
stand where the old hive stood. Set the new hive
upon il, draw the slide designed for the ]iui'pose,
and your bees will pass up, and joyfidly take pos-
session of their new home. If, however, they
show any reluctance in regard to going up, apply
a little water with a grape vine syringe, or with
your h.ind, and they will soon yield to your wishes.
10. When the bees have all passed up, remove
the receiver, and your work is done. Some spec-
ial care, however, is necessary for a time in guard-
ing them from robbers ; as their courage is, in a
measure, prostrated, and their fighting propensi-
ties sididned, by the influence of cold water. It
will be a month or two before they will be as
prompt in self-defence as formerly.
Occasions in which this Apparatus viaij be useful
to the Apiarian. — 1. When he has a stock of bees
infested with the bee-moth. As there is no way
known by which to expel the moth, unless the
bees can be removed to a new tenement, they
must he sacrificed.
2. When the hive becomes old and decayed, and
a new one is desirable.
3. When his bees are in an old-fashioned box-
hive, or hollow tree, and he wishes to have them
in one of the newly invented hives.
4. When, in the autumn, he wishes to take the
honey from any hive, and yet save the bees. If
he has a stock that is feeble, or not above medi-
ocrity as to numbers, he can unite the two ; and
he vvill probably have in consequence one more
new swarm the coming season.
5. When he has a stock that has become old,
l!ie comb thick, and black, and dirty, an<l the cells
small, he can remove his bees to another habita-
tion, and they will begin life anew ; the same, for
aught I can see, as a new swarm. This fact,
however, can be satisfactorily tested only by fur-
ther experience. .My present opinion is, that it
would be desirable to give bees a new and clean
tenement to dwell and work in, as often as once
in four or five years.
To be continued.
To make Vinegar. — To every ten gallons of rain
water add one gallon of molasses, and one of
brandy, mix them well together, and place the
cask in a garret or some warm dry jdace, and oc-
casionally shaking it, in a few months it will be
fit for use. — American Farmer.
Vol. XI.-No. 2.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
IS
ITEMS OF RURAL ECONOMY,
Original and Selected, by ^he Editor.
House Keeping in Germany. — The ibllowing in-
teresting and amusing notices are from tlie pen of
the Conihictor of the Gardener's Magazine : " Few
things in the doinestic economy of the Germans
stril<e an English resident more than the prepara-
tion, far exceeding tliat in liis own country,
which they maky for the winter consumption
of vegetahles. Sauerkraut is a kind of food,
of which every family stores upin propor-
tion to its size, one or more large casks ; and
in October and November the market-places
are crowded with huge white pyramids of cab-
bages (all heart) for sale ; and in every court
and yard into which an accidental peep is obtain-
ed, is seen the bustle of preparing them for use,
and the baskets of shredded cabbage, which in
lliat state resemble mountains of green-tinged froth
or syllabub. Kidney beans are another vegetable
of which, at an earlier period of the year, the
Germans store up large quantities for winter con-
sumption ; a circumstance which accounts for the
number of acres of this plant, which at first ex-
cite the traveller's surprise, cultivated in the open
fields, in the neighborhood even of tov/ns not very
large. Of the quantity of Kidney beans thus
stored in inns and some families, an idea may be
formed from the following fact: During two days
that we spent in the latter end of August, at the
Trierische Hof, the principal hotel at Coblentz,
from eight to ten women were constantly employ-
ed in the yard, (as they probably had been before
our arrival, and continued to be after our depart-
ure) in trimming and slicing [the pods of] kidney
beans, of which besides a large basket full next to
each, there stood another in the midst of the cir-
cle that would have filled a good sized cart. The
beans thus prepared are plunged into hot water
for a few minutes, then drained, and closely pack-
ed with salt in jars or barrels.
" In a similar manner are stored in October,
considerable quantities of the leaf-stalks and dried
ribs of the leaves of young turnips, (after the thin
part of the leaf has been cut oft',) and a portion
of the bull), all cut into lengths of about an inch.
Without this provision of sauerkraut, kidney
beans, and turnips, added to an ample stock of
potatoes, onions, carrots, (kept in sand,) &c, all
deposited in the spacious cellars with which every
decent house is provided ; and moreover abund-
ance of apples, pears and quinces, both fresh and
dried (by being pared, cut into slices and hung on
strings near a.fire ;) a German family would think
itself badly fortified against the approach of win-
ter, and would relish very badly l)cing put, at this
season, on the short and unvaried English com-
mons of potatoes, with an occasional change of
borecole or Savoy cabbage. In fact, no German
conceives he has dined tolerably, at any season,
without having eaten of three or four kinds of
vegetables. To decide which is the best system
the German or the English would require a long
discussion ; but two points seem clear : first, that
the adoption of the varied German vegetable fare
in England would lead to a greater extension of
its horticulture; and secondly, that the English
cannot fairly determine how far they would pre-
fer the German system until they have tried it.
Many English residents in Germany are as loud
OB the natives in the praise of sauerkrant when
properly cooked, which is everything. For these
reasons it might be worth while for some of our
horticultural societies to procure from the foreign
ones, fidl and precise directions for preparing and
storing their winter vegetables, and then offer
premiums for the most successful imitation of the
practice at home, giving a fair trial to sauerkraut,
salted kidney beans, &c, by having them served
at their anniversary dinners, cooked in the most
approved foreign modes, as there seems no good
ground why vegetables preserved and cooked in
new ways should not be tasted and decided on at
such dinners, as well as fruits grown or kept by
new processes."
Horse-chesnuts — The powder of horse-ches-
nuts being mixed with a third of flour, is found to
make better paste than that made from flour only.
(Mech. Mag. viii.) We are glad to observe that
these nuts can be applied to some useful purpose,
and hope country shoe-makers and book-binders
will take the hint. — Conductor of Gard. Mng.
Heating Hot-houses by Hot Air, ifc. — The Con-
ductor of the Gardener's Magazine states as fol-
lows : " Having had some experience in making
attempts to heat hot-houses by hot air, we have
been reduced to the opinion, that it is the worst
of all modes of heating, on account of its liability
to produce extremes ; the difiiculty of putting air
in motion, and its dryness. If heat is to be con-
veyed from a kitchen fire to a green house, or to
any part of a dwelling house, a going and return-
ing pipe of water is by fitr the best mode. There
can be no doubt that something is to be done in
this way ; and one thing, which we should like to
see adopted in every house, is the heating of a
bath. A bath might be so contrived in the alcove
of an ornamental green-house as to serve both as
a bath and a stove. A revolution in the mode of
heating, both in domestic and hot-house economy,
is in commencement, in consequence of the hot-
water system."
Spruce Beer. — Early in the spring cut off the
young branches of the pine or fir three or four
inches in length, and break them into small pieces ;
boil them in water, and after filtering the extract
through a sieve, add to sixteen gallons of it about
six pounds of sugar. It may then by boiling, or
evaporating in a hot-house, be reduced to a syriij),
which will keep in bottles for a length of time.
For beer, mix three pints of this extract with thir-
ty of water: boil it for about two hours, and, when
cold put it into a cask and ferment it in the usual
method. — Gard. Mag.
Bread from Turnips. — Let the turnips first be
pealed, and boiled in water till soft and tender ;
then, strongly pressing out the juice, mix them
together, and, when dry (beaten or pounded very
fine,) with, their weight of wheat meal, season it
as you do other bread, and knead it up; then, let-
ting the dough remain a little to ferment, fashion
the paste into loaves, and bake it .like common
bread. Some roast turnips in a paper under em-
bers, and eat them with sugar and butter. — Eve-
lyn's Misc. Writings, p. 756.
in the morning for the space of 40 years, suppos-
ing a man to go to bed at the same hour at night,
is nearly equivalent to an addition of 10 years to
a man's life. — Doddridge.
The aim of Education should be to teach us
rather how to think, than what to think — rather to
improve our minds, so as to enable us to think
for ourselves, than to load the memory with the
thoughts of other men. — Beattie.
A virtuous mind in a fair body, is indeed a fine
pictm-e in a good light, and therefore it is no won-
der that it makes the beautiful sex all over charms.
— Addison.
You may depend on it, he is a good man, whose
friends are all good, and whose enemies are char-
acters decidedly bad. — Lavater.
The greatest wits have their ebbs and flows ;
they are sometimes as it were exhausted; then let
them neither write nor talk, nor aim at entertain-
ing. Should a man sing, when he has a cold ?
Should he not rather wait till he recovers bis
voice ?'—Bruyere.
Small causes are sufiicient to make a man un-
easy, when great ones are not in the way ; for
want of a block he will stumble at a straw. — Swijt.
The greatest part of mankind employ their
first years to make their last miserable.
Poverty has, in large cities, very different ap-
pearances. It is often concealed in splendor, and
often in extravagance. It is the care of a very
great part of mankind to conceal their indigence
from the rest. They support themselves by tem-
porary expedients, and every day is lost in con-
triving for toinorrow. — Johnson.
I find by experience, that the mind and the
body are more than married, for they are most in-
timately united : and when one suffers, the other
sympathizes. — Chesteifeld.
Simplicity of all things is hardest to be copied ;
and ease to be acquired with the greatest labor. —
Steele.
Surmise is the gossamer, that malice blows on
fair reputations : the corroding dew, that destroys
the choice blossom. Surmise is primarily the
squint of suspicion, and suspicion is established
before it is confirmed. — Zimmerman.
From the United States Gazette.
MULTUM IN PARVO.
A man whose great qualities want the orn
inent of exterior attractions is like a naked moun-'
tain with mines of gold, which will be frequent-
ed only till the treasure is exhausted. — Johnson,
The difi'erence between rising at 5 and 7 o'clock
FOGS.
As some of our readers may wish to know the
cause of mists, which has been a subject of dis-
pute between meteorologists, we insert the follow-
lowing opinion of this phenomenon given by the
learned Dr Davy, brother of Sir Humphrey, late
President of the Royal Society. He says, 1. Fogs
will be most frequent in autumn, after the earth
has been heated during the summer, the air cool-
ing faster than the earth. 2. Fogs will be great-
est after the hottest summer. 3. Fogs show that
the air has become suddenly colder, and, therefore,
are a sign of snow. 4. Fogs are in hot climates,
where the air is usually very hot. 5. Fogs will
be very frequent in the arctic regions, where the
sudden depressions of temperature are enormous-
ly below the mean temperature. 6. Fogs will be
most fre(iuent over shallow water, which sooner
partakes of the temperature of the bottom than of
the deep water. The end of the deep water is
known near the Banks of Newfoundland, by the
•sudden commencement of the fogs. The thick
fogs which appeared during Captain Faulkland's
first expedition, prove that the sea is very shallow,
and the mean temperature not very low, upon
that part of the Arctic coast.
14
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
July 25, 1832.
Boston, Wednesday Evening, July 25, 1832.
FOR THE TfEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BUTTER IN LONDON.
Thch. G. Fe!>endk:<, Esft.
Dear Sir — I" o"e of your late papers it is
observed, that a London paper says, that one hun-
dred and twelve million pounds of butter are con-
sumed in London annually.
The population of London consists of about
1,300,000, and therefore allowing this statement to
be correct, eat eightysix pounds a year, each head,
ineu, women, children, and sucking babes.
I am the head of a family, and we are, as the
saying is, " well to live ;" l»ave butter on the ta-
ble three times a day, and always within reach for
a luncheon or a damper, and there are seven of ns
in the family. Take the year round, we consume
something less than two pounds a week, probably
as near eightysix pounds a year for the whole
seven, as any other quantity. Now is it to be
credited, that the inhabitants of London consume
seven times as much butter in proportion to the
population, as the goo.d old fat town of Boston in
her palmy days?
This is a small matter, Mr Editor ; but by-and-
by you will be giving us some good accounts, I
hope, of our brethren in the country turning out
eight or ten hundred bushels of potatoes or car-
rots to the acre, and one hundred and twenty
bushels of Indian corn, besides rafts of pumpkins;
and then some ill-natured and incredulous JIadame
TroUope may remind us of the butter story.
' BETTY.
those who manufactured, than those who unwit-
tino-ly had given currency to the falsehood. But
it ispossible the original author of the obnoxious
bidyraceous pajagraph might have reference to the
quantity of butter sold in Loudon markets, a part
of which might be consumed in the suburbs and
villages in the vicinity of the metropolis, viz.
Southwark, Ilampstead, Ilighgate, Islington, Chel-
sea, Greenwich, Ware, &c. And then, for aught we
know, butter may be sui)plied from London mar-
kets for the use of the navy, for exportation to the
colonies, &c, &c. At any rate, we advise " Bet-
ty " to be sure of her statistics before she takes us
to do for what we did n't do ; and to make some
allowances for human frailty, before she twirls
her mop of hypercriticism over our inoffensive
columns, which we are fully sensible are far from
being immaculate.
Remarks by the Editor.
If Mrs or Miss " Betty" was the conductor of a
newspaper like the New England Farmer, and by
■ virtue of said office found it incumbent on her to
provide every week, and week after week, for
sundry years in succession, twentyfour columns
of matter for the press, and all this adapted to a
particular class of readers, she would find it im-
possible so far to scrutinize every article, previous
to its insertion, as to be willing to make oath to its
truth. Some of this matter, like the subject of
" Betty's" animadversion, must be snatched on
the spur of occasion, to keep the compositor's fin-
gers in motion, and supply the sine qua nan to the
mechanical part of the concern, which, like time
and tide, must keep moving. In such a case, and
being instigated by the (printer's) devil, clamoring
for copy, it would be no wonder if the poor para-
graph grinder, whose mind is presumed not to be
an inexhaustible fountain of matter, being at his
wits' ends, should find himself also at the end of
his wits. In such case he borrows « Betty's "
scissors, cuts a little article perhaps, not altogether
correct, from some other paper, and transplants
it into his own premises, generally giving credit to
the source from which it was derived. Then
comes along Quirk Quibble, Esq. with the bull-
dog of criticism in his leash, and bids the cruel
creeshei- fasten his incisors in the jugular vein
of the poof purveyor of paragraphs, whose hap it
was to light on such a mishap as to blunder over
another man's blunder.
If jMadame TroUope should berate us for copy-
in" a Munchausen-story from a London paper, vre
should advise her ladyship rather to deal with
VEGETABLES IN ROWS, STIRRING THE
GROUND DEEP, &c.
W. B. Rose, a correspondent of Mr Loudon, for
the Gardener's Magazine, observes, that " the ad-
vantages of frequently stirring the ground about
plants is known ; but it may not be obvious to ev-
ery one, that the soil can be stirred much deeper
when the hoe works along a continued straight
line, as it does between the rows, than it can be
when it works in cin-ves or irregular roundish
spaces of limited extent, as it does among crops
sown broad-cast. I sow my onions in rows six
inches apart, and I can stir between them to the
depth of nine inches, or a foot if I choose ; but if
they were sown broad-cast, and every plant was
six inches from each other, I could not stir be-
tween them, with a common hoe, deeper than one
or two inches.
" Stirring deep and frequently renders watering
unnecessary, because a porous surface is less per-
vious to the heat of the sun than a solid one, and
therefore keeps the ground beneath both cooler
and moister. Any gardener who doubts this
being the case, may convince himself of the fact
by covering part of a bed of onions with three
inches of rotten tan, and comparing the soil be-
neath the tan with that left bare, as to heat and
dryness.
"" Such a summer as the last proves the value of
my plan ; while the seedling crops of many of my
neighbors were burnt up, mine were in luxuri-
ance ; my onions stood regularly at six inches
apart, and were from eight to twelve inches in
circumference ; my carrots and parsnips stood at
eight and ten inches, and measured from ten to
fourteen inches in circumference. Some young
trees, such as acacias (Cobbett's locusts,) which
I drilled in May last, and thinned out and stirred
between the rows, are now three feet high. I
have these and other articles ready to show in
proof of what I assert.
" My soil is a deep sour clay, which I dig and
dung before vrtnter, going as deep as the soil will
admit, as I find it a great advantage to bring up
fresh earth."
noyance to cultivators, and must request our pat-
riotic correspondents to aid us in subduing it. We
will also be on the look out for weapons for assail-
ing this vegetable pest.
We will, however, say a word or two respecting
weeds in general ; and expect in so doing to utter
some truisms applicable to the above mentioned
as well as to other green serpents, which rob our
soil, and thereby pick our pockets and take the
bread from our mouths, to an extent not realized
by superficial thinkers.
No |)lant can be naturally propagated at any
distance from its location unless by seeds ; nt
least, if you never permit it to ripen its seeds it
will not spread very rapidly. Therefore if thistles,
skunk cabbage or any other vegetable nuisance
shoidd make its unwelcome appearance on any
part of your farm, and you cannot conveniently
extirpate root and branch for lack of time or
help, you must guillotine the intruder with a
scythe or a sickle a^ often as he shows his hateful
head.
" Any plant," says the Farmer's Assistant, "when
long divested of its leaves or of its stalks if it bear
no leaves, must eventually perish. The roots
alone cannot long exist. All therefore that is ne-
cessary for extirpating any weed, is to keep all that
grows above ground constantly cut or pulled off;
and the more frequently this is repeated, the soon-
er will the roots lose all further vegetative povir-
er."
This observation may be useful, though we
think the author is incorrect in part. Some plants
will bear to be shorn of their tops, and that very
closely, for a long time whhout destroying their
roots. The roots of grasses on a common are
not destroyed by close feeding, and you may shave
a lawn or bowling green for years and not injure
its tmf nor tarnish its verdure. Yet grasses in
improper places are weeds, not however to be de-
stroyed by cropping. But by decapitating weeds
you prevent their semination, and of course they
will be almost if not entirely confined to their na-
tive beds. Aquatic weeds such as flags, rushes,
and perhaps skunk cabbage are only subdued by
draining the land in which they grow.
A good preventive of the increase of weeds
is burning the stubble as it stands after reaping.
This will destroy the seeds of many weeds, as well
as the eggs and larvie of insects, and will warm
the groimd and fertilize it by the ashes of the
burnt substances. A succession of hoed crops
will eradicate weeds, or laying down land to grass,
with plenty of grass seed will stifle and destroy
almost any weeds, especially if the land be previ-
[ ously well manured and mellowed, so that the
"rass mav obtain a strong hold in the soil.
WEEDS.
A very respected friend wishes to obtain fro
us some information relative to the best means of
destroying a certain troublesome weed, called
skunk cabbage, which infests water meadows, &c.
Now, it so happens, that during the time of our
officiating as a practical farmer in our early days,
we never came ia contact with this particular an-
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiiOKDiT, Julyai, 1832.
Fruits presented— By Mr S. Walker of Roxbu-
ry, five varieties of Gooseberries for premium, viz :
Hopley's Globe ; Lancashire Lad ; Bank of Eng-
land ; Waiting-maid and Barry's Greenwood ; very
fine sjiecimens, particularly the Bank of England,
and Hopley's Globe, which were very large.
^ S. DOWNER.
A fine specimen of the Wax jdant, (Hoya car-
nosa) was exhibited by Mr Haggcrston. Messrs
Winship exhibited small but beautiful bouquets of
choice and rare flowers.
Tol. XL-No. 2.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
15
HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,
Kept at tlie garden of tlie picpiietor of the New Eng-
land Fanner, in Lancaster, Mass., tliirtylive miles west
li-om Boston, on the river Nashaway.
July 10. Clouily ; thermometer, in the morning 54,
at noon 62, evening 58. Dwarf Rocket Larkspur in
bloom; also, Convolvuhis major and Ipomea coccinea,
and L quamoclit. Cucumbers planted the 4lh, just mak-
ing their appearance ; took up Hyacinth roots.
11th. CliAidy ; thermometer morning 54, noon 55, eve-
ning 52. Lychnis chalcedonica pleno (a splendid per-
ennial.) in bloom; also, Veronica siberica, Lysimachia
lionii and Dracocephaium dentatum (handsome perenni-
als,) and Cacalia coccinea, a neat annual.
r2th. Cloudy ; thermomettr, morning 52, noon 63,
evening 60.
loth. Cloudy; thermometer, morning 54, noon 64,
evening 53.
14lh. Cloudy ; thermometer, morning 50, noon 62,
evening 56. Nasturtium in bloom.
19th. Fair ; thermometer, iborning 65, noon 86, eve-
ning 64; shower in the afternoon, accompanied for a few
minutes with violent wind. Spiraea sorbifolia and Cam-
panula fi. pleno, handsome perennials in bloom.
20th. Fair; thermometer, morning 64, noon 81, eve-
ning 69. Lavatera trimestris, Chrysanthenuim tricolor,
Nolana prostrata, and Oenothera tetraptera, handsome an-
nuals, in bloom.
BUSHES.
In many parts of our country, the pasture
grounds are infested, and often overrun with nox-
ious shrubs ; this is the most slovenly part of our
husbandry, and ought to be cured.
Eradicating them, says Deane, requires so much |
labor, that farmers are most coinmonly content
with cutting them once in a few years. But the
more cuttings they survive, the longer lived they
are apt to be ; and tlie harder to kill, as the roots
continually gain strength.
It is undoubtedly true, that cutting bushes in
the summer will do more towards destroying
them, than doing it in any other season, particu-
larly in August. Other circumstances being equal,
the wettest weather is best for destroying shrubs
by cutting. Spreading plaster on ground where
bushes have been cut, may tend to check their re-
sprouting, by encouraging the growth of grass.
It is said to be a good method of destroying
bushes, to cut them with hoes close to the sur-
face, when the ground is frozen hard ; and that
more may be destroyed in a day, in this way, than
in the usual method of cutting with a bush scythe.
Bushes which grow in clusters, as alder, &c,
may be expeditiously pulled up by oxen ; and this
is an effectual way to subdue them.
Elder is considered harder to subdue than al-
most any other kind of bush; inowing them 5
times in a season, it is said, will not kill thctn.
The roots of the shrub oak will not be killed, but
by digging them out.
To destroy bushes in swamps ; flooding 2 or .3
snmtners is the most approved method. But if
this is not convenient, draining will so alter the
nature of the soil, that the shrubs, which it nat-
urally proikiced before, will not be any longer
nourished by it; and one cutting may be sufficient.
After all, extirpation, by digging them out, and
by fire, is cheapest and most effectual. — Farmcr^s
Guide.
Situation Wauted.
A person from England, wishes to procure a situation
n a farm as overseer. He is well acquainted with the
lanagement of stock, and agricultural business in gen-
ral. Apply at the Office of the N, E. Farmer.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
BROM TO
Paint Oil.
THE subscribers continue to sell their Prepared Paint
Oil, lor outside painting, and respectfully refer tithe
buildings below enumerated, where samples of the paint-
ing may be seen.
House and out-buildings of John Fox, Dorchester; do
do. Joshua Gardener, do. ; do. do. Thomas Mosely, do.
do. Edward Pierce, do. ; do. Samuel Downer, do. ; do.
do. Daniel Chandler, Lexington; buildings of Charles
Davis, Roxbury ; do. B. B, Leeds, Milton Village.
All the buildings painted witl] this oil have dried well,
with a firm, tough coat, and a good gloss, and with a
saving of 25 per cent in cost.
The Prepared Oil is found to answer a valuable pur-
pose to mix with Linseed Oil, giving it strength and du-
rability, and causing it to bear out a better and more per-
niancnt gloss. It will not crack in the shade, or, wiiere
exposed to the sun, dry up and leave the lead so as to be
easily washed or wiped off; it dries tenacious and elastic,
forming a firm skin or coat impervious to w.^te'', and will
resist a long time the heat of the sun.
They have made large sales to the country and eastern
trade, and have not had an instance of complaint.
N. B. — This oil, being light, does not color the lead
in mixing, hence a very clear white can be painted.
DOWNER & AUSTIN,
July 18. Oil Factory, head Foster's wharf.
JMrs Parmentier,
AT the Horticultural Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, two
miles from the city of New York, offers for sale on mod-
erate terms, a fine collection of Apple, Pear, Cherry,
Plum, Peach, Quince Trees, &c, Grape Vines, Orna-
mental Trees and Shrubs. Also, Green-house and Her-
baceous Plants, which will be elivered at Boston with-
out expense of exportation. Catalogues forwarded o-r.itis.
3t J. B. RUSSELL, Agent,
July 18. No. 504 North Market St. Boston
Cantion to Trespassers.
THE Roxbury Yeoman Association for the protection
of Fields, Orchards and Gardens, against the depreda
tions of strollers and pilferers, caution all boys, apprenti
ces,- and other persons, against entering their inclosures
if they would avoid the penalty of the law.
SAM'L J. GARDNER, Sec'y.
Roxbury, July 16, 1S32. 3ni
Horse Quicksilver.
QUICKSILVER will stand this season at the stable of
the subscriber, in Brighton, a few rods south of the meet-
ing-house, and will cover only twenty mares the present
season, at $15 each, and .$1 in addition, to the groom.
Mares warranted to he in foal, if $20 is paid, and" $1 to
the gloom; and in discharge of warranty, the $20 will
be returned.
Quicksilver is a beautiful bright bay, three years old ;
his sire. Sir Isaac Coffin's horse. Barefoot, conspicuous io
the racing calendar of England ; his dam, Rebecca, from
the imported Cleveland bay horse Sir Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mare, well known fur her fine form, speed,
and bottom, once owned by Mr Leavittof Salem, to whom
persons are referred for her character, and will be to many
others in Massachusetts and Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by good judges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisite.s
for a first rate covering horse. Mares sent to him, and
if left with the subscriber, will be well attended to on rea-
sonable terms, but he will not be responsible for acci-
dents. BENJAMIN W. HOBART.
Brighton, June 13, 1832. tl
Cholera. — The number of cases in New York
city on Thursday was 202, deaths 82; on Fri-
day, new cases "226,- deaths 100; on Saturday,
new cases 311, deaths 104. Total number of
cases up to the last date, two thousand one hun-
dred and seventythree, deaths nine hundred and
fiftyone.
Cloth Strainers.
FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 and
52 North Market Street, Milk and Cheese Strainers ;—
likewise, Gault's p.\lent Churn, the most approved churn
in use ; Leavilt's unproved Cheese Press; Curd Mills for
preparing eurd, a very useful little implement for the pur-
pose intended. June 6.
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,
prime, .
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk.
Flaxseed,
Flour, Baltimore, Howar
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf.
Grain, Corn, Northern,
Corn, Southern yellow
Rye, .
Barley,
Oats, .
Hay,
Hog's Lard, first sort, ne
Hops, 1st quality,
Lime, ...
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear,
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern,
Red Clover, northern
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, fiill blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony
Merino, |ths, washed, .
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
cj ("Pulled superfine,
j; ■d 1st Lambs, . .
£|^2d, " . .
|g,|3d, "
•^ (_ 1st Spinning, . .
Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less.
barrel
ton
103 00
"
1C9 00
bushel
90
barrel
12 00
"
8 00
"
8 00
pound
12
'*
8
'■
3
bushel
1 12
barrel
6 50
"
6 12
"
6 00
"
6 00
bu.shel
70
"
66
"
80
<•
75
"
50
cwt.
65
"
9 00
"
22 00
cask
1 15
ton
3 25
barrel
16 00
"
13 00
"
12 75
bushel
2 50
"
67
pound
10
cwt.
8 50
pound
45
"
55
"
40
"
37
331
"
33
• •
55
••
44
"
35;
1'
28;
"
42 1
PROVISION
Beef, best pieces,
Pork, fresh, best pieces,
whole hogs, .
Veal, .
Mutton, .
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail,
POTATOiS,
Cider, (^according to qualify,)
MARKET.
pound
10
8
6h
7
4
9
12
14
dozen
17
bushel
62
fy,) •
barrel
4 00
106 00
112 0
100
12 50
8 50
9 00
13
12
4
1 25
6 75
6 37
6 50
0 00
75
68
85
87
55
70
10 00
23
125
3 50
18 00
14 00
13 00
3 00
75
8 75
50
65
42
38
35
35
56
45
37
30
10
7
10
10
12
14
16
20
92
75
75
5 00
Piintin? Presses for Sale.
FOR sale at this office, one Smith's Imperial Press,
July 11.
one do. Medium, and one Ramage.
BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, July 25, 1S32.
Itepovted for the Daily Advettiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 259 Beef Cattle (including 74 un-
sold last week) 10 Cows and Calves, 1630 Sheep and 23
Swine. The Swine have been before reported; also
about 300 Sheep.
About 60 Beef Cattio were left within a few miles of
market, part of which were reported last week.
Prices. Eeef Cattle — The market was quicker and
a little better prices were obtained on the whole, but n
sale was noticed so high as last week. We quote extra
,75 ; prime at 5,25 a 5, 50 ; good at 4,75 a 5, 25 ; thin
at 3,62 a 4,50.
Cows and Calves. — Sales were effected at $19, 24,
and 32. ■
Sheep.— DM. Lots of Lambs with a few oM Sheep,
at $1,33, 1,50, 1,67, 1,75, 2,08, 2,17 a.d 2,33; a lot
of thin Sheep were sold for llbout $ I each ; wetbe' s
at $2, 2,50 and 3.
Sttv/te— All soldatSi a 4 c; a lot of about 80 (re-
ported some weeks since) were taken since last Monday
at 31 c.
16
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
July 25,1833,
Miscellany
From Ihe American Spectator.
THE SAILOR'S SONG.
Forget me not, when midst the winds careering,
I pour my song of tenderness to thee :
When o'er the wuve my joyous bark is steering,
Forget not nie '.
Forget me not, wlien million stars are beaming,
And the fjir moon is shining tranquilly ;
In thought's sweet vision, when my heart is dreaming.
Forget not me !
Forget me not, when all those stars are melting
In the moon's light — and the suns lays we see,
Where late night's lamps the firmament were belling,
Forget not me '.
Forget me not, when the storm spirits waking.
Make war on man, and tempests furiously
Pillars of earth and dome of heaven are shaking ;
Forget not me !
Forget me not, when into fury dashing,
The swarthy billows furrow the deep sea;
When all the elemeuts are fiercely clashing,
Forget not me !
Forget me not, in twilight, morn or even.
When on the waves the stars sink smiliu^jly ; —
I think of thee, as saints converse with heaven —
Forget not me !
pert and shallow mind ; which, vain of the first
smatterings of knowledge, presumes to make light
of what the rest of mankind revere.
Tlie spirit of true i-eligion breathes gentleness
and affability. It is social, kind and cheerful ; far
removed from the gloomy and illiberal superstition
which clouds the brow, sharpens the temper, de-
jects the spirit and teaches men to fit themselves
for another worlil by totally neglecting tlie con-
cerns of this. Let your religion, on the contrary,
connect preparation for heaven with an honorable
discharge of the duties of active life. Of such re-
ligion, discover on every proper occasion, that you
are not ashamed ; but avoid making any ostenta-
tion of it before the world.
presented the appearance of uniform solidity.-
Miner's Journal.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERANCE.
Sir Henry Blunt died in Hertfordshire some
time in the year 1682, at the very great age of 90.
It is related of this gentleman that he transferred
his estate, with the inheritance, producing between
four and five hundred pounds per annum, to Sir
John Haver of Derbyshire, on condition that he
should receive an annuity of £1000 for life. The
temptation on the part of the latter, appears to
have arisen from the character of Blunt who was
ardently fond of travelling, and not less so of the
bottle, two propensities which promised a speedy
and ])rofitable termination of the anniud |iayment.
Blunt, sensible of the advantage he liad obtained,
determined to lead a new life, and became one of
the most temperate of men, and acliuilly received
forty thousand pounds for his inheritance. "This,"
NEWSPAPERS. says Launly Curtiss, in his Mercury, " may serve
Travelling one day into the country we fell for advice to all debauchees, to become sober and
A Bulbous Root found in the hand of au Egyp-
tian Mummy 3000 years old, on being put into the
ground vegetated as fresh as ever. So much for
the greater durability of vegetable than animal
life. Those who reared the pyramids are forgot-
ten— the pyramids themselves shall crumble and
be as dust, while the grass which grows at their
base, to borrow the touching reflection of Maiurin,
shall be renewed from day to day ! — Charleston
Courier.
Pythagoras said that it was necessary to make
war upon five things — "the maladies of the body,
the ignorance of the mind, the passions of the
heart, public sedition, and private discord.
An inviolable fidelity, good humor and compla-
cency of teniijer, outlives the charms of a fine
face, and makes the decay of it invisible.
in company with a man, whom we soon ascer-
tained to be a well-to-live-in-the-world farmer.
In the course of conversation upon various sub-
jects, principally agricultural, we found he was
just returning from our own town, where he had
that day contracted for the sale of five hun-
dred bushels of wheat at seventyfive cents
per bushel. From this subject our conversation
changed to that of newspapers, and upon ascer-
taining that he was not a subscriber to any paper,
we offered him ours. But the man had so many
ways for his money, he could not afford it. We
then asked him if he vvouhl become a subscriber,
in case we could convince him that if he had taken
the paper, he would have saved, in one bargain
alone, five times the cost of it for a year. He
agreed to this; and we took from our pocket one
of our latest papers, in which was an advertise-
ment offering to contract for any quantity of wheat
at eightyone cents per bushel. Thus we illustra-
ted to our farmer fi'iend, that if he had been a
reader of our paper, he might have saved six rents
on each of his five hundred bushels of wheat ;
making a total of thirty dollars — sufficient to pay
for our paper for fifteen years. He paid us two
dollars, and left us, growling at himself for having
been so negligent of his true interests. — Erie Ohs.
temperate, if it were only to preserve their fives."
— MalcolnCs Anecdotes.
Turnip Seed.
FOR sale at Ihe Seed Store connected vi'nh the New
England Farmer, No. 50J Noilh Market sir.el, Boston :
Mliite Flat Turnip Seed, the growth of the present
season, raised in this vicinity expressly for this establish-
ment,
Ai.so — Ruta Baga of the first finality, of both Ameri-
can and European growth; Yellow Aberdeen, Yellow
Stone, White Noifolk Field, and Yellow French Turnips;
Long Prickly and other Cucumbers, lor pickling, war-
ranted genuine and fresh.
Ai,so — A lew packages of Dale's Hybrid Turnip
Seed, a new variety, highly esteemed in Scotland. Price
12^ cents per paper. July 4.
NEVER TREAT RELIGION LIGHTLY
Impress your minds with reverence , for all that
is sacred. Let no wantonness of youthful spirits,
no compliance with the intemperate mirth of oth-
ers, ever betray you into profane sallies. Besides
the guilt which is tliereby inctiried, nothing gives
a more odious appcarafice of the petulance and
presumption of youth, than the afl'ectation of treat-
Treatise on Domestic Animals.
THIS day published, by Lilly & Wail, and Carter &
Hendee, and lor sale by J. B. Russki.i,, No. 5(I4 North
Market Street, *' A treati-ie on breeding, rearing, and
fattening all kinds of poultry, cows, swine, and other do-
mestic animals By B. Moubray, Esq. Reprinted from
the sixth London edition. With such abridgments and
additions as it was conceived would render it best adapt-
ed to the soil, climale, and common course of culture in
GOOD HOUSE-KEEPERS.
If there be anything among the temporals to
make life pleasant, it is in the walls of a well or-
ilered house — where all is adjusted to please — not
by its finery or costliness, but by its fitness, its air i the United States. By Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq., cd-
of neatness and content, which invite all who en- ! ""^ "f '^.'^ New England Farmer." Price 75 cents.
/■ m , J June 13.
ter to taste its comforts. 1 he woman who does
not make this a grand item in all her routine of i Brass Balls for Cattle Horns.
duties, has not yet learned the true iligiuty of her I FOR sale at the AgricuIUnal Warehouse, Brass Balls
station— has not vet acquired the Alpha of that J for Cattle Horns, improved, which renders Ibem easy for
long alphabet wh'ich is set before her ; and she !>",'"S o-l J" "°l i".i";« the growth of the horn. These
o ' . , . balls are not only a safeguard again't unruly animals, but
who despises this noble attainment, despises her ^jj n,up|, to the appeal ance of a likely animal.
hesl worldly good, and indirectly despises her fum- June 6.
ily, her neighbors, and the word of God. " She ' ^— ^—
looketh well to the ways of her household," — was | Published everv Wedt>esdav Evenins;, at g3 per annum,
spoken by the wisest man that ever lived, and W»'''« ^\'''<' ^"'' °f.'*'<= J^'''--''".' ''>"^« '^''°P|^- ^^^^
I •' ./.,!, I Sixty davs from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
will be told as a memorial of all those who have ] deduction oi fifty cents,
been eminent for this noble quality. — Genius of
Temperance.
Curious Geological Fact. — We have been in-
formed that a hunp of coal, weighing sixteen oun-
ces, was lately discovered imbedded in the centre
of a solid rock, about ten feet in diameter, on a
tract of coal land on the Broad Mountain, known
as the Pott and Bannan tract. The rock was a
displaced fragment lying near the surface of the
ground, found in the vicinity of the line of the
Pottsville and Dansville rail road, comprised in the
contract of Messrs. Neligh, by whom the discov-
ILr No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being mnde in advance.
Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing c.in be executed to meet the
wishrs of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
PdssFLL. at the Agricultural VV'arehouse, No. 62. North
Market Street.
AGENTS.
New York — G. TriORBunN iV Son's, C7 Liberty-street.
Albanij — Wm. Thokbukn, 347 Market street.
I'hiiadeljjhiii — D. it C Lanhketh, 85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimme — G B. S»iith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincinnali — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower IMarket-street.
Flushing. N. Y. WiH. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot.Gardeii
MkhVeimv. Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartfcr.J— Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
, , ., , . , , , Sprin^-f'^d. Ms. — E.Ehwards.
ery was made while their workmen were engaged jv-w/i/nz/./^rt. - [-.i enfzer Stfdman, Bookseller.
in blasting. It is diflicult to account for this ex- Porisvwidh. N. H — J. W. Foster. Bookseller.
traordinary occurrence, since the rock exhibited -P"''"'""'' '"''•"il*"".^'- *^°'-'"*''' ^°°''^'=""'
■^ . ' . , , , , L^'.o-i/s'a.Tl/f. — Wm. Mann.
no trace of a fissure or opening whereby the lump j fjaUfax. N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq.
Henry Hillock.
ing religion with levity. Instead of giving an ev
idence of a superior understanding, it discovers a might have been introduced, but on the contrary MmUreal, h.C.
NEW EMGL.ANB FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the AnRicuLTURAi. Warkhoose.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTOiV, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 1, 1832.
NO. 3.
A s: t* i c u 1 t ti 1* e ,
ON BEES.
Conclu.icd from piigo 12.
Origin of the Apparatus, and cases in which it
has been vsed.
In April, 1830, I piircliasuii :i stock of bees, the
best that 1 coiilfl get, Imt it was a very old oiii' ;
the hive a clumsy box, and withal rotten, and
what was worse, I soon fiiuml it full of worms.
Believing that I should Jose my bees unless 1
could get them into a new tenement, I undertook
to transfer them into a Thacher hive, according
to the directions given in Thacher's interesting
treatise on bees ; that is, by drumming them out
I made three attempts without success. The last
time, I said to the young man assisting me, (Mr
Sewell Dole, of this parislj) that I miglit as well
lose them one way as another, and we would see
what could be done with water. Accordingly,
we took a large tub, set the hive inverted into it,
with the new one on the top, and filled the tub
with water. The bees passed up. We then re
moved it to the old stand, having put a slide un-
der to confine the bees. We put the torpid bees
■..lid a piece of broad comb into one of the draw-
ers, and left them. This was done in the eve
ning of May 20th, 1830. The next morning, by a
little after sunrise, the bees were at work finely.
In September following I weighed them, an<
found they had made 44 lbs. of honey and wa.;.
August 12th, I procured and treated another old
swarm in the same way ; and another August
14th. But in all these operations there was one
special difficulty ; the difficidly of fitting the new
hive to the old one, so as to confine the bees. In-
deed we could not do it effectually. Many would
escape. Of course we were constantly annoyed
by their stings. Yet three things were proved :
1st, that water will expel the bees. 2d, that the
honey is not injured or wasted by water, as the
honey-cells, as soon as filled, are all sealed. 3d,
that there is no danger of drowning the bees, as
the few that were found in the water torpid were
easily resuscitated. These facts led to the con-
struction of the apparatus. It has been used with
entire success in the following cases.
1. In Jiuie last, a part of the apparatus was
used in transferring a swarm belonging to Dca.
Isaac Platts, of New Uowley. They were in a
hive larger than the cistern, and of course tbe
cistern could not be used. The lighting board
was nailed to the hive, the hive inserted in a ho^'s-
head, an opening eiglit or nine inches square
eawed in the board, and as the ]iiece cut out was
removed, the receiver was slipped over. Water
was then applied, and the bees passed into the re-
ceiver, and were thence removed to their new
home without difficidly. No person was stung
during the operation.
2. Early in July, the apparatus was used in
transferring a stock belonging to Mr Ebentzer
Steadman, of Newburyport. His hive was invert-
ed the season previous, and un empty one ."ef on
the top, into which the comb from the old hive
had been extended. The srparalion of the two
hives exposed the operators to some stings ; but
when this was done, the transfer was easy. Mr
S. informed me, a few days since, that his bees
had done well, except they bad been armoyed by
millers.
3. July 12th, I transferred a stock of niy own.
It was in a hive of common ditnensions, and the
transfer was entirely easy. A number of friends
were present, and some children, but no one re-
ceived a sting.
4. In the early part of September, a part of the
a[iparalus was employed in transferring a swarm
on the farm in this ])arish, belonging to Gorham
Parsons, Esfp of Brighton. This swarm, the sea-
son previoys, had taken possession of the roof of
tho apiary, and commenced building their comb.
Jlr Parsons built a box around them, whicli they
had entirely filled. They were removed in this
manner: the apiary was inverted, and sliflf clay
]jlaccd around the box containing the bees, so as
to make it watertight. An opening eight or nine
inches scjuare was then sawed into the bottom
board, and the receiver set over it. With a tin
tiumel the box was filled with water, and the re-
ceiver removed. When the box was taken in
pieces, ^gths of the bees were found within in a
torpid state. This was owing toa board, unknown
to the operators, lying nearly parallel with the bot-
tom of the box, which completely blocked uj) the
ptssage of most of the bees. Tliey were hovvev-
e: carefullj' collected and put into the chamber of
t(l# receiver, and soon revived. There is reason
<c bclifve that the queen was drowned, and put
into the chamber wet and torpid along with her
subjects, for the bees gathered into the chamber,
nor could they be induced to leave it until the next
day. Then by setting the receiver ujiright, draw-
ing all the slides, and thereby letting in the light
and air, they left the chamber, and took possession
of their new tenement. They immediately com-
menced building their comb, and worked well for
a fortnight, when they were attacked by robbers,
and destroyed.
.5. A lady (Mrs Kent) in my parish, having a
swarm which she was expecting to smother for the
sake of their honey, was induced, from mo-
tives of humanity and personal kindness, to pre-
sent them to me. September 20th, I rode to her
house before breakfast, took the bees into a re-
ceiver and brought them home, and united them
with the stock which I transferred July 12ih.
The union was effected by setting the hive upon
the receiver and drawing the slide. Nor did the
tenants of the hive refuse them the hospitalities of
their house. Professional duties called me away
imn)e<liately after breakfast, and I did not return
until evening ; so that I failed to witness the bat-
tle of the queens, if there was one. When I re-
turned, every bee had gone up, and all was per-
fectly still. Mrs B. bad watched them quite at-
tentively through the day, and saw no signs of
contention among them at any time. Both swarms
were old, and rather small, but united they make
a fine stock.
MISCEt.LANEOCS RE.MARKS.
1. I am somewhat at a loss to determine at
what season of the year it is best, on the whole,
to transfer bees. Several things are to be consid-
ered. If you transfer a stork early, say in May,
they will " begin the world again " the same as s
new swarm, having the whole of the honey season
before them. But in this case you will dstroy
many young bees, partly grown, and lose a swarm
which they would probably have thrown out il
they had stood undi-sturbed until July or .Au-
gust. Yet if they stand thus long, you may prob-
ably get a new colony ; but the old one, if it is
then transferred, must be liberally fed. This
point is clear, that no swarm ought to be disturbed
after the niiddle of June, unless the owner is will-
ing to be at the expense and trouble of giving
them back 25 or 30 pounds of the honey taken
away, or some other. But if a stock is much in-
fested with worms, it is best, I should thiid<, to
transfer it at any time, even as late as October.
2. I have found the Havana honey to be a very
cheap and excellent thing to feed with. As it is
usually candied, I take it, and put a little water
with it, and set it by the fire until it nearly sim-
mers. This dissolves all the sugar particles.
3. In feeding, special care must be taken that
the bees do not get into the lioney, and perish.
There are two methods which answer the |)ur-
pose entirely. 0ns is, to ]iour the honey sIo\yly
over dry comb iinlil the cells arc full, and no
more. The bees will take it out of the cells with-
out getting into it. The other is, to make a wood-
en dish perf(;cily true, with a very thin floating
wooden cover, hnviirg njany holes in it. Put the
honey into the dish, and the bees will extract it
through the ||olrs.
4. In feeding, special care should be taken to
keep away the bees of other hives. For this I'ur-
pose, make a light box of the size of your hive,
and 6 or 8 itjches deep. Let there be a hole in
the top large enough for the bees to pass up and
down with facility, and a door in the front side.
Set the hive on the box, and at the door put in
your comb upon a plate. The bees will pass down
and carry up the honey, and lay it away for their
winter's store. It is best not to open the box ex-
cept in the evening, or early in the morning, lest
other bees should find the honey, and be tempted
to rob the swarm yon are feeding.
5. As to the time of feeding, it is best to com-
mence immediately after your stock lias been trans-
ferred, even if it is in August or July. I am sat-
isfied, that none of my bees the two past sea
sons gathered honey enough to live upon through
the months of July and August. In September
they did better. And further, when a slock has
been transferred after the lioney season is jiast or
nearly so, finding themselves reduced to a state of
entire bankruptcy, and little or no business abroad
to be done to repair their broken fortune, they set-
tle down in heartless despondency, and die. This
is not theory, but fact. The middle of August, 183(.
I transferred two swarms, as already mentioneo,
and left them to take care of themselves, expect-
ing that they would get their living for a lime, and
something more. But they were dispirited and
inactive; and befoi«e I was aware of it, one half
or two thirds of the bees ir. each hive were dead.
I then united the remnants of the two stocks, but
it was still a dispirited colony. Some time in the
early part of Septe;idier, I began to feed them.
This at once threw life and animation into the
18
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
An^st 1, 1632.
hive. They carried up 15 or 20 pounds, and upon
this they U\ ed through tlie winter. Many more of
the hees I lost in feeding, hy their getiir ■: ima the
honey, before I had learned how to prevent it ; so
that my stock came out very slender tl.is s| rin".
But they have done tolerably well this s'Jiiiinsr.
The stock that I transferred July VilU of the
present season, and to which I nniteil another,
September 20th, as already stated, I commenced
feeding immediately, and ted them as often as
once or twice a week until the union. From that
time to the present, I have designed to i;ive them
daily all the honey they would carry up, which
has been about 30 pounds. They have, tlierefore
been vigorous and active all the while, and are
now well furnished for the winter. If I transfer
another stock after the middle of June, it is my
design to give them daily all that they will cat and
carry up for the rest of the season. As I use the
Charlieshope hive, I should like to have a stock fill
the lower apartment with this cheap honey. They
would make so much the more in the boxes the
ensuing season, that I tliink it would be good
econotny.
I am, gentlemen, your obedient servant,
J. R. BARBOUR.
Mivbury (Byfield,) J^Tov. 10, 1831.
P. S.— I have thought, that it would be inter-
esting to the Trustees to peruse a letter which I
received from Gorham Parsons, Esq. of Brighton
giving a particular account of his success in using
my apparatus. I therefore send the letter along
with this conmiunication.
In reading Mr Parsons' letter, I am reminded of
one thing on which I have not spoken. It is in
regard to the number of bees destroyed in trans-
ferring a stock. I would say then, that in remov-
ing them from a common hive, you need not lose
any, except such as may happen to get maimed in
some of the operations. The water will not kill
them. It only renders them torpid. Heat will
reanimate them. Hence the necessity of taking a
warm pleasant day for the operation.
l!niGHToK,Sfploml)i>r 1st, 1832.
^Deah, Sir— I availed myself of the liberty you
gave me when at Byfield, and ai)plied at the New
England Farmer office for your model of the ap-
paratus for removing bees from an old or defect-
ive hive to a new one. It was readily di'livered
to ine, and I had a cistern and receiver made of
the proper dimensions, conforming to the model
which I have since returned in the same good or-
der as when received by me, and I beg you to ac-
cept my thanks for the loan of it. I made use of
niy apparatus soon after it was made, and the paint
dry, and have succeeded so well, thai I feel bound
to communicate to you the particiilare, winch are
as follow, and by which you will perceive whether
I followed the directions you gave me. On the
19th of August, I commenced with an old square
hive, with five glasses on the top, in each of wliich
the bees had made more or less comb. This
swarm was put into the hive in June, 1897, and
had performed well till this season ; and this was
the only hive I owned that had nut given me one
or more swarms this season ; from four hives I
had six swarms, and succeeded in hiving them all
securely. In this old hive I was apprehensive
that there was some difficulty, from the confused
manner in which they left, and a|)proached the
hive, and the irritable disposition tliey showed on
approaching the apiary since the early part of
summer. I was under the necessity of having my
garden syringe used very freely, to make them
sufficiently quiet to remove the bottom board, and
put the follower, as you term it, in its place. I
soon succeeded, and took out the bottom board,
which, in this hive only, had not been exchanged
for near two months, in consequence of their dis-
position to sting all who approached. On this
bottom board I found more than a dozen worms,
from one half inch to an inch and a quarter in
length, all active, and moving very quick, except
two, which the bees had covered close with their
propolis. While examining the bottom board,
one of the worms bored through the end of his
covering, and crawled out ; he was an inch and
five-eighths long, and as large as a common pipe-
stem, a few inches from the end. The other worm
that was covered, on raising the propolis with my
knife, I found had nearly effected his escape by
making a pathway in the wood under his cover-
ing ; it appeared as if made by a gouge — nearly
one quarter of an inch in width, and of tlie same
depth ; he would soon have obtained bis liberty.
I was fully satisfied the worms would have soon
destroyed my bees, and was glad I had commenced
their removal. The last mentioned worm was
quite as large as the other; their bodies of a yel-
lowish white, their heads covered willi a hard yel-
low scale. The next morning, the 20th, I stop-
ped entrance of hive, — buckled straps to secure
the follower,- — took off glasses from top of hiv«, —
corked up boles leading to glasses, and removed
hive from apiary, — then attached the receiver to
bottom of follower, and took the hive (top pn
which glasses stood down,) and jilaccd it in crS-
tern,— then, after drawing the sliders on the follo>v-
cr and in the bottom of receiver, filled the cistern
gradually with water nearly to the top of the hive.
The bees went up readily, and appeared to fill the
receiver, which was then removed from the o.'d
hive, first closing the bottom of receiver with the
tin slides. On examining the old hive. \ found ii]
one corner of it more than one hundred worms of
all sizes. They had covered many of the bees
with a sort of web, and destroyed them. Some
bees remained in the spaces between the sheets of
comb. A few ])leees of the comb, which tlic
worms had not approached, were then fastened on
sticks and put in the new hive ; the comb free
from worms, unless they were in the sealed cells
(which I hope was not the case;) the receiver at-
taclietl to new hive, the communication opened,
and the bees passed into it readily. The bees
found in the comb and apparently (Irowned, were
put into the apartment appropriated for them "in
(he receiver, but not more than half a i)int were
resuscitated. I lost nearly that quantity, but I
thought most of the loss was occasioned by not
putting them into the receiver before the bees
were put into the new hive, as their warmth was
necessary to restore life. I took fi'om the old hive
twenty pounds strained honey, and from the comb
in the neighborhood of the worms ten pounds and
an half, which is kept to feed the bees when re-
quired. Neither the honey nor comb received
any injury in quality, or diminution in qnanliiv
from the immersion in water, and no one u;is
stung during the whole operation. On the 2!ttl]
following I removed another swarm, for the pur-
pose of putting them into a Charlieshope hive, and
on the 30lh, anniher, for the same purpose. The
last WMs a swarm of this season, the other a swarm |
of 1830, that had thrown out a swarm early ihis
season. I had do difficulty in removing them :
no person was stung, and the three swarms in
their new tenements apjjcar to be doing well. I
fear, however, it was rather too late in the season
but they must be supplied, to fill their comb, till
the cold weather makes them torpid. I am much
pleased with your plan, and think it a great im-
provement in the management of bees ; hope you
will communicate it for the benefit of the public.
I am also very much pleased and gratified with
your method of securing bees from the ravages of
the bee-moth. I called last spring to look at your
bees, but you was from home. I was struck at
once with your closing the apiaries with millinet
on a light frame, kept close at the ends by buttons.
I have fouud the practice of sto.])ping the entrance
to the hive with wove wire doors, very troub-
lesome and nconvenient, at times hazardous, and
injurious to the bees in warm weather, as they
appeared to suffer for want of air, which your plan
of closing the apiary only, entirely obviates.
I adopted it on my return home for all my apia-
ries ; found it simple, and not expensive ; it did
not cost quite fifty cents to secure my largest apia-
ry, containing three hives in a range. I never
failed to close my apiaries at sunset through the
season, and shall continue it till cold weather ])uts
a full check on all winged insects ; and am fully
satisfied it will prove efiectual, unless the moth
wings his way to the hive during the day. I have
found a number on the outside of the apiaries in
the morning, and destroyed them. I cannot but
prefer the Charlieshope hives to any I have yet
met with. I shall be disappointed if, on trial, they
do not obtain a preference with all who use them.
I tnust defer at this time the result of my experi-
Inent W'ith the worms taken from the old hive,
which I put in a box with honey and honey-comb.
On my next visit, if I have the pleasure of meeting
you, will give you the particulars.
Respectfully, your obedient servant,
GORHAM PARSONS.
Rev. Isaac R. Bahboub.
ECONOMICAL BREAD.
The Rev. Mr. Haggitt, of Durham, England,
has lately stated a successful experiment for sav-
ing the consumption of flour in making bread.
Mr Haggitt gives the following accoimt of the
process: I took five poimds of bran, boiled it, and
with the liquor strained from it, kneaded 5*i pounds
of flour, adding the usual quantity of salt and
vest. When the dough was sufficiently risen it
was weighed, and divided into loaves; the weight
before it was put into the oven being 93 pounds
13 ounces, or about 8 pounds 10 oz. more than
the same quantity of flour kneaded in the common
way. It was then baked two hours, and sometime
after being drawn, the bread was weighed, and
give 83 pounds and 8 ounces — loss in baking, 10
pounds and 5 oimces. The same quanlity of
flour kneaded with common water loses about 15
pounds, 10 ounces in the baking, and produces
only 69 poimds and 8 ounces of bread ; gain by
my method 14 pounds, that is, a clear increase of
one fifth of the usual quantity of bread from a giv-
en quantity of flour. He also states that the bran,
afier being used in this way is equally fit for many
domestic purposes.
An alderman, afler a turtle feast, does not sleep
half as sou;id as a day laborer, after a mess of oat-
meal porridge.
Vol. XI.-No. 3.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
19
C o m in ti n i c a t i o n s .
PEDIGREE OF THE BULL ADMIRAL
Thomas G. Fessepjden, Esq.
Dear Sir — I noticed in your last paper a ooin-
niunication signed "A Breeder," dated Springfield,
July 17th, 183'2, wishing information as to the his-
tory and pedigree of the imported bull Admiral.
It gives me pleasure to afford that gentleman tlie
information he wishes. Admiral was a beautiful
Roan, bred by Mr John Wetherell atKirkby Mal-
bry in England, a noted breeder of Durham short
horn stock, whose name frequently appears in
Coates' Herd Book, as the breeder and owner of
this justly celebrated stock. He was purchased
of that gentleman by Admiral Sir IsaSc Coffin, and
presented by him to the Massachtisetts Society for
the Promotion of Agriculture, for the purpose of
improving the breed of cattle in his native state.
He arrived at Boston in August, 1823, was then
two years old, and cost the Admiral about seven
hundred dollars. A meeting of the trustees of the
society was immediately held, a vote of thanks
was passed to Admiral Coffin for his munificent
present, and it was decided that he should not be
allowed to be kept over one year in any one coun-
ty, that as large a portion of the State should be
benefitted by him as possible. He was placed the
first year at Roxbury, under the care of John
Prince, Esq. Was received by me at Salem in
August, 1824, where he remained till August, 1825,
when he left niy place, and was sent to Worces-
ter, at that time weighing 1932 ])Ounds, was kept a
year oti the farm of his Excellency Levi Lincoln,
for the benefit of the county of Worcester. Some
time in the fall of 182G he was purchased by the
Hon. John Welles of Boston, who kept him a lopg
time at his seat in Dorchester, and afterwards maile
a present of him to the Worcester Agricultural
Societ}', where he remained till his death, which
I believe was in the fall of 1831. I fully agree
with the writer, that in this country we do not at-
tach sufficient consequence to a well authentica-
ted pedigree. It is very true that a great many
animals have been imported at high prices from
the cow-keepers in England, and not from the es-
tablished breeders of the country. I have seen sev-
eral that have been called full bloods, which I was
convinced were only mixed bloods, and no pedi-
gree of them could be traced in the Herd Book.
I have no doubt that the purity of Admiral's blood
was equal to that of any animal ever imported to
this country. The father of both his sire and
dam was the celebrated Comet, who was sold in
London for one thousand guineas. Shortly after
the arrival of Admiral, the Society received an-
other present of two superb cows from Sir Isaac
Coffin, one of them a Herfordshire cow, the other
a full blood Dmham short horn ; the first was
])laced with John Prince, Esq. at Roxbury, the
Durham with me, where she remained till her
death. She was purchased by the Admiral fiom
Mr Wetherell, and was also a descendant of Com-
et. I am fully satisfied that the pure Durliani
short horn stock combine liotli the ])ropertit's of
the milk and beef breed more completely than any
other imported into this country. I keep a large
stock on my farm, and am so fully convinced of
their superiority, that I have disposed of all my
other cows, and have reserved none but the de-
scendants of these two superb animals. If you
will refer to your paper of the 2d of iMay, 1828,
you will find a communication from me respect-
ing these animals, with their pedigree as furnished
by Mr Wetherell, and also a very detailed accoimt
of them and their ancestor, as extracted by me
from Coates Herd Book, a work devoted exclu-
sively to this celebrated stock. It would be well
to republish the statement then furnished you.
Respectfully, yours &c,
E. HERSY DERBY.
Sahm, July 30, 1832.
'J'lio following is extracted from the communication referred lo by
Mr. Derby.
Pedigree of bull Admiral from Mr John Wetherell,
Kirkby Malbry, 28th May, 1823. Is two years old, a
beautiful roan, got by my A''orlh Star, dam by Covict —
grandamby Wellington — g. siandam hy Danby. JVorth
Star was by Comet, Azm\>y Baronet — grandam by Crip-
ple— g. grandam by Irishman — g. g. grandam by Hub-
back.
JVorth Star, roan, calved in 1815, twin calf with JVorth-
cm. Light, bred by and the property of Mr Wetherell,
got by Comet — dam. Lady, bred by Mr Spours, by Mr
Mason's Baronet — grandam by Cripple — g. grandam by
Irishman — g. g. grandam by Hubback.
Comet, red and whileroan, calved in 1804, bred by Mr
Colling, got by Favorite — dam, YotDig Phenix, by Fa
telligent man conclusively contradicts the ^^uInp-
tion that plants receive their principal nov i hment
from the atmosphere."
Instead of citing any experiment made n the
subject, the writer appeals to the fact that one ield
is much more fertile than another, and inq ires
how this cau" be, if the atmosphere is the
grand source of vegetable growth and develop-
ment.
I would first ask '' B," if he was not aware that
some trees, the Jfhite Pine for instance, flourish
and grow faster in a ])oor soil than in a rich one.
2. Has B. ever reared a shrub in a box of earth,
watering it with distilled water only until its weight
from one ounce became fifty pounds, and then
foiuid that the earth remaining in the box was not
reduced in weight more than half a pound ? If
not, let him try it and tell me whether the shrub
received its principal nourishment from the earth.
3. Has he ever raised excellent pears from
grafts inserted into a crab apple or a quince stock ?
I have, and should like to be informed whether
the pear derived its delicious flavor through the
crab from the earth, or from the atmosphere
rite, grandam, Phenix, by Foljambe—g. grandam, Fa- \ through the leaf, untinctured by the crab.
rorite, bred by Mr Mayuard, by Mr R. Alcock's bull
S. g. grandam by Mr Jacob Smith's bull — g. g. g. gran-
dam by Mr Jolly's bull. Comet sold for one thousand
guineas, and died in 1815. ,
Wellington, bred by Mr Wetherell — got by St. John,
dam by Trunncll — grandam by Danby.
Danby, bred by Mr Wetherell — got by Mr J. Brown's
Put^oc/t bull— dam by Mr J. Brown's White Bull.
Baronet, roan, calved in. 1806, bred by Mr Mason, got
by CAi7(on— dam, Lydia, by Favorite — grandam, J^'ell,
4. I wish B. would try the experiment of re-
ducing a vegetable already grown to its first prin-
ciples or component parts. He will then learn that
if it obtained its nourishment from the earth, he
cannot again reduce it to earth, but he can scat-
ter nearly the whole of it by combustion to its
native country or place, the atmosphere. Thus
of 100 lbs. of\voo<l,99 parts are very [soon mingled
Mr Mason's White Bull—%. grandam, Fortune, bred | -with the atmosphere again ; and it is apprehend-
by Mr C. Colling.by Bolingbroke — g. g. grandam by Fol
jambe — g. g. g. grandam by Hvbbacls — g. g. g. g. gran-
dam bred by Mr Maynard.
Cripple, red and while, calved in 1800, bred by Mr
Mason, got by Irishman — dam, Fortune, bred by MrC.
Colling, by Bolingbroke — grandam t)v Foljajube — g.
grandam ty Hubback — g. g. grandam bred by Mr May-
nard.
/jisAmon, red and white, calved in 1708, bred by Mr
Mason, got by Styford — dam. Fortune, bred by Mr C.
Collingr, by Bolingbroke — grandam by Foljambe—^.
grandam by Hubback — g. g. grandam bred by Mr May-
liaid.
Hubback, yellow, red and wbi'e, calved in 1777, bred
by Mr John Hunter, of Hurworth— dam bred by Mr
John Hunter, by a bull of Mr Banks, of Hurworlh —
grandam, bought of Mr Stephenson, of Ketlon. Hubback
was got hy Mr Georse Snowdon's bull — dam from the
.stock of Sir James Peiiyman, and these from the stock
of Sir William St. Quin'in. of Scampslon — Snowdon's
bull, by Wm. Robson's bull, bred by Mr Waslcll, of
Gre.it Burdon,near D.irlinglon— d.iin, Mr Wastell's i?oart
Cow. Barforth, \i'illiam Robson's bull by James Mas-
terman's bull, bred by Mr Walker near Leyburn, James
Masterman's bull by the Studly Bull, bred by Mr Shart-
er, of Chilton.
The following account of (he pedlgrpe of the dam of
Hubback, was given lo Mr Coates, the author of Iho
Herd Hook, by Mr John Hunter.
" Hurnworth, near Darlington, July 6th, 1822. I re-
member ihe cow which my father bred, that was the
ilum o{ Hubback : there was no idea ihen that she bad
any mixed or liyloe blood in her. Much has been late-
ly said, that she was de.-cended from a Kyloe ; but I
have no reason lo believe, nor do I believe, thatshe had
any mixture of Kyloe bloud in her."
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
jMr Fessf.nden — Your correspondent B, in your
last No. of the Farmer is so pleasant and witty on
dry sidijects, (lime and ashes,) that I am extreme-
ly loath to conip'overt his posiiioiis. A sense of
duty ahuie compels me to say tin writer has whol-
ly failed to prove his second jiroposition.
He .siiys, "Till' daily oliservalKUi of every in-
ed that they do not remain there long, otherwise
we should soon be smoked out of our earth. Are
not these same particles absorbed again by the veg-
etable leaf?
5. If vegetables derived their principal nourish-
ment from the soil, how do we succeed so well in
turning in green crops to enrich our fields ? We
should not improve the fertility in the least by
growing a crop of clover and ploughing it in, if
B's doctrine be correct. But a clover ley, say
practical farmers, makes the best of manure for
wheat ; they therefore often grow the clover first
to enrich the soil, that is, to make it so light and
porous that the roots of other vegetables may
more easily extend themselves in the earth and
procure moisture ; for in my humble apprehen-
sion moisture or water is the principal article that
vegetables obtain from the earth.
B. may probably inquire again what is the ad-
vantage of a rich soil.
I answer, a rich soil afibrds greater facilities
for the extension of the roots of most vegetables
in their search for water and a very few particles
of earthy matter, than a poor soil does. I'erhaps
most of the species of the pine anil some other
roots, find their way better, like a camel, in a
sandy path than in a soil of closer texture.
If C will make experiments or adduce other
evidence in support of his positive assuinptions,
the [luhlic mind will be much bctlcr satisfied than
wiili mere opinions.
Yours, very respectfully, W. B.
Franiingham, Jidy 26, 1832.
Loss and Gain. — The London World says that
fniiii ihi- 5th of January to the .5ih of Apfil there
has 1),'. h a falling oft' in the duii(s on arUent spi-
rii.s iiiiported in England, of i;2.')0,OCO.^J'his loss,
the W'cirld says, is great gain to iIk; iiairon.
20
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
An^gt 1, IR32.
O N W E fi D I N G L A N D .
Thistles have been menlioiu-d as infesting ara-
ble lands. Tliey are generally weeded out of the
corn, but are too frequently left in fidl possession
of the grass land, by which much damage is in-
c'.irred ; yet these weeds are most successfully erad-
icated when the land is pastured, as they then
stand detached, and can easily lie destruyed. The
thistle ought to he torn from the main root every
year, when the plant is in its greatest vigor; the
mot itself is thus injured, gradually decays, and
ihe plant is ultimately got rid of. They have
been destroyed in a cow-pasture, by mowing the
ground for hay three years in succession, a full
proof of the advantages of regularly culling this
plant for a succession of years. They ought to
be let alone till their blossoms begin to appear,
for if cut while much younger, they produce fresh
shoots from the sides of each plant. It has been
said, that when they are mown in full bloon), the
stem is hollow, by which the dew and rain de-
scend into the heart of the plant, and occasion it
to rot ; yet so many of the blossoms in that state
are capable of ripening their seed, that the safer
way is, for the mowing to take place on the earli-
est appearance of the blossoms.
Weeds in Hedges. — Both young and old hedges
suffer greatly from the weeds with whicli they are
infested, and which prevent their being able to
answer, in a satisfactory manner, the purpose for
which they were intended, that of dividing and
fencing the land. Indeed young quicks will nev-
er thrive, unless they are kept clean. Every kind
of weed growing in hedges, is a nuisance, more
especially, if it be suffered to ripen its seerls, which
are liable to be carried into cultivated lands by the
wind, or conveyed by water to flooded or irriga-
ted meadows. There are also some kinds of hedge
weeds, which bear the character of being hurtful
. to stock. On these accounts, all plants growing
in hedges should be extirpated, as in general use-
less, and often injurious to the fields in their
neighborhood, or the domesticated animals who
pasture in them.
M'eeds in Waste Lands. — While lands of this
description continue uncultivated, it is highly ex-
pedient, that, at the joint expense of the parties
interested, (if they be held in common,) measures
should be taken, for destroyinj weeds, and thus
introducing better herbage. Furze and hrooMi
. might thus be extirpated, and the land sown with
hay seeds in moist weather. Fern should be mown
and carried off" in the summer, the value of it, as
litter, being well worth the labor. Lands in com-
mon, would thus be rendered capable of main-
taining a greater number of stock.
Means of Preventing the Increase of Weeds.—
This is a point which requires a number of
precautions on the part of the farmer. 1. There
is a risk of carrying a i:uisance to his fields, if he
. use unfermented dung, and where that system is
adopted, drilling and careful hoeing are necessa-
' ry. 2. Great care should be taken, when corn is
dressed, that none of the oflTal, which contains the
seeds of weeds, should be thrown upon the dung-
hill; and if any weeds grow upon the dunghill,
or compost heap, they should be cut before seed-
ing, a. Seed corn should be thoroughly cleaned
of all other substances, before it is deposited in
ihe ground; and, 4. Great care should bo taken,
to purchase the best seeds of artificial grasses,
particularly when rye-grass is used. Many fields.
after being completely fallowed, and sown with
grass-seeds wilh the fallow crop, have been found
when re-ploughed, to be stored v\itli weeds of va-
rious sorts, most proliably from some unlbrtimate
mixtme in the grass-seeds. The seeds of docks
are oflcn sown with clover, and those of other
pernicious plants with rye-gra.'*s. The seeds of
weeds are sometimes brought from the uplands in-
floods, floating on the water, and are left in multi-
tudes by the eddies in particidar places. — Code of
JlgricuUurc.
EMPTY PONDS.
This is a proper season foremplyiiig ponds,and
cleansing rivers; for, being early in the summer,
you will afterwards have an opportunity of turn-
ing the mud over, and thereby sweetening it, and
laying it into the proper state for bringing on the
land. This is a juirt of husbandry too nuich neg-
lected by many farmers ; but advantage should
always be taken of it by a good husbandman,
when lie is luckv enough to succeed a great slov-
en ; for then he will probably find all the ponds, j 'ii'g "" exhausted and empty stomac
flannel next to the skin, more especially round the
bowel.s, and to protect ieet and legs by woollen
stockings. To avoiil e.vcessive fatigue, profuse
perspiration, and exposure to cold and wet, par-
ticularly at night, and !-> change damp clothing
without delay.
Bid. — To let the diet consist of plain nieata,
bread, an<l well boiled vegetables, rejecting as in-
jurious all iruligeslible kinds of food, such as sal-
ads, raw fruits, nuts, rich pastry, and, in general,
such articles as each individu.d may have found
by experience to create acidity, flalideiice and in-
digestion.
Beverage. — To abstain from ardetit spirils, acid
driidis, and stale soups or broths, and to be sparing
in the use of sugar, esiiccialiy if it give rise to a
sour fermentation in the stomach.
Exercise, S)-c. — To maintain regular habits, using
moilcrate exercise, keeping early hours, and tak-
ing nourishment at limited intervals, so that fa-
tigue or exposure may never be encountered dn-
Finally,
&c full of rich mud. ' ' '" presene a cheerfulness of disposition, a free-
It is improbable that pond mud, especially if fiom from .ibject fears, and a full reliance that
there is a stream into the water, sbotdd ever fail
of proving a good manure, when judiciously used.
The method of managing it, which has been found
the most beneficial, is the following :
As soon as the mud is dry, and hard enough to
spit, turn it over, and three months after, mix it
with a quantity of chalk ; if lime is cheap and
plentiful, it will be an excellent managemcul to
add about one tenth the quantity of mud in lime.
Let the whole be mixed well together, and in Sep-
tember turned over again, and spread upon pas-
ture or meadow land in October. — Young's Far-
mer's Calendar.
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST THE
C HOLERA.
The following rules on this subject have been
drawn up by the London Board of Health, ami
liberally distributed throughout the metropolis :
House. — To guard against acciiniulalions of rc-
ftise matter in drains, cess-pools, dust-bins, and
dirt heaps, and to purify such receptacles by a so-
lution of chloride of lime, to be procured on ap-
uli measures will be taken by the government,
and the local authorities, as are best calculated,
with Divine assistance, to meet the exigencies of
the occasion.
Extract from a rommunication of Doctor Pascalis to
Ihe Kom\ of Health :
There a])pears at tliis moment to be three sortj
of cholera morbus in the city of New York. The
worst of them simulates the Asiatic or sjiasmod-
ic cholera, but it falls exclusively upon the moat
im[)aircd or diseased constitutions, badly fed or
debilitated by labor and intemperance. These are,
perhaps, without exception the most rai)id!y mor-
tnl cases. This class of cholera. rrtbrbus embraces
.•ilso a certain muuber of pers6iis of the better
sort, who have adopted an imwltoltsome mode of
living, or who arc in the habit of daily taking
giTHt quantities of liquor, withouf ever being in-
toxicaied ; or who, being annoyed hy a chronic
compl.iiiif, subject themselves incessantly to med-
ical (lotalions, or to quack remedies. These, also,
have t( rminated their careers by idiolera asphyxia,
or by fits of epilejisy or apoplexy. I have heard
plication at the medical stations of each ward. To of one, who after great fatigue from hunting sport,
maintain in a cleanly and wholesome condition all j sujqied upon lobster and milk,
reservoirs, cisterns, and sinks, and to allow inipu- A second sort of cholera is that which is ag-
lities, where practicable, to be carried away wiih | gravatcd by local causes, such as filih of the
running water. To keep inhabited upartinenis [ >;treet3 and liouses ; miasmatic effluvia from sew-
clean, by frequently washing and very carefully (.rj^ docks and wharves, in the vicinity of the con-
drying the floors; and to ventilate them thorough- 1 taniinated atmosphere elicited hy the breath, and
ly, as well by fires, as a free access of fresh air. [transpiration of a mulliiutde rf persons living to-
To have the window.s, especially of bedrooms, pui [<;e|her. These cases are ixcmplified at IJellevue
in good repair, so that the occupants may not be j where the cholera has aheaily swejit off' so many
exposed, during sleep, to currents of night air. To l,,f ibe inmates,
change bed linen and ftirniture freqiienily, and to
clear out those spaces in inhabited rooms wliieli
are concealed by beds and other furniture, and
which are so often made the de])Ositorics of filth
and rubbish. Where persons live in crowded
apartments, which should be avoided, as far as
may be practicable, additional vigilance should be
used to preserve a free ventilation ; and where of-
fensive exhalations arise, they should be destroyed
by the solution of chloride of lime.
Persons. — To maintain personal cleanliness by
frequent washing and change of clothing, and, if
available, by occasional warm bathing. To guard
against sudden changes of temperature by wearing
The third species of chclera is that which we
iVequently meet with every summer, espr ci.illy in
the season of fruit. All i)ersoiis from infancy to
old age are subject to it. T-h.is, Jiowever, easily
yields to ordinary regular mcdfrol' practice.
A writer in Loudon's Gardener's Magazine
statis that the roots of couch grass are regularly
washed and sent to market, at Naples, as fond for
borse.s. The writer had some of these roots sent
from Na|)les, w bich jiroved to contain more nntri-
live n;!iiter than the roots of F.iiglioh grovvfh. —
Dogs eat the leaves of this species of gr.'iss to ex-
cite voiuiting.
Vol. XI.-No. 3.
AND IIOIITICULTURAL JOURNAL.
21
SHOWERS OF BLOOD, RED
SNOW, &c.
It is not a little rcmailtable, tliat vvlien insects
jire evolved from tlie pupa state, tliey always rlis-
riiarge some substance. It i.i important to re-
marU, that the matter voitlcil at this period by
many butterflies (Vanessa', &r,J is of a red col-
or, resembling blood, while lliat of several mollis
is orange or whitish. It coidd not readily be sup-
posed that this should become the object of super-
stitious terror, yet so it has been in more instances
than one. jMouflet tells us, from Sleidan, that in
the year 1553 a prodigious tiudtitudo of hutteriiies
swarmed throughout a great portion of Germany,
and sjirinkled jdants, leaves, buildings, clothes,
nmX men, with bloody drops as if it had rained
blood.* Several historians, indeed, have record-
ed showers of blood among the prodigies which
have struck nations with consternation, as the sup-
posed omen of the destruction of cities and the
overthrow of empires. About the beginning of
.July, J608, one of these showers of bloo<l was
supposed to have fallen in the suburbs of Ai.\-,and
for many miles around it, and particularly the
walls of a churchyard were spotted with the
blood. This occurrence would, no doubt, have
been chronicled in history as a supernatural prod-
igy, had not Aix possessed at this time, in RI.
Peircsc, a philosopher, who, in the eager pursuit
of all kinds of knowledge, had not neglected the
study of insects. It is accordingly related, in the
curious life of Peiresc by Gassen<li, that he had,
about the time of the ruujored shower of blood,
happened to find a large chrysalis, the beauty of
which made him preserve jt in a box. Sotne time
nfter, hearing a noise in the box, he opened it and
found a fine butterfly, which had let't upon the
bottom a red stain of considerable magnitude, and
apparently of exactly the same nature with the
(h-ops on the stones, popularly su|)p(>scd to be
blood. He remarked, at the same time, that there
were countless numbers of butterflies flying about,
which confirmed him in the belief of liis having
discovered the true cause ; and this was furlher
corroborated by his finding none of the red drops
iu the heart of the city, where the butterflies were
rarely seen. He also remarked, that the drops
were never on tiles, and seldom on tlie upper |)art
of a stone, as they inust have been had they fallen
from the heavens, but usually appeared in cavities
and parts protected by some angular projection.
What Peiresc had thus ascertained, he lost no
time in disclosing to many persons of knowledge
and curiosity, who had been puzzling themselves
to account for the circumstance oy far-feifhed
reasonings, such a supposed vapor which hail car-
ried np a supposed red earth into the air that bad
tinged the rain ;— no less wide of the truth than
tlie popul.ir superstition which ascribeil it to mag-
ic, or to the devil himself.f Those who arc curi-
ous to verify the discovery, as we may call it, of
Peiresc, may easily do so by rearing any of the
spinous caterpillars which feed on iha "nellln till
they are transformed into the butterfly. We have
,-fl''*"<^ssed the circumstance in innumerable instan-
-Bfltis a curious and interesting probability, that
the. crimson snow of the Alpine and Arctic, re-
gions, which has recently excited so iimch scimi-
tific inquiry, should he referable to a somewhat
einuiar cause, — a circumstance which will apol-
* iMouflfet, Tlieatr. Ins. 107.
t Kedumup, vol. i. p. 638.
ogize for our taking some notice of it here by way
of illustration. According to Professor Agardh,
red snow is very conimon in all the al|)ine dis-
tricts of Europe, and is probably of the same na-
ture with that brought from the jiolar regions by
Captain Ross. Saussure saw it in abundance on
.Hoiit Brevern, in Switzerlanrl, and elsewhere;
Raruoiid found it on the Pyrenees ; and Sommcr-
felclt in Norway. In March, 1808, the wliole
country about Cadone, Belluno, and Ftliri, is re-
|)orted to have been covered in a single night with
rose-culoied snow; and at the same time a sim-
ilar shosvcr was witnessed on the mountains of
Valtelin, Brescia, Cariuthia, and Tyrol. But tlie
mitirt remarkable red snow shower was that which
fell on the night between the 14lh and 15ih of
March, 1823, in Calabria, in Abruzzo, in Tuscan}',
at Bologna, and through the w hole cliain of the
Ajipennines.
Upon the return of Captain Ross from the Polar
expedition some years ago, the sjieciinens of red
snow which he brought home were examined by
three of our most distinguished observers, Wollas-
ton, Bauer, and Robert Brown, who all came to
the conclusion that it was of a vegetable nature,
hut difl^ered as to its botanical characteristics. Dr
Wollaston supposed it to be the seeil of some
moss; fllr Brown was inclined to consider it an
alga;, related to Tremella cruenta, a common na-
tive plant; while Mr Bauer thought it was a fun-
gus of the genus Uredo. Professor A^'anlh refers
it with Brown to the lowest order of «lgfe, but
st.'inding as a distinct genus upon the very limits
of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. Saussure,
indeed, from finding that the red snovf 'of the
Alps gave out, when burnt, a smell like 11181 of
plants, concluded lliat it was of vegetable origin,
and supposed it to consist of the farina of some
plant, though he could not trace it to its source.
Baron Wrangel, again, who discovered. a produc-
tion similar or identical with Agardh's Protococ-
cus nivalis growing upon limestone rocks, men-
tions that it was easily detached when placed un-
der water, and in three days it was converted into
animated globules like infusory animalcules, which
swam about and were made prey of by other in-
fusoria. Professor Nees von Esenbeck of Bonn,
is inclined to think that the minute red globules,
of which the Prolococciis consists, are the vegeta-
ble state of bodies which had gone through a pre-
vious uniirial existence.
The Rev. W. Scoresby, on the other hand, con-
jectures that the red color of the snow may be
traced to the same cause as the orange-colored
ice of the polar seas, which arises from innumer-
able minute animals belonging to the Kadiata, and
similar to the BeroS globidosa of Lamarck. It is
about the size of a pin's head, transparent, and
marked with twelve brownish patches of dots. In
olive-green sea water, he estimated .110,592 of
these in a cubic foot.*
Agardh remarks, that it is agreed upon all hands
that the crimson snow always falls in the night,
from which he infers that it has not been actually
seen to fall. He thinks it is called into exislenec
by the vivifying power of the sun'i light, after its
warmth has caused the snow to dissolve, accom-
panied by the incomprehensible power in wliite
snow of producing a color.f
Reaumur says, with much justice, on another
occasion, that an ordinary spectator frequently dis-
covers what has escaped the notice of the best
i observers, and so it should seem it has happened
in the present case, — the learned naturalist just
mentioned having gone as wide of the facts, as the
philosophers at Aix in accoiiniing for the supposed
shower of blood. Mr Thomas Nicholscui, accoro-
panied with two other gentlemen, made an excur-
sion lhe24lh July, ]S21, to Sowallick Point, near
Bushman's Island, in Prince Regent'.s Bay, in
quest of meteoric iron. "The summit of the hill,"
he says, "forming the point, is covered with huge
masses of granite, whilst the aide which forms a
gentle declivity towanis the bay was covered with
crimson snow. It was evident, at first view, that
this color was imparted to the snow by a sub-
stance lying on the surface. This substance lay
scattered here and there in small masses, bearing
some resemblance to ])owdered cochineal, sur-
rounded by a lighter shade, which was produced
by the coloring matter being partly dissolved and
difl^used by the deliquescent snow. During this
examination our hats and upper garments were
observed to be daubed with a substance of a sim-
ilar red color, and a moment's reflection convinc-
ed us that this was the excrement of the little
auk ( Uria alle, Temminck,) myriads of which were
continually flying over our heads, having their
nests among the loose masses of granite. A ready
explanation of the origin of the red snow wasnovr
presented^to us, and not a doubt remained in the
mind of any that this was the correct one. The
snow on the mountains of higher elevation than
the nests of these birtls was perfectly while, anda
ravine at a short distance, which was filled with
snow from top to bottom, but which aflbrded no
liiding-place for these birds to form their ncBta,
[ircsented an appearance uniformly white."*
This testi:.;u!iy seems to be as clear and indis-
putable as the explanation given by Peiresc of the
ejccta of the butterflies at Aix. But though it
will account, pcrhajis, for the red snow of the po-
lar regions, it will not explain thai of the Alps, the
A|ipcnnin<s, and the Pyrenees, w liicli are not, so
far as we know, visited by the little auk. Thus
the matter at present rests, till it be elucidated by
further observations. — Library of Entertaining
Knowledge.
Polished Pavements. — In Boston great precau-
tions are taken by the Board of Health against
the admission of the cholera — and if cleanliness is"
a preventive the citizens of Boston will suflTer
but litlle from the disease. During a brief -visit
to the metropolis of New England last week, we
were absolutely astonished to find the pavements
of the principal streets as free from filth and dust
as the well swept .pavements of a couri-yard. In-
deed the stones art; so snioothly polished by con-
slant sweeping, that a person crossing a street
must take good heed, or he will ,he astonished to
find his heels up[iermost. — Exiter .Vews Letter.
' Jameson's Edin. Journ., Jan. 1829, p. 56.
1 Loudou's £Bi:ycl. ol PUnla, i'roiocoeeut.
Ameriran Cheese. — A small importation of chees-
es from Boston was lately mad<: into this part of
the country, liy way of New York, which, froni
their scarcity, have sold readily at good prices.
They are of the size of an ordinary millstone ; and
each weigh from four to five stone. Allhougb
rather dry, they are of excrllcni flnxor, and sell at
14 shillings per sinne. ."V couple were yesterday
exhibited for sale iu the Bazaar. — Clasgow Cvtt-
""■■ .Ji
' .Mag. of Nat. Hist,, vol. ii. p. 322. ' '^
22
NhW ENGLAND FARMER,
Boston, Wednesday Evening, August 1, 1832.
LIME, ASHES, ATMOSPHERICAL
MANURE, &c.
AVe are sorry not to be able to coincide in opin-
ion with cm- resp.ected eorrespondeut, wliose com-
munication was given on the first pnjre of our
last paper, July 35. But the topics in wbicli we
differ are not merely speculative, and a regard to
our duty as an Editor obliges us to take notice of
tenets which we think erroneous, tliough sanction-
ed by the liigh authority of an eminent cuhivator.
B. observes tliat " Professor Eaton and yourself
maintain that carbonate of lime causes fertility by
its chemical operation upon the soil or atmosjihere.
I hold the negative." Again 15. says "quick lime
is soluble in water. Carbonate of lime is insolu-
ble."
We will liere produce respectable authorities to
support our assertions. Monk's Agricultmal Dic-
tionary, an English work of acknowledged merit,
under the head Manure states that " By the fer-
mentation that it [viz. lime] induces, the earth is
opened and divided, and by its absorbent and alka-
line quality it iiniles the oily and watery parts of
the soil. It also seems to have the property of col-
lecting the acid OF -rHE MR which it readily forms
into a neutral salt of great %tse in vegetation."
This process seems very much like " chemical
operation upon the soil and atmosphere," but we
have other and still higher authority to the same
effect. Dr Darwin makes the following observa-
tion.
"Another means by whicli vegetables acquire
carbon in great quantity may be from limestone
dissohed in loater, which though a slow process
occurs in innumerable springs of water, which
pass through the calcareous or marly strata of the
earth, as those of Matlock and Bristol in passing
through limestone, and those about Derby in pass-
ing through marl, and is brought to the roots of
vegetables by showers, which fall on soils in
which limestone, marble, alabaster, fluor spar ex-
ist. By this solution of mild caleareuus earth in
water, not only tlie carbon of carbonic acid, not
yet made into gas, but the lime also, with whicli
it is united becomes absorbed into the vegetable
system and thus contributes lo their nutriment both
as so much calcareous earth and so much carbon.
"Another mode by which vegetable roots ac-
quire carbon, I suspect to be their disuniting car-
bonic acid from limestone, in its fluid, not its
gaseous state ; which the limestone again attracts
from the atmosphere and consolidates ; or from
other matters included in the soils. First, because
lime is believed by some agricultors who much
employ it, to do more service in the second year
than in the first ; that is, in its mild state, when it
abounds with carbonic acid than in its caustic
state, when it is deprived of it.
" Secondly, that the use of burning lime seems
to be simply to reduce it to an impalpable powder
almost approaching to fluidity, which must facili-
tate the application of the innumerable e.xtrem-
ities of vegetable fibres to the incalculable in-
crease of its surface, which may thence acquire
by their absorbent power the carbonic acid from
those minute particles of lime, as fast as they can
recover it by chemical attraction from the inanimate
substances in their vicinity."— Darwin's Phytologia,
Section x. 46 and 48
Mr John Young in his able " Letters of Agri-
cola", says, "If the necessary quantity of lime be
given to land, and properly mixed with the soil, it
is a thing of much less moment tlian v,e are apt to
imagine, whether it be applied in its caustic or
mild state, and for this reason that there is a con-
stant jirogression from one lo the other, and in the
end it is sure to be saturated with its full meas-
ure of carbonic acid." He then says, in substance,
that when pure quick lime is applied to plant.*
they turn yellow, and wear all the symjitoms of a
sickly and debilitated state of e.xistence ; eVen
grass itself may be eomplelely killed by ivatering it
leilh a solution of lime.
Dr Deane observes, "By experiments made of
late, it has been clearly proved that plants are
nourislied by fi.xed air, (carho7iic acid gas,) of which
it is known that lime contains a large quantity. It
has been proved by the experiments of 3Ir Lavoi-
sier that one third part of calcareous earths, and
particularly of limestone consists of fixed air.
" But besides affording to plants this nourish-
ment, lime acts as a mamire, by altrarting and im-
bibing the oils and acids which are contained in ihe
earth and atmosphere. It not only collects these
ingredients of vegetable food, but so alters them
as to tit them to enter the roots of ])lants. With
the acids it forms a salt, which by mixing with the
oils, becomes a saponaceous mucilage, which is
the true pabulum for the nourishment of plants."
B. says, " carbonate of lime is ijisoZui/c." Oth-
er great mert say that it is soluble. Now if the
latter were not true we should have no water
which is called hard icater, or water naturally im-
pregnated with lime. Indeed we have scarcely
ever heard of a mineral spring in wliicli lime was
not one of its constituents. If B. will analyze
tlinse of Ballston and Saratoga he will find car-
An^st 1, 1832.
we will say a word about our own " agricultural
quackery." B. slates as follows. "You cautioned
your readers not to permit in any case unleached
ashes or lime in a caustic state, to come in con-
tact with the seed corn or young j.lants. I treat-
ed Ihe caution I must confess with rather unbe-
coming levity ; but must yet persist in raying, that
it was altogelbcr uncalled for, certainly in the case
where the admonition was so gravely applied."
^ The article which caused the animadversion of
B. was written in consequence of a request
(which preceded it, and was published with it,)
by a correspondent, in these words : "Will you or
some of your correspondents inform me through
the medium of your pajier, the method of apply-
ing lime in growing Indian corn ?" And after
stating some other particulars which we omit for
the sake of brevity, the writer says, "To this query
an ansiver is of importance."* &c. How then can
B. "persist in saying" that our caution "was al.-o-
gether uncalled for ?" It was called for and an
answer stated to be « of importance." In this
answer having described the method of a Mr
Bugbee of using lime mixed with other sub-
stances, we then dismissed that part of the subject
and penned a new paragraph as follows :
" The farmers of Rensselaer County, N. Y. say
that ashes or quick lime ought always to be ap-
plied to tlie top of a corn hill innnediately after
planting," &.c. Then followed the supposed :nis-
dircclioii of the Editor which B. calls -one o:lier
specimen of agricultural quackery," viz. " But
neither unleached ashes, nor lime in its caustic
state, sliould in any case come in contact with the
Eccil corn or the young plant."
We cannot perceive "levity" or wit in accusing
a man of quackery in his profession. Indeed the
accusation is rather of a grave description. But as
bonate of lime is one of their constituents; and of( '^ '^ wholly without foundation in the alleged in-
coiirsctbat he is not correct when he asserts that stance it is to us " idle wind."
" carbonate of lime is insoluble." It is moreover! We have said what we thought would be con-
owing to the solubility of limestoneY\n water that I ("'"sive on the subject of (pdck lime as a destroyer
of vegetation. If Sir John Sinclair recom-
mended quick lime for burning useless and
noxious vegetation, and B's lime is not hurtful to
lands naturally supiilied with lime may in time
quire renewed application of the same substance.
The lime originally in the soil was taken up by
crops, or had made its way in watery solution to
the neighboring streams.
With regard to Professor Eaton's assertion that
"cultivated vegetables receive their c/ife/ nutri-
tious matter from the atmosphere," we have little
to add to what we have already said on this sub-
ject. We had supposed that very few persons
were ignorant of the fact that the atmosphere con-
tained food for plants. Sir Hum))bry Davy s.iys,
"no one principle affords the pabulum of vegeta-
ble life ; it is neither charcoal nor hydrogen, nor
azote, nor oxygen alone ; but all them together in
various states and various combinations." All
these substances exist in the atmosphere and are
occasionally imbibed by plants. Col. Taylor's ag-
ricultm-al treatise, entitled " Arator," styles the at-
mosphere a " vast ocean of vegetable food." But
when he undertook to prove that said ocean was
the principal source of vegetable food he failed en-
tirely ; and we never attempted to support any
such position. Vegetables we believe derive a part,
but not in general the chief part of their nourish-
ment from the atmosphere. Indeed we thought
this not a controverted subject ; and should as
soon have thought of attempting to prove that
there was caloric in the sunbeams of July, as that
the atmosphere contained nourisliment for plants.
But leaving Professor Eaton to defend himself,
the "vitality of seeds and plants," we can only
say tliat one is more caustic than the other.
There may be as much difference as there is be-
tween live or burning coals, and the hot or cold
ashes, produced by the combustion of such coals.
Much depends on the original qualities of lime-
stone, on the intensity and duration of the heat in
burning, &c. &c. Indeed there are as many de-
grees in the causticity of lime and ashes as there
are steps in ascending the Alleghany. But, as
this is is a subject of much importance to agricul-
ture we shall probably resume it, without ref-
erence to any strictures or opinions embraced
in the present controversy.
Unleached ashes may or may not be sprinkled
on young plants of Indian corn with impunity.
The safety of the application depends on the
strength of the ashes, the quantity applied, and the
age of the corn. In our younger days we actual-
ly did destroy, and that without a felonious inten-
tion, a goodly nimiber of hills of corn, just as they
were peeping above ground, by strong dry wood
ashes. Ashes contains a substance called potassi-
um, which will burn with great vehemence in con-
tact with water. This is combined with carbon, ox-
ygen, &c, &c, without which it would burn plants
as quickly as a lighted match will set fire to gun
* See N. E. Farmer, vol. x. p. 350.
Vol. XL— No. 3.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
23
powder. Every body knows that aslies as well
as lime will often set fire to wooden vessels ; and
that tl)9 latter has caused combustion of ships and
other mariti:ne conveyances, as well as buildings
on land, and ihe former has caused the destruc-
tion of much property by what is called spontane-
ous combustion.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiTCRDA», July 28, 1832.
Flowers exhibited. — This day were exhibited
bouquets of unrivalled size and splendor, by
Messrs Winship. B}' an elegant device these,
gentlemen gave us the initials of the name of the
President of the Society, Gen. Dearborn, display-
ed in vases of beautiful flowers.
Varieties of the double Hollyhock, from the
Pomeroy place, Brighton, claimed attention.
These exhibited many colors, such as cinnamon,
black, salmon, &c. as well as white. Fine Carna-
tions and other flowers were exhibited by Mr
John Lemist, and Samuel Walker of Roxbury, and
Mr Haggerston, of Charlestown.
Fi-uits exhibited. — By Mr T. Whitmarsh, Brook-
line, fine bunches of Black Hamburgh, White
Sweet Water, and White Muscat grapes, berries
large and perfectly ripe. Mr S. Walker, Rox-
bury, Hopeley's Globe, Bank of England, Lancas-
ter Lad, and Milling's Crown Bob gooseberries.
EDWARD M. RICHARDS.
A writer in Hunter's Georgical Essays, an Eng-
lish work on Agriculture, makes the following re-
marks.
"Every fortnight, I send my boy with a shovel
and wheel-barrow to take up the dung, which is
put on a heap and covered with earth or ashes, as
I think that nothing encourages and promotes the
rank and strong tufts of grass, which take up a
great part of most grassland, aud which the cattle
will not touch more than the too cominon practice
of suffering the dung to remain on the ground. —
By a strict adherence to the above method of tak-
ing up the dung my pasture became an entire lev-
el of grass. In a few weeks the grass is grown
on the places where the dung was laid, and not a
vestige of the dung is to be seen. But in those
pastures where the above is not practised, 1 usu-
ally find a great part of them incommoded with
numerous tufts of rank grass, and a great quanti-
ty of dung, especially late in autumn, when the
pastures begin to fail ; and this in fact is to di-
minish or take nearly an eighth of such pastures,
not to mention the very great difference of the
dung both in quantity and quality."
In Great Britain, land is dear and labor cheap,
and the course above recommended is undoubted-
ly advisable. But whether it is worth the while
for our farmers to take so much pains to preserve
the manure of their pastures, they must determine.
In pastures which are lich and well stocked with
neat cattle it would, probably, be expedient. The
manure might be gathered by a cart or a wheel-
barrow, thrown into heaps in the pasture, or drawn
to the farm yard, as circumstances might direct,
and covered with earth. There can be no doubt
that in all cases, where cows or other stock are
confined every night in yards, that it is good hus-
bandry to throw their drippings into heaps, every
morning, at least every two or three days, to cov-
er them with common earth ashes, marsh mud, or
something else, which will prevent their substance
from being dried up, or washed away by rain.
Ill the " .l/emoiVs of the Philadelphia A'^ricullu-
ral Society," vol. iii. page 120 of the Appendix is a
paper signed John R. Evans, which states, in sub-
stance, that posts in a fence will last much the
longer for setting them with the tops down. In a
note on this article the Hon. Richard Peters says,
1 have experienced the truth of the fact above
stated. I do not pretend accurately and satisfac-
torily to account for it. I conjectured, that by re-
versing the vessels in which the sap had been ac-
customed to circulate, whilst the tree was in life,
the moisture drawn up by the sun, in vessels even
of dead timber, was impeded by the reversed po
sition. Had the posts been, as they generally are,
placed with their butt ends downward, the vessels
designed for circulation of sap, might be filled with
moisture from the air or earth. However fanciful
this conjecture may appear, the fact mentioned by
Mr Evans, is important, and proved in many in-
stances. R. PETERS.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
The Cholera.— The number of cases in the city
of New York on Wednesday, July 25, was 157,
deaths Gl ; Thursday, new cases 141, deaths 55 ;
Friday, new cases 145, deaths 68 ; Sunday, new
cases 122, deaths 39.
Farm for Sale.
ONE of (he best Farms in the town of Lexington,
pleasantly siuiated, and under a high state of cullivation,
is olfered for sale. It conlains 80 acres, 25 of which
are wood land. For particulars inquire of Col. Samuel
Chandler, near the meeting house, or of Mr Russell,
publisher of the New England Farmer.
Horse Quicksilver.
QUICKSILVER will stand this season at the stable of
the subscriber, in Brighton, a few rods south of the meet
ing-houso, and will cover dnly twenty mares the present
season, at $15 each, and .$1 in addition, to the groom.
Mares warranted to be in foal, if $20 is paid, and $1 to
the groom ; and in discharge of warranty, the $20 will
be returned.
Quicksilver is a beautiful bright bay, three years old ;
his siie, Sir Isaac Coffin's horse. Barefoot, conspicuous in
the racing calendar of England ; his dam, Rebecca, from
the imported Cleveland bay hoi'se Sir- Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mai'e, well known fur her fine form, speed,
and bottom, once owned by MrLeavittof Salem, to whom
persons are referred for her character, and will be to many
other's in Massachuselts and Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by good judges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
for a first rate covering horse. Mar'es sent to him, and
if left with the subscriber, will be well attended to on I'ea-
sonable terms, but he will not be responsible for acci-
dents. BENJAMIN W. HOBART.
Brighton, June 13, 1832. tl
Mrs Parmentier,
AT the Horticultural Botanic Gai'den, Brooklyn, two
miles fi-om the city of New York, offers for sale on mod-
erate terms, a fine collection of Apple, Pear, Cherry,
Plum, Peach, Quince Trees, &c, Gi-ape Vines, Orna-
mental Trees and Shr'ubs. Also, Green-house and Her-
baceous Plants, which will be ''elivered at Boston with-
out expense of exportation. Catalogues forwarded gr.itis.
3t J. B. RUSSELL, Agent,
July 18. No. 50i North Market St. Boston
Caution to Trespassers.
THE Roxbury Yeoman Association for the protection
of Fields, Orchards and Gardens, against the depieda-
tions of strollers and pilferers, caution all boys, apprenti-
ces, and other per-sons, against entering their inclosures
if they would avoid the penalty of the law.
SaM'L J. GARDNER, Sec'y.
Roxbury, July 16, 1832. 3m
Sitnation Wanted.
.•\ person fi-om England, wishes to procure a situalion
on a far'm as overseer. He is well acquainted with the
management of stock, and agricultural business in gen-
eral. Apply at the Office of the N, E. Farmer.
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Fl.A-.VSEED, ...
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
GRAriNr, Corn, Nor-tbern, .
Corn, Southern yellow,
Rye, .
Barley,
Oats, .
Hay, ....
Hog's Lakd, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear.
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Her-d's Grass,
Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, rrorthern,
Tallow, tr-ied.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd witlr Saxony,
Merino, ijths, washed,
Merino, half blood.
Merino, qtrar'ter, .
Native, washed,
Q f Pulled super'ljne,
j-d I 1st Lambs, . .
£=-^2(1, " . •
|g.|3d, "
1^ 1 1st Spirrrring, . .
Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less,
FROM
barrel
ton
98 GO
«•
110 00
bushel
90
ban-el
12 00
6 25
8 00
pound
12
"
6
"
3
bushel
1 12
ban-el
6 50
"
6 62
"
6 00
"
6 00
bushel
75
•>
70
"
95
'■
60
50
cwt.
50
9 00
"
22 00
cask
90
ton
3 00
bai-rel
17 00
"
13 00
"
12 75
bushel
2 50
"
67
pound
10
cwt.
8 50
pound
45
"
55
"
40
''
37
"
33
"
33
'■
55
"
44
"
35
•'
28
"
42
PROVISION MARKET.
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, ,
whole hogs, .
Veal, .
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, r-etail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (accoi-ding to quality,)
pound
10
«<
8
"
H
"
7
"
4
"
9
"
12
"
14
dozen
17
bushel
X
62
bar-rel
4 00
103 00
115 -.0
1 11
12 50
6 50
9 00
13
125
6 75
6 87
6 50
6 25
77
71
100 00
70
55
62
10 00
23
1 00
3 25
17 50
14 00
13 00
3 00
75
8 75
50
65
42
38
35
35
56
45
37
30
44
10
7
10
10
12
14
16
20
92
75
75
5 00
BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, July 30, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advectiaer and Patriot.
At Market this day 275 Beef Cattle (including about
35 before reported,) 10 Cows and Calves, about 1900
Sheep and 67 Swine. The Swine are the last of a lot
reported some four or five weeks since.
Prices. Beef Cattle — We quote extra at 5,67 a 5,
75 ; prime at 5,33 a 5,25 ; thin at 3,75 a 4,75.
Cows and Calves. — We noticed sales at $18, 23, 25,26,
and 28.
Sheep. — We noticed lots of Sheep and Lambs taken at
$1,58,1,62,1,71,1,88,2,2,12,2,25 ami 2,37; wethers
at 2,50, 2,75, and a lot engaged a week or two since at
something more.
Swine. — Dull. About twelve only sold.
New York, July 28. — Market very poorly supplied
this week. — Beef Catde, Sheep and Lambs, are in de-
mand, and sell quick. Beef Cattle $6 a 7; Sheep, good,
$3 a 4,50 ; common $2 a 3 ; Lambs $1 a 3.
[Ij='n the N. York raar-ket orrly the quartei-s of Beef
ar-e weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as the quarters.
24
NEW EIVGLAND FARMER.
August I, 1833.
iscellany,
THE LAND OF OUR BIRTH.
There is not a spot in the wide peopleil caith
So dear lo the heait as the land of our birlh ;
Tis the home o four childhood! the l>eautirul spot
Which .•ncin'ry retains when all else is forpot.
Mny llie ble-sings of God
Ever hallow the sod.
And its valleys and hills by our child.-en be trod.
Can the lan^uascc ol strangeis in accents unknown,
Send a thiill to our bosom like that of our own .'
The face may be fair, and the sjnile may be bland.
But it breathes not the tones of our dear native laud.
There 's no spot on earth
Like the land of our birlh.
Where heroes keep guard o'er the altar and hearth !
How sweet is the language which taught us lo blend
The dear name of parents, of husbands and friends;
Which taught us to lisp on our mother's soft breast,
The ballads she sung as she rocki'd us to rest.
May the blessin~s of God
Ever hallow the sod.
And its valleys and hills by our children be trod !
CURIOUS TREES.
The uses and virtues of the Bread-fruit tree are
known to be exceedingly important, and yet it
grows in Ceylon, and is little respected. Jn Guam,
it grows larger than our apple trees; when ripe,
it is soft and yellow, and its taste is sweet. When
full grown, the Giiaaians hnke it, it having neither
geed nor stone, hut is a pure sulistance, like bread,
smd lasts in season eight niontlis of the )ear.
In some parts of Norway, where vegetation is
confined priui-ipally to moss atid lichens, it has
been discovered that even those vegetables may,
with little trouble, be converted into bread, more
palatable and nourishing than the bread of bark,
to which the Norwegians have so long been ac-
customed.
But the greatest of all vegetable plienomena,
though not so useful to mankind as the bread-
fruit appears to be the Palo de J'aca. Thi.s plant
produces a glutinous liquid, like an animal. It
frequently grows U[)on the sides of a rock, and
has dry euriaceons leaves. For several luonths
of the year, its foliage is not moistened by a single
shower of rain, and its branches appear entirely
dried up ; but upon piercing the trunk, particu-
larly at the rising of the sun, there flows a sweet
and nourishing yellow juice, having a balsamic
perfiune, with many of the qualities of milk. In
the morning, the natives of the couiury, in which
this vegetable fountain grows, visit it with bowls,
in which they carry home its milk for their chil-
dren. So that this tree, says Baron Humboldt,
Beetns to |)resent the picture of a shepherd, distri-
buting the milk of his flock. The Araguans call it
the cow ; the Caucaguans the milk-tree. It grows
too in the country from Barbuta to the Lake Mar-
acaibo.
In the interior of Africa is a tree (Shea,) which
furnishes excellent butter. It resembles an Amer-
ican oak, and its fruit is not unlike the Spanish
olive. It grows abundantly in Ashantee, and in
the woods near Kabba. The vegetable butler,
which its kernel affords, is white, more firm, and
in Park's opinion, far better than that produced
from cows. It has also the advaiUage of keeping
all the year without salt, even in that intensely hot
country. The cream-fruit of Sierra Leone affords
a similar saccharine fluid. Its flower resembles
that of the vabca; its fruit that of the voacanga,
of which the Madagascarenes make birdlime ; and
that of urceacla, which produces the caoutchon of
Sumatra. These trees lessen the consequence of
the cow very materially in these longitudes; but
in some coiiiuries far more civilized, the natives
seem to disdain to avail themselves even of that
animal itself.
In some regions of America, Africa, and Asia,
a liquid is exuded from the palm, which, by an
easy process, is converted into wine. This spe-
cies of palm is regularly tap|)ed. In Congo, it
yields plentifully at night, but not much in the
day.
Between Table Bay and Bay False, near the
Cape of Good Hope, there grows also, amid
white sand, a shrub, the berries of which make
excellent candles. This plant is well known in
the Azores and America, where it is calleil the
Candleberry-rnyrile. Vegetable tallow grows also
at Siac and Sumatra; while the bark of tbeqiiillai
tree of China has many of the i)roperties of soap.
In Chili there is a shrub called Tluu-ania, which
aflbrds incense equal to that of Arabia. It ex-
udes in the form of globides of tears, through
pores of the bark. These globules are white and
transparent, having a bitter taste, but an aromatic
perfimie. In that fine country, too, grows a spe-
cies of wild basil, sixty miles from the sea, which,
in a soil having no appearance of salt, is covered
in the morning, from spring to winter, with saline
globes, which the Chilians use as salt. In Mexico,
there is a tree, the flower of w hich, before it has
expanded, resembles the closed hand of a mon-
key; when unfolded the open hand. From this
circumstance is derived the name of Chiranihodea-
dron. Not long since there existed oidy one s[)e-
cimen of this tree in the known world. It grows
ami has flourished for many ages in Toluea, a city
of Mexico, where it is esteemed sacred, and whither
persons travel from great distances in order to
procure its flowers. This was the only tree of
its geim.s, previous to the year 1787, that was
known lo bo in existence. But some botanists
having visited Toluea in that year, they took slips,
and iihuitod them in the royal gardens in Mexico,
where (Uie of them took root, and had growji, in
1804, to the height of fortyfive feet. The Tali-
pot of Ceylon grows to the height of one hundred
feet, and its leaf is so large that it will cover from
sixteen to twenty men like an umbrella. But the
largest leaved plant in the world is the Troolie of
Siuinam. It extends on the ground, and has fre-
quently been known to attain a width of three
feet, and a length of thirty. The natives cover
their houses with it, and it is very durable.
Ives says, in his Voyage to India, that he saw a
Banyan, near Trevan de Parum, able to shelter
ten thousand men ; and Dr Fryer alludes to some
so large as to shade thirty thou.sand horse and men
singly. On an island in the Nerbndda, a few miles
from Baroach, grows one more remarkable than
any other in India. Travellers call it the " Won-
der of the vegetable world," being two thousand
feet in circumference. Armies may encamp un-
der its branches. The Hindoos esteem it the sym-
bol of a prolific deity; and British officers fre-
(piently, in their excursions, live many weeks to-
gether under Its canopy. The Capot is the only
tree that can be compared to the Banyan; and
Bosnian relates, that he saw one on the Gold
Coast of Guinea which was so large that it would
shade twenty thousand men at least.
We may here say a few words relative to the
ages of trees. Franklin mentions two Cy[uesse«
which the Persians believed to be six hundred
years old. Chardin mentions a Plane tree of a
thousand years. Forbes says, that lie smoked his
hooklia under the very banyan beneath which
part of Alexaiuler's cavalry took shelter: and the
age of the oaks of Lebanon is sairl to be at hast
two thousand }ears. — Bucke on the Bcmdks, Har-
monics, and Sublimities of JVature.
Directions for using the Chloride of Lime. — Put
a quarter of a pound of chloride of lime into a
quart bottle, and fill it with water aiul cork ths
bottle, after shaking it repeatedly it is ready for
use — when required pour off a portion of it, eay
a gill, and add half as uuich vinegar; this may bs
sprinkled about the apartment, or [)laced in a shal-
low vessel as near the ceiling as possible. When
it is to he used for disinfecting a drain or vault,
the whole contents of the bottle may be put into
a pail full of water, to which a i)int of vinegar
may be added — sprinkle and throw it into the
place to be purified.
The following prescription for the Cholera is
given by a medical practitioner at Quebec, who
stales that out of five hundred cases in which it
\\;'s used, not one proved fiital.
Plunge the feet in hot water if any cramp, tak-
ing 15 grains of cayenne pepper in a glass of hot
brandy, every hour or half hour, until warmth is
secured, and constantly rub the body, arms and
lees.
Thales, the Milesian, and one of the seven wis«
tnen of Greece, observed, that of all things, the
finest was the world, the strongest was necessity,
the greatest was space, the wisest was time, the
quickest was thought, and the most common wan
hope.
Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead.
LE.\n PU'E and iSbect Lead of all sizes and dimeu-
sioas, conslaiiily for sale at No. 110 Stale street, by
ALBERT FEARING & CO.
Cradles.
FOR sale at tbo Agricultural Warehouse, No. 50^
North Market Street, a lew very excellent Grain Cradlg.;
July 11. J. K. NEWELL. "
Published every Wednesday Evi-ning, at 53 per annum,
pavablfi al the end of the year — but tho.ve wlm pa\ w:thin
s;xtyda\6 from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol lifty cents.'
(nr No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. Russell, by T. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions nf Printing can be executed to meet the
wishrs of customers. Orders for Printing reccivtd by J. B.
KijssELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62. North
iikrket Street.
AGENTS.
Nno York — G. Thorbuiin iV Sons, G7 Libcrly-stieet.
A baiiy — Will. Thokbuk.n, 347 Market street. '
fhHaiieljihui — T). & C Laniikkth, 85 Chestnut street.
Biiltmore — a B Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincitmali — S. C. Pakkhukst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flnshiug.N Y. Wm. ri!iKCE&. Sons, Prop. Lin. l>ot.Gi.rd«n
Middielurif, Vl. — Wioht Chap.aan.
llarl/ord— Gm)D WIN Dc Co. Booksellers.
Spriit^e d. Ms. — E.Ehwards.
N'w/wiiport. — r,i ENK/.KR Stkijmak, Bookspller.
Portsmmilh. N. //. — J. W. Foster, Bo. ksel er.
Portland. Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
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MoiUrial, L. C. — Henry Hillock.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 62, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultukai. Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENUEN, EDITOR.
VOL.. XI.
BOSTO^f, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 8, 1832.
NO. 4.
C o 111 isi u iQ i c a t i o n .
ON CONVERTING CLOVER INTO
n A Y .
Mr Fesse.nden — In No, 1. of the volume of tlie
New England Fiirnicr, I observe a contrariety of
opinions as to the best method of making clover
hay, calcidated rather to perplex, than to instruct
and guide, the young or inexperienced in this
branch of husbandry. Having practised both
spreading and making tliis hay in cocks, for some
twelve or fourteen years, on a scale of some mag-
nitude, I offer you a comparison of their relative
advantages, as suggested by my experience, with
some illustrative remarks. A new and better
practioe is often rejected, in agriculture, from the
doubts which caution suggests, or abandoned upon
slight and imperfect trial. The prudent maxim,
" let well enough alone,'" may be carried too far,
especially, where, as in this case, the effort " to do
better,'" incurs neither hazard nor expense.
The object of the farmer is to make the hcsl,
and most hay of his clover, with the hast labor.
The curing process is the mere evaporation of so
much of the moisture of the grass as will prevent
the heating or spoiling of the hay when housed or
stacked. Rain, and even dew, are prejudicial af-
ter the grass has in part been cured. In the
spreading process, it requires, according to your
correspondent, W. B. " three days of sunny weath-
er ;" during which, it is presumed, the crop is to
be fjrst spread, or tedded, thrice cocked, o';;!
twice opened from the cock, — making six qpera-
tions'after the grass is mown, before the curbig
process is perfected, to say nothing of turning or
raking. In the cocking process, one half of thfse
operations, and consequently one half of the la-
bor, are saved. For the grass cocks are made from
the swath, and are once opened and again gath«r-
ed for the cart. As to quantity, I always
found, that the sun required to dry the succulent
stocks of spread clover, crumbled and wasted tiie
thin leaves and blossoms, which, if not a princijal,
are a material portion of the crop. I have seen
one to two half buslicls of those crumbled leares
and blossoms where a hay cock has stood, besides
what has been wasted in gathering with the rake.
I consider the loss from 15 to 25 per cent of the
eatable or nutritive matter. In curing in the sock,
the loss is not half a per cent. And 1 mean n erely
to judge from my own practice, when I say, that as
to quality, the hay made in the latter mode is uni-
formly and vastly better than that made by spread-
ing.
As my practice differs somewhat from either
of the methods you have detailed, I will state it
briefly.
I commence mowing clover after breakfast of a
fair day, when the dew is principally dissipated
and continue cutting till night. At 2 or 3 P. M.
one hand or more commence putting what was
mown in the forenoon into grass cocks with forks.
Each man takes say three swaths for a row of
cocks. The cock is laid in the interval, where the
ground has become dry, with as small a base as
convenient, loosely, and to the height of three or
four feet, and brought well to a point. Being laid
in strata, and not rolled, the centre is kept liighest,
and the rain, should any fall, is carried off at the
drooping exterior. The second day, that which
was cut in the afternoon of the first, and the morn-
ing of the second, is put in like manner into
grass cocks. The tliird day, if fair, or the first
lair day that ensues, the grass cocks of the first
day are opened, say at 8 or 0, and, if required,
turned between 11 and 3, and housed the same
day. Sometimes, where the clover has stood long,
tlie process is finished the second day ; and some-
times the grass cocks have stood five days, in bad
weather, witiiout fermenting, or suffering materi-
ally from the rain. If rain falls upon the swaths,
they are spread and shaken, to expel the rain, but
the grass cocked for the curing process. The
common rake is often wholly dispensed with.
What the fork does not collect, is gathered with
tlie revolving horse rake when the hay is nearly
housed, and taken off with the last load.
I cannot perceive, though I have never tried it,
that making the hay in swaths has but little, if any
advantage, over the spreading process. It suffers
nearly as much from waste, is equally or more ex-
posed to injury from rain or dew, and is not beu-
cftted by what is termed the sweating process,
or equalization of moisture. The nature of this
)rocess I will illustrate by a comparison'familiar
to a printer, and which will be understood by an
editor or a fartner. In preparing unsized paper
for the press, each quire is passed once or twice
through a trough of water, by which one or two
sheets of the twentyfour become comjiletely sat-
urated, while the residue receives comjiaratively
none of the moisture directly. But when this pa-
per has lain in a pile for a few hours, with a pres-
sure upon it, the moisture becomes equally dis-
tributed throughout the mass, and it is difiicult to
identify the sheets which were originally wet. So
with the clover. When it has become wilted, the
stocks are the principal repository of moisture.
When put in grass cocks, they are continually
l)artiug with this excess to the leaves and drier
parts, until a perfect equalization has taken place.
A constant evaporation goes on from the exterior
of the cock ; and when it is opened preparatory
to being housed, the moisture being equally dis-
tributed, the curing process is completed perfectly
in two or three hours. This sweating, or equal-
izing process will take place in the mow if it does
not in cock. The hay made in this way retains
its leaves and blossoms, and a fine bright color.
My rules for making clover hay are : cut when
dry — cock before it gets wet — open only when
there is a prospect of a few hours' sun — and re-
cock for the cart before the leaves crumble.
.Albany, July, 1832. B.
In my last comitiunication, I omitted to dele " agency
of the" in the first line of the second liead, and you have
inserted " aliments" for " elements," in the 16tli line
of the same paragraph. I may have mistaken your cau-
tion. 1 thought it referred to the compost.
frost for fodder, and letting the ear continue for
awhile to draw nutriment from the stalk, is uni-
versally practised in Chester county. The ed-
itor says — " late in Se[)tember or early in October,
corn is cut near the earth. Set up in shocks
round a hill, that is left itncut, to help support the
rest— the tops tied with rye straw. In this situa-
tion it remains until seeding is over. It is then
husked — the busker having a pin of hard wood,
2J inches long, about the size of a goose quill,
harp at one end, which is fastened under the two
uiddle fingers of the right hand with a string.
This aids him to tear o])eii the husk and consider-
alily facilitates the work. Not reraendiering to
have seen such an implement in use elsewhere, I
uppose it not common ; but, though very simple,
it is useful. After the corn is taken in, the stalks
are tied in bundles, with straw — drawn near the
barnyard and put in ricks, thus: The rick is
made long, the butts pointing out eacli way, the
tops overlapping more than a third, and raised so
that wet will fall off each side froin the centre. It
should he of moderate height, from 7 to 10 feet.
Beginning at one end the fanner takes off, from
top to bottom, enough for his cattle. All the rest
remains undisturbed, and secure from rain as
when first put up. In this way the whole is fed
out, from one end of the rick to the other. What
the cattle do not eat is trodden into the manure
heap, absorbs juices that would otherwise evapo-
rate or run off, and then the corn stalks, when
well rotted, .^l•e returned to the field, increasing
its fertility. How much better is this mode than
topping corn and leaving the stalks .to stand all
winter, drying and withering in the field, affording
neither food for animals nor manure for land." —
Genesee Farmer.
CUTTING CORN STALKS.
The editor of the Village Record, published at
Westchester, Pa. says the practice of Judge Bucl,
to cut his corn up by the roots and set it in little
stacks to ripen, thus saving the leaves from the
3IILK.
" An easy method of removing the taste of garlic,
or of turnips, from milk, and thus preventing it
in butter.
"As the dairy is found of much importance to
the agricultural interests of this country, the fol-
lowing is offered to the piddic through the medi-
uiTi of your miscellany. The object of the pres-
ent essay, is to avoid an inconvenience to which
our dairy is subjected, and to convert it into an
advantage. The following plan is recomiTiended,
as a method of removing the garlic taste from
milk, and producing sweet good butter, in place of
that which is generally considered so disagreeable.
" When the milk is new from the cow, put one
quart of boiling water into every gallon of milk ;
stir it through and put the whole into broad shal-
low dishes, so that it will not be above two inches
deep. Let these dishes be placed on an open
shelf, that the vapor may pass freely and entire-
ly away. When the milk has stood in this man-
ner twelve hours, it may be put into the churn all
together, or only the cream, as may be most
agreeable to the taste or practice of the operator.
Milk from cows that have pastured on garlic, when
inanajed in this way, will be quite sweet. The
plan here proposed is founded on analogous ex-
perieice.
"The feeding of cows on turnips communicates
26
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Augiist 8, 1832.
a disagreeable odor and taste to tlie milk and
butter ; but in many parts of Britain tbcy make
excellent butter from turnip-fed cows, by a plan
similar to the foregoing. Tlie bad taste of tlie
turnip consists in some volatile substance which
is evaporated by the hot water. Garlic is much
of the same nature, but probably more volatile. —
Biscuit, baked from garlicky flour, has no taste
of garlic ; but soft bread or pudding of the same
flour, retains it strongly, having both experienced
an imperfect evaporation."
Should you think the above worth the insertion,
and would favor it with one, perhajis it might be
the means of giving instruction to somo who may
profit thereby. — Monthly J>lag.
From the Transactions of the Essex Agricultural Society.
DR SPOFFORD'S ESSAY ON IRRIGA-
TION.
To the Secretary of the Essex Agricullural Society.
I feel that some apology is due to the Trustees
for my long delay in fulfilling the appointment
with which I was honored by tlicin at their meet-
ing in September, 1830 : and have only to say
that it was occasioned by a desire to obtain from
a friend, then at a distance, some account of an
experiment on a larger scale than any other which
has come to my knowledge in this part of the
country.
Some degree of knowledge of what constitutes
the food of plants, spcnis indispensable to any well
conducted system of producing them in the great-
est perfection ; and such knowledge seems most
likely to be obtained by minutely examining their
structure, and carefully observing the manner of
their growth.
Plants constitute one of the great divisions of
organic life, and one formed orconsttutcd by sys-
tems of fibres and vessels, and endowed with cer-
tain powers and appetences which place them at
a greater remove above unorganized matter, than
they are below animal life ; and appropriate
nourishment is elaborated and a complete circula-
tion is carried on to the minutest extremity in a
manner extremely analogous to the circulation
which is carried on in the arteries and veins of the
most perfect animals ; and the apparent intelli-
gence with which plants seek for nourishment,
light, air, and support, appears in some instances
to bear a strong resemblance to perception and
knowledge: and the circulation of fluids in the
vessels of plants and animals apjiears to be carried
on much on the same principles, and is perfectly
involuntary in both.
The indispensable agency of water, in constitu-
ting fhe fluids, and carrying on the circulation in
these systems of vessels, has been universally ac-
knowledged ; and could not be overlooked by the
most careless observer, while he sav,' innumerable
instances in which plants wither and dry for want
of this substance. But wlule this universal ason-
cy has been acknowledged, it is believed that a
very inferior oftice has been assigned to it, from
that whic'i it really performs. It has been con-
sidered as the mere vehicle which carried and de-
posited, the nutritious particles of other substan-
ces, while it in reality was coniriluning much the
largest portion of the actual noiuishiuent lo the
plants which annually clothe our earth in living
green.
If this idea is correct, then he who possesses
water at his command with which to suppy his
plants at pleasure, or who has a soil adapted to
attract and retain moisture, in suitable quantities,
possesses a mine of inexhaustible wealth, from
which he can draw at pleasure, in proportion to
his industry and his wants.
In proof of the abstract principle that water
constitutes in a very large proportion the foqd of
plants, I may be allowed to mention one or two
accurate experiments of distinguished philosophers
upon the subject, which appear to me to be quite
decisive on the case.
" Mr Boyle dried in an oven, a quantity of earth
proper for vegetation, and after carefully weigh-
ing it, planted in it the seed of a goiu-d : he wa-
tered it with pure rain water, and it produced a
plant which weighed 'fourteen pounds, though the
earth jjioducing it had suffered no sensible dimi-
nution."
"A willow tree was planted by Van ITelnioDt
in a pot containing a thousand pounds of earth.
This plant was watered with distilled water or
pure rain water ; and the vessel so covered as to
exclude all solid matter. At the end of five years,
upon taking out the plant, he found it had increas-
ed in weight 119 pounds, though the earvli had
lost only two ounces of its original weight."
The experiments of l\Ir Cavendish anti Dr
Priestly have suflicienlly proved that vegetables
have the power of decomposiuT water and con-
verting it into such fluids as they need for circu-
lation in their own vessels ; and that they elabo-
rate from this substance, such juices and fruits oa
they are by nature calctdated to produce.
The great effect which is so frequently observ-
ed to follow the formation of ditches from the
road-sides on to mowing ground, is no doubt in
part to be attributed to the manure which is
thereby washed on to the ground, but is also in
part owing to the more copious supply of W'ater
which it thereby receives.
That pure water is capable of producing simi-
lar effects I have the following experiments to
prove.
Several years ago when resident with my fa-
ther on his farm at Rowley, I labored hard to di-
vert a stream, which fell into a miry swamp, from
its usual ' course across a piece of dry upland.
The stream was pure spring water, which issued
between the hills about fifty rods above, running
but just far enough to acquire tiie temperature of
the atmosphere, but without receiving any more
fertilizing quality than was obtained in passing
tbrougli a pasture, in a rocky channel ; the effect,
hoivever, was to double the quantity of grass.
The same stream I again diverted from its course
about forty rods below, after it had filtered through
a piece of swamp or meadow groimd, and with
the same effect: and again still lower down its
course, I succeeded in turning it on to a piece of
high peat meadow which had usually produced
but very little of anything, and the effect was that
more than double of the quantity of grass was
produced, and that of a much better quality. I
was led to this latter experiment by observing that
a strip of nieado^v which natiirally received the
water of this run, and over which it spread for
several rods in width without any particular chan-
nel, was annually much more productive than any
other part of the meadow.
But the best experiment, and on the largest
scale of any which I have known, was made by
my late father-in-law, Dea. Eleazer Spofford, then
resident at Jaffrey, N. H. A letter from Rev.
Luke A. Spofford, in answer to my intfiiiry ou
this subject, observes : "My father commenced
the experiment as early as the year 1800, and con-
tinued it till 18'20, or to the timo when he sold his
farm. The last ten years of this time he flashed
perhaps twenty acres ; and it jiroduced I should
think twice as much in comnion seasons, and
three times as nmch in dry seasons, as it would
have done without watering. This land would
hold out to yield a good crop twice as long as
other land OC the same quality" — (that is, I pre-
sume, without flowing.) " In dry w-eather he wa-
tered it every night — and the produce was good,
veni s"oorf." .
1 ;.m acquainted with the lot of land which was
the subject of this experiment. It is a northern
declivity, and rather a light and sandy soil, on the
eastern bank of Contookook river ; and the water
used was that of the river — about one mile below
its tbrmation by the junction of two streams, one
from a large pond of several hundred acres in
Rindgp, and the other a mountain stream, formed
by innumerable springs issuing from the skirts of
the Monadnock.
From the foregoing premises may we not con-
clude that water perforins a more important office
in the growth and formation of ))lauts than has
generally been supposed — and that it not only
serves to convey nourishment, but that it is itself
elaborated into nomishmcnt, and thereby consti-
tutes the solid substance ; and wo may further
conclude, that every farmer should survey his
premises and turn those streams which now are
often useless or hurtful, on to lands where they
U'C capable of diffusing fertility, abundance, and
veahli.
It a|ipears further that the iiiimnnse fertility of
Egypt is not so much owing to the alluvial ile-
posit, brought down by the annual inundation, av
to :he canals and reservoirs in which the waters
art retained, to be spread over the lands during the
suficeeding drought, at the will of the cultiva-
tot
[f, according to the experiments of Boyle and
Van Hehnont, almost the whole food of plants is
derived from water, then the principal use of the
vanous manures is to attract moisture and stiinu-
hiw the roots of plants to absorb and elaborate it :
anJ we have also reason to think that lands are
nuieh more injured and impoverished by naked
exposure to heat and wind, and washing by water
thatrunsoff and is lost, than it is by producing
abundant crops.
In the present slate of population, nothing
more couhl be expected or desired than tliat every
fiirtne; should make use of such means as the
small streams in his vicinity may afford ; but in a
densely i)ropled country, like Egypt in former
ages, or China at present, it should doubtless be
one of die first enterprises of a good government,
to take our large rivers above their falls and turn
them oiT into canals for the benefit of agricuUure.
JEREMIAH SPOFFORD.
To preserve steel from rust. — Take some melted
virgin wax, and rub it over the article to be pre-
served. When dry, warm the article again so as
to get off the wax, and rub it with a dry cloth un-
tirthe former polish is restored. By this means
all the pores of the metal are filled up without in-
jury to the appearance, and rust will not attack it
unless it is very carelessly exposed to constant hu-
midity.—/owniaZ des Connaissances UsueUcs.
Vol. XI.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
27
From the Ttansaclions of the Essex Asiioultural Society.
RIR TEllRY'S EXPERIMENT IN RAISING
SILK.
Moses Newell, Esij.
Dear Sir— It appears reasonrtble that while the
Esse.-i County Agricultural Society is ofieriiig its
patronage to encourage the cultivation of the mul-
berry tree, and the producing of silk, that it should
in return be furnishisd with the information which
e.xperimcnts may afford those who have been ben-
efitted by its patronage. With this impression, I
seud you a few observations relative to the raising
of Silk, drawn from a small experiment made by
me the season past.
Last year I raised several thousand worms of
three kinds ; one gray and two while.
For the first crop, the eggs were put in rooms,
without artificial heat and hatched the last week
in May and the first in June.
The gray came to maturity in 35 days.
1 of white « « 32
2 of white « " 28 or 29
Parcels of the eggs of each kiud produced by
millers, from the worms, were kept in the same
room for tlie purpose of ascertaining whether
they would hatch another time the same season
without artificial heat, or even greater iieat than
would be found in any common apartment at that
season. In about eight days from the depositing
of the eggs of the second kind of white, they all
hatched in fine order to the amount of some thou-
sand, while the eggs of the other two remauied
the whole summer in the same situation without
being very sensibly affected with the heat, and in
fact a part of them remain still in the same place
exposed without covering in a room without fire,
where I have let them remain to try the effect of
cold. How it will terminate whh them I cannot
say ; they appear now to be in a sound and healfh-
ful state. The eggs of these last I procured of a
friend in Bristol County ; the others from Mr
Boynton of Newbury ; to both of whom I am un-
der much obligation for the important and truly
practical information vei-y readily given on the
subject of feeding the worms. Mr Boynton has had
a second crop of the white worm furnished me.
I raised three crops of worms on the same ta
bles. Five crops might be raised by anticipating
the spinning of one by the hatching of another,
and keeping them the first ten days on small fix-
tures, as they then need occni)y but little space.
My own observation would not justify cutting
the leaves into pieces to feed them when young,
either upon tlie principle of economy or for the
benefit and safety of the worm. The more
tender leaves should be gathered for the young,
but they should be given whole. My impres-
sion, also, is that it is better to cut off the
small limbs and give them to the worms with
the leaves on them than to strip the leaves off.
The worms feed better this way, eat the leaves
more closely, liave a better opportunity to move
and enjoy better air, and are more easily transfer-
red from one table to another when cleaning be-
comes necessary, while it is necessary to perform
this much less frequently when the limbs are used
tlian when the leaves separately are spread out for
them. I think also that the tree is much less in-
jured in this way than by stripping it of its leaves,
Trimming, even if it be severe and close, seldom
injures trees; while exfohating even if it be in a
be mistaken, if I am, the Directors of your Society
are abundantly able to set me right, in the suppo-
sition that the putting forth of new limbs with
leaves is much less exhausting to trees of any
kind, than the putting forth of new leaves from
limbs exfohated in the heat of the summer.
I have seen it observed somewhere, that the
dried leaves of a former year, prepared by pulver-
izing and wetting, will answer to feed the young
worm when first hatched in the spring. I cannot
speak from experience on this subject. I have
some leaves in keeping to try this season. I have,
however, reason irom the following circumstance
to think that they will answer that purpose.
Many of the ends of the small limbs of my mul-
berry ti-ees were killed by the cold of the preced-
ing winter ; in cutting the limbs for the worms
these dead ends were not taken off; a very few days
had passed before we observed the worms feeding
ujion the dead bark of these limbs, evidently pre-
ferring it for a part of their food to the fresh and
green leaves which were given them in abund-
ance. And this propensity was observed during
the summer in each successive crop, (and I had
fom-) though as the leaves grew harder and drier
as the season advanced, the worms were not seen
so frequently in the dry limbs.
From the little experiment I made I am very
much convinced of these two things: first, that
under favorable circumstances the raising of silk
will yield a good profit. And secondly, that it is
a much less intricate and difficult business than a
person would be apt to suppose from the account
given in most treatises on the subject. Mine were
taken care of mostly by my son, a lad of ten years.
For the purpose of extending a knowledge on
this subject through the community, the students
attending Merrimac Academy this season, under
the care of Mr S. Morse, will have an opportunity
of observing the whole process of raising the
worms, &c, in a room near the academy building,
which will be open to them from day to day.
And every circumstance, as far as understood,
freely and fully explained to them by the person
who has the care of the establishment.
My mulberry trees continue in a very thriving
condition, and aftord the most abundant evidence
of the advantage obtained by pruning and fash-
ioning the roots as well as tops when they were
transplanted.
With my best wishes for the prosperity of the
Society in its highly commendable efforts, I am,
sir, with much personal respect, yours,
GARDNER B. PERRY.
Bradford, February 27, 1832.
usual growth is a span in height in six years. The
timber of this tree has a most agreeable perfume,
and is much used fondomesiic utensils, as well aa
for wainscoating rooms. A traveller who visited
the chateau of Tarasp, was struck in almost every
apartment, with tlie perfume of this wood : and
he remarks it is as a smprising and inexplicable
circumstance, that the wood should have exhaled
this perfume for some centuries in undiminished
strength, and without the wood itself having suf-
fered any decrease of weight. But this wood
possesses another recommendation; rooms wains-
coated with it are not infested with bugs or moths.
Its seeds are esteemed a delicacy ; they are eaten
in great quantities at the winter parties ; and on
those occasions it is said the female sex display in
extracting them a high degree of skill, mixed with
much innocent gayety and vivacity.
Swedish Turnips.— A writer in the English Far-
mer's Journal asserts, that " Swedish Turnips
have grown on the same soil, on the property of
W. Whitehouse, Esq. of Studley, for seven suc-
cessive years with undiminished fertility and
weight" of crop. This soil consisted principally of
decomposing vegetable peaty matter and chalk."
Preserving Potatoes.— An English paper says,
that "to preserve potatoes in a proper state for
food for many years, it is only necessary to scald
them, or subject thein to a heated oven for a few
minutes. By doing this they will never sprout,
and the farinaceous substance will keep good for
many years, provided the cortical part or skin be
entire. They should be well dried after being
scalded.
To prevent horses being teased by fies. — Take
two or three small handfuls of walnut leaves, up-
on which, pour two or three quarts of soft cold
water; let it infuse one night, and pour the whole
the next morning into a kettle, and let it boil for
a quarter of an hour ; when cold, it will be fit for
use. Nothing more is required than to moisten a
sponge, and before the horse goes out of the sta-
ble, let those parts which are most irritable be
smeared over with the liquor, viz: between and
upon the ears, the neck, the flank, &c. Not only
the lady or gentleman who rides out for pleasure,
will derive benefit from the walnut leaves thus
prepared, but the coachman, the wagoner, and all
others who use horses during the hot months.^
Farmer's Receipt Book.
ITEMS OF RURAL ECONOMY,
Original and Selected, by the Editor.
Oil from Sunjloiuer seeds. — We have heard much
of oil from the seeds of the Sunflower, but the
following from a paper printed in Scotland gives
us a new idea relative to the mode of obtaining
such oil.
" A very delicate oil, much used in Russian
cookery, is expressed from the seeds of the Sun-
flower, and is prepared by inclosing them in bags,
and steeping them in warm water, after which the
oil is expressed; this is actually as sweet as butter."
The Stone Pine. (Pinus cembra.) — This is one
of the most useful trees in Switzerland ; it is in-
deed of very slow growth ; one of them, cut down
when nineteen inches in diameter, displayed three
limited manner ia ahnost always injurious. I may 'hundred and fiftythre« concentric circles. Its
Cork Collared Jackets.— The Florence Gazette
thus concludes an article, on the subject of the loss
of a steam boat. We think the concluding sug-
gestion too important not to be acted on promptly
by those concerned.
AVe here repeat our admonition of the utility of
Cork Collar Jackets, to those who risk the multi-
plied dangers of Steam Boat navigation. Philan-
thropists have recommended their use to ocean
marintrs, and even there on the "mountain leaves,"
numbers have been saved by them. But when
we take into consideration the comparative ease
with which the land could be reached from any
part of our rivers, and the total exemption from
high and dangerous ivaves, it must strike the mind
of°every one that here this simple apparatus would
be far more efficacious.
In Russia, raw turnip is handed about in slices,
in the first houses, upon a silver salver, with,
brandy, as a whet before dinner!
28
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Au^ist 8, 1«32.
From the Massachuselts Agricultutal Rcpusilory and Journal.
THE ARRACACHA.
Some notice of the Airacaclia, and of the laudaUe
efforts to introduce it intd the United Slates.
To the Publishing Com. of lire Mass. Soc for promoting Agriculture.
Gentlemen— As the first attempt to iiitrodiice
this valuable esculent root into the United States,
as an object of garden, and possibly of field cul-
ture, has been made since the last number of your
journal was published, it seems to nie, that it
■would be unpardonable in the directors of your
journal to omit any notice of this plant, and of the
meritorious eftbrts to introduce it into our list of
esculent vegetables. This plant is considered in
tlie new South American state of Colombia, "as
the most useful of all the edible roots, being su-
perior to the common and sweet potatoes." In
using this language, I must be understood to quote
the expression of those, who have tasted it in its na-
tive country, and by no means to admit, that much
of this preference, and of its reputation, is not due
to the prejudices of persons who do not see the
Irish potato in perfection. It is not certain, that
the arracacha, could it be raised in perl'ection in
the United States, would hold as high a raidi here,
. as it does in Colombia. Still there can be 60
question, that it is a very pleasant and \\ holesome
vegetable, and if susceptible of successful andp-o-
fitable culture in the United States, it would merit
great attention. It has, for some years past, en-
gaged the attention of European cultivators, rather
as a desideratum, than as an object of decided
hope, and assured culture. It has been introduced
into Jamaica with, as it is confidently asserted,
perfect success.
Although it had been tried in the state of New
York, and the indefatigable proprietors of the
Flushing Linnajan Garden claim the merit of cul-
tivating it with perfect success for several years
past, yet it was due to Gideon B. Smith, Es(i. ed-
itor of the American Farmer, printed at Ualtimore,
to say, that he made the first extensive experiment
to introduce this plant into general culture in the
United States. We shall have occasion to refer to
the experiments of the proprietors of the Linna;an
Garden, in the close of our remaiks.
Mr Smith is unquestionably entitled to the mer-
it, and it is no small one, of importing this plant,
on a great scale, not for his own personal benefit,
(for he seems to be superior to any selfish motive?,)
but for the advantage of his country. He distrib-
uted his plants most liberally, with a view of test-
ing their adaptation to the various sections of our
country. While he transmitted a reasonable pro-
portion to r.Iassachusetts, he, at the same time, ju-
diciously sent a share of theni to South Carolina.
It is my own private opinion, that if they shall be
eventually found to flourish, and to attain a solid
value, it will be in the two Carolinas, Georgia,
Florida, and Louisiana. The reasons for this opin-
ion, besides those which are obvious, I shall stale
hereafter. The Massachusetts Horlicultura! Soci-
ety did me the honor to transmit three plants of
the arracacha to me, probaVily from the knowledu(^
that I feel a deep interest iu the cause of horti-
culture, and enjoy a great and unfeigned delight
in new experiments, which promise, however
faintly, the improvement of these invaluable arts.
I tried these plants. They arrived in the best pos-
sible order. They were iu the highest state of
health and vigor. They were planted in excel-
lent soil — watched with the greatest care. Their
growth was rapid, vigorous, indicating the highest ]
state of health. I felt assured, that the arracacha
was adapted to our climate. I pointed it out as a ]
successful experiment. Yet suddenly, without
frost, or cold, or any perceptible cause, the leaves '
I)erished. Tenderer plants, ])lauts cjf tropical'
countries, continued to flourish ; but these fitiled.
I could only indulge in loose conjectures as to the
cause. I struck upon the heavy rains, as a possi-
ble cause; and knowing that South America was
subject to severe and long continued droughts,
perhaps my conjecture was not a very absurd one.
Still it was but a conjecture, and I dhl not valite
it much. Long and repeated experiments, much
patience, and great coolness, are required to the
acclimation of plants — that is, in introducing into
new climates and new soils, plants born and culti-
vated under others essentially diverse. Slill, a8 a
person entrusted with a new experiment, or a
plant entirely new, and deemed of great value, a
report from me, of my ow'n exi)eriment, was dae
to the Society, who had shown such a mark of its
confidence. It was made, — the failure was detail-
ed at large, and certain loose conjectiuT-s or sug-
gestions were made as to the causes of failure. I
was grieved, when I found that Mr Smith, whose
exertions I so much valued, seemed to consider
my remarks, as, in some degree, an impeachment
of the value of his exertions. Most assuredly no
Such intention existed. I considered the eflbrt
which he had made as entitled to the thanks of
every friend of horticulture and agriculture. But
I have always considered it as solemn a duty of
every cultivator, to announce to the |)ublic his fail-
ures, as his successes. 1 have thought, after thir-
ty years' e.xperience, that more evil has result<Ml
from too precipitate reconmiendation of new
plants, and new processes in agriculture, than from
the opposite defect — the cautious, even incredu-
lous dis]iosition of cultivators to admit nev/ ami
manifest improvements. 1 really believed that my
experiment on' the arracacha had been so fair a
one, and the season was so favorable, better than I
bad known for iwcntyfive years, that the failure
must be attributed to the utter incapability of our
soil and climate to mature this plant. Let us now
see, how far the evidence before the public, sup-
ports, or defeats or contradicts, the opinion thus
formed.
In the first place, we will take Mr Smith's own
ex|)criinents, as detailed by him last autumn. We
are (iromised new particulars, which he flatters
himself will show, that the arracacha may be raised
as easily as the parsnip — he might have said, as
well as the common potato. Now what was his
success ? Did he raise one bushel fit for the ta-
ble ? If so, wliat was the quality and value of the
root ? Look, then, at Mr Legare's minute and
very clear and intelligent statement of his very
careful and cautious experiments? Did he raise
enou^li to make presents to his friends of this in-
valuable root? No. But any vegetable, to be of
permsnent value, should at least yield eight fold.
The sweet potato, even here, yields ordinarily
t\ven:yfive fold, or one bushel yields twentyfive.
The Irish potato yields from ten to fifteen fold.
If, then, this new ac<)uisition had yielded even
eight fold, — and if it did not, it would not merit
cultivation, — why have we not the evidence of its
goodness and abundance for the table ? But, says
Mr Legare, the Chevaher Soulange Boudin states
that it has been cultivated with success in Mont-
pelier and Geneva! Ah I is this so? Could the
potato be successfully cultivated in Montpelierand
Geneva, and not be soon cultivated in Paris, if its
products are sufliciently ample and abundant to
render it an object of prof table culture ? This
iact, (if it be one,) makes me distrustful of the ])rob-
able success of this plant. ]3ut the most discour-
aging fact, which has as yet atrrai'ted my notice,
is this. When I stated my total failme in the cul-
tivation of the arracacha, William It. Prince, Esq.
inuncdiatcly came out with a declaralion, that their
estiiljlishment had cultivated the arracacha with-
out difficulty for several years past, and that lie
had transmhted many plants of it, raised by them,
to Europe. If this be so, and we cannot doubt it,
it is clear, tliat it never can be cultivated v.ith suc-
cess as a common culinary vegetable. It would
have spread before this time throughout the state
of New York. I knew a quantity of the common
])otato which was brought from Philadelphia in a
silk handkerchief, and in two years I received a
bairel of it for seed, which gave ine nearly fifty
bushels.
Will it be said, that the Messrs Prince reserved
every i)lant for profit, and could not spare even a
mess for the Horticultural Society of New York
to test its ^ aluc in our climate ? My answer is,
that the tuberous parts of the root, if in our cli-
mate if ever produces any, are not necessary to its
].ro])agation. It is only the crown and eyes which
are employed. You may cut off the edible part,
as iu the Dahlia, without diminishing its powers
of reproduction.
What then, it may he asked, are your views up-
on 1 his subject ? Would you discourage the ex-
piriuient? By no means. We rejoice that Mr
Sniiih has so much ardor and confidence. We
wish we had a little of it. But we would respect-
fully suggest the cxpetliency of planting some of
the rdots in pots and tubs, and ])lacing thetn in a
hot-hoiisc and endeavoring to raise seeds from
them. Seeds sown here, will be gradually accus-
lomed 10 our climate, and niay become hardy.
Plants raised south of the equator, it is of littlo mo-
ment whciher in a high or low latitude, r etain for a
long tim,- their natural habits — that is, they grow
in our V. inliT, and perish iu our summers. This
is so true, that it is extremely diflirult to change
these habits even in plants which are now common
10 both hemispheres.
I will state one remarkable example. I receiv-
ed the golden i)0tato of Peru, very celebrated in
that country. Three successive years it has been
fully and fairly tried by the aid of artificial forcing,
and every advantage of location, but it obstinately
refuses to bend its habits to our climate. It will
start either in the fall, or if put in the hot-bed in
Apdl, it will not produce its tubers till October.
1 have often reflected upon the curious fact that
ihe potato should have been so easily acclimated
in Europe, w hen we now cannot acclimate the
Peruvian, or even the California i)otato, both of
which I have tried for three successive years. My
explanation of it is this, that the potato spread by
slow degrees from Chili to Virgini.i, during a pe-
riod of perhaps one thousand years, and became
gradually inured to a northern latitude. It is clear,
that the potato never was found in a wild or nat-
ural state in North America, and yet equally clear,
that it was transmitted first from Virginia to Eti-
rope.
One of the Trustees of the Massachusetts
Society for provuiling Jlgricviture
Vol. XI.— No. 4.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
29
nCTUllED ROCKS OF LAKE SUPE-
RIOR.
Upon the soutliern coast of Lake Superior,
about fifty miles froiii the fulls of St Mary, are
the immense precipitous cliffs, called by the voy-
agers, Le Portrail and the Pictured RocUs. This
name has been given to them in consequence of
the diflereut appearances which they ])resent to
the traveller, as he passes their base in his canoe.
It requires little aid from the imagination to dis-
cern in them the castellated tower, and lofty dome,
spires and |)innaeles, and every sublime, grotesque
or fantastic shape, which the genius of architec-
ture ever invented. These cliffs are an unbroken
mass of rocks, rising to an elevation of 300 feet
above the level of the lake, and stretching along
the coast for 15 n)iles. The voyagers never pass
this coast excc])t in the most profound calm ; and
the Indians, before they make the attempt, ofler
their accustomed oblations, to propitiate the favor
of their Manitoos. The eye instinctively search-
es along this eternal rampart for a single place of
security ; but the search is in vain. With an
impassable barrier of rocks on one side, and an
interminable expanse of water on the other, a
sudden storm upon the lake would as inevitably
insure destruction to the passenger in his frail
canoe, as if he were on the brink of the cataract
of Niagara. The rock itself is a sandstone, which
is disintegrated by the continual action of the wa-
ter with comparative facility. There are no brok-
en masses upon which the eye can rest and find
relief. The lake is so deep that these masses, as
they are torn from the precipice, are concealed
beneath its waters until they are reduced to sand.
The action of the waves has undermined ever
projecting point — and there the immense preci-
pice rests upon arches, and the foundation is in-
tersected with caverns in every direction. When
we passed this mighty fabric of nature, the wind
was still and the lake w^^as calm. But even the
slightest motions of the waves, which in the most
profound calm agitates these internal seas, swept
through the deep caverns with the noise of dis-
tant thunder, and died away npon the ear, as if
rolled forv.ard in the dark recesses inaccessihie to
human observation. No sound more nielanclioly
or more awful ever vibrated upon Inmian nerves.
It has left an impression which neither time nor
distance can ever efface. Resting in a frail bark
canoe npon the limpid waters of the lake, we
seemed almost suspended in air, so pellucid is the
element npon which we floated. In gazing upon
the towering battlements which itnpended over
us, and from which the smallest fragment would
have destroyed us, we felt, and felt intensely, our
own insignificance. No situation can be imag-
ined more appalling to the courage, or more luini-
bling to the |)ride of man. We appeared like a
speck upon the face of creation. Our whole party,
Indians and voyagers, and soldiers, and officers,
and servants, contemplated in mute astonishment
the awfiil display of creative ])ower, at whose base
we hung; and no sound broke upon the ear to in-
terrupt the ceaseless roaring of the waters. No
splendid cathedral, no temple built with human
hands, no pomp of worship, could ever impress
the spectator with such deep humility, and so
strong a conviction of the immense distance be-
tween him and the Ahnighty Architect.
The writer of this article has viewed the Falls of
Niagara, and the passage of the Potomac through
tijc Blue Ridge, two of the most stupendous ob-
jects in the natural features of our country. The
impression they produce is feeble and transient,
compared with that of the " Pictured Rocks" on
Lake Superior. — Gov. Cass.
WATERING PLACES IN THE FIF-
TEENTH CENTURY.
Baden, the well known and much frequented
watering place, has been long celebrated. The
following account of it in the fifteenth century is
interesting. Those warriors who would while
away the interval between one canqiaign and an-
other agreeably betook themselves to Baden in
Aargau. Here in a narrow valley, where the Lim-
mat flows through its rocky bed, are hot springs of
highly medicinal properties. Hither, to the nu-
merous houses of public entertainment, resorted
prelates, abbots, monks, nuns, soldiers, statesmen,
and all sorts of artificers. As in our own fash-
ionable watering places, most of the visiters mere-
ly sought to dissipate ennui, enjoy life, and pur-
sue pleasure. The baths were most crowded at
an early hour in the morning, and those who did
not bathe resorted thither to see acquaintances,
with whom they could hold conversation from the
galleries round the bath rooms, while the bathers
played at 'various games, or ate from floating ta-
bles. Lovely females did not disdain to sue for
alms from the gallery-loungers, who threw down
coins of small amount, to enjoy the ensuing scram-
ble. Flowers were strewn on the surface of the
water, and the vaulted roof rang with music vo-
cal and instrumental. Towards noon the com-
pany sallied forth to the meadows in the neigh-
borhood; acrpiaintances were easily made, and
strangers became familiar. The pleasures of the
table were followed by jovial pledges in swift
succession, till fife and drum summoned to the
dance. Now fell the last barriers of reserve and
decorum, and it is time to drop a veil over the
scone. But what horror seized the dissolute crowd
when the intelligence suddenly reached them, that
the plague was spreading its ravages over the
land ! Instant flight to the farthest mountain
recesses hardly bafiled contagion ; youth !and
strength afforded no security ; even love and friend-
ship yielded to the uiiivcrsa4 panic, and the sick
were left to die without con|olation or attendance.
The wrath of God was traced in this visitation ;
the churches filled with penitent and penance-per-
forming sinners, and pilgrimages were made with
all contrition and humility. Yet scarcely^had the
scourge ceased to be felt, when tlie old mode was
resumed as eagerly as ever. — Lardncr\ Cyclop.,
tends taking Hedgford. It appears this gentle-
man is determined to excel as much in racing as
he has done in trotting, if we may Judge from his
having selected Hedgford, and the price he has
given for hjm. It is much to be regretted that
such a horse should be sent out of the kingdom ;
as independent of his being one of the best bred,
he is decidedly one of the finest horses in Eng-
land. He is by the Filho da Puta, or Magistrate,
out of Miss Craigie (the dam of "Birmingham,")
six years old, Kil hands high, with muscular pow-
er not surpassed by any horse in the kingdom.
His color a rich dark brown, with black legs. He
has been a great ^vinner of stakes and cups.
THE HORSE.
It is our pride to witness the efforts making to
improve the breed of this noble animal, and we
take great pleasure in givTng place to the follow-
ing from the Birmingham Herald, by whioji it will
be perceived that Mr Jackson has purchased the
celebrated horse Hedgford. It is said that an un-
usually large price has been paid for him, and that
he is probably one of the best horses ever import-
ed into the country when but -Sfx years old. — JV.
Y. Enquirer.
From the Birmingham Herald of Juno 5th.
Mr Beardsworth has sold the horse Hedgford,
for a very large sum, to Mr Jackson, the gentle-
man who biought those celebrated horses, Tom
Thumb and Rattler, from America, where he in-
PRESERVATIVE AGAINST THE SMALL
POX AND MEASLES.
Mr Remy, a physician at Chatillon, has made
some successful experiments on chloride of lime,
as a preservative against small pox. In a village
where the small pox raged, he caused the only
twelve individuals in the place, who yet remained
subject to the infection, to be washed thrice a
week with a solution of chloride of lime, and gave
them at the same time two drops of the solution
in a glass of ea« sticree. Two of them had a slight
eruption, sinfilar to a vaccine which had not tak-
en well ; the other ten, who were not separated
from those sufferiiig fiom the small pox, had no
symptoms of illness. In another village afflicted
with the small pox, of fifteen individuals still sub-
ject to it, ten were treated in the same manner,
and escaped ; while two of the remaining five
caught the malady. M. Chevalier stated to the
Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, that he was
the first to suggest chloride of lime as a preserva-
tive against the small pox ; and observed that it
might be used as a protection against the measles,
by keeping in the chamber of the child whom it
was desired to prevent from infection, a saucer of
dry chloride of lime, renewed from time to time,
and dipping its shirts in a solution of one ounce
of concentrated liquid chloride in twelve quarts
of ■watev.—Mstract from Journal Royal Institute.
CHERRY STONES.
To preserve the vegetative principle in cherry
stones, they should be buried in earth as soon as
convenient after the flesh has been taken from
them ; they should not be allowed to dry, neither
be left iu a situation to become sour. Many who
aye wishing to propagate cherries from seeds, are
disappointed in not attending to these things, and
it is often said that they must be raised from
sprouts; such trees, however, are not so vvell root-
ed as those raised from seeds. In selecting vari-
eties for [danting for common nursery purposes,
the M.nzzard or Honey cherry are to be preferred ;
but those who intend to produce new seedling va-
rieties, slioiUd select only such seeds as are known
to be from valuable varieties. Seeds from the
Kentish and MorcUo varieties are not good for
planting, as they are slow of growth, and do not
make good stocks to graft or bud ujton. — Genesee
Farmer.
Craid'crries. — As this fruit is largely employed
in most families, some persons may be gind to be
informed, that these berries may be preserved
several years, merely by drying them a little in
the sun, and then stopping them closely in dry
bottles.— Parie*.
30
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Angnst 8, 18S'2,
Eimw asrcaaiiSTiD siisimi^aa
Boston, Wednesday Evening, August 8, 1832.
FARMER'S WORK FOR AUGUST.
FARM YARD, MANURE, Scc.
This may be as good a time as can be chosen
for constructing or altering barn yards, so that
they will best answer for making and saving ma-
nure and other economical purposes. AVe shall
give opiuions of eminent agriculturists on this sub-
ject.
Judge Buel, of Albany says : " The cattle yard
should be located on the south side of, and ad-
joining the barn. Sheds, substantial stone walls,
or close board fences should be erected at least
on the east and west sides, to shelter the cattle
from cold winds and storms — the size propor-
tioned to the stock to be kept in it. Excavate
the centre in a common form, placing the
earth removed upon the edges or lowest sides,
leaving the borders ten or twelve feet broad, of a
horizontal level to feed the stock upon, and from
two to five feet higher than the centre. This may
be done with a plough and scraper, or shovel and
hand-barrow, after the ground is broken up with
the plough. I used the former and was employed
a day and a half, with two hands and a team, in
fitting it to my mind. When the soil is not suffi-
ciently compact to hold water, the bottom should
be bedded with six or eight inches of clay, well
beat down and covered with gravel or sand. This
last labor is seldom required, except where ground
is very porous. My yards are constructed on a
loam, resting on a clay subsoil. Here should be
annually deposited, as they can be conveniently
collected, the weeds, coarse grass, and brakes of
the farm, and also the pumpkin vines and potato
tops. The quantity of these upon a farm is very
great, and is collected and brought to the yard
with little trouble by the teams returning from the
fields. And here also should be fed out or strewed
as litter, the hay, stalks and husks of Indian corn,
pea and bean haulm, and the straw of grain not
wanted in the stables. To still further augment
the mass, leached ashes and swamp earth may be
added to advantage. These materials will absorb
the liquid of the yard, and, becoming incorporated
with the excrementious matter, will double or tre-
ble the ordinary quantity of manure. During the
continuance of frost the excavation gives no in-
convenience; and when the weather is soft, the
borders aftbrd am])le room for the cattle. In this
way the urine is saved, and the w-aste incident to
rains. Sec, prevented. The cattle should be kept
constantly yarded in winter, except when let out
to water, and the yard frequently replenished with
dry litter. Upon this plan, from ten to twelve
loads of unfermented manure may be obtained
every spring from each animal ; and if the stable
manure is spread over the yard, the quahty of the
dung will be improved, and the quantity jjropor-
tionably increased. Any excess of liquid that may
remain after the dung is removed in the spring,
can be profitably applied to grass, grain^ or garden
crops. It is extensively used in Flanders, and
in other parts of Europe.
"Having explained my method of procuring
and preserving the food of vegetables, I will pro-
ceed to state my practice in feeding or applying
it. It is given every spring to such hoed crops
as will do well upon coarse food, (my vegetable
hogs and goats) These are corn, potatoes, ruta
baga, beans and cabbages. These consume the
coarser particles of the manure, which would have
been lost during the summer in the yard, while
the plough, harrow and hoe eradicate the weeds,
which spring from the seeds it scatters. The
finer parts of the food are preserved in the soil, to
nourish the small grains which follow. The dung
is spread upon the land as evenly as possible, and
inmiediately turned under with the plough. It is
thereby better distributed for the next crop, and
becomes intimately mixed and incor])orated with
the soil by subsequent tillage. Thus, upon the
data which I feel warranted in assuming, a farmer
who keeps twenty horses and neat cattle, will ob-
tain from his yards and stables, every spring, two
hundred loads of manure besides what is made in
summer and the product of his hog-sty. With
this he may manure annually ten or twelve acres
of corn, potatoes, &c, and manure it well. And
if a proper rotation of crops is adopted, he will
be able to keep in good heart, and progressively
improve sixty acres of tillage land, so that each
field shall be manured every four or five years,
on the return of the corn and potato crop."
Dr Deane observed, that " many who have
good farm yards, are not so careful as they should
be to make the greatest advantage by them, by
confining the cattle continually in them during the
foddering season. The practice of driving cattle
to water, at a distance, is attended with a great
loss of manure. Instead of continuing in this ab-
surd practice, the well that serves the house, or
one dug for the purpose, should be so near the
yard, that a watering trough may reach from it
into the yard. Some have a well in the yard ; but
this is not so advisable, as the water may become
imjjregnated with the excrements of the cattle, and
rendered less palatable. He that has a large stock,
may save enough in manure in this way, in one
year, to pay him for making a well of a moderate
depth : Besides securing the advantage of having
his cattle under his eye; and of preventing their
straggling away, as they sometimes do. Innu-
merable are the accidents to which a stock are
exposed, by going to watering places, in winter,
without a driver, as they conmionly do. And
oftentimes, by means of snow and ice, the dilfi-
culty is so great, as to discourage them from going
to the water ; the consequence is that they suffer
for want of drink, and the owner is ignorant of it.
All these things plead strongly in favor of the
mode of watering I have here recommended.
They should not be let out, even when the ground
is bare : For what they get will make them to
winter the worse ; and they will damage the fields.
There should bo more yards than one to a barn,
where divers sorts of cattle are kept. The sheep
should have a yard by themselves, at least ; and
the young stock another, that they may be wholly
confined to such fodder as the farmer can afford
them. But the principal yard may be for the cows,
oxen, calves and horses. And the water from the
well may be led into each of these yards by wooden
gutters.
If the soil of the yard be clay, or a pan of very
hard earth, it will be the more fit for the purpose of
making manure, as the excrements of the cattle
will not be so apt to soak deep into it. Otherwise
a layer of clay may be laid on to retain the stale,
and the wash of the dung, which otherwise would
be almost entirely lost.
"Some farmers seem well pleased to have awash
run away from their barns upon the contiguous
slo])ing lands. But they are not aware how much
they lose by it. A small quauity of land, by means
of it may he made too lich. But the quantity of
manure that is expended in doing it, if otherwise
employed, might be vastly more advantageous; es-
pecially if it were so confined as to be incorporated
with a variety of absorbent and dissolved substan-
ces ; and afterwards laid on those parts of the farm
where it is most wanted.
"It is best, in this climate, that a barn yard should
be on the south side of a barn. It being less
shaded, the manure will make the faster, as it will
be free from frost a greater part of the year, and
consequently have a longer time to ferment in.
The feet of the cattle will also mix the materials
the more, which are thrown into the yard, and
wear them to pieces, so that they will become
short and fine."
Lorain says: "My cattle yards and stalls were
profusely littered with corn stalks, straw, leaves,
<S:c; of consequence the manure for my corn
crops consisted principally of these substances.
They were ploughed under the soil early in the
sjirnig, but not without some difficulty, as it re-
quired the active exertions of a boy with a forked
stick to clear the head of the plough.
",Dung well stored with litter is a good non-
conductor of heat. It therefore greatly retards
evaporation from the ground underneath it. It
also absorbs much moisture, and while the ground
above it is drier than that underneath, the mois-
ture is continually absorbed from the earth be-
low, and diilused through the soil above. Thus
in any soil or climate the ground is much mois-
ter (luring a dry time, where dung well stored
with litter is used, than where dccom])Oscd dung
has been apidied, provided the cultivation is cal-
culated to suffer the dimg to remain undisturbed
and closely covered with the soil."
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiTtTRDiT, August 4, 1S32.
Fruits Presented. — By Mr S. VValker, Koxbury,
five varieties of Gooseberries, viz : Plough Boy,
Senecal Blucher, Millings Crown Bob, White
Smith, Golden Queen and Lancaster Lad ; also, a
fine specimen of Large Red Currants. By Col. J.
Wade, Woburn, a basket of very large size Scotch
Gooseberries. By Mr Abel Houghton, Jr. Lynn,
three varieties of Gooseberries, viz : Ashton's
Seedling, Smooth Yellow, and White Rock.
Flowers Exhibited. — By Mr Walker of Roxbury,
and Mr Hougton of Lynn, very fine. A good spec-
imen of Camellia Japonica from Rev. J. Pierpont.
Two tubs of grape vines sent to the Society by
M. C. Perry, Esq. of the U. S. Ship Concord will
be distributed on Saturday next at 11 o'clock.
Per order. E. VOSE.
JVool. — A few sales have been made by the
dealers to the manufacturers at 33 cts. for graded
wool, and 44 cts. for Merino and Saxony, cash.
Some farmers have sold their fleeces at 46 to 48
cts. on a long credit, and others at 40 to 45 cts. for
cash, for their best lots of Saxony and Merino.
The purchasers do not seem inclined to advance
at all, and some lots have been refused at previ-
ous offers. Those manufacturers who are not
supplied seem willing to supply themselves at 40
to 45 cts, for prime lots. — Poughkeepsie paper.
Vol. XL-No. 4.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
31
CHOLERA.
The new cases reported in New York city on
Sunday, 2i'tli ult. were 123, deaths 30; Monday,
new cases 103, deaths 39 ; Wednesday, new cases
82, deaths 41 ; Thursday, new cases 81, deatlis 31 ;
Friday, new cases 90, deaths 24 ; Saturday, new
cases 96, deaths 29.
In Philadelphia it is gradually increasing ; the
account for Thursday, August 2d, gives 40 new
cases and 15 deaths ; for Friday, 35 new eases
and 14 deaths ; Sattmlay, 45 new cases, 13 deaths.
It has also spread to Norfolk and Portsmouth,
Virginia. In Montreal it still continues severe.
Our own city still continues very healthy for the
season. Some alarm has been felt on account of
a severe sickness in the State Prison at Charles-
town, which commenced on Sunday evening. It
has not yet proved fatal in any case ; about 118
were taken. The Transcript of last evening con-
tains some official documents, among which is the
report of the physicians in attendance, which con-
cludes thus : "In their opinion this disease is not
Spasmodic Cholera, nor the ordinary cholera of
the season ; but is peculiar in its character, and
has been |)roduced by some cause with which
they are, so far, unacquainted. They do not re-
gard it as in the slightest degree contagious, nor
as giving ground for any alarm in the commu-
nity."
Adulteration of Spirits.— The Edinburgh Re-
view states that in London the sophistication of
wine is carried to an enormous extent, as well as
the art of manufacturing spirituous wine, which
has become a regular trade, in which a large cap-
ital is invested : and it is well known that many
tJiousand pipes of spoiled cider are annually sent
to the metropolis for the purpose of being con-
verted into an imitation of Port wine. lunumer-
merable are the tricks [)ractised to deceive the un-
wary, by giving to weak, thin, and spoiled wines,
all the characteristic marks of age, and also of fla-
vor and strength. In carrying on these illicit oc-
cupations, the division of labor has been com-
pletely established : each has his own task as-
signed to him in the confederate work of iniquity:
and thus they acquire dexterity for the execution
of their mischievous purposes.
A writer in the Sporting Magazine, concludes
an account of his visit to the farm of Col. W. R.
Johnson, in Virginia, with the following para-
graph :—
" The colts ofSir Charles and of Medley, frisked
and gamboled in the fields'for our and their amuse-
ment; in short, everything without seemed to pros-
per and flourish in its proper place, whilst, about
the garden and house, imder the direction of his
better half, the household moved on as would a
clock, whose works require winding but once in a
life time. In fact, as one of our party said on
leaving his farm— 'Well! for training and good
management, give me W. R. J. from a butter
milk pig up to a race horse !' "
Straw bonnet making is carried on extensively
m Norfolk County, and promises to be good this
season, as the Dedham Advocate says the crops of
straw are good, that a lot was lately purchased ai
the rate of $G0 per acre, and a lot of four acres,
advertised last week had been sold for $40 per acre,
said to be more than the land would have sold for
last fall.
Farm for Sale.
TO be sold, at private sale, that well known country-
seat, formerly owned by Joseph Cordis, Esq. located in
South Reading, on tlie easterly side of" Reading Pond,"
so called, and adjoining the Forrester farm, now owned
by John Clapp, containing sixty acres of excellent mow-
ing, tillage, and pasture land, surrounded with a good
stone-wall ; also, a lane, two rods wide, passing througli
the centre of the farm, which renders it convenient to go
to any part thereof, and is peculiarly ! advantageous, it
being fenced with a good wall, into lots averaging from
five to six acres each.
The buildings on said farm consist of a large two-story
House, about forty feet square, finished througliout, with
Sheds, and evei-y other convenience, including a never-
failing Well of excellent water.
Also, a Barn, ninety feet long by thirtysix feet wide ;
and adjoining said barn, is a large, convenient building
for stables, carriage house, chaise house, &c, with a good
well near the same.
The above buildings aj-e all in good repair.
The above farm is well calculated for a country-seat,
or public house, as it lies about an equal distance from
Boston and Andover, where a number of stages pass
daily, and the public travel is increasing.
For further particulars inquire of the subscriber on the
premises. MOSES SWEETSER, Jr.
N. B. Twentyfive acres of Wood Land can be pur-
chased with the above farm, if desired.
South Reading, Aug. 7, 1S32. 4t
Horse Quicksilver.
QUICKSILVER will stand iliis season at the stable of
the subscriber, in Brighton, a few rods south of the meet-
ing-house, and will cover only twenty mares the present
season, at $15 each, and $1 in addition, to the gioom.
Mares warranted to be in foal, if §20 is paid, and §1 lo
the groom ; and in discharge of h arranty, the $20 will
be returned.
Quicksilver is a beautiful bright bay, three years old ;
his sire, Sir Isaac Coffin's horse. Barefoot, conspicuous in
the racing calendar of England ; his dam, Rebecca, from
the imported Cleveland Ijay horse Sir Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mare, well known fur her fine form, speed,
and bottom, once owned by Mr Leavittof Salem, to whom
persons are referred for her character, and will be to many
others in Massachusetts and Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by good judges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
for a first rate covering horse. Mares sent to him, and
if left with the subscriber, will be well attended to on rea-
sonable terms, but he will not be responsible for acci-
dents. BENJAMIN W. HOBART.
Brighton, June 13, 1S32. tt
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Treatise on Domestic Animals.
THIS day published, by Lilly & Wait, and Carter &
Hendee, and for sale by J. B. Russell, No. 50.J North
Market Street, " A treatise on breeding, rearing, and
fattening all kinds of poultry, cows, swine, and other do-
mestic animals. By B. ftloubray, Esq., Reprinted from
the sixth London edition. With such abridgments and
additions as it was conceived would render itbest adapt-
ed to the soil, climate, and conunon course of culture in
the United Slates. By Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq., ed-
itor of the New England Farmer." Price 75 cents.
July 13.
Cautiou to Trespassers,
THE Roxbury Yeoman Association for the protection
of'Fields, Orchards and Gardens, against the depreda-
tions of strollers and pilferers, caution all boys, apprenti-
ces, and other persons, against entering their inclosures
if they would avoid the penalty of the law.
SAM'L J. GARDNER, Sec'y.
Roxbury, July 16, 1832. 3ni
Farm for Sale.
ONE of the best Farms in the town of Lexington,
pleasantly situ.ited, ami nnder a high state of cultivation,
is offiired for sale. It conlains 80 acres, 25 of which
are wood land. For particulars inquire of Col. Samuel
Chandler, near the meeting house, or of Mr Russell,
publisher of the New England Farmer.
Wanted.
A few Cherry Stones, for which a fair price will be
paid at the Seed Store, No. SOJ North Market Street
August S.
barrel
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
bushel
cwt.
cask
ton
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt.
pound
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first .sort,
pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....
prime, ....
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Fl.\xseed, ....
Flour, Baldmore, Howard -street,
Genesee,
Alexandiia, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
Corn, Southern yellow.
Rye, ....
Barley,
Oats, ....
Hay,
IIog's Lard, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st q\iality.
Lime, .....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, nu.x'd with Saxony.
I^terino, iiths, washed, .
. Merino, half blood,
IMerino, quarter, .
Nadve, washed,
„ C Pulled superfine,
j; -3 I 1st Lambs, . .
•==^2d, " . .
5 I. I 3d, " . .
^ l_lst Spinning, . .
Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less.
93 00 lo3 OO
110 00 115 00
12 00 12 50
6 2o\ 6 50
S (lUi
12
1 12
6 30
6 62
fiOO
6 00
95
60
50
50
9 00
22 01)
'JO
3 00
17 00
13 00
12
S50
6S7
6-50
6 25
55
62
10 00
23
"] 00
3 25
17.50
14 00
13 00
3 00
75
8 75
50
65
42
33
35
35
56
PROVISION MARKET.
Beef, best pieces,
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal,
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality.)
pound
10
8
"
64
"
4
9
'C
12
■1
14
dozen
17
bushel
«
02
barrel
4ou:
i 00
BRIGHTON MARKET — Mond.ay, August 6, 1833
r.eported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 2!)7 Beef Cattle, 14 Cows and
Calves, and 2622 Sheep.
Prices. Beef Cattle — We quote extra at 5,67 a 5
75 ; prime at 5,33 a p,50 ; good at 5 a 5,.33, thin at .*1 a
4,75.
Cows and Calves.— \f& noticed sales at $18, ISj, 20,
21 and 25.
Sheep. — Lots of Lambs with a few old Sheep were
taken at .$1,50, 1,58, 1.67, 1,75, 1,92, 2, 2,08, 2,27, 2,25,
and 2,3o.
Stcnie.— None at Market.
New York, August 3 Liltle or no alteration this
week. Beef Cattle have advanced a tiifle, and are as
well as Sheep and Lambs in demand. Beef Cattle brisk
at §6 a 7,30; Sheep, good, $3 at 4,50; common, $2 a
3; Lambs §1 a 3. — Daily .Advertiser.
[nrin the N. York market only the quarters of Bee
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. .\t Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as the quarters.
32
Miscellany
OUR OWN FIRESIDE.
Dear in the morn's soft blowing gale
Is biiiMing May ;
Sweet in the wild-rose scented vale
The scattered hay;
Dear is the early evening star.
The lover's guide ;
But ilearer still, and sweeter far,
Our own fireside.
Dear U the linnet's lively song
That cheers the grove ;
Sweet is the breeze that wafts alon<;
The sigh of love ;
Dear to the sailor's heart the call
Of land descried ;
But, ah ! more dear, more sweet than all,
Our own lireside.
DESCRIPTION OF A COW.
At the sale of a raniiing stoek in Gloucester-
shire, in England, the auctioneer gave the follow-
ing extempore description of a cow :
Long in her sides, bright in her eyes,
Short in her legs, thin in her thighs,
Big in her ribs, wide in her pins,
Full in her bosom, small in her shins.
Long in her face, fine in her tail.
And never deficient iu filling her pail.
DOMESTIC ECONOMY.
Sparc not nor spend too much, be this thy care,
Spare but to spend, and only spend to sp.iie ;
Who spends too much, may want, and so complain :
But he spends best, who spares to fpend again.
Certainly if a man will keep of even liand, his
ordinary expenses ought to be but to the half of
his receipts, and if he think to wax rich, but to
the third part. — Bacon.
SAGACITY OF THE ANT.
A gentleman of Cambridge, says Mr Bingley,
one day remarked an ant dragging along what,
with respect to its strength, might have been de-
nominated a piece of timber. Others were seve-
rally eniployed, each in its own way. Presently,
this little creature came to an ascent, where the
weight of the wood seemed for a w Idle to over-
power him. He did not remain long perplexed
with it; for, three or four others, observing his
dilemma, came behind and pushed it up. As soon,
however, as he had got it on level ground, they^
left it to his care, and went to their own work.
The piece he was drawing happened to be con-
siderably thicker at one end than the other. This
soon threw the poor fellow into a fresh difficulty ;
he unluckily dragged it between two bits of wood.
After several fruitless efforts, finding it would not
"o through, ho adopted the only mode that a rea-
soning being, in similar circu.tistance.s, could have
taken ; lie came behind it, pulled it back again,
and turned it on its edge, when, running again to
the other end, it passed through without ditiiculty.
The saiiie gentleman, sitting one day in the gar-
den of his college, he was surprised by remarking
a single ant, busily employed in some work that
caused him to make many journeys, to and from
the same place. This gentleman traced him to
the entrance of the habitation of a community,
whence ho observed him to take the dead body of
JNEW ENGLAND FARMER.
nn ant in his flings, and run away with it. He car-
ried it to a certain distance, dropped it, and re-
turned for another, which, by the time of his ar-
rival, was brought to the same hole.
Dr Franklin, believing that these little creatures
had some means of communicating their thoughts
or desires to one another, tried several experiments
with them, all of which tended to confirm bis opin-
ion, especially the following. He put a httle
earthen pot, containing some treacle, into a closet,
where a number of ants collected, and de\oured
the treacle very quickly. But, on observing this,
he shook them out, and tied the pot with a string
to a nail, which he had fiistened into the ceiling;
so that it hung down by the string. A single ant,
by chance, remained in the pot. The ant site till
it was satisfied ; but, when it wanted to get ofi',
it could not for some time find a way out. It ran
aliout the bottom of the pot, but in vain ; at last,
after many attempts, it found the way to the ceil-
in"-, by going along the string. After it was come
there, it ran to the wall, and thence to the ground.
It had scarcely been away half an hour, when a
great swarm of ants came out, got up to the ceil-
\ng, and crept along the string into the pot, and
began to eat again. This they continued to do
un'til the treacle was devoured ; in the meantime,
one swarm running down the string, and the oth-
er un.— Shaw's jYature Displayed.
« ANGLING IN THE SKY."
The author of the Sketch Book, in his Tales of
the Alhambra, gives the following account of a
novel species of amusement, he witnessed among
the inhabitants of that antiquated pile of regal
Moorish magnificence.
" Before concluding these remarks, I must men-
tion one of the amusements of the place which
has particularly struck me. I had rejieatedly ob-
served a long lean fellow perched on the top of
one of the towers, nianceuvring two or three fish-
ing rods, as though he was angling for stars. I
was for some time perplexed by the evolutions of
this aerial fisherman, and my perplexity increased
on observing others employed in like manner, on
diflerent parts of the battlements and bastions ; it
was not uptil I consulted Mateo Ximenes that I
solved the mystery.
» It seems the pure and airy situation of this for-
tress bus rendered it, like the castle of 3Iacbeth,
a prolific breeding place for swallows and marlets,
who sport about its towers in myriads, with the
holiday glee of urchins just let loose from school.
To entrap these birds iu their giddy circlings, with
hooks baited with flies, is one of the favorite
amusements of the ragged 'sons of the Alham-
bra,' w ho with the good for nothing ingenuity of
arrant idlers, have thus invented the art of angling
iu the sky."
August 8, 1832.
en seen on Sundays was not visible, and old men
and maidens, young men and children, thronged
to their houses of worship to fall down before
their Maker and Preserver with reverence and
godiy fear. — Salem Ohs.
Drovght. — The Cincinnati Gazette of the 21st
July, states that a distressing drought had prevail-
ed through the Western part of Ohio, for several
weeks previous — that the pastures were parched
up, and the prospect of corn and other summer
ciojis except oats, is very unpromising. The wheat
is of the very first quality, and has been saved in
the very best order.
.J Conclusion. — Some half dozen "green hands"
who had shipped on board a merchant vessel, be-
ing dilatory in making their appearance on deck
I hi a storm, at the call of "all hands!" the mate
went to the hatch-way and hailed them, asked in
tlic rant phrase often used on such occasions :
" Below there ! have you concluded ?"
" Yes, sir, we've concluded to let the sail blow
atvaif and pay for it!"
.'luything in reason. — Go up and hand the
royal, said an ofKcer on ship board to a boy, who
bad never before " swam the salt pond." It was
in the night. Sir ? answered the lad inquiringly.
The otliccr repeated the order. Anything in rea-
son. Captain, anything in reason, said the boy,
but as to climbing them rope ladders such a dark
niirlit as this, I shan't do it!
Cloth Strainers.
FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 and
52 North Market Street, Milk and Cheese Strainers ;—
likewise, Gaulfs patent Churn, the most approved churn
ID use ; Leavilt'3 improved Cheese Press; Curd Mdls for
preparing curd, a very useful little impleuient for the pur-
pose intended.
liCad Pipe and Sheet Lead.
LE.AD PIPE and Sheet Lead of all sizes and dimea-
sions, constantly for sale at No. 110 Stale street, by
ALBERT FEARira. &. CO.
Cradles.
FOR sale at the Agriciilluial Warehouse, No. 50|
North Market Street, a lew very excellent Grain Cradles.
July 11. J. K. NEWELL.
Printing Presses for Sale.
FOR sale at this office, one Smith's Imperial Press,
one do. Medium, and one Ramage.
:\",ttional Fast in England.— The London Rec-
ord gives an interesting account of the observance
of the National Fast in England held on account
of the presence of the Cholera iu that country,
.^t Colchester, the day was observed with a so-
lemnity which far exceeded anything of the kind
within memory of the oldest inhabitants. All bu-
siness was suspended, and the'streets were far stil-
ler than is usual on Sabbaths. The churches and
chapels were thronged by apparently devout wor-
shippers in most places, and a strict Sabbath was
kept. The display and strolling which is too oft-
Published everv Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year— but those \vho pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction of fifty cents.
dj" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions ofPrintin!; can be esecuteO to meet the
yvishfs of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
P JBSELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62. North
Market Street.
AGENTS.
;Veti> York — G. Thorkukn &. Sons, G7 Liberty-street.
Albam)—Via. Tuokp.ukn, 3^17 Market-street.
Philadelphia — D. & C. L,\ndbeth, S3 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Paukhcrst, 23 Lower Market-street,
Flushing. N. Y. Wm. Piu.vce& Sons, Prpp.Lin.Bot.Garden
Middlefiirij, 17. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, ;1/s. — E. Edwards.
IVewlniriiport. — EnENEZER Stedman, Bookseller.
PortsmmUh. N. H —3- W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, JJ/f. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Aiimsta. jl/t— Wm. Makn.
Halifax. N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq.
ilonlreal, L. C. — Henkt Hillock.
NEW EI^GL-AI^D FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Acricbltural WarehooseO-T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOI^. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 15, 1833.
NO. S.
Horticultural
JIASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
Proceedings of the Massofhiisetls Horlicultitnd So-
ciety, at a meeting, held at the Halt of the Insti-
tution, on Saturday, Atgust 11, 1832.
The foUowing report was made by II. A. S. Dearborn, President
of the Society.
After a separation of nearly nine montljs, I am
highly gratified to again meet the members of
an institution, with whom I have been so pleas-
antly associated, in zealous efforts to advance the
interests of rural industry.
During my absence, I have watched with deep
solicitude the progress of your labors, which,
through the kind intervention of those who liave
been most ardently devoted to the great objects of
the society, have been constantly reported to me.
It is a subject of sincere congratulatieti that the
Garden of Experiment and Cemetery of Mount
Auburn have claimed such commendable attention
from the able and energetic members of the Com-
mittee Avhich was charged with the management
of those beautiful and interesting grounds, during
this season. A result has been produced, by con-
ptructiug the avenues and paths, which musi con-
vince every dispassionate proprietor, that our most
sanguine predictions were far in the rear of pos-
sible achievement ; and that it is })iacticaW4 to
realize all our e.\-pectation.s within a less period
than was originally anticipated, if the same spb'it
and enterprise which has thus far marked their
labors are not suffered to abate. While we are
cheered by the past to redouble our exertions, the
anticipations of the future inspire a more extended
and generous disposition to mature and execute
the plans which have been pi-ojccted, for the full
development of all the important departments of
the whole establishment.
The absolute necessity of an Experimental
Garden is daily becoming more apparent, — for
the contributions of plants and seeds, from all
parts of the world, are rapidly increasing, and im-
periously require that we should be enabled to
cultivate then;, under the immediate direction of
the institution, both for the purpose of ascer-
taining their value in rural economy and conse-
quence in the arts, as well as for the embellish-
ment of our private gardens and jniblic grounds.
If the unprecedented rigor of the past winter
has had a most deleterious influence upon om-
fruit trees and produced a temporary despoiulcn-
cy among gardeners and farmers, we should be
encouraged in the reflection that a recurrence of
like disasters may not again blast our prospects
for a century ; and while the mo.st efl^ectnal mode
of obliterating the melancholy consequences, as
well as the painful reminiscences they awaken, is
a prompt and determined effort to rejvlace oiir
destroyed trees and ornamental plants by olli-
ers, of a more estimable quality, it should be
borne in mind, that it is our duty to plant, not
merely for ourselves, but for po:iteiity. It is tli'is
we are alone able to repay the debt of gratitude,
which we owe to our predecessors; and should
gladly emulate their enlarged beneficence toward
succeeding generations. The husbandman eats
in his own day, the bread which he had earned
by tlie sweat of his brow ; but it is most often that
he leaves as a rich inheritance to his posteritv,
the enjoyment of the fruits of those trees, which
he had reared and cultivated with generous and
imtiring assiduity ; glad in the hope that his chil-
dren's children would rise up and call hinj bles-
sed.
It will be recollected that Dr Van Mons of Lo-
vain, in the kingdom of Belgium sent us the last
year, scions of more than fifty of his most cele-
brated varieties of pears, and some weeks since, [
received the following letter from that illustrious
cultivator of fruits, in conformity to a request I had
made, in consequence of the disaster which befel
his rich donation. But notwithstanding I had at-
tempted, by addressing letters to the gentleman
through whose iiands the second present was to
pass, to avoid delay in the transmission, I regret
that it is my duty to state, the last and most val-
uable collection of grafts lias not yet reached its
destination. We are under the greatest obliga-
tions to Dr Van Mons, for his liberal efforts to en-
rich our nurseries and orchards, and notwithstand-
ing tlie unfortunate results which followed, I shall
ones more ask him to attempt the experiment,
with the hope it may be crowned with success.
Sir,-
I 9, 183:,
I embrace the opportunity kindly offered
by Dr McMahon of ttje United States Army, to
inform yoi>, that on the 20th of January, I iiad
the honor of sending you, by a ship which left
Havre on that day, a package of several kinds of
pear scions, of the most recent procreation, and
among them are not any of those Varieties which
I formerly transmitted, — in all sixtyfour different
varieties. I ha|)e they have, before this, reached
their destination. I have also sent you some of
my new engravings and descriptions of pears.
I have translated for the Revue dcs Revues, the
greater part of the articles which I found in the
numbers of the interesting New England Farmer,
which you were so very kind as to send me.
With sentiments of the highest esteem.
Your much obliged, and most obt. serv't,
J. B. Va.\ Mo.ns.
H. A. S. DtiRBom., Es(i
President Mass. Hor. Society.
Last summer I announced to the society, that
I had written to our Charge de Affairs at the Ot-
toman Forte, requesting him to be so kind as to
procure and transmit to the society, either the
seeds or plants of a valuable timber tree, which
grows on the borders of the Black Sea, and I now
have the pleasure of submitting liis answer.
Letter from David Porter, Esq. Charge do Affairs of Uie UniHJ
States at the Ottoman Poite.
Coil5TANTiNopt.r, May 9, 1833.
My Dear Sir, — I had the pleasure, yesterday,
to receive your favor of the 23d of July last, and
shall lose no time in endeavoring to procufe for
you some of the seeds of the Planua you describe.
If it is so valuable for the purposes of construc-
tion, as it must be by possessing the properties
you mention, I shall certainly be able to procure
information respecting it from the officers of the
Navy Yard, as all the wood lor that establishment
is brought from the shores of the Black Sea.
There will be no difficulty in finding a convey-
ance for the seed, or some of the young trees, from
this phu'e, as the harbor of Constantinople is sel-
dom long without the presence of an American
vessel. I some time since sent to Mr J. S. Skin-
ner of Baltimore, a quantity of the seed of a beau-
tiful flowering tree, which I wished him to dis-
tribute ; it is here called the Giiul-Aghadj, {pio-
nounced Gool-Agadgi) or Rose tree ; it is said to be
a native of Persia or Armenia. I have never seen
but one, but Baron Ottiufelt, the Austrian Minis-
ter, informed ine that in liis garden there was aji-
other.
it grows to the size of an orchard apple tree,
afixirds a fine shade, and an inuiiense quantity of
beautiful flowers of a light purple, tipt with white ;
the flowers bang like si^ tassels from the boughs,
the fringe of which is half the leug'.'i of the finger,
and widening from the stem in a fan like form.
The Baron, wha did not know the name, called it
the Silk Tassel tree, and froii; the appropriate
name he gave it, and from the deccriptiou of it, it
can be none other than the Gun! Aghadj.
The seeds are contained in a pod, like that of
the Locust, and I am rather inclined to think that
it is something of the family of the Acacia. I do
not know that it is of any utility, but it is striking-
ly beautiful and ornamental.
Mr Skinner, should it be desirable, will, no
doubt, take grct pleasure in furnishing you a sup-
ply of the seed.
Whenever I can be useful, in furthering the
views of the society, I beg you to command nie
without cerenjony.
Whh great respect, your very obt. serv't.
David Porter.
H. A.S.Dearborn, Esq.
Pres. Mass. Hor. Society.
I have written to Mr Skinner desiring him to
be so good as to send a few of the seeds of the
magnificent Giiul Aghadj, and from the known
disposition of that worthy pairon of horticulture,
to disseminate such seeds and plants, which he
so often has the good fortime to receive from for-
eign countries, I have no doubt he will cheerfully
transmit a portion of those which he may have
received, if they .have not all been previously dis-
jjosed of.
We were indebted last j ear to Capt. M. C. Per-
ry of the U. S. Navy, for a rich present of plants,
and I have recently received the following com-
munication fi(im that meritorious oflicer, together
with the donation to which he refers.
Letter from M. C. Perry, of the United Stales Navy.
U. S. Sliip Concord, harbor of M&Ua, )
Jlarcb 9, 1832. j
My Dear Sir, — I have placed iu charge of my
friend Mr Eynaud, U. S. Consul at this Port, two
tubs containing grape vines from Sicily which lie
has kindly olfered to forward to your society by
the first direct conveyance.
The vine called Pollio was introduced into Si-
cily during the possession of that Island by the
Romans. It is a native of ancient Thrace, and is
34
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Aagnst 15, 1833.
highly esteetntnl by the Sicilians. That called
Tyro was at a much earlier period brought
from Tyre.
A box containing a few plants vn\\ also accom-
pany the vines. Mr Eynaud has promised to put
in one of the tubs a few roots of the black cur-
rants of Zante.
I am, very respectfully, your most obt. serv't,
M. C. Perhy.
The grape vines and plants have arrived in ex-
cellent order, owing to the particular care which
Capt. Th.\ver, the commander of the brig Conway,
took of them, during the voyage from Malta to this
port, and for which we are under the greatest
obligations. They are now placed at the dispo-
sition of tiie society. As the grapevines are rep-
resented to be of a very superior kind, it is rec-
ommended that some of each be placed under the
care of gentlemen who have graperies, and who
from their skill, taste and experience, in the man-
agement of those delicate varieties of fruits, will
be disposed to cultivate them successfully, and in-
sure their dissemination.
I have placed upon the table of exhibition, a
pair of silk hose, which were sent me by Mrs Sea-
ton of the city of Washington, who states tliat the'
silk worms were reared, the cocoons reeled, the
silk twisted, and the stockings knit by her sister,
in North Carolina, during the last year; and that
the silk worms were fed entirely with the leaves
of the native black mulberry. For fineness of
texture, delicacy and beauty of manufacture, the
stockings rival those imported from Europe.
This example of female industry, and taste for
horticulture, is worthy of all praise and is not only
meritorious for the commendable precedent, but
an honorable instance of that laudable spirit of en-
terprise and patriotism for which the ladies of this
Republic have ever been conspicuous.
It is not only a most remarkable and interest-
in" fact, but one glorious to the character of our
countrywomen, that the culture of silk has been
prevented from total abandonment by the females.
It began in the southern states, but there expired
with the revolutionary war ; but it was however,
prosecuted in Connecticut, and almost exclusively,
until within a few years, when it rapidly expanded
all over the United States. Like the fire in the
sacred temples of antiquity, this rich culture has
been maintained by the hands of females ; and by
Boston, July 31st, 1832.
Hon. II. A. S. Dearbork, President oftbe Mass. Hort. See. ,
Dear Sir — A gentleman of Maine, whose
efforts are unwearied to promote whatever may
extend the arts, or increase the means of comfort
and happiness amongst us, has requested my in-
tervention as a friend, (choosing himself to be un-
named,) in the distribution of sundry roots of the
Meadow Saffron (or Colchicum autumnale.)
These I received by the Hull, from London, in
good order.
Agreeably to his wish, I now have the honor to
present to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
six roots, three double and three single ])lants.
The object expressed to me is, that the wine
and the vinegar may be obtained from it for use
in this country in the most satisfactory manner,
since if made here it is usually from dried, instead
of fresh roots.
In medicine, it is by many thought important in
cases of gout, rheum.itism and other maladies.
Coming from the eastern part of the Mediterra-
nean territories, both insular and continental, it
must thrive in some parts of this country ; as it
can hear some cold, whilst it profits by heat.
It is cultivated like the tulip, and is to be taken
forthwith out of the box in which it is imported,
and put into moist and warm ground. It will
come up, as its name indicates, in the autumn.
By the dissemination proposed for it, I think
that we shall have this article more fully establish-
ed in this country. It is not mean as a flower :
and many liave had occasion to be grateful for its
service as a medicine. For its further distribu-
tion as proposed, the best means in my power
have been already taken.
With much respeH for tie useful labors of the
Society over which you preside, I have the honor
to be, Sir, yours truly, John Welles.
Respectfully submitted by
H. A. S. Dearborn,
Pres. 31iU9. Hort. Societj'.
Boston, August 11, 1832.
The following resolutions were adopted.
Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be
presented to Capt. M. C. Perry, Commander of
the U. S. Ship Concord, for a valuable collection
of grape vines and plants which he kindly trans-
milted from Sicil}-.
Risohcd, That the President be requested lo
express to Mrs Seaton the thanks of the Sociely,
for the donation of silk hose which she has be(!ii
them has it been chiefly prosecuted, until it can pleased to present, and to desire her to niak
be now confidently asserted, that the period is not | known to her sister, the high estimation m whic
distant when it will become as important to our
manufactures, and as an article of export, as is
the present great staple of cotton, in the southern
and soulh western states; for instead of being like
that, confined to any one section oftbe Union, silk
can be produced from Florida to Maine, and from
the shores of the Atlantic to the vale of the Missis-
sippi.
Tbe following letter from the Hon. John Welles,
with the bulbs therein named, I have the pleasure
of presenting to the Society. That gentleman has
long been distinguished for bis devotion to the va-
rious rural cidtures of our climate, aad the coun-
try is much indebted to him for his numerous ex-
periments and interesting communications, on all
the branches of tillage, which have enriched
the Agricultural Journal, and the New England
Farmer.
her laudable attention to the culture and her sue
cessful manufacture of silk, are held by this insti
tution.
Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be
presented to tbe Hon. John Welles, for his liberal
donation of bulbs of the Colchicum autumnale.
David Porter, Esq. Charge des Affairs of the
United States at the Ottoman Porte, was admitted
corresponding member.
From Buckinglmm's New England Magazine.
SHEEP AND SHEPHERDS IN FRANCE.
Sanfoin and trefoil, among the grasses, give the
bright tinge of their blossoms to extensive fields.
There are neither fences nor hedges to secure
the growing crops from the cattle. They are
not, therefore, permitted to range tbe roads at
large, as is common in the United States. No
fences, indeed, are even used to divide the meadow
lanils, pastures, and fields of grain, of neighbor-
ing farmers ; but the crops of all sorts are grow-
ing as it were sociably together, without a ditch
or embankment to divide them. It must be ob-
vious, that under such circumstances it would not
answer to turn out cows, sheep or horses, into a
pasture, to lange uncontrolled, as is done by New
Eugland farmers on their well-fenced lands. A
string tied to a peg at one end, and to the
leg of a horse or the horn of a cow at the
otlier, usually limits the range of their graz-
razing excursions. The extent of the rope serves
as the radius of the circle, about which they vi-
brate from side to side, to crop the grass.
For w'ant of suitable fencing materials, shep-
herds and shepherdesses are still to be found in
the fields of France, as a substitute for rail fen-
ces and stone walls. Their services are not ne-
cessary to protect their flocks from the depreda-
tions of wolves, but foi^a very different purpose ;
to protect the growing crops, which border the
pastures, from the depredations of the sheep. To
relieve themselves of the laborious duty of run-
ning back and forth constantly, between the
verge of the fields of grain and the sheep pasture,
the shc]iherds have resorted to the sagacity of
dogs.
They ajqiear to be an indolent race, lying down
upon tnc grass at their case, whilst their ever ac-
tive dogs lake upon themselves the whole man-
ageiut^nt of the flock. These dogs, as if con-
scious of their elevated station, and of the impor-
tance of the command entrusted to them, over
the herd of subordinate animals, stride gravely
along the edges of the pastures, like trusty senti-
nels, displaying, in their very step and mein, what
might almost be deemed an air of magisterial dig-
nity. Where the range of the pasture is exten-
sive, two or more dogs are necessary. They pace
back and forth, meeting each other with (he reg-
ularity of sentinels, half way on their allotted
round, and wheeling about them to retrace their
line of march.
A French gentleman stated to me, that so great
are the docility and sagacity of well-trained shep-
herds' dogs, that their masters have only to take
them around the limits of the grounds allotted for
tbe range of the flock, and to designate properly
tbe bounds or lines for them to traverse, when
tbey seem to comprehend the end of their. task,
and will suft'er no errant sheep to transgress them.
When a nose is seen projected over this line, to
croi> the herbage beyond it, the dog hastens si-
lently to the spot. I noticed one of them, attend-
ing a flock near Lille, to give a sudden and loud
bark at the very car of the trespassing sheep, who,
in his agitation at the unexpected rebuke, wheel-
ed completely round, as if stunned. Thus it ap-
pears to be the business of the shepherds' dogs, aS
well as of the shepherds, to watch, not so much
for the safety of the flocks, as for that of the ad-
jacent, unfenced fields of grain.
The .shepherd-dogs sell for one or two hun-
dred francs each, according to tbe excellence of
ibeir education, as the postilion expressed himself
in reply to my inquiries. The shepherds them-
selves frequently take up their abode in 'the field
during the summer, sleeping at night in the little
portable houses or sheds mounted on wheels, which
they move about at pleasure on changing their
pastures, I have seen them travelling along the
roads between the sheep pastures and the houses
Vol. xi.-pro. 6.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
85
from whence they get their supply of food, with
wallets or scrips, probably somewhat after the
fashion practised by the primeval shepherd, Da-
vid. The shepherdesses, as well as the shepherds,
from their constant residence in the fields and ex-
posure to the sun, have complexions quite as
brown as those of the native Indians or squaws of
America; and, judging fi-oni appearances, one
would suppose them to bo about as susceptible of
sentimental loves. Pastoral life, as depicted in
poetry, like many other conceits of the poet's im-
agination, loses a portion of its charms when
viewed in the sober light of truth. The idle life led
by shepherds of ancient days allowed them such
ample leisure to make love, that the very
terms " swain," and lover, have become synony-
mous.
INOCULATION, OR BUDDING.
This is commonly practised upon all sorts of
.stone fruit in particular ; such as peaches, necta-
rines, cherries, plums, &c, as also oranges and
jesamines ; and is preferable to any sort of graft-
ing for most kinds of fruit. The method of per-
forming it is as follows : You must be provided
with a sharp penknife, or what is called a budding
knife, having a flat haft, (the use of which is to
raise the bark off" the stock to admit the bud,) and
some sound bass mat, which should bo soaked in
water to increase its strength, and make it more
pliable ; then having taken off cuttings from trees
that you propagate, choose a smooth part of the
stock, about five or six inches above the surface
of the ground, if designed for dwarfs, and for half
standards at three feet ; but for standards, they
should be budded six or more feet above the
ground ; then with your knife, make a horizontal
cut across the rind of the stock, and from the mid-
dle of that cut, make a slit downwards about two
inches, so that it may be in the form of a T ; but
you must be careful not to cut too deep, lest yon
wound the stock ; then having cut off the leaf
from the bud, leaving the foot stalk remaining,
you should make a cross cut about half an inch
below the eye, and with your knife slit oft' the
bud with part of the wood to it, in the form of an
escutcheon ; this done, you ?nust with your knife
pull off" that part of the wood which was taken
with the bud, observing whether the eye of the
bud be left to it or not, (for all those Iiuds which
lose their eyes in stripping, should bo thrown
away, being good for nothing,) then having gently
raised the bark of the stock where the cross in-
cision was made, with the flat haft or handle of
your knife, clear of the wood, you should thrust
the bud therein, observing to place it smooth be-
tween the rind and the wood of the stock, cutting
off" any part of the rind belonging to the bud which
may be too long for the slit made in the stock ;
and having thus exactly fitted the bud to liie
stock ; you must tic them close round with the
bass mat, beginning at the under part of the slit,
and so proceed to the top ; taking care that you do
not bind round the eye of the bud, which should
be left open.
When your buds have been inoculated three
weeks or a month, you will see which of them
have taken ; those which appear shrivelled and
black are dead ; but those which remain fresh and
plump, you may be sure are joined ; and at this
time you should loosen the bandage, which if not
done in time, will pinch the .stock, and greatly in-
jure ifnot destroy the bud.
In the March following you must cut off the
stock about three inches above the bud, slojiing it
that the wet may pass off and not enter the stock :
to this part of the stock left above the bud, it is
very proper to fasten the shoot which proceeds
from the bud, and which would be in danger of
being blown out, if not prevented ; but this must
continue no longer than one year, after which it
must be cut off'close above the bud, that the stock
may he covered thereby.
The time for inoculating is from the middle of
June until the middle of August, (in America
from the end of June to the end of August,) ac-
cording to the forwardness of the season, and the
particular sorts of trees to be propagated ; but the
time may be easily known by trying the buds,
whether they come off" well from the wood or not.
However, the most general rule is, when you
observe the buds formed at the extremity of the
same year's shoots, which is a sign of their having
finished their spring growth. — Forsyth on Fruit
Trees.
BOTTS IN HORSES.
In the American Farmer, 1 have read, with in-
terest, several remedies for the botts. It is cer-
tainly desirable, if possible, to obtain some specific,
which may be relied on to expel those terrible
insects when actually formed in the stomach as
well as to prevent their formation. As one of
your correspondents observes there is no doubt
that salt exhibited weekly in the food of horses,
would assist as a preventive ; and so will salt petre
and asafostida occasionally administered. Curry-
ing and cleaning the hair of the horse is not only
necessary for the good appearance, but also for
the general health of our favorite animal.
Of all the remedies I have used and seen used
to expel the botts, fish brine is decidedly the most
efficacious and sure. I have saved several valu-
able horses, after they were actually stretched on
the ground, and apparently in the last agonies.
Let a quart of salt fish brine, be administered
at once ; and the dose be repeated in an hour af-
terwards, unless previously there be symptoms of
relief. The medicine will show its effects in co-
pious discharges from the relieved animal, which
will be accompanied by quantites of dead botts.
He will not only be relieved, but will be improved
in his health and condition. It is to be observed,
by the bye, that all owners of horses would do well
to give them occasionally in their food, and
sometimes in draught, small quantities of fish
brine. — American Fariner.
From tlie Genesee Farmer.
At a time when pestilence stalks through our
land, and when the greatest attention to cleanli-
ness, and the removal of everything that produ-
ces foetid exhalations, are required by the civil
authorities, — I hope to be excused for a few re-
marks on privies. In years past, when I was
habitually a traveller, I found nothing in the
course of my journeys so generally a just cause
for complaint, as the condition in which those re-
ceptacles arc kejit. Most of the proprietors seem-
ed not to know that such places could bo freed
from the most villainous smells ; or that ventila-
ting tubes were as necessary to a privy, as a chim-
ney is to an open fire-place in a parlor.
Why only consider the matter: if a privy is
not ventilated by a tube in the manner of a chim-
ney, how are the exhalations to escape ? If they
are not sent ofl' high over our heads as they
should be, they nuist taint the air around us, fill
the chamber, and constantly a.ssail t!je olfactories
of every visitor. Go then to work — nail four nar-
row boards together so as to form a hollow prism,
place this erect in the privy so that the foul air of
the vault, shall pass up it through the roof without
doming into the chamber, (which to do complete-
ly you must keep the covers of the scats closely
shut down,) and thebusincss is done. And until
this is done, every privy must bo uncomfortable to
those who are not habituated to bad smells. A'.
ISABELLA GRAPE.
Wo lately examined a Grape Vine of the vari-
ety known in this vicinity as the Isabella Grape,
in the garden of H. B. Williams, Esq. of three
years' growth on which was upwards of one thou-
sand clusters of grapes. We think it would not
be overrating to say, that the prospects were fair
for this vine to produce two hundred and fifty
pounds of grapes this season. Similar grapes
were worth in this market the past season, twelve
and a half cents per pound ; but should the pro-
duce be two hundred and fifty pounds, and be sold
at ten cents per pound, the amount would be
twentyfive dollars. One acre of ground would
be capable of supporting one hundred and fifty
vines — which at the above rate, might produce
$3750. Now we are sensible that this stim will
appear so large to some of our farmers, that they
will say it is impossible to make an acre of land
produce so much, but yet we think it might be
done. Let them examine for themselves, make
fair allowances fur the uncertainty of all crops, as
to growth, market, &c, and then say whethei*
there is not a greater prospect for profit in the cul-
tivation of grapes, than any other crop, whatever.
Ibid.
Steam Carriage. — A late English paper con-
tains a description of a new Steam Carriage, of
an improveil construction, but perfect in its ma-
chinery and arrangements, which is about to be
placed on the road between Birmingham and
London. It is intended to test practically the ad-
vantages of employing steam carriages upon com-
mon road.s. The experiment will be tried on a
largo scale. The Engine is of 100 horses' pow-
er, and is arranged to propel a carriage like an
omnibus, capable of containing forty passengers,
and anotl'.er vehicle for merchandise and bag-
gage, of the capacity of several wagon loads.
The Engine is on a new plan, separate from the
carriage, with a boiler constructed of a number of
tubes, thus diminishing the chances for mischief
by an explosion. The wheels are eight inches
wide and perfectly flat, and it is stated by those
who have been present at the trials, that they
never make ruts in the road. The machine is
moved backwards and forwards at the pleasure of
the engineer, and the speed may be regulated at
will from one mile to fifty miles, an hour. To
avoid a deposit of sediment in the boiler tubes,
distilled water alone is to bo used. — Bait. Amer.
Calves. — !t sometimes happens that calves are
troubled with a looseness of the bowels, or secur-
ing, more especially after rains, when the grass
grows fast. To j)revenl this, a little lime mixed
with meal and given to them, will in most cases,
stop the complaint within a few days. — Gtnese
Farmer.
36
NEV^ ENGLAND FARMER,
Aagnst 15, 1832.
HABITS OF INSECTS.
Extract from the July number of the Xorth Ame,i-
can Revieiv.
Insects are now a formidable hoiIy, aud were
r.iiich more so in former times ivlitM tlieir habits
and persons were less f;iiiiiliarly liiiown. Men
bad not began to ask from whence they came, nor
wbithcr they were going; but they tbund tbeni
when they least desired their company, and there
was a sort of mystery in their movements, which,
more than anything else, tends to iiispire the feel-
in£j of dread. It was on this account that they
were first distinguished by the name bug, whicli,
however it may have degenerated into a watc
word of contempt at the present day, was former-
ly synonymous with ghost or spectre, and equally
alarming. The passage of scripture from the
Psalms, " Thou shah not need to he afraid of any
bus by night," as it stood in Mattliew's old Eng-
lish Bible, is iirobably known to our readers.
Later translators have judiciously substituted a
more general word in its stead. But even now,
considering their power to destroy our peace,
there is some reason to fear them, and were there
nothing else formidable about them, their mnn-
bers are sufficiently alarming. When we bear
their concert on a summer evening, it sounds as
if every leaf and every blade of grass had found a
voice ; though, in fact, there is no voice in the
matter. They deal wholly in instrumental mu-
sic ; some have heard a voice like sound proceed-
ing from a moth occasionally, but their concert, —
great nature's bum, — is produced by rubbing (be
bard shells of the wings against tin? trunk or to-
gether, which makes a sharp and shrill sound, that
can be heard at a considerable distance. The
hum of insects on the wing can he beard when
the performer is invisible. We remember, that
once standing in a summer day on the top of a
high hill, we beard asoimd as of a million of bees
directly over our head, when not an insect, which
could be held responsible for any noise, was with-
in our view. Such cases are not tincommon, and
the only explication is, that the authors of the
sound are distant, and its loudness deceives us in-
to the impression that it is nigh.
We will suggest some advantages of an ac-
quaintance with this subject ; we mean a general
acquaintance, such as jiopular works arc calcula-
ted to give. For example, the insect called the
death-watoii was formerly thought to sound the
alarm of death to some inmate of the mansion
where it was hoard, though it woidd have required
a perpetual cholera to have fulfilled half thenum-
bei of his ])rcdictions. Now, it is known to pro
cecd from a little wood boring insect, whose skull
is somewhat bard, aiid who uses it for the pur-
pose of a signal to others. Standing on its bind
legs, it beats regularly on the board a number
of times, — a process, which, comparing its force
with the size of the insect, one would think more
likely to be fatal to itself than to those who bear
it. The bug, so well known in connexion with
"rosy dreams and shiitibers light," when it was
first imported into England, occasioned equal dis-
maj', — an alarm not wholly superstitious and un-
reasonable, when we remember bo\v often it has
" murdered the sleep of the innocent as well as
the guilty." If we may believe David Dean, the
Scotch bewail its introduction among them as one
of the evils of the Union, and for that reason dis-
tinguish it by the name of the Ensrlish bug. The
history of the Hessian fly, which made its appear- j it is bow, and the practice is by no means obsolete
ance at the close of the American war, and which for every family to supply itself with moschettoes
certain aged people, believing it to be a conse
quence of our se])aration from the British Gov-
ernment, named the Revolution fly, shows )iow
much alarm and trouble ignorance of the charac-
ter of a little insect may occasion. They first ap-
peared in Staten Island, aud spread lapidly, de-
stroying the wheat on their way. They passed
the Delaware in clouds, and swarmed like the flies
of Egypt, in every place where their ))resence was
unwelcome. The British, naturally liislikiug every-
thing that savored of revolution, were in great fear
lest they should reach their islan<l, and resolved
to prevent it, if necessary, with all the ])Ower of
their fleet. The privy council sat day after day ;
despatches were sent to all the ibrcign ministers ;
expresses were sent to the custom houses to close
the ports ; Sir Joseph Banks, who held such mat-
ters in special charge, — as Swift said Mr Flam-
stead was once appointed by Government to look
after the stars, — was called upon to exert himself,
with such importunity, that if such a thing were
possible, he grew almost profane upon the occca-
sion. He shouted across the ocean to Dr Mitch-
ell, while the Doctor stood wringing bis hands
upon the western shore. When be had collected
all the information which could be furnished by
scientific and practical men concerning the bug
in question, amounting to more than two hundred
octavo pages, he enlightened the Government with
the information, that be did not know what the
oreaturc was ; a report satisfactory as far as it
went, no doubt, but which might, for aught that
appears, have been reduced to somewliat smaller
dimensions. If any one could have furnished a
scientific description of the insect, it might proba-
bly have been arrested in its depredations, and if
not, there would have been some consolation to
men, could they have pointed it out to the indig-
nation and scorn of the world.
Our cultivators can furnish illustrations enough
of the evils of ignorance on this subject. The
common locust, robinia pseudacacia, whose velvet
leaf exceeds other foliage in beauty, as much as its
wood exceeds that of other trees in value, is almost
ruined in New England by the larva; of a moth,
which is known to naturalists, but which no means
have yet been able to destroy. We know that in
plantations lately made, the ravages of the insect
have been confined to their sunny borders ;but wc
greatly fear, that in a year or two, they will carry
their inroads into the heart of the groves. Cer-
tainly, tlie fine trees of this description which
fringe the highways and surround the cottages,
must be given up to this little pest, which, so fin-
as we know at present, will only cease from its
labors on condition of being cut in two. The cauk-
erworm, too, is waging a war of exteritiination upon
our fruit trees. After passing the winter in the
ground, — would that it were its grave, — the insect
makes over the tree to its heirs, which can only,
with our present knowledge, be checked by mean
that like curing the headache by amjiutation, are
too eflectual for the end proposed. Pear orchard
resemble the gardens of the French nobleman,
mentioned by Madame De Stael, which were
planted with dead trees in order to insjnre con-
templation ; not knowing enough of the borer to be
able to bring him to justice, the cultivatoi can only
sigh over his more than lost labors. But for Dr
Franklin, it would have been more common than
by keeping large open vessels of water near ibeir
houses, as if for the special benefit of this insect,
whose baik an<l bite are equally undesirable. The
moscbctto lays his eggs upon the water, where
they are hatched into grubs, which float with their
heads downward ; when the time for their change
is come, they break through their outer covering
and draw themselves out standing ujjright, so that
they appear like a vessel, the corslet being the
boat, and the body officiating as mast and sail.
Their former sea-change is now reversed ; for,
should their naval cstablishtnent overset, they are
inevitably lost moschettoes. As soon as their
wings are dried, they fly away to their work of
blood. As six or seven generations are born in a
summer, and each mother c-an furnish two hun-
dred aud fifty eggs, it is evident that a vessel of
water, properly neglected, will people the air of a
whole neighborhood. But there is no end to the
li.si of evils arising from ignorance on this sub-
ject. One of the choicest specimens of it we
have ever heard, is that of gardeners in Germany,
wlio collect and bury grubs in order to destroy
tliein, a mode of destruction quite as fatal, as that
of throwing fish into the water to drown them.
It would be easy to give some striking illustra-
tions of the advantage of knowledge on this sub-
ject. The manner in which peach trees are se-
curid from the depredations of the insect which
every year destroys many, is familiarly known.
The insect deposits its eggs iu the bark of the
tic>', as nearly as possible to the surface of the
gri'iuid. When it is obliged to resort to the bran-
dies, besides that it is more easily discovered by
the gum which flows from the wound, the grub
nvould generally be arrested by the cold before it
would make its way to the root, where it retreats
in winter. By ascertaining the time when these
eggs are laid, and tying straw or matting round
the trunk of the tree, its injuries are easily pre-
vented. Wc are persuaded that the lavages of
the clothes-moth, the creature to whom food and
raiment are one, might be prevented by exposing
clothes to the light at the time of oviposition.
When the timber was found to be perishing in the
dock yards of Sweden, the King Jipplied to Lin-
utBus to discover a remedy, thus acknowledging
the dependence of connnerce, national defence, and
royal i)ower, njion hmiible scientific researclies.
He ascertained the time when the insect deposited
its eggs, and by sinking the timber in water at
that period, the evil was effectually iircvented.
We certainly receive many serious injuries at
the hand of the insect race. But they are not
wholly unprovoked ; iior can it be denied, that if
they torment us, we also torment them. It is to
bo hoped that the time will come, when we shall
be able to deal with them as with larger animals,
exterminating tliose which cannot be employed in
the service of m.an. At present, however, their
ingenuity, their perseverance, and their numbers,
render it hopeless for man to make any general
crusade against tliem. But we have little to com-
plain of, compared with the inhabitants of warmer
climates. Dr Clark tells us, that in the Crimea,
he found the moschettoes so venomous, that in
spite of gloves, and every other defence, he was
one entire wound. In a sultry night, he sought
shelter iu bis carriage; they followed him there,
and when be nttejni)tcd to light a candle, they e\-
Vol. XI.— No. 5.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
37
tiii"uishe(l it by their numbers. In Soutli Amcn-
ca, tliere are countless varieties ; sou<c puisne
their labors by day, and others !iy night ; they
form ditTerent strata in the air, and new detacli-
mcnts relieve guard as last as the former are ex-
hausted. Hund)oldt tells us, that near Rio Unare
the wretched inhabitants bury themselves in the
sand, all excepting the head in order to slec]) ; we
should think that, in such a condition, they would
be sorely tempted to make no exception. Even
this is not so groat an evil as the destruction made
by the white ants among papers of all descrip-
tions. The same authority mentions, that there
are no documents of any antiquity spared by this
destroyer; it invades the tenure of property, the
duration of literature, the record of history, and all
the means of existence and improvement, by which
civil society is held together. It is melancholy
enough to see gardens, fields, and forests sinking
into dust ; but we must confess that this last ca-
lamity <iuile exceeds all others.
To those who resent these injuries, it may be
consoling to know that the means of ample ven
"■eance are within their reach, and if they choose
to follow the example of those who kill and eat
insects, the insects will certainly have the worst of
the war. The Arabs, as is well known, eat lo
ousts with great relish, though, for reasons, not
certainly founded upon the disparity of outward
favor, they look with abhorrence upon crabs and
lobsters. Hottentots, also, delight to have locus'ts
make their a|ipearance, though they eat every
greeu thing, calculating with some foresight, that
as they shall eat the locusts, they shall not be
losers in the long run. This people, who are far
from fastidious in any of their habits, also eat
ants boiled, raw, or roasted, after the manner of
coffee ; and those who can overcome the force of
prejudice, so as to try the e.xperiment, confess
that they are extremely good eating. Kirby, the
English naturalist, bears his testimony to this ef-
fect. Smeathman says, " I have eaten them
dressed in this way, and think them delicate,
nourishing, and wholesome ; they are something
sweeter, though not so cloying, as the maggot of
the palm-tree snout beetle, which is served up at
the tables of the West Indian epicures, particular-
ly the French, as one of the greatest luxuries of
the country. In parts of Europe the grub of some
of the beetles are highly esteemed ; the ceramhyx
is the delight of the blacks in the Islands ; the in-
habitants of New Caledonia are partial to spiders.
Equidtm no7i invideo, miror magis. It is highly
probable that a large proportion of insects were
intended by providence for food ; and if we will
not eat them, it is unreasonable to complain of
their numbers.
ner superior to all others, and if, upon experi-
ment, after following strictly the directions, they |
prove otherwise, we will cry aloud and spare j
not against this species of Yankee epicurism.
Brown Bread. — Indian Meal, half a peck ; Rye
ftleal, half a peck ; molasses, one gill ; yest, half |
a pint; salt, two table spoonfuls. This is to be |
mixed with skimmed milk, boiled and cooled, but
water, nriilk warm, will answer. It must be mix-
ed quite soft, kneaded one half hour and baked
in iron pans twelve hours.
Baked Beans. — Take one quart of Beans, wash
them thoroughly, soak them over night and rinse
them in the morning. Put them into an iron pan
with two quarts of water and stew them over the
fire quarter of an hour. Then wash and score
one pound of pork, (fat and lean) and put it into
the kettle with the beans and boil them quarter
of an hour longer ; then stir in two table spoon-
fuls of molasses, fill up the kettle with water, and
if i)ossible let them stand in the oven over night.
— A'orthampton Courier.
CONTAGION AND INFECTION.
These two words are commonly used promis-
cuously, being generally supposed to be sy-
nonymous terms. Such, however, is not the fact,
and the difference in their meaning is easily
shown by referring to their derivation. Contagion
is derived from the Latin word contingo, lo
touch ; and is applied to diseases which are com-
mimicated to a person afliected with such disease,
as the measles, the itch, the small pox. Infection,
on the other hand, is derived from inficio, to stain,
to dye, to soak, to imbue, to saturate; and is ap-
plied to diseases which are not communicated to
a jierson by simple contact with anotiier person
afiected, but i-equires something more ; as a per-
son going into a room where a large number of
persons affected with a particular disease are col-
lected together, and though he would not take the
disease by merely touching the sick, yet by re-
maining a long time in the room with them, by
handling them, inhaling their breath, and breath-
ing the contaminated atmosphere of the room, his
system might become so imbued, soaked, satura-
ted with the noxious etfiuvia, as to be atfected with
the disorder. The contagion is applied to more
virulent diseases, and such as are taken by slight
exposure or simple contact, while infection is ap-
plicable only to such as can be contracted by long
and continued exjiosure. — Boston paper.
DOMESTIC MATTERS.
Baked Beans and Brown Bread are two staple
commodities in the weekly fare of New Euglaiid-
crs ; in the southern country, a man's origin and
primitive descent is known to be Yankee when
he advocates and defends brown bread and the
bean pot. But never mind, a man who will not
uphold these wholesome and nutritious com-
pounds, would sell his birthright for a mess of
pottage, — he has no real Yankee principle of life
in him, and should be driven out of paradise into
the land of musquito nets and mdlifiers. An
experienced housewife has furnished us with the
following receipts for serving up these articles as
they do in the eastern part of the state, in a man-
Powdered Charcoal. — This may be obtained in
bottles of the druggist, or prepared in families.
To prepare it, put sound coal in the fire, and after
bringing it to a red heat, pound and sift it, the finer
the better; bottle and stop it close with a leather
or writing paper cap, tied over the cork. In the
preparation let no dampness come upon it. Its
efficacy is weakened even when administered in
water. This may be taken best in a little nnik or
molasse.s, a table spoonful at a time. No injury is
ever sustained from it, and it is a jtowerful cor-
rective of putridity. In diseases of the bowels,
and malignant fevers, we have known it to be very
useful ; and in checking choleric pains and diar-
rhosa, we have ))roved its value. In health it is
laxative ; but in this epidemic cholera, it has often
restored the tone, the healthy feeling and action
of the bowels. It interferes not with any ordina-
ry food or physic, and may be given in the lowest
condition of the sick. — JV. ¥. Whig.
Boston, Wednesday Evening, August 15, 1832.
SECOND CROP GRASSES, SALIVATION
OF STOCK, &c.
Farmers have, generally, been inclined to at-
tach considerable value to the second crops of
grasses, called aftermath, or rouen ; and this has
been particularly the case with regard to clover.
Mr Lorain, however, has thrown some doubts on
the expediency of attempting to keA cattle with
the rouen or second crop of this grass. We would
submit the remarks on this subject to the consid-
eration of our good practical cultivators, and
should be happy if they would make our paper a
vehicle for communicating their opinions on a
subject of considerable importance to ihe agricul-
tural interest.
" Certain it is," observed Mr Lorain, " that
when the second crop grasses, given to my cattle
in the yard consisted of red clover, I have seen
them prefer eating the old straw, with which their
sheds were thatched. Nay, more ; I have seen
them (though naturally quiet,) so much goaded by
hunger, that they have broken the fences of my
cattle yard several times in the course of one day,
when a fresh supply of fresh cut, beautiful look-
ing, second crop red clover was entirely rejected
by them, and which no efforts of mine could com-
pel them to eat.
" What may appear still more extraordinary, I
have seen them, after Iieing turned into the very
fields from which this cro|) of clover had been
cut, return in the evening tolerably well filled.
Whether they have sufficient sagacity to pick out
the least obnoxious parts of the clover, or to gath-
er other plants that are in some certain degree
calculated to counteract the baneful effects pro-
duced by the clover, is unknown to me. The
facts are, however, correctly related.
" I formerly believed the salivation of horses
and catile, is not altogether confined to red clover.
I had observed, that in proportion as this grass
predominated, in loads procured from a mixture
of it with the spear grasses, my cattle confined to
the yard were more or less salivated.
" Since I have removed to the back-woods,
where red clover is too seldom sown, I find the
horses and rattle slabber quite as much as they
do where this grass has greatly prevailed. My
neighbors say white clover is the cause of this.
It m.iy be, and I suspect it is the principal cause :
but until the cattle be confined where they can
get no other grass but white clover, nothing cer-
tain can be known of the extent of the slabbering
produced by eating it.
"The s|ip;ir grasses grown on the firm where
soiling M'as extensively practised by me, consisted
principally of timothy, orchard, and green grass-
es, with some little ont grass. It clearly appear-
ed, that if these grasses be in any degree affected
by the cause which ))roduces salivation, it can be
but little, as the second crops were found capable
of greatly correcting the profuse slabbering, cer-
tainly introduced in my practice by red clover.
These grasses when mixed with the clover, never
failed to affect this valuable purpose, and that too.
as far as this could be determined by the eye, in
dun proportion to the quantity of them which
ha|>pene<i to be mixed with the clover, brought
in with them for feeding the cattle ami horses in
the vards.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
August 15, 1832.
" The cause of salivation has been too long
t.oiight in the different wectls which spring up
among the clover in various soils. I have, how-
ever, been in the habit of sowing the seed of this
plant plentifully. The clover of consequence
stood thick on tiie ground. This introduced much
shade, which together with the frequent use of
the scythe, had so far destroyed weeds, that i
some places, few, if any were to be found : still,
the second and third crop clover mowed from
those places, were equally injurious to cattle and
horses.
"This disease is checked by the first white
frost that is seen to cover the grass in the fall.
If the frosts succeed each other tolerably quick, it,
with the Hessian fly, and all flies disappear. I
have seen a heavy white frost put an immediate
stop to every appearance of salivation among
horses and cattle. When this however, was not
followed by other frosts, slabbering soon recom-
menced, and continued till it was again checked
by the same cause. May we not infer, from this,
that if the farmer deferred cutting his second crop
clover until frost checked the slabbering among
his cattle, that all the grass mowed until saliva-
tion again commenced would make valuable hay ?
Until now, however, I have never tliought of this,
although I have often observed that cattle and
horses grazed on second crop clover, gathered
flesh as fast as any other second crop grass,
after white frost puts a stop to salivation.
"Horses and cattle gather but little flesh when
grazed on red clover, during the season for saliva-
lion. Cows immediately fail in their milk. The
butter made while slabbering continues is gener-
ally bad, and some cattle and horses fall away
greatly even in luxuriant pastures of this grass."
Abel Seymour, in a communication originally
published in the American Farmer, and republish-
ed in the New England Farmer, vol. ii. p. 19, at-
tributes the cause of salivation in stock to their
feeding on grass covered w-ith a blue mould or
fungus. And he says in substance that an atten-
curring at all in many places, where horses are
(lastured almo.st altogether on clover." A botani-
cal description of the Euphoibia is given in the
N. E. Farmer, vol. ii. p. 78.
Dr William Baldwin, of Wilmington, Delaware,
in the same article says, " Dr Barton informed me
that he believed several vegetables bad a similar
eflTect with the Euphorbia in producing slavers ;
and that he had known this disagreeable disease
])roduced by dry clover, which he sujiposed to be
in a diseased state."
It appears then that the cause or causes of this
deleterious effect are not ascertained to any de-
gree of certainty, and we think the topic deserv-
ing and admitting of further elucidation.
will destroy white weed. Other writers state that i
plaster of Paris will extirpate this nuisance, but
with regard to the manner and quantity of its ap-
plication for that purpose, we liave seen no direc-
tions.
Mr E. W. Raring of Cayuga, Claiborne Co.
Miss, wishes for information rel.ative to the ar-
ticle of Pindars, by some called ground nuts, by
some Goober Peas, &c. What quantity nearly is
sold in Boston, &c. " Our soil and climatet" ne
continues, " are well adapted to the growth of this
article, and I am wishing to learn if it will do to
ship."
We find the following notices of this article in
the last American edition of Willich's Domestic
Encyclopedia.
" Ground Xuts or Ground Peas, the .irrackis
Hypo^alos .'Imerieaniis of Ray, a plant cultivated
in the West Indies by the negroes. When in
flower, it inclines towards the earth, into which
the pointal enters, and extends to a certain depth,
where the seed vessel and fruit are formed, so that
the latter attains maturity under ground. As large
crops of this vegetable are produced on lightiandy
land, of little value, it may be advantageously cul-
tivated on such soils.
"The seeds or fruit, when bruise<l and express-
ed through canvas bags, afford a pure, clear
and savory oil, which will admit of being kept for
a considerable time without becoming rancid or
equiring any particular care, even during the heat
of summer. As one bushel of the seeds when ex
five observer may frequently perceive streaks of i pressed, yields a gallon of pure oil without, and a
blue mould on the grass, and by reviewing it more much larger quantity, though of inferior quality,
closely with a magnifying glass, he can distinguish with the aid of heat, they deserve to be more gen-
two complete rows of mushrooms or fungi, one on erally known and imported."
each edge of the spear grass; and cattle and horses, j We should be much gratified by the receipt of
by swallowing these excrescences with their j information relative to this as well as the other ob-
DISEASE m HORSES' EYES.
Mr D. B. Richards, of South East, N. Y. writes
as Ibllows : "A disease of horses I have lately be-
ouie acquainted with, which I do not recollect
seeing described in any publication. It is called
the hooks in the eye. The fore jiart of the eye
brow is contracted, and by standing before the
horse and making a motion with the hand, the
hor.ie draws a white skin from the for" part of the
eye, nearly over the whole ball. Should you pub-
lish something respecting said disease, iierhaps
some one might be benefitted."
Not professing to be an adept in veterinary sci-
ence, we should be under great obligations to any
friend, or other public spirited gentleman, who
would give us information on the above mention-
ed topic. — Editor.
Early Jlpples. — We have been favored with
three different specimens of summer apples, fully
matured antl of prime excellence. They are styled
Early Harvest, Parson's Red Streak, and Staat Ap-
ple. They ivere from the Orchard of Gorham Par-
s, Esq. whose laudable efforts to iniroducc and
inf|>rnve articles of culture deserve the gratitude oi
a community benefitted by such efforts.
iMASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SATDBDir, August 11, 1832.
, Fruits Exhibited. — Peaches from Eben. Breed,
Esq. of Charlestown, of an uncommonly large
size, weighing nearly nine ounces, of a delicious
rich llavor and melting. Apples from the Hon. H.
A. S. Dearborn, Roshury ; beautiful large White
Spring fruit, the tree from Philadelphia.
S. A. SHURTLEFF.
food, become afilicled with the disease alluded to.
Some have thought the disorder caused by the
webs of spiders; some that it was caused by a
poisonous plant called lobelia, or Indian tobacco.
Lovett Peters, Esq. whose conuuunication on this
subject was published in the N. E. Farmer,
vol. ii. p. 58, was of opinion that "the slavers
of horses is caused by their eating a kind of grass
of second growtli, making its appearance in the
fore part of July, much resembling oats, which
comes up in the fall, after the crop has been taken
off the ground."
In the second volume of Memoirii of the Phil-
adelphia Agricultural Society, (pages 350 to 3.58)
are published two communications, "On the Sal-
ivary Defluxions in Hoises." Mr Abraham Per-
lee was the author of one of tliese communica-
tions, and Mr William Baldwin the other. Mr
Perlee attributed the disorder to a plant called
spotted spurge, Euphorbia maculata. This wri-
ter was of opinion that the evil was not produced
by clover, and assigns as a reason for such belief,
"its not having occurred for many years after clo
jects of inquiry mentioned above.
WHITE WEED.
Our respected and venerable correspondent,
Samuel Preston, of Stockport, Fenn. wishes us
"to make inquiry, and to publish some account
how to destroy the pernicious weed, called White
Daisy or Buck's Eye." Wc are ha))py to comply
as far as it is in our power with this request.
We believe the pernicious weed, alluded to by
by Mr Preston is a plant, termed by botanists
Chrysanthemum lencanthemum. It has quite an as-
sortment of common or vulgar names, among
which are white weed. May weed, ox eye, &c,
besides its more poetical appellation of Daisy.
Mr Deane observed that "the daisy and rag
weed are conquered by a plentiful manuring of
the ground ; for where tlie land is rich they are
found not to flourish. Pasturing the Land with
sheep is said to be fatal to the daisy and to the
crow foot. But the most effectual way to destroy
these weeds, is to break up the land, and employ
it in tillage." The Farmer's Assistant assures us
ver had been extensively cultivated, and not oc- ' that top dressings of composts suitable to the soil
A lirodigious Switzerland sheej), exhibited at
the Lincoln Fair, caused an extraordinary sensa-
tion among the farmers, few of whom ever dream-
ed of seeing a sheep of the enormous weight of
402 lbs., standing 5 feet in height, and being 7 ft.
in length ! This sheep was yeaned on the moun-
tains of Stvitzerland, and is now three years old.
It has been publicly exhibited to the most distin-
guished naturalists in Europe, and at the Tuile-
ries in Paris, before the royal family of France.
It has produced annually 35 lbs. of wool, and is
carried in a caravan to fairs, as au extraordinary
curiosity. — English paper.
Foul Casks cleansed. — Butter tubs and other
vessels which have become foul by use, can be
easily cleansed by filling them tvith any kind of
meal or bran and water, and permitted to stand
till fermentation lakes place — casks which have
from any cause become filthy and musty, may be
cleansed in this way. And inasmuch as this mix-
ture, after having performed this operation, be-
comes more suitable food for swine, than before,
there is no expense attending it. — Mass. Spy.
" Cure for a Burn. — Scrape the inside of a po-
tato ; nii.x sweet oil and turpentine so as to make
poultice of the mixture, and apply it to the burn
immediately, and it will extract the heat."
Vol. XI.— JVo. 5.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
39
HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,
Kept at the garden of the proprietor of the New Eng-
land Farmer, in Lancaster, Mass., thirtylive miles west
from Boston, on the river Nashaway.
July 24. Fail ; morning, thermometer 54, wini S.,
W., noon, 75, S., evening, G6, S. E. Seedling Dahlias
begin to bloom. Cloudy at evening.
25lh. Cloudy and showery ; morning, thermometer
64, S. E., noon 75, S., nij;ht 64, S. E. Purple, White and
Yellow Xeranthemums in blooui, (handsome annuals,}
also, Helianthus n-.ulliflora pleno, a beautiful perennial.
26th. Morning fair : 54 N. W., noon cloudy, 73 N. E.,
night, fair 60 S. \V.
27th. Morning, fair; 55 N. W., noon fair 77, N.,
night, fair 65 S. W.
28th. Morning, fair; 50 S. W., noon, rain, 81 S. W.,
night, fair 70 S. W. Oenothera longiflora and Oe. iioc-
tiflora, (handsome annuals,) in bloom.
29th. Morning, cloudy ; 69 S. W., noon, cloudy 82 N.,
night, fair 74 S. W.
30lh. Morning, fair, 67 S., noon, 81 W., night, fair
66 S. E.
Cardozo Arabian, for Sale.
THIS entire Horse was imported into Bo.*ton,June
I5lh. 1832, by Messrs R. D. Tucker & Son, in the brip
Caroline from Gibraltar, and is of the purest Arabian cast
as will appear by the subjoined certificate. This horse
is of the largest class of Arabians ; of dapple b.iy color;
black lees, main, and tail ; and measures fourteen hands
three inches iu height; uncommonly large bone ; mus-
cles and tendons stronjily delineated ; of irrepressible
spirits, and perfectly docile. His points, when abstract-
edly examined, are in most respects without fault, and
collectively they form an animal surpassed by few for
symmetry — leaving no doubts on the minds of judtres,
that he is a true sou of the desert without any collateial
admixture.
A more particular description of this horse is not deem-
ed necessary at this time, as it is presumed no gentleman
will purchase so valuable an animal without minutely
examining him.
We the undersigned do hereby certify, that the ches-
nut horse, five years old, with a white spot on the fore-
heail, was sent from Oian to Consul Cardozo, and that
31st. Morning, cloudy ; 70 S. W., noon, fair 81 W., said liorse is of the purest Arabian breed
night, 85 S. W. Zinnea elegans, Z. rubra, and Z. viola, | In testimony whereof we give the present in Gibraltar,
in bloom ; also, Z. multi6ora, and Z. pauciflora, ail an-
nuals, well known, pretty border flowers, and easily cul-
tivated ; also, Lobelia cardinalis, and Convolvulus arven-
sis, elegant indigenous perennials; pulled Early Dwarf
seed peas.
August 1st. Morning, cloudy; 66 N., noon, cloudy
79 N. E., night, rainy 67 N. E. Ice Plant in bloom, al-
so, Rudbeckia fulgida, a fine perennial, and R. digitata,
a tall growing perennial.
2d. Morning, foggy ; 62 N. W., noon fair 81 S. W.,
night, fair 71 S. Blue Pimpernell and Schizanihus pin-
iiatus, neat annuals in bloom.
3d. Morning, cloudy ; 6 W. S. W., noon, fair 81 N. E.,
night, 72 S. W. Argemone grandiflora, a splendid an-
nual troni Mexico in bloom; also. Mimosa sensitiva, a
Well known curious aimual.
4th. Morning, fair; 61, S. W. noon 86, N. W., night
76, W.
American Farrier.
THIS day pubhshed, and for sale at the New England
Farmer office, No. 50A North Market Street, the Alner-
ican Farrier, containing a minute account of the forma-
tion of every part of the Horse, with a description of all
the diseases to which each part is liable, the best reme-
dies to be applied in effecting a cure, and the most ap-
proved mode of treatment for preventing disorders; with
a copious list of medicines, describing their qualities and
effects when appHed in different cases ; and a complete
treatise on rearing and managing the horse, froin the
foal to the full grown active laborer ; illustrated with nu-
merous engravings. By H. L. Barnuni. Price 75 cents.
Aug. 15.
this 3d day of Del Hogia, year of Elgira 1247.
[Signed in Aiabic,]
Faquih Hamet Bekqusef,
MOSTAFA BeNGALY.
Certified to be the true signatures of Faquih Hamet
Benqusef and Sidy Mustafa Ben Galy, by A. Car-
dozo, Vice Consul of the Bashaw, Bey of Tunis.
Gibraltar, May 4, 1832.
Extract of a letter from Horatio Sprague, Esq. of Gibraltar.
" This horse was a present to Aaron Cardozo. Esq.
Consul General for the Earbary Powers, a talented and
wealthy gentleman, who prefers living with the nobility
in Portugal to residing in this place. The then governor
of Gibraltar, General Sir George Don, made a proposal
to purchase this horse to send to England.
'• As soon as the nephew of Sen. Cardozo, who is a
particular friend of mine, residing here, had orders to sell
I tlie horse, he immediately made me the offer of purchas-
ing him ; and the Caroline with Capt. Gale's kindness,
offering a good opportunity, I purchased him, believing
j his worth to be £500 sterling, to any man, and event-
ually of essential service to my native country."
Application to be made to SAMUEL JAQUES, at the
Ten Hills Stoci; Faim, Charlestown, Mass. where the
horse may be examined. Aug. 15.
Kendall's Improyed Rotary Pump.
JUST received and for sale at the Agricultural Ware-
house, No. 504 North Market Street, a further supply of
Kendall's |jnproved (house and factory) Rotary Pumps.
These pumps are so constructed as to convey a regular
and steady stream of water by the common crank motion,
are very compact and simple in construction, and no way
liable to get out of order. They are well calculated lor
the use of fiictories, paper-mill, &c.
A constant supply of these pumps, and likewise those
of smaller size for domestic purposes, will be kept lor side
as above ; and if required, the Patentee will furnish suii-
able pipes and attend to putting the pumps in opeiairon,
OB application as above. Agu. ID.
Wants a Sitaation.
A Gardener who is well acquainted with the business,
and has had charge of gardens for the last fourteen ytars
in the United States and can produce good recommenda-
tions. Apply at this office. Aug. 15.
Binding .
THE subscribers to the New England Farmer are
informed, that they can have their volumes neatly hali'-
bound and lettered, at 75 cents per volume, by leavin"
them at the Farmer office. Aug. 15.
Printing Presses for Sale.
FOR sale at this office, one Smith's Imperial Press,
one do. Medium, and one Ramage.
Farm for Sale.
TO be sold, at private sale, that well known country-
seat, formerly owned by Joseph Cordis, Esq. located in
South Reading, on the easterly side of" Reading Pond,"
so called, and adjoining the Forrester farm, now owned
by John Clapp, containing sixty acres of excellent mow-
ing, tillage, and pasture land, surrounded with a good
stone-wail ; also, a hue, two rods wide, passing through
the centre of the farm, which renders it convenient to go
to any part thereof, and is peculiarly advantageous, it
being fenced with a good wall, into lots averaging from
five to six acres each.
The buildings on said farm consist of a large two-story
House, about forty feet square, finished throughout, with
Sheds, and every other convenience, including a never-
failing Well of excellent water.
Also, a Barn, ninety feet long by thirtysix feet wide ;
and adjoining said barn, is a large, convenient building
for slables, carriage house, chaise house, &c, with a good
well near the same.
The above buildings are all in good repair.
The above larm is well calculated for a country-seat,
or public house, as it lies about an equal distance from
Boston and Andover, where a number of stages pass
daily, and the public travel is increasing.
Fcr further particulais inquire of the'subscriber on the
Pf«">'ses. MOSES SWEETSER, Jr.
N. B. Twentyfive acres of Wood Land can be pur-
chased with file above farm, if desired.
South Reading, Aug. 7, 1832. 4t
White Mulberry Seed.
THIS day received at the New England Seed Store,
No. 50.J North Market Street, Boston, a lot of White
Mulberry Seed, saved the last month expressly lor us,
from one of the largest white mulberry orchards in Con-
necticut—warranted fresh and of the very first aualitv
Aug. 15. J -i }■
I'llICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
FKOJ
TO
.^PP1.ES, russeltings, .
j barre
1
1
Ashes, pot, first sort.
'• ton
9S 00 103 00
pearl, first sort.
i "
110 00 115 00
Beans, white, ....
bushe
9
100
Beek, mess, ....
barrel
12 0(
12 50
prime, ....
."
e2£
6 59
Cargo, No. 1, .
"
8 01
9 00
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new,
pound
12
13
Cheese, new milk, .
a
6
a
skimmed milk, ■
i<
3
4
Flaxseed, . . .
bushel
1 12
1 25
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
barrel
6 75
6 87
Genesee,
"
6 75
6 80
Alexandria, .
<!
6 00
6 50
Baltimore, wharf, .
"
6 00
6 25
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
bushel
80
85
Corn, Southern yellow,
>•
75
80
Rye, ....
"
95
100 00
Barley,
'.
60
70
Oats, ....
"
42
55
Hay,
cwt.
50
62
Hog's Lard, first sort, new, .
.'
9 00
10 00
Hops, 1st quality.
"
22 00
23
Lime,
cask
90
UKi
Plaster Paris retails at
ton
3 00
3 25
Pork, clear, ....
barrel
17 00
17 50
Navy mess, .
"
13 00
14 00
Cargo, No. 1,
"
12 75
13 00
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
bushel
2 50
3 00
Red Top, northern,
''
67
75
Red Clover, northern, .
pound
10
T.ALLOw, tried.
cwt.
8 50
8 7-5
Wool, Merino, fiill blood, washed.
pound
45
50
Merino, mix'd viith Saxony,
"
55
65
Merino, Jths, washed, .
«
40
42
Merino, half blood,
"
37
38
Merino, quarter-, .
"
33
35
Native, washed, .
«
33
35
a f Pulled superfine.
• ■
55
56
S -d 1 1st Lambs, . .
44
45
f|^2d, " . .
■'
35
37
^§.|3d, "
^ 1^1 St Spinning, . .
•'
28
30
"
42
44
Southern pulled Wool is about 3 cen
Is less.
T.
PROVISION MARKE
Beef, best pieces.
pound
10
12
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
"
8
10
whole hogs, .
"
H
7
Veal, ...
"
7
10
Mutton,
"
4
10
Poultry, ....
"
9
12
Butter, keg and tub.
«
14
16
lump, best,
"
18
22
Eggs, retail
dozen
61
18
Meal, Rye, retail, .
bushel
92
Indian, retail.
'
75
Potatoes, ....
"
50
62
Cider, (according to quaUty,) .
bari'el
4 00
5 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, August 13, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advectiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 231 Beef Cattle, 13 Cows and
Calves, and 2365 Sheep.
Prices. Beef Cattle — The Hmited number at mark-
et, (particularly the best qualities) was the occasion ol
quick sales, and at an advanced price from last week.
50 or 75 more Beef Cattle could have been sold at a fair
price— 30 or 40 are already engaged to be delivered at
Brighton on Thursday. We noticed only 4 taken at $6;
no other sale above $5,75. We quote extra at $5,73 a
i ; prime at $5,50 a $5,67 ; good at $5 a $5,50 ; thin at
: a $4,75.
Cows and Calves. — Sales were effected at $18,21,
23, 27, 28 and 28,50.
Sheep. — Lots of Lambs with a few old Sheep were
takenat$l,50, 1,58, 1,67, 1,71, 1,75, 1,92, 2,2,17, and
2,25. A lot of Wethers were taken at $2,50.
Swine. — None at Market.
40
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
Ausast 15, 1832.
Miscellany
EARLY RFXOLLECTIONS.
By tlie author of " Moral Pieces in I'rose and Verse."
Pleasure and we.\Uh loour lot may be granted,
Love may a lar-distant mansion endear,—
Yet who can forget the soft soil where were planted
Those first germs of bliss never wet with a tear?
Rude frowning rocks, Nature's loveliness spurning.
May rise to disfigure the spot of our birth.
But with rapture's warm thrill the glad wanJereri
returning
Will press their fond lips to their dear native eartli.
Green-house exotics may glow in our tresses.
The pride of the florist expire on ourbrea,st.
But sweeter are these than the wild-flower that dresses
The vale, by the sports of our infancy blest .'
Music with pomp and expression may greet us, —
Still Meniory will cherish, melodious and free,
The song of tho birds that would warble to meet us.
In childhood's gay season, from thicket and t'ee.
The clouds may be rich, where the sun Is reposing,—
But soon must they shroud him in darkness forlorn,
And the day of our life, though it brighten at closing,
Can never restore the enchantments of morn.
From the London Magazine of Februaiy, 1758.
PROl'ERTIES OF THE GARDENER.
question by a lady. Why is a gardener the most
extraoriliiiary man iii tlie world ?
Jlnsv'er. Because no man has more busim-ss
upon Earth, and always chooses good Grounds for
what lie does. He coiniiiaiids his Thyme. He is
master of liis Mint, and fingers Pe7iny Royul. He
raiseth his Salary every year, and it is a bad year,
indeed, that does not produce a Plum. He meets
with more Bouglis than a minister of .state. He
makes more Beds than the French king, and has
in them more painted Ladies, and more genuine
Roses and Lilies tlian are to be found at a eoun
try wake. He makes Raking his business more
than his diversion, as many other gentlemen do.
His wife, notwithstanding, lias enough of Lad's
Love and Heart's Ease, and never wishes for
Weeds. Distempers, fatal to otliers, never hurt
him: he walks the better for the Gravel, and
thrives most in a Consumption. He can boast of
more Bleeding Heartx than your ladyship, and
more Laurels (if possible) than his majesty of
Prussia : but liis greatest pride and the world's en-
vy, is, tliat he can liave Yeiv wlienever he pleases.
Of all the enemies of idleness, want is the most
formidable. Fame is soon found to be a sound,
and love a dream — avarice and ambition may be
justly suspected of being privy confederates with
idleness ; for when they have for a while protect-
ed their votaries, they often deliver them up, to
end their lives under her dominion. Want al-
ways struggles against idleness ; but want herself
is often overcome ; and every hour shows the care-
ful observer those who liad rather live in ease than
in plenty. — Johnson.
Vegetable Instknct. — Instinct is a particular
disposition or leudency in a living being to embrace,
without deliberation or reflection, the means ofself-
preservation, and to perform, on particular occa-
sions, such other actions as are required by its
economy, without having any perception of what
end or purposes it acts, or any idea of the utility
and advantage of its own operations. Climbing
plants afford a curious instance of this instinctive
economy. Some of these having very slender
stems, cannot, like most other plants, grow of
themselves in a perpendicular direction ; but in
order to compensate for this incapacity, nature has
given them the power of moving or twining their
branches and tendrils diflferent ways, until they
generally meet with a tree or some other body
on which to climb, or attach themselves; and
when a tendril has laid hold of a support, it coils
up and draws the stem after it.
Trees and other vegetables have likewise the
power of directing their roots for procuring nour-
ishment ; — fof instance, a tree l. owing near a
ditch, will be found to direct its roots straight
downwards, on the side next tlie ditch, until they
reach the ground below it, when they will throw
off fibres underneath, and ramify like the root on
the other side of the tree. Some curious examples
of this kind of instinct are related by Lord Kaimes,
among wliicli is the foUowing. " A tpiantity of
fine compost for flowers happened to be laid at the
foot of a fidl grown elm, where it lay neglected
three or four years; when moved, in order to be car-
ried off, a net work of elm fibres spread through
the w hole heap ; and no fibres had before appeared
at the surface of the ground."
Many flowers also fold up their leaves on the
approach of rain, or in cold cloudy weather, and
unfold tliem again when cheered dy the reaniinat-v
ing influence of the sun. This is remarkably cx-
plified in the convolvulus arvensis, anagallis ar-
vensis, and many others, but more particularly
in the last, whence it has been called the poor
man's weather-glass.
In Watson's Chemical Essays also, it is staled
that trefoil, wood-sorrel, mountain ebony, the Af-
rican marigold, and many others, are so regular in
folding up their leaves before rainy weather, that
these motions have been consiilered as a kind of in-
one of its walls, a plane-tree upwards of twenty
feet in height. Thus situated, it became straitened
for food and moisture, and therefore gradually di-
rected its roots down the side of the wall, till they
reached the ground at the distance of ten feet.
When they had succeeded in this attempt, the up-
per roots no longer shot out fibres, but united in
one ; and shoots vigorously sprung up from the
root which had succeeded in reaching the earth.
The Island of St Lucia presents a still more
curious phenomenon in the animal flower. This
organization lives in a large bason, the water of
which is brackish. It is more brilliant than the
marigold, which it resembles. But when the hand
is extended towards it, it recoils, and retires like
a snail in the water. It is supposed to live on the
spawn of fish.
In Java grows a plant, the JVepenthes distilla-
toria, remarkable for having a small vegetable bag
attached to the base of its leaves. This bag is
covered with a lid which moves on a strong fibre,
answering the purpose of a hinge. When dews
rise, or rains descend, this lid opens ; when the
bag is saturated, the lid falls and closes so tight-
ly, that no evaporation can take place. The
moisture thus imbibed cherishes the seed, and iB
gradually absorbed into the body of the plant. —
Bucke's Beauties, Harmonies, and Sublimities of
.Yature.
Mr R. Risley, North Third street, Philadelphia,
has patented a machine to dispense with manual
labor in pre|inring marble slabs or stone for
building. A steam power equal to five horses, is
said to execute as much work as 1000 men in the
same time.
Mrs Parmeutier,
AT the Horticultural Botanic (jarden, Brooklyn, two
jiiiles from the city of New York, offers for sale on mod-
erate terms, a fine collection of Apple, Pear, Cherry,
,Pluin, Peach, Quince Trees, &c, Grape Vines, Orna-
mental Trees and Shrubs. Also, Green-house and Her-
baceous Plants, which will be ■ clivered at Boston with-
out expense of exportation. Catalogues forwarded gratis.
3t J. B. KUSSELL, Agent,
Jifly IS. No. 50i North Market St. Boston
Cloth Strainers.
FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 and
52 North Market Street, Milk and Cheese Strainers ; —
. ., } c m . n , likewise, Gault's patent Churn, the most approved churn
stinct similar to that oUms.— Tapper on the Prob- , j^ ,„g . Leaviil's improved Cheese Press; Curd Mills for
ability of Sensation in Pegetahles. preparing curd, a very usefid liule impletnent forthe pur-
Some plants open their petals to receive rain.' P°°° "^'''"''^''' 9k
oihcrs avoid it ; some contract at the approach of a Published everv Wednesday Eveniiur, atPpsrann^,
storm, others on the approach of night ; while payable at the end of the \ ear— but those who pay within
some expand and blossom only to the evening air. ^",'>' ''^'-' '''''""'« '■"!« "'' subscribing, are entitled to a
.. , ^ ■ a ^ • ^1 deduction ol lilty cents.
rvear the Cape, certain flowers form a species ofj (p^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
chronometer. The morea tmg'ujfw/a/n and u/irfi/-, being made in advance.
lata open at nine in the mornin-, and close at four ; < Jal^'r^JZ^' ^r i^^l'.^'"'- ''^'- ^- ^''7^,:^^ "'\r
.'. . ^ ■ I all oescriptions ui Printing can be executed to meet the
the ina cvinamonea opens at the time the other wishrs ofcustomers. (Jrders foi Printing received by J. B.
Wo. 52. IMorth
Mr Richard Hatter, a passenger in the brig Ed
mond Castle, arrived here yesterday from Lon-
don, has brought over with him' two cows and a
calf of the true Durham breed, also twelve sheep
of the true English breed. — .V. 1'. Enquirer.
closes, and sheds a delicious perfume throughout
the night.
The stamina of the flowers of sorrel thorn are
so peculiarly irritable, that when touched, they
PassELL, at the Agricultural Warehous
Market Street.
AGENTS.
JVfW York — G. Thokburn & Sons, G7 Liberty-street.
■ i, . ,■ i„ . . • 1 1.1 I .i</6(i'iv — Wr.i. Thoreuk.v, 347 Market-street.
will incline almost two inches : and the upper joint phvaJelphia-H. & C. LANnRiTH, S5 Chestnutstreet,
of the leaf of the dionaa is formed like a machiiir Baltimore — O. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
to catch food. When an insect therefore seules S"'!«'"''-f/ fv^'^o ''""''"7 'c^^ ''"^" 't'"'';?'"''^'''^'
, , , , , . , ' Fte/iins-.iV. 1 . WM. Pkikce &SoKs, Prop.Lin.Bot.Garden
on Its glands, the tender parts become irritated, i j|fid(i/f/;„r!,, 17. — Wight Cha
and the two lobes rise up, grasp the insect, and
crush it to death. The plane-tree exhibits the pow-
er of exercising a .sagacity for securing food not
unworthy of an animal. Lord Kaimes relates,
that among the ruins of New Abbey, in the county
1 of Galloway there grew in his time, on the top 01
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Spring-field, Ms. — E. EuwAKDs.
^en-hiirifport. — Er'ENEZKR Stedman, Bookseller
Portsmouth. N. H. — J. W. Fostku. Bookseller.
Porthiud.Afe. — ^.Samcel Colman, Bookseller.
A"^usta. A/e — Wm. Ma5N.
Halifax, N S — P. J Holland, Esq,
Montreal, L. C. — Henry Hillock.
NEW enc;l.and farmer.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Aoriculturai. Warf.housk.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 22, 1832.
NO. 6.
Coiumiinications.
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
Mr Fessende.v — Indulge mc in a brief reply to
your remarks in No. 3, and I ))romise not to pester
you further upon these sulijerts: for ])erhaps it is
discreet to drop a controversy when our antago-
nist becomes testy.
I intended to have made the amende honorable
ia my last, for having indiscreetly, or improperly,
used the word quackery. But as my apology seems
rather to have awakened new sensibility, I beg
leave now explicitly to recall the obnoxious ex-
pression anil apologize for its use. As the i"ose
loses none of its fragrance by being called this-
tle, I hope. Sir, that your professional advice will
lose none of its force by eitiier my levity or grave
accusation. I have another mistake to atone for.
I applied your monition to the wrong article ; to
the compost instead of the practice of the Rens-
selaer farmers. I assure you this was inadver-
tent. I do not recollect to have read the Rens-
selaer iiaragraph till after I had sent you my sec-
ond communication. But the mistake neither
benefitted me nor injured yon. The'poiat at is-
sue is the same. Do unlearhcd ashes and quick
lime destroy seeds and plants, by contact, in their or-
dinary mode of application in agricnlture ? Ujion
this point I have but a single remark to make, and
contenting myself with the known results and
benefits of practice, will leave you undisturbed in
the enjoyment of your speculative theory. You
rely on Sir John Sinclair for support in the af-
firmative of this ])roposition. The quotation from
him applies, I think, exclusively to dead matter,
and the dispute has reference only to living, grow-
ing plants. Upon dead matter the laws of chem-
istry are uniform ; but upon matter endued with
vitality, whether vegetable or animal, they are nu-
gatory. The genial heat of the sun invigorates
and expands the living ])lant, while it facilitates
the decomposition and destruction of the dead
one. I admit, however, that used indiscreetly or
in excess, the lime and ashes may be destructive
to living vegetables, as may any other fertilizing
substance ; but applied with ordinary prudence
they are harndess.
The next point of difference I shall notice, is
the solubility of limestone in water, and its che7mcal
action upoii the soil or atmosphere, to induce fertili-
ty. In supporting the affirnjative you quote Monk,
Darwin, Young and Deaiie, respectable authori-
ties to be sure, but not the best, as regards the
chemistry of agricultiu-e. All but one I btlieve
wrote nearly forty years ago, since which souje of
the most important discoveries have lieen made in
chemistry. But it should be observed, that Monk
speaks of quick lime, and not of the carboonte.
Darwin reasons merely from hypothetical prenu-
ses, viz : that "another means by which vegeta-
bles acquire carbon in great quamiiy may be from
limestone dissolved in toatcr." Young evidently al-
ludes to the mechanical, and not the chemical effects
of lime. To your authorities, such as they are, I
oppose the subjoined, of more recent date.
" Pounded limestone. — This substance differs
from calcined lime in containing fixed air, or car-
bonic acid, and likewise as being insoluble in wa-
ter."— Sinclair's Code of Jlgr. p. 38.
"Carbonate of lime will only improve the tex-
ture of the soil, or its relation to absorption; it
acts merely as one of its earthy ingredients." —
Davfs Jlgr. Ch. p. 284.
" ftuick lime, when first made, is caustic and
burning to the tongue, renders vegetable blues
green, and is soluble in water ; but when combined
with carbonic acid, it loses all these properties, its
SOLUBILITY, and its taste." — 76. 282.
■'Carbonate of lime is not soluble in water, un-
less the water itself be charged with caibonic
acid."— Pa;/'' Chem. Cat. p. 195.
"Chalk, (carbonate of lime) having no power
of acting on animal or vegetable substances, can
be no otherwise serviceable to land than as it al-
ters its texture." — Giisenthwaite.
Caibonate of lime is soluble in acids, and in
water charged with them. It is not the water,
but the acids, which renders it soluble ; and it is
to the adventitious presence of acids that we must
ascribe the presence of lime in hard water, mineral
springs, &c, and the formation of stalactites in
cave?. In all the prescribed analyses of soils,
the s|)ecimens are directed to be washed and sat-
urated with water, without a suspicion that these
operations diminish the calcareous matter. This
is subsequently detected, and the quantity ascer-
tained by acids.
I may have presumed too far in saying you
seemed to sustain professor Eaton in his opinion,
that the atmosphere afforded the chief nutriment
to plants ; and am satisfied from your declaration
that I did so. But as your correspondent W. B.
complains that I have given no " experiment" in
proof that plants do not derive their chief nourish-
ment from the atmosphere, I beg leave to satisfy
his doubts upon this head, by furnishing him botli
with a{ithorily and experiment. The authority is
Professor Davy, who says, in p. 11, of his Agricul-
tural Chemistry, that " all the varieties of substan-
ces found in the plants, is derived from water, or
from the fluids in the soil, and it is altered by, and
combined with principles derived from the atmos-
phere.". The experiment is my own. Some years
ago I began to cultivate a piece of sandy land.
The first year the wheat did not return the seed,
nor the corn pay for ihe culture. By the applica-
tion of manures to the soil, fertility has gradually
increased, till the former has yielded me 36, and
the latter more than 100 bushels per acre. As
the atmosphere is the same as at the commence-
ment, I have a right to ])ut down the increase to
the food in the soil.
I must a|)ologize for having taken up so much
of your paper with subjects in which I am fearful
most of your readers have taken little interest ;
and yet I cannot but hope that some of their minds
may have been enlightened by the sparks which I
have elicited from your [icn. B.
Albany, August 8, 1832.
RECLAIMKD MARSHES, No. IV.
Mr Fessenden — I some time since, placed be-
fore your readers several numbers, to show the
ill effects of diking, or shutling out the sea from
our marshes, and how lar experience was against
it, ill very many well tried experiments about us.
Some reasons too were offered why diking might
be beneficial in Nova Scotia paiticularly, and ye;
otherwise here. Among these, we repeat, arc
the differeagiconstitinjnt ]u-jnci|)lcs of the soil —
much of iaro^"" l«:i"g hi nujd banks at the mouths
of rivers,'«fe^ their greater depth, and the great-
er time they are covered by water. Besides that
it is admitted that in their natural state their pro-
duction is only "a worthless coarse hex-bage."
Their formation, and rich accumulation by the
inrush of the tides, forming thereby what has been
denominated " a perfect soil," has been mention-
ed. About the Bay of Fundy, Dr Morse " jilaces
their rise at from thirty to sixty feet, and so very
rapid is it, says he, that swine and other animals,
feeding on the shores which Ihe tide overflows,
are often overtaken and overwhelmed, unable to
make their escape." This will be considered the
more striking, when contrasted with our tides,
which rise from eii_htto thiiteen feet only.
It was al)out these waters, says Agricola, "that
the French planted themselves, in the first occu-
])ation of the country in ICOG, and threw across
those dikes and abateaux, by which they shut out
the ocean, and possessed themselves of the rich
marshes of Cornwallls and Horton."*
But he denies in the most favored of these, "a
perpetual fei'tilily, without a supply of animal or
vegetable mbtter as a chimera," and adds, that
" by the cultivation of ibem ibr a number of
years in succession, they nnist be worn out, as a
contrary opinion is in despite of the first laws of
vegetable nature."
"That a degree of fertility is preserved, by lay-
ing out these marshes to grass, and keeping them
so for several seasons. Yet notwithstanding these
intervals of rest, which to a certain extent recruits
all soils, the jiroduct of the best marshes, may now
be estimated at from twelve to fifteen bushels,
which is not half they once yielded, or would
again yield, were a different system of manage-
ment adopted, by giving them a certain portion of
the barn manure." This judicious wTiter has been
availed off, to show that howevei- extraordinary
the causes may be, by which a foil is created so
favorable for diking, and so jiroductive thereby,
yet even in these cases of exuberant fertility, lliey
are alike subject to the laws of the vegetable king-
dom. We have been somewhat difl'usive, to show
that the productiveness of these marshes, though
long and justly celebrated, is not, as some have
su[iposcd, a profuse and lavish outpouring, to be
forever relied upon ; but a principle, the regula-
tion and support of which, demands the consider-
ation of the husbandman. Hereabouts oav mart-h-
es are spread out in thin and level strata, and arc
occasionally overflowed by the influx of the tides,
and ri*ive a constant fertility therefrom. They
occasion no expense of labor, fencing, culture,
manure, &e.
By diking, the rich and fertilizing deposit is
shut out, and the land it appears falls into a state
* In King's County there are 10,000 acres of inaish.
In Cumberland County, 20,000, mostly diked.
42
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Angust 22, 1832.
of barrenness, and instead of contrilniting to tjie
resources of the farm yard demands its contribu-
tions therefrom. Thus this immense capital or
accumulation from the sea so usefid on the sea
coast and so important to the interior, would be
rejected and lost. And are there then no objects
in our aifriculturo where much might be gained
without such hazard in experiment ? There is
not a farm in the country, where a judicious cul
For comfort and health it would be important
that a superabundance of fresh air should be sup-
plied : and for the convenience of attendance, it
is desirable that the heat should be derivecl from
one ])oinl, and that ought to be the kitchen range.
I have Tredgold on warming apartments, Lou-
don's Enpyclopedia of Gardening, and some bthcr
works which give directions about hot houses; but
I think something more eftectual than is giv«n by
lure in draining by ditches, graveling, &c, would any of them, may be hit upon by some ingejiiou
person, by combining the different modes oflieat-
ing the air, or diffusing the warm air in hiises,
or by inventing some new one. 1
Will you, Mr F., suggest this, and try wh^her
any of your correspondents, (or yourself, as I be-
lieve you liave a good deal of talent for thi|, as
well as for various other things) can suggest st)me
easy aud effectual way of diffusing an equable
and regular temperature throughout a houst, or
suite of apartments. The bills of mortality would
be considerably affected, if you could prevent the
necessity of a person in a cold day hastening to a
great fire. R.
Remarks by the Editor.
Our respected correspondent has proposed a
subject for discussion of very great interest as re-
gards health, comfort and economy ; and we hope
that men of experience, tact and talent will give
us such practical information on the best modes of
not, by destroying the worthless aquatic grasses,
produce a more sweet and nutritive growth ; for
this our means want strength and enlargement,
instead of diminution.
If then vigor can be given to this mode of im-
provement of our low lands,* present to every
farmer, it would make the surface of the country
more pleasant to the eye. add to its health by pu-
rifying the atmosphere, as well as enlarge the
means of production and comfort. It has been
our endeavor to prove that the proposition to dike
our marshes as suggested by your correepondents
would be inexpedient. We have thought it would
be an extensive injury, and have given the rea-
sons on which this opinion is founded. It is but
seldom that so many experiments have been made,
both by incorporated companies, and by individu-
al enterprise on any like subject. As all of these
have failed of success, and the instances have
been stateil, it seems little short of demonstration, j eliciting and economizing heat as will comport
And we ask if experience so well confirmed should { with the wishes of oiu- friend, and most benefit
be disregariled.
I am, Sir, yours,
August, 1832.
JOHN WELLES.
HEATING APAR.TMENTS, &c.
Mr Fessenden — We pay less attention to the
regular tetnperature of our apartments in the
Northern States, than our latitude and the change-
ablencss of our climate demand ; health, comfort
and economy woidd all be benefited by an im-
proved mode of heating them. Perhaps you
might render a service to some others of your
country friends, as well as myself, by procuring
information on this subject. I will state my case,
and see whether it will produce some useful di-
rections.
I wish to add to my dwelling house, a hot house
fifty or sixty feet long by twenty wide, attached
the community. The gentleman has given us
credit for more ability as regards his objects of in-
quiry, than we liave a right to claim, but we will
suggest some ideas on this subject as soon as pre-
engagements and indispensable avocations will
permit.
In the meantime we will premise a hint or
two, which may be of use to those who propose
making experiments, or otherwise directing par-
ticular attention to the manufacture, retention and
uses of caloric. There are many advantages in
making water a vehicle for the reception and dis-
tribution of heat, in preference to air, or even steam.
Water has a greater capacity for heat, or will hold
more heat at the same temperature by more than
50O to ] than air. Hence by lodging or depositing
the surplus heat of a fire in a vessel or vessels
containing water or steam, or both, instead of per
on the wi^st to a drawmg room, on the north to | .„■ u i „ . . .i . • J
, . , , I mittins such heat to escape through pipes, flues,
chambers opening mto it, and on the east to ai » ."., • , . ° ' "^ .
, . , r . I /-.... J I *i<", I" ll'e open air, we make an important saving
Kitchen range, irom the latter of wbicn 1 am de- . ., i . r i • ^ i t> • ■
. ,. , ■ , , ■ L , , ; !n ''le products of our burning fuel. Besides,
sirous 01 having the whole hot bouse and apart- . • r -.i t- i i j- . u <• i
, ° , , 'I water is a faithful carrier and distributor of heat,
ments wanned, so as to make the new part, the ' „, , . , ■. , .. t ji . ^ ■ .
; .,,..,/-., i Placed in a boiler or boilers properly fitted with
joing and returning pipes, the water commences
winter residence of the family
Russian stoves, brick flues, heated air, steam
and hot water, have all been used to warm apart-
ments, and generally, separately ; but several of
them may be usefully combined ; for the furnace
which boils the water, and heats the brick flues,
may be so constructed as to admit a current of
fresh air from the outside, to pass, heated in its
way, into the house. And from a boiler in the
kitchen, steam may be carried to copper or iron
cisterns, the water in which would be kept at the
boiling point by the steam, and which, I think,
would be a more economical mode, and less lia-
ble to get out of order, than the common one of
conveying boiling water in pipes. A warm bath,
to be in readiness at all times, would be a neces-
sary part of the arrangements.
'The
over four tons
circulation and carrying and distributing heat, as
soon as the fire is kindled, and under scientific di-
rection will lodge a greater part of the heat it is
capable of containing, in any vessel or vessels or
proper receptacles of caloric, or heat combined
with water, at a very considerable distance from
the fire plac*, or place where such heat had its
origin. Moreover, water will retain heat with
much tenacity for many hours after the fire is ex-
tinguished, giving out its caloric, however slow-
ly, and like a good economist, regulating its ex-
penditure by the urgency of the demand.
FOK THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
Mr Fessenden^Iu your last publication you
ler, on such land well pre^d, has raised |g-''^<= •'^'' Forsyth's directions for budding. As im-
is of herds grass to the acre. 'provements may have been made since bis trea-
tise was written, I venture to offer what I consid-
er such, combining more simplicity and expedi
tion, with equal success, being the result of long
experience.
For dwarfs, Mr Forsyth directs to insert the
bud a few inches from the ground : for half stand-
ards three feet : for standards six feet or more.
!\Iy method is, as in grafting, to perform the oper-
ation as near the ground as practicable. The ad-
vantage in both cases is, that if the top becomes
injured, a healthy sprout is more likely to supply
its jilace. I have never found the position of the
bud to have a tendency to produce a dwarf
Were this the natural consequence of budding
low, there would be a good reason for rearing a
giant before the process.
As a general rule I would recommend drawing
the bud up, instead of pushing it down. The cut
in the stock above the bud impedes the flow of
saji to nourish it ; and from the want of covering,
leaves it more exposed to accident and to the
weather, as the bark at the angle of insertion rare-
ly perfectly reunites with the stock. Instead of
the horizontal cut, I make a circular one, touching
gently on the wood ; and by giving the back of
the knife an inclination from the stock, a sloping
access is made for the bud without mangling
the bark, as must be the consequence of using the
hafi of the knife in a transverse incision. Instead
of Mr Forsyth's T, I have the impress of a V.
When the stock is vigorous, as in cherry trees,
and of sufficient height, I insert three or more
buds in such position as to form the head. In pre-
paring the hud, I take a thin cut into the wood a
sufficient distance above it, keeping a parallel line,
and coming out in an oval point below. If 1 have
taken too much wood, which rarely happens, I
carefully shave it down, leaving it even with the
bark at each extremity. This slight staying of
wood favors the insertion of the bud, and is no im-
pediment to its union. I generally insert two
buds; and at the proper season sever the stock
close to the upper one. The danger of their be-
ing broken off is so small that 1 incur the risk of
the accident, rather than the trouble of tying to a
stem which may become dead, and retard the
healing the next season. If they are not tied, the
branch intended for a new head, will not take an
upright direction and the form of the tree will be
injured. Respectfully yours,
O. FISKE.
If'orcester, August 18, 1832.
THE SEASON, &c. IN CANADA.
[Extract of a letter from a correspondent to the Pub-
lisher of the New England Farmer, dated New burg,
N. Y.August 2, 1832.]
After having passed two or three months in
Quebec, Montreal, and vicinities, I have returned
thus far home.
I left Quebec 2;3d ult. and Montreal 29th, was
in Quebec two or three weeks at different times
during the ravages of the Cholera, and the more
I have seen and have been where it exists, the
more I feel convinced that it is a disease not much
to be feared by the prudent and temperate, and I
go among it without fear.
The weather at Quebec has been, almost all
the season, attended with cold east winds, and the
crops are quite backward; you can judge how
much so from this fact: pasture strawberries were
not ripe until the 20th of June, and garden straw-
berries were not ri]ie when I left, the 23d ; green
Vol. XL-No. 6.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
43
oeas did not get into the Quebec market until the
20th of June; at Montreal, however, vegetation is
nearly or quite a fortnight in advance of Quebec ;
liere at Newburg green corn is in market and ripe
apricots. The severe past winter was not in the
least injurious to fruit trees, from Hartford via.
New York to nearly Albany ; as when I went
that route in May, trees were all in blossom then,
and now abounding in fruit. But from Albany to
Quebec it was about as injurious as near Boston,
some places more so. But neither in IMontreal or
Quebec was there a single apple tree, of the Si-
berian crab kind injured in the least, while all oth-
er kinds were nearly destroyed.
Mr Corse desires to be remembered to all his
horticultural friends near Boston, and tenders his
thanks to all those who kindly assisted to furnish
him with scions, all of which he has successfully
grafted.
SECOND REPORT
Of the Consulting Physicians of Boston,
The Consulting Physicians, having reason to be-
lieve that errors exist, in the minds of many per-
sons, in regard to the means of preventing Chol-
era, have availed themselves of a meeting called
for other purposes, at the request of the Health
Commissioners of the Middle District, to express
their opinion on the points alluded to. They per-
form this duty with some hesitation, lest they
should be thought to obtrude their opinions un-
asked.
1. Use of Vegetables. There seems to exist a
belief that vegetables should be abstained from du-
ring the existence of the epidemic disposition to
cholera. The consulting physicians, in their first
public rejiort, advised their fellow citizens to ab-
stain from all uncooked vegetables, such as cu-
cumbers, and all salads. They did not advise ab-
stinence from vegeiables, when of good quality,
and properly cooked. These, on the contrary,
they recommend, as a salutary provision of na-
ture, at this season, to cool and regulate the diges-
tive system.
2. Ripe Fruits. A similar error prevails as to
fruits. This board are aware that the use of fruit
has been wholly proscribed by some writers on
the subject of cholera. To tliis injunction they
cannot assent. They believe that a moderate use
of our own ripe fruit is one of the means of pre-
vention, by removing that state of the digestive or-
gans which would disorder the secretions of those
organs, and thus prepare them for the disease. It
may be stated, as a general truth, that the exciting
cause of the epidemic more frequently lies in an
improper quantity of food, than in any jieculiar
quality, although the quality should by no means
be regarded with indifference.
3. Use of Spirits to prevent Cholera. A notion
has been taken up by some individuals, among the
well informed part of the community, that a mod-
erate use of stimulants, such as wine, and even
brandy, is beneficial, as a preventive of cholera;
and not only has the opinion been adopted, but a
practical application of it has been made, by ha-
bitual spirit drinkers, to a great extent. The ori-
gin of these errors has been attributed to the ad-
vice of a Southern physician ; and soma persons
have intimated a suspicion that they have arisen,
in part, from the direction of tliis board to use
brandy and water as a vehicle for giving laudanun),
in the case of violent and sudden attack of cholera,
before the advice of a physician could be obtained.
The opinion of this board is clearly that all
kinds of ardent spirits and other strong stimulants
are not useful hi preventing cholera ; but that they
dispose to its attack. This opinion they mean to
express in the most unqualified manner; and they
wish to advise and to warn all |)ersons to abstain
wholly from their use. Those who are accustom-
ed to an intemperate use of ardent spirits and
wine, may safely leave off these habits by attend-
ing to the following cautions.
1. To diminish their common food considera-
bly below the usual quantity ; and to let it consist
of animal rather than vegetable substance. A light
brolh taken in small quantities, at short intervals,
is particularly proper.
2. To use a strong decoction of the vegetable
bitters as a substitute for alcohol — such, for exam-
ple as wormwood, chamomile, horehound, south-
ernwood and tanzy. The aromatic herbs, spear-
mint and peppermint, may suit some constitutions
more than the bitters. Under the direction of a
physician, preparations of bark and quinina may be
advantageously employed for the same purpose.
The Board take this occasion to state for your
satisfaction, that the city, so far as they are inform-
ed, is more healthy than usual at this season
Slight affections of the bowels are not unfrequent ;
and within a few a days there have appeared a
number of cases of Cholera Morbus, which yield-
ed readily to medicine. These attacks we believe
can in all cases be traced to one of the following
causes. 1. Indulgence in eating. 2. Excessive
use of cold liquids. 3. Extraordinary exposure
10 wet. 4. A confined state of the digestive or-
gans. Signed,
John C. Warren,
Benj. Shurtleff,
George Hatward,
George C. Shattuck,
John Randall.
Boston, August 10, 1832.
contrary, as far as contracts have been made, ihcy
have been made at an average rate of 15 1-2 per
cent less than the estimate. The iron can be
purchased now for £1 10s. less per ton than the
estimate — and the duty has been repealed amoun-
ting to .S'll a ton ; these together make a difference
of rising $120,000, which will provide for any con-
tingencies, and gives confidence that the work
will be constructed within the estimate. — Boston
Courier.
Timidity. — We have heard of a case recently
which illustrates the folly of violent apprehensions
in regard to cholera. A physician, of this town,
was called to visit a patient, a young girl, who, on
bis arrival, appeared to be in a state of collapse
from the real epidemic. A short time however,
satisfied him that such was not the case ; on ex-
amination, he discovered that she had been dosing
herself with laudanum ; which she had taken so
freely as to endanger her life. The girl was by
some exertion revived; when she stated that she
had been reading a good deal about the cholera ;
fancied that she had the symptoms, and, as lauda-
nuni had been highly reconmiended, resorted to
that extreme remedy at once. Readers must rec-
ollect that a certain dose of laudanum is as bad as
the cholera; and that fear is rather worse, if pos-
sible, than either. — Kewhuryport Herald.
Boston and Worcester Rail-Road. — The work of
constructing this road has begun, with a prospect
of its favorable termination, and under circum-
stances that may properly justify the stockholders
in anticipations of effecting a public benefit, with-
out a sacrifice of individual property. Should the
road hereafter be extended to Hartford, we know
of no direction in which one could be laid out si;
likely to derive a profit from passengers. Besides
the fact that it would run through the best popu-
lated part of New England, whose business
requires constant intercourse with the capital, it
would probably secure a very considerable portion
of the passengers between Boston and New-York,
to whom it would present a safer and more agree-
able mode of travelling than that of steam-boats.
The Engineer's estimate of the cost of the rail-
road, in his report, which was laid before the
stockholders in March last, is .$883,904, if construct-
ed in the most expensive mode, and including
the cost of the necessary engines and cars and the
cost of land for the road ; the estimate of the annual
expenses, after the completion of the road, was
$34,148.
The estimate of the produce of the road, in the
report of the directors, founded on the present
amount of transportation and travelling, was .$149,-
500 per annum, or §108,352 net income, after de-
ducting the estimate of annual expenses.
Since those estimates were made, nothing has
Extraordinary Instance of Somnambulism. — A
short time since, a lady in Liverpool had a servant,
who u|ion coining down stairs every morning,
found the fire lit, the kettle boiling; and all other
things in a state of readiness. For some time, she
did not communicate this singular fact to any one,
but atlengthlslie told her mistress, who immediately
set to work to inquire into the matter. One morn-
ing she rose early, and took her station in the
parlor. After waiting a short time, she saw her
servant come into the room, fast asleep, but dress-
ed, and itnmediateljr proceeded to perform her
various occupations, which, having effected, she
went off to bed again. The next morning she
repeated this extraordinary feat, when her mistress
awoke her, showing w ho it was that performed
her work for her. — Manchester paper.
Domestic Silk Manufacture. — J.. H. Cobb, Esq.
of Dedham, has left with us two specimens of Silk
Handkerchiefs, made at his manufactory in Ded-
ham— the first that have ever been woven in the
United States. One of them is made of India
Silk, imported in its raw state, but spun and woven
at Dedham ; the other is entiiely of American pro-
duction; frotri worms of 18;U. The texture is
fine and beautiful, and we cannot but tliink that
impartial observers will give Mr. Cobb the credit
of wonderful success in this first exjHriment.
Specimens of the sanie manufacture are deposited
with Mr. E. K. Whitaker, at his rooms in Wash-
ington street, where the friends of the American
System, and those who are favorably disjiosed to
the infant manufactures of the country, are re-
quested 10 call and examine iheiu. — Boston Cou-
The editor of the Lancaster, Pa. Journal took
from his garden of Thursday last, some apricots;
fom- of them weighed a pound. The largest
W( ighed more than a quarter of a pound, and
measured seven inches and nine-tenths in circum-
occurred to show that they are insufficient ; on the fcrence.
44
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
An^gt 22, 1S92.
l''iom Liio Alussuchusctta Agricultur;il Repositury and Journal.
Report of the Committee on VegetahU and Grain
Crops.
Tlie Committee of the Massacluisetts Agricul-
tural Society " On Vegetable and Grain Crops," —
respectfully Report:
1. That Payson Williams, Esq., of Fitchburg, in
the County of Worcester, is entitled to the premi-
um of .$20 on hisjjreat crop of potatoes, being 584
bushels on one acre.
2. That Mr Joseph Perkins of Newbury, in the
County of Essex, be paid $20, being the i)remium
on the greatest crop of onions. His was Q\6^ bush-
els on the acre, — reckoning 52i lbs. to the bushel.
a That Mr John Wilson of Deerfield, in the
County of Franklin, is entitled to the premium of
$'20 for his crop of winter wheat, 34^ bushels to
the acre.
4. That Mr Henry Sprague of Princeton, in the
County of Worcester, — living on the farm of John
Lane Loylston, Esq. be paid ,$10, as agratuity for
his large crop of Indian corn, stated to be 109
bushels on an acre. Tlio premium proposed on
this article was $20, and by Mr Sprague's mode
of estimating his crop, it exceeded the quantity re-
quired. But as he omitted to comply with one
condition, which is deemed important, — that of
weighing the corn and cob, in case of its not being
shelled, — the Committee, while they are unwil-
ling to pass over the claim of Mr Sprague entire-
ly, have thought they could not with propriety
recommend the payment of the whole |iremiutn.
The Committee, thinking that the manner of
raising these crops will be best seen by the letters
of the claimants, recommend that they be publish-
ed as part of this Report.
The Committee regret to state that, although
thirtyone premiums have been offered by the
Trustees, on crops deemed the most deserving the
attention of farmers in our climate, only four
claims have been presented. In former ye.-irs not
less than an acre was reqnireil to be i)lanted, in
many cases, in order to put in for a premium. It
was thought better in 1831 ni t to insist on an
acre, thinking that possibly half an acre might
make the trials more general. The claims, how-
ever, have been fewer than ever. The Commit-
tee are aware that for certain articles, such as po-
tatoes, mangel wurtzel, turnips, &c, the season has
not been so favorable as usual : yet as it has not
been such as to cause a failure in anything, and as
in many things the crop has been abundant, they
are disappointed that applications should not have
been much more numerous. They are convinced
it might have been done, if the indinalion to fur-
nish out claims had not been wauling. The Com-
mittee can only hope that, shonltf the Trustees
repeat their invitation to our industrious and en-
terprising husbandmen, much more attention will
be paid to it than has hitherto been shown. The
single circumstance that the bounty of the Gov-
ernment has been put into the hands of agricultu-
ral societies, with a view to encourage and im-
prove our agriculture, would seem sufficient to
draw attention from our intelligent farmers. So
much was said the last year, on this subject, in
the reporter the Trustees, that the Committee for-
bear to enlarge here, and would merely request a
reference to the remarks then made, and to the in-
stances of fine crops there set forth.
P. C. BROOKS,
By order of the Committee.
cl3 of tlie Ma*sacliu9ctts
Ge.ntleme.n — In presenting my claim for the
premium offered by the Trustees of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural Society, for the largest quan-
tity of potatoes grown on one acre, I will state,
that the field cultivated by me the present season
for that piupose, is a deep yellow loam, somewhat
rocky — its situation uneven, with rather an eas-
tern asi)ect ; and has been for the last seven Tears
used as mowing land. The sward was brpken
last autumn, — last May cross-ploughed, harrowed,
and eighteen cords of unfermcntcd sheej) mahme
evenly spread, and immediately ploughed in. The
sods again harrowed down and the field mai^sed
out three feet distant for the seed, which Was
placed eighteen inches apart in the furrow. The
kinds of seed used were the Blues, three fourths —
the other fourth of the Reds of La Plata,'the Che-
nangos, and a variety of the Whites produced
from the ball four years since on the farm of Maj.
Benjamin P. Williams, of Roxbmy. The quali-
ty of this potato is excellent, also yielding a large
crop. I beg leave to name this variety the Can-
terbury mites.
The planting was finished the .3d of June.
When the vines were two inches above groimd,
the horse-plough passed twice between each row,
throwing the earth from the plants, which were
slightly dressed with the hoe. When the vines
were eight inches high, and in the bud, the ridges
between the rows were split, the ploirgh throwing
one half to each row, the hoe following to dress
the vines for the second and last time. In three
or four weeks the vines completely covered the
ground, thereby preventing the weeds from veg-
elating. The digging commenced the l.'ith Octo
her, and finished the 21st, when by careful meas-
urement we found five hundred and eightyfour
bushels from the acre, and of these, three hundred
and nineteen bushels were the product of the
best half acre. In order to be understood, I will
here state that in the item of the expenses, the
manure, I place but about one third to the potato
crop, deeming this a fair average of its exhaustion,
the residue to be charged to after crops. The
quantity of seed used was about eighty bushels.
The reason for using so large an amoimt of seed,
was the low price (12 cents) in our market, which
induced me to plant the potato without cutting, as
the saving by cutting would not pay the labor.
My practice is, invariably, to cull the largest po-
tatoes for seed. There is about sixty young ap-
ple trees growing on the field. Had the season
been congenial for the culture of the potato, I
should probably have had 700 bushels to the acre.
Yours, &c. PAYSON WILLIAMS.
EXPENSES OF CUOr,
Breaking the sward, $5,00
Two ploughings, 5,00
Two harrowings, ],.")0
Marking out and planting, C,50
Twice hoeing the field, 0,00
Harvesting the crop, 18,00
Manure exhausted by the crop, J 5,00
80 bushels seed, at 12 cts. (usually 25
cts. at this season of the year,) 9,60
$66,60
It will be seen, that after deducting all expen-
ses except the taxes and the interest on the land,
the profit from one acre will be, (allowing the
price 20 cts. per bushel,) fifty dollars and twenty
cents. In view of such result, can any farmer,
either book, or practical, for a moment remain
unconvinced of the inutility of planting more than
can be well manured ? for the expenses will be
the same, except in the cost of manure, harvest-
ing, and transporting a large instead of a small
crop. ^y_
XiWBORT, Nov. 19, 1832.
icliuseln Asricullural Society.
To tlie Trustees of the Ma
Ge.\tleme.\ — In conformity to the rules and
regidations of your Society, I send you a state-
ment of one acre of onions, the growth of 1831 ;
the quality of the soil varies from a light yellow,
to a dark loam, and has been cultivated with on-
ions several years. The 20tli of November last
there were four cords of barn manure ploughed
in, in ridges. The 28th of April following," the
land was ploughed, and harrowed, and three
pounds of seed sown in drills, fourteen inches
apart. The first hoeing and weeding was done
Jimo 10th, which cost six days' labor. The last
weeding was done July 7th, which cost six days'
more. They were harvested the first of October ;
and nine thousand and seven hundred bunches
have been bunched; which, estimating ISbunches
to the bushel, each bunch weighing 3^ lbs., make
six hundred and fortysix and a half bushels.
JOSEPH PERKINS.
To tlie Trustees of tlio Massacliusetis Agricultural Society.
Ge.ntlemen — I have raised the present year, a
very fair crop of tiinter wheat, which I take the
liberty to report to you for premium ; if it should
not prove to be the largest crop in the State, it
certainly is a very good one fur our old lands on
Connecticut river, that have been cultivated for a
century or more.
The land on which this wheat grew, is a deep
black loam, and is flowed by the Connecticut, in
the very highest floods. It was jjlanted in 1828,
with Indian corn after grass; in 1829, broom
corn grew on the same land, which was manured
in the hill. Both were good crops. In harvest-
ing the broom corn, the stalks were cut by the
roots, and laid between the rows, and a furrow
turned on them. Iii the Spring of 18.30, I cross-
ploughed the land ; the stalks had then become
so tender, that they would separate at the joints ;
after harrowing it, I spread on about ten ox cart
loads of manure, of diflerent kinds, to an acre,
then ))loughed and harrowed again, and about the
last of May, sowcil it to hemp, at the rate of about
two bushels to the acre : I then harrowed and
rolled it — 7 acres and 93 rods produced 17 tons,
11 cwt. 2 qrs. 13 lbs. of dry stem, gross weight.
After the crop of hemp was taken from the ground,
I ploughed and harrowed the land, and in the fore
part of October sowed about 3J- acres to wheat ;
the remainder I sowed to rye, and harrowed and
rolled all, at the same time: the rye did not pro-
duce more than half as much to the acre as the
wheat. The wheat sown was raised on my farm
the year before on new land : it then produced
well ; but some of it was very badly grown in the
field, so much so, that the wheat which I sowed
was not fit to grind : this I mention to show that
grain which has been sprouted so badly as to
have the heads look green, will vegetate again, as
was the case with some of this. It is a bearded
wheat, brought from the state of New York two
years before, and is probably the white flint. I
sowed at the rate of about l^ bushels to the acre :
it was pretty thick, straw bright, mostly lodged,
Vol. XL-No. 6.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
4.5
in different directions, as by a whirlwind. When
reaping, I had one acre measured off in a paral-
lelogram across the piece, which was kept by it-
self and threshed out in the latter i)ai-t of August;
which acre produced thirttifoitr bushels and two
quarts, and weighed, by several trials, from 59i
to 60 lbs. to the bushel. All which is submitted.
JOHN WILSON.
Decrficld, Oct. 92, 1831.
A stattment of particulars in relation to a field of
Corn cultivated and raised by Henry Sprague, of
Princeton, County of Worcester, in 1831, on the
Farm of John Lane Boylston, Esq.
The field on which said corn was raised, con-
tains one acre and one hundred and thirtysix rods
by admeasurement, as will appear by the plan and
certificate of Joseph Mason, Surveyor, which is
hereunto annexed.
The laud in the spring of 1831 was grass, or
award ground, and has not been ploughed for thir-
ty years previous.
No manure was spread upon the land the pre-
ceding year, and none for many years previous,
and the product of hay on said land, in 1830, was
not more than four hundred to the acre.
Thirtyseven common cart loads of manui-e
were spread on said piece of land in the month of
May last, and twentythree common cart loads
put into the hills ; two rows of potatoes were
planted on three sides of the field, which was
dressed with the above mentioned manure. The
land was lightly harrowed after the manure was
spread ; and ploughed ou the last day of Api'il,
and second day of May.
The seed was not measured, but from 5 to 7
kernels were planted in a hill.
The corn was planted or sown in hills, about
3J feet distance : it was planted on the 26th of
May, and hoed twice in the month of June, and
billed early in July ; the crop was gathered or
harvested on the 20th of October. The quantity
raised was ascertained by first sorting and then
filling one basket of each kiud, without culling,
which was shelled and measured; the remainder
was then measured in the same baskets, and the
entire croj) of the above mentioned piece of laud
was two hundred and two bushels and twentytwo
quarts. Shelled and measured as above on the
14th day of November.
HENRY SPRAGUE,
ALBERT H. SPRAGUE.
[The foregoin? statements were all duly certified and
sworn to, according to the rules of the society, but as
these certificates are unimpoitant to our agricultural
Iriends, we have here oinilted tlieni. — Ed. N. E. F.]
ARTIFICIAL FOUNTAINS.
The Agricultural Society of France has great-
ly exerted itself in introducing the practice
throughout the country of obtaining artificial foun-
tains (puitsfores,) by boring for water. Immense
advantages have thereby resulted to the agricul-
tural interest of France. Mr Ilericart de Thury,
who has devoted much attention to this subject,
and who has mainly contributed to the introduc-
tion of this system, informs us, that this method
of obtaining a supply of water has been extensive-
ly, and with considerable advantage, employed
for manufacturing purposes. In many establish-
ments these artificial fountains arr used as a mov-
ing power — and the uniform mode in which they
operate is not the least of the advantages which
they aObrd. At other establishments, v. hen it was
necessary to have a constant supply of clear water,
these artificial fountains have supplied it — and
they have been used, moreover, as a heating
means — the average temperature of the water be-
ing from 12" to 14° centigrade (50^,) In like
manner, horticnituralists and farmers have taken
advantage of these fountains for equalizing the
temperature of their green houses during winter.
A Mr Burchman of VVirtemburg, has happily con-
triveil to render these fountains still more useful.
In many manufactories of that country the chief
mo\ing power is water, which puts into operation
a iiumi)cr of hydraulic wheels. These wheels,
during the winter season are covered with icicles
which impede their motion. To remedy this in-
convenience, Mr B. has caused fountains to be
bored, and by directing their tepid waters upon
the hydraulic wheels, prevents the accumulation
of these icicles. The same enlightened manufac-
turer has made use of this heating means and with
a considerable success in oil and paper manufac-
tories. In an establishment of the latter kind,
when the e.xternal temperature was 15 degrees
below the freezing point, by means of these foun-
tains the temperature of the whole house was
maintained up to 6° centigrade, in consequence of
which there was no need of stoves, and other
modes of producing heat which are particularly
dangerous in such places. But even in the case
of fire, it is evident that this constant and abund-
ant supply of water affords an immense resource.
Further again, whilst this supply of water serves
ill the winter time to heat the apartments through
which it is made to flow, in the summer season it
is a means of refreshing them, as the temperature
of the water is found never to succeed 14° cent.
And it has been remarked, that the aqueous va-
pors have no effect in altering either the salubri-
ty of the [ilace, in regard to the workmen, or the
quality and nature of the goods to be manufactur-
ed.— C our. des Elats Unis.
From the Family Lyceum.
COUNTY LYCEUMS.
A Lyceum seminary, an itinerating or circuit
library, a county cabinet of Natural History, a
system of circuit teaching, under one or more dis-
trict professors, or experimeutal teachers, who
should visit several towns or neighborhoods in
succession, the introduction of apparatus and va-
rious other improvements into schools, raising the
qualifications of teachers by weekly meetincs in
towns, and semi-annual or quarterly meetings in
counties, the procuring of town and county maps
and histories, and a general interest and co-oner-
ation for ihc advancement of schools and the gen-
eral diffusion of knowledge, might be easily and
readily effected by the friends of education in
any county, who would organize themselves into
a Lyceum, and combine and concentrate their ef-
forts for the purpose.
The great importance of this step, and the vast
magnitude of the objects to be affected by it, sug-
gest the expediency of specifying a particular dav
for the meeting of the friends of education at the
county seat of each county in the Union, to or-
ganize a County Lyceum, or to effect the objects
contemplated by them when they are already or-
ganized.
We therefore beg leave to propose the second
Wednesday in September next, for the meeting
of teachers and the friends of education generally
in each county in the Union, for organizing a
County Lyceum and taking any other measures
for iniproving the intellectual and moral condi-
tion nf their citizens, and for co-operatinp with
the fiieiids of knowledge and religion throughout
the world.
SIMPLE REMEDIES FOR DISTRESSING
DISEASES.
Cholera. — A friend of ours, who is a man of
discernment and veracity says, that he has known
severe cases of common cholera morbus relieved
instantaneously, and speedily cured by the fol-
lowing very simple prescription. Mix wheat flour
with water till the mixture becomes as thick as
may be convenient for sipping, and drink about
half a wine glass full at a time to the amount of
half a pint, or till relief is obtained.
Gravel. — Another gentleman assures us that
boiling water poured on Indian meal, and the
mixture suffered to cool, the meal to subside, and
the clear liquid drank is a specific for the gravel.
The Norfolk Beacon mentions a test of the
efficacy of the simple cure for the Cholera pub-
lished in the New York Courier and Enquirer,
consisting of a tea-sjioonful of common talile salt,
one table-spoonful of Vinegar, and one tea-cup of
boiling water, taken together, as hot as possible —
the dose repeated if required. The Beacon says:
The eflicacy of the above simple prescription
has been tested by a gentleman in this place,
whose servant was seized on Saturday last, with
severe pains in the bowels, attended with vomit-
ing. Wn are assured that she was entirely re-
lieved in less than half an hour JV. Y. Enq.
Gen. Green — I send a receipt for Lemon Sy-
rup, by wliich the juice of this valuable fruit may
be preserved in perfection. I have drank it at
the south seven years after it was prepared, and it
was still excellent.
You will perhaps confer a favor on the public
by giving the receipt a place in your paper.
Respectfully, B.
Lemon Syrup, which will remain sound many
years and retain its flavor, even in the West India
climate. Receipt.— 'to every pint of the strained
juice of the Lemon, add one jjound and eleven ozs.
of white Havana or loaf sugar ; put the whole in a
bell metal vessel, and simmer on a slow fire, until
the juice under the froth becomes clear; boiling
injures the flavor.
As soon as clear, the syrup should be dipped
from the froth or scum that rises and put into bot-
tles for use, and wi II corked. One bottle of this
will serve a family as long as six of the syrup pre-
pared by the confectioners.— {7. S. Telegraph.
Camphor Treatment of Cholera. — We have re-
ceived a communication from William Ciian.niiig,
M. D. giving an account of the trtatment of Chol-
era by spirits of Camphor. It appc.irs that out
of two hundred persons attacked by the epidemic
within his jiracticc, all were cured except /our
and these four died of other disorders superadded.
The writer thinks that Camphor is a certain spe-
cific for the disease in every stage. The treat-
ment is— from 1 to 3 drops of spirits of Camphor
taken in a little water, every hour, or every two
hours, according to circumstances, until a reaction
has completely set in. It has the merit of being a
simple remedy. — JV. 1". Enq.
46
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Angnst 22, 1832.
SJ3W j2sroaiisra> jjiiissaaiBa
Boston, Wednesday Evening, August 23, 1832.
FARMER'S WORK FOR AUGUST.
Rye. — If you have land of suitable quality, on
which you are desirous to raise a profitable crop,
with but little trouble and expense, you cannot
do better than to sow it with winter rye. Soils
of a sandy or gravelly nature are recommended
for this grain. Rye is not only a proper crop for
land of this description, but it answers a valuable
purpose on a soil which \stoo7-ich to jiroduce
wheat. In Russia, (we are told by a conununica-
tion to the British Board of Agriculture) the pro-
duce from boggy lands, drained, and sowed with
rye, is upwards of forty bushels to one bushel
sowed ; and they generally use a uHich smaller
quantity of seed in sowing such lands, than is ne-
cessary in sowing a soil not so rich. Mr L. Hom-
medieu, in la paper contained iu " Transactions of
the JVeto York Agricultural Society," observed, in
substance, that a neighbor of his manured twenty
square rods of poor, gravelly, dry soil, with four
thousand menhaden fish, and sowed it with rye,
at the rate of one bushel to the acre. In the
spring it was twice successively eaten off, close to
the ground, by sheep breaking in, after it had ac-
quired a height of nine inches the first time, and
six inches the latter. These croppiugs, however,
only served to make it grow thicker and stronger
than before ; and when harvested, it produced six-
teen bushels, or at the rate of one hundred and
twentyeight bushels to the acre ; giving to the own-
er, according to the calculation of Mr IIom.Tiedieu,
at the rate of eightyfive dollars the acre of clear
profit. Mr Hommedieu says that this accouiit,
(which seems almost beyond the bounds of pos-
sibility) was attested to by many <-reditable wit-
nesses.
From the middle of August to the middle of
September is said by most agriculturists to be
the best time for sowing rye. In the Memoirs of
the New York Board of Agriculture, vol. i. p. 82,
it is said, " Rye should be sowed the last week in
August or the first week in September, at the rate
of .Ttiout thirlysix quarts per acre, some say forty-
eight quarts. But if it is not sowed at that time,
it ought to be delayed until late in November, so
that it may not come up till spring." A poor soil
requires earlier sowing than a rich one. If it is
sowed early and the land is in good tilth, one
bushel of seed to the acre will be guIBcient, ac-
cording to the Farmcr^s .issistant. For late full
sowing, or spring sowing, from a bushel and a
half to two bushels to an acre will prove the prop-
er quantity. Pther things equal, the poorer the
soil, the more seed will be required.
There are two advantages to be anticipated
from early sowing of this grain. First, by sow-
ing it early you may provide green feed for sheep
late in the full, and early in the spring ; and sec-
ondly, by early sowing, and feeding in the fall,
the roots of the grain take such firm and extensive
hold of the soil that they are less liable to be
thrown out of the ground by the frosts of autumn,
winter and spring, and the plants will be more
likely to escape being what is called winter kilted ;
which, generally speaking, means being killed by
late frosts in autumn, and early frosts in the spring.
A writer in the American Farmer, vol. i. p. 173,
says, " The great and the only secret in regard to
insuring a good crop of rye is early sowing. From
the middle of August to the middle of September
I have always found to be the best lime for sow-
ing rye. From three pecks to a bushel per acre
ia amply sufficient for seed. Early sown rye is
unich heavier than that which is sown later; and
further it affords excellent pastm-es bolh in fall
and spring, nor does pasturing injure the crop ;
in many cases it is a real benefit — particularly
when eaten down by sheep. Clover also succeeds
much better after rye than after wheat." i
In England, it is conunon to sow rye for, the
])urpose of making green fodder fur ' cattle , and
sheep, particularly the latter in the spring. "J3an-
nistcr's Husbandry," an English work of tnerit
says " when rye is sown for sheep feed, it is piop-
er to allow three bushels to the acre, for where the
blade, haulm or stalk form the primary objeet, a
much larger proportion of seed is requisite tliau
when the crop is meant for harvesting."
Boston and Worcester Rail-Road. — We would
solicit the attention of our readers to the article in
our 43d page on the subject of the above mention-
ed undertaking; which promises to terminate
more favorably than its most sanguine advocates
had predicted. We are informed by good judges
that actual and accurate surveys, and a more imi-
matc knowledge of the obstacles which impede,
and the facilities which encourage the enterprise
have very much raised the expectations of those
engaged in the construction of the proposed ave-
nue. Roads of this description may well be cal-
culated upon as means of blending the advantages
of city and country, saving time, in effect annihi-
lating space, and adding to the wealth and convei
nience of the whole community beyond what
those who have paid but a slight attention to tl
subject could possibly have anticipated.
Iliisisumbellata, Orchis, Phlox, Thalictruin major,
Coreopsis lanceolaia, Veronica, Virgiuica, Lych-
nis chalcedonia, tl. pleno.
Mr J. A. Kenrick of Newton, also exhibited
Bignonia grandiflora, do. radicans, Musk, Cluster,
Noisette aiul China Roses, Double and Single
Ailheas, and other flowers.
Dr E. S. II. Leonard of Providence, presented
the Society a quantity of Tannier roots, and Ar-
row Root plants, together with a box of seeds of
flowers and vegetables.
1'oted, That the thanks of the Society be pre- '
sented to Doctor E. S. H. Leonard for his liberal
donation of roots and seeds.
Dr F. Vanderburg of New Milford, Conn, was
admitted an Honorary Member ; and W. J. Lo-
ring, Esq. of Boston, a subscription Member of
Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiloSDAT, August 13, 1832.
Fruits Exhibited. — By Zebedee Cook, Jr, Esq.,
fine Early Harvest A|)ples. By E. Vose, Esq.,
Shropshire vine and Williams' Favorite Apples,
both of very handsome appearance ; the latter of
high flavor. By Mr S. Phipps, a beautiful Shro))-
shire vine apple, which in appearance could hard-
Iv be distinguished from an Early Catherine Pear.
For the Committee on Fruits,
E. M. RICHARDS.
Messrs Winship presented for exhibition a fine
staiul of perennial Flowers, including some beau-
tiful varieties, recently presented to them by Ad-
miral Sir Isaac Cokki.v, Bart. The following is
a list of the specimens which were shown by
Messrs Winship on this occasion.
Dahlias Achilles, Colvilles 'perfecta, Monarda
variety, Lilium pleno. Clematis flamula, do. viorna,
Coreopsis lanceolata, do. auricula, do. tenuifolia.
Campanula alba pleno, Spirea tripctala, do. tri-
foliatuni, Geranium sylvaticum, do. vlassovianum,
Reseda lutea, Euphorbia corroUata, do. cannibin-
um. Lychnis alba, Centaurea purpurea, Anchusa
purpurea, Authemis pleno, Veronica spicata, do.
hybrida. Aster emellus, Symphytimi asperimum,
Hemoerocallis coerulea, Helianthus i)leno, Terra-
ria tigridi.
Mr S. A. Walker of Roxbury, exhibited the fol-
lowing flowers. Delphinum grandiflora, do. sinen-
sis, Monarda didyma, do. purpurea, do. moleus.
The following extract of a letter from my old
friend, R. M. Williams, contains a hint too val-
uable to be lost. He has not directed me how to
dispose of it, but its publication in the Genesee
Farmer, may be the means of doing much good
to others. I have also paid a premium to chil-
dren for gathering cockle plants by the hundred
in the spring from my fields ; and it is probable
that in almost every neighborhood, there may be
fiumd boys, who for a trifle would willingly en-
gage in such services. Job-work is much morn
exciting than day-labor. The boy who is intent
on filling his bushel, will be too much engaged
to watch the sun. It is a cheap way to clear our
fields of bad weeds; and to train those who would
otherwise be idle, to habits of industry, is patriot-
ic and benevolent.
" In 1812, when I first came on the farm where
I now reside, one of my meadows was much in-
jured with the sour dock. In the spring, after
the frost was out and before the ground had set-
tled, I found the roots came out easily. I oflered
a boniUy of one shilling a bushel for dock roots,
to be gathered on my own land ; and the children
of the neighborhood engaged with zeal in the bu-
siness. They ])idled about eight bushels, and I
have never been troubled with them since. I be-
lieve the Canada thistle may be eradicated in this
way." D. T.
To preserve Peas and Beans. — Peas and beans
may be preserved through the winter by scalding
tbein in a strong syrup of sugar and drying
them — after which they should be put in a bottle
and corked close. If each part of this process ia
conducted with care, it will be found when they
are cooked that they have lost but little of their fla-
vor, and that they will form a great addition to our
vegetable dishes during winter. — lb.
Bottled Gooseberries. — A correspondent says,
" A bottle of green gooseberries were closely
corked, laid away in the cellar iu 1829, and for-
gotten until the lattei- part of this spring— a period
of nearly three years. On examining them they
proved to be in fine preservation, and made a most
excellent pie." — 76.
Substitute for Champaigne Wine. — A very ex-
cellent substitute for Champaigne wine is said to
be made from the juice of unripe gooseberrie.s
with a (large) quantity of sugar, sufficient to ren-
der it sweet.
Vol. XI.-No. 6.
AJ\D HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
47
Burgundy Pitch— reputed efficacij in Cholera.
The following is a somewhat sin<riilai- extract
of a letter from a gentleman in Glasgow to his
friend in Leith.
" Last night I received from my father who re-
sides in Frankfort, a proclamation from the Prus-
sian and Austrian Governments, by which it ap-
pears that the annexed plaster is a most complete
preventive against the Cholera ; of 10,000 people
who have put them on, not one has been attacked,
though in the midst of the disease. I have
immediately comnninicated this simple remedy to
our Board of Health who highly approved of it,
and are getting them made by the thousands.
The plaster alluded to is of Burgundy pitch, com-
monly called strengthening plaster ; the upper
part of the peaked form to be put on the chest,
and the lower part expanded, and to cover the pit
of the stomach."
The Montreal Courant niakes this singular state-
ment. " About 2000 deaths have occurred on the
Island of Montreal since the ravages of Cholera
commenced ; of these, about seven hundred were
adult males, and of those 700, not twenty persons
totally abstained from intoxicating drink — we say
not twenty because we do not wish to color the
matter too highly, though froin our personal
knowledge, we only know of two persons who
acted on the principles of total abstinence, who
have fallen. One oi.t of every 18 or 19 of our
citizens have fallen, wliilst not one out of every
200 of the consistent and firm members of the
Temperance Societies of this city have died.
Hint to Floiists. — At the Bury Horticultural
Society's show, last week, a plant of mignionette
was exhibited and greatly admired. Perhaps our
readers generally are not aware that they, with a
little attention, may soon possess themselves of a
similar shrub, simply by training a plant of com-
mon mignionette np a stick, and cutting off the
lower leaves and shoots, and never allowing the
plant to ripen its seeds. — English paper.
Com. — An agricultural friend sent us the fol-
lowing memoranda yesterday : No one need des-
pair of a crop of Corn this year; it never grew
more rapidly, and it is at least more forward by a
week, than it was in 1816 — and the cars are form-
ing in unusual abundance — and we have no rea-
son to apprcJiend a frost so early as we had that
year. — JVewburyport Herald.
Mulbei'
Strawberries.
FOR sale at the Kenriclc Nurseries in Ncw-
lon.tlie following varieties of Strawberries
now ready tor transplantins^.
Hudson's Bay, Chili, Downton, Roseberry,
Pine-dpple, Batli-scarlet, Methven Castle,
Wilniol's Superb, Large White, Red-wood, White-wood,
Red Alpine, montlily with runners. Red Bush Alpine,
White do. do Dul(e of Kent's Scarlet, Wellington, New
Black Rusk Hautbois, French Musk Hautbois, Prolific
Haulboi-i, Large Early Scarlet, Knevet's New Pine,
Keens' Seedling, Soutliborough Seedling, &c, &c.
Written orders addressed to John or William Kenrick,
Newton, or left with Mr Russell at his Seed Store. No.
60i North Market Street, will receive immediate atten-
tion.
August IS. 3iv
Wants a Situation.
A Gardener who is well acquainted with the business,
and has had charge of gardens for the last fourteen years
in the United Stales and can produce good recommenda-
tions. Apply at this office. Aug. 15.
Cardozo Arabian, for Sale.
THIS entire Horse was imported into Boston, June
15th. 1832, by Messrs R. D. Tucker & Son, in the brig
Caroline from Gibraltar, and is of the purest Arabian cast,
as will appear by the subjoined certificate. This horse
is of llie largest class of Arabians ', of dapple bay color ;
black less, main, and tail ; and measures fourteen hands
three inches in height; uncommonly large bono ; miis-
cles and tendons strongly dehneated ; of irrepressible
spirits, and perfectly docile. His points, when abstract-
edly examined, are in most respects without fault, and
collcclively they form an animal surpassed by few for
symmetry — leaving no doubts on the minds of judges,
that lie is a true son of the desert without any collateral
admixture.
A more particular description of this horse is not deem-
ed necessary at this time, as it is presumed no gentleman
will purchase so valuable an animal without minutely
examining him.
We the undersigned do hereby certify, that the ches-
nut horse, five years old, with a white spot on the fore-
head, was sent from Oran to Consul Cardozo, and that
said horse is of the purest Arabian breed.
In testimony whereof we give the present in Gibraltar,
this 3d day of Del Hogia, year of Elgira 1247.
[Signed in Arabic,]
Faquih Hamet Bekqusef,
MOSTAFA BeNGALY.
Certified to be the true signatures of Faquih Hamet
Benquscf and Sidy Mostafa Ben Galy, by A. Car-
dozo, Vice Consul of the Bashaw, Bey of Tunis.
Gibraltar, May 4, 1832.
E.vtract of a letter from Horatio Sprague, Esq. of Gibraltar.
" This horse was a present to Aaron Cardozo. Esq.
Consul General for the Eaibary Powers, a talented and
wealthy gentleman, who prefers living with the nobility
in Portugal to residing in this place. The then governor
of Gibraltar, General Sir George Don, made a pioposal
to purchase this horse to send to England.
" As soon as the nephew of Sen. Cardozo, who is a
particular i'riend of mine, residing here, had orders to sell
the horse, he immediately made me the offer of purchas-
ing him ; and the Caroline with Capt. Gale's kindness,
offering a good opportunity, I purchased him, believing
his worth to be £500 sterling, to any man, and event-
ually of essential service to my native country."
Application to be made to SAMUEL JAQUES, at the
Ten Hills Stocci Farm, Charlestown, Mass. where the
horse may be examined. Aug. 15.
Kendall's Improved Rotary Pnmp.
JUST received and for sale at the Agricultural Ware-
house, No. 50A North Market Street, a further supply ol
Kendall's Improved (house and factory) Rotary Pumps.
These pumps are so constructed as to convey a regular
and steady stream of water by the common crank motion,
are very compact and simple in construction, and no way
liable to get out of order. They are well calculated for
the use of factories, paper-mill, &c.
A constant supply of these pumps, and likewise those
of smaller size ibr domestic purposes, will be kept for sale
as above ; and if required, the Patentee will furnish suit-
able pipes and attend to putting the pumps in operation,
OH application as above. Aug. 15.
American Farrier.
THIS day published, and for sale at the New England
Farmer office. No. 50^ North Market Street, the Amer-
ican Farrier, containing a minute account of the forma-
tion of every part of the Horse, with a description of all
the diseases to which each part is liable, the best reme-
dies 10 be applied in effecting a cure, and the most ap-
proved niode of treatment for preventing disorders; with
a copious list of medicines, describing their qualities and
effects when applied in different cases; and a complete
treatise on rearing and managing the horse, from the
foal to the full grown active laborer; illustrated with nu-
merous engravings. By H. L. Barnum. Price 75 cents.
Aug. 15.
Binding .
THE subscribers to the New England Firmer are
informed, that they can have their volumes neatly half-
bound and lettered, at 75 cents per volume, by leaving
them at the Farmer office. Aug. 15.
Printing Presses for Sale.
FOR sale at this office, one Smith's Imperial Press,
one do. Medium, and one Ramage.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,
prime.
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed,
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
Corn, Southern yellow
Rye, .
Barley,
Oats, .
H.^Y
Hog's Lard, first sort, new,
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, ....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear,
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern,
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, fiiU Iilood, washed.
Merino, niix'd with Saxony.
Merino, .^ths, washed, .
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
j3 ("Pulled superfine,
J; tj I 1st Lambs, . .
5=^ 2d, " . ,
1 3d, "
l^lstSpinr
uig.
from
barrel
ton
98 00
"
110 00
bushel
90
barrel
12 00
••
6 25
"
8 00
pound
12
''
6
"
3
bushel
1 12
barrel
6 75
«
6 75
"
6 00
"
6 00
bushel
80
"
75
"
g.')
••
60
"
42
cwt.
50
"
9 00
«
22 00
cask
90
ton
3 00
barrel
17 00
"
13 00
"
13 75
bushel
2 50
pound
10
cwt.
8 50
pound
45
"
55
"
40
''
37
"
33
"
33
<•
55
■ •
44
"
35
''
28
"
42
103 no
115 on
r 00
1-.! 50
6 50
9 00
13
I 25
Ii87
to 80
6 50
6 25
85
80
100 00
70
55
62
10 00
23
1 00
3 25
17 50
14 00
13 00
3 00
8 75
5ft
G5
42
39
35
35
56
45
37
30
44
Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less.
PROVISION MARKET.
Beef, best pieces, . • . pound 10 12
Pork, fresh, best pieces, . . " 8 10
whole hogs, . . " 64 7
Veal, ... . " 7 10
Mutton, ..... " 4 10
Poultry, .... " 9 12
Butter, keg and tub, . . " 14 16
lump, best, . . " 18 22
Eggs, retail, .... dozen 61 IS
Meal, Rye, retail, . . . bushel 92
Indian, retail, . . ' 75
Potatoes, .... " 50 62
Cider, (according to quality,) . barrel | 4 00 5 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, August 20, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advestieer and P.itriot.
At Market this day 730 Beef Cattle, 86 Stores, 15
Cows and Calves, and 3264 Sheep. From 150 to
175 Beef Cattle remain unsold at the close of the market,
(most of which are small cattle.)
Prices. Beef Cattle — The unusual number at mark-
et of Beef Cattle caused sales to go off heavy and slow,
and at a considerable depreciation from last week. A
large proportion of the Cattle at Market were small,
(say two and three years old.) We quote extra at .$5,50 ;
-rime at $5,00 a $5,25 ; good at $4,50 a $5,00 ; thin at 3,
50 a $4,25. We also noticed a number " scape-goats"
taken at $3.
Stores. — We noticed a few sales.
Cotes and Calves. — Sales were effected at .f; 16, 18,
21, 25, and 27,50.
Sheep. — Rather dull, lots of Lambs with a few old
Sheep were taken at $1,25, 1,37, 1,50, 1,67, 1,75, 1,92,
2,00, 2,17, 2,25, and 2,33.
Stcine.— None at Market.
48
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
August 22. 1832,
Miscellany
THE ACCEPTED.
BY THOMAS HAYNES BATLY.
I thank you for that downcast look,
And for that bliiehinp; cheek,
I would not have you raise your eyes,
I would not have you speak :
Though nuite, I deem you eloquent,
I ask no other .■'ign,
While thus your little hand remains
Confidingly in mine.
1 know you fain would hide fiom me
Those tell-tale t ars that steal
Unbidden forth, and half betray
The anxious fears you feel ;
From friends long tried and dearly loved,
The plighted bride must part :
Then freely weep — I could not love
A cold unfeeling heart.
I know you love your cottage home.
Where in the summer time,
Your hand has taught the clematis,
Around the porch to climb,
Yon casement with the wild rose screen
Yon little garden too,
How many fond remembrances
Endear them all to you.
You sigh to leave your mother's roof.
Though on my suit she smiled,
And spurning every selfish thought,
Cave up her darling child;
Sigh not for her, she now may claim,
Kind deeds from more than one ;
She'll gaze upon her daughter's smiles
Supported by her son !
1 thank you for that look — it speaks
• Reliance on my truth ;
And never shall unkindness wound
Your unsuspecting youth;
If fate should frown, and anxious thoughts
Oppress your husband's mind.
Oh! never fear to cling to me —
I could not be unkind.
Come look upon this golden ring —
You have no cause to shrink.
Though oft 'lis galling as the slave's
Indissoluble link !
And look upon yon church, the place
Of blessings and of prayer,
Before the altar hear my vows —
Who could dissemble there.
Come to my home ; your bird shall have
As tranquil a retreat ;
Your dog shall find a resting-place,
And slumber at your feet ;
And while you turn your spinning wheel.
Oh ! let me hear you sing,
Or I shall think you cease to love.
Your little golden ring.
ALWAYS IN A HURRY.
Some men live in a huiry, and die in a liurry ;
they drive through the world Jclm like, and all
their business is done by coiiiinencing in the
middle and branching every way. With wliat-
over they come in contact, they stop to make no
compromise, but what they cannot brush aside
they prostr.ate atid jump os'er, pressing ahead to
some fixed ];oint, which, when reached, is not ex- ]
actly the tiling wanted. And thus they bustle
on, and wlLcthfr sleeping or waking, the flutter
goes on. I once met with such a man, and had
occasion to journey a short distance with him.
He arose while it was yet dark, and called up tlie
householil — ordered liis horse and breakfast be-
fore (Uiy — stirred uj) his fire — sat down — got uj)
to see why the tardy sun was not up, and chided
the cock for not crowing — declared he should not
wait for the coffee to boil, though the good wo-
man had made all possible speed, and the badness
of the road forbade the venturing out till the
morning should dawn. The budgets were crkm-
med into the trunk, some this way and some that
— the breakfast jirepared and the grace liurried
over, the children called up and a chapter read,
then all were left to say their own prayers till his
return, charging John to drive the cows to pas-
ture in good time, and see that he found them all
at night. We started, but in the Iiurry lie had
left his whip — hurried back, but the good house-
wife had forgotten where she had put it, in her
haste to drive out the geese, &c. And when I
get over my htirry, I will tell you how the journey
terminated. — Genius of Temperance.
your marketing a little ? Less fresh meat, pas-
try, butter and green vegetables, fewer drame
and oyster suppers : and more lime, cldoride, yel-
low soaj), ruin Avateraiid bath liouse tickets would
not only be safer, at the present critical time, but
much more economical, in these " hard times." —
GenixLS of Temperance.
An old picture founded on a solemn fact, rep-
esents a king sitting instate, with a label, "I govern
ill;" a bishop with a legend, " I |)ray for all;" a
soldier with the motto, " 1 fight for all ;" and a
firmer, drawing reluctantly forth a purse,
with the superscription, " I pay for all." It is true
that the chief wealth of all countries, is agricultural.
Necessaries were sought before lii.\uries. Adam
was placed in Eden, " to dress that garden," before
he sought out the invention of covering. The
plough is an honorable thing to follow, and Cin-
cinnalus acquired from it more honor than from
the sword.
The farmer with all his winter leisure, in the
long evening, wlnn the storm beats upon his win-
dows, while the fire blazes cheerfully within, has
not as yet liad a choice of many hooks devoted to
his parlicularpursuit and habits of thought. Fam-
ily Libraries, Theological Libraries, Scholars Li-
braries, Libruries of useful and of entertaining
knowledge abound, but it remains for Mr Fes-
senden, or some other friend to the farmer, equally
qualified, to compile or select a few volumes, that
will fill the usual circle of the farmer's wants, or
curiosity. The Fanner's Own Book, just published
by Carter, Hendec & Co. is a useful compilation
from various good works, of many matters of do-
mestic and agricultural economy, cookery, &c.
&c. — Boston Courier.
Timely Repartee. — A soldier of Marshal Saxe'e
army being discovered in a theft, was condemned
to he hanged. What he had stolen might be worth
about 5s. The marshal meeting him as he was
being led to execution, said to him, " What a mis-
erable fool you v/eie to risk your life for 5s. I" —
•' General," replied the soldier, " I have risked it
every day for five-pence." This repartee saved
his life.
Keep Clean! — The cleansing of the streets by
corporation, even if the supposition were allowa-
ble, that the thing would ever be done thoroughly,
would av.Til little, unless the citizens see well to
their own premises, dwellings, clothing, and per-
sons. How is it with you, neighbor ? Do you
carefully remove nil filth from your cellar and
backyard? Do you cleanse them often with
lime, Slid chloride ? Are your rooms clean and
well aired ? Do you treat yourself with a bath,
and a "light colored shirt" two or three tjines a
week? If not, don't complain if you get the
cholera. But you " can't afford the expense !"
Ah ! can't you ? But hearken — can't you curtail
A punning lawyer made allusion to the testi-
mony of the "vegetable witness on the other side."
" What do you mean," inquired his opponent, "by
vejjetable witness ?" " Why I mean," was the re-
ply, "the man with carrotty hs.ir, reddish whiskers,
and a tum-xip nose."
Farm for Sale.
TO be sold, at private sale, that well known country-
seat, lormerly owned by Joseph Cordis, Esq. located in
^oulb Reading, on the easterly side of*' Reading Pond,"
so callad, and adjoining the Forrester farm, now owned
by John Clapp, containing sixty acres of excellent mow-
ing, tillage, and pasture land, surrounded with a gooil
stcine-wail ; also, a 1 ine, two rods wide, passing through
the centre of the farm, which renders it convenient to go
to any part thei-eof, and is peculiarly advantageous, it
being fenced with a good wall, into lots averaging from
five to six arres each.
The buildings on said farm consist of a large two-story
House, about forty feet .square, finished throughout, with
Sheds, and every other convenience, including a never-
failing Well of excellent water.
Also, a Bain, ninety feet long by thirtysix feet wide ;
and adjoining said barn, is a large, convenient buildinf^
for stables, carriage house, chaise house, &c, with a good
well near the same.
The above buildings are all in good repair.
The above larin is well calculated for a country-scat,
or puhlic house, as it lies about an equal distance from
Boston and Andover, whci'O a number of stages pass
daily, and the public travel is increasing.
For further particulars inquire of the subscriber on the
premises. MOSES SWEETSER, Jr.
N. B. Twehlyfive acres of Wood Land can be pur-
chased with tlie above farm, if desired.
South Reading, Aug. 7, 1832. 4t
Caution to Trespassers.
THE Roxbury Yeoman Association for the protection
of Fields, Orchards and Gardens, against the depreda-
tions of strollers and pilferers, caution all boys, apprenti-
ces, and other persons, against entering their inclosuree
if they would avoid the penalty of the law.
SAM'L J. GARDNER, Sec'y.
Koxbury, July 16, 1832. 3m
White Mulberry Seed.
THIS day received at the New England Seed Store,
No. 50h North Market Street, Boston, a lot of White
Mulberry Seed, saved the last month expressly for us,
from one of the largest white mulberry orchards in ('on-
necticut — warranted fresh and of the very first quality.
Aug. 15.
Published every Wednesday Evening, at JS per annum,
payable at the end of the year— but those who pay within
sixty d.iyB Irom the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction o/ tiftv cents.
O" No paperwill be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. Rossell, by I. R. Botts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishfs of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
PussELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, A'o. 52. North
Market Street.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 62, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Aokicultural Warkhousk.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 29, 1832.
NO. 7.
C o m 111 II II i c a t i o n s
CULTURE OF M.\DDER.
To llio Editor of the N. E. Farmer, -
Sir — Agreeably to my jiro[)osal in a former
commmiioation, 1 send yoii an article on llic cul-
ture and cure of madder; and lielieving many
persons may be in possession of a IjooIj entitled,
the " American Gardener,"* whicli contains direc-
tions for tlie culture of Madder, in some respects
erroneous, especially with regard to the distance of
planting, managing the haulm or tops in the fall
aud spring. The following are the directions giv
en iu the above work. " The Rubia tinctorum or
dyers' madder is an article of much importance in
manufactures. The plant has a perennial root
and an annual stalk. The root is composed of
many thick succulent fibres, like the roots of as-
paragus, and strike very deej) in the ground, being
sometimes more than three feet in length.
" Tlie land best adapted to the culture of madder
is a deep, loamy, sid)stantial soil, not too stift' and
heavy, nor over light and sandy ; this shoi.ld be
twice ploughed in autumn and left rough in the
winter, that the frost may mellow ami pulrerize
it; tlien ])loughed again in April, taking care ev-
ery time to plough it as deep as possible. The
time of idauting is about the latter end of Apiil or
immediately when the young buds begin to ap-
pear above ground. The young shoots are,then
taken from the sides of tlie inoilicr plants with as
much root as )iossible, and are planted in rows
three feet asunder and twelve inches distant iii
the rows, plant iVom plant,(i) observing to set each
slip down to its top or crown and keep the ground
clear from weeds. In November, the haulm being
decayed, cut it down and take it oft"(2) then draw
three or four inches of earth on the crown of the
plant; this may be performed wiili the plouirh or
iioe, and let them remain so all winter. The sec-
ond year, in the beginning of .^iiril, the earth on
the top of the rows should be carefully takon off
and raked to destroy the young weeds, and make
the surface smooth aud mellow, as also tc per-
mit the rising buds to shoot freely. The sec-
iiud summer the same care must be taken of tlie
madder as the first, aud in November the tromis
of the roots are to bo covered as in the preceding
year. The madder roots should never be taken
up until they have had three summers' growth,
and the culture of the third summer is tii; same
as the second during the spring, summer aiuJ au-
tumn. In Septend)er or October of th; third
year, when the haulm or tops are perfectly de-
cayed, the roots are to bo carefully taken up and
dried a few days in the air ami afterwards pnl in-
to a kiln and effectually dried with a sloiv heat."
(1) Mr James F.aton, the neighbor spoken of in
my former communicario:!, saves the tojs of the
root from two to tlve or si.K inches long ,vLh the
buds attached to tlicm, when he digs his -nadder
in the fail, and lays them on a dry piece of ground
and covers them a foot or more with earth for
planting in the spring : they are then readv for
Bale from that time until May or for hisovn plant-
* Not the New American Gardener, by tin Editor of
Hie A. E. Farmer.
Jng. They will when dug in the fall bear trans-
portation to any distance, but wheti taken out of
the hills in the spring after the shoots spring out
of the ground, they will not keep long.
Mr Eaton and myself have hitherto planted our
madder (shaping our hills like corn hills at second
hoeing,) four feet apart each way, with two plants
in a hill, six or eight inches distant i>)ant from
plant, but we find that the hills are too close for
cultivation the second, and especially the Uiird
year. We have this last spring planted in drills
six feet apart and twelve inches distant plant from
plant in the drills. If we plant roots taken up in
the tiill, after shaping our ridges, we make a hole
of the depth for dropping corn, or perhajis two
inches, and put three or four inches of earth, alter
laying the roots flat on them. As respects culti-
vating the first season, weed when three inciies
high, and throw a little earth round the stems;
at six or eight inches, plough and hoe. It will be
found the tops will fall or lop over on the ridges.
Let them be shaped each way across the ridges
and covered two inches or thereabouts, except the
ends of the stalks — in three or four weeks they
may be spread parallel with the ridges each way.
Weed and put more earth on them ; the last earth
for the season may be put on in the latter jiart of
September. The great object in raising madder
as well as in raising other crops, is to produce a
large quantity with as little labor as the case will
permit. Now if \Ve jilant on rich soils, ridges
three feet apart, the tops would cover the whole
Ckf the ground the second year, and it would be
difficult to procure earth without deranging the
tops. The ridges should the third year be from
three to four feet broad at the base, and complete-
ly filled with roots, and will be from one and a
halfto two feet high. The diggingof the madder
in .some soils costs .*25 per acre, if jilauted even
four feet apart in hills or drills, but at six feet
apart not over .f 18, as the ridges will be large and
the roots mostly or all easy to get out of the
ground. I am of opinion where a person has
madder on his ground three years old, that the
roots taken from the sides of the mother plants
in the spring, will succeed as well as those taken
up in the fall, but with this difference in planting
— that they should be set perpendicular, as directed
in the American Gardener.
(■2) We consider it an improvement to let the
tops decay the first and second year. They are
no trouble to the cultivator the ensuing spring ; if
we put a shovel full of earth on the crowns of the
plants after the trips are decayed, or after one or
two hard frosts, (which we sometimes do, although
it is a very hardy plant and never founil to be in-
jured under the soil,) we do not rake the same off
in the spring, but suffer it to remain, and let the
young shoots come up through it. This being the
second season, when the tops come up about a foot
or thereabouts, they will begin to fall at this time ;
a person shoidd with a |)air of gloves or some-
thing to protect his bands, spread the tops cross-
ways of the ridges and cover with earth two or
three inches deep, but not cover the ends of the
stalks, and in three or four weeks more earth out-
wards, following the tops which lie on the ground
a foot or more, bend them <lowii and cover. This
shoidd be done the latter part of a dry day.
When the tops are spread pre\ious to coverini' U
should be done evenly. Keep the ground free from
weeds the second season. Pursue the same course
the third season, excepting no earth need be put
on alter the first of August. As soon as the frost
has killed the tojis, wash and dry the roots as di-
rected in first part of this communication.
Mr Eaton lias hitherto sold his seed for five
dollars per bushel — four bushels per acre; but in
the drill method, it will take about five and a half
bushels. We believe an average crop is about
1500 lbs. on rich soils. lie has sold his madder for
two years past to merchants in the countrv, $24
per 100 lbs. 1 believe the article is lower at this
time. The whole cost of cultivating, digging, wash-
ing, drying and grinding, (in a grist-mill) may be
about 7 cts. per Ih. I will observe, that the mad-
der raised in these parts will produce more color
than the imported. I believe, however, the differ-
ence may be accounted for in the different mode
of poundingor grinding, pursued in each country.
The imported madder has three separate pound-
ings after washing, viz : the first pounding sejiar-
ates and brings into the form of a powder, the
smallest fibres of the roots, v.ith the skin or husk
of the larger ones, and any earth' which may )ia\ e
been left adhereiiig thereto : a second pounding sep-
arates about one third of the rtmaining part of the
larger roots, and this being sifted and packed sep-
arately is called powder. The third and last
pounding comprehends the residue aud bright
parts of the roots ; this is called grape madder.
This kind is as yet rather scarce in this countrv.
The madder rents raised in this country are juil-
verized at one grinding. This may account for
the difterence in quality. I should like to see a
statement from one of your correspondents of the
quantity imported any one year. We need not
import a pound after five or six years, as we can
raise it as easy as any other crop I am acquaint-
ed wall. 1 think it would be a proper article for
a premium, to be awarded by some of your patri-
otic societies, to be inspected at the mills or in
tierces. There can be no doubt but the lime will
arrive when we shall export madder.
Yours, RUSSELL BRONSON.
Bridgewater, August 20, 1839.
BEES, ■
Mr FessEiNIJe.v — If you think the following of
sufficient consequence, yon may give it a place in
the Farmer.
Having read and heard much of the curious
nature of bees, I imrchased a hive last fall that I
might have opportunities of amusing myself in ex-
amining their habits. They almost all died in
the winter, so that experienced bee managers said
in the spring they would not sw.irm ; but the sea-
son I suppose being favorable, they early filled the
hive with comb, and about the middle of last
month, sent out a new colony. They alighted on
a tree near by, and as I had never seen a swarm
hived, I sent for a neighbor to come and perform
that business. This was about twelve o'clock M.
and the weather very fine. Aly neighbor came
after this. As the sprouts rise out of the ground and sawed off the limb on which the bees were,
50
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Angust 29, 1832.
laid them on a table covered with a wliite cloth,
aud placed the hive, which was a new one, di-
rectly over theni. A few of the bees in a short
lime went np into the hive, but the main body of
them remained on the limb. The man said they
were doing well, and would soon all go up, of
course I did not trouble myself much about them.
In the afternoon, between two and three o'clock,
they all suddenly started oft" from the hive, and
with one accord took a straight line for the woods
at a quick rate. My men said they must be stop-
ped by shaking bells, striking pans, and making a
great noise at them. This was tried, but to no
After being hived a second lime, why did two
thirds of them, (or thereabouts) leave the hive,
and afterwards go back to it ?
I am. Sir, yours &c. S. HOWARD.
Vaughan Farm, Hallowdl, Me. Aug. ]833.
N. 15.— The hive to which the bees manifested
such an antipathy, was made of clean new pine
boards, excepting the painted one lirst put on the
top. The shape was that of the common old
fashioned bo,\ hive. The one i:no which the bees
were last put, was just like it, with the exception
of the painted top board.
Since writing the above, the following has oc-
purpose, and we lost sight of them after following i guj-ed to me as worthy of inquiry,
them to the woods, about a quarter of a mile. I jg ti,e reigning or governing bee of the nation,
if there he one, a male or female? I know that
t is conmionly called a queen, signifying that it is
then gave them up as lost, and offered two dollars
to any one who would show me their habitation.
Conjei-tures now arose as to the cause of their
departure. The man who hived them, examined
the hive, and said they went oft' because the top
board was painted. The next day was very fine,
and about eleven o'clock, while closely engaged
about my liay, we were surprised at a loud buz-
zing in the air over our heads, and on looking up
savv a swarm of bees coming from nearly the
same direction which those had gone the preced-
ing day, and no doulrt is entertained that they were
the same bees. As their course varied a little from
their outward flight, the most of them were, when
they arrived opposite the hive which they left, dis-
tant from it a few rods; hut at this time they
spread about very much and many cf them flew
about the trees near the hive. They however pass-
ed by a <hort distance, say ten rods, and alighted
on an apple tree. The hive which ihey had left
the day previous was now taken, and the painted
board taken ofl" from the top, and another not
painted put on in its stead. The limb on which
they were was cut off", placed on a table as before,
and the hive set over the bees. About one third
of them went up into the hive, and the others
went off" and alighted on an elm tree, distantsix or
eio-ht rods. The man attending on them, said
there were two swarms, and that they would not
agree to hive together ; remarking at the same
time, that be thought at first it was the largest
swarui he ever saw. Another hive was procured
for the purpose of taking the supposed swarm
which had gone to the elm ; but while prepara-
tions were making to get them into it, they began
to fly off", and in a few moments they all rejoined
their brethren at the other hive. They appeared
inclined to stay at the hive, but not on the inside;
of it, and those which had gone in came out, and
all crowded up on the outside and fastened them-
selves round the top board. As ihey thus mani
fested so strong an antipathy to ibis hive, another
was taken, and at evening the bees were scraped
into it. They went to work the ntxt day aud have"
continued to do well since.
Now I should like to have you, or some of the
intelligent apiarians with whom you correspond,
reply to the following queries.
What caused the bees to leave tbeirhive in the
first instance, after it had been pkced over them
and a part had gone into it ?
What caused their return, and did they, or did
they not intend to go back to the hive they had
left .'
a female.
If it is a female, is she the mother of those
which are born in the community ?
If the queen, as it is called, is the propagator
of the species, what is the office of the drones?
I believe it was until within a very few years,
if it is not now, a current idea that the queen was
the mother of the race, and the drones ihe fathers.
I am not sceptical as to the existence of a reign-
ing bee in the hive, but have some doubts wheth-
er it should be called a queen, and still stronger
doubts whether it is the inother of the whole col-
ony. Some suppose that the drones are the fe-
males, and the mothers of the colony, and from
my observations, I am strongly inclined to adopt
this hypothesis. I have caught several drones and
killed thrni, and found in the abdomen of some,
sevcr.il small oblong substances, varying some-
what in size in diff"erent individuals, which from
their resemblance to the eggs of insects, I have
but little doubt were their eggs.
Of what sex is the working bee ? Naturalists,
I believe, say it is a neuter. Not long ago I heard
an experienced bee-keeper say that be was confi-
dent the working bee produces the egg from which
the bees are hatched. Is this probable ? S. H.
ITEMS OF RURAL ECONOMY,
Original and Selectp.l, by Uic Editor.
Grapes. — A writer for Loudon's Magazine ob-
serves, " I remember once dining with a physi-
cian, when two parcels of grapes were introduced
in the dessert. These grapes were as dissimilar
as could well he imagined ; the one seemed equal
to foreign, large and rich ; the other scarcely edi-
ble. I was surprised to hear that they were Lik-
en from the same tree, the growth of England, and
of the open garden. The only dift'erencc was, the
fine grapes were taken from such bunches as hap-
pened to be tied up in black crape, and the others
in white gauze to protect them from the attacks of
birds and insects."
Killing Wasps. — A writer in the Gardener's
Magazine recommends the following mode of de-
stroying wasps. " When a wasp's nest is found,
I take about half a pint of tar in a jiitch-ladle, and
turn a part of it into the hole where the nest is ;
put the remainder of the tar roimd about the
mouth of the hole and the job is done. All the
wasps that are in the nest are caught in their at-
tempt to come out, and those that are out are
caught in their attempt to go in, so that none es
day ; as in general there are a great many of the
wasjjs, which are out all night, and when the tar
is dry it will not catch them.
" It is not necessary to dig out the nest ; and
the tar may be applied at any time of the day,
even when the wasjis are most busy.
" Within the last week 1 have destroyed above
twenty nests, and the wasps at no time made any
attempt to sting."
General Rules for the Construction of Farm Build-
ings.— Though a circle contains most space with-
in the sinallest possible enclosure, yet, with few-
exceptions, it is the least adapted for subdivision,
aud the most expensive in execution ; while the
square and parallelogram, will be found the least
costly, and the most commodious.
In low buildings, where the roof and joisting
are the most expensive articles, the oblong fortri
will be preferable, particularly when such form,
is, in other resjjects, best adapted to the j)Urpose
required.
The cheapest building is that whose plan is
contained within four straight linos. All projec-
tions add considerably to the expense, by the extra
corners, breaks in the roof, &c.
EUerherry Synip.— Take of ilio juice of elder-
berry one quart; boil it to one pint; strain and
add t.vo pounds double r ■fiunl sugar; again jilacij
it ovfr the fire ; so soon as it shall have boiled, re-
move it from the fire ; and when cold bottle it for
use, taking care to have it well corked. Should
they neglect to ])ut in the above quantity of su-
gar, there will be danger of its becoming moiddy.
,\s a gentle purgative this syrup is excellent med-
icini, of very pleasant taste; and is ]iarticularly
servccable for children, who are difficult about
takiig medicine. The dose for an adult is a wine
glass full.
Brewing Beer from Mangold Wurtzel. — Mr Reu-
ben Earnshaw, of Ilickburton, near Barnsley, late-
ly made an experiment by brewing the roots of
Mangold Wurlzcl. He says, that when the roots
are sliced, and treated by a process the same as
in ordinary brewing, adding two pounds of tre-
acle to a bushel of the roots, they will produce as
much good beer, with a quartern of hops, as four
pecks of malt. — Gardener''s Magazine.
How to enlarge Fruits. — The size of fruits pro-
cuccii on trees and suspended in the air, it has
been proved by M. St. Hilaire, may be somewhat
increased by supporting them. The fruit experi-
mented on was the pear. It is curious that the
Ltncashire gooseberry growers liave long been
doing nearly the same thing with their prize ber-
ries.
If they did intend to return to the hive, by I cape. If the nest should be in a place where the
what principle were they actuated ? Was it in- tar will soon get dry, it may, perhaps, be better to
stinct or reason ' (put a little more tar round the hole the following
Suldituiefor Coffee. — The seeds of grapes have
been discovered to be an excellent substitute for
coffee. When |)rcssed, they first produce a quan-
tity of oil, and afterwards, when boiled furnish a
liquid \-^ry similar to that produced from coffee.
The pr.xtice has become very general throughout
Germany. — Mechanics' Magazine.
Curds and JfTiey. — A ready and elegant mode of
procuiing curds, and also a pleasant acidulous
whey, is by adding to a glass full of milk a little
solution of citric acid, taking care not to add too
much. An experiment or two will readily show
the qmntity necessary to eff'ect the purpose. —
London oaper.
Vol. XI.-No. t.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
51
From the Memoirs of the N. Y. Board of Agriculture.
ON LIMING SEED-WHEAT.
Sir — In answer to your inquiry on the subject
of smut in wlieat, I will state to you what has
fallen under my observation.
When I resided in Seneca county, several years
ago, my attention was particularly drawn to this
suhject, by observing that while myself and neigh-
bors were mnch injured by smut in our wheat, the
crops of Mr C. uniformly escaped. I inquired in-
to the cause of the singular exemption, and learnt
that it was owing to the seed ha\ing been limed.
In 181G, therefore, I washed my seed, put about
three pints of lime to each bushel, mixing it well,
and let it lie in a heap twelve hours before sowing.
My crop was perfectly clean ; while, I can say,
all my neighbors had more or less smut.
In 1817, part of my seed was washed and limed,
as in the preceding year ; another part was wash-
ed and limed, and a pint of salt to each bushel
mixed with the lime ; a third parcel was washed
in strong pickle and limed ; and a fourth sown
without any preparation. The result was as fol-
lows : The first had a little smut ; the second
none ; the third none ; and the fourth was a quar-
ter smut. All on the same kind of land, and all
sown in good weather, between the 5th and 15th
of September.
In 1819, Mr L. bi> iijht his seed of my neigh-
bors, Mr B. and Mr (.;. and myself, and sowed all
without preparation. Mr G.'s crop was from seed
had of me the year before, and sowed without pro-
cess. It was found on li[.ivesting the crop, that
part sown with my seed was free from smut ; that
sown with G.'s seed had a little ; that sown with
B.'s seed was one fourth smut. This statement I
had from Mr L.
I mention this circumstance to show that seed
Vvheat well cleaned as mentioned, will have an ef-
fect for two or three crops, but I would never re-
commend to sow wheat without salt and lime.
As the Hessian fly has never yet troubled us in
Alleghany, I am unable to speak of the efficacy of
preventing the ravages of that insect.
I beg leave to suggest to farmers, the propriety
of spreading their straw upon their pasture grounds,
either in the spring or fall. It will shield the
ground from the extreme cold which often breaks
the fibrous roots of the grasses. In summer it
shields the ground from the scorching rajs of
the sun, prevents the evaporation of moisture,
fertilizes the soil, and causes a strong rich sward ;
and when ploughed, will be equal to a coat of
manure. JAMES M'CALL.
J. 13del, Sec'y, &c.
HAMS.
Perhaps there is no subject .of equal interest
among farmers, on which there is such a contra-
riety of opinion, as on that of curing hams. Al-
most every farmer, who is found of good ham or
wishes to procure a good price for if, has opinions,
forms or receipts, peculiar to himself; and after
all, the article is seldom procured in the country
much superior in taste or flavor to that of com-
rtion salt pork.
The plan which I pursue is extremely simple,
and, I have no hesitation in saying, produces hams
equal to anything of the kind which I have ever
tasted, not excepting the celebrated hams of Vir-
ginia, of England, or tlie still more famous of Ca-
labria.
The hams, as soon as they are sei)arated from
the body of the animal, are to be closely packed
in a clean, tight, commtm sized barrel ; and to a
full barrel add a pickle made by dissolving eight
quarts of clean Liverpool salt and four ounces of
saltpetre, in a sufficient quantity of rain or brook
water to cover the whole. In this situation they
are to remain until removed to the smoke-house,
which should be from eight to twelve weeks.
The smoking process is to be conducted alto-
geth'T with the wood of the sugar-maple or hick-
ory ; the former is preferred. And when suffi-
ciently smoked, those that are intended for inune-
diate use, may be hung up in a dark garret, or if
the weather be too cool, in the cellar ; as freezing,
particularly if often repeated, is very injurious.
Those that are intended for summer use, are to be
well whitewashed with lime, and when dry, wrap-
ped in paper and packed away in new dry house-
ashes, and then set in a cool place in the cellar.
Particular care is requisite to prevent its being
heated too much while in the smoke-house, as this
is very destructive to its fiiie flavor.
From the Geneace Farmer.
ARCHITECTURE.
,1ii Encyclopedia of Cottage, Farm and Villa
Architecture, is the title of a work publishing in
London, from the prolific pen of John C. Lou-
don. The agricultural and horticultural commu-
nity have probably derived more benefit from the
labors of this indefatigable writer, than from the
labors of any other man living. His Encyclopre-
dias of Gardening and Agriculture embrace all
that is recent and useful in the science and prac-
tice of these branches of labor ; to which the
Gardener's Magazine serves as a sort of adden-
dum, by narrating the improvements and discover-
ies, in the economy of rural labor, which are con-
tinually developing. His Encycloptedia of Plants
and Blagazine of Natural History are also useful
and interesting v/orks to the practical agricul-
turist.
Of the work which heads this article, I have
hastily perused Part I. published in April ; and
am induced to believe, that although it is particu-
larly valuable for the meridian of Europe, ii; will
nevertheless become highly serviceable in improv-
ing our taste in rural architecture, and of promot-
ing economy and comfort. The work is to be
arranged in four divisions, and illustrated with
more than five hundred designs of cottages, farm
houses, farmeries and villas, in lithography and on
wood. Each part will be sold separate. The
number under examination contains 64 pages of
letter |)ress, 12 lithographic plates, finely executed,
of designs of buildings, and more than 100 en-
gravings on wood. The work is valuable, to the
country builder, in particular, and will afl'ord val-
uable information to all who are about to embark
in building. It is to be embraced in twenty num-
bers, each of which, except the first, will be sold
at 5s. sterling.
Albany. /. B.
THE BLUE BIRD.
I was amused the other day with the boldness
of a Blue Bird which flew at me repeatedly in
defence of her brood. The young birds had just
come out, and were perched on a tree in the fruit
garden, which I happened to approach. His ob-
ject was only to frighten, however, as he only
came within three or four feet. I was ])leased
with his aflxictionate solicitude for his young.
This trait of character is not noticed by Wil-
son. He describes the Blue Bird as " ol' a mild
and peaceful disposition, seldom fighting or (juar-
reling with other birds." A friend, howevei-, who
has seen them fight with the robins anil with the
maiiins, considers them very pugnacious ; and
Wilson himself in another place has given an
account of their wars, and of their victories over
the martins. Like other warriors, however, some-
times they have found the tide of battle to set
against them, and my friend has seen them routed
by the former, and dispossessed of their boxes.
7 mo. 28, 1832. D. T.
HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,
Kept at the garden of the pioprietor of the New Eng-
land Fanner, in Lancaster, Mass., tbirtytive miles went
fi'oin Boston, on the river Nasliaway.
August 5th. Thermomeler, raorning 70, S. E., noon
77, S. W., evening 70, iS. W. ; heavy lain through the
day. African Hibiscus (a new and splendid annual) in
bloom: also. Phlox pyraniidalis, P. alba, and P. purpu-
rea, (elegant perennials.)
6th. Thermomeler, morning 70, S. W., noon 75, S.
E., evening 68, N. W.; rainy afternoon. Plilox divari-
cata and 1'. paniculota, (elegant perennials) ; also, Dian-
thus pumila (a dwarf perennial,) tor the second time this
season.
7(h. Thermometer, morning 64, S. W., noon 68, S.
W., evening 72, S. W. ; heavy rain through the night.
8th. Thermometer, morning 70, S. W., nuon 78, S.
W., evening 6U, S. Hedysarum canadense. Cassia
marylandica, an i Rexia vnginieum, (indigenous peren-
nial.s,) in bloom ; also, the true Lilium suporbum.
9th. Thermometer, morning 63, S. W., noon 78, S.
W., night 69, S. E. ; heavy rain through the ni;;bt.
10th. Thermometer, morning 77, N. W., noon 80,
W., night 77, W. Lilium martagun in bloom.
lllh. Thermometer, morning 60, S., noon 89, S,,
nigh 67, S. W. Dwarf Hyacinth fieaJis and Scarlet
Kunneis in bloom.
12th. Thermometer, morning 70, S. W., noon 82, S.,
night 65, S. \V.
13th. Thermometer, morning 71, S. W., noon 85, S.
W., night 74, S. VV. Malva alba, and Hibiscus palus-
ti-ls, (both h.indsome perennials,) in bloom
14th. Thermometer, morning 71, S. W., noon 87 S.
W., night 7S, S. \V. Wirabilis longiflora (a beauliful
annual) in bloom.
ISth. Thermometer, morning 71, S. W., noon 86, S.
W., night78, S. W.
16th. Thermometer, morning 71, \V. noon 71. S. W.,
night 62, E. ; severe thunder shower in the night.
17lh. Thermometer, morning 54, N. E., noou 66, N.
E., night !)8, N. E.
18th. Thermometer, morning 50, S. W., noon 71, N.
E., night 61, E.
19th. Thermometer, morning 57, E., noon 67, N. E.,
night 65, E. ; rainy.
20th. Thermometer, morning 67, S. W., noon 76, W.,
night 71, W.
21st. Thermometer, moroiag 60, S. W., noon 79 8.
W., night 66, S.
22d. Thermometer, morning Gl S. W., noon 78, S.
W., night 66, S. W.; rainy.
23d. Thermometer, morning 6G, S. W., noon 80, S
W., night 66, S.W.
24th. Thermometer, morning 62, S. W., noon 73 S.
W., night 58, N. W. China Asl'ers in bloom ; also, Big-
nonia radicans (a splendid creeper,) and Sylphium perfo-
liatum. Rainy.
The Atiican Hibiscus (Hibiscus vesicarius,} is at
j--^ present in bloom, and a great oi nanient
to the flower garden. It is of extreme-
ly easy culture, should be planted early
in the spring, and if necessary ii will
bear transplanting ; though, like most
annuals, it docs belter by remaining
where it is sown. The petals are large
and showy, of a straw color, ihe centre
a deep rich brown, finely contrasted
with the stamens of a brilliant yellow.
It flowers very profusely, the blossoun
about the size o( a dollar, and coiitia-
ues in bloom for several weeks.
52
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Angost 29, 1832.
Rural Economy.
and iflliere are no such hollows, or lliey have al-
ready been filled, the earth may be spread over
the surface in such a manner as to do the most
oood. If the earth is not wanted for other pur-
poses, it is recommended to drop and s|)read it, if
DRAINS.
Dy llic Editor.
Drains used in agricnlliire may be divided into | pfacticalile, in such a manner as to leave the gen-
two kinds, open and covered. They sliould be of; ^^.j^] s,|,.|ace of the land sloping towards the drain,
a size and depth proportioned to the extent of the Lj^j^j jj^g ^yater may tlic more readily incline to
tract which it is wished to drain, and the proba
ble quantity of water for which they arc designed
to be channels. They should, generally, be car-
ried through the lowest and wettest part of the
soil. It is a rule in making drains, to begin at
the lowest place, and work upwards, by which
means the water will pass from the workmen, and
point out the level. The mud and other materi-
wanis it, and pass off. At some distance below
the snrfai;e, in peat grounds, there is usually found
a hard f^tratiiin of earth, called, in the common
language of otir farmers, hard pan. The hard pan,
if ploughed into, scraped out, and spread on the
surface, would greatly improve the texture of such
soils. This furnishes another argument in favor
of using a scraper iu draining, for in no other Way
als, which are dug out of a ditch or drain, should i ^.^^ t]|e upper earth, taken out of the drains, be so
not be suffered to lie in heaps by the side of the
ditch, but should be spread as equally as possible
over the surface of the drained land. In some
cases, it will be expedient to transport the earth
taken from ditches to the larm-yard or the hog-
pen, to form a part of that layer, which good farm-
ers generally spread over those places, to imbibe
liquid manure, or make into compost. In many
instances, it is asserted, that the earth dug out of
ditches, is worth enough for manure, to pay the
expense of digging the ditches.
Open drains often answer the purpose not only
of conveying off superfluous water, hut serve for
inclosing fields. But they make a hazardous and
inconvenient fence without the .addition of a bank,
hedge, or railing. The Farmtr's .Assistant says,
" When a ditch is made for a fence, it ought to be
four feet wide at the loji, one or less at the bot-
tom, and about two .and a half feet deep ; with the
earth all thrown out on one side, and banked
up as high as jiossible." Sir John Sinclair states,
that "it is a general rule, regarding open drains,
with a view of giving sufficient ^lope and stability
to their sides, that the width at top should he
three times as much as that wliicli is necessary at
the bottom ; and, iu the case of peat inosi^es, or
soft soils, it should be such as to allow the water
to run off without stagnation, but not with so rap-
id a motion as to injure the bottom."
The American editorof Sir John Sinclair's Code
of Agricidtwc observes, that "The most expedi-
tious, etiectual, and economical mode of making a
drain would undoubtedly be, to use oxen, and a
scraper, or ox-shovel, as it is sometimes called, —
an instrument well known in this country in the
making of roads. In some cases, this mode might
not answer, as in very miry grounds, and lands
just cleared of timber. But where lands are very
miry, if the process is begun at the outlet of the
water, — and there, indeed, it ought always to be
begun, — the next adjoining portion will, general-
ly, be made so dry as to allow being tredden upon
in a proper season ; and in this v\ay a drain may
by degrees be carried on towards the centre. In
nineteen cases out of twenty, drains may probably
be efTected in this mode. Where the ground will
admit of it, two men and a boy, and two yoke of
oxen, will accomplish more business of this sort
in a day, than half a dozen men in the same time,
with only spades and shovels. Wherever the la-
bor of cattle can be substituted in this country for
human labor, policy requires it to be done. The
surface of wet and miry land is usually full of in-
equalities ; if a scraper is employeil in draining
them, the earth taken from the drain is easily
landed in any hollow spot which needs to be filled ;
cheaply removed, and put on the adjoining; nor
in any other way can the hard pan be so easily
broken up and carried off; nor in any other way,
oftentimes, can suitable earth be so well obtained,
for the purpose of spreading it over the surface
with a view to improve the texture of the soil. If
the object be to pile the earth from tlie drains in-
to heaps, with a view to composts, liiis purpose
is completely accomplished by means of the scra-
per."
To make a covered drain, dig a channel be-
tween thirty and thirtysix inches wide at the top,
and six inches, or the breadth of a spade, at the
bottom, and three feet dee)), giving it just descent
enough to make the water run briskly. Fill it
half full or more of small stones, thrown in at ran-
dom, and rover them with a Inyer of straw, leaves,
or the small branches of trees with the leaves on
them ; then fdl it up to a level with the surface,
with the earth that was thrown out.
In forming small drains, chiefly for retentive
soils, the common plough may be used. A mode
described in Young's Annals of .'Jgnculture, from
very ample practice, is this : he says, when he has
marked the drains in a field, usually a rod asun-
der, he draws two furrows with a common plough,
leaving a balk betwixt them, about fifteen inches
wide ; then, w i;h a strong, double-breasted plough,
made on purjiose, he splits that balk, and leaves a
clean furrow iiaurtecn or fifteen inches below the
surface; hut where the depth of soil requires it,
by a second ploughing he sinks it to eighteen or
twenty inches ; it is then ready for the land-ditch-
ing sjiade, with which he digs, fifteen inches deep,
a <frain as narrow as possible. But the method
followed by some farmers, who do not possess
ploughs made on purpose for the work, is this :
with their common plough, drawn by four or five
horses, and usually stirring about four or five inch-
es deep, they turn a double furrow, throwing the
earth on each side, and leaving a balk in the mid-
dle. This balk they raise by a second bout, in
the same manner; they then go in the open fur-
row twice, with their common double-breast
plough, getting what depth they can. After this,
they shovel out all the loose niouhl and inequali-
ties to the brearlth of about a foot; and thus hav-
ing gained a clear, open furrow, the depth vary-
ing according to the soil and ploughs, but usually
about eight or nine inches, they dig one spit witlj
a draining spade sixteen inches deep, thus gaining
in the whole twentyfour or twentysix inches. But
as this depth is seldom sufficient, when necessary,
they throw out another, or even two other spits,
which makes the whole depth from thirty to forty
inches. — Loudon.
Turf-covcred drains nj.iy be made ss follows :
Turn up a deep furrow with a strong plough, clear
the sod from the earth thus turned up, reduce it
to about three in'-hes in thickness, and lljin place
it in the furrow from whence it was taken. The
grassy side being placed uppermost, there is a hol-
low beneath, sufficient to discharge a considerable
quantity of surface water, which readily sinks ijito
it. This mode of draining is used on the sheep
farms of the Cheviot Hills in I'higlaiid, and is rec-
ommended by Sir John Sinclair. It would not
answer, however, iu lands exposed to the tread of
heavy cattle, as they would be apt to push their
feet through a covering of tmfof no more tlian
three or four inches. I'eihaps, in a few year.«,
the verdure would thicken, and the sward strength-
en over drains of this kind, so that there would
be nothing to apprehend from the tread of the
heaviest animals.
Cultivation of drained land. — It is well known
that swamps, marshes, and other low lands arc
commonly places of deposit for the lighter and
more fertile prrts of the soil, washed from tho
neighboring hills. Blany marshes are iu fact in-
tervale land, naturally too wet for profitable culti-
vation. Wet lands, which receive the wash of
higlicr grounds of a tolerable quality, may be ex-
pcrlcd to be worth considerable expense in drain-
ing. A bog, liowevcr, on tho top of a hill, not
overlooked by high ground, we should suspect of
barrenness, and would not he at great expense in
draining it, without examining and analy/.ingthc
soil in various parts, and becoming s.itisficd of its
fcrtilily. But a drained marsh, which can be
finodcd at the will of its owner, by means of a
dam at its outlet, with water which has washed
the neighboring uplands, may be considered asin-
^xhuustible, and, pcrhajis, had better he appropri-
ated to the raising of hemii. That plant exhausts
the soil very much, and it would, therefore, be
good economy to raise it where the land can be
recruited without manure from the farm-yard, &c.
If the land is rich, not very dry, or water can be
set back in the ditches, in a dry time, lo withiiv
three or four fi'ct of the surface, it will he quite
an object to introduce fowl meadow, (Agroslis
stricla.)
It is often advisable to let drained lands lie over
one summer to ferment and rot, before any at-
tempt to cultivate them. Flooding them com-
pletely in the winter, and drawing the water quite
off rather late in the spring, will likewise assist
in rotting the sod.
CANADA THISTLES.
An esteemed correspondent has expressed doubts
of the success of" destroying Canada thistles by
jiloughing. I am therefore induced to extend my
remarks ; and the im|;ortancK of uuderslauding
this subject willap])ear from a recent transaction .
One of our wealthiest merchants lately s(dd his
homestead, where he has residcrl about thiriyfivo
years, alleging as his only reason that the Canada
thistle was over-running the neighborhood. Nnr
two miles from that place, I have just seen a large
field, perhaps fifteen acres, mostly covered by
these thistles in full flower ; and some other fichla
are scarcely in a better condition.
This state of things ought not to continue
While we allow our farmers full liberty to rais'?
such crops as they please without injuring theii
neighbors they ought to be satisfied ; and if a fine
Vol. XI.— No. 7.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
53
nr tax should be levied upon such crops as do
jnove injurious to others, the reasonable part will
Cither pay it cheerfully or discontinue the culture.
Now Canada thistles when allo\yed to ripen, in-
jure our neighbors. If bis fields are clear of them
this year, wc send him seed enough to excite his
vigilance and industry next season. If our as-
sessors were authorized to examine all our fields,
and if the supervisors were directed to add to
our tax list five or ten dollars an acre for this
rrop, we should soon grow tired of it ; and in-
stead of the present 1-stlessness which prevails on
this subject, the most eager inquiries would be
made by our farmers, how they could best dispose
of the concern.
For such as are willing to begin before the
Legislature shall interfere, I offer a few remarks :
first expressing my satisfaction with Dan Brad-
let and others for the interest that they have
shown in this matter by communications to the
Genesee Farmer.
The Canada thistle extends itself by horizontal
roots which lie a few inches below the surface ;
and from these the stalks rise at different distan-
ces. If the stalks are mowed off an inch or two
above the ground, lateral shoots are produced
without any great effort in the plant; and though
it will be prevented from seeding, its vigor is but
slightly impaired. When the stalks are pulled
lip, however, the separation commonly takes place
at ih" horizontal root ; and to produce a new
«talk much more preternatural energy is required.
Hence ploughing is more destructive to them than
hoeing, even if the horizontal roots should not be
disturbed; and the boe is more effectual than the
scythe.
It was in the year 1810, that I first saw this
thistle fearlessly attacked by a farmer of this town
with the plough. He manured and planted the
patch with potatoes, hoeing occasionally. Nearly
all the work was done before harvest, — for the
thistles were so checked that very few ware visi-
ble towards the close of the season.
In 182.5, I laid out my garden on ground par-
ticularly infested with Canada thistles. Both the
plough and the hoe were employed ; the new
shoots, especially after mid-summer, were drawn
up as soon as they were found ; and I shall be
safe in saying that not a dozen stalks appeared the
next season.
For small patches, or even for large ones where
only a few stalks remain, I would recommend the
application of salt or brine. This summer, amongst
the roots of my grape vines, a plant of this thistle
appeared with a few stalks. More than a month
ago, I cut them below the surface of the ground
with the corner of a hoe, making an excavation, in-
to which I poured a gill or two of old brine. No
shoot from this plant has been seen since. I also
treated many stalks of a larger patch in the same
manner, and with the same success. Brine in
pro[)er quantity certainly kills the root to some
distance, probably a foot or more each way ; and
if farmers will watch the first appearance of these
weeds in their fields and meadows, and attack them
in this manner before the plants extend them-
selves much through the ground, a great saving
of labor may be made.
But for large patches, where the stalks are very
numerous, and especially where whole fields are
more or less infested, I would strongly recommend
thorough and frequent ploughings. The farmer
who undertakes this business, however, must do
it faithfully, or he had better never touch them,
in this manner. He ought to make up his mind
fully to plough them as oftenas they appear above
ground, throughout the whole season, whether
that be once a month or once a fortnight ; and al-
so to make a free use of the hoe, if stumps or
rocks occur in the field.
Many farmers have fallen into a great error
which ought to be pointed out and exposed : Af-
ter this weed has been checked by the culture of
corn or potatoes for one season, they frequently
sow oats or barley in the following spring, and
the enemy is allowed time to recover its vigor.
No crop should be thought of which would ex-'
elude the plough or the hoe for even part of a
surumer, until the thistles be completely exter-
minated ; and if the business is well and thor-
oughly conducted, there will not be one root alive
at the close of the second season. D. T.
Greatfield, Cayuga Co., 7 mo. 25, 1832.
From the Memoirs of the New York BoatJ of Agriculluro.
THE ADVANTAGES OP FALLOW CROPS
OVER SUMMER-FALLOWS.
To Jejsk Bhei,, Est.
Dear Sir — In answer to your circular, I would
observe, that I should not have presumed to fur-
nish matter for a volume of the Memoirs of the
Board, had it not been asserted, that " any facts,
however simple, would j be considered valua-
ble."
I have carefully watched the progress of im-
provement in agriculture, in order to derive benefit
from any system of cultivation, new and useful,
which might be proposed. Although many im-
provements in the business of husbandry have
been suggested, which would no doubt be of ad-
vantage to the farming interest, were they reduced
to practice, yet I shall speak of but one, which I
consider the most prominent, and that deserving
the greatest attention; and which, if generally in-
troduced, would save to the farmers of this st.ate,
annually, many millions. I mean the introduc-
tion of fallow-crops, and the abandonment of sum-
mer-fallows altogether, on green sward. . The ex-
perience I have had in the system, confirms my
belief, that all spring crops, such as oats, peas,
barley, and potatoes, may be raised on green
sward, well ploughed, either in the fall or spiing,
and rolled with a heavy roller, with less expense
in labor, and double the net profits, than on stub-
ble land ; that the expense of tending a corn crop,'
on ground of this description, and thus managed,
v,rould be less than the expense of summer fallow-
ing, and that good or poor land would not be ex-
hausted as nmch in growing most of the above
crops, with the sod under, unmolested and unex-
posed, while rotting, as it would be in receiving
two or three ploughings, while in a partial state
of decomposition, in the heat of summer, exposed
to the influence of the sun, rains and winds. —
The first experiment I made of this kind, was a
crop of corn, on a stiff sward of spear grass,
ploughed in the fall, and well harrowed in the
spring, without rolling. My crop was 72 bushels
to the acre, worth 50 cts. per bushel. Nett profits,
$23,.30 per acre. The ground was well ])loughrd
once the next spring, and sowed to peas : crop, 32
bushels per acre, worth $1,00 per bushel — nett
profits, $25,10. The peas were harvested early
in September, and the ground well ploughed once,
and sowed to wheat : crop, 31 bushels to the acre
— nett profits, $22,90 to the acre. Nett profits in
three years, $71,30. I have this year raised corn
on land adjoining, and of a similar soil and sod,
(the soil is what farmers call a sandy loam,) man-
aged in the same way, save only the crop was but
once hoed : (wet weather jireventf d :) cinp, 106
bushels to the acre. No manure was used ; and
not so much labor in tending, as stubble land
would have required. In the same field, I sowed
CO roods of ground to flax, aud harrowed it well on
on the soil. The crop grew well, and was the best
I ever raised on any ground. It fell down, and I
pulled it while in blossom ; after which I ploughed
the ground once, and sowed turnips. The tur-
nips are very fine, and promise a good crop.
JAMES SPERRY.
From the Genesee Farmer.
WATER-MELONS.
Mr Goodsell — I have suffered this year, from
the loss of many water-melon vines, by blight, or
some other disease. The seed was believed to
be good — one year old — had been carried in my
pocket, to season, several weeks before planting,
agreeably to a suggestion in your paper — they
came tip well — the vines were plentifully water-
ed with tepid soap suds, when the hugs first ap-
peared upon them, and through the drought; and
they continued to grow thrifty till the lute rains,
when they had commenced bearing, and prom-
ised an abundant crop. The blight first appeared
upon a single vine, and soon spread rapidly
through the whole hill, leaving melons half grown,
to perish for want of nourishment. It has reach-
ed other hills, and continues to spread, and I ara
threatened with the total loss of a crop which has
cost me much pains, and of which I am extremely
fond. Is there any remedy for me ?
A New Gardener.
N. B. — The soil is a mixture of black loam,
barn manure, and gravel, upon a gravel bottom.
The hills are about three and a half feet asunder,
with from four to ten plants in each, which have
grown so luxuriantly as to form one complet*
mass of vines. The blight commenced at one ex-
treme corner of the patch.
Palm^jra, August 3, 1832.
JVote. — It frequently happens after long or heavy
rains, that water-melon and cucumber vines droop
and die. During the rain, when the ground ii
filled with water, the young roots become water
soaked, to ihat degree, that many of them never
recover.
Cabbage roots, are often aflectcd in the same
way ; and plants may be seen withering after
long rains, liefore the roots hav^e had time to re-
cover, afier being soaked.
Another cause of the failure of water-melon
and cucumber vines, at this season, is a largs
brown bug, which feeds upon them, aud is par-
ticularly luu'lful to vines which it infests. To pre-
vent the former, raise the hills high ; but for ths
latter, we know of no remedy, but to destroy the
bug3._£fl'. of G. F.
Black Cherry — (piinvs ccrasus.) — The gum
which exudes from this tree is extremely nu-
tritious; indeed it is equal in ever}' respect lo
gum arable. Hasselquist relates that a hundred
men, during a siege, were kept alive nearly two
mouths, without any other subsistence than a
little of this gum taken occasionally into the
mouth, and suffered gradually to dissolve. —
Parkes.
54
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Angnst 39, 1832.
syaw :2sr«s2iiisri£> a»iii2ssii3i2a
Boston, Wednesday Evening, August 29, 1832.
ISABELLA GEAPE VINE.
We have lately liad the pleasure of viewing a
grape vine of the Isabella variety, of uncommon
thrift and fruitfulness. It belongs to Joseph P.
Bradlee, Esq. and stands in the back-yard of his
house, 23, Franklin Place, Boston. It is only six
years from the seed, is trained to the south side
of a high wall, a large extent of which is covered
by its luxuriant branches, and decorated by more
than one thousand bunches of grapes, which now
havea very beautiful appearance, and undoubtedly
will be very delicious if this singular season should
afford them time and temperature for ripening.
Mr Bradlee is well known as an amateur horticul-
turist, possessed of a Zealand ardor for the elegant
and usefal art of gardening, which merits high
encomium.
The Isabella grape is less valued than it ought
to be, on account of its being generally gathered
for use or brought to market before it is ripe. Ar-
rived at full maturity it is second to few imported
grapes, and has the advantage over the foreigners
rn its ability to endure our climate.
FAMILY LYCEUM.
We have seen two numbers of a publication
with this title, lately established in Boston, by Jo-
siah llolbrook, the gentleman whose exertions in
establishing lyceums in various parts of the United
States, have been so indefatigable and efficient. —
It is to be published weekly, by George W. Light
& Co., No. 3 Cornhill.
From the specimens which have appeared, we
are led to anticipate from this hebdomadal " folio
of four pages," results of great utility, i)articularly
to the youth of both sexes. The celebrated, but
now trite maxim of Bacon, that " Knowledge is
Power," applies with much more force to the use-
ful sciences to which this paper is devoted, than
to mere literature. Indeed too much of our scho-
lastic lore maybe styled " knowledge," w'hich con-
fers no power, and which ran be of no possible
benefit to its possessor. Pope says, " Not to know
some trifles is a praise ;" and yet the best and ear-
liest part of human existence is generally spent in
the acquisition of the " trifles " to which the poet
perhaps alluded. But we anticipate from the
Family Lyceum, principles and illustrations of that
science which makes man lord of the lower world,
and gives him that dominion over the realms of
nature, to which, by the means of the jiroper de-
velopment of his intellectual energies and faculties,
he is destined by his Creator.
We have no doubt but the time is under rapid
head \vay,\B which nitrogen, oxrgen, hydrogen, and
the rest of theg;ens, sulphates, and sulphites, and the
rest of the ales and ilcs, will be household words,
and as familiar to the lisp of infancy and the prat-
tle of adolescence, as the letters of the alphabet.
THE FARMER'S OWN BOOK.
We have received, but have not yet thoroughly
perused, a work entitled " The Farmer's Own Book,
or Family Receipts for the Husbandman and House-
vyife ; being a Compilation of the very best Receipts
on Agricuhure, Gardening and Cookery, with Rules
for keeping Farmers' Accounts. By H. L. Barnum,
editor of the Farmer's Reporter. Stereotype edi- i out stones, and surpasses in taste all other sum-
tion. Published by Carter & Heiidee, Boston." I mer pears. Its juice is of a vinous sub acid taste,
Much prejudice exists against receipts relating i decidedly superior, at least in flavor, to its parent
to medicine, agriculture, or other arts. They are j fruit before mentioned. If the green summer
generally condemned, as well by sciolists as by sugar pear be suffered to ripen on the tree, it ac-
mcn of science, as the emanations of quackery, quires a greenish yellow shade, and its flavor ap-
and prescriptions which ought to be ;;roscribcd i preaches to that of the French Sluscat Robert;
instead of being p-escribed, in civilized communi- its period of .iiaturation is from the middle to the
ties. But receipts are useful if they relate to use- i end of August, and it can be preserved oidy a
ful arts, and are correct in their details and direc- ! few weeks after being dci)ositcd on the floor. The
tions. They contain, or sliould contain, the nut • tree bears fruit every year, its blossoms resist the
without the shell; the kernel without the husk, inost unfavorable weather, and its wood remains
Much property has been saved and acquired, much sound in the severest w inters,
pain has been mitigated, many cures have been
effected and many lives saved by the instrimien- I
tality of receipts ; and even newspaper receipts,
if originally valuable, are not much the worse for
their vehicles of communication. It is true that
these receipts are sometimes erroneous, sometimes
misunderstood, sometimes misapplied, and are
therefore sometimes the cause of injury, attended
with deleterious and even fatal consequences. But
the pen, the press, the bar, yea, even the pulpit,
may be perverted and prostituted ; and the better a
thing is, the worse it becomes by its misuse or its
misapplication.
But what is a receipt? It is a list or prescrip-
tion of ingredients for any composition, with di-
rections for compounding or putting them togeth-
er. The whole art of pharmacy consists in little else
than a knowledge of various methods of making
compositions according to receipts. Perhaps nine
tenths of the articles in our druggists' shops are
medicines made by or according to receipts. Ev-
ery physician who prescribes for a patient makes a
receipt. It is true he docs not often publish his
ingredients, &c ; but scrawls his prescription in
such hieroglyphics that nobody but a conjuror or
an apothecary can make anything of it or by it.
And if newspaper receipts are necessarily all nos-
trums, doctors' prescriptions are a variety of the
same genus. The best books of science, such for
instance as Davy'sAgricultural Chemistry, Young's
Works on Agriculture, &c, &c, are interlarded
and checkered with receipts, like plimis in a pud-
ding. The patent laws of the United States give
peculiar privileges to one who has " invented any
new and useful art, machine, manufacture, or com-
position of matter, ifc.''' It seems then that rewards
are granted by the laws of our country for reccip<«,
and if receipts are evidence of quackery the pa-
tent law operates as a bounty on emiiiricism.
But to come back to the " Farmer's Own Book ;"
we have, (as before observed) not given it a thor-
ough perusal, but what we have read appears to
us judiciously compiled. The author has not
been guilty of giving us a flood of words, with but
a scanty rill of meaning. He seems to have paid
a due regard to the time and patience of his read-
ers, and not bestowed bushels of chaff for grains
of wheat. We think this book ought to be found
in the library of every husbandman and house
keeper.
From a German Worl; on Pomology.
The Green Summer Sugar Pear of Hoyers
worda, an excellent new fruit of moderate size
and which has taken its origin from the kernel of
the winter pear cultivated in Lower Lusatia. It
is oblong, but arched towards the bloom, of a
grass green shade, spotted in every direction with
green and gray dots. The pulp is mellow, with-
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
Saturdii, August 25, 1832.
Fruits exhibited this day, were from the gardens
of Messrs R. Maiming, Salem, and E. Vose, Dor-
chester.
APPLES.
By R. Manning, Esq. Bough Apples, not in
eating, of good appearance ; Kentish Codlin, n
new fruit in this country, of English origin, not
n eating, fair and handsome ; Summer Rose, me-
dium size, fair surface, color pale and streaked,
and for an early fruit will rank whh the best ot
the season.
By E. Vose, Esq. Williams' Favorite, apples of
a handsome appearance, good size, and red color,
can be safely recommended as an early apple.
PEARS.
By R. Manning, Esq. Bell Pear of the Ameri-
can gardens, or the True Windsor of the English
authors, a handsomi^ large green pear ; as an early
fruit it is said to be a good pear for the market,
but a worthless one for the table of the epicure.
PLUMS.
By Mr Manning, Royal Tours, of good size and
a purple color, flesh rich and melting, is said to
be a good bearer ; free healthy, and weW worth
cultivating. For the committee on fruits,
B. V. FRENCH.
FLOWERS.
Flowers were presented by Messrs Winship of
Brighton, consisting of rare specimens sent as a
donation by Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin. Also, sev-
eral handsome bouquets by Messrs Kenrick, of
Newton.
Mangel ff'itrtzel. — This root is not sufficiently
known or cultivated in this country. Last sjiring
we bad prepared a piece of ground for early corn,
but there being more than we wanted for that
purpose, we split the lands and planted half an
acre in mangel wurtzel, dropping the seeds one
foot apart. We have run a small plough through
them twice, and hoed out the weeds once. l^L^ny
of the roots are now eighteen to twenty inches in
diameter, and eight to twelve long. The piece
of ground will undoubtedly yield a greater weight
of food for cattle, than could have been obtained
from it in any other vegetable. To insure the
speedy and general vegetation of mangel wurtzel
seed, it should be soaked in warm water twelve
hours before planting. The seeds of this, as well
as all other beets are a long time in vegetating,
and ma!iy never come up at all, when not thus
soaked. — Amei-ican Farmer.
Whiteioash. — A little sulphuric acid is said to
make whitewash whiter, and more durable.
Vol. XL-No. 7.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
55
Linnean Botanic Garden and Nurseries.
Flushing, near New York, Aug. 25, 1832.
WM. PRINCE & Sons wish to acquaint the public that
the present being a leisure period, they will with pleasure
impart any information touching Horticultural subjects,
which may be solicited from them, and will transmit the
JVet« Catalogues of their establishment trith the reduced
prices, to all applicants. Letters to them it is presumed
will be postpaid. The immense extensions made to their
nurseries, which now cover near 50 acres, compactly
filled, and the concentration theiein of the rarest and
choicest productions of foreign climes, have elicited from
their fellow citizens an extension of patronage, highly
gratifying to their feelings. One point of the utmost im-
portance which has particularly engaged their attention,
is the critical investigation of all the varieties of fruits,
and a strict attention to their accuracy, and their recent
publications on this subject contain descriptions so minute,
that every person can decide for himself.
The establishment contains at the present period more
ihanamiUion of Trees and Plants, and the proprietors
are willing to enter into arrangements of the most liberal
description both as to price and credit, with all such per-
sons as desire large quantities of Trees, &c ; and with
those proprietors of Nurseries who wish to extend their
collections, and such other persons as may wish to es-
tablish new Nurseries, they will enter into arrange-
ments, on terms which will allow ample time for ad-
tantageous reimbursement. — Any persons who are desi-
rous to act as Agents in towns where no Agency already
exists, will please to communicate their views in regard
thereto. — Where those who are desirous to send orders
Ibr trees are not conversant with their respective qualities,
they can consult the " Treatise on Fruits" recently pub-
lished in which about 800 varieties are described.
For Sale,
A FARM in Winthrop with two good two-story dwell-
ing-houses, well finished and painted ; four barns, a cider
and other out-houses, pleasantly situated within a quarter
of a mile of Winthrop village, where there are two meet-
ing-houses, five stores, mills and mechanics of all kinds
necessary lor the convenience of the place. Said Farm
is near the centre of the town, on the main road from the
village to Augusta and within ten miles of the State
House. It contains three hundred acres of good land ;
is well watered anJ well proportioned as to mowing,
tillage, pasturing, orchard and wood-land ; in good years
for fruit it produces from two to three hundred bushels
of the Roxbury and Newberry Russets, besides many
ojher kinds of summer, fall and winter fruit, which has
l)een selected from the best orchards in the country. I
may be conveniently divided to make two or three farms.
A part or the whole will be sold to accommodate pur-
chasers ; and, if wished, a long credit given for the most
of the pay, provided the security be satisfactory. For
further particulars inquire of Thomas S.vell, on the
premises, or of Dr Issachar Snell, at Augusta.
Augusta, Me. Aug. U, 1832. 6w
Grass Seeds.
FOR sale at the New England Seedstore.No. 50Jr
North Market Street,
Northern and Southern Clover,
Herds Grass,
Noithern Red Top,
Tall Oat Grass,
Fowl Meadow,
Lucerne, (from which four crops are cut in a year,)
White Dutch Honeysuckle Clover.
Also — Winter and Spring Rye, the growth of 1S32.
The above will be sold by the quanlily or retail; Ihe
utmost cai e has been taken to liave (he iSrass Seeds gen-
uine, and Iree horn foul seeds.
Aug. an. epistf
New England Museum,
No. 76 Court Street, Bosto:v.
THIS extensive establishment, (which wasdamaged by
fire on 14lh Feb 1832,) has been repaired, the building
improved by some important alterations and enlargements,
the whole titled up upon a new plan in a very beautiful
manner, is now open lor visitors every day and evening.
The whole establishment is lighted with Gas every
evening. A great variety of new articles have been
brought forward, and Ihe whole so arrangeil as to wear
altogether a new appearance. Peisons visiting Boston
will he higlily gratified in viewing this large collection in
its present renovated form. Very excellent music day
and evening. Admittance 25 cents.
Cardozo Arabian, for Sale.
THIS entire Horse was imported into Boston, June
15lh. 1832, by Messrs R. D. Tucker & Son, in the brig
Caroline from Gibraltar, and is of the purest Arabian cast,
as will appear by the subjoined certiiicate. This horse
is of the largest class of Arabians ; of dapple bay color ;
black legs, main, and tail ; and measures fourteen hanils
three inches in height; uncommonly large bone ; mus-
cles and tendons strongly delineated ; of irrepressible
spirits, and perfectly docile. His points, when abstract-
edly examined, are in most respects without fault, and
collectively they form an animal surpassed by few for
symmetry — leaving no doubts on the minds of judges,
that be is a true sou of the desert without any collateral
admixture.
.V more particular description of this horse is not deem-
ed necessary at this time, as it is presumed no gentleman
will purchase so valuable an animal without minutely
examining him.
We the undersigned do hereby certify, that the ches-
nut horse, five years old, with a white spot on the fore-
heail, was sent from Oran to Consul Cardozo, and that
said horse is of the purest Arabian breed.
In testimony whereof we give the present in Gibraltar,
this 3d day of Del Hogia, year of Elgira 1247.
[Signed in Arabic,]
Faquih Hamet Benqubef,
MOSTAFA BeNGALY.
Certified to be the true signatures of Faquih Hamet
Bcnqusef and Sidy Moslafa Ben Galy, by A. Car-
dozo, Vice Consul of the Bashaw, Bey of Tunis.
Gibraltar, May 4, 1832.
Extract of a letter from Horatio Sprague, Esq, of Gibraltar.
" This horse was a present to Aaron Cardozo. Esq.
Consul General for Ihe Baibary Powers, a talented and
wealthy gentleman, who prefers living with the nobility
in Portugal to residing in this place. The then governor
of Gibraltar, General Sir George Don, made a pioposal
to purchase this horse to send to England.
" As .soon as the nephew of Sen. Cardozo, who is a
paiticular friend of mine, residing here, had orders to sell
the horse, he imnjedialely made me the offer of purchas-
ing him ; and the Caroline with Capt. Gale's kindness,
offering a good opportunity, I purchased him, believing
his worth to be £500 sterling, to any man, and event-
ually of essential service to my native country."
Application to be made to SAMUEL JAQUES, at the
Ten Hills Sloc< Farm, Charlestown, Mass. where the
horse may be examined. Aug. 15.
Strawberries.
FOR sale at the Kenrick Nurseries in New-
Ion, the following varieties of Strawberries
now ready for transplanting.
Hudson's Bay, Chili, Downton, Roseberry,
Mulberry, Pine-apple, Balh-scarlet, Methven Castle,
Wilmol's Superb, Large White, Red-wood, White-wood,
Red Alpine, monthly with runners, Red Bush Alpine,
White do. do Duke of Kent's Scarlet, Wellington, New
Black Rusk Hautbois, French Musk Hautbois, Prolific
Hautbois, Large Ear'y Scarlet, Knevel's New Pine,
Keens' Seedling, Southborough Seedling, &c, &c.
Written orders addressed to John or William Kenrick,
Newton, or left with Mr Russell at his Seed Store, No.
50.J North Market Street, will receive immediate atten-
tion.
August 18. 3w
Kendall's Improved Rotary Pnmp.
JUST received and for sale ;it the Agricultural Ware-
house, No. 50.4 North Market Street, a further supply ol
Kendall's Improved (hou<e and factory) Rotary Pumps.
These pumps are so constructed as to convey a regular
and steady stream of water by the common crank motion,
are very compact and simple in construction, ami no way
liable to get out of order. They are well calculated lor
the use of factories, paper-mill, &c.
A constant supply of these pumps, and likewise those
of smaller size for domestic purposes, (vill be kept Ibr sale
as above ; and if required, the Patentee will furnish suit-
able pipes and attend to putting the pumps in operation,
OB application as above. Aug. 15.
' Birtding. ^ W^
THE subscribers to the New England Farmer are
informed, that they can have their volumes neatly half-
bound and lettered, at 75 cents per volume, by leaving
them at the Farmer office. Ausr. 15.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
€i
Apples, russetlings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort,
Beans, white
Beef, mess, ....
prime, ....
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed ndlk, •
Flaxseed
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
Corn, Southern yellow.
Rye, ....
Barley,
Oats, ....
Hay,
Hog's Lard, first sort, new,
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, .....
from TO
Plaster P.\ris retails at
Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern,
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, fiill blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths, washed, .
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
J. ("Pulled superfine,
J; -i I 1st Lambs, . .
^
13d,
[ist
Spinning
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
93 00
108 00
12 00
6 25
cask
ton
barrel
pound
cwt.
pound
14
6
3
1 12
6 75
6
6 00
6 25
80
75
1 00
60
42
50
9 00
22 00
90
3 00
17 00
13 00
12 75
2 50
100
8 50
103 00
112 00
100
i-aso
6 50
9 00
16
660
6 50
80
1 12
70
55
62
10 00
23
1 00
3 25
17 50
14 00
13 00
2 75
1 2.5
10
8 75
50
65
42
35
PROVISION M
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal, ...
Mutton, .....
Poultry, ....
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best,
Eggs, retail, ....
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes, ....
Cider, (according to quality,) .
pound
.10
«*
8
"
6
"
7
"
4
"
9
"
14
"
IS
dozen
14
hushel
50
barrel
4 00
62
5 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, August 27, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 730 Beef Cattle, (including
about 150 unsold last week,) 20 Cows and Calves, 3500
Sheep, aig^O Swine ; 130 Beef Cattle unsold.
PHicE^Hef/" Ca((/e— Business has been very lively
today and^mch has been done ; the better qualities of
Cattle sold quite as well as last week, but the thinner
qualities not so well; one or two yoke which were bet-
ter thqAany we noticed last week, were taken at .$5,75.
We quote extra at $^5,50 ; prime at 5 a 5,33 ; good at
4,50 a 4,88 ; thin at 3,50 a 4. — Cows, two and three years
old, brought from 3,50 to 4,50.
Cuws and Calves. — We noticed sales at $19, 20, 23,
24, 25, and 30.
Sheep. — Lots of Lambs with a few old Sheep were ta-
ken at .«til 17, 1 29, 1 33, 1 42,11 .50, 1 71, 1 88, 1 92, 2 00,
2 17, and 2 25,— Wethers at 2 00, 2 50, 2 75, and 3 00.
Swine. — A few sales only were etiected, and most of
those were sold without weighing. We shall not attempt
to give the price.
New York, Aug. 25. Market this week well sup-
plied, and sales brisk in cattle and sheep. Beef cattle $5
to 7 ; sheep from 1 50 to 4 ; lambs 1 25 to 2 50 ; what
few swine have come in, sold at $3 50 to i — Daily Ad*.
Uyln the N. York market only the quarters of Bee!
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as the quarters.
TSfl
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
August 29, 1832,
Miscellany
RETROSPECTION.
'T is sweet in seclusion to look on the past,
In life's sober twilight recall the day dream.
To mark the smooth sunshine and sky overcast
That checker'd our course as we moved down the
stream.
For oh, there 's a charm in retracing the morn
. When the star of our pleasure beam'd brightly awhile,
And the tear that in infancy water'd the thorO,
, By the maf;ic of memory is changed to a smile.
How faint is the touch no perspective bestowing,
Nor scenery in nature's true colors array'd—
How chaste is the landscape, how vividly glowing,
Where the warm tint of fancy is raellow'd by shade I
With cheerfulness then, Retrospection, I'll greet thee,
Though the night-shade be twined in thy bouquet of
sweets,
In the eve of reflection this bosom will meet thee,
While to the dear vision of childhood it beats.
And the heart that in confidence seeks its review,
And finds the calm impress of innocence there.
With rapture anticipates happiness new,
In hope yet to come possesses a share.
If in world's beatific affections unite,
And those once dissever'd are blended in. love —
If dreams of the past quicken present delisht.
Retrospection adds bliss to the spotless above.
oxen went straight and fearless over the pitch of
the hill, and it seemed as if they must be crushed
to death. The animals squatted like a dog, and
rather slid, than vralked to the bottom of the hill.
Have we any animals that could have done it ?
And if they could, have we any docile enough to
have done it with the driver in the cart ? Thus
superior is this mode of yoking in holding back
the load in difficult places.
It gives them still more decisive advantage, in
drawing. A fillet of canvas is laid on the front
below the horns; and over this fillet the cords
pass, and the animal presses against the most in-
vulnerable part of his frame ; his head, his neck,
his whole frame are exerted iu the very manner
in which he exerts his mighty strength in combat.
It is the natural way, therefore, of availing your-
self of this powerful and patient animal to thetwst
advantage. '
There is a third peculiarity, in managing the
ox in the Spanish mode, of the convenience of
which, I am better satisfied, than of the humanity.]
The cartilage between the nostrils is perforated,
and a rope is fastened to the nose of each animal,
and they are governed by the reins, like horses,
and are stopped, or turned to the right or left, or
forced backward, with all imaginable ease; I have
seen no animal so fierce or sullen, as not to be
pliable as a lamb, by this check rein. The dri-
vers seldom speak to them ; they intimate their
pleasure by the rein, and fpiickcn their pace by
the goad, but never strike them. They, in gener-
al, move quick ; I have often seen them on the
trot; and next to hor.ses, they seem the best dis-
CUBA OXEN. j ciplined animals 1 liave seen in the service of man.
In this country, the oxen are not large, com- If the force of habit and prejudice could so far give
.Inecclole of Race Hurses. — In the summer of
1^31, while Capt. T. and Lieut. R. of the II. S.
Army were engaged on a survey at Canton near
Baltimore, they had frequently noticed Bachelor
and Jumping Jenny, at ijasture in the field of old
Canton course. One day after playing some time,
the two horses were observed to walk sp leisure-
ly, side by side, to the judges' stand, where they
stood for a moment iind then started and ran two
rounds out regularly. After the heat, they play-
c<l together for a few moments when they again
walked up, side by side, stood at the judges' stand
as iu the first heat, and again started, and ran an-
other heat of two rounds.
Speaking of the dogs which infest Philadelphia,
several of which have lately run mad, one of the
papers says : " Every component member of the
canine tribe should display his nose, with a leath-
ern and sanitaiy cord-on.
pared with those of our own country, but power- - way
ful, and tame, and docile, as the Boston truck ' ■ ' '
horses; in fact, they are used in the city for the
same purposes, as those excellent animals. You
may sometimes sec a mule in a dray or cart, hut
usually the trucking of Matanzas is performed by
Cuba oxen,
our country, as to make the experiment, 1
think Yankees, with all their shrewdness, might
take a valuable lesson from Spaniards.
In a team of four or six oxen, the forward pair, | Bus'on and^Andover,
usually draws by a long cord, with space be-
tween them and the rest of the team for another
pair. This appears uncouth, and ordinarily is, 1
them out. They have little to do with chains,
but draw by a pole, fixed at each end with ropes,
or thongs of leather. — .Ibbott's Letters from Cuba.
East Indian Superstition. — On our return to
camp, I found there a fine specimen of those holy
mendicants called fakirs, although, by the by, I
apply the epithet of mendicant undeservedly to
Their harnessing strikes me oddly, but I really think, a disadvantage. The reason given for it,
am convinced that they can draw more, and with I belongs to bad roads— that when the rest of the
much less inconvenience to themselves, than if I team is swamped, the forward cattle may draw
harnessed in the American mode. I have taken
pains to observe the difference. In the .American
mode, the ox-bow in a strong drauglit, presses
with great force, against jiarts that are tender and
fleshy, against the passage for the breath, and
.ngainst bones and joints of but secondary strength.
This pressure must in some measure^iffect the
wind ; and if it do not excoriate, it ^^K render
flesh and skin tender ; and we actuall^Pfserve the
animals after resting awhile, shrinking from the
touch of the bow, as a blistered breast from the
touch of tlie nurse. If this is a correct staPtiient,
it will account for the greater indocility of the
American oxen, and for, what I believe to he the
honest fact, their ilrawing less than those of Cuba.
The yoke, in the Spanish mode, is made fast
to the horns near the root behind, so that it does
not play backward and forward, and gives to the
oxen a similar, but better chance for backing, (as
in teamster's phrase it is called ) I have been as-
tonished at atja^^iwer of these oxen in holding
back. There is a short hill, in one of the streets
of this city, at an angle nearly of 45°. Standing
at the foot of it, I saw a cart and oxen approach-
ing at the top with three hogsheads of molasses,
and the driver sitting on the forward cask. The
Jriver did not so muc
Farm for Sale.
TO be sold, at private sale, that well known country-
seat, formerly owned by Joseph Cordis, Esq. located in
South Reading, on the easterly side of" Reading Pond,"
so called, and adjoining the Forrester farm, now owned
liy John Clapp, containing sixty acres of excellent mow-
ing, tillage, .ind pasture land, surrounded with a goo>i
slnne-wail ; also, a lane, two rods wide, passing tliroujfh
ttie centre of the farm, which renders it convenient to go
to any part thereof, and is peculiarly advant.i:. oiis, it
being fenced with a good wall, into lots aver.);. ;■ : from
live to six acres each.
The buildings on said farm consist of a large two-storv
House, about forty feet square, finished throughout, witB
f^hi'ds, and every other convenience, including a never-
faiting Well of excellent water.
Also, a Barn, ninety teet long by thirtysix feet wide ;
and adjoining said barn, is a large, convenient building
for stables, carriage house, chaise house, &.c, with a good
well near the same.
The above buildings arc all in good repair.
The above larm is well calculated for a country-seat,
or public house, as it lies about an equal distance from
here a number of stages pass
daily, and the public travel is increasing.
For further particulars inquire of the subscriber on the
premises. MOSES SWEETSEK, Jr.
N. B. Twonlyfive acres of Wood Land can be pur-
chased with tlie above farm, if desired.
South Reading, Aug. 7, 1S32. -It
White Mulberry Seed.
THIS day received at the New England Seed Store,
No. 5()i North Market Street, Boston, a lot of White
MuU)erry Seed, saved the last month expressly for us,
from one of the largest white mulberry orchards in (;on-
necticut — warranted (nsh and of the very first quality.
Aug. 1.5.
Published everv Wednesday Evening, at ^3 per annum,
an,.,y .n.. «......<=. u. ,.,....„.<• ». , ... payable at the end of the year-- but those who pay with.R
.ipi '.y '""' 1 , ,1 . 1 1 \ siity da\8 Irom the time of Bubsciibing, are entitled to a
him, (as I also do most probably the term holy,) (j^j^^ji^^ ;,, gf;^. pg^,^
as he woidd not take from me the money I oBir-
cd. He was a pitiable object, although he had a
handsome, and, iu spite of his downcast eyes, rath-
er a roguish countenance. One arm was raised
aloft, and having been in that position for twelve
years, the power of lowering it was lost ; and it
was withered to one fourth of the size of its fel-
low, and the nails were nearly two inches long.
He was about to undertake a further penance of
standing on one leg for twelve more years ; after
which he had some thoughts of measuring his
length to Cape Camorni ! Poor miserable enthu-
siast ! " in hope to merit heaven by making earth
a^ell !" — Mufl^lll? Pen and Pene^ Sketches in In-
dia/^
[To measure his length to any place, means to
•^ ,, „ , " 111- . ulA-'^usta.Me. — 'Wll.MAKli
go on all fours, and scrupulously placing at each Ylaliftu: N S — P. J. Hor.i
0= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
ntedfurJ. B. Russell, by I. U. BcTrs--by whom
all descriptions of Printing c.nn be executed to meet tti«
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
PdssELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. £'2. NorOi
Market Street.
AGEPfTS.
iVeio York — G. Thorbukh *t Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Albany — Wm. Thorbitkn, 347 Market street.
Phiiailflphia — D. & C Lanprkth, 85 Chestnut-streel.
Ballimnre — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. pARKHimsT, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing. N. V. Wm. Prince& Suns, Prop. Lin.Bot.Gardea
Middlehvry, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford— Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E.EnwABUs.
Neirliinjport. — ErEKEZKR Ste»»ian, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. H — J. W. Foster. Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Sami'el Colman, Bookseller.
as leave his ])erch ; the move his toes where his head had been.]
[.LAND, Esq.
Mmitreal, L. C— Hknby Hillock.
NEW ENCJL<AN» FAMMER.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORT:i MARKET STREET, (at the A<;ricui.tiirai, Waiuhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR
vol.. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 5, 1832.
NO. 8.
A ff r i c u 1 t H r e ,
From tilo Library of Entertaining Knowledge.
WHEAT.
By common consent, and in every climate where
it can be cultivated, Wheat — Triticum — is held
in the highest estimation of all tlie cereal grains.
The cost of its production, compared with that of
some other substantive articles of almient, does,
indeed occasion it to be but little consumed in
countries where the bulk of the inhabitants are
constrained by poverty to subsist upon the cheap-
est description of food that will sustain life.
Where, however, the people are in a situation
which enables them to indulge their choice in res-
pect of food, wheaten bread, with scarcely an ex-
ception, constitutes the chief material for con-
sumption.
Grain of Wheat, upper and under aides.
A full-grown and perfect grain of vvh«at will,
on examination, be found to resemble the above
figures. In form, it is a compressed oval, and is
inclosed firstly in certain chaft'y scales, whiih are
readily to be separated from it, and secondly in a
membranous tunic, which invests the seed nueh
more closely. Along that side of the grain whcl'?.
while the plant was growing, was turned towarJs
the rachis, a groove may be observed. At tlr.
base, on the opposite or convex side, is to be seen
a small protuberant oval space, which indicates
the germ or embryo of the future plant, and whicli
is at this time covered by the tunics. The ves-
sels whereby the grain was attached to the plant,
and through which it drew noiuishment until its
maturity, had their point of attachment at the basal
termination of this protuberance. When the seed
is perfectly ripe, the umbilical vessels separate ;
the point of separation speedily heals in the san
manner as a portion of a deciduous tree fro
which a matured leaf has detached itself, and the
grain may then be easily threshed out from the
chaff in which it had lain buried; sometimes, in-
deed, it sheds itself spontaneously.
Several species, and a still greater number of je produce as .seed. When spring wheat is sown
varieties of wheat are to be found. Many of these itself, the season for this operation is in April,
differences are doubtless to be referred to iiifluen- 1 the early part of May, from which time on-
cesof climate and inodes of culture. There are prd the farmer has but little to dread from any
but two sorts generally and extensively cultivated verity of weather in the above mentioned dis-
in this kingdoin, and these have distinguishingicts. It is said that this species of wheat is not
names given to them, in agreement with the sea-ihject to blight. According to the analysis of
sons in which they are sown, one being calledir Humphry Davy, the nutritive quality of this
Spring or Summer Wheat, the other Winter oriid is not quite equal to that of winter wheat
Lammas Wheat. e proportions being O.'jJ. per cent in ihe latter
Sprins;^ or Summer Wheat, — (Triticum (estivum,IU\ only 94 per cent in llie former, of the entire
is supposed to be a native of Siberia, in the laiidilk of the grains. The gluten contained in the
of the Beschkirs. It is less hardy than the winterW kinds varies in a greater degree, that of winter
sown kind, and the whole plant has a weaker a])-heat being 24, while that of springsown corn is
pearance ; the stem is thin and delicate, the cardy 19, so that the winter variety is most elioible
more slender and less erect, and it is providedr the purpose of the baker,
with much longer beards or awns. This descrip- m„hr, or Lammas Wheat,-(Triticvm hyber-
tion of gram, which, in our tmcertain chmate, can-.m,j may easily be distinguished by its appear-
not be safely or productiyely cultivated through- ice, being much more vigorous in the stem, more
out tic kingdom, is yet domesticated in the more
soutliuly and the midland districts. As its grain
is siiidler than that of the commoner sort, and as
its (reduce is less abundant, the farmer would not
be I'/J to its cultivation, could he be certain of I th;it its pollen' is Iwth more easily
success with earlier sown seed, or if, in the pro- more liable to be destroyed
gres^of his agricultural operations, the land could
alwas be got ready for the autumnal sowing.
en ct and thick in the ear, and, in
with the other, destitute of beard
which reason its bloom is more cons]
same cause may bo cited to account
comparison
or awn, for
)icuous. The
for the fact,
diffused and
Ear and Plant of Spring W heat.
Tp principal advantage to be derived from the
adojion of summer wheat consists in the securi-
ty 'hich it offers against the injurious effects of
a old and rainy spring ; so that in situations and
ssons where winter-sown wheat is so far injured
aio destroy all prospect of a harvest, this deli-
ce but more rapidly growing species may be
nre confidently depended on for yielding its in-
case. Some farmers, when they perceive that
e seed they have sown in autumn fails and goes
! in patches frotn any untoward causes, are ac-
komed to rake spring wheat into the vacant
ices, and v/herever the plants appear weak and
tn. By this means the uniformity of the crop
restored ; and if the operation has not been de-
led beyond the beginning of April, the spring
leat will be matured and ready for the sickle at
i same time with the earlier sown plants. This
xtiire of grain is of no consequence to the mil-
', but it woidd be manifestly impioper to employ
e produce as .seed
E»r and Plant of Winter Wheat.
This plant is sown in autumn, stands through
the winter, and ripens its seed in the following
summer. Slight varieties of this species are ex-
ceedingly common in different localities, and are
probably attributable to some peculiarities in the
mode of culture. The common varieties of winter
wheat are distinguished from each other accord-
ing to the color of the tunic enveloping the grain,
and the difference observable in their chaff. The
colors are usually divided into white and red, the
latter of these including many different shades of
brown. Red wheat is commonly said to be mora
hardy than white; it is therefore thought better
suited for cultivation in bleak and upland distiicts.
The plant is, however, not so productive as the
white, and the flour which it yields is seldom of
so desirable a quality.
Ear and Plant of Duck bill t\ hent.
The cidtivation of another description of wheat,
called, from the form of the ear, the Duck-bill^ or
Conical ffheat, (TViticum turgidumj has been 8t-
t
58____
teH^T^i^rnTE^and, but without any profitable
result, having no qualities that recouiiiiend it to
the notice of the agri.Mih mist.
Son.e other varieties exist, vvlueh, al hough
they do not appear to be well adapted to the c h-
„,ate of Engla.,d, are yet cultivated extenstvely
elsewhere; they are therefore deservn.g of de-
Bcription.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
September 5, 1832.
been the THficum of the Romans, anl the the two. The grain being of a jjiire brinistons
Zea of the Greeks, although this latter nanid has
now been given to Maize, a grain unkno<Mi to
the ancients. This variety is still very abupjlant-
!y cultivated in many parts of the Conliuerl| and
particularly in the south of Europe. It nay he
raised upon much coarser soil than is requred for
the better kinds of wheat in England, anl calls
for much less culture. In many parts of Ge-n^ny,
in Swit/erland, in the south of France, inj the
north of Africa, and at the Cape of Good Ibpe,
spelt is grown abundantly, "f his is likewis^ the
case in Spain, where, on occasions when baray is
scarce, this grain is given to horses. It itjsaid
that s|)elt wheat is better adapted than any j! ^he
more delicate kinds for culture in .^ustrali^ and
probably it would be found the preferable Srk in
all the more southern wheat-growing countrei
Ear and PI int of Esyplian, or many-ipikeil Wheat.
Egyptian, or mav;i-spiked Wheat, ( Triticum com-
positiim,) called also the Corn of Abundance. This
species is |)riiicipally cultivated in the ronntry
whose name it bears, luid in Italy. It is probably
a native of the north of Africa, and resembles
spring wheat, in its habits, more than any other
descrii)tion. The ear is bciu-ded, and the grains
are thiimer than those of winter wheat. It is the
distinctive peculiarity of this plant that its raehis
is branched, so that the ear is made up of several
ipikelels. Egyptian wheat will bear great degrees
of heat and drouglit without injury, so that it is
found to yield abundantly in situations where oth-
er kinds woidd be greatly injured, if not destroy-
ed— a circumstance which points It out as adjni-
rably adapted to the arid lands whereon it is chief-
ly cultivated. '
Ear ond PInnt nf Spelt \Vlif«t.
There are two distinct varieties of spelt, s-
tinguished as- the awued and the awnless; the t-
ter is perhaps the most naked, of nil the cerem.
The grains of this are large, but the ear coutijs
only a small niunber of them, as a portion of n
{lowers prove barren. It is generally, if not -
ways, a spring-sown crop ; grows strongly, aius
stalks are nearly solid. Bread made of its floiis
said to be of a dry quality.
[Tobecominuei'.J
FOB THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
I Mr Fessendkk— In my communication in yr
I last, on the subject of budding, the letter ns('«)
! illustrate my method of making the cross-cut v
intended for an U.* As I called it a circular <,
the error is apparent. The flukes and sbaftf
nn anchor would have been a more correct fii;i.
O. FISKK
Worcester, Avgust 25, lP3a.
Ear and Plant of Poliali u lieal.
Polish Wheat, (Triiirum polonic urn.)— This va-
riety was p;irtiully cnltiviUed in England in the
latter part of tlie seventeenth century, hut is now
to be found here only in botanic gardens.
SINGULAR FACT.
In the course of some experiments made by
F.ditor of the American Farmer, for the purp
of improving Indian corn last year, he inipre^'
ted the pistils (.silk,) of the large white Tuskar
with the pollen from the tassels of the gob
sioux. The result was a perfect hybrid betwi
lor, of the size and form of the Tuskarorn, and
like that with eight rows on the cob. It was a
most beautiful variety of corn : partaking of all
the good qualities of both, without the disadvan-
tage of the large cob and small grain of the gold-
en slonx. We planted this corn last spiing; tha
stalks were very dwarfish, resembling those of the
sioux, and the corn very early fit for use. It is
now ripe, however, and on examining it a day or
two since, we find that the two original colors
have separated, and instead of the brimstone color,
we have on every ear grains of the bright yellow
sinnx, and the pure white Tuskarora ; but the
qualify of the corn is evidently superior to either
of the original parents, although the colors have
resumed their original tints. This is, to us, a sin-
gular circumstance, and one which we are unable
to jic'ount for. The only thing analogous to it
we have read of, is the proposition advanced by an
iilile writer some time since in the colnmns of the
Fartiier, that the oftspring of cross breeds of ani-
mals would, instead of partaking of the mixtchar-
ncter of tlieir immediate parcius, assume that of
one or the other of the original progenitors. How
far this proposition may hold good with animals
we do not know, but it certainly appears to be the
cnse in the vegetatile work!, at least so far as the
fiict above stated warrants the formation of an
ojiinion.
TherJ is a good deal nf did'icidty in reconciling
the above fact with the law of nature, which re-
cpiirestwo parents for the production of every or-
saniz^d being, animal or vegetable. If the two
kiniU of corn which were combined in the hybrid
hav become again distinct varieties, they are each
ftf hem the produce of hut one parent — the Tus-
kircira is the produce of a female parent exclusive-
ly, and the sioux that of a mali; parent ; for it must
he recollected there was no male Tuskarora nor
female sioux ]iresent, either during the origin of
:he hybrid, last year, or the subsequent culture and
separation of varieties this year. Yet we know,
that if we deprive the corn of either the male or
female flowers, (tassel or silk,) there will be no
corn fiiruied on the cob. How tlien are we to ac-
coimt for the jiresent fact of the separation of the
two varieties .' It was this ditiicidty that made
us doid)t the correctness of the proposition relative
to crosses of animals above referred to, and al-
though we have the fact before us in the case of
the corn, we are still compelled to doubt its gener-
al application. We do not think that each variety
has resumed all of its original characters ; one of
them we know it has not — the size of the sioux
grain is larger than the original, and there are but
eight rows on the cob; in these respects retain-
ing the hybrid character derivi-d from the Tuska-
rora ; but then the original color and flintiness of
the grain is resumed ; the Tuskarora has resumed
its original character entirely, with the exception
of the soft flowery quality of the grain — the flinti-
ness of the hybrid derived from the sioux parent
is retained. As the Tuskarora was the female pa-
rent of the hybrid, the nimibcr of rows and th«
size of the grain vvoidd of comse be like those of
that variety, and hence the presence of those char-
acters in the jiresent separated varieties. We
sboidd be glad to receive an explanation of thiscir-
cuiristance from some of our practised naturalists.
See N. E. Farmer No. 6, page 42, column 3,
Spelt Wheat — (Trilicumspclta,) is imagined to '30 fiom the top.
He that rises late must trot all day, and shall
scarce overtake his business at night. — Franklin.
Vol. XI.-Nd. 8.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
59
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
Satubd»t, Sept. I, 1832.
Fine flowers. — Messrs VViiisliip'a display as
usual very elegant. Mr S. Walker of Roxbury, and
J. Kenrick of Newton, exhibited bouquets of the
first order. Messrs Winship's stand contained
ainoHj,' others, the following new varieties. Sag-
itaria plena, Vernonia nova boracensis, Hibiscus
palusirn, do. alba, do. hybrida, do. mitilaris, Big-
nonia sinensis grandiflora, &c. &c. Messrs Ken-
rick presented beautiful specimens of Paragon,
Chanipuey, and Noisette roses. Two blossoms of
the Night Blooming Ceres, preserved in spirit by
Gardner Greene, Esq. Ffuit frotn Mr Maiuiing
of Salem, Old Orleans Plum of England, Den-
mark Rouge of France, White Gage, .American.
Apples of a fine flavor, name unknown, from Mr
E. M. Richards. Messrs Winship presented a
basket of fruit received by them from a gentleman
deservedly ranked among the first of agricultur-
ists, and to whose exertions we are indebted for
very many of the products of the garden, orchard
and vineyard, which enhance the luxuries of our
tables. The following is a description of the fruit
contained in the basket.
J^pplcs from scions given me by Hon. George
Cabot, brought in the Minerva, by the elder Capt.
Scott ; the scions were intended for Mr Vaughan
of Hallowell, but the Minerva was captured and
carried to France ; the prospect of detention was
sucli that Mr Vaughan desired Mr Cabot to distrib-
ute them in Boston and its environs. I received
the scions May 17, 1804, and had them grafted the
19th of May following. This wa.s called the
White Apple ; is an early sweet ajjple, and may
bs considered a good early baking apple.
Another apple, frotn Mr Cabot, received at the
same time as the above, called Codiin, and differ-
ing in appearance from any other Codiin I have
met with, being tinged with red, yet proves an ex-
cellent apple for culinary purposes, and is a reg-
ular and good bearer.
Golden Pippin. From my trees — imported prob-
ably by the uncle of Col. Apthorp, who purchased
my Oakland Farm, on which 1 reside, of Capt.
Harding, who came from Jamaica and built the
house r now occupy, was the first settler. I con-
aider my Golden Pippin trees at least 70 or 80
years old. It is near a centin-y since Capt. Hard-
ing purchased the spot, and you will acknowledge
he was a man of taste.
Summer Bell Flower. — Scions from Philadel-
phia; pleasant late summer and early fall fruit.
Thornton Pippin, frotn Thornton, N. II. A
tree raised from seed by the Rev. Dr Noah Wor-
cester, tiow with us. Soon after he removed to
Brighton, he ate some of my Golden Pipi)ins, and
he, v/ith every member of his family, retuarked,
that it w.is precisely like the apjile at Thortiton
which he raised from seed. I was induced to send
to Thornton for some of the scions, and yon will
perceive that the Doctor and family were mistak-
en. It is a pippin, and great bearer — tree now
loaded with fruit
Gravenstein. A very fine fall apple scion from
S. G. Perkins, Esq. from a tree which he received
from Germany. In point of flavor, which is aro-
matic, it compares with the description of the
Mela Caria apple, as given in the London Ponio-
logiral Magazine. You have all it bore this year.
J^/onpareil Apple. Tree now full of fruit ; is a
very fitie winter apple ; keeps till spring; retains
its juiciness and apple flavor, far superior to the
best winter Russet : sells at a higher price in
England than any other apple brought to market, as
I have been infortned ; original tree from England.
Borosseau. Scions from Montreal, of the Rus-
set fatiiily, keeps well, is more juiry than the Rus-
set, and far superior.
Red Cidville, and is not your Grand Sachem.
Scions I had from the late Dr Dexter, from a tiee
sent him from France by Mr Parker.
Golden Russet. Scions from a tree imported
by Lieut. Governor Dummer, and put out on the
fartn he lived on in Byefield, and which he left bj
will for the purpose of endowing an academy ; it
was among the first academies incorijorated, and
bears the natne of Dummer Academy — when first
established, in years gone by, known as Dumtner
School — the celebrated Mr Moody, first Preceptor ;
it lias not gone hack, as we fartners say, and I
advise ydu to send your boy there, and induce
your friends to send their children.
Biston Codiin. From the garden of my late
fathfr in Boston, cut down with reluctance by
WtJi Sturgis, E.sq. whose buildings are oit the
groind it occupied : it was the first apple forcnli-
nar» purposes, and what was peculiar it kept
till late in the fall, and then an excellent table a])ple.
Boston Pippin. Tree removed from my late
father's garden in Boston before it was sold by me;
the tree was captured during our revolutionary
Wiir in a vessel bound from London to Quebec ;
tht vessel brought into Boston, and the tree re-
ceiied from the late Mr Giay, who lived at the
liewl of Atkinson street ; it .was sick when I re-
iTii/ved it, but is convalescent, and bore the one
app'e I send you.
three of my English Hybrid J^uts. A substi-
tute for the English Walnut ; considered equally
as pod for pickling.
Ji very good Sweet Apple. If I ever had a n.ime
havt lost it, but it is a good apple ; the tree grows
behiid Rev. Dr Worcester's house; the boys are
so find of it they are hardly willing to let me share
it wth them. I know sotne of them, and perhaps
ougit to complain to the instructor of the school
the' attend, but some of my reminiscences opera-
ted so strongly I could not find it in my heart; but
I d( regret their eating so much eveti of ripe fruit
thisseason. You must excuse my hasty letter,
and you can say to your friends, if they like the
frul and wish to cultivate it, you can proctire for
thein buds this season, or scions next spring,
wihoiit money and without price.
Ion. H. A. S. Dearborn, Roxbury, Early Davis
A|ples, (Sopsavine,) and the Transparent Apple
of the Crimea, from St Petersburg.
Mr Witiship presented the Eilitor of N. E.
Fanier a spletidid bouquet for "\vhich we request
hit) to accept of our acknowledgments. We iloubt
wiether Mahomet's Paradise, or the Gardens of
<hj Hesperides ever aff'oided anything equal to it.
Tiere were also, presented for exhiliilion, Saffito-
tiil latifolia, Rudbeckia grandiflora, Eryilirina cris-
taialli, Datuia arborea, Argemone grandiflora and
Ofiroleuca, Asclepiascurrassavica, Phlox Carolina,
Ai-lepias fruticosa, Loasa, (species) Passiflora
ptjnceps, AracocephalutTi variegatum, Coujmelina
fnm Botanic Garden, Catnbridge.
The following gentlemen were appointed a
Cdmudltee to report next Saturday what mcas-
uns shall be taken for celebrating the anniversary
of the Mass. Hort. Society : Mr Vast, Mr Pratt,
Dr Shnrtleff, Mr Winship, Mr Barthtt.
Robert Ragerson was elected a tncmber of the
Society.
Per order of the President of the M. H. S.
S. A SHURTLEFF.
From the American Firmor.
LIME.— SWEET POTATOES.
Mr Smith — I would be glad if some of your
correspondents, through the medium of the Farm-
er, would make knowti the cheapest and best way
of burning Lime, and the proper time to ajiply it
to the ground. I noticed, some time since, a pub-
lication from a Georgian, telling how he saved
sweet potatoes, and that it was more difl'icult to
save them than it was to i-aise them. I will just
state to you the plan that I have followed fiu- about
ten years with complete success. When I dig my
potatoes, 1 immediately or the same day put them
into a cellar, or potato house btiilt for the purpose,
and mix dry dirt with thetn plentifully as I put
them in, and after I get them all in, put dirt enough
on top to exclude the air entirely, and not disturb
them so as to let in the air until next spritig. If
this plan is followed, I am confident the potatoes
will be as sound in the spring as they were when
put up. But, let it be clearly understood, that
they are to be mixed with, and covered by, dirt,
so as to exclude the air entirely. J. M.
RHUBARB.
We ought to have added to the article written
by the Editor of the American Farmer, and cop-
ied in our 23d number from the Southern Agri-
culturist, that all subsequent trials of the rhubarb
in diarrlicea, either in children or adults, have
proved wonderfully tfliicacious. Dtiringthe pres-
ent summer our children have had frequetit attacks
of sutnmer complaint, and we have applied the
usual remedies with very little efiect. In each
instance we have been obliged to resort to the
rhubarb at last. We have ventured to make these
trials of the usual remedies, the more efliectually
to put both them and the rhubarb to a fair test, and
feel authorised by numerous instatices of its suc-
cess, and by the absence of a single failure, to say,
that the rhuliarb conserve is unequalled as a rem-
edy for common bowel complaints in children and
adults. A tea spoon full of the conserve s|uead
on a piece of dry bread is the best mode of ad-
ministering it, and of this children are very fond.
PLASTER AND LEACHED ASHES.
Mr Goodsf.ll — I have observed in your pa-
per much saiil on the eftects of plaster. From
my own experience, I am mucli in favor of plas-
ter. I use from three to five tons yearly ; and
when I ajijily it to corn, which I have dotie for
three years past, I mix it with one half leached
ashes, as they are leached for cotnmon family use;
l)ut it in a cart, and shovel and mix it well. I then
put one gill to the hill immediately after the first
hoeing, anil the same thing over after the second
hoeing. I have tried the Sfime quantity of clear
plaster, side and side, twice, and find the mixture
to produce the greatest effects. The two ingredi-
ents, when mixed, appear to produce a much
greater power of attraction. My neighbors tried it
last season, to great satisfaction, and will hereafter
use them mixed even if the cost were the same.
Gen. Farmer.\ J. SPICER.
60
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
September 5, 1S32.
From Fesseodeo's Edition of MouLray on Poultry, &.C.
ifine ihe
the of obstruction and disease. Fine j)ollard al-
so, moistened or n)aslied,is a nourishing food ; the
milch cow, liowever, should always have exer-
cise, and it is more especially necessary, when ex-
traordinary and substantial food is allowed
is rowev, or after-math hay. This must be either
grown at home, or purchased. It is a piece of
extravagance to allow a good milch cow dry
straw, because milk is worlh more than hay ; but
should the necessity exist of using straw, nons
COWS.
It is pre-supposed that a dry and comfortable
cow-HousE has been provided, containing a stall
or two, and a calf-pen, and it is recommended,
in the General Treatise on Cattle, to
hinder legs of a cow, whilst milking
the head, the former of which is most securely
effected bv two stumps of wood fixed in the
ffround to'whii-h the hinder legs may be strap- ^ , i- . i- -
Thev who aim at perfect security, as near- den paths, they shall not fail. The method i^ by ,„i,st piofitable. Carrots are an excellent winter
contriving to have a fresh milker in ihe winter, fbod, indeed the best of the root kind; muvgold or
Willi an ample store of the best provisions for ^be fcee/ also, affords a plentiful supply; which last.
Another great object for our crnct cow-raastcr I oihri- is fit than oai straw. Rotcen, or after-math
and lady of the snug rural mansion, is to have jg jrenerally supposed to force milk, but in poor
milk, cream, and butter, in a generous abundance pastures perhaps the first crop may be preferable :
and high quality, throughout the winter, as well a,|,| I have lately been informed by a London cow-
as the summer season; and of these, if they yvill l<eeper, a good feeder, that be has disconlinued
take cnie enough to walk in our old and well tiod- i giving rowen to bis cows, finding the best hay
ped
ly as that niay be obtained, will perhaps be in-
duced to make it a rule, never to milk a cow with
her head and legs at liberty ; but most, as has al-
ways been the practice, will incline to put confi-
dence in the quiet cow ; many si.ch, however,
have I seen accidentally kick down a swimming
pail of milk, and that may very probably happen
when the article, being scarce, is of the most con-
sequence—the unfortunate attendant, male or fe-
male, then marches into the house, with a grave
step, a long face, an apology, and an empty pail.
The provision of food for the cow must be
looked upon as the prime concern in the dairy
business, for such a' constant daily draught upon
the animal juices cannot be answered, but by aid
of the most ample supply, even to satiety, of nu-
tritious and succulent victuals; not that, accord-
ing to the absurd notions of many persons, keep
regulates and equalizes milking, be the breed
whatever it may, since in some breeds, the keep
turns to milk, in others to beef; but because the
truest and largest milker will very soon lose that
precious faculty williout proportionate, that is to
say, high feeding. Keep short and meanly, and
your milk and butter produce will be in exact i)ro-
portion, and the cow, when dry, emaciated and of
little worth.
A farmer, some years since, kept eighteen cows
upon a common, and was often obliged to buy but-
ter for his family. The common was inclosed,
and the same person supplied his family amply
with milk and butter, from the produce of four
cows well kept.
Great Milkers seldom carry any flesh upon
their bones, and are perhaps as seldom made fat,
but they pay as they go, and never retire in our
debt. The difticidiies in cow-keeping are these
the expense of their food is considerable, more
especially with respect to any which must be pur-
chased, and if the produce be inconsiderable, it
may be a losing concern. You may be feeding a
sparing milker into flesh, and if you stint her, or | sm;
allow only ordinary food, you get neither flesh
nor milk.
Amateurs in this line should jirocure the largesi
milkers, and I luid altnost said give them gold,
could they eat it. In this case, it may be dei>end-
ed on, milk is always of more value than the best
cow-food, which IS ihe jit ; and a cow, the natural
tendency of which is to breed milk, will con'ert
all nourishment, however dry and substantial, in-
to that fluid ; in fitct, will require such solid kind
of nourishment, to support her strength, and stim-
ulate her to procreation, in which otherwise, great
milkers are very apt to be deficient, and frequent-
ly to miss their bulling at the proper season. But
should grain be allowed, oats are the most prop-
er; they should be ground or bruised, and moist-
ened with water, as the cow would otherwise
season.
Summer feeding : and let it always be recolhct-
ed, that economy is the leading feature of our pi in.
Natural grass is the first and best of all food for
our domestic animals. Of the artificial gras|es,
lucerne stands first, and green tares are a very
succulent and nulritious food for milch cows.
The saving method of managing grass, and it will
be found excellent economy where the proprietor
may have only a small close or two, is to keep
it constantly shut, and free from the tread of the
cows, and to cut the grass as soon as of sufticient
length and substance, and carry it to them ; no
more being cut at once than can be consumed in
a day, the cutting being made in the morning.
This to continue throughout the season, and as
late in autumn as any growth can be oblainctL
According to Mr Curwen's experience, some
years since,, three acres of gra.ss cut and cani«d,
supplied thirty milch cows with two stone each,
or iwenlyeijiht pounds, during two hundred days.
He observes that, lo have supplied them with t»o
stone of bay each, during the same period, weiilit
have required seventyfive acres of land foi its
production. -Vnd to have grazed such a imnbcr
of cows at liberty, that length of time, it is d)vi-
ous, must have takeu a very considerable nuriber
of acres. To enable the meadow to su[)porttljis
exhaustion from the scythe, it should be ciciied
at till! end of e»ery autumn, from all kind; of
wtels and rabliisb, and fash grass seeds of the
best kinds, cast upon the bare places. A cnit of
good manure should be then allowed, consi.siiig
of all that can be collected from the houselDld,
or procured elsewhere, mixed up and augmeited
Willi virgin earth. The garden will assist vith
its superfluity in feeding the cow, and lettuce>, its
a change of diet, will help to force the secreion
of milk. Should the green food scour the cov, a
quantity ofgooil hay must be allowed daly.
The few advocates for the economical modi of
feeding cows, always direct them to be kept n-
tircly in the house, both summer and wintci, a
to which 1 have strong objections, lot
only on the score of the animal's health and ccii-
fiirt, hut that I have always experienced exeriise
abroad to increase the quantity of milk. This
the cows may he turned upon the common wate,
to remain or come home at their liberty, beiig
fed to the full, with cut grass, morning and e c-
ning, with the constant caution of allowing thin
shelter in the fly season. They may lie abriad
duiingtlie summer nights, in a well littered yad,
or secure waste, a sufliciency of cut grass beng
at their command. Pure water is of great cone-
quence to the health and productiveness of lie
ow. [f one beast drive the other, always at feid-
bowevcr, must be dispensed with caution, c iws
having been hoven by it. If potatoes be given to
cows, they should be steamed or baked ; those
who veiiture to give them raw and mashed, should
allow- hay with them, as in the law state and free-
ly dispensed, ihey seldom fail to bring the scour-
ing rot on cows. Bruised yur:e-(o;)s are very good,
and help to make capital winter butter. Cabbages
may lie given moderately, but turnips make thin
milk and h.td butter, in spite of all the nostrums
which have been recommended as preventives.
The miserable practice of giNing oil-cake to cows,
insures greasy, unsubstantial, ill-scented butter,
anil has a similar eflect on veal. When substan-
tial footl a|ipears necessary, a daily moderate feed
of oats broken, or fine pollard, moistened with wa-
ter, is most proper.
With the two cows in full milk, may be kept
well, a breeding sow, or two or three young pigs ;
and should the proprietor desire a specimen of
the finest milk-fed pork, he may feed a pig upon
skitiimcd milk, with the addition of a very small
quantity of barley or pea-merl, making it thor-
ouiilily fat in two months.
.Miic'i beasts should never be exposed by niglit
to the inclemency of the winter season, which
chills thcin, and dries up part of their milk, kee))-
iiig tluni backward in all beneficial respects. At
iiiiy rale, they should have a well littered shed, in
which Ihey may repose in comfort, and with their
loins i\\y — a matter of great consequence to their
health.
The annual consumption of food per cow, of
grass and hay, if lurneil to grass, is from one acre
to an acre and a half of pasture in the summer,
and from a ton to a ton and a half of hay in the
winter. A cow may be allowed two jiccks of
carrots per day. The grass being cut and carried,
will economize it full one third.
swallow the oats whole, which would not only ing times tie up the mistress,
FALL SOWING OF SEEDS.
It is necessary to observe, that some, and even
many things, which are usually sown in the
spring, Mlptild be better sown in the fall ; and, es-
pecially when we consider how little lime there is
for doing all things in the spring. Paisnips, car-
rots, beets, onions, and many other things, may be
safely sown in the fall. The seed will not perish,
if covered by the earth.
Seed of all plants will lie safe in this way all
the winter, though the frost penetrate to the dis-
tance of three feet beneath them, except the seeds
of such plants as a slight frost will evt down. The
seed of kidney beans, for instance, will rot, if the
ground he not warm enough to bring it vp. So
will the seed of cucumbers, melons, and Indian
corn, unless buried beyond the reach of the influ-
ence of the atmosphere. Even early peas would
fail in giving nourishmeiit, but might be produc- ' ;rin(cr/ecding-.— The chief dependence for ccws be best sown in the fall, could you have an insu-
Vol. XI.-No. 8.
AND HORTICULTURAL .JOURNAL.
61
ranee against mice. We all know, what a Imstle
there is to get in early peas. If tliey were sown
in the fall, they would start tip the inonient the
frost was out of the ground, and would be ten
days earlier in hearing, in spite of every etTort
made hy the spring-growers to make their peos
overtake them. Upon a spot, where I saved peas
for seed, last year, some that was left, in a lock of
haulm, at the harvesting, and that lay upon the
dry ground, till the land was ploughed late in No-
vember, came up, in the spring, the moment the
frost was out of the ground, and they were in
bloom full_^cen days earlier than those, sown in
the same field as early as possible in the spring.
Doubtless, they wonhi have borne peas fifteen
days sooner; but there were but a very few
of them, and those standing straggling about;
and I was obliged to plough up the ground where
they were growing. In some cases it would be a
good way, to cover the sown ground with liiter,or
with leaves of trees, as soon as the frost has fairly
set in ; but not before ; for, if yon do it before,
the seed may vegetate, and then may be killed by
the frost. One obj(!ct of this fall-sowing is, to get
the work done ready for spring; for, at that sea-
son, you have so many things to do at once ! Be-
sides you cannot sow the instant the frost breaks
up ; for the groimd is wet and clammy, unfit to be
dug, or touched, or trodden upon. So that here
are ten days lost. But, the seed which has lain
in the ground all the winter, is ready to start the
moment the earth is clear of the winter frost, and
it is up by the time you can get other seed into
the ground in a good state. Fall sowing of seeds
to come up in the spring is not practised in Eng-
land, though they are always desirous to get their
things early. The reason is, the uncertainty of
their winter, which passes, sometimes, with hard-
ly any frost at all ; and which, at other times, is
severe enough to freeze the Thaines over. It is
sometimes mild till February, and then severe.
Sometimes it begins with severity and ends with
mildness. So that, nine times out of ten, their
seed would come up and the plants would he des-
troyed before spring. Besides they have slugs
that come out in mild weather, and eat small
plants up in the winter. Other insects and rep-
tiles do the like. From these obstacles the Amer-
ican gardener is free. His winter sets in ; and
the earth is safely closed up against vegetation
till the spring, I am speaking of the north of
Virginia, to be sure ; but the gardener to the south
will adapt the observations to his climate, as far
as they relate to it. — CubbeU's Jimerican Gardener.
riiped will eat the leaves of this tree; notwith-
standing it has its own phaleena and aphis. The
wood is used by the turner and mathematical in-
strument maker ; and is made into skewers for
butchers, tops, angling rods, and needles for weav-
ing nets." — Loudon.
Willich says, "The leaves are eaten by sheep,
to which it is of great service, when diseased with
the rot ; for, if placed in a situation where they
can easily reach the bark and young shoots, they
will speedily cure themselves."
The expressed juice of elder leaves, it is said,
will kill skippers in cheese, bacon, &c ; and strong
decoctions of it, poured or sprinkled over plants,
are said to be fatal to insects.
Ill Europe, this shrub is sometimes propagated,
J but in this country, to destroy it is commonly an
object of more consequence to the cultivator. It
was remarked by the Rev. Dr Jared Elliot, in his
Essays on Field Husbandry, that " Elder bushes
are stubborn and bard to subdue, yet I know by
experience that mowing them five times a year
will kill them."
ELDER, (sAMBucus nigra.)
By the Editor.
This shrub grows plentifully in most or all parts
of the United States, and is too well known to
need description. Something, however, may be
said with regard to its uses, some of which may
not be so well known.
" This tree," professor Martyn observes, " is a
whole magazine of physic to rustic practitioners,
nor is it quite neglected by more regular ones.
An excellent healing ointment is made of the
green, inner hark, which is also purgative in mod-
erate, and diuretic in small doses. A decoction
ot the flowers promotes expectoration and perspi-
ration, and they give a peculiar flavor to vinegar.
The flowers are reported to be fatal to turkeys,
and the berries to poultry in general. No quad-
ARTIFICIAL CITRON.
Last fall we were very much pleased with some
artificial citron on the table of our friend Charles
A. Barnitz, Esq. of York, Pa. and solicited of the
young ladies a receipt for preparing it. We have
held back the publication of it till the present seas-
onable moment for obvious purposes. We may
remark here, that "Sj^ring Dale" is not more re-
markable for its improved stock — Durham Short-
horns, Southdown sheep, fine pigs, and Westpha-
lia geese — than it is for its luxurious and hospita-
ble table, excellent housewifery, and accomplished
and amiable family.
RECEIPT FOR PRESERVING AMERICAN CITRON.*
Pare the dark green from the outside, and
scrape the soft from the inside of the melon ; cut
it in different forms, boil it in akim water until
clear ; throw it into spring water where it may re-
main two or three hours, changing the water fre-
quently. To one pound of fruit take two of su-
gar, m.nke a syrup of half the quantity of sugar,
and boil in it all the citron until done, when it
will be transparent. At the expiration of two or
three days, take the jelly from it, add the remain-
ing half of sugar; boil and pour it over the citron,
which will he ready for use. Season it with gin-
ger, sliced lemon is preferable. — Bait. Am. Fanner.
APPLE ORCHARDS.
Benjamin Guild, Esq. Sir— Observing the
Massachusetts Agricultural Society have ofl^ered
a premium of fifty dollars for the best apple or-
chard, I have to request you will present my
claim to the Committee, with the following state-
ment.
In the fall of 1822, the piece of ground, where
the orchard stands, was broken up, and holes dug
for one half of the trees. The trees were taken
from the nursery as soon as the frost permitted,
and set out in the Sjiring of 182:j, l Russetts, i
Greenings, i Baldwins. The ground was planted
with corn and potatoes in the fall of 1623 ; holes
were dug, and the other half planted in the spring
of 1824; the ground planted with corn where
the potatoes were, and so on till 1827, when it
was laid down with barley, clover and herds grass.
* The American Citron is a small kind of water-melon.
About five feet in diameter has been kept open,
and boed every spring and fall, — every other
year about a [leck of wood ashes has been put
round each tree. They have been trimmed and
washed every spring and fall, with a wash 4- lime
and I cow dung, till this fall, when I washed them
with soap suds. Your humble servant,
John JIackay.
Boston, Sept. 1, 18.31.
TO DESTROY MICE.
Mr Goodsell — Take one ounce of Niix Vom-
ica, bruise it in a mortar, pour on to it a quart of
boiling water and let it stand from six to twelve
hours, then pour into it a quart of wheat and let
it stand again from six to twelve hours, by which
time the wheat will have swelled and absorbed
nearly all the water ; it may then be spread on the
floor to drain and dry. If a larger quantity is re-
quired, (observing the same proportion,) it maybe
increased to any extent desired. This wheat may
then be scattered over the field, and put in the
way of the mice, and in the woods if any harbor
there.
I know that this will destroy rats and squirrels
and I believe will he found equally eflectual with
mice. Yours, &c. R. M. W.
Scarcity of Fruit Crops. — Fruit of nearly all
sorts, will be scarce here this season. Peaches
none — pears none — plums I believe none. W^hat
few set on my trees were quickly despatched by
the Curculio. Tlie season of cherries is past by,
but there were none, except in a few favored local
ities. It is understood that apples will be scarce ;
yet, as apple orchards are abundant, there will
probably be enough. Grass is light, amounting
])robably to little more than half the crop of pre-
ceding seafons. Wheat was extensively injured,
both by the snow of winter, and the operations of
frost in the spring. Yet, as great quantities were
sown, and as what survived the winter and spring,
is now almost sure to come in of excellent quali-
ty, it is likely the wheat crop will not be greatly
deficient. — [b.
Receipt to cure Warts. — Take the inner rind of
a lemon, steep it four-and-tvventy hours in dis-
tilled vinegar, and apply it to the warts. It must
not be left on the part above three hours at a time,
and is to be applied afresh every day. Or divide
a red onion, and rub the warts well with it, or
anoint them with the milky juice of the herb mer-
cury several times, and they will gradually waste
away.
To make Strong or Bookbinders' Paste. — Mix
wbeaten flour first in cold water, then boil it till
it be of a glutinous consistence; this makes com-
mon paste. When yon wish it to be of a stronger
nature, mix a fourth, fifth or sixth of the weight of
the flour, of powdered alum ; and where it is want-
ed of a still more tenacious quality, add a little
powdered resin.
Slabbering of Horses. — It was stated by a wri-
ter for a western paper, that sulphur will relieve
the slabbering of horses, occasioned by eating the
Euphorbia or Spotted Spurge. " My method,"
says the writer, " is to give a tea-spoonful of tha
flour of sulphur with a little salt."
62
NEW ENGLAND FAUMER,
September 5, 1832.
Boston, Wednesday Evening, September 5, 1832.
FARMER'S WORK FOR SEPTEMBER.
Fatting Beasts. — Yon must now be very atten-
tive to the state of your fatting beasts, and the re-
mainder of their food ; see therefore, that the cat-
tle do not stop gaining flesh, in consequence of
being put on a short allowance. A beast that is
somewhat tnore than half fatted becomes an ani-
mal of iiict taste, and will not eat such food as
lean creatures would jump at, and devour with a
canine apjietite. If an ox which has become pret-
ty well under way, as respects his qualifications
for the slaughter-house, is turned into a dry or
short pasture, and obliged to depend entirely on
grazing for a livelihood, he will suffer a collapse
as it were, and will lose in a few days, more than
he has gained in weeks of full feeding. BIr Ar-
thur Young says, " it is excellent management in
such case to have August sown cabbages now
ready for the fat beasts, and to carry them on to
Christmas : grass declines after this month ; and
ifrouen is freely turned into in September, twenty
to one but the ewes and lambs will be distressed
in March and .\pril: whatever giass from mowing
land is now used on the farm, will pay far better
by sheep than by feeding at present."
The same writer saj s, " in draw ing off a lot or
lots of cattle for sale, it is common to sell the fat-
test, and keep on the ill-doing ones for further ex-
ertions. If the food provided be not costly, this
to a certain degree is admissible ; but if the beasts
are for cake or corn, or the quantity of other food
rather limited, it is very questionable conduct. 1
would not give expensive food to stock which
have proved themselves unthrifty, but on the con-
trary, draw off for this purpose the most thriving
ones in the lot : the contrary conduct has often
been the reason why all winter-fatting has been
to heavily condemned. The moment that a graz-
ier is convinced that he has a bea^t that is an ill-
doer, the first loss is the best, and he should get
rid of him as soon as he can."
COWS.
Mr Young says, " The dairy of cows must have
plenty of grass throughout this mouth, or their
milk will be very apt to fail. Luceri)e, mown
green, and given them in a yard, is the njost
profitable way of feeding: the product is so reg-
ular, that it is an easy matter to proportion the
dairy to the plantation, and never be under a want
of food : for lucerne, mown every day regularly,
will carry them into October ; and although some
persons have asserted that cows will not give so
much milk thus managed, as when they range at
large, and feed how and where they will, it is not
a matter of inquiry ; because if they give less,
the quantity will pay more clear profit, than more
in the other case : there may be some inferiority ;
but the cows are kept on so small a quantity of
land, that there remains no comparison between
the methods for profit.
" But however doubtful this matter might once
have been, the experiment of the cows kept at
Lewes, by Mr William Cramp has decided it be-
yond all question: a produce of from 50 lbs. to
70 lbs. per cow, should forever put to silence the
silly objections which have been made to this
practice, and ought most effectually to convince
us, that the common system universal in the
kingdom, is on comparison with that of confine-
ment, a barbarous practice."
Notwithstanding the above authority we do not
believe that soiling cows or other cattle, can in
this country be j)ut in practice to any considera-
ble extent with beneficial results. Barlholomevv'
Rudd, an eminent English agriculturist, in a let-
ler to John Hare Powel, Esq. says, " you read
much in our English publications of the expedi-
ency of soiling cattle in the house during the
whole of the year. I do not approve of tliis prac-
tice, for it is surely an unnatural one, as air and
exercise, and the selection of their own food, must
benefit cattle, as other animals are benefitted by
them. I can say from aclu&\ erpenence of the two
systems, that cattle thrive much better in the fields
during the period from the middle of May tolhc
middle of Noveitfljer, than they do when confined
inahou.se. Soiling cattle is very little jiractised
in England."
The fact is, that truth in this case, as in many
others, lies between the disputants. If by soiling
is njeant confining cattle to a small space, under
cover or not, in summer as well as winter, we
doubt whether it can be profitably put iti practice
in the United States to a great extent, because la-
bor-saving is more of an object than land-saving.
But, on most or all fainis under correct manage-
ment, a part of the crops is cut green, for workiog
horses and oxen, and sometimes for milk-cows, as
well as to aid in fattening cattle. But all animals
which it is profitable to keep at all should be al-
lowed exercise in o|>en air, and if their pasture is
short of additional food of cut grass, cabhage.a, strip-
piiigs of mangold wurtzel, pumpkins, &c, itc,
should be given them without confining them with-
in too narrow bounds. Young animals require
exercise in the open air, and probably will not
thrive so well in houses or fold-yards, during the
summer as in j)astures; and though by confining
them there is a great saving of food, the long,
woody and comparatively naked stems of full
grown plants, cut with a scythe or sickle may be
of less value for animals than a smaller weight of
herbage taken in jjastmage. Milk cows, however,
are so impatient of heat and insectsthat soiling or
giving them food in a yard, stable or stall, at lea.'it
for part of the day in warm as well as wet and cold
weather should be more generally adopted. There
is, moreover, a great convenience in having working
cattle and horses.always at band ; besides as la-
boring stock need no extra exercise, it is better to
have their food cut and brought to them, than that
they should be forced to ramble over a great ex-
tent of pasture to gather the food necessary for
their subsistence.
ASPECT AND PROSPECTS OF THE
SEASON.
From all the information we can obtain we are
induced to believe that the present season will
prove much more favorable than was anticipated
from the coldness and backwardness of spring.
In this quarter of the country corn is backward,
but has a healthy appearance, and if warm weath-
er should hold out two or three weeks longer, we
shall still be favored with a bountiful crop. Rye
and other kinds of grain have afforded raiddlin
crops of good quality. Hay not so bulky as last
year, but, in general, we believe, well gathered and
of a good quality. We have not suffered by
droiiglit to any considerable extent. Potatoes ap-
pear to be good and abundant. Fruits are not so
plentiful and to our taste not so delicious as usuad
The season ])erhaps has not been warm enough to
afford apples, pears, &c, their usual allowance of
saccharine matter.
The Montreal Courant gives the following ex-
tract from a report, |)re6pnted to theMonireal Dis-
irict Agricultural Society, by the Inspectors of
Growing Crops. The notice applies to the latter
end of July, the period at which the observations
were made.
"Wheat with favorable weather will generally
prove a full average croj). In many places the
diliciency in the furrows and on the edge of the
ridscs is very considerable, owing to the cold last
spring, and the land not being properly water fur-
rowed. Barley, a good crop, but not sown to a
orcfit extent. Oats have a poor appearance iu
general, are late sown and very short in the straw,
but from the late rain may still be a full average
crop. Peas promise well, and will be u better
crop than they have been for the last three years.
Indian corn — with few exceptions, we have seen
none worth reporting, and we believe very little
will come to maturity. Potatoes, on soils that
were favorable, and where they have been plaoted
in time, have a good appearance, but we did not
pi rccive them to be extensively cultivated this
year, and they are a short crop. Turnips are very
little sown. Hay, on new meadows, good, but on
old meadows or high dry lands, a very light crop.
On the whole, however, the crops are better than
could have been anticipated from the late cold and
unfavorable spring, and, with goo<l favorable weath-
er, tiiay turn out more abundant than even their
present appearance would promise."
The Montreal Herald states, that Indian com
may be stated an almost total fiulure. Owing to the
excessive heat and long drought, the crop of po-
tatoes is very varied : those planted in strong soil
show a great many blanks, am! are very dwarfish :
while those on light ground appear very promis-
ing. The pastures are very much improved by
the rains, but dairy produce continues very scarce.
The Uuehec Mercury of Augu.st 12ih says "the
general appearance of the country iu the neigh-
borhood of this city has improved greatly during
the past week. The warm dry weather of the
last three days has set up the grain, which the
storm of Monday had laid down, and the hay
making has conmjenced with a fair prospect."
The Genesee Farmer of the 25th ult. states as
follows: "It is not often that we hear jieople com-
plaining that Providence has been too liberal in be-
stowing upon them the good things of this world,
yet many do so now. Perhaps there never was a
more general crop of garden and orchard fruits in
this section of the country than there is this seas-
on ; and yet those who have watched their growth
with care, and antici[)ated many a luxurious repast
for themselves and friends, now hardly dare to
taste the most delicate production of their gardenSj
This is what Solomon would call vexation of
spirit. We were walking the oilier day in a gen-
tleman's garden, and admiring the growth of his
apricot trees, when he observed they had produced
a fine crop of fruit this season, but that he had
them collected and flung to the hogs, to prevent
his children eating them. Should the Cholera
continue until the general crop of peaches ripens^
we fear that many will not have control enough
over their appetites to abstain entirely from them,
whatever may be the consequence."
We are sorry that any person should be pre-
Vol. Xl.-rfo. 8.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
63
vented from partaking niorlerately of tlie dolica-
pies of the oirliard and the garden from an ajjpre-
liension of tlieir heitij; nfiwiiolesome. We have al-
ways understood, atid so say niedical men of I5os-
ton and elb^ewhire, that a ir)oderate use of ripe
fruit of good quality is an excellent preventive of
malignant Cholera, as well as other diseases coni-
monlj called summer coinplaints.
WORKING MEN'S MEETING.
We have received and intended sooner to have
taken noiice of a hand-bill, addressed " to the
Working-Men of New England," relative to a
■" meeting of delegates from all parts of New Eng-
land to consult upon measures for the general wel-
fare and improvement of the producing classes of
our country," to be " held at the State House iu
Boston, by permission of the Legislature of Mass-
achusetts, on the sixth day of September," inst,
This notice states that " A full representation
from the manufacturing districts is expected, and
the mechanics and laboring men generally will
send their delegates.
"It is particularly desired that the farming in-
terest may be generally represented, since the
welfare of no one portion of our fellow citizens is
so vitally important to the general prosperity, as
"i that portion which is engaged in agriculture ; and
in the present attemjjt to better the condition of
the laboring classes, the farmer .nust lend his aid,
or nothing efferitual need be hojied for as a meas-
ure of generaf improvement."
For Sale,
A FARM in Wintbrop with two good two-story dwell-
ing-hou-es, well firiislied ami piiinteil ; four barns, a cider
and othei out-houses, p!eas.intly situated within a i|uarter
of a mile of Wintliiop village, wliere there are two meet-
ing-houses, five stores, mills ami mechanics of all kinds
necessary lor the convenience of the place. Said Farm
is near the centre of the town, on the main road from the
village to Augusta and within ten miles of the Stite
House. It contains three hundred acres of good land ;
is well watered and well proijoriioned as to mowiii;r.
tillage, pasturing, orchard and wood-land ; in good years
for fruit it produces from two to three hundred bushels
of the Roxbury and Newberry Russets, besides many
other kinds of summer, fall and winter fruit, which has
been selected from the be>t orchards' in the country. I
may he conveniently divided to make two or three faims
A part or the whole will be sold to acconmiodatc pur-
chasers ; and, if wished, a long credit given for the nmst
of the pay, provided the security be satisfactory. For
further particulars inquire of 'I homas Snell, on the
premises, or of Dr Issachar Snell, at Augusta.
Augusta, Me. Aug. 11, 1S32. 6\*
Notice.
THE Committee on Farms, Fruit, Forest and Mulber-
ry Tree-, will meet at the Middlesex Hotel, in Concord,
on Monday the ]7lh inst., at 10 o'clock A. M., and pro-
ceed to view such Farms, &.C, &.C, as may be formally
entered lor premium.
LUKE FISKE, Chairman.
P. S.— Application may be made to the Secretary in
Concord, or loeiUier of the Committee.
Concoid, Mass. Sept. 3, 1832.
Horse Quicksilver.
QUICKSn^VEB will stand this season at the stable of
the subscriber, in Brinhton,a few rods south of the meet
ing-housc, and will cover only twenty mares the present
season, at $15 e.ich, and .$1 in addition, to the gioom
Mares warranted to be in foal, if $20 is paiil, and $1 lo
the gloom; and in discharge of warranty, the $20 will
be returned.
Quicksilver is a beautiful bright bay, three years old ;
his sire, Sir Isaac Coffin's horse, Barefoot, conspicuous in
ihe racing calendar of England ; his dain, Rebecca, bom
the imported Cleveland bay horse Sii Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a njitive mare, well known fur her fine form, speed,
and bottom, once owned by Mr Leavittof !-alcm,to whom
persons are referred for her character, and will be to many
others in Massachusetts and Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by good juilges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
for a first rate covering hor.se. Mares sent to him, and
if left with the subscribe'-, will be well attended to on rea-
sonable terms, but he will not be responsible tor acci-
dinls, BENJAMIN W. H013ART.
Brighton, June 13, 1S32. it
Strawberry Plants.
FOR sale by Datid Haggkrston, Charleslown
Vineyard, the following kinds of Strawberry Plants:
Keens' Seedling, Wilmot's Superb, Royal Scarlet,
Downton, Koseberry, and Mulberry Strawberries.
Keens' S-edling, two dollars; the other kinds, one
dollar per hundred. Orders for the above sent to the
Agricultural Warehouse, Boston, will be attended to.
Sept. 5.
Binding.
THE rubscribers to the New England Farmer are
informed, that they can have their volumes neatly hall-
bound auil lettered, at 75 cents per volume, by leaving
them at the Farmer office. Aug. 15.
American Farrier.
THIS day published, and for sale at Ihe New England
Farmer office, No. 511^ Norlh Market Street, the Amer-
ican Farrier, containing a minute account of the forma-
tion of every part of the Horse, with a description of all
the diseases to which each part is liable, the best reme-
dies to be applied in effi'Cting a cure, and the most ap-
proved mode of treatment for preventing disorders; with
a copious list of medicines, describing their qualities and
elfi'CIs when applied in different cases; and a complete
treatise on rearing and managing the horse, from the
foal to the full grown active laborer ; illustrated wi:h nu-
merous engravings. By H. L. Barnum. Price 75 cents.
Aug. 15.
Strawberries.
FOR sale at the Kenrick Nurseries in New-
ton, the following varieties of Strawberries
now ready for transplanting.
Hudson's Bay, Chili, Downton, Roseberry,
Pine-apple, Bath-scarlet, Methven Castle,
Wdinoi's Superb, Large White, Red-wood, Wiute-wood,
Red Alpine, monthly with runners, Red Bush Alpine,
White do. do Duke of Kent's Scarlet, Wellington, New
Black Rusk Haulbois, French Musk Hauthois, Prolific
Hauthoi^, Laige Ear'y Scailct, Knevet'.s New Pine,
Keens' Seedling, Southborough .'^eedling, &c, &c.
Written orders addressed to John or William Kenrirk,
Newton, or left with Mr Russell at his Seed Store, No.
5fl.J .S'orlh Market Street, will receive immediate atten-
tion.
Argust IS. 3w
Wulbe
Grass Seeds.
FOR sale at the New England Seedstore,No. 50i
Norh Maiket Street,
Northern and Southern Clover,
Herds Grass,
No. them Red Top,
Tall Uat Grass,
Fowl Meidow,
Lucerne, (lioin which four crops are cut in a year,)
White Dutch Honeysuckle Clover.
Also — Winter and Spring Rye, the growth of 1832.
The above will be sold by the quantity or retail ; the
utmost care has been taken to have the Grass Seeds gen-
uiUf, and bee bom foul seeds. Aug. 19.
Caution to Trespassers.
THE Roxbury Yeoman Association lor the protection
of Fields, Orchards and Guldens, against the depreda-
tions of strollers and pilferers, caution all boys, apprenti-
ces, and other per'^ons, against enteiing their inclosures
if they would avoid the penalty of the law.
S,\M'L J. GARDNER, Sec'y.
Roxbury, July 16, 1832. 3in
White Mulberry Seed.
THIS day received at the New England Seed Store,
No. SOJ North Market Street, Boston, a lot of White
Mulbeiry Seed, s.ived the last month expressly for us,
from one of the largest white mulberry orchards in Con-
necticut—warranted Ircsh and of the very first quality.
Aug. 15.
Hot-bed Frames and Sashes.
FOR sale, a set of Hot-bed Frames containing six sasb
es in good order. Apply at this office. Sept. 5.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
FROM
to
Apples, russeltings, .
barrel
Ashes, pot, first sort.
ton
98 0(1
103 00
pcail, first sort,
'•
108 01
112 00
Beans, white, ....
bushel
yt
1 00
Beef, me.ss
barrel
12 01
l:!50
Pr""e
"
6 23
6 60
Cargo, No. 1, .
'<
8 00
9 00
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new.
pound
1^
16
Cheese, new milk, .
li
6
8
skimmed milk, •
«
3
4
Flaxseed, ....
bushel
1 12
125
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
barrel
6 75
H87
Genesee,
"
6 75
to 80
Alexandria, .
"
6 00
6 50
Baltimore, wharf, .
<■
6 25
6 50
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
bushel
80
85
Corn, Southern yellow.
"
75
80
Rye, ....
"
1 00
1 12
Barley,
'•
60
70
Oats, ....
"
42
65
Hay
cwt.
60
62
Hog's Lard, first sort, new,
"
9 00
10 00
Hops, 1st quality.
"
22 00
23
Lime,
cask
90
1 00
Plaster Paris retails at
ton
3 00
3 25
Pork, clear, ....
barrel
17 00
17 50
Navy mess, .
"
13 00
14 00
Cargo, No. 1,
"
12 75
13 00
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
bushel
2 50
2 75
Red Top, northern.
"
1 00
125
Red Clover, northern, .
pound
10
Tallow, tried,
cwt.
8 50
8 75
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
pound
45
50
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
"
55
65
Merino, |ths, washed, .
"
40
42
Merino, half blood,
<'
37
38
Merino, quarter, .
••
33
35
Native, washed.
«
SO,
32
,_ f Pulled superfine,
«.
52'
55
t-B 1 1st Lambs, . .
40'
42
«
32
33
|g. 3d, "
.'
27
28
'^ List Spinning, . .
'*
40
PROVISION MARKET.
Beef, best pieces,
Pork, fresh, best jiieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal,
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best,
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, ^according to quality,)
pound
10
8
"
6
•'
7
"
4
"
9
"
14
"
IS
dozen
14
bushel
..
60
barrel
4 00
BRIGHTON MARKET Monday, Sept. 3, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Adveitiser and Patriot.
At Market this dsy 916 Beef Cattle, .30 Stores, 4249
Sheep and 60 Swine.
.Ab.iut 100 Reef Cattle and all the Swine were reported
last week. •From 165 to 180 Beef Cattle and 3 or 400
Sheep remain unsold.
Prices. Beef Cattle — Last week's prices were hard-
ly sunported ; sales, h.iwever, were quick, and much
business has been ilone. We noticed several lots of
fiom 40 a 50, which were bought lo drive South, 40 or
.50 miles. We quote extra at $5,33 a 5,50; prime at
5,00 a 5,17 ; good at 4,25 a 4,75 ; thin at 3,50 a 4,25.—
Cows, two and three years old, were tjken at prices from
.1^,50 to 4,50.
Cotes and Calves. — We noticed one sale at $18, on*
at 21, one at 24. one at 27. and one (extra) at $42.
Sheep and Lambs. — Dull. We noticed one lot of
about 100, verv thin and small, taken at $1 each. Lots
were noiiced a't 1.20,1,25,1,42,1,50, 1,62, 1,70,1,75,
1.84, 1,92, 2,00,2,17, 2,25 and 2.50. Wetheis at 2,25,
2,50, 3,00, 3,25. 3,50 and 3,75 ; and few Cosset wethers
were taken at $5 each.
Stt'ine. — Those at maiket were old hogs and coarse,
most of which were «ows; were taken in one lot without
weighing, p'ohably at about 3 or 3^ the pound, A lot
was sold since last Monday at Si^ c.
64
NEW ENGLAND FAIir^IER.
September 5, 1832,
Miscellany
as the destroyers are ten times tlieir bulk and
number. Tliese jjests are siir(>rigin{;ly active, and
in doing mischief indefatigiible. The iiiissioiia-
ries are obliged to ])lace provisions on pedestals
standing in water vessels, to fortify them against
those ravenous marauders, whose strength is yet
more remarkable than their subtilty of instinct,
le insect of this
The following is from a gentleman, who is a thorough
adept in the mVsteries and in.inipniations of rhyme niak-
ino-— a connoisseur in all that belongs to
■' The Nine Grpat Daujhters of Jupiter
Born of one mother at a litter."
We gener^illy make it a rule, whenever we meet with ' a„(l perpetuity of motion. A
humorous articles, never to indulge our propensities to i^if,,) seized upon the spine of an echinus, three
hilaiity bey<^,d a smile or a simper, lest we should vi- ^^^^ ^^,|^.^l^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ contained both
olate Chesteifields rules 01 decorum, t^e. dur in reao- , . , ni , . •
n the following we found it not possible to slop short of in bulk and weight several hundred times eaceed-
" broad grins," and Aorse laughs ; whereat if the Graces i„g those of the ant. The latter notwithstanding,
»nd Disnities of Literature are offended they have noth- j .a„„pj ^way the booty with apparent case. A
• lulbor's list of a poet's goods and "^ ^ -Ti .. i ,• i
.„ .„ .,„.r , .!,„,.„; tn nil? caehin. ' few of these Hisects Will attack one of tl
ine to do but con the ^- . _
chattels to induce them to utter a chorus to our cachin
nations.
To Ihe Ktlit
huge
brown cockroaches of this country, quickly ove.-
power, kill and hurry the carcasses ofi' to tlieir
, the KJitot of the N. h. farmer,- , ,. . - holes. One morning Mr Tyemian took a .large
npiR Sir If vou wish for the inclosed list ot my i i ■ i •. i ■ j i r ■ t.
.., , r Ai „,„»K.,vo iv,^ .rnodnpss to iiuisquito, and laid It upon his desk for iiiicrobcop-
)rldlv goods for your Aliiiiinac, have ine gooaness lo i ' m ,. ■ , .
worldly goods lor yi... — , ..- ^ - „ . .
insert it If you think that Almanacs are depositories , ic examination. 1 wo of the smaller ants ben
of truth, do not insert it, for it is false, as I have a set- ! on the scout, found it and immediately fell to the
ting hen which I forgot lo mention in the list. , ^^ork of demolition. These were presently joined
Yours truly, J. E. D. . j. ., ■ , , ' JJ
by six 01 their comrades, whose assistance was
THE POET'S INVENTORY.
BY HUMPHREY BOWLEGS.
A towel and a table cloth,
A pewter dish to warm my broth,
A pair of leather breechis made
By one who never learnt the trade.
A boot-jack anl an earthen mug,
A quart of worm-wood in a jug,
A leather arm chair stuffed with tow,
Four English authors in a row.
A Sunday dickey and a hat.
Wherein reclines my tabby cat;
A worn out penknife and a razor,
A second handed veni-on blazer ;
A flannel night cap and a wig,
A spider and a half slai vcd pig;
A broken ink stand and a pen
Made from the feather of a hen ;
A crazy table placed on castors,
A chronicle of fell disasters,
A Dictionary somewhat torn,
A leather whetstone somewhat worn,
A tabby velvet waislcoat hound,
With yellow ribbon all around,
A coat loo large for Hercules,
A piece of bread and mouldy cheese.
Two check'd cravats, a broach of pewter,
A book of fate to tell the future,
A book of ballads bound in calf,
A book of songs to make me laugh,
A three legg'd stool, an iron lamp,
A box of wafers and a stamp.
Three sheets of paper scrawled all over,
Amanusciipt without a cover.
And various other little tilings,
Wrapp'd up in rags or bound with strings.
Together with a half made story.
Completes the Poet's Inventory.
ANTS AND SWINE OF THE GEORGIAN
ISLANDS.
We find two species of ants here, says Messrs
Tyermaii ;md Bennett, of wliicli the most annoy-
ing are the most prolific, swarming everywhere,
and devouring all they can (lenetrate ami swal-
low, with their locust-like jaws, and wolf-like
stomachs. The comparatively innoxious species
are barely half the size of the English ant, jvhere-
Cardozo Arabian, for Sale.
THIS entire Horse was imported into Boston, June
15lh, 1832, by Messrs R. D. Tucker & >-on, in the brig
Caroline from Gibraltar, and is of the purest Arabian cast,
as will appear by the subjoined certificate. Thi'. horse
is of the largest class of Arabians ; of dapple bay color ;
black legs, main, and tail ; and measures iourteen hands
three indies in height; uncommonly large bone; mus-
cles and tendons strongly deline.itid ; of irrepressible
s|iii its, and perfectly docile. His points, when distract-
edly examined, are in most respects without fault, and
collectively they form an animal surpassed by few for
symmetry ■ — leaving no doubts on the minds of judges,
that he is a true son of the desert without any collateral
admixture.
A more particular description of this hoise is not deem-
ed necessary at this time, as it is presumed no gentleman
will purchase so valuable an animal without minutely
examining him.
We the undersiiined do hereby certify, that the ches-
nut horse, five years old, with a white spot on the fore-
heail, was sent from Oi an to Consul Caidozo, and that
said horse is of the purest Arabian breed.
In testimony whei eof we give the present in Gibraltar,
this 3d day of Del Hogia, year of Elgira 1247.
[Signed in Arabic,]
Faquih Hamet Benciusef,
MoSTAFA BeNGALY.
Certified to be the true signatures of Kaquih Hamet
Benqusef and Sidy Moslafa Ben Galy, by A. Car-
Dozo, Vice Consul of the Bashaw, Bey of Tunis.
Gibraltar, May 4, 1832.
E.\tracl of a letter from Horatio Sprngue, Est], of Gibraltar. ,i
" This horse was a present to Aaron Cardozo, Esq. '
Consul General for Ihe [iarbary Powers, a talented and
wealihy gentleman, who prefers living with the nobility
in Portugal to residing in this place. The then governor
ol Gibraliar, Grneral Sir George Don, made a proposal
lo purchase this horse to send lo England.
" As soon as the nephew of Sen. Caidozo, who is a
particular friend of mine, residing here, had orders to sell
the horse, he immediately made me the offer of purchas-
2 liiiii ; and the Caroline with Capt. Gale's kindness.
both timely, and it will be seen well rewarded.
The long wings and legs being timnanageable ex-
cept on the spot, the whole party united to gnaw
them off, and lay them aside. They then divid-
ed the body from the head and shoulders, when
(as it appeared to us) the two first ants, to whom
the property belonged, each carried off his moiety
I of this most precious part of the prize, and aband-
oned the offal (the wings and legs) as the per-
quisites of their auxiliaries, who soon left nothing
of their share unconsumed.
But the ants are by no means the only destruc-
tive animals here. The hogs may disjnite with
them the prize of devastating voracity. They An- j ollering a good opportunity, I purchased liim, believing
vour or destroy all before them. They rob the ' .... "-.." . ,■ .
very ovens of the food preparing in them, not
sparing the flesh of their own slaughtered com-
panions which may be deposited there. These
ovens, it will be recollected, are scooped in the
ground, and fired with wood ; under the aslies of
which, with the addition of heated stones, the pro-
visions are laid and covered up with earth, ti I the
batches are siiflicieiuly baked. The swine, vhose
wits, in this respect, are as sharp as their tppe-
tites, will carefully open such tumuli, grub out the
hot stones, and, seizing the delicious morsels, run,
with the spoil smoking between their teeth, to the
next water, into wfiich they plunge it to cool, ,ind
then greedily enjoy the repast. One mornini it
was discovered that seven or eight hogs, old of-
fenders, had committed a burglary upon a large
oven, in which nearly forty bread fruits, split, md
intended for breakfast, had been placed. The
whole apparatus liail been demolished ; the e;irth,
ashes, and stones had been scattered abroad, and
the precious contents consumed.
* We are sorry to say that the last pages of our Al
nanac were mostly struck off before the favor of our
facetious correspondent came to hand.
Largest Floiver. — In 1818, Dr Arnold discov-
ered in the island of Sumatra a flower wliich 'le
named the Raffiesia Arnoldi, and which an author
has called with much justice "the magnificcDt
Titan of the vegetable kingdom." The huma.i
mind indeed had never conceived such a flower-
its circumference, when expanded, is nine feet;
its nectarium calculated to hold nine pints the
pistils are as large as cows' horns, and the "entire
weight of the blossom coinputed to be 15 pounds.
Wit will never make a man rich, but there are
places where riches will always make a wit.
Johnson.
\d< worth to be £.'5(10 sterling, to any man, and event-
ually of essential service to my native country."
A|iplication to be made tii SAMUEL JAQUES, at the
Ten Hills Stoci Farm. Charlestown, Mass. where the
horse may be examined. Aug. 15.
New England Musenm,
No. 76 Court Street, Boston.
THIS extensive establishment, (which wasdamaged by
fire on 14ih Feb 1832,) has been repaired, ihe building
ed by some important alterations and enlargements,
the whole fitted up upon a new plan in a very beautiful
manner, is now open for visitors every day and evening.
The whole establishment is lighted with Gas every
veiling. A great variety of new articles have been
nought forward, and the whole so arranged as to wear
Itoielher a riew appearance. Persons visiling Boston
wi I be highly gratified in viewing this large collection in
present renovated form. Very excellent music day
and evening. Admittance 25 cents.
ublishcd every Wednesday Evening, at ^3 per annum,
pa>able al the end of the .\ear— but tliose >vho pav withia
sixty dats Irom the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol fifty cents.
IC/° No pappr will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B RrssEi.L, by I. R. BoTTS — by whom
all descriptions of l'rintini> c.nn be executed to meet the
wi«h.-s nfcustomers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
Rcssell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52. North
Market Street.
AGENTS.
ffew York — G. TnoRBttRN it Suns, 67 Liberty-street.
AHiaiiy —Wa. Thokbuks, 347 Market street
Phiailelphia — D. & C Laniikf.th, 85 Chestnut street.
Baltimnre — G B Smith, Editor of the Americ-in Farmer.
Cincinnati — S C. Parkhiirst. 23 Lower Market-street.
Fhishincr.N. Y. Wm. I'rince & Suns, Frop.Lin.Bot.Gardeii
Miildielnry, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford— GoiiDWiN & Co. Booksellers.
llprin/r/ield , Ms. — E. Edwards.
N vlniryport. — F,i'ENE'/.f:R Stepman, Bookseller.
Portsvwnth^ N. H — J. W, Foster, Bookseller.
Portland. i)/c. — Sami'el Colman, Bookseller.'
A gtiita. Jl/f. — Wm. Makn.
Hi ifir, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq,
MotUreal, L. C. — Henry Hillock.
VOL. XI
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Aoriculturai. Warkhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
NO. 9.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 12, 1832.
H o r t i c
u 1 t u r a 1 •
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, at a meeting held at the Hall of the Institu-
tion, on Saturday, the Sth day of September, 1832.
The fullnwiiig Ropoil waa made by II. A.S. Duriobn, Presi-
dent of the Socieiy. ,
Last autumn orders were sent to Paris and Lon-
don for sucli works as could be procured, in rela-
tion to cemeteries and funereal monuments. Re-
cently tlie fdllowing publicatious have been re-
ceived from France.
1st. Les Mausolecs Francois, par F. C. T. Joli-
moDt, 1 vol. 4to. It contains an account of some of
the most rcniarliable monuments in the Cemetery
of Pere La Chaise, illustrated with fifty beautiful
engravings.
2d. Becueil de Tombcaux des Q^uatre Cimetieres
de Paris, par C. P. Arnaud, 2 vols. 8vo. It gives
a description of the Cemeteries of Pere La Chaise,
Sous Montmartre, Vougirard and Sainte Cather-
ine, embellished with eightytwo plates.
3d. Manuel et Itineraine du Curioux Dans la
Cimetieredu Pere La Chaise, par F. M. Marchant
de Beaumont, 1 vol. 12mo.
This little volume contains a description of
Pere La Chaise and of three hundred and forty-
two sepulchres. It is ornamented with a plan of
the cemetery and engravings of several of the
moiuiments. '
I have translated portions of the historical and
(Icscrijjlive accounts of that celebrated burial place,
from a belief it would be interesting to the mem-
bers of the Society, and to all j.-ersons who have
visited or patronized a similar cstablishmentwhich
has been commenced at Mount Auburn.
In a former report I alhide<l to the progress
which had been made in the work, that was be-
gun the last season for preparing that beautiful
site as the garden of the dead, and I aui now hap-
py to announce, that the whole*Df the laud will
soon be inclosed by a neat and substantial picket
fence, seven feet in height, and that a magnificent
Egyptian gate-way will be commenced immedi-
ately, as well as the consttuction of a Receiving
Tomb.
It is very important that measures should be
taken without delay, for laying out and forming
the Garden of Experiment, and furnishing accom-
modations for a gardener. There is a building on
the ground which could be converted into a neat
cottage, at a small expense, and the garden could
be considerably advanced during the autumn by
making the avenues and paths, planting out forest
trees and ornamental shrubs on the external hold-
ers, preparing compartments for fruit trees, nur-
series, esculent vegetables, flowers, and other use-
ful plants. To accomplish this, some two or three
thousand dollars are re(piired, as the funds which
have been derived from the sale of cemetery lots,
have been appropriated to the purchase of land,
the construction of avenues and fences, and for
other indispensable expenses. The funds, which
will accrue in future, will be ample for all the pur-
poses connected with the Garden and Cemetery ;
but the interests of the former would be much ad-
vanced by an immediate erection of the requisite
edifices, and in the preparation of the grounds
for commencing their extensive cultivation next
spring.
Believing that there are numerous gentlemen
in Boston and its environs, who feel a deep solic-
itude for the advancement of horticulture, and
who would be disposed to aid the efibrts of our
Society in the establishment of an experimental
garden, it has been suggested, by many of our
most zealous colaborators, whether it would not
be expedient to raise a conuiiittee, authorized to
obtain funds by subscription, to enable us to pre-
cipitate our contemplated improvements, instead
of delaying them, for some few years, until the
proceeds of the Cemetery lots shall have supplied
the means, A comparatively small sum being
now placed at our disposal, woidd enable the So-
ciety to present an advanced and interesting garden
even during the next year, and to lay such a foun-
dation for its gradual extension, as would warrant
the speedy realization of all our expectations and
give great public satisfaction. As the monuments
are erected in the cemetery and the lots require to
be embellished with trees, shrubs, and flowers, the
latter will be in great demand, and the garden may
ultimately furnish many of them ; the sooner there-
fore it is begun, the better for both departments of
the establishment. The improvement of each
will act as alternate cause and eflTect, and we may
confidently anticipate the most successful results,
from a simultaneous cultivation and embellishment
of all the ground within the inclosure.
It will be perceived Irom the accompanying ac-
count of Pere La Chaise, that many years had pass-
ed by before that magnificent cemetery claimed
public attention, and became the resort of the ad-
tnirers of the arts, the opulent and enlightened,
as well as the common place of sepulchre for the
most illustrious in letters, science and arms, and
of the humblest citizen of Paris. A year has not yet
elapsed since the consecration of Mount Auburn,
and over one hundred and seventy lots have been
purchased, which is more than were sold at Pere
La Chaise in eight years from its foundation. As
to the result of the undertaking there is therefore
no longer any doubt, and we should be encourag-
ed in tlie most active and liberal exertions for com-
pletely developing the eiuire plan in all its inter-
esting and important departments. The citizens
of our capital and country are never wanting in
ardor and munificence, when objects of moment
are presented, worthy of their consideration and
patronage ; and indulging a sanguine belief that
the Garden and Cemetery of Mount Auburn arc
deemed among the most valuable undertakings
which have been projected for the benefit and
gratification of the whole community, there can
be no hesitation in appealing with confidence to
public liberality. The affluent, the enlightened,
the virtuous, the patriotic, and the industrious and
enterprising among all cla.sses of society, will
cheerfully aid in the achieveujent of objects, which
are sanctioned by the beneficent precepts of our
religion, the dictates of an exalted morality, a holy
respect for the ashes of the dead, the kindest sym-
pathies of the heart, and that active spirit of im-
provement, which pg'rvades every section of our
country. Respectfully submitted by
H. A. S. Dearborn,
Fres. Mass. Hoit. Society.
Brinley Place, )
Koibury, Sept. 7, 1833. i
THE CEMETERY OF PERE LA CHAISE.
The celebrated Cemetery of Pere La Chaise is
situated on the eastern side of the range of hills
which extend northeast of Paris, from Belleville to
Charonne, and coitunands a view of the faubourg
of Saint Antoine. This inclosure has been re-
nowned since the fourteenth century, for the
beauty of its position.
During the early period of the monarchy the
place was called La Champ I'Eveque, and be-
longed to the Bishop of Paris. In the fourteenth
century a rich grocer, by the name of Regnault,
being pleased with the site, built there a mag-
nificent country seat, for the Bishop, to which
the people gave the name of La Folie Regnault.
There could not be found a more pleasant and
picturesque position, aflording a more varied and
fertile soil, a purer air, more extended and beauti-
ful prospects, a view of a richer country, or from
whence Paris could be so perfectly seen, in its
universality and in its least details. This delightful
retreat commanded the admiration of every age.
But everything changes in this worhl ; no
happiness is permanent ; Regnault died and his
heirs sold his estate. A pious female believed she
should do a meritorious act in purchasing La Fo-
lie Regnault, as u <;ountry residence for the holy
fathers of an establishment of Jesuits, situated in
the street of Saint Antoine, and it became the
scene of their ambitious intrigues, at the time that
powerful religious and political association con-
trolled the sovereigns of Europe.
During the battle between the illustrious Tu-
renne and the Great Conde, in the faubourg of
Saint Antoine, on the second of July, 1C52, the
Jesuits opened their establishment to Cardinal
Mazarin, to enable Louis XIV. then a child ten
years old, willi the court, to behold the conflict,
in which his loyal legions reduced to obedience
the battalions of his revolted subjects. Anxious to
change the biudesque name of their mansion, the
Jesuits requested, as a favor, that it might be cM-
e(] Mont Louis, ^vUich was granted by the King,
and who, towards the close of his reign, obtained
the consent of the order to convert it into a resi-
dence for his venerated confessor, the Pere La
Chaise ; but an inclosure of only six acres was
considered too small for the keeper of the king's
conscience, and it was increased to fiftytwo. The
ground;: were highly embellished by various splen-
did atlditions to the edifice, a chapel, ofiices of va-
rious kinds, extensive groves, shaded avenues,
orchards, lieuntiful gardens, fish ponds and foun-
tains. Here were held the secret conclaves of
that associalicm which decided the destinies of
princes and empires. The Pere La Chaise was
not only the confessor of the king, but a General
of the jesuils. He was of the noble family of
Forets, grand nephew of Pere Cotton, and after
controlling ;he domestic establishment of his sove-
reign for iliirtyfour years, he died on the 20th of
January, 1709, aged 85 years.
6()
NKW ENGLAND FARMER,
September 12, 1832.
Dining the reign of Louis XV. tlie Jesuits liav- ' ])ioduce the most imposing efl'ect, witliout giving
ing been expelled from France, the magnificent to tlie whole a too sombre and lonely appearance,
seat of I'cre La Chaise was directed to be sold, to This lie successfully acconi|)lished, by an appro-
pay the debts of that socieui. and was jiurchased . priate distribution of the grounds, to the various
by the guardian of the ^pns dcs Fontaines. ! objects for which they were destined ; and in the
to be carried into effect, under the iiiiiiiediate di-
rection of the Inspector General of Cemeteries,
and to keep a register of the interments.
The superintendent has under him a jirincipal
^^ grave digger with assistants, an officer with assist-
These noblemen held the "Estate for fortyseven judicious and tasteful arrangement of the public j ants, who has the charge of keeping the avenues.
years, but having been reduced in futune by the
disasters of the revolution, they found the estab-
lishment too e.xpensive, and being rieglected, it fell
into ruin and became the retreat of owls. Its or-
namental plantations were gradually destroyed,
and the land was then cultivated as a common
farm. Divided into numerous lots, it no longer
resembled a park, and nothing remained in 1804,
to indicate its former magnificence. But the
beauty of the position, and its innumerable natural
advantages, saved it from imminent destruction.
At that time M. Frochet, Prefect of the Depart-
ment of the Seine, was desirous of finding an eli-
gible site for a large public cemetery. He consid-
ered it important that the location should he beau-
tiful, which was the reverse of the existing burial
ground of the French capitol. M. Broguiart, a
celebrated artist, was instructed to discover an a])-
propriate location, and he readily iierceived tliat
the ancient park of Pere La Chaise |iresented all
the requisites, and it soon became celebrated as a
cemetery throughout Europe. It was immediate-
ly purchased for the sum of 160,000 francs imder
the authority of the administration of Paris. It
then contained but fiftytwo acres, but has since
been extended to seventytwo.
The ijompoiis denomination of Blont Louis was
abolished, and it was called by the administration
of the department, Cimf/if?T dcL'Est; but the
public, unchangeable in its old customs, imposed
tipcn it the name of the Cimttiere du Pure La
Chaise, to perpetuate the astonishing metamorpho-
sis of the garden of a Jesuit, and the confessor of
Louis XIV. being converted into a burial place.
Heretofore all was confusion, disorder, and ir-
reverence towards the ashes of the dead, in the
burial places of Paris. Causes, adverse to the in-
dulgence of a recollection of our predecessors,
seemed to have combined in the accumulation of
everything which was capable of exciting terror
and disgust ; confined, foetid and liorrible situaTj
tions, where the rays of the sun scarcely appear-
ed— broad and deep pits into which the dead bod-
ies of the poor were thrown by hundreds, and
generally without being even inclosed in the mean-
est coffin; — surrounded by high walls, against
which were piled uj) thousands of bones that had
been removed from the earth before decomposi-
tion, to iTiake room for the remains of other un-
fortunate beings ; no monuments, or scarcely any
other indication of friendly recollection : such
were the revolting places to whii-h Paris gave the
name of cemeteries. The terror of the poor, who
scarcelj' dare to enter them even at the iiitermeiii
of a dear relative ; hideous to the rich, who could
not even look at thein without a shudder. But
order, decency and respect for the ashes of the
dead were induced by the perfect regulation, order
and management of the new cemetery, mider the
judicious and constant superintendence nf Count
Chabral de Volvic, the present prefect of the De-
partment of the Seine.
Having selected for the principal funeral asylum
of the inhabitants, an incomparable site, M. Bro
guiart considered it incumbent upon him, to aval
of those natural advantages which it presented, to
edifices, avenues, paths, and the infinitely various jiaths, garilens, and plantations around the monii-
and superb monuments. ments in perfect orrler, and the direction of all
The grounds are inclosed by a vast an<l elegant excavations for the construction of perpetual se-
wall 2,400 toises in circuit. The principal en- pulchres, and a guard of seven men under the
trance is from the Boulevard d'Arliiny. On each command of a chief, which keeps watch night and
side of the great gate aie lodges for the officers of j day for the security of the monuments, the niain-
the cemetery. On the left pilasier is the follow- 1 tenance of the police, and the enforcement and ob-
ing sentence from St John the Evjmgclist, xi; 25. Uervance of the regulations, which are posted up
" He that helieveih in me, though he icen dead, \ in various parts of the establishment.
yet shall he live."
On the front of the gate-way is this sublime
profession of faith from Job, xix.
'• I know that my Redeemer liveih, and that he
shall stand at the latter day vpon the earth; and
though wonns destroy this body, yet in myjlesh shall
1 see God."
On the right pilaster is the following sentence
from the Wisdom of Solomon, iii. 4.
" Yet is their hope full of immortality."
On the highest part of the inclosure, where
there is now a small chajiel, is to be reared a pyra-
mid 200 feet high, in the centre of which will be
a temple for religious ceremonies. An extensive
sipiare on the left of the main avenue is appropri-
ated as a common burial place for the poor, and
on the right the Jews have a large grave yard ; the
remainder of the land has been divide<l into fifty-
seven comi)arlments, by the intersection of the
All inscriptions must be left at the office of the
superintendent for cxaniiiiation, before they can
be engraved on the monuments, and none are al-
lowed, which are in violation of the principles of
religion, morality, the government, language or
orthography.
.\l the time this estalilisliment was commenced,
no one had conceived of the high public favor which
it was destined to acquire. It iircsented nothing
j)eculiar for a burying place. A disposition for
its embellishment was evinced with a tardiness,
then not common in the erection of public monii-
iiients. The inhumations commenced in the deep-
est and most remote ])art of the vale, which was
overlooked by the old habitation of Pere La
Chaise, then falling' in ruins. The entrance was
from a narrow street bordered with houses — the
interior edifices j)resented a hideous aspect, in
quencc of their antiquity, irregularity and di-
niimerous avenues, wliicli have been formed in Japidaled state. On arriving at the place of inter-
ihe style of modern landscape and iiicturesque
planting. .
The poor arc buried at the pulilie expense;
but that numerous class of ]iersoiis who live com-
fortably, by their own continual industry, yet, not
having acquired an independency, were consid-
ered worthy of the kind attention of the govern-
ment, nevertheless it was not considered that they
were entitled to agratuitous interment, because the
procurement of a sepulchre was a debt of consan-
guinity, of relationship, of gratitude or friendship,
whi(rh lliose s-hoiild discharge who inheriithe prop-
erty of the deceased. Still their humble situation
prohibited an extravagant expenditure; but their
virtues, the usual companions of the middling and
laborious portion of society, and their sentiments
of affection imperiously prescribed that they should
not forget in the night of the tomb, those whom
they had always loved ; it was, therefore, necessa-
ry to etiable them to discharge this debt of the
eart. The administration, attentive to its duties,
prepared for them isolated i)laces of burial, where
they could be assured of an undisturbed sepulchre
Oil the payment of fifty francs for each successive
term of five years. The third class of jiersons
who are interred in the cemetery, are those a\ ho
purchase a perpetual possession in a site for a se-
pulchre; but not less than two square metres arc
conveyed for an adult's grave, and one for that of
a child under seven years of age. The price is
125 francs per square metre ; the cost therefore,
of a grave of two metres, is 250 francs, to which
are to be added the fees, amounting to 18^^^^ francs,
making the whole sum 2(i8-j?^5y francs.
The special management of the establishment
is committed to a superintendent, who is charged
with the duty of causing the laws and regulations
nicnt, it v\'as found to be without any point of
vie«'. The fir trees, which grew along the walls,
shaded a few grave stones, or merely wooden
crosses. A deep pit, aUv.nys open, was to be seen,
in which the remains of the |)oor were thrown.
All was sad and cheerless in this confined spot;
sfill it was visited by a few persons, who cherished
the memories of their friends ; filial piety traced
upon a humble monument the name of a virtuouB
father; a few widows came to shed tears over
the graves of their husbands; mothers formed
wreaths and crowns of myrtles and roses which
they placed upon the tombs of their children ;
such tributes of the heart were then not uncom-
mon.
During eight years the temporary scpulclircs
were formed almost exclusively in the lowest part
of the grounds, and there weie but a few ])crpetu-
al monuments scattered over the top of the emi-
nence. When returning from an interment, no
one w;is tempted to ascend the sleep acclivity of
the hill, to behold more near a ruined mansion and
a few dispersed monuments, some small clumpg
of trees, an isolated gothic chapel, and grounds
without embellishment or cultivation. The per-
spective of Paris was very magnificent from this
point, but any other place than a cemetery, seem-
ed preferable for its contemjilalion.
Public opinion, which subjects everything to
its laws, had not yet included in the number of
essential domestic virtues, a respect for the ashes
and memory of relations. A iieoplc intoxicated
with glory, satiated with victories and proud of
their power, repulsed far from them all melancho-
ly reflections ; everything which might induce
them to think of the fragility of human happiness.
The dead are immediately forgotten, when our
Vol. XI.-No. 9.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
67
liilc on in the midst of prosperity; conse- I the cemetoiy of Pere La Cliaise, a[)pi-eciate(i the
quontly there were erected hut three monutnents | beauty of the position, the diversity of tlie groiin<l
in this cemetery during the year 1804
-their num-
ber in 1805 was but fourteen, in 180(3 nineteen, in
1807 twentysix, in 1808 fiftyone, in 1800 seventy,
in 1810 seventysix, in 1811 ninetysix, and in 1812
one hundred and six. Private sepidchres were
but little frequented, and puroliases of perpetual
sites for tombs very rare. Stili there was nothing
wanting in this establishment which could materi-
ally encourage a pious discharge of the duties of
affection towards deceased friends. The location
possessed the most important advantages — an able
manufacturer of all kinds of funereal monuments,
had an extensive establishment within the inclos-
ure, which was supplied with marble, granite, free-
stone, and other appropriate materials — the most
perfect models, and workmen of the first talents,
to execute with promptness all orders in the best
manner; the superintendent kept for sale iron pal-
ings of various patterns, for protecting the tombs
from outrage; the porter prepared wreaths and
and were astonished at the pleasant sensations
which were produced, even in the midst of tomhs.
At this time all sepulchres were prohibited in
churches; the doors of the Pantheon, which had
been long closed to illustrious men, were then im-
mediately shut against the grand dignitaries of a
government which no longer existed, and it be-
came necessary to confound their remains with
those of the people in the dust of Pere La Chaise.
Military chieftains, who were known to all Europe
from having commanded her armies, there found
the term of their glory, but not of their renown;
the companions of their victories feared not to
continue their homage in the night of death ; those
who were emulous of their fame, were deposited
by their side, and there found their last place of
rest; foreigners looking upon their tombs, consid-
ered the characters of those distinguished warri-
ors, whose valor had so often disturbed their re-
pose ; Frenchmen recollected those victories, the
crowns for relatives to embellish the sepulchres of I evanescent dream of which, still flattered their
their deceased friends, and undertook to decorate ! pride. At this period all perpetual sepulchres
them with fresh flowers daily ; nevertheless every-
thing languished in an inclosure destined to re-
ceive the ashes of mortals in their last asylum;
a few families only honored them in secret — a
generous public spirit had not yet inspired the
whole |)cople with the fire of an ardent zeal to ven-
erate their relatives, in the night of the tomb. Its
influence began to be perceived in 1813, when the
monuments amounted to two hundred and forty;
it augmented in 1814, when five hundred and nine
were to be seen, and it increased in 1815, when
six hundred and thirtyfive appeared. During
these last two years affluence had introduced mar-
ble for the construction of the monumonts of Mad-
ame Guyot, M. Lenoir, Dufresne, and M. Lefebvre ;
tli3 pyramid of Clary was erected; excavated in
the side of the bill was the tomb of the family of
Delespine ; the mortuary edifice of the family of
Poreet was constructed, anrl the tomb of the Abbe
Delille consecrated his grave. Still, on the 31st
of December, there were only one thousand eight
hundred and seventysevcn tombs or sepulchral
monuments in the cemetery of Pere La Chaise ;
but in 1827 there were three thousand, whose
erection cost between three and four millions of
francs; and the wholi; number of bodies interred
was 1GG,800, not inrhuling those biu-ied in the
compartment of the Jews. The average numbe
of inhinnaiions annually, from 1820 to 1824, was
745 in perpetual sepulchres, 1546 in temporary
graves, and 7,885 in the compartment for the poor.
The receipts during the year 1828 for the sale of
sites, for temporary and perpetual sepulchres,
amounted to 247,951 francs, and they have annu-
ally increased since.
It is interesting to examine the causes of this
great change in public sentiment and manners ; —
they are worthy the consideration of the enlight-
ened.
The first reverses of France, whose armies had
always been victorious for a period of twentysix
years, produced in 1815, a universal gloom. Du-
ring the same year, the death of the Abbe Delille,
overwhelmed the friends of literature with grief,
and the death of Gretry was a subject of mourn-
ing among the amateurs of music; an imnjense
concourse attended their obsecpiies. During pe-
riods of calamity wo give ourselves np to serious
reflections, and this multitude, which had thronged
were forbidden in the other burial places of Paris,
and the cemetery of Pere La Chaise, consequent-
ly became the place of rendezvous for all the great
and opulent in Paris ; for the illustrious in letters,
the sciences and the arts ; for those who were
successful in commerce, and tbe numerous branch-
es of national industry ; for persons eminent from
their public stations, and for men distinguished in
political events. The spoils of the dead were
here collected, fiimilies were reunited, all 0])inions
were confounded, and strangers mingled their
ashes with those of tbe inhabitants of Paris. Each
signalized his piety, by monuments proportioned
to his pecuniary means, rather than the merit of
the deceased relative. No one was willing to be
considered wanting in gratitude, but rather that
he possessed an elevated soul. Universal admi-
ration was the appendage of good hearts, whose
sensibility ceased not to offer in secret a sincere
homage to their friends, in shedding tears upon
their dearly cherished remains, by embellishing
their tombs, and in crowning them with wreaths
of flowers; the multitude attempted to imitate
them by cultivating plants on the graves of their
relatives and by bringing garlands from a distance
to ornament them. To devote a connexion to
oblivion was deemed a disgrace. Strangers who
beheld this revolution in the custon)S and manners
of the Parisians, were anxious to verify it, by vis-
iting the Cemetery of Pere La Chaise. They
were filled with admiration to find in a burial
place, whatever there was in nature which could
give satisfaction to the mind, and everything in
the arts which could gratify a refined taste, as
v.'ell as lessons of tbe most exalted philosophy,
and of the soundest morals. All extolled it as a
phenomenon ; it acquired in a few years, an Eu-
ropean celebrity, which would have been still far-
ther extended, if it had been known what a pic-
ture of national manners was there presented, and
what impressive admonitions for the human heart
were there inculcated.
The magnificent sites of this inclosure have in-
duced the o|)ulent to recall the arts for the em-
bellishment of the final receptacles of their rela-
tives. Gerius was no longer restrained to contract
his thoughts within tbe narrow limits of a church,
where he was only permitted to ornament one of
its sides with a mausoleum. Here be could give
perfection to a monument, in which all the parts
were admirable in style, proporiion, ornament and
beauty. Each artist could choose the most favor-
able position for tbe execution of his design ; and
ppy is the architect or sculptor who is enabled to
study well his plan before putting it in execution ;
and not less fortunate is he, if not ojjposed by false
taste or the parsimony of those who require his
services.
In j)assing over these grounds, where repose so
many Frenchmen in the long .sleep of death, it is
surjjrising to behold every form of tomb, used
among all the nations of tbe earth, from the pyra-
mid reared by Egyptian (jride, to announce in re-
ality the profound humility of the princes who
caused them to be constructed, because they
could not occupy iii the immense pile, but a small
and gloomy cell, to the basket of fiowers under
which tbe Turk and the Persian await the mo-
ment of being awakened to everlasting life. There
are to be seen near each other, the Egyptian sar-
cophagus decorated with orillons, the stele of tbe
Greeks, their cenotaphs and their monuments, —
the antique bourn of the Romans, and their mau-
soleums reproduced upon the soil of France, — the
coliimbariums of tbe ancients, in the moituary
chapels and tombs, — the Greek orders near the
architecture of the Arabs,- — the leaves of the Ac-
anthus and the Doric triglyphs, not far from wreaths
of natural foliage, — the cinerary urn, tbe hideous
form of the coflin, the sable wing of the Egyp-
tians, reversed flambeaus, the bird of death, beads
of contrition, crosses of every form, crowns of oak
and myrtle, rose buds, the jielican nourishing her
young with her own blood, tbe hund)le grave stone
at tbe base of the superb mausoleum, roughly ham-
mered granite near the best i)olished marble, the
image of an illustrious man near the fignie of an
unknown person, marble sparkling upon more
than a thousand sepulchres, bronze formed into a
funereal monuments, and a thatched but, furnishca
a fond mother a protection for the ashes of her
sons ; finally, there exists such a variety in the
forms and arrangement of the three thousand
stone monuments, that there cannot be discovered
among one hundred and fiftyniue small tombs, and
more than six hundred mausoleums, or mortuary
structures, any which arc exactly alike ; neverthe-
less, all tbe productions of art, collected in this
place, are not worthy of admiration ; the fantasti-
cal, the ugly, and the deformed, are exhibited near
the beainiful and elegant ; but even their defects
cause those to be more fully appreciated, which
are truly splendid, perfect and admirable: thus
disorder sometimes produces the sublime; art
employs sbaibjws to produce more splendor, by
their magical effects; and the great artificer of the
universe ofieii approximates tbe most tremendous
of tbe works, which are formed by his almighty
hands.
Persons learned in the arts are much interest-
ed in the examination of the monuments of Abe-
lard and Eloise, Count Monge and tbe family of
Hennecart; the sepulchral chapels of Madiime de
Bassano, the family of Marshal McDouakl.M. Ba-
zouin and of the families cf Vigicr, Iloudaille and
Morainville; the monuments of Duke de Drcres,
Count de Bourcke, Marshals Lefebvre, Massena,
and Perignon ; of General Foy ; tbe imposing
mausoleums of Countess Demidofl"; the marble
cross which surmounts the sepulchre of Messrs
De Saulx-Tavannes ; the bronze monument jilaced
over the grave ofM. Chagot, the proprietor of tho
68
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
September 1 2, lfi32.
fouiuhy of Creusot. Their refintil taste will
discover many beauties of detail in the ornamental
sculptures ; they will examine the effects of simi-
lar monuments placed in different positions; un-
der trees, upon inclined planes, on level surfaces,
against steep declivities, or in receiving peculiar
beauties from the neighboring foliage. They will
be often snr|>rised in discovering a chef d'cEuvre
on the most simple grave stone, and they cannot
fail to admire tlie exquisite has reliefs, which dec-
orate the sepulchre of Madame Ileim, situated on
the top of the hill, near the chapel. They will be
pleased to discover a new career opened to artists
by this establishment — a new route to mechanical
industry, and a new aliment to connnerce. They
will be ])ersuaded that an oimlent city can alone
give this illustrious example, and that its iuflneuce
should extend over the whole of France.
The establishment of this funereal asylum — the
last refuge of the most exalted in reputation, of
great renown and of vast o])ulence ; the final
bourn of all classes of society ; the place of repose
of the most miserable, after long but unfruitful la-
bor, has produced an astonishing revolution in
public opinion, and has directed the attention of
all Paris towards those persons who in their pres-
ence disappear from the world. Funerals are no
longer a mystery, of v/hich the mourning families
alone know the secrets — a mere ceremony of par-
ade disguised under a pious veil : grief is no longer
obliged to conceal under the shadow of the do-
mestic roof a long cherished remembrance, equal-
ly honorable to the memory of the virtuous man, I
who is no more, and to the hearts of those who
survive him. Forgetfulness, ingratitude and ir-
reverence towards the dead, denote frigid, selfish, [
and inconstant friends, who are governed solely by I
personal interests. The honors of which the de-
parted are the object, are not limited to the gloomy j
moments of tlie silent funeral ; they are perpetua-
ted by the erection of tombs, by the epitaphs en- '
graved upon them, by the cares of which they be-
come the objects, and by those pious duties, of'
which they are the never failing termination.
The peculiar manners of each class of society, !
the inclinations, the propensities, and the degree 1
of sensibility of each person, is revealed in spite of,
himself, by bis conntenance, his looks, and his,
conversation, at the time he witnesses the obse- |
quies; an<l the measure of the real worth of every
individual, is easily appreciated by the sentiments
which are excited in those who accompany him,
when his remains are transported to the sepul-;
chre. Nothing is more varied than the nielan- j
choly scenes which this place constantly presents ; |
all the virtues of the heart are displayed, and all j
the vices are perceived. The rude multitude dis- !
close their feelings without restraint ; they bitterly j
weep for those whose loss they legret, and remain
cold and uimioved near the tomb of such as died
without virtue and without vice, or were but little
known to them ; they are severe in their remarks
upon those who did not know how to estimate
life ; their opinions, always strongly pronounced,
truly express the convictions of their minds.
The observer of manners and customs is not
astonished at beholding the si)endthrlft, the game-
ster, the debauchee, and the idler, interred in the
common pit of the poor ; during their whole lives
they had been rushing towards that abyss ; but he
is instructed in human calamities when he witness-
es the obsequies of the honest man, who had strug-
gled in vain, during a long life, against misfortune
his heart is deeply affected when he sees the or-
phan, left without support, without resources, and
without friends, shedding tears on the grave of a
kind father ; in hearing the lamentations of a
mother, calling in vain upon her departed child ; in
beholding the desolation of the widow, and is a
spectator of that agony of grief, « hich friends
evince, and in which the poor ]iarticipate, at the
decease of a truly charitable man ; but how deep
is his commiseration, on perceiving the most mis-
erable of men conducted to his grave, by only a
few fimeral assistants ; he liad neither relatives
nor friends,— no one pities his sad destiny, — isola-
ted in the world, his dreary days were passed
without consolation, without the kind proffer of
any kind offices,— ever suffering from some new
cause of sorrow, some new calamity, some new
distress, — always unhajipy. How many shades
of sentiment are here manifested. The heart al-
ways ])roportions its homage or its disapproba-
tion, according to the merits of the person whose
ashes are consigned to the tomb ; his deeds alone
determine the honor or dishonor which will be
evinced at his funeral.
FOR THE NEW EXGLAND FARMER.
THE CATTLE SHOAV, AND PLOUGHING
MATCH AT BRIGHTON.
Mr Fessendex — It is very well known, that for
a long succession of years, 1 took a deep interest
in the Cattle Show and Ploughing Match, at Brigh-
ton. It was upon a firm conviction, derived
chiefly from having attended the shows at Smith-
field and Lewes in England, in 1804, that the tend-
ency of such shows was to produce and encour-
age im|>roved races of animals. When cattle are
sold and slaughtered separately, iherc arc no means
of comparing them. Their weight simply is
known, but their forms, the proportions of edible
and valuable parts to offid is not ascertained. But
when from a whole state, or (as at Smithfield,) a
whole kingdom, the choice animals arc reserved
for exhibition, opportunities are afforded to judge
of the comparative merits of difli'rent races. This
efl^ect has been so great in Great Britain, that there
is no question as to the comparative value of the
different races. At least, the question is chielly
reduced to two races, the Short Horned, and the
Herefordshire. The Devonshire cattle are still,
however, believed by many to be as profitable as
either of the others. From experience of the ef-
fect of cattle shows, it was obvious, that the chiu-
acter of our stock improved for n)any years reicu-
larhj. I have personally no doubts, that the breeds
of our cattle have been greatly and essentially im-
proved by foreign crosses. Though a farmer on
a small scale, I can safely say, that such has been
the result with me, of fifteen years' experience.
As to the i)lougbing match, there can be no
question in the mind of any imprejudiccd >)erson,
that the ploughs, and the modes of ploughing have
received improvements, of which it would be im-
possible to estimate the value. Those who have
not taken the trouble to estimate the effects of a
saving on one farm, npon the aggregate of 50,000
farms, whiidi this state includes, upon the suppo-
sition that the local societies dispersed throughout
every county of the state have had an equal iiilhi-
ence in the improvement of ploughs, an<l the modes
of ploughing, as have been produced in Norfolk
and Middlesex by the parent society, can have no
adequate idea of the advantages produced to the
state at large by this excitement, and the conse-
quent attention of the farmers to the improvement
of th-ir implements of husbandry. In my own
vicinity, the effects have been far beyond our
warmest hopes, and we can have no surer or
safer test of this improvement, than the fact, that
an establishment for the sale of agricultural im-
l>l('meiits in Boston, where none existed before
these cattle shows were established, has met witl*
great and well deserved success. An opinion
however prevailed, which experiment has shown
to be wholly erroneous, that the cattle show at
Brighton was rendered useless by the county cat-
tle shows — that it was a mere paiade w ithout any
correspondent benefit.
Yielding rather too hastily to this suggestion,
the Trnsteesof the Massachusetts Agricultural So-
ciety suspended their show. But the event proved
most distinctly, that the opinion was erroneous.
So far from increasing the .splendor and impor-
tance of the great central show at Worcester, it
rather diminished it, and we are convinced, for the
cucouragenient of the county shows, that the great
central one, near the mstropolis, is highly impor-
tant and essential to the great object of the iarmers,
the encouragement by rewards and exhibitions,
near the ultimate market of all extraordinary ani-
mals.
Deeply impressed with these views, the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural Society have resolved to
conliime their exhibition with all the spirit and
energy in their power. They have provided for
this purpose, by individual ])ersonal exertion, very
superior accommodations for the public, and they
hope to open their show the present year, with in-
creased advantages. They solicit the attention
ami the ^rMcnce of all the friends of Agriculture,
of Commerce and Manifactures. These interests
are, in their very nature, inseparable. The city
of Boston is much nioie interested in the success
of this show in its vicinity, than any farmer, or
any liuiuing town can be. To the latter, the in-
terest is small; to the city, in which all the inter-
ests of the state are concentrated, it is vast. If the
city authorities view it in this (which I believe to
be the true) light, they will, as a body, zealously
coo|ierate in giving as much patronage and en-
coiuagement as possiide to this show. For what,
in fact, does it amount to ? It is the diversion of
the trade, which woidd go lo New York, to our
own capital. It is securing to ourselves the great
cattle market, (the greatest resource of New Eng-
land.) These remarks are made at the recpiest of
the Committee for the cattle show, and are given
with great cheerfulness by one, who is now past
ill active exertion, from sincere interest in a great
and important question. J. LOWELL.
Roxhunj, August 30, 1832.
T. G. Fessenden, Esq.
Dear Sir — The Editor of the American Farm-
er has taken the liberty to introduce my name as
the author of an article in the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural Repository without my consent. The ar-
ticle was anonymous. It is of no moment to the
public, whether that article was, or was not writ-
ten by me, but the sanctity of the press is of very
srreat moment, and no man has a right to violate
it. Least of all, should editors countenance such a
violation. It is of no iirportance in the question,
whether Mr Smith was or was not correct in his
conjecture. He had no right, (however strong and
however well grounded his suspicions,) to draw
Vol. XI.-No. 9.
AND ilOUTICULTUUAL JOURNAL.
69
me, by name, before tlie public as the author of
ail artiile wliich 1 did not avow. Nor was there
the slightest necessity for it. He could as well
have res|)on(leil to tlie Editor of the Massachusetts
Agriciiliural Repository as to me. But lest it
should be supposed that these objections are made
upon any other, and less honorable and high
grounds, than those of the itiviolability of the
press, I distinctly avow myself the author of the
article in question. I have reperused it, and I
would not now alter a single sentence of it. It is
eminent!;/ courteous to Mr Snihh. It is feir and
manly in its tone. Its language is such as free in-
quirers ought to use. If gentlemen cannot reply
to such articles, without personalities, it is time
that we should give up our agricultural and horti-
cultural publications.
I have been deeply distressed at the tone of
many articles in journals devoted to agriculture.
I allude, (for example) to the bitter discussions in
the American Farmer about the ridiculous ques-
tion, as to wheat turning to cheat, a question so
disgraceful to the science of our country ; and to
the equally angry debate about bots in Ijorses.
Surely politics and religion furnish abundant vent
for angry passions, without bringing those passions
into exercise on questions of horticulture.
p^or myself, I sincerely and most ardently wish
entire success in Mr Smith's efforts to introduce
the arracacha. I shall taste the sample he may do
mc the honor to send, with a strong disposition to
find it savory and delicious, but as a patriot, I shall
be more pleased to hear of his sentling 500 bushels
to the Baltimore market, in five years from this
day; and if he and his neighbors cannot do that,
in such a liberal time, I feel assured, from his open
and frank character, as it is exhibited in bis])aper,
he will admit that it is not adapted to our climate.
JOHN LOWELL.
Itoihunj, August 30, 1832.
Mr Fesse.vde.x — I shall be happy to learn
through your journal, what success horticulturists
have had in raising the grape in the open ground
the present season. I shall state my own experi-
ence. I have ado])ted all the known precautions.
I have kept down the striped fly by repeated ap-
plications of sulphur. IMy grapes had on the 15tli
of August attained a Hiir size ; they were and still
are wholly free from mildew. The prospect was
cheering of a full crop, but the late cold nights
and heavy dews have rotted them, without mildew
on the fruit or leaf. When I stated (foiu- years
since) the simph fact, that out of twentyfour years'
experience, I had not succeeded six times in raising
foreign grapes in the open ground in the country,
(in the city the case is different) I was accused of
rashness. Still it was the rashness of actual expe-
rience. I should not now a<lvert to it, if it were
not, to recommend the erection of cheap houses,
without fire heat, which will uniformly succeed.
J. LOWELL.
Roxhury, August 30, 18.33.
summer, has retarded the usual progress of veg-
etation not less than two weeks. Wheat, howev-
er, with rarely an exception, looks well, and prom-
ises an abundant harvest. Rye and potatoes will
range at about a medium quality and quantity.
Grass is good, although much hay will be injured
in consequence of the rainy and unstable hay sea-
son. Bui Indian corn, unless the fall months
should be free from early frosts, and unusually
mild and open, will yield the husbandman but a
scanty return for his pains-taking. There will be
no fruit, which is the less to be regretted, as we
believe it is generally allowed, that the peculiar
properties of fruit, tend greatly to the aggravation
and increase of the prevailing epidemic of the sea-
son. Vegetation, however, and the general aspect
of the crops, are by no means so unpromising as
mnny have imagined, and we have no doidjt, but
if the resources of the country are husbanded with
a due regard to care and economy, they will prove
every way sufficient and ample to the comfortable
support of both man and beast.— Sherbrooke Gaz.
The weather for the last week or ten days has
been most propitious for the farmer, and it is sat-
isfactory to learn that in the crops in general there
has been a rapid improvement, which promise
more than an averace return. — Mir. Gleaner.
CROPS.
So far as we have been able to learn, from ob-
servation and .■ninute impiiry, the prospect of the
farmers in the townships, are not over and abund-
antly promising, the present season — although we
are confident they would not suffer with other
portions of the province. The long encroachment
of winter upon the spring months, and the rainy
and inauspicious state of a great proportion of the
GRAPES AND GRAPE VINES.
A writer in the Port Carbon Gazette continues
his essays on gardening; his latest is on the sub-
ject of the Grape. This interesting subject is less
thought of than becomes our citizens generally.
We subjoin one paragraph from the Port Carbon
writer:
" The vine must always he predestinated — the
cultivator may have its growth exactly jjlanned for
a luimbor of years : there is no difficulty in this,
when the nature of the plant is well understood,
and there is less labor in its cultivation than would
be supposed by those not familiar with it."
A grape vine may be directed to almost any
point, and almost any distance. We visited the
lioiise of a friend a few days since, who was fond
of cultivating the grape, but had, as it would seem
to others less interested in the pursuit, no conve-
nience for the purpose. The yard attached to his
dwelling was but a few feet square, and the sun
never darted its rays upon its moist brick pave-
ment, nor was the area enlarged above, even to
the top of his house, three stories high. He how-
ever, " planted a vine," it came up, he trimmed
it, coaxed it, directed and dreiv it in a straight
trunk until it attained the height of fiftythreefeet,
level with the trellis on the roof of his house
He then gave it a horizontal direction, and per-
mitted the branches to shoot out, which they did
kindly ; and after covering an arbor extending
over the whole roof of the building, they produced
gra|)es enough to make some excellent wine.
Grape vines may he raised by every housekeeper
in this city, whether there is or is not a yard to the
building. In Spain, we are told that housekeep-
ers who lack room on the earth, remember that
ground rent is cheap in the air, and they accord-
ingly put down a vine cutting in the cellar, and
direct it upwards through the cellar window, to
the roof of the house.
transportation, duties, and other expenses amount-
ed to 27 cents per pound, making the whole cost
G,3 cents, and lie infers that the full blood wool
which the American farmers now have ought to
bring that price, and advises them not to be too
anxious to sell. We have conversed with a man-
ufacturer on the subject, who admits that the Kin-
derhook statement of the cost of German wool is
not too high ; he juits it a cent higher, and sup-
poses the actual cost last year (and it would not be
less this year) was 64 cents. But he says the
German wool is 10 per cent cleaner than the
American, and the fleeces are clipped and divest-
ed of the coarser and less valuable parts about
their necks, flanks, &c. He says the German
wool referred to includes the greater part of the
fleeces from large flocks, but not the finest nor
the coarsest fleeces.
The prices of wool in Boston are the same as
they have been for some weeks — Saxony fleeces
50 to 60 ; full blood 47 to 50 ; three fourths 40 to
42; half 35 to 37; one fourth and common 30 to
33. Sales to a considerable extent have been re-
cently made at these prices. — Hampshire Gaz.
Machines for Barrel Staves. — Thomas's patent
machine for sawing barrel staves, was put into op-
eration in this village the other day, and we were
iiuich gratified by a view of its operations. It is
a very simple machine, performs its work well,
and is in our opinion, a real saving of labor as
well as saving of stuff mach'me. There has also
lately been put up here a machine for planing,
grooving, and jointing boards, &c, which we are
told is an excellent machine, although we have
never had the pleasure of examining it. Now we
like the Paddy's plan of " making a slave of the
imter," and we hope every real labor saving ma-
chine Mill meet with good encouragement. Ex-
perience is fast doing away the old prejudice
against machinery, viz: that it throws people out
of employ — in fact it throws people into employ ;
for by decreasing the cost of producing an article
you increase tlie demand — if the demand is in-
creased, more hands must be employed to manu
facture; one employment starts another, and thus
more business is created. Never be afraid of a
good iriachine. — Gardiner Standard.
WOOL.
A writer in the Kinderhook paper states that
our manufacturers gave last year 36 cents per
pound for fine wool in Germany, and that the
There is not a shrub, vine, jilant or tree to be
found in our fields and forests that is not suscepti-
ble of a high degree of improvement, if taken up
late in the fall or early in the spring properly
trimmed and transiilanted into good rich soil near
oin- dwellings. Their change for the better soon
becomes apparent. Take for instance young
chesnut trees from the mountain, lop off' as much
of their tops as you leave of their roots; set them
out as yon would your apple trees not deeper in
the soil than they have stood. They have a rap-
id growth, and if well preserved will spread and
bear very prolifically, producing a nut three times
the size of those generally brought to market and
of a better flavor. The hickory tree will do the
same. All will bear grafting as well as a pear
tree. Experiments in this line cost but little.—
Philadelphia Eve. Post.
The greatest men are men of simple man-
ners. Parade, ceremony, show, and a profusion
of compliments are the artifices of little minds,
made use of to swell themselves iuto an appear-
ance of consequence, which nature has denied
them.
70
NEW ENGLAND FARM Ell,
September 12, 1832.
Boston, Wednesday Evening, September 13, 1833.
FARMERS' WORK FOR SEPTEMBER.
Hamesting Indian Corn.— it is not l^nown to
all who derive an honest and honorable livelihood
from tilling the earth, that the leaves of vegetables
are, in many respects, analogous to tiie lungs of etl to '''e field, increasing its fertility. How much
animals. If you cut off the top of a plant, or strip | ''et'er this than topping the corn and lea '-
it of its leives, its seeds roots, or whatever is val
one end the farmer takes off from top to bottom
enough for his cattle. All the rest remains undis-
turbed, and secure from rain as when first put up.
In this way the whole is fed out, from one end of
the rick to the other. What the cattle do not cat
is trodden into tlie manure heap, absorbs juices
that would otherwise evaporate or run off, and
then the corn stalks, when well rotted are return
uable belonging to it come to a ne plus iiUra, (stop
where they are) without arriving at so perfect a
state as they would if the plant had not been mu-
tilated. This truth, in various communications
for our paper, as well as in remarks of the Editor
has been often inculcated. But a correspondent
from tho country assures us that most cultivators,
in bis vicinity persevere in guillotining their half
ripe corn, without being aware of the necessity of
letting the tops remain to give nutriment and ma-
turity to the grain.
Among other papers, which we have from time
to time published on this subject, we would ad-
vert to those in the N. E. Farmer, vol. viij. pages
73, 74, with the signature " S. X." A'olume x. p.
297, by Wm. Clark, jun. of Northampton, both ex-
cellent papers, and an able view of the subject by
"J. B." vol. X. p. 313. Indeed we had supposed,
(it seems erroneously) that most cidli valors were
aware that it was bad husbandry to make two cut-
tings of an Indian corn harvest. In a trip which
we made to Vermont last September, we found
that the best farmers in that state, in general, had
adopted the new moile of harvesting rorii, and we
had supposed that most of our agricnhnrists knew
that there was no more necessity for making two
cuttings for harvesting Indian corn than there is
of making two bites of a cherry.
In the present volume of the N. E. Farmer, p.
25, we have republished some remarks originally
from the Genesee Farmer and Village Record,
(published in Westchester, Penn.) which it may be
well to repeat, as the time has now arrived in
which the modes prescribed may be adopted in
practice.
The practice of Judge Buel to cut his corn up
by the roots and set in little stacks to ripen, thus
saving the leaves from the frost for fodder, and
letting the ear continue for awhile to draw nutri-
ment from the stalk, is universally practised in
Chester County. The Editor says " late in Sep-
tember, or early in October corn is cut near the
earth, set up in shocks round a hill that is left un
vmg the
stalks [butts or bottoms] to stand all winter, dry-
ing and withering in the field, affording neither
food for animals nor manure for land."
We learn from a friend that Mrs Parme:stier
of New York has reared two successive broods of
Silk worms this past season without the aid of ar-
tificial heat. The worms of the first cro]) were
fed promiscuously on the Morns multicaulis, the
Morns alba, and on the Morns macrophilla, and
produced white and yellow cocoons. The latter
crop, on the contrary, were fed exclusively on the
Morus multicaulis and produced invariably co-
coons of a beautiful soft texture and of a siiowy
whiteness. If these statements be correct, that
invahuible tree possesses additional advantages to
the other kinds and should be universally used.
Will this estimable lady have the kindness to fa-
vor us with a detailed account of the process of
rearing her silk worms?
From the Massachusetts Spy.
CATTLE SHOW.
The Committee of Arrangements for tltr ap-
proaching Cattle Show and Exhibition of .Muiui-
factures, by the Worcester County Agricultural
Society, on Wed.nf.sdav, Me iOth day of October
next, would give information to their fellow citi-
zens, that a public Address Will be delivered on
that occasion by Waldo Flikt, Esq., of Leices-
ter. They solict the attention of their agricultural
brethren to the list of premiums offered by the
Trustees of the Society ; they are unusually lib-
eral and are believed to he sufficiently numerous
10 induce to a strong competition for them : .3
premiiuns are offered for Bulls — 3 for Bull Calves
—4 for Milch Cows— S» for Heifers— 3 for Heifer
Calves — 4 for Working Oxen — 8 for Steers — 3 for
Fat Cattle — 1 for Merino Rams — 2 for Merino
Ewes — 1 for Mixed Merino Sheep — 1 for Native
Rams — 1 for Native Ewes — 1 for Native Wethers
—2 for Boars— 2 for Sows— 2 for Pigs— 3 for
Carpetins — 2 for Flannel — 2 for Coverlets — 2 for
Re[)nhli(ans will convene in this town on the suc-
ceeding day, it is expected that an unusual number
of strangers will attend our Show, the Committee
being desirous that the character of the County as
to its Agricultiu-e and Manufactures should be
fnlly sustained, solicit the cooperation of the Far-
mer and Manufacturer, by sending to the Exhibi-
tion such specimens from their herds and their
woikshops as they consider worthy of notice.
The Committee are particularly desirous that a
Team of H'orking Cattle should be exhibited on
the occasion. They hope that the patriotic farm-
ers ol'some of the neighboring towns may he in-
duced to add greatly to the interest of the Show
by an exhibition of such a team. The Committee
are authorized by the Trustees to offer a gratuity
of §25 for a team to consist of not less than 50
yokes of oxen, all belonging to the same tow-n,
I)rovidcd the cattle shall receive the approbation
of the Committee on Working oxen. They re-
quest that information of an intention to obtain
this gratuity, may he given to them or to the Re-
coi-ding Secretary, William D. Wheeler, Esq.
before the first day of October next, that they
may make their arrangements accordingly. •
Linen or Tow Diaper — 2 for Woollen Half Stock-
cut, to help suppirt the rest — the tops tied with lings — 1 for Grass Bonnets — 1 for Straw Bonnets — 1
rye straw. In this situation it remains until seed-
ing is over. It is then busked ; the husker hav-
ing a pin of hard wood, two and a half inches
long, about the size of a goose quill, sharp at one
end, which is fastened under the two middle fin-
gers of the right hand with a string. This aids
him to tear open the husk and considerably facili-
tates the work. Not remembering to have seen
such an implement in use elsewhere, I suppose it
not common ; but though very simple, it is useful.
After the corn is taken in, the stalks are tied in
bundles with straw ; drawn near the barn yard
and put in ricks, thus: The rick is made long, the
butts pointing out each way, the tops over-lapping
more than a third, and raised so that wet will full
off each side from the centre. It should be of
moderate height, from 7 to 10 feet. Beginning at
fur Palm Leaf Hats — 4 for Butter — 4 for Cheese —
] for Sole Leather — 1 for Calf Skins — 1 for Mo-
rocco Leather — and in the Ploughing Match 3
|)remiums are offered for teams with 2 yokes of
oxen, and 5 for teams of 1 yoke of oxen, the en-
tries for which must be made before the first day
of October, In aildition to these premiums, the
Conunittee on Manufactures are authorized to
recommend gratuities for articles for which no
piemimn is offered, wb'ch in their opinion, cither
for their utility or the excellence of their manufac-
ture, are entitled to the favorable notice of the So-
ciety. They would remind those who are disposed
to compote for the honors of the Society, that a
strict compliance with the conditions which have
been published will be required. From the cir-
cumstance that a State Convention of the National
.loil.N W. LiSCOLIT,
Thomas Chamberlain,
Isaac Southgate,
Nathan Heard,
Frederick W. Paine,
Jonathan Harrinoto.n,
Ephraim Mower,
John F. Clark.
^ Committee of
.Irrangements.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiTtlRDAr, Sept. 8, 1832.
Wm. E. Payne, Esq. of Waltham, exhibited a
winter Musk Melon ; raised fiom the seed of a
fine high flavored melon, brought from fllalta and
eaten in Boston in perfection, in February, 1832.
Seedling Apples were exhibited by Mr Daven-
port of .Milton, of good size and delicious flavor.
Perry from Henry Sheafe, Esq. See his note and
description of refining.
S. A. SHURTLEFF.
JOBITH.N WlNSHir, ESH.
Dear Sir — I send to the Hall half a dozen of
my Perry for the gentlemen of the Horticultural
Society to taste this morning.
The manner of treatment is this :
Rack off once — twice is always better, but it
takes too much of the liquor; I usually horse a
forty gallon c;isk, to got a barrel for bottling ; add
two quarts of white brandy to give it a body, and
refine it w ith 1 oz. of isinglass.
H. SHEaFE.
Boston, Sept. 8.
Among the flowers exhibited by Mr Winship
were the following: JVcw Dahlias, Excellent,
Beauty of Hereford, Vulcan, &c.
Herbaceous plants — Phlox tardiflora, do. shep-
herdii, Coreopsis lennifolia, do. oriculata, do. lan-
ceolata, Ephilobium dodoneca, Melissa melissofo-
lium, Aconitum album, Lobelia siphilitica. Reseda
lutea, Euphorbia cypressus, Lychnis floscuculi.
Campanula .ilba pleno.
Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, President of the Soci-
ety, read the interesting papers published on the
1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th pages of the present No. of
the N. E. Farmer.
Vol. XI.— No. 9.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
71
The following resolutions ware adopted.
Refiolved, That a Committee consisting of three
nicmbers be chosen to obtain by subscription,
funds for the immediate improvement of the
grounds at Mount Auburn, which have been ap-
propriated for a Garden of Experiment.
The following gentlemen were chosen mem-
bers of said Committee. J. P. Bradlee, G. W.
Pratt, Elijah Vose.
Resolved, Tliat a Committee, consisting of sev-
en members s'louhl be chosen to make arrange-
ments for celebrating the Anniversary of the Mass-
achusetts Horticultural Society ; and the following
gentlemen were chosen. G. W. Pratt, S. A.
ShurtlefF, J. T. Buckingham, Jonathan Winship,
J. P. Bradlee, Elijah Vose, Daniel Haggerston.
Resolved, That the thanks of the Massachnsetts
Horticultural Society be presented to Dr D. J.
Browne, for his donation and dedication to said
Society of a valuable book, of which he is the au-
thor, entitled Sylva Americana, or a description of
Forest Trees, &c.
LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW.
The 94th No. of this interesting work is this
week republished by Lilly & Wait, Boston, and
contains articles on the following subjects : Me-
moirs and Correspondence of Diderot ; American
Ornithology ; Todd's Life of Cranmer ; the Church;
Granville's Catechism of Health ; the Rights of
Industry and the Banking System ; Lord Niig-
cnt's Memorials of Hampden ; Loril Mahon's War
of the Succession in Spain ; Mr||Somerville's
Mechanism of the Heavens; Stages of the Revolu-
tion. Republished quarterly at $5,00 per annum.
IVie Essex Cattle Show will be held at New-
bury, on the upper green, near the meeting-house
of the Rev. Mr Wilhington, on Thursday the 27th
of September inst. The address will be delivered
by Rev. Gard:ner B. Perry. Further particulars
in our next.
Valuable Milk Farm for Sale.
THAT valiwhle Farm on the Turnpike, about a mile
from Court Street, containing between 200 and 300 acies
of inowinii;, tillas;e, and pasture land, on which are about
200 excellent Fruit Trees, irio?tly in a bearing state.
The buildings on it are a Dwelling House, Ihi-ee Barns,
Corn Bain and Pigcjery — nearly new and in perfect or-
der. There is raised annually about 80 tons of Hay —
the quantity of Milk sold fjoiii this Farm, is about 15,000
gallons a year. Hocks, for ballast, &c, can be sold from
this place on very advantageous terms.
Also, for sale — All the stock thereon, consisting ef 40
Cows, 2 yoke of Oxen, Horse, &c, with the Carts and
all the Fai ming Utensils.
The above Estate, with or without the Stock, &c, will
will be sold on very liberal terms, which, with any fur-
ther particulars, may be known by applying to
Salem, Aug. 31, 1832. GEORGE NICHOLS.
Splendid Bulbous Roots.
JUST I'eceiveil at the Agricultural Warehouse and
Seed Store, -No. SO.J North Market Street, a large assort-
ment of Bulbous Flower Roots, comprising the finest va-
rieties of
HYACINTHS: (Double and single,) dark blue,
poicelain blue, red, rosy colored, pure white with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, ind yellow with various eyes;
from 12.Uo$l each.
TULIPS : Splendid variegated ,red, yellow, and mixed ;
12.J cents each, $1 per dozen; assorted, with the colors
marked on each ; (our assortment of fine tulips is very
large, and we are enabled to put many sorts as low as
$6 per hundred; an object to those who wish to form a
superb tulip bed.)
CROWN IM PERL\LS : Assorted, of the most splen-
did colors and showy flowers, large roots ; 25 cents each,
(extra fine roots.)
JONQUILLES: Sweetscented, finest roots 12i cts.
each. $1 per ilozen.
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS: Fragi-ant, white
with citron cups, extra sized roots, 12A to 23 cents each.
DOUBLE NARCISSUS: Fragrant, of all colors,
12.'i cents each, $;! per dozen.
SPRING CROCUS: Of all colors, 6^ cents each,
50 cents per' dozen.
LARGE GLADIOLUS or SWORD LILIES,1 2.^ cents
each, $1 per dozen.
The above roots are of the same superior character as
those sold by us the last season, and which gave such
uiiivei-sal satisfaction; some of the double Hyacinths
having proiiuced bells one inch and eight tenths in diam-
eter.
Purchasers are requestell to notice that the above roots
are not purchased at auction, and are all remai kable for
their size, and for the beauty and delicacy of lint of their
flowers.
Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, comprising
Large While Iragrant Lilies, 12J cents each, 1 dollar per
dozen, Tiger (spotted) Ldies, same price ; Maitagon, or
TurkkCap Lilies, samepiice. Sept. 12.
For Sale.
A FARM in Winthrop with two good two-story dwell-
ing-houses, well finished and painted ; four barns, a cider
and other out-houses, pleasantly situated within a (juartet
of a mile of Winthrop villa<je, where there ai'e two meet-
ing-houses, five stores, mills and mechanics of all kinds
necessary lor the convenience of the place. Said Farm
is near the centre of the town, on the main road from the
village to Augusta and within ten miles of the State
House. It contains three hundred acres of good land ;
is well watered and well proportioned as to mowing,
tillage, pasturing, orchard and wood-land ; in good years
for fruit it produces from two to three humlred bushels
of the Roxbury and Newberry Russets, besides many
other kinds of summer, fall and winter fruit, which has
been selected from the best orchards in the country. 1
may be conveniently divided to make two or three farms
A part or the whole will be sold to acconimodate pur-
chasers ; and, if wished, a loirg credit given for the most
of the pay, provided the security be satisfactory. For
further particulars inquire of Thomas Snell, on the
premises, or of Dr Issachar Snell, at .\ugusta.
Augusta. Me. Au-f 11, 1832. " (iw
New England museum,
No. 76 Court Street, Boston. •
THIS extensive establishment, (which was damaged by
fire on 14ih Feb 1S32,) has been repaired, the building
improved by sone important alterations and enlargements,
the whole fitted up upon a new plan in a very beautiful
manner, is now open for visitors every day and evening.
The whole establishment is lighted with Gas every
evening. A great variety of new articles have been
brought forward, and the whole so arranged as to wear
altogether a new appearance. Persons visiting Bo-Ion
will be highly gratified in viewing this lai-ge collection in
its present renovated form. Very excellent music day
and evening. Admittance 25 cents.
Notice.
I THE Committee on Farms, Fruit, Forest and Mulber-
ry Tree~, will meet at the Middlesex Hotel, in Concord,
on Monday the 17th inst., at 10 o'clock A. M., and pro-
ceed to view such Farms, &c, &c, as may be formally
entered for pieniiuni.
LUKE FISKE, Chairman.
P. S. — Application may be made to the Secretary in
Concord, or to either of the Committee.
Concord, Mass. Sept. 3, 1832.
Printing Presses for Sale.
FOR .'ale at this olfice, one Smith's Imperial Press,
one do. Medium, and one Ramage.
Strawberry Plants.
FOR sale by David Haggkrston, Charlestown
Vineyard, the following kinds of Strawberry Plants:
Keens' Seedling, Wilmot's Superb, Royal Scarlet,
Downton, Roseherry, and Mulberry Strawlierries.
Keens' S.n"dling, two dollar-; the other kinds, one
dollar per hundred. Ciders for the above sent to the
Agricultuial Warehouse, Boston, will be attended to.
Sept. 5.
Binding.
THE subscribers to the New England Farmer are
informed, that they can have their volumes neatly half
bound and lettered, at 7.5 cents per volume, by leaving
(hem at the Farmer office. Aug. 15.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE,
Apples, rus.scttings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort,
Beans, white
Beef, mess, ....
prime
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspecteil. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed, . . .
Flour, Baltimoj'C, Howard-street
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimoie, wharf, .
Gr-Iin, Corn, Northci'n, .
Corn, Southern yellow.
Rye
Barley,
Oats
Hay,
Hog's L.4.RD, fii'st soi't, new.
Hops, 1st quahty.
Lime, .....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Gra.ss,
Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, hill blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths, washed.
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
Q f Pulled superfine
^■a 1st Lambs,
:£ = < 2d, "
= i 1 3d, "
^ (^ 1st Spinning, .
barrel
ton
98 00
'<
108 00
bushel
90
barrel
12 00
"
6 25
"
SOI)
pound
14
''
6
"
3
bushel
1 12
barrel
6 75
"
6 75
<•'
6 00
"
6 25
bushel
80
"
75
"
100
'•
60
"
42
cwt.
50
•'
9 00
"
22 00
cask
90
ton
3 00
barrel
17 00
"
13 00
"
12 75
hu.shel
2 50
"
100
pound
cwt.
8 50
pound
45
"
55
"
40
''
37
"
33'
"
30
'•
52
40
"
32
'
27
PROVISION MARKET.
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
whole iiogs, .
Veal, .
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best,
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)
FROM TO
103 00
112 00
I 00
I'd 50
6 60
9 00
16
I 25
<i 87
t>80
6 50
6 50
85
80
1 12
70
55
62
10 00
23
1 00
3 25
17 50
14 00
13 00
2 75
1 25
10
8 75
50
65
42
38
35
32
55
42
33
28
12
10
64
10
10
12
16
22
16
92
75
62
5 00
pound
10
**
8
"
6
"
7
"
4
"
9
"
14
'<
18
dozen
14
bushel
..
50
barrel
4 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Sept. 10, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 1219 Beef Cattle, (including
160 unsold la-t week,) 295 Stores. 4340 Sheep, 2.82 Swine.
Probably about 400 Beef Cattle, 400 orSCO Sheep, and
240 Swine remain unsold.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — Sales extremely dull and
prices reduced; we scarce ever see a " harder day,"
for the drover. We quote extra at $5 a 5 37 i, most of
which were from Worcester county and Connecticut riv-
er, and which generally bring better prices than cattle
from alarther distance. Prime at $4,50 a 5; good $4
a 4,25 ; thin at $3 a 3,75. Cows, two year old and three
year old, were generally sold from $3 to 4.
Cows and Ca/rfs.— Sales at $15,19,22, 27 and 35.!
Sheep. — \^'e noticed one lot of 49 taken at 75 c. each,
and a lot of 1.50 at $1 each, lots at .$1,17, 1,25, 1,37,
1,42,1.50, 1,67, 1,75, and a few small lots at $2. Wethers
at $2. 2,25,2,50, and 3. Some Cosset wethers at 3,50.
.Sterne.— Dull. Only one lot of 13 was sold; those
were selected. Shoats two thiids Barrows at 4| ; a few
were retailed at various prices, from 4 to 5 for Sows,
and horn 4J to 5i for Barrows. Holders refused to pur-
chase at the prices asked.
New York, Sept. 8. — Beef Cattle — no variation
from last week, 500 head arrived and all sold, .$5 60 to
7 25. Sheep and Lambs — 4000 to 5000 in and sales very
brisk, for sheep $2 to 4 50, lambs $1 50 a 1 75. Live
swiue — $4 to 4 25. — Daily Adv.
NEW ENGLAND FARTHER.
Miscellany
EPITHALAMIUM.
BY BRAINARD.
I saw two r.louds at morning,
Tinged with the rising sun;
And in the dawn Ihey floated on,
And mixed into one;
I thought that morning cloud was blest,
It moved so sweetly to the west.
I saw two summer currents,
Flow smoothly to their meeting.
And join their course with silent lorce,
In peace each other greeting ;
Calm was their course through banks of green.
While dimpling eddies play'd between.
Such be your gentle motion.
Till life's last pulse shall beat;
Like summer's beam, and summer's stream,
Float on in joy, to meet
A calmer sea, where storms shall cease —
A purer sky, where all is peace.
respoiulence. " You kindly inquired after be rr'urned.^^
iltli," suys he to his favorite neice, " I have jjj^H.'^.'e gij U;
VEGETABLE CURIOSITIES IN CUBA.
Nothing is more common than to see bahouca,
(bejuco,) or vines of many species, running with
lu.xuriance over the trees, groat and small, of the
forest. Many of them commence their growth,
and fasten their roots in the toj) of a tree, and
thence run downwards and fasten tlieinselves
attain in the ground. They are sometimes seen
hanging above, and waving in the air below, with-
out any 6xture to the ground. I have seen a vine
as big as my finger, fastened above, and, two yards
before it came to the ground, sending out a dozen
filaments, evidently intended to fix in the ground
as roots, though they liad not yet been able to
reach it. These vines are everywhere seen in
the woods, and often symmetrical arbors, circular
or oval, that would be beautiful in the most taste- I
ful gardens. But of all sights, the most amusing,
and that continually to be seen, is IVie Scotchman \
hugging the Creole, as it is very significantly called.
This often takes jilace on the loftiest trees of the
the forest, — especially the ceyba. The bahouca,
(bejuco) descends from the top, and rises from
the ground, and winds rotuid the trunk of the
tree, and by its many convolutions literally wehs
over the trunk, grows into itself, branch with
branch, and looks like an inunense serpent
wreathing about its victim. The effect is ever the
same. The Creole, the original tree, is smothered
in the hostile embrace. It commences a prema-
ture decay, rots, falls by piecemeal, becomes a
mere skeleton, and finally disappears, leaving the
parasitical bahouca, changed in its very uatiue
from vine to tree, in prosperous possession of the
ground. The trunk of the nuuilerous tree near
the ground is irregular, openworked, but vigorous
and healthy, with a top running high, and some-
times with branches from two fett to three and a
half in diameter. At the ground, I have meas-
ured a space of from six to seven feet between
the thrifty parts of the upstart tree. These parts
become imited twenty or thirty feet from the
gi-ound, in a solid trunk, and send out branches
two feet in diameter. The leaf of the new tree is
not always the same, but the limb when cut,
always sends out a milky sap. — Mboi's Letters
from Cuba.
From Saoder;
DR FRANKLIN.
For the manner in which he bore his sufferings
and the aspect in which he viewed his approach-
ing dissolution, we shall refer to Ins interest-
ing corr
my healtl .
not much reason to boast of it. People that will
live a long life and drink to the bottom of the cup,
nuist expect to meet with some of the dregs.
However, whenever I consider how many terrible
diseases the human body is liable to, I think my-
self well off that I have only three incurable ones,
the gout, the stone, and old age. And these, not-
withstanding I enjoy many comfortable intervals,
in which I forget all my ills and aiuuse myself in
reading and writing and telling many stories, as
when you first knew me, a young man about fifty.
I have not yet grown so old as to have buried
most of the friends of my youth. By living twelve
years beyond David's period, I seem to have in-
troduced myself into the company of posterity ;
yet had I gone at seventy, it would have cut off
twel ve of the most active years of my life, employ,
ed too, in matters of the greatest importance; but
whether I have been doing good or mischief is for
time to discover."
When he had approached to the very close of
life, he reasoned thus coolly with a friend: —
" Death is as necessary to the constitution as
sleep ; we shall rise refreshed in the morning.
The course of nature must soon put a period to
mv present mode of existence. This 1 sha0 sub-
mit to with the less regret, as having seen, duringa
long life, a good deal of this world, I feel a grow-
ing curiosity to become acquainted with some oth-
er; and can cheerfully with filial confidence, re-
sign my spirit to the conduct of that great and
sood Parent of mankind, who created it, and
who has so graciously protected and preserved
me from my birth to the present hour."
September 12, 1832.
Horse Quicksilver.
QUICKSILVER will stnnd this season at the stable of
the subscriber, in Brighton, a few rods sovjth of the meet-
ing-house, and will cover only twenty mares the present
season, at $15 each, and .$1 in addition, to the groom.
Mares warranted to be in foal, if $20 is paid, and $1 to
thegioom; and in discharge of warranty, the $20 will
is ii beautiful bright bay, three years old ;
lac Coffin's horse, Harefuot, conspicuous in
the racing calendar of England ; his dam, Kcbecca, from
the imported Cleveland bay horse Sii Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mare, well known fur her fine form, speed.
anil bottom, once owned by Mr Leavittol I?'alem, to whom
persons are referred for her character, and will be to many
others in Massachusetts and Maine. Quicksilver i»
thought by good judges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
for a first rate covering horse. Mares seiU to him, and
if left with the subsciibe"-, will be well attended to on rea-
sonable terms, but he will not be responsible for acci-
dents. BENJAMIN W. HOBART.
Brighton, June 13, 1832. tl
American Farrier.
THIS day published, and for sale at the New England
Farmer oflire, Nn. 50^ North Market Street, the Amer-
ican Farrier, containing a minute account of the forma-
tion of every part of the Horse, with a desciiplion of all
the diseases to which each part is liable, the best reme-
dies 10 be applied in effecting a cure, and the most ap-
proved niode of treatment for preventing disorders; with
a copious list of medicines, describing tlieir qualities and
eltVcis when applied in dilferent cases ; and a complete
treatise on rearing and managini; the horse, from the
fo;d to the full grown active laborer ; illusti ated with nu-
merous engravings. By H. L. Barnum. Price 75£ents.
Aug. 15. _^_
Strawberries.
FOR sale at the Kenrick Nurseries in New-
toi^he following varieties of Strawberries
now ready for transplanting.
Hudson's Bay, Chili, Downton, Roseberry,
Mu:iiLiry. Pine-apple, Bath-scarlet, Methvcn Castle,
Wiliiiot's Superb, Large WKte, Recl-woo<l, H liite-wood.
Red Alpine, monthly with runm-rs. Red Bush Alpine,
Wbile do. do Duke of Kent's Scai let, Wellington, New
BUck Rusk Hautbois, French Musk Hautbois, Prohfic
Haulbois, Large Ear'y Scarlet, Knevel's New Pine,
Keens' Seedling, Sonthborough Seedling, &c, &c.
Wriltcii orders aildressed to John or William Kenrick,
Newton, or left with Mr Russell at his Seed Store, No.
50i North Market Street, will receive immediate atteo-
tion.
August IS. 3w
POPE
Neither time, nor distance, nor grief, nor age,
can ever diminish my veneration for Pope, who
is the great moral poet of all times, of all climates,
of all feelings and of all stages of existence. The
i\eliglit of my boyhood ; the study of my man-
hood ; perhaps, if allowed to me to attain it, he
may he the consolation of my age. His |)oetry is
the book of life. VVilhout canting, and yet with-
out rejecting religion, he has assembled all that a Published every Wednesday Evening, at «f3 per annum,
good and great man can gather together of moral payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
Sir Wil- sixty da\s from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
White Mulberry Seed.
THIS day received at the New England Seed Store,
No. 50.J North Market Street, Boston, a lot of White
Mulberry Seed, saved the last month expressly for us,
from one of the largest white mulberry orchards in Con-
necticut— warranted (resh and of the very first quality.
Aug. 15.
from tin
deduction ol fifty cents.
53" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. Russell, by T. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing cnn be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
RrssELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, JNo. 62. North
Market Street.
wisilom, clothed in consummate beauty,
liam Temple observes, that of all the members of
mankind, that live within the compass of a thou-
sand years, for one luan that is born capable of
making a great poet, there may be a thousand
born capable of making as great generals and min-
isters of state, as any in story. — Here is a slates-
man's opinions of poetry ; it is honoroble to him
and the art. Such a poet of a thousand years was „, „ „,-,, ,
., , , , ^ 11 I c ..^//,an!/ — ^Vr.I.THOllBul<.v, 317 Market street.
Pope. A thousand more may roll away 'lefore | p^j,„J^,p,„„ _ p ,sc C Lani.huh, 85 Chesm
such another can be hoped for in our li'erature ; " " " "'"
but it can want them — he himself is a literature.
Letter of Byron.
AGENTS.
G. Thorburn i.".; S.ins, 67 Liberty-street.
In Pope's time, worth made the man ; in our
day, the tailor makes him. But the man often
unmakes the tailor !
Absurdities, which if left alone would soon die
a natural death, often become eternal by opposition.
Xtw Yc
ut-street.
Baltimore — G B. Smith, Editorof the American Farmer.
Cinciimati — S. C. Parkhi'Rst. 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing. N. Y. Wm. Prince & Suns, Prop, Lin.Bot.Garden
Middlelmry. !'(. — Wight Ch.ifman.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield. Ms. — E. Edwarus.
IVeuihuryport. — Ki'ENKXER STF.niwAN, Bookseller.
Portsmonth. N. H —3.W. Foster. Bn„kseller.
Portland, Me. — ShKV^I. CoLMAN, Bookseller-
Ai'evsla. Wc — Wm. Makn.
Halifa.t.n.'&. — V.y Holland, Esq,
MoHlreul,L. C. — Henry Hillock.
NEW ENGI.AND FARMER.
PUBLISHED by J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Auhiculturai. WARKHoust:.)-.T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOt.. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 19, 1832.
NO. lO.
Coniinuiiication!^.
FOB THE NEW KNGLAND FARMER.
BEES.
I sent you, Mr Eilitor, iiboiit IS riiomlis ago,
an account of a new fashioned bee house, which
I had seen in Otsego county ;* and informed you
I had constructed one after that model, into which
fproposed to put the first swarm tliat came from
the parent hive. A yoimg swarm was put into
the house in July, and the same season they filled
the small hive with comb, but went no further.
This summer, contrary to my expectations, they
put forth two swarms, but have made very little
addition to their comb. The first swarm was put
into a close apartment, four feet square, built for
the purpose in my garret, early in July, a hole
being made through the brick wall for them to
pass in and out. On examining their apartment,
I find they have not only filled the common hive,
in which they were introduced, but have construct-
ed an equal quantity of comb upon the outside of
it; the whole if filled with honey, would weigh
70 or 80 lbs. I am induced to believe these will
not send out colonies while there is room to con-
tinue their operations at home. As their passage
through the wall is about 26 feet from the grouod,
I have strong hopes that the bee moth will not dis-
turb them. The principal advantage that this
sort of bee house promises, is the facility it affords
■of taking honey when it is wanted, without des-
troying or injuring the bees. B.
Albawj, Sept. 2, 1832.
VEGETABLE MARROW.
From the high encomiums which have been be-
stowed upon this vegetable by Loudon and other
English writers, I flattered myself that it would be
an acquisition to our gardens, and was impatient
to procure the genuine seeds. I have raised them
four or five years, the seeds last sown being fi'om
Constantinople ; have had them cooked in all the
prescribed forms, and am yet unable to change
the opinion I formed on first tasting them, that
they are absolutely hisipid, and inferior to the
mmiy varieties of the summer and winter S(]uash
which we have been in the habit of cultiviling.
Whether the climate of England will not grow
better varieties, or whether I yet lack knowledge
of preparing them for the table, I cannotsay. But
if any of your readers have discovered the art of
making them desirable, or even palatable, I beg
they will send you the secret for publicatioa
While on this subject, I cannot forbear com-
mending to the special notice of the loversof fump-
kin pie, the cultivation of the Valparaiso sjuasli,
as far superior in richness to the common pump-
kin. Beheving that what is best for men is best
for other animals, I have introduced them f)r ex-
clusive field culture. The Valparaiso squash is
generally of an oblong sha))e, of a pea greei col-
or, sometimes of a lighter shade, and weighs from
15 to ,50 lbs. Carefully saved, and kept frou frost
and moisture, they will keep till March. I plant
them with potatoes, and find they do better than
with corn. 13.
* See N. E. Farmer, vol. ii. p. 253.
FOR THE NEW ENGLAKD FARMER.
THE ROSE.
The rose has long been admired as the queen
of flowers. Its delightful fragrance, and the rich-
ness of its colorings, have rendered it a imiversal
favorite. The skill of the florist has greatly mul-
tiplied its varieties, of which some collectors boast
of their hundreds. The floral amateur watches
their unfolding with impatience, admires their ex-
panding beauty, and sees them fade with regret;
for, with few exceptions, they bloom as it were
but for a day. The hardy monthly flowering are
of recent introduction, and are comparatively lit-
tle known.
But even the rose is in danger of being sur-
passed in public adnjiration by an indigenous
plant of our new continent. The Dahlia, or Geor-
giana, is a native of Mexico, and although desti-
tute of fragrance, it surpasses the rose in the bril-
liancy and variety of its colors, and in the duration
of its bloom. In a late visit to the Albany nurse-
ry, I passed through an avenue of some hundreds,
embracing 150 varieties, displaying double flowers
of various forms and brilliant colors. The ane-
mone and globe flowering varieties are the most
fashionable forms, (for taste is mutable in flowers,
as in everything else.) They are certainly pret-
ty, but I cannot yet prefer them to bold and mag-
nificent show of the larger sorts. Many of them
had been in flower in June, and would continue
to bloom till checked by frost. The proprietors
presented me with their catalogue of select roses
and Dahlias. The former comprised IX hardy
kinds for sale, exclusive of many new ones which
they were propagating, and including several that
flower monthly. They are arranged by colors in-
to eleven classes, with characters denoting the
size of the flower, and habit of the plant ; and the
price of each attached. The list of Dahlias ex-
tend to 115, arranged like the roses, by their col-
ors into thirteen classes, with the ordinary height
of each, and price. To the buyer this arrange
nient is very convenient, as it enables him to se-
lect favorite colors, or an assortment of colors,
with a certainty which ordinary catalogues do not
afford. A FLORAL AMATEUR.
destroy their vitality. In like manner, seeds of
maize and the yellow locust, will bear a high tem-
perature without injury. Peas and beans, with
boiling water poured on them, sprouted in a few
hours and did well. Our gardeners do this with
onion seed, 10 test its goodness. If good it soon
sprouts, but will not grow.
Seeds sown in the mineral acids, diluted, did not
grow. But those sown in carbonate of magne.^ia,
and watered, germinated freely ; thus dis[)roving
the conclusion of Tenant, which has been adopted
by subsequent philosophers, that raagnesiau lime-
stone is injurious to vegetation.
Other experiments went to demonstrate, that
the metallic poisons, destructive to animals, are no
less deleterious to vegetation ; that ferruginous
matter holds the first rank in these poisons, and
that these substances were absorbed by the roots
of the plants.
Albany, Sept. 2, 1832.
GERMINATION OF SEEDS.
The memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural
Society, vol. iv. contain some interesting experi-
ments made by John Murray, Esq. on the germi-
nation of seeds and subsequent vegetation.
Mustard and cress seeds were sown upon bl.ick,
white, and red woollen cloths, kept constantly
wet. The germination on the first was tardy,
and the vegetation quickly ; on the others luxuri-
ant and beautiful.
Like seeds were sovra in powdered alum, sul-
phates of iron, soda and magnesia, and muriates
of soda and lime. The seeds germinated only in
the first.
Like seeds were partially roasted, others submit-
ted to the action of boiling water, all of which
grew ; showing that elevated temperature did not
ON SHORTENING TAP ROOTS OF
TREES.
From the Transactions of the Society for the advance-
ment of gardening in the Royal Prussian States, commu-
nicated tor the New England Farmer.
The following principles are laid down.
1. An injury to any one part of a plant occa-
sions a change in the natural development of the
other parts.
2. Roots and stems are always in a certain de-
gree reciprocally proportioned to each other.
[Roots prodixe branches, and branches produce
roots.]
3. The tap root does not form a part of every
plant ; but, where it does so, it is an essential part
of that plant.
4. By shortening the tap root, one or other of
the following consequences will result: tender
plants will be more easily destroyed by severe
weather ; all sorts of plants by dry weather, from
their roots not being so deep in the soil : the wood
of the timber trees will be less durable, their
trunks shorter, and their heads broader and less
high ; and fruit trees will blossom earlier and
more abundantly, and their fruit will be larger
and better flavored.
5. To transplant trees without injuring their
roots, is difficult in proportion to the age of the
tree, and the extent of the roots.
C. All transjilanting ought to be done when the
trees are young, and then only can the roots be
cut without injury.
7. When the tap root descends into a bad sub-
soil, it brings on diseases in the tree.
FOR THE NEW EKGLAND FARMER.
REMARKS ON PROPAGATING FROM
HYBRIDS.
Mr Fesse.nden — In a late No. of the American
Farmer, is an editorial article relative to two va-
rieties of Indian corn produced from a hybrid.
The following passages in it will serve to explain
the few words subjoined by way of comment.
"For the purpose of improving Indian corn,
last year he impregnated the pistils (silk) of the
large while Tuskarora with the pollen from the
tasseli of the Golden Sioux. The result w«b '
74
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Vol. XI.-No. 10.
perfect l]jl)rid between tbe two. The grain be-
ing of a pure brimstone rolor, of the size and form
nf'the Tiiskarora, and like that witli eiglit rows
on the cob."
" We planted this corn last spring ; the stalks
were very dwarfish, resembling those of the Sionx."
" It is now ripe, and on examining it, we find
that the original colors have separated, and instead
of the brimstone color, we have, on every car,
srains of the bright yellow Sionx, and the pure
white Tuskarora. But the quality of the corn is
evidently superior to either of the original pa-
rents ; although the colors have resumed their
original tints. This is to us a singular circum-
stance, and one we are unable to account for."
As we are all learners beyond the limits of posi-
tive science, and this subject, viz. that of the laws
that influence character in the generation of both
vegetable and animal life, is one of the darkest, yet
remaining for elucidation, we wish in common
with this writer to elicit light from some one able
to treat the inquiry in an elaborate manner.
Although the grains of the new varieties of corn
resumed die original colors of the parents, yet it
appears that in essential qualities they weie dif-
ferent from them and superior to either. The
gentleman who made the experiment, thinks that
according to what he supposes to have been set-
tled as the law of nature, the color of the grains
should have been that of the hybrid, sulphur color.
There appear to be many cases aualogcus to
this, both in animal and vegetable life. It is ad-
mitted to be a law of nature thai like mil product
like. But it seems to be limited in its application
to species, and not extended to varieties and indi-
viduals, at least with snfiicienl uniformity to de-
serve the name of law or a rule of nature.
Among animals, a common hybrid, the mule,
is generally supposed incapaWe of producing
young, at ail. There are however, a few well au-
thentrcated cases to the contrary, and but a few.
In one that occurrcil in Scothuul, about the year
1760, the progeny is represented as hideous, and
though the offspring of a l.orseaud a female nude,
the foal resembled an ass much more than the
mule did— the head at its hirih being larger than
the entire body besides.
The vegetable hybrids for a long time after ihe
impregnation by hand was adojned, for the pur-
pose of procuring iuiproved varieties, were sup-
posed to be incapable of reproducing their kinds.
What is now the amount of the evidence to the
contrary vvc know not.
that as'perli.ips all fruits and flowers, now exist-
ing, were produced by accidental or artificial im-
pregnation, or from seeds of hybrids, so it is a well
known fact, that the seeds of the apple and the
pear, and the stone fruits, cannot be relied upon
to reproduce their kinds. Nature seems to be
constantly at work in the process of generating
new varieties. That the seed of a sweet apple, or
the stone of a free-stone iicach, should bring to
perfection within itself a thing so unlike its pa-
rent as a sour apple, in the one case, and a cling-
stone peach in the other, is perhaps, as surprising,
as that the hybrid corn of the writer in the Amer-
iijan Farmer, should furnish nature an occasion for
t*ie exercise of her prolific power, and love of va-
riety. Providence has always some beneficent
designs in all results ; and in none are we permit-
ted to see this more distinctly than in the tendency
o€ crosses, vegetable and animal, and we may add,
.■■.. moroJ, to produce valuable improvements.
We quote the following passage from the same
piece, for the purpose of carrying our remarks one
step further.
" The only thing analogous is the proposition
advanced liy an able writer some time since in the
columns of the American Farmer, that the off-
spring of cross breeds of animals would, instead of
partaking of the mixt character of the immediate
parents, assume that of one or the other of the
oriwinal progenitors. How far this proposition
mav hold good witli animals we do not know, but
it certainly appears to be the case iu the vegetable
world, at least so far as the fact above stated war-
rants the formation of au opinion."
He, however, doubts the fact stated in regard to
animals in its general ap|)lication, because, as he
very ingeniously PX|ilains, he does not see but
that, "if the two kinds of corn, which were com-
bined in the hybrid, have become distinct varieties,
tliev are each of them the produce of one distinct
parent ; the one, of the Tuskarora female, the oth-
er of the Sioux male." But he afterwards, to-
wards the close of his paper, says that these new
varieties of grain were neither of thom either pure
Tuskarora or pure Sioux, but jiartook of qualities,
in part, of both. Which fact goes to prove what
alone seems probably true, in regard to the pro-
"puy of cross breeds of animals, viz : that they
mm/ resemble their original progenitors more than
their immediate parents. This is not uncommon
iu the human race, and is a fact, we believe well
established in regard to domestic animals general-
ly. Sometimes too, members of the same family
bear little or no resemblance to each other, or to
any known ancestor.
In the vegetable kingdom, the intermixture of
different sorts from mere juxtaposition or the force
of other circumstances, takes place where there is
a certain affinity. So that each individual as a pa-
rent, may come to have the power to transmit in
various degrees and unequal proportions, the qual-
ities of all preceding generations.
This is a state of things which would seem
likely to baffle any attempt to secure in the de-
scendants, anv one or more marked and valuable
properties of the immediate parents by direct
propagation from seed.
This gives rise to the question, whether any
principle can be settled on sufficient grounds, by
which, in breeding or raising improved stocks ot
animals or vegetables, a liability to the reproduc-
tion of infirmities and undesirable qualities can be
But thus far seems clear, | overcome ?
There is a vulgar saying, that in every apple or
pear, there is one seed larger than the rest, which,
when planted, will give the parent fruit, A se-
lection of grains from an ear of corn is sometimes
recommended to prevent degeneracy in future
crops. Some persons are attentive to save for
seed of a favorite kind of potato, such as have the
characteristics of the particular sort. This all
goes to show that there is an inability in the crop
generally to maintain the stock in another genera-
tion. The finest individuals among horses and
horned cattle, particularly males, are chosen to
continue the species.
Now, if the parents of all these individuals, veg-
etable and animal, or any of their ancestors, not
very remote, were ordinary, the defects, whatever
they may have been, will lurk in the constitution
of these fine individuals, and may chance to ap-
pear, even through them, in the next generation,
and, if not in the next, in some succeeding one.
The basis therefore of the science of breeding
domestic animals, as understood and practised up-
on by high breeders in England, is, we believe, to
propagate from individuals only, both on the side
of the male and female, whose ancestors have
been for some generalions, the longer the better,
distinguished for the finest qualities.
If the object be to obtain superior milch cows,
then to breed from animals, all whose female an-
cestry on both sides, have bt^en thus distinguished.
If for beef, then from individuals of a family
niarkable, on both sides for many generations for
the small quantity of offal, &c. With this care,
it is obvious, that the chances of fine individuals
producing inferior young, will diminish with each
generation, and the liability be at length wholly
at an end. And, by the bye, it might have been
suggested by Jeremy Bentham, had he lived a few
years longer, or may he still by some other polit-
ical reformer, that, if monarchy is to remain on
the earth, it would be well to breed scientifcallif,
for the throne.
TRANSPLANTING TREES ; ENGLISH
CHERRY TREES, &c.
To the Editor of the N. E. Former.
Sir — I have lately had an opportunity of read-
ing a volume of the New England Farmer, and
find many things that are biglily beneficial; but
there are some things, which I have found by
long experience to be of much use in transplant-
ing and cultivating fruit and forest trees, wluch (
have not found noticed in your paper.
About seventeen years ago, I set about twenty
sugar maples by the side of the road. I selected
trets for setting out that were about an inch in di-
ameter. I pruned lliem but lit'le, and paiil no at-
tention to the side of the tree that I set to the
south, and in two years they were chiefly dead.
I then set out new ones in their stead, in the same
way, and at this time there is hardly one of them
standing. Since that time, 1 have ado|)ted a new
method ; I now select trees for setting out that
are about two inches in diameter. I mark tlie
soutk side of the tree, and set it with the same
side to the south that it stood before it was taken
up, I cut off the whole of the top about ten feet
from Ihe root. I dig the holes for the trees about
three feet in diameter, and leave the roots long
enoufh to reach across the hole. I make them
fast 11 a stake three or four feet from the ground.
But tke thing that I think most essential is yet to
be toU ; that is, when the tree is set, and the earth
that was taken out is nearly all put back into the
hole ajaln, lake half a pint or a pint of good ashes
and stiew round in the hole, and over the roots,
then hie in the rest of the earth that came out of
the hole, and cover the ashes, and the work is
done. Since setting the trees in this way, I have
not los: more than about one in thirty.
I tlink that ashes used in this way would be
highly jeneficial to fruit trees. It is wonderful to
me that farmers in this part of the country pay no
more atcntion to the cultivation of fruit trees, es-
pecially the English cherry, I know of but one
English cherry, that is a bearing tree within twen-
ty or tlirty miles. English cherry trees and maz-
zards hive often been transported from the vicini-
ty of loston to this part of the country ; and if
they donot die the first winter they become sick-
ly, and in two or three years they all die. Last
autumn I procureil English cherry trees and maz-
zards from Massachusetts, to the number of about
September 19, 1832.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
/.'J
sixty or seventy. These trees were set in the are about to be followed by others of a different
town where I live, and to my great mortification , character indeed, but exerting a like salutary and
I found, in March or April, that they were all of i useful influence. Who lias been present at the
them dead. But I know of a few mazzards in annual exhibitions of our Literary Seminaries
this neighborhood, that have not been transplant- without being impressed that they operate in their
cd, that are now abounding, where they first start-
ed from the seed, and not one of these trees died
last winter; but they appear to be as hardy and
healthy as wild cherries. I think that English
cherries m.ay be cultivated in this as well as in
ether places, by planting the seeds and raising the
mazzard stocks, they will become naturalized to
the soil and climate, and become healthy and
Jiardy trees. S. P.
Swaiizey, jV. H. Sept. 1832.
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
WASHINGTON, OR WASHINGTON
BOLMER PLUM.
This delicious and beantilul fruit is supposed to
.have originated at New York, whence it was sent
to England in 1819.
The parent tree was struck to the ground du-
ring a thunder storm, before it had borne fruit,
and the trunk entirely destroyed. 15ut from its
■oots, vigorous shoots were produced, and in due
time fruit, such as no other tree of the plum kind,
considering all its properties, ever has shewn.
Its form is oval ; fruit very large ; its stid beau-
tifully colored with orange and reddish purple
bloom ; hsfesh yellow, delicate, very sweet and
luscious, and separating freely from the stone; its
juice very abundant and fine. In fact, we kilow
ofno plum that can compare with it in qndlity
when perfectly ripe, the real Green Gage or Grosse
Heine Claude excepted ; but when its size aod
its beauty are taken into consideration, it is even
more valuable than that justly celebrated fruit.
Having had several of these plums put into my
jiossession within a few days by our fellovf citi-
zen, Edward Cruft, Esq., who has I beliere the
only tree in bearing in this part of the country,
and having compared them with the descii])tion
of this fruit given in the Pomological Maf;azine,
and found it to correspond in all its i)ro[ierties,
J liave thought it but justice to that gentleman to
notice the fact in your paper, that he may have
the credit of having first introduced this delightful
fruit into our city. PKUM'S.
Boston, Sept. 1 1 .
effects far beyond the day and the spot in which
they are held. Those who are present imbibe
something of the spirit of the place and the occa-
sion, and carry it to their homes and neighbor-
hoods. It is there yet more widely diffused. Ef-
fects thus produced m.iy not be at once seen, but
no one doubts their existence or tendency.
Is it not so in regard to agricultural exhibitions ?
The premiums distributed are indeed a small part
of the object or influence of the Shows. Men en-
gaged in the same pursuits are brought together
on these occasions. Agricultural specimens ore
before them, leading naturally to discussions upon
the different plans of husbandry prevalent in their
neighborhoods, and a variety of topics connected
with their common employments. Is it to be
supposed that intelligent men will return to their
homes without carrying with them information
and purposes which shall be turned to a useful ac-
count— useful to themselves and necessarily bene-
ficial to their neighborhoods ?
The Exhibition of the Bristol County Agricul-
tural Society, which recurs in this town on the
fird Wednesday in October, promises in one partic-
ular at least, higher interest and entertainment
than the exhibitions of some past years. The ad-
dresses, which for several years after the organi-
zation of the Society were delivered at its anni-
versaries, have been for some time omitted. This
year we are happy to be able to state, an address
may be expected from the President of the Society,
Roland Howard. Esq. of Easton. Mr Howard
is a practical farmer of long experience, with other
qualifications, which will enable him, we doubt not,
to present an interesting and instructive address.
BEURIIE DIEL PEAR, AND JONATHAN OR rEW
SPITZENBURG APPLE.
Extract of a letter from a distinguished Horlicultundt
in Albany, to his correspondent in Salem, Mass
"The Beurre Diel has been compared here by
our amateurs with the St Michael's, the Scckle,
iVc, and pronounced superior to any.
"The Jonathan apple, (New Spitzenbirg) was
rompared in March with the Esopus Spilzenburg,
Seek-no-further, Vandevere, &.c, and thtught by
all to surpass them in excellence as a table apple.
It is only by comparison that we can judge cor-
rectly of the relative value of fruits. I think the
Jonathan one of our best table apples, if not the
really best."
From the Taunton Reporter.
AGRICULTURAL SHOWS.
The Literary Festivals of the present year
which have just been completed in New England,
ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Annual Exhibition will be at Newbury, on
the u[)per green, near the meeting house of the
Rev. Mr Withington, on Thursday the 27tli day
of September inst.
All claims for Premiums must be entered with
the Secretary, on or before 9 o'clock, A. M. on
the day of Exhibition.
All persons intending to claim any of the pre-
miums offered, (excepting those for animals ex-
hibited or domestic manufactures) are requested
to give notice to the Secretary, in writing, previous
to the day of Exhibition.
All persons intending to be competitors in the
Ploughing Match must give information thereof,
on or before the Monday next preceding the day
of Exhibition, and must have their teams ready
on the ploughing fielil, on the farm of the late
John Pettingill, Esq. at 9 o'clock, A. M.
The Trustees will meet at the house of Capt.
Daniel Adams Lunt, near the Rev. Mr Withing-
ton's meeting house, at half past 8 o'clock A. M.,
to fill all vacancies in the Committees.
The several Committees will be expected to
meet and be ready for the performance of their
respective duties at 9 o'clock, A. M.
The exliibition of Manufactures will be at the
Brick School house on the Green, where all arti-
cles must be entered and deposited before 9 o'clock,
A.M.
The exhibition of Butter, Cheese, and vegetables,
will be provided for near the above school Louse.
Competitors in the ploughing match who reside
more than ten miles from the place of exhibition
may have their teams taken care of at the expense
of the society, by calling on Cajit. Richard Jaques
near the Green.
All animals or articles entered for Premium,
must remain under the direction of the Marshals
until 3 o'clock, P. M.
The Society will dine together at Drake's Ho-
tel, Newburyport, at 2 o'clock P. M. precisely.
Tickets for, the dinner may be obtained bv mem-
bers of the Society at the above Hotel, and at
Capt. Daniel A. Lunt's above named, at seventy-
five cents each.
The Society will meet at the meeting house of
the Rev. Mr Withington at 3 o'clock P. M. where
an address will be delivered by the Rev. Gardi-
ner B. Perry — the reports of the several Com-
mittees will be read and the premiums awarded —
after which the usual business of the annual meet-
ing will be attended to. Side pews will be re-
served for ladies.
Members of ihe Society are requested to obtain
tickets for the Dinner, by 10 o'clock, A. 51.
By order of the Comtnittce of Arrangements,
J. W. PROCTOR, Secretary.
jYeroburyporl, Sept. 10, 1832.
ii
MIDDLESEX CATTLE SHOW.
Middlesex Cattle Show, Exhibition of Manvfadiires,
and Ploughing Match at Concord, October 3,
1832.
The Committee of Arrangements for the ap-
proaching Cattle Show, have given notice that all
entries of animals for the pens are to be made
with Mr PniNEAS How, by 9 o'clock, A. M. on the
(lay of the exhibition.
Such Manufactures and Fabrics, Improvements
in Machinery, all Lnplements of Husbandry of-
fered for i)remiun), must be entered at the Court
House by 10 o'clock, A.M. on the day of exhibi-
tion, where directions and aid will be given. Per-
sons in the immediate vicinity are rfj(|iiested to
forward their articles, for exhibition at the Court
House, at as early an hour in the morning as pos-
sible.
The Trustees have appointed a Committee to
award premiums on the best specimens of Apples,
Pears, Petiches, Plums and Grapes, it being un-
derstood that such as are efitred will be used at
the Dinner id" ihe Society.
The Plovgkuig Match will take place at 9 o'clock.
\. M. precisely, and those who wish to content!
for the prizf s must leave their names with John
SxAcr, Secretary of the Society, by 8 'clock, A.
M. on the dny of exhibition.
A proccs...iun of officers and members of the So-
ciety, will he formed at half past 10 o'clock, A.3f.
at Shepherd's Hotel, and proceed to the tneeting
house, where an .Address will be delivered.
After the ceremonies at the meeting house, the
several Committees will immediately proceed to
the discharge of their dutie.-:.
The Tried of Strength and Discipline of Working
Oxen, will take place immediately after the servi-
•esin the meetinghouse. Entries of the same to
be made with the Secretary by 9 o'clock.
A Dinner will be in readiness at 2 o'clock at
Shepherd's Hotel. Tickets to be bad at the Bar
at 75 cents.
At 4 o'clock, P. M. premiums will be puHicly
declared at the Court-room, in the Court-house,
af\er which the choice of Officers will uke pUce.
76
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Septembei 19, 1832.
Fron. tlic Library of Entertaining Knowledge.
WHEAT.
Concluded from page 58.
One-seeded IVkeal, or St Peter's corn. — (Triti-
cuvi monococcum.) Tliis is anotlier variety ; the
stems and leaves of which are among the most
diminutive of tlie species, and the spike contains
only a single row of grains. This kind is chiefly
used in the mountainons parts of Switzerland, and
containing less of gluten than conniion sorts, it
answers better for being boiled into gruel, than for
being baked into bread. The four-sided form of
the ripe ear is so extremely regular, that it has the
appearance of being carved in ivory. The straw,
which is both hard and firm, is excellent for thatch-
Ear and Plant of One-seeded Wheat.
The well known method of propagatng wheat
is by sowing the grain in land previously prepared
for its reception by ploughing. It has been held
that this important preliminary of pulverizing the
soil can hardly be carried to excess, the expense
attending it forming almost the only limit to its
prosecution. Cato the censor, who, in addilion to
his accomplishments as a warrior and a statesman
showed an intimate acquaintance with rural econ-
omy, has recorded his opinion on the necessity of
thoroughly turning up the soil. In his treatise,
" De re Rusticn,'" be has laid it down as the first
rule in husbandry to plough well, and the second
rule — to plough.*
Two distinct practices ,ire followed in commit-
ting the seed to the earth. The most ancient and
most commonly used of these is that of scattering
the seed from the hand of the sower over the
whole surface ; and this is characteristically called
sowing broad-cast. The other method, which is
comparatively of modern introihiction, is that of
depositing the seed in holes formed in straight
furrows, and at regular intervals, which is called
drilling, or dibbling ; while the processes which
accompany it, and which are inipracticable with
the broad-cast method, are distinguished as the
horse-hoeing or drill system of husbandry.
Lord Bacon says, that, in his time (the beginning
of the seventeenth century,) attempts had been made
to plant wheat, but that the plan was abandoned,
although undoubtedly advantageous, as involving
too much labor.f In ]6()9, Evelyn furnished to
the Royal Society a description of a sowing ma-
chine invented by Locatelli, an Italian, who had
" Cap. Ixi,
t SylvaSylvarum.
obtaiiied a patent for its use in Spain, having
proved its utility by public experiment.* The
drill plough was, however, not used in England,
and was perhaps, quite unknown to a body of
men who are proverbially slow all over the world
to adopt any improvement, till public attention
was awakened to it, in the early part of the last
century, by the celebrated Jethro Tull, who, after
practically following (or some years his own im-
proved plan of husbandry, and thereby proving its
advantages, published a particular account of his
process in the year 1733. This work, which he
entitled "An Essay on Horse-hoeing Husbandry,"
became highly popular, compelling the attention of
English agriculturists to the subject, and engaging
no less the consideration of scientific foreigners.
The system of Mr Tull consisted in discarding the
old method of scattering seed upon the land broad-
cast, and in substituting a mode of sowing the
grain in straight rows or furrows by means of an
implement more perfect than Locatelli's machine,
which delivered the seed at proper intervals, and
in the exact quantity that was found most benefi-
cial. Spaces of fifty inches breadth were left be-
tween the furrows, so that the land could be
ploughed or horse-hoed in these intervals at vari-
ous periods during the growth of the crop, the ob-
ject of these hoeings being to bring fresh portions
of the soil into contact with the fibrous roots of
the plants, and thus to render every part in turn
available for their nutrition. One niaterial advan-
tage that results from the new method of husband-
ry is the saving which it occasions in seed-corn,
anil which is said to amount to five eighths of the
quantity usually expended in the old method. The
comparative merits of the two plans have for so
long a time been submitted to the surest of »\l
test.s, that of experience, and have been so well
examined by competent persons, who have given
the result of their inquiries to the world, that it
cannot be necessary to do more in this place than
refer the reader to those authors for farther in-
formation.
The manner in which plants are produced
through the germination of seeds is so well known,
that in any community where the human mind
has been advanced in that degree which incites to
the cultivation of the earth, it would perhaps he
<lifficult to find a man so insensible to the work-
ings of nature by which lie is surrounded, as not
to have noticed with admiration the phenomena
accompanying the development of vegetable fe-
cundity. It is true we know not how this stand-
ing miracle is brought about ; and, in all huinnn
probability, we never shall be able to pierce the
veil wherein the inciting energy is shrouded to
which that fecundity is owing; but is it possible
for us, while conscious that it exists, not to be
grateful for the benevolence whereby that energy
is ceaselessly called into action ? At one end of
the groove, in a grain of wheat, is a small protu-
berance, as we have already mentioned, which is
the germ or < ud)ryo of the future plant. This or-
gan has been appropriately called corculum (little
heart.) It contains within itself a principle, which,
if rightly managed, is capable of evolving not oidy
a plant of wheat, with it:) abundant spike, but also
plant aft:er plant, and spike after spike, until, in
the course of a few harvests, the progeny of this
little germ would become capable of feeding a na-
* See Beckmann's History of Inventions, vol. iv. p, 45,
ed. 1817.
tion. Thus it is, that in the lapse of ages, amidst
the desolations of rude conquerors, and the alter-
nations which the finest portions of the earth have
endured from civilization to semi-barbarism, the
vital principle of vegetable life destined for the
chief snp|>ort of the human race has not been lost :
and it has remained to man, like fire, which he
alone of all animals has subjected to his use, to be
called forth at his bidding to administer to his
sup])ort, his comfort, and his advance in every art
of social existence.
The number of stalks thrown up by one grain
of wheat is indefinite, and depends upon local
causes. This power of multiplication, as possess-
ed by the grain-bearing plants, is called tillering.
In its ]irogress, the stalks do not rise immediately
from the germ, but are thrown out from diflerent
Ijoints of the infant sprouts while yet they remain
in contact with the moist soil. An increase of
the cereal plants, by this means, is sometimes pro-
duced beyond anything conceivable by those per-
sons who have not attended to the fact. But for
it, the casualties to which these important plants
are liable during the earlier stages of vegetation,
woidd in many cases operate fatally to the hopes
of the farmer. One or two circumstances may
be mentioned in which this power of nuiltiplying
themselves at the roots is of the highest advantage
in the cultivation of the cereal grains. An insect,
(mnsca pumilionis,) is accustomed to deposit its
ef;gs in the very core of the plumule or primary
shoot of wheat, so that it is completely destroyed
hj the larva'. Did the plant possess within itself
nn means of repairing this injury, the whole pre-
vious labor of the husbandman would in this case
liove been in vain. But this destruction occur-
ring in the spring of the year, when the vegetative
power of the ]>lant is in the greatest activity, an
efi'ect is produced somewhat analogous to that of
hiai ing down a fruit tree ; shoots immediately
spriig up from the nodes (knots,) the plant be-
comes more firmly rooted, and produces, proba-
bly, » dozen stems and ears where, hut for th«
temporary mischief, it might have sent forth oidy
one.
Wieat-fly {Musca pumilionis,) injta different stngea.
Several extraordinary facts have been recorded
in connexion with the inherent power of multipli-
cation possessed by these vegetables. Among
others. Sir Kenclm Digby asserted, in IGGO, that
" there was in the possession of the Fathers of the
Christian doctrine at Paris, a plant of barley which
they at that time kept as a curiosity, and which
consisted of two hundred and fortynine stalki
springing from one root or grain, and in which
they counted above eighteen thousand grains or
Vol, XI.— No. 10.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
seeds of barley." In the Philosophical Transac-
tions* it is re<'or(le(l, that Mr C. Miller of Cam-
bridge, the son of the eminent horticulturist, sowed
on the 2d of June, a few grains of common red
wheat, one of the plants from which had tillered
so much, that on the 8th of August he was ena-
bled to divide it into eighteen plants, all of which
were placed separately in the ground. In the
course of September and October so many of these
plants had again multiplied their stalks, that the
number of plants which were separately set out to
stand the winter was sixtyseven. With the first
growth of the spring the tillering again went for-
ward, so that at the end of March and beginning
of April a fitrther division was made, and the uuni
her of plants now amounted to five Inuidred. Mr
Miller expressed his opinion, that before the sea-
son had too for advanced one other division might
have been effected, when the number might have
been at least quadrupled. The five hundred plants
proved extremely vigorous, much more so than
wheat under ordinary culture, so that the nuinber
of ears submitted to the sickle was 21,109, or more
than forty to each of the divided plants: in some
instances therfl were one hundred ears upon one
plant. The ears were remarkably fine, some be-
ing six or seven inches long, and containing from
sixty to seventy grains. The wheat, when separ-
ated from the straw, weighed fortyseven pounds
and seven ounces, and measured three pecks and
three quarters, the estimated number of grains
being 57G,840.
Such an enormous increase is not of course at-
tainable on any great scale, or by the common
modes of culture ; but the experiment is of use as
showing the vast power of increase with which
the most valuable of vegetables is endowed, and
which, by judiciously varying the mode of tillage,
may possibly in time be brought into beneficial
action.
The ordinary produce of wheat varies exceed-
ingly, depending much upon the quality of the
soil, the nature of the season, and the mode of cul-
ture. The average produce of the soil of a coun-
try depends, as does every other species of pro-
duction, upon the advance of its inhabitants in
knowledge and in the possession of capital. It
has been conjectured, that in the 13th century, an
acre of good land in England would jiroduce
twelve bushels of wheat.f In two centuries this
rate of produce ajipears to have greatly increased.
Harrison, writing in 1574,says, "The yield of our
corne-ground is much after this rate following:
Throughout the land (if you please to make an
estimate thereof by the acre,) in nieane and indif-
ferent years, wherein each acre of rie or wheat,
well tilled and dressed, will yield commonlie six-
teene or twentie bushels ; an acre of barley, six-
and-thirtie bushels; of otes, and such like, four or
five quarters; which proportion is notwithstand-
ing oft abated toward the north, as it is oftentimes
surmounted in the south."t The mean produce
in Great Britain, according to the estimate of Mr
Arthur Young, did not, at the time when he wrote
(about .50 years ago,) exceed twentytwo and a half
bushels per acre. Other and later writers have
calculated the average at from Iwenlyfonr to
twentyeight bushels ; while the author of the Re-
porls on Agriculture for Middlesex has asserted,
* Vol. Iviii.
I Sir J. Cullum's " History of Hawksted," quoted in
Eden s " History of the Poor," vol. i. p. 18.
} " DescripUon of Britain," prefixed to Holllngshed.
that the medium quantity in that county is forty
bushels, the highest produce he has known being
sixtyeight, and the lowest twelve bushels per acre.
The land in the county which was the subject of
these Reports, owing to its proximity to the me-
tropolis, may be considered as in a state of high
condition, and nuich beyond the ordinary rate of
fertility. At all times, and in every country, some
situations will be found more prolific than others,
and some individuals will be more successful in
their agricultural labors. Pliny has related a case
which occurreil among the Romans, where this
success was seen in so marked a degree, that the
able agriculturist who, by excelling his country-
men, had rendered himself the object of envy,
was cited before the Curide Edile and an assem-
bly of the people, to answer to a charge of sorcery,
founded on his reaping much larger crops from
his very small spot of ground than his neighbors
did from their extensive fields. In answer to
this charge Cresinus produced his efficient imple-
ments of husbandry, his well-fed oxen, and a hale
young woman, his daughter, and ])ointing to them,
exclaimed, — "These, Romans, are my instruments
of witchcraft, but I cannot here show you my la-
bors, sweats, and anxious cares."*
It will be easily conceived that the quantity of
straw must vary considerably from year to year,
according to the seasons, and that this produce
will likewise be generally influenced by the nature
of the soil. It is therefore impossible to give any
certain information upon this point, but it will per-
haps amotmt to a near approximation to the truth
if we consider that for every twelve bushels of
wheat, one load, containing thirtysix trusses of
straw, will be olitained, the weight of which is 11
cwt. 2 qrs. 8 lbs. The straw of summer wheat is
more agreeable to cattle than that produced from
winter sowing.
This most important vegetable is not wholly free
from casualties apart from climate. The princi-
pal of these are, blight, iriildew, and smut. The
examination and treatment of these diseases have
proved fruitful topics with writers on agricultural
subjects. It does not, however, ajjpear that the
public has hitherto benefited much by their spec-
ulations, and an author of considerable eminence
is so far of a contrary opinion as to have asserted
that "in proportion as words have been multi-
plied u|)on the subject, the difiiculties attending its
elucidation have increased." f
Blight is a disorder to which the cereal grains
are known to have been liable from the earliest
times. Among the ancient Greeks it was regard-
ed as a sign of wrath on the part of their oftendcd
deities ; and whenever it occurred they conse-
(juently gave themselves up to the infliction, with-
out any thought of providing a remedy. The
same superstitious notion was entertained by the
Romans, who believed that the evil, which they
called rubigo, was under the control of a particu-
lar deity named Rubigus, to propitiate whom in
favor of their crops sacrifices were continually of-
fered.
Blight and mildew have been very much con-
founded together by difierent writers on agricul-
tural subjects, so as to render it doubtful to which
class of appearances each name should in strict-
ness be applied, or whether indeed both are not
applicable to one and the same disorder occurring
at different periods of the growth of the plant.
* Nat. Hist, book xviii. chap. 6.
i Loudon's Encyclopxdia of Gardeoiog, p. 236.
Wishing to avoid entering upon debatable ground
in noticing a subject which remains intricate and
obscure, notwithstanding all the laborious trea-
tises to which it has given rise, the forms which
the disorders assume, and the bad effects by which
they are followed will be plainly but briefly des-
cribed, leaving the question of their classification
to more professional hands.
Three distinct and dissimilar causes are assign-
ed for the production of these disorders— cold and
frosty winds — sultry and pestilential vapors — and
the propagation of a i)arnstical fungn.s. The first
of these causes acts by stopping the current of the
juices ; the leaves, being then deprived of a ne-
cessary portion of nutriment, speedily wither and
die, when the juices, which are impeded in their
passage, swell and burst the vessels, becoming
then the food of myriads of little insects. These
iriake their appearance so suddenly as to have
been considered the cause rather than one of the
effects of the disease. The second cause of blight
occurs after the grain has attained its full growth.
It has been observed to hal)peu mostly after heavy
showers of rain, which, occurring about noontide,
have been succeeded by clear sunshine. The
plants are most commonly attacked thus about the
middle or end of July. Mr Loudon informs us
that "in the sunmier of 1809, a field of wheat on
rather a light and sandy soil came up with every
appearance of health, and also into ear, with a fair
prospect of ripening well. About the beginning
of July it was considered as exceeding anything
exjiected from such a soil. A week afterwards, a
portion of the croji on the east side of the field, to
the extent of several acres, was totally destroyed,
being shrunk and sjirivclled up to less than "one
half the size of what it had formerly been, and so
withered and blasted as not to appear to belong to
the same field. The rest of the field produced a
fair crop."* Tliis disorder attacks either the
leaves or stem of the plant, which appear to be
covered by broken lines, of a black or deep brown
color. This disease has been ascertained to result
from the presence of a very njinute species of fun-
gus, the roots of which are inserted into the stem,
and absorb the nourishment intended for the
grain, which when the plant is thus attacked
proves little else than husk. The minute seeds of
the parasitical plant which occasion this mischief
are so exceedingly light that they are borne along
by the air to considerable distances. They are
likewise of extraordinary quick growth, occupy-
ing in warm weather, according to the opinion of
Sir Joseph Banks, not longer than one week from
the time of their insertion in the plant to the pro-
duction of their seed. Every pore in the straw
whereon they fix will present from twenty to forty
plants, so that the extent to which this mischief
spreads is difficult to be imagined. Fungus thrives
best in damp and shady situations, a circumstance
which seems to point out naturally the propriety
of providing means for the free ventilation of the
fields, keeping low the hedges and fences by which
they are surrounded. For the same reason it is
found that thin crops, and such as are sown by
drilling or dibbling are the most likely to escape.
It has been often asserted, and was for a Ion"
time believed, that the neighborhood of barberry
bushes was hurtful by attracting the noxious fun-
gus, but this idea is now classed among unfound-
ed prejudices.
The grain of mildewed plants is found to be
' Encyciop. of Gard. p. 237.
78
NEW ENGLAND FAUMER,
September 19, 1832.
perfectly good for seed, and being smaller than
sound grain, a less measure is required for the
purpose.
Of bread flour
fine pollard
coarse pollard
bran
47 pounds.
4i
4
Loss of weight in the processes ^
of grinding and dressing )
00 pounds.
Boston, Wednesday Evening, September 19, 1832.
Com Mildoiv— i/'-fiiu/riimcnti-greallj masnifieil.
Another foru)iaable disease to which corn is li-
able is known under the characteristic name of
smut. This injury consists in the conversion of
the farina of the grain into a sooty powder, which
is more or less black and offensive to the smell.
Some authors have divided this evil under two dif-
ferent names, retaining that of sinvl for one of its
modifications, while that of bunif-grain has been
given to the other. Mills, in his "System of
Practical Husb;indry," has drawn the fine of dis-
tinction betwe. n tiie two in the following terms
"Smut, properly so called, occasions a total loss
of the infected ears, but as the blacU powder which
it produces is very fine, and the grains of that
powder do not adhere together, wind and rain
carry them away, so that the husbandman houses
little more than the straw, which does not infect
the sound grains and scarcely damages their flour.
The burnt or cariovs grains are, on the contrary,
often housed with the sound grain, which they in-
fect with a contagious distemper, at the same
time that they render its flour brown, and give it
a bad smell."* The name under which this ilis-
ense was known by the Romans was ustilago : by
the French farmers it is called charbon.
If a portion of the black powder be first v/etted
with water, and then put under the microscope,
it will be found to consist of myriads of minute
globules, transparent, and apparently encompassed
by a thin membrane. The cause of this disease
has been held by some itivestigators to originate in
the soil wherein the grain is sown ; others have
attributed it to the growth of a fungus within the
ear; while others again have affirmed that it is
owing to a diseased state of the seed whence the
plantls produced. The result of various e.-cperi-
ments conducted with different seeds sown in the
same spot, and subjected to the same culture, ap-
pear to confirm the correctness of the last hy-
pothesis.
The average weight of a bushel of wheat is
about sixty pounds. Inferior samples seldom
weigh less than fiftyslx pound.s, and the best as
seldom exceed sixtytwo pounds.
A bushel of wheat of the average weight will
yield, on being ground,
• Vol. ii. p. 392.
FARiMERS' WORK FOR SEPTEMBER.
Brakes for Manure, S,-c. — The wise and provi
dent cultivator will be careful to make the most J fiom Mr C. Taylor, of Dorchester
of his spontaneous as well as of hiscultivatedpro-
diicls. The worst weeds have their uses ; and
fern or brakes, Poiyphodium, though not the most
profitable of all |)ossible vegetation are more val-
uable for many uses than many plants of higher
reputation. " They are so full of salts," said Dr
Deane, " that they should be cut green, and laid
in our barn yards to putrefy and mix with the
dung. Perhaps there is scarcely any better meth-
od of increasing manure. Pasturing the land
where they grow, especially with hungry cattle,
that will eat them as fast as they come up, will
help to subdue them. Folding will kill them, for
there is nothing so fatal to them as urine. But
not less than two or three years' tillage will subdue
tlieni. They are hardest to subdue in deep soils.
Pleiniftil dunging, with tillage, will be eflectual ;
but a most certain remedy is urine ; this they get j nor unknown
most splendid varieties of the Mexican Dalilia, that
we ever recollect to have seen. We believe the
collection of this gentleman is unrivalled in this
vicinity, if not in this country, comprising nearly
three hundred varieties ; among which are one
hundred and ninety from Holland ; the most es-
teemed sorts cultivated in New York, and speci-
mens of every kind grown by Mr Haggerston at
Cliailestown. Mr Pratt's collection at his seat
in Watertown, is also very choice and superb.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiTi'BDAT, Sept. 15, 18K.
Several fine bunches of Black Hamburg Grapes
Mr N. Dav-
enport of Milton, presented a pot of White Grapes,
large clusters and small berries, name unknown :
originally received by Mr J. B. Russell, from the
American Consul at Tangiers, flavor good.
P/iims.— David Jacobs of Randolph, presented
a White Plum which he received of a nurseryman
for a Green Gage; it resembled the Magiuun Bo-
num. A Seedling Plum from C. Tappan. By
R. Manning, Grosse Reine Claude of France,
Green Gage of England, also small Green Gage.
Pears.— By R. Manning, the Musk, Spice, or
Rousselet de Rheims, also called Late Catherine,
Cox, No. 19.
fcnc/ies.— Seedlings from C. Tappan, very rich
Rareripes, two specimens. Two baskets of rich
Peaches for exhibition, the name of the donor
unknown ; also two large unripe peaches, the do-
in plenty by folding.
" It is a lamentable thing that we should be so
inattentive to our own welfare, as to suffer this
weed to render our lands in a manner useless,
when it might he turned to great profit. Jt is a
double advantage to cut brakes, as they not only
make plenty of good manure, but every cutting
helps to destroy them. The work may be done
after the hurry of hay making is over ; and |)cr-
haps, no labor on a farm can be turned to better
account."
In the "Dictionary of Arts,'' h is stated that
j " Fern, cut while the sap is in it, and left to rot
on tlie ground, is a very great improver of land ;
for if burnt, when so cut, its ashes will yield
double the quantity of salt that any other vegeta-
ble can do. In several places in the norlhern |>::rts
of Einoi)e, the inhabitants mow it green, and
burning it to ashes, make those ashes up into balls,
with a little water, which they dry intlie sun, and
make use of them to wash their linen with ; looking
upon it to be nearly as good as soap forthal purpose."
In Young's Farmers' Calendar, under Septem-
ber it is observed, " Now is the proper time to cut
tern, called in some pl.nces brakes. This is very
profitable work, and should never be neglected.
Carry it into your farm yard, and build larje „ „ „ , „
stacks of it for cutting down through the winter, on the 3.) October Addre.s by Dr Abraham R
" Thompson, ol Charlestown.
Ipples.— From I. I.. Hedge, Esq. of Plymouth,
a most excellent apple c.illed the Queen Apple.
This is highly recommended for its superior fla-
vor. By R. Manning, a specimen of the Kerry
Pippin; Sweet Crab, raised from the seed of the
small Siberian Crab. By Mr Fosdiek a beautiful
branch, filled with Crab Apples.
By B. V. French, Garden Royal, Green Ever-
lasting, of Prince, No. 85, will keep till June.
Bough Back Witherle Apple. A fine specimen
of Honey in a glass case from B. V. French.
S. A. SHURTLEFF.
At a meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultur-
al Society, held on Saturday, Septemlier 1.5, 1839,
Charies F. Adams of Quincy, and Edward Wal-
colt of Pawtucket, were admitted members.
CATTLE SHOWS, &c.
IP' The Cattle Show, Ploughing Match, Exhihilion
of Manuf»cliire9, Implements, &c, and Public sales of An-
imals ami Manufacluies, of the Massachusetts Society
for promoting Agriculture, will be held at Brighton, on
Weilnesday, Oct. 17ih. Arrangements are making for
an Exhibition worthy of the Slate Society.
10* The Worcester County Society, hold their Show
at Worcester, on Wednesday the 10th of October. Ad-
dress by Waldo Flint, Esq.
inr TheMidllesex Cattle Show, Exhibition of Manu-
factures and Ploughing Match, is to be held at Concord,
as fast as the cattle will tread it into the dung ; also
for littering the stables, cow houses, hog-styes, &:e.
By having great plenty of it you will be able to
raise immense quantities of dung, which is the
foundation of good husbandry ; and it is well
known that no vegetable yields such a quantity of
salts as fern ; from which we are to conclude that
it is best adapted to the making of manure."
Dahlias. — We have received from the garden of
the Hon. T. H. Perkins, Brookline, under the
care of Mr Cowan, a bouquet of several of the ' ber. Address by Doct. T. W. Harris of Cambridge
[]j= The Bristol County Show, will be held at Taun-
ton on Wednesday the 3d of October. Address by Ro-
land Howard, Esq.
O" The Essex County Show, will be held at Newbu-
ry, on the upper green, on Thursday the 27th of Septem-
ber. Address by Rev. Gardner 15. Perry.
Qj' The Annual Cattle Show and Fair of the Merri-
mack County Agricultural Society, will be held at Dun-
barton, N. H. on Wednesday and Thursday, the XOth and
nth days of October.
Qj-The Massachusetts Horticultural Society hold their
anniversary celebration on the first Wednesday in Oclo-
*lf
Vol. XI.-No. 10.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
79
Faint Oil.
THE subscribers, in again advertisingr their Prepared
Paint Oil, respeclfuUy solicit notice to the following cer-
tificates.
Dorchester, Sept. 1, 1S32.
This is to certify, that I painted my house in Dorches-
ter, white, in June last, with Downer &. Au^tio's Paint
Oil. It dried well, with a f;ood gloss, and there is every
indication that it will be a very lasting coat ; it paints a
very clear white, and will go farther, or cover more sur-
face, than an equal quantity of Linseed Oil.
THOIMAS IMOSEI.EY.
Dorchester, Sept. 5, 1S32.
This is to certify, that I, the subscriber, painted my
house and out buildings white, in May last, with Messis
Downer & Austin's Prepared Paint Oil ; said Oil has
proved perfectly satisfactory. I shall give it the prefer-
ence to any Oil I have ever user!, lor any future outside
painting: have not used it in-doors.
JOSHUA GARDNER.
This is to certify, that I had my house painted with
Downer &. Austin's Paint Oil, in March last, and ground
part of the lead in the same oil, and found it to dry well,
with a good gloss, and up to this date there i.s no change,
DANIEL CHaNDLKR.
Lexington, Sept. 2, 1832.
This is to certify, that I used Messrs Downer and Aus-
tin's Paint Oil, for painting several of my buildings, sit-
uated in Dorchester, in June last, and found it to dry
well, with a tough coat and good gloss, which still con-
tinues, and I am decidedly of opinion that it will be very
durable. I have observed that it will spread over a great
deal more surface than an equal quantity of Linseed Oil.
BEN'J. B.LEEDS.
This may certify, that I have used Messrs Downer &
Austin's Prepared Paint Oil, and am well satisfied with
its use, finding it to dry well, give a good body and gloss,
and I hive no doubt of its durability.
Boston, Sept. 1, 1832. J. R. NEWELL.
Dorchester, Sept. 2, 1832.
This is to certify, that 1 had my dwelling house and
ont buildings, in Dorchester, painted white in May last,
with Downer & Austin's Paint Oil, and found it to dry
well, bearing out a great gloss and forming a firm coat;
the gloss still remains undinnnishcd, and there is no ap-
pearance of any change. I like it better than any oil I
ever before used, and have no.doubt it will he \'ery du-
rable. JOHN FOX.
I have used Downer & Austin's Prepared Paint Oil on
my seed house and cottage in^this town, and find it dries
with a fine tougli coat, and moi-e gloss than Linseed oil.
For outside painting, it is much more durable, as a given
quantity will cover more surface, or ililute a greater
quantity of lead llian Linseed oil, and it possesses more
body, as its firm coat and ' real gloss plainly indicate.
Lancaster, Sept. 14, 1632. J. B. RUSSELL.
Numerous other certificates could be procured att«»st-
ing to the strengih and superiority of this Oil for outside
painting, but the above are deemed suffiL-ient. At the
Oil Factory can be seen a list of buildings in this city
and neighboring towns, painted with the prepared Oil,
any of which can be readily designated by the unusual
gloss. One of the undersigned, (S. Downer) had his
house, out buildings and fences painted white in March
last, and up lo this date there is no appearance of change,
and the gloss has not in the least diminished, clearly de-
noting the strength of the 0:1, and promising great du-
rability. This Oil is found to cover about 25 per cent
more surface than an equal quantity of Linseed Oil, in-
dependent of being 25 per cent cheaper in the price ;
as a coi roboration ot this fact, house No. 24 Atliinson
street was painted two coats with only 7 gallons and 3
quarts— the house had not been painted for seventeen
yeai'S, and now has a good gloss, it will also paint a
much clearer, better white, as the Oil is very ligiit, and
does not color the lead in using.
Farther details and facts, showing the increasing de-
mand, will be given on application at the Oil Factory,
head of Foster's wharf. DOWNER & AUSTIN.
Sjtaation Wanted,
As manager of a farm, by a native of Scotland, who
considers himself well qualified for his business, also
well acquainted in cattle. Apply at this office.
Sept. 19. 4t*
Durham Short Horn BuU.
A fine animal lour years old, lull blood, progeny veiy
promising, for sale, if applied for soon at this office.
Aug. 27, 1832.
Splendid Bulbous Roots.
JUST received at the Agricultural Warehouse and
Seed Store, No. oO.J .Morth Market Street, a largo at;sort-
ment of Bulbous Flower Roots, comprising the finest va-
rieties of
HYACINTHS: (Double and single,) dark blue,
porcelain blue, red, rosy colored, pure white with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, and yellow with various cj'es;
from 12.4 to $1 each.
TULIPS : Splendid variegated ,red, yellow, and mLted j
12i cents each, $1 per dozen ; assorted, with tlie colors
marked on each ; (our assortment of fine tulips is very
large, and we are enabled lo put many sorts as low as
$6 per hundred; an object to those who wish to form a
superb tulip bed.)
CROWN IMPERIALS: Assorted, of the most splen-
did colors and showy fioweis, large roots ; 25 cents each,
(extra fine roots.)
JONQUILLES: Sweet scented, finest roots 12^ cts.
each, $1 per dozen.
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS: Fragrant, white
with citron cups, extra sized roots, 12^ to 25 cents each.
DOUBLE NARCISSUS: Fragrant, of all colors,
12^ cents each, $\ per dozen.
SPRING CROCUS: Of all colors, 6i cents each,
50 cents per dozen.
LARGE GLADIOLUS or SWORD LILIES,! 24 cents
each, ^1 per dozen.
The abotre roots are of the same superior character as
those sold by us the last season, and which ga\c such
universal satisfaction; some of the double Hyacinths
having proiluced bells one inch and eight tenths in diam-
eter.
Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots
are not purchased at auction, and are all remarkable for
their size, and for the beauty and delicacy of tint of their
flowers.
Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, comprising
Large While Iragrant Lilies, liij cents each, 1 dollar per
dozen. Tiger (spotted) Lilies, same price ; Martagon, or
Turk's Cap Lilies, samepiice. Se])l' 12.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Partner Wanted.
A Gentleman now well established in the nursery
business in Ohio.havinga goodassortmentof Fruit Trees,
&c. growing, is desirous of taking as an active partner, a
gardener from the vicinity of Boston, who is thoroughly
acquainted with the business, and can give unquestionable
testiuionials as to his capacity, integrity and devotion to
business. The location is one of tjie best in the State,
having a water communication north to the Lakes, south
lo the navigable waters of the Mississippi Valley, and
east and wost by the great National Road. For further
particulars, apply peisonally, to Mr. Russell, Publisher
of the New England Farmer, Boston.
Sept 19. tf
Grass Seeds.
FOR sale at the New England Seedstore.No. 50i
North Market Street,
Northern and Southern Clover,
Herds Grass,
Northern Red Top,
Tall Oat Grass,
Fowl Meadow,
Lucerne, (from which four crops are cut in a year,)
White Dutch Honeysuckle Clover.
Also— Winter and Spring Rye, the growtli of 1832.
The above will be sold by the quantity or retail ; the
utmost care has been taken to have the Grass Seeds gen-
uine, and Iree Irom foul seeds. Aug. 19.
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess
prime
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed uulk, •
Flaxseed
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
Corn, Southern yellow,
Rye
Barley,
Oats, ....
Hay
Hog's Lard, first sort, new,
Hops, 1st quality,
LiaiE, .....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern,
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Meiino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, Jths, washed,
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
g f Pulled superfine,
1st Lambs, . .
5 = -j 2d, "
^ List Spinning,
KROM
barrel
ton
9S OC
108 ()(
I
1
bushel
91
I barrel
11 01
6 2S
8 01,
pound
14
6
I bushel
1 12
barrel
6 75
6 25
6 00
bushel
8(
75
1 UO
60
42
cwf.
5U
01 OU
8100
cask
!)0
ton
3 0C
barrel
17 00
13 00
12 75
bushel
2 50
100
pound
10
cwt.
8 5(J
pound
45
55
40
37
"
33
"
30
«•
52
'•
40
<•
32
'.
27
PROVISION
Beef, best pieces,
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal, .
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best,
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)
MARKET.
pound
10
"
9
"
6
"
7
"
4
"
9
"
12
"
18
dozen
14
bushel
«
50
barrel
4 00
to
103 00
112 01)
1 00
I'd 00
6 50
9 00
16
I 25
'i 87
6 50
6 50
6 50
1 00
81)
1 12
70
5.5
62
11 00
20
1 00
3 25
17 50
14 00
13 00
2 75
125
11
8 75
50
65
42
38
35
32
55
42
33
28
40
00
10
61
10
10
12
14
23
16
92
75
C2
Strawberry Plants.
FOR sale by David Haggerston, Charlestowo
Vineyard, the following kinds of Strawberry Plants:
Keens' Seedling, Wilmol's Superb, Royal Scarlet,
Downton, Roseberry, and Mulberry Strawberries.
Keens' Seedling, two dollars; the other kinds, one
dollar per hundred. Oiders for the above sent lo the
Agricultural Warehouse, Boston, will be attended to.
Sept. 5.
Caution to Trespassers.
THE Roxbury Yeoman Association for the protection
of Fields, Orchards and Gardens, against the depreda-
tions of strollers and pilferers, caution all boys, apprenti-
ces, and other persons, against entering their inclosure
if they would avoid the penalty of the law.
SA.M'L J. GARDNER, Sec'y.
Roxbury, July 16, 1832. 3m
BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, Sept. 17, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 920 Beef Cattle, (including
150 unsold last v.eek,) 325 Stores, 5050 .-^heep, and 30?
Swine. From 150 to 200 Beef Cattle, and several huu-
drcrl Sheep remain unsold.
Prices. £eef Cattle.— Vie quote extra at $5,17 »
5,50; prime at $4,67 a 5; good at $4 a 4,33; thin at $3
a 3,75. Cows, two year old and ihree 3'ear old, at |;3 to 4.
i'(ores.— Sales were eflfected at the following prices •
two year old at $10 a 14; three year old at $16 a 20. '
Cows and Calres. — We noticed sales at ftl8, 19 20
21,22,25, 28, and 30.
Sheep.— We noticed one lot taken at SSc. one lot »t $1,
and one lot at $1,12; also, lots at .$1,17, 1.25, 1,42,1,50,
1,58, 1,62, 1,75, 1,80, 1,92,2, 2,17, and 2,25. Wethers
at $1,50, 2,2,50, and 3.
.S'i«ine.— One lot of 74 (selected) more than half bar-
rows, were laken at 4ic. one lot of 16 (selected) barrows
at 5c. ; at retail 4.J a 4i for sows, 5i a 5* for harrows.
The frosts of last week ocra.sioned considerable
damage in various parts of New England ; and it
is feared that corn has suffered considerably.
To CoRREspONDgNTs We are obliged to defer sev-
eral communications intended for this week's paper.
so
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
September 19,1832.
Miscellany
THE WINGED WORSHIPPERS.
BY CHARLES iPRAGDE.
noraptu upon two liltlo birds which flow into a house
ship during service.
Gay, guiltless pair.
What seek ye from the field of heaven!
Ye have no need of prayer,
Ye have no sins to be forgiven.
Why perch ye here,
Where mortals to their Maker bend .'
Can your pure spirits fear
The God ye never could offend !
Ye never knew
The crimes for which we come to weep :
Penance is not for you,
Bless'd wanderers of the upper deep.
To you 'lis given
To wake sweet nature's untaught lays ;
Beneath the arch of heaven
To chirp away a life of praise.
Then spread each wing,
Far, far above, o'er lakes and lands,
And join the choirs that sing
In yon blue dome not reared with hands.
Or, if ye stay,
To note the consecrated hour,
Teach me the airy way,
And let me try your envied power.
Above the crowd,
On upward wings could 1 but fly,
I'd bathe in yon bright cloud,
And seek ihe stars that gem the sky.
'Twcre heaven indeed,
Through fields of trackless light to soar.
On nature's charms to feed,
And nature's own great God adore !
of their disagreeable feelings. Instead of lighting
a fire in July or August, (while S . his, or the dog
star reigns,) to carry the foul air up chimney, and
so info the wide atmosphere, they lake bitters,
drink soda water, a li tie brandy, or so, to correct
a foul cellar, and a contaminated parlor and^bed-
chamber. At night, they shut up the house light,
d go to sleep over a renewed column of mephit
Horse Quicksilver.
QUICKSILVER will stand this season at llie stable of
the subscriber, in Brighton, a few rods south of the meet-
ing-house, and will cover only twenty mares the present
season, at $15 each, and .Jll in addition, to the groom.
Mares warranted to be in foal, if $20 is paid, and $1 lo
the groom ; and in discharge of h arranty, the $20 will
be returned.
(Quicksilver is a beautiful bright bay, three years old ;
his sire, Sir Isaac Coffin's horse, Barefoot, conspicuous in
icair accumulated in a storehouse made belovv 'be racing calendar of England ; his dam Rebecca Irom
10 ail, cii,i,uiiiu.un. ■ ... .u = , 1 the imported Cleveland bay horse Sir Isaac, and Sky
the surface of the ground. Anxious mothers take j^^^j. ^ n^tj^j, ,„a,.(,_ ,vell known fur her fine form, speed,
care that their daughters should not catch cold, L^j bottom, ouce owned by Mr Leavittof Salem, to whom
beef and pork pickle, wet and rotting boards, and
other et cfe.ieras not to be named, and then wonder
how their children get sick, lose their appetites,
become pale, and sink under typhus fevers, or
waste away in consumptions. My wonder is, they
live so healthy and so long.
If I have been too particular, my excuse is, that
I have been stimulated to be thus explicit by an
unknown correspondent. A Maze often or fifteen
minutes, or half an hour, made of fiigots or any
other light materials, will do more than the ventil-
ation of doors and windows for hours. The air
that passes up the chimney rises above llie house,
and mixes with the wide atmosphere ; while that
from windows and doors may return again whence
it came. "• "•
Cambridge, Sept. 1832.
for a first rate covering horse. Mares sent to him, and
if left with the subsciiljer, will be well attended to on rea-
sonable terms, but he will not be responsilile lor acci-
dents. BENJAIMIN W. HOBART.
Brighton, June 13, 1832. It
American Farrier.
THIS day puldished, and for sale at the New England
Farmer office, No. 50.i North Market Street, the Amer-
ican Farrier, containing a minute account of the forma-
tion of every part of the Horse, with a description of all
llic diseases to which each part is liable, the best reme-
dies to be applied in effecting a cure, and the most ap-
proved mode of treatment for preventing disorders; with
a copious list of medicines, describing their qualities and
clficls when applied in different cases ; and a complete
treatise on rearing and managing the horse, from the
foil to the full grown active laborer ; illustrated with nu-
merous engravings. By H. L. Barnum. Price 75 cents.
!\ ug. 15.
Strawberries.
FOR sale at the Kenrick Nurseries in New-
ton, the following varieties of Slrawborries
now ready for transplanting.
Hudson's Bay, Chili, Downton, Roseberry,
MTribeTIy, Pine-apple, Halh-scarlet, Methven Castle,
Wilmot's Superb, Large White, Red-wood, White-wood,
Red Alpine, iminthly with runners. Red Bush Alpine,
White do. do. Duke of Kent's Scarlet, Wellington, New
Bl.iok Rusk Haulbois, French Musk Hauthnis, Prolific
Hiuithois, Large Ear'y Scarlet, Knevet's New Pine.
Keens' Seedling, Soutbhorough Seedling, &c, &c.
Written orders addressed to John or William Kenrick,
The following is from an able paper on Malignant
Cholera, w.itten by Dr Wateihousc, and published in a
late No. of the Boston Courier.
Cellars, particularly in the coiintty, are the
most obnoxious apartments iti our dwelling houses.
Tbey are too often crammed witR the winter
stock of vegetables, potatoes, turnips, beets, car-
rot" and cabbages. The renmants of these arti-
cles'rfic and rot iu April and May, and that store-
house of pernicious vapors under our nose, lungs,
■md stomach, than which few tilings are more un-
wholesome, -.ve endure for many weeks. This
deleterious air fills first our parlors, and all the
lower rooms oflhe house, and thence ascendmg,
it fills the sleeping chambers, and naturally rises
up to the garrets, fitling in fact the whole house,
even the most lofty ones. I have knswn the very
bed-clothes smell of the cellar, the effluvia of
dead ve^^etables, as pernicious to human life as
the effluvium of a dead body. If this foul air
could receive and retain the colors of impurity,
like water, we should see the air of parlors and
bed chambers tinged with an unwholesome vapor.
Most people, paiticularly invalids, seem to lake
care lo keep all this slow poison to themselves, by
confining, with a miserly care, all this effluvia to
tbemselves and family; and the more languid,
■oalrnish, and dyspeptical tlicy feel, with a stupid,
maddling headach, and diminished appetite, the
TOILETTE OF LADIES.
A small volume has recently been published in
London, entitled the " Toilette of Health, Beauty
and Fashion." It is the production of a lady, and
contains a number of excellent receipts for im-
proving the complexions, dispositions, &c, offc-
ales. We annex the following extract, wbicli is
a good and favorable specimen oflhe work.
"Let then th^adies observe the following rules:
In the morning use pure water as a ])rcp!Uatoiy Newton, or left with Mr Russell at his Seed Store, No.
ablution ; after which thry must abstain from all i 504 North Market Street, will receive immediate atten
sudden gusts of passion, particularly envy, as that I'io'
gives the skin a sallow iialeness. It may seem
trifling to talk of temperance, yet this must lie
attended to, both in eating and drinking, if they
would avoid those pimples, for which the ad-
vertised washes are a cure. Instead of rniige,
let them use moderate exercise, which will raise a
natural bloom in their cheek, inimitable by art.
Ingenuous candor and unaffected good humor
will give an openness to their countenance, that
August 13.
3w
White Mnlberry Seed.
THIS day received at the New England Seed Store,
No. ."iOi^ North Market Street, Boston, a lot of White
Mulberry Seed, saved the last month expressly for us,
from one of the largest white mulberry orchards in Con-
necticut— warranted fresh and of the very first quality.
Aug. 15.
closer they confine themselves to the original cause ,^g.„
will make them universally agreeable. A d
of pleasing will add a fire to their eyes, and brenth-
iug the morning air at sunrise will give their lips
a vermilion hue. That amiable vivacity which
they now possess, may be happily heightened and
preserved if they avoid late hours and card play-
ing, as well as novel reading by candlelight, but
not otherwise ; for the first gives the face a drow-
sy, disagreeable aspect ; the second, is a mother of
wrinkles ; and the third is a fruitful source of
weak eyes and s.allow complexion. A white
hand is a very desirable ornament, and a hand can
never be white unless it be kept clean ; nor is this
all, for if a yotmg lady would excel her compan-
panions in this respect she must keep her hands
in constant motion, which will occasion the blood
to circulate freely, and have a wonderful effijct,
The motion recommended is working at her nee-
dle, brushing up the house and twirling the dis-
Published every Wednesday Evening, at §3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction 0/ fifty cents.
H r* No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. Ri'ssell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishps of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B
RcssKLL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. i^. Nortk
Market Street.
AGENTS.
Nrw York — G. Thorburn & Sons, 67 Liberly-str«et.
Alhavii — Wm. Thorbukr, 347 Market-street.
PhUaiMyhui — V). & C. Landreth, 85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Famwi.
Cincimali — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Fhishing.N. Y. VVm. Prince & SoKs,Prop.Lin.Bot.Gard«»
Middlehury, !'<. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield. iWs. — E. Edwards.
N'wlmryport. — Epenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. H. — J. W. Foster. Bookseller.
Portland. Me. — Samcel Colman, Bookseller.
X "^'Mta . 71/f . — Wm . M a B N .
Halifax, N. S. — P- J. Holland, Esq,
J^ontnal, L. C. — Henrt Hillock,
PUBLISHED UY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. a'2, NORTH MAKKET STREET, (at thk AGmtui.Ti.ti.u. WMi, n,>usi;.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 26, 1832.
NO. 11.
€ o Bill 111 u IB i c a t i o n !!i
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
WILD OR CANADIAN RfCE.
(ZIZANIA AQUATICA.)
This interest! 11 !j plant is .i 'native of Nortli
America, but li.is lieeii inti-OfJuced iiilo Eiiro|ic by
Sir Josepli Piiaiks ;uir1 otheis, and is now ciiltivji-
ted considi-nilily in Middlesex and Rossliire. It
grows on the tnaririns of ]iniKis and brooki=, uiid in
the muddy liottoni.s of ponds iind rivers when; the
water is shallow and does not run rapiji, and i.s"
extremely prolific of bland farinaceous, sqcSt^,
which afiord a very good meal. It is a incst ini-
jiortani grain lo the Indians near Lake Superior,
and the norlliwestern pa-t of America. Pinhcr-
ton says it sc-nis intended by nature to be the
bread corn of tiic iiorili. Horses are very fond
of it, and innnmer.able flocks of wild geese, rice
birds and wild ducks annually fatten upon it.
Gilleland says, " Among the vegetable productions
of the Western Territory, north of Illinois, and
west of Green Bay, on tlie Oiii*onsin and Fox
rivers, the Wild Rice, called Folle avoine by the
French, and .'iciioinen by the Indians, claims jiar-
ticular attention. It grows in inexhaustible abund-
ance, through .all parts of the territory, in almost
every one of the innumerable lakes, ponds, bays,
rivers and creeks. It is said to .be as [lalatablo
and as nourishing as common rice, and if so, it
v.'ill lie incomparably more vaUialde. It grows
where the water is from four to six feet deep,
and where tin' bottoni i.^ not hard or sandy. It
ris(;s above tlie surface of the water from lour to
eight feet, and is often so thick as to prevent ca-
noes from passing through among it. The stalk
is soft like the bulrush, but grows in joints like
tke reed cane, which it niucii resembles. It is
usual for the Indians to force their canoes through
it (just before it ripens) and lie it in large bunches
for the purpose of preveniing the wild ducks and
geese from breaking it down and destroying it.
When it is fully ri|>e, they pass through it again,
and spreading their blankets in the inside of their
canoes, tliey bend the bunches of the wild rice
over tliein, and thresh ofl" the grain with sticks;
an operation which requires little time, and is gen-
erally performed by the women. After drying it
in the sun, they put it into skins, for future use.
This singular spontaneous grain gro«s riowhere
south of the Illinois river, nor ea.st of Sandusky
liay. ICverj;, autumn and spring the wild ducks
and gce.se resort to the wild rice lakes in flocks
incredibly numerous. The Meiionionics (Folles
Avoines or Rice caters) who live in tins part of
the country are distinguished for their comeli
ness.
"It will probably at some day be an object of
cultivation in New England, since it afliirds a
means of rendering useful large tracts of inunda-
ted groimd, and stagnant water. As before ob-
served, horses appear to be fond of it, and no
plant employed as forage, offers a larger crop."
We believe this plant is rarely met with in New
England. Professor Bigelow of Harvard Univer-
sity, says it is to be found in a biook near the
Punch Bowl, in Brookline, and in the brook which
divides Cambridge from West Cambridge. In
the latter place, near the house of Mr .Jonathan
Whittemore, the brook is filled with it for a quar-
ter of a mile or more, as we noticed last week.
Many of the plants are from 7 to lOWeet high, and
grow nearly as rank as Indian corn. We should
suppose that with a boat, a bushd of the seed
could be easily gathered. AVe collected a quart
or two of if, which we shall be hapfiy to dislribnte
among any of the subscribers to the New England
Farnicr, v^ho will apply for it. J. B. R.
appearance r(;s('iM!i!ing lime <\r fine .'■nit which cor-
; rodcs, and in a few days desircys the leaf, and it
■ falls as i^er a severe frost in nuiuinn. If any of
! your correspondents are acquaiiited with ibis diffi-
iculty, airti knuw of a remedy, I hope they will
' make it knpvvn through the medium of the New
Eneland Fanner.
It is true that though llic griqie vtay be i-aiscd
in this climate in great perfection in open ground,
as has been proved, yet owing to its delicate nature
we are liable to frequent disappointments, and I
have long thought of the subject fuggcsted by Mr
LowELi,, in regard to "cheap houses, without fire
heat," and hope be will favor the public with his
views of the best and most economical plan of
such buildings. Yours, &c, D. FOSDICK.
Charlestouin, Sep!. 1832.
FOREIGN GRAPES.
Mr Fessenden — The present season has been
particul.uly unfavorable for raising the grape in
open ground, at least this has been my own ex-
perience, and, as far as I have learnt, the experi-
ence of others in this vicinity. The early part of
the season, it will be recollected, was co!d and
backward, and although on the first opening of the
buds, there was promise of a pretty abundant crop,
the growth was so long retarded by the cold that
much of the tender fruit fell to the ground, and
what reni'dned caine forward so much later than
usual, as very soon to lead many to predict that
little, if any, would come to maturity, and these
predictions I fear are about to be realized. My
vines at jiresent look about as flourishing as usual,
and if it were now the middle of August in-
.stead of September, I should expect some good
fruit, and am not yet altogether wi!hci:t hope of
a small crop. I have not perceived a " rotting of
the grape" to any great extent, as mentioned by Mr
LowEt.i, in No. 9. I have noticed however a
few berries here and there, both this season and
the last, that have perished, but I have not been
able to account for the canse. They first exhib-
ited a sickly appearance and then gradually turned
of a dark color un<ler the skin, and though thev
attained to their full size, remained har.l and good
for nothing.
I have not been troubled iriuch with mildew
this season, and think I have had renewed evi-
dence of the good effect of sulphur and lime,
which I have used moderately as a preventive.
But there is another disease wliich for several
years [last has attacked the leaves, and caused many
of them to perish — this is first discovered by yellow
spots upon the leaf, and on the under side a white
SUPERIORITY OF THE MORUS
MULTICAULIS.
Bin Fessende>' — -Agreeably to your solicita-
tion of the 12tli inst. I send you the following ac-
count of my silkworms.
On the 9th of May last, the first brood were
hatched without the aid of artificial heat, and
wore fed promiscuously oiv the Morns multicanlis,
the Morns alba, and other kinds of mulberry. The
litters were changed every second day, and the
worms continued through their successive stages,
as vigorous and healthy as usual. Tiiey com-
menced the task of spinning about the '.^Sth of
June, being f9rty days from the lime of their
ha'china-. The cocoons which they produced
were aJrrtut two thirds white and tlie remainder
of an orange color. A suitable portiou of these
cocoons, were selected for seed, without paying
any regard to their color.
The eggs which they produced were siilijected
to the iiroccss of hatching, and brought forth a
second crop of worms on the 3Cth of July. These
silk caterpillars were fed exclusively on the Mo-
rus inidticanlis, and were much more vigorous
than those of the first brood ; and what is still
iTiore favornble, they jiaSsed through the diflerent
stages of their larva existence in the short period
of twentysix days ; whereas, on the contrary,
those of the first crop were forty days, a much
hunger time than it usually requires, v,'hicli jiroba-
bly was owing to the backv.ardness of the season.
The cocoons which were obtained from the sec-
ond crop were of c much larger size than those of
the first crop, and what appears to be still more
valuable, thei/ are of the tvhilcness of snow, and
have a most beavtifid shining appearance. Now if
the superiority of the cocoons of the last crop, and
the short period in which they were produced, be
imputed to the food upon which they were fed, it
appears evident that this truly valuable tree pos-
sesses gieat advantages to the other kinds of mul-
berry ; for it is perfectly hardy, is always i>refer-
red by the worms to any other kind of tree, and
the leaves, from their large size, are much more
easily and ipiickly gathered. No insect, except
the silkworm, has as yet, been detected in feeding
upon this tree; and as it is continually jiutting
forth leaves, there is always suitable food for the
diflerent ages of the silkworms. P.
Brooklyn, JV. I'. Sept. 19, 1832.
82
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
September 26, 1832»
HONEY.
Mr FESsEiNDE?i — Agreeably to your request, I
send you an account of my method of obtaining
honey under glass, as exhibited at the Horticultur-
al rooms OH Saturday last. My hives are made
of boards 12 inches square on the bottom, and
.ibout 8 inches in height, or about half the size of
common hives. In the back of each of my hives
I put glass, with a wooden slide to cover it on the
top. 1 make three holes about an inch in diame-
ter, which I stop with corks. After the bees be-
gin to work I procure such glasses as I choose,
say large tumblers, or any bell or other shaped,
being open at one end only, placing sticks across
them inside for the bees to attach their comb to.
I then pull the corks from the hive, and jilace
over the holes the glasses, inverted, and cover
them over with anothr^r hive ; the hack part of my
apiary is opened by wooden doors. By this sim-
ple arrangement, I amuse myself and friends
when I choose, (though rather to the annoyance
of the bees) by opening the door and slipping the
shde from the glass when I can observe them at
their work. When the gla.sses are filled or near-
ly so, early in the morning I take the top off, stop
the holes again, and what few bees remain in the
glasses soon return to the general family ; in
this manner you will observe the bees are not de-
stroyed. The whole process is pleasing, profita-
ble, and instructive of the best morals, industry,
and prudence.
The mode mentioned above, I am aware is fa-
miliar to many, but ])erhaps will be new and use-
ful to some. Yours with respect,
B. V. FRENCH.
Braintree, Sept. 17, 1832.
standing in the midst of a wilderness of trees, ei- edy, which repeated trials and the experience of
ther of native growth oi planted by the proprietor : many years have pioverl efiectual. The roots of
of the soil and the mansion. Sir John Sinclair trees newly planted, not having time to fix tliern-
condenuis this practice, and observes that " trees,
at a proper distance from a mansion house are not
only ornamental but useful ; if too near, they oh-
sclves firmly, the trees are liable to be shaken by
every blast ; accordingly when the wind rises, the
bends with it, and (the soil not being elastic)
struct the free current of air, and send forth great ^ leaves a cavity about the trunk, which in winter
quantities of moist exhalations, which render it : becomes a receptacle for water; this certainly
constantly damp. Thick woods, therefore, ought : tends to injure the roots, and when it freezes com-
to be avoided, near a house, more especially in a plelely destroys them.
flat country. At a proper distance, however, they The remedy I recommend is this: when your
are of service, from the shelter they afford against trees arc planted out aiid juoperly settled in the
cold winds, and from the shade they yield against ground, throw round the stem of each, a small
the heat of solar rays." wheel-barrow full of coarse sand, or fine gravel as
The late A. Parmentier, in a treatise on " Land- free as possible from loam : whenever the tree is
scape and Picturesque Gardens," published in Fes- !>liaken, the sand will roll down, (in the same mnii-
senden''s jVem American Gorrfencr, observed, that , ner as corn in the hopper of a mill) fill up the
" Rows of trees should never be planted in front | void, and thereby prevent the water from lodging,
of the house, particularly when the house has and the roots from jierishing. — Farmers'' Mag.
been built in good taste, and at great expense. It' .Mode of preserving Apples.— When the fruit is
may be objected to this that the shade is wanted, quh,. ripe commence gatlicriiig, taking care not to
and this I would not exclude; but instead of one bruise any of them. They are then to be car-
row in front, 1 would plant thick groups of trees j ,-ied to the fruit-room, and placed thinly on
on the three other sides, and leave the front open j shelves, with proper divisions, so as to keepeach
to public view; otherwise the taste and expense | variety distinct ; allow them (ree air for six or
are in a great measure thrown away." 1 eight days, then jjrocure a quantity of sand, which
An old maxim contradicted. — Sir John Sinclair's j is dried thoroughly on the flue, and mix with it
Code of Agriculture, contains the following ob-
servations on an aphorism, which has been the text
of many an agricidtural discourse. " It has long
one pound of powdered nitre to each bushel of
sand, then dry the jars ihoroughly: these jars
should be made of glazed stone ware, and in a
ITEMS OF RURAL ECONOMY,
Original and Solecteil. l>y l]ie Eelilor.
Gathering Turnips. — A writer in the Garden-
er's Magazine gives the following directions. " The
first, second or third week in October pull up ev-
ery turnip on the farm, whether they have done
growing or not : if they have not all the better.
Lay them carefully across the tops of the ridges
or drills; let them remain in this state a week or
fortnight before cutting off the tO])s and tails. The
grand advantage of leaving on the tops is, that the
roots become doubly nutritious, as well as doubly
durable."
JVew plan of sticking Peas. — Procure a number
of .slim poles about 5 feet long, and drive them in-
to the ground at the distance of three or four
yards. Pass a small line along the poles, taking
a turn round each, within three inches of the
ground ; raise the next turn three inches, and so
on in succession, till you have attained the com-
mon height to which the peas rise. The tendrils
of the peas seize and tsvist round these lines, and
they are supported in a more attractive and profit-
able manner than they are by the common st.ikes.
When spread regularly along the lines, they have
a fine circulation of air, more advantage from sun-
shine, and pods can be pidled at all times without
injuring the straw, [vines or haulm.] This mode
is so cheap, simple, and possesses so many advan-
tages, that it is likely to be soon generally adopt-
ed.— Scotsman, [Edinburgh.'^
We believe that this method of training peas has been
adopted in some few instances in^this country. — Ed.
Trees should not stand too near Dwelling-houses.
— In travelling through most parts of the northern
been considered ns an uncontrovertible proposi- 1 conical shape, to throw the weight on the jars
tion, and approaching to the nature of an axiom, and relieve the fruit. [The cone for this purpose
that whoever could make two ears of corn, or two ! we conclude must he inverted.] At the expira-
blades of grass to grow upon a spot, where only j tion of eight days examine the fruit and wipe
one grew before, would deserve better of man- each fruit with a soft towel. (Never allow the
kind, and do more essential service to his country, fruit to sweat, for although recommended by
than the whole race of politicians ])iit together. Iniany it is hurtful to the flavor, injurious to the
" There never was a greater instance of sophis- appearance, and renders it in.«ipid and mealy.)
try, than this doctrine of Swift's, who seems not to Put it quantity of mixed sand at the bottom of the
have been at all aware of the immense benefit, con- jnr, ihen place a layer of fruit in such a way that
ferred upon agriculture, by a judicious system of each api>le tuny be kept apart ; cover them with
civil policy. In fact, the prosperity of agriculture the sand, again place a tier, and go on thus till the
depends upon the politician. The better and the jar be filled within a few ir.ches of the. top ; this
more equitable the civil policy of a country, the upper i)lace fill with sand, seal the lops with put-
more perfect will its agriculture become. Those ty-lime, attaching a ticket descriptive of the fruit,
politicians and statesmen, therefore, who by re- &c, &c. The jars are to be kept in a room free
moving every obstacle, and furnishing every prop- from frost. — ll'm. Jacfison, Cul. Hor. Soc.
er encouragement to agriculture to promote iis „ .• ><• ? , j ■ n/- i i
^ , ■? . , , . , ■ Preservation m plants during Jrtnter by spring
advancement, have a higher clami to the grati- ^ , a i ,• 1. • . • c .i j i i i
,'. , , , , , , loater. — A horticulturist in Scotland has availed
tude of mankind than those who have merely per- ,. u- /•.i i . <• • . • .u
, . , , . , himself of the heat of spring water, in the preser-
formeil a secondary or practical part, winch part
,,, ^ , II i_ , vation of delicate iilants. He places boxes of pine
they never coud have performed at all, but under „ i ,i .
,■' . ..; I,,.- wood over the water,
the protection of wise laws, regularly administer-
covering them with some
, . , . . ,. , . ,, I coarse stuff, and in these boxes he places pots of
ed, and executed with impartia ny and vigor. i ra , i .. . c i
' I J & 1 cauliflowers, lettuce, various sorts of pelargonium?.
Making Butter in ft inter.— A writer for the | Indian chrysanthemums, Chinese primroses, &c,
Farmer's Magazine, published in Ireland, obseri
that he has found it a very good way to add in
winter^ hot water to milk directly as it comes from
the cow, it makes it yield the cream better. The
trays in which it is set should also be scalded with
hot water, or else warmed by the fire, before the
milk is set in them. Chafing dishes of charcoal
are kept in dairies in frost, but the cream does not
rise so well. The best dairy maids never put the
butter in layers in the firkin ; but leave the sur-
face every day rough and broken, in order to
and by this simple and economical method, pre-
serves them all winter. He is of opinion that by
means of the temperature of lunning water, win-
ter gardens may be constructed for a farm or vil-
lage. Care must be taken to renew the air in the
boxes.— Bit. Univ.
PERNICIOUS EFFECTS OF VITIATED
RYE.
Rye is liable to be diseased by an insect de-
positing its animalcula in the grain, which causes
unite better with that of the succeeding churning. ^ it to sprout and produce an excrcsenee like a
Planting Trees. — It is a well known fact that
in all plantations a great number of trees perish,
especially in high situations ; this sometimes pro-
ceeds from want of care in raising them, &c, &c,
&c. But there is another and more extensive
cock's spur, of a hard texture. When ground
down with the flour, or used in distillation, it
proves a mortal poison ; and at times has proved a
pestilential scourge of Europe : it has been equal-
ly fatal to America, and is supposed to have been
eUtes, we frequently perceive mtnsioo houses cause, against which I am about to propose a rem- the chief cause of the plague in London. In 1811,
Yol. XI.-No. 11.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
83
and 18J2, a great number of lives were lost from,
tlie spiirretl rye being used as food, and liquor dis-
tilled from the rye. The great mortality was
chiefly confined to New York and Vermont. Up- 1
wards of twenty thousand victims fell a sacrifice
to the ravages produced by that dreadful poison.
Meeting after meeting of the faculty took place,
to endeavor to discover the cause ; and after the ,
most mature deliberation it was discovered by one
party, tliat it was a poisonous miasma floating in
the air, confined to certain prescribed limits and
aftecting certain persons, more particularly those
that were in the habit of drinking gin : the best
apology for their ignorance of the true cause, the
ergot or spurred rye. What made their report
the more ridiculous was, that there was at that
time a fine, clear, black, hard frost, and the health-
iest weather that could be imagined. Blany of
the members were sceptical and could not be-
lieve the report : they thought that owing to the
fine weather It was impossible for the contagion
to exist in the air: others were of the same opin-
ion with tlie doctors. One of the noncontagionists
wrote and requested me to go to Albany, where
the disorder was then raging, and wished me to
endeavor to discover the cause of the afflicting ca-
lamity. On my journey from New York to Al-
bany, where the legislature of the slate was sit-
ting, I stopt at a place called Kinderhook, and
being cold, contrary to my usual practice, I drank
a glass of gin. I had not drank it many minutes
before it affected me as if I had taken something
boiling hot into my stomach. Although I imme-
diately took an emetic, which produced the most
active effects, the poison had taken so firm a hold
of my constitution that my throat and rectum
were extremely painful. I had a cold persfura-
tion towards the inoriung, with a pain in my bones
and head, whereas I was in perfect health before I
drank the gin. I accused the tavern-keeper of
putting poison in the gin ; a gentleman of the
town who heard me and had observed that the ha
bitual gin drinkers in the place had died, seconded
me in my charge. The landlord declared he
was innocent, and referred us to the distillery
Upon our applying, the distiller was much alarm-
ed at our charge of his putting poison in the gin ;
and added, it would be his ruin if the report got
abroad, in consequence of the great mortality.
He took a voluntary oath that he put nothing but
the pure grain into his gin, and invited us to see
the grain in the still house loft. We found it on
inspection badly cleaned, and probably one tenth
of it spurred rye, or rye vitiated by being infested
with the clavus or ergot. I was quite astonished
when I saw it, particularly as it was so well des-
cribed by Dr Darwin, as being a pestilential
scourge in various parts of Europe, producing
what is called by Dr Mason Good, in his history
of medicine, mildew mortification: in America it
was vulgarly called the dry rot. On dissection I
have observed that the windpipe and rectum were
80 completely parched by the action of the air
stimulating or attracting the effects of the poison
to the parts, that when pressed they would give
way and appear like black snuff. [ lost no time
in repairing to Albany. On my arrival, the in-
habitants were in mourning, on account of the
loss of their relatives and friends, some of whom
had risen in health in the morning, had eaten a
hearty breakfast, and at noon were in eternity !
Such were the rapid effects of that inflammation,
which was ascribed by the doctors of New York
to tlie air of Albany being charged with the damps
of death. The members of the assembly of the
state had at the time under their consideration, a
resolution to enable them to remove the state leg-
islature from Albany ; it was expected that the
resolution would be carried the same night, to
the gieat and irreparable injury of the inhabitants.
To the friend who was waiting for me at the ho-
tel, I communicated the glad tidings of having
discovered the cause of the disorder. He imme-
diately ran to the assembly room and obtained the
members' consent to adjoiu'n the question until
the following morning. The tavern where I was,
was soon crowded by the members and citizens,
all anxious to know the cause. It was no sooner
communicated with a detail of my own sufferings,
than the members searched the book shops and
libraries, and found to their great satisfaction, that
the ergot was capable of conmiitting ravages
upon mankind that I had represented to them.
One of the sceptical of the faculty, on being re-
quested to analyze the article, and report on the
subject, took a few of his acquaintances some dis-
tance into the country to dine at his father's farm,
where an opportunity offered to prove whether
the ergot was injurious or not, for a large quanti-
ty of it that had been separated from the rye was
given to the pigs : and from its fatal effects (as it
caused their death the next day) the father became
a convert to the opinion. A number of rats, cats,
and dogs, also fell a sacrifice to its effects before
the sceptical were convinced. — Whitlaiv on the
causes of Inflammation, Sfc.
so much overlaid with British goods. Some of
the German merino manufacturers bought largely
of combing wool.
At New York last week, the supply of fleece
continued limited, but appeared equal to the de-
mand at the advanced prices; maimfacturers pur-
chasing for present supply only. Holders san-
guine that the market would be sustained for this
and also for pulled lambs wool. Fine and mid-
dling imported Saxony scarce, and all coarse for-
eign wools much depressed under the influence
of the new Tariff.
WOOL.
At the Lewes Fair, 26th July, Mr Blackman
s'atcd that at Thetford and other fairs a very con-
siderable fall had taken place in the price of wool
— in clothing wool as much as 20 per cent. Many
causes operated to create this depression, amongst
others the existence of the cholera morbus in the
country. He would certainly advise the growers
to withhold their wool until the cloud which
hung over thetn had passed away. Mr Blackman
had about 150 fleeces, which he offered to Mr
Legge at Is Id per lb. Mr Legge said the wool
trade was in an extremely depressed state ; 14,559
packs had been exported to America, and for want
of a demand for it in that country, it had been re-
shipped, and poured into the London market.
This wool had been purchased at Is 5d and Is
7§d per lb. and after all the expenses incurred in
a journey of 10,000 miles, had been sold for Is Id.
Mr Legge considered from lid to ]s a fair price —
the wool he purchased last year he had still by
him. The immense quantity of foreign wool free
of duty must have a ruinous effect upon the home
market. The Americans, he feared, would hurt
tlie British wool grower, as he had seen some
samples, the growth of that country, which were
exceedingly good. Mr J. Ellman, Juu. said the
principal cause of the depression in the price of
wool, was the depressed state of agriculture, which
obliged the growers to sell at a price offered, let
that price be what it might. He did not intend
to make a price of his wool, as he should certain-
ly not ask more than lid or Is per lb. A few
sales were effected at Is per lb. on the average.
At the Frankfort Fair, 16th July, wool, if poor
quality, was low ; middle and fine wools main-
tained former prices. German wool cloth sold
well ; so did Silesian and Saxony cotton goods,
but only at a very small profit, as the market was
Trout and Pickerel. — A correspondent of the
New York Courier & Enquirer at Littleton, N. H.
says : Trout are getting scarce, and something
nuist be done to replenish the stock in some of the
unvisited and uninhabited waters. Some five
years ago there was a beautiful pond near this
village (Littleton, N. H.) abounding in the finest
Trout you ever saw. But the wiseacres wanted
pickerel — pickerel fishing is so fine ! So what do
they do, but send off to another region, buy up
three or four dozen healty pike — bring them here
— throw them into this pond, and leave them to
multiply ! The consequence is, that no trout are to
be found there noic, and only now and then a stout
pickerel. So nmch for ignorance of natural his-
tory in those who desired to be the benefactors of
posterity. Their pickerel have probably spread in
pursuit of prey. Hence the growing scarcity of
our mountain trout.
Frost. — The early frosts which have occurred
in this vicinity within a few days, have seriously
affected the crops of corn. Owing to the uncom-
mon lateness of the spring, very little of the corn
had arrived at maturity, when the frost, particu-
larly that of Thursday night, must liave blighted
thousands of bushels. We heard one farmer re-
mark that a field of forty acres in this town, in
his opinion would not now yield ten bushels of
sound corn. In some parts of the town, ice form-
ed of the thickness of window glass. — Springfeld
Republican.
Frost. — The corn in some towns in this county
and in other parts of the state was greatly injured
by the frost on Thursday night last. The destruc-
tion is far from being general ; the corn in our
meadows and in many other places escaped. It
is evident, however, that the crop of ripe corn the
present season will be very deficient. — Hamp. Gaz.
Sting of the Bee. — It may not be generally
known that common whiting proves an effectual
remedy against the effects of the sting of a bee or
wasp. The whiting is to be moistened with cold
water, and immediately applied. It may be wash-
ed off in a few minutes, when neither pain nor
swelling will ensue.
Beef. — A farmer in Ashfield recently sold for
the city market, 14 grass fed cows at $22 each,
and 24 younger creatures at 15 dollars each.
These prices seem to be rather lower than those of
some past years. The cholera may have atTected
the price of beef as well as of many other ai tides
sent to the city markets. — Hamp. Gaz.
Every section of the Boston and Lowell Railroad
says the Lowell Telegraph,) is in rapid progress
towards completion.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
September 26, 1S32
DKDilAM SIlJv WORKS.
Our gonclly tow II ol' DchIIuud, I/kU lair tu lake
the le;«l of ail oilier towns, in the coiiiitry in ihi;
iriaiiufacttire of a most noble and iin|>:)rraiit arti-
cle—that of sn.i.-. Tlinii!^!;li the •■iitiriog psrs«-
verance of our touiisiiiaii Jonathan H. Cobb,
Esq. this li!thi;r!o nej^lci'tod branch ol" inJnslr.v
has been hrougla lo a .Icgree of pcrfn-tion whirh ,
does honor nut only to liio maniif:ut(!rri- «iul to
the town, but to liio Slal;^ Sir C. U.-^ .s(:vcr;!l
thousand mulberry trees, but ibe (jnan'.iiy of silk
he grows is very inconsiderable, in coinparison
with what he inanul'actnrcs. Ilii .siilnnin-; nin-
chinciy, propelled by water i)0\ver, is ea(>ab!e of
preparing annually 1000 pounds of silk fur the
loom. The three Me.«srs Golden and Mr Har-
dy, now in Mr Cobb's employ, are from England,
and have had much e.\|)erience in the silk busi-
ness. There are a number of looms in operation
in this town, and several in the neighborinj; towns ;
these arc worked by hand, and in most instances
by persons in their ow^n abodes. As the culture
and mainifacture of silk are daily e.ttending in
our country, and many are in want of information
on the subject, we have sought and obtained for
l)ublication the following correspontlence, from
which some useful suggestion may be gathered.
of gi;od mechanical ingcniii
ii, ill a short time, to be
:y lear;i ciiongh
al;ie hiinsolf lo
will maiie
U-iioct olhi
4, IKU.
JoNATHiN H.Cobb, Vki.
Ill four or five families in this town, excejjt my
own, silk has been ))ro.liiced the present season.
We are all in need of instruction and aid. Will
you he good euough, sir, to ausw'er this, and j^^ive
us the nssistanco which your experience and su-
perior knowledge enable you to im|)ar!.'' VVc
wish to be better jyrepared for the operaiioiig of
'anoiiicr season than we were for the li>i.
,\ iCu niaeh respect, 1 am yours,
niDHlM, JIOSS. Sc-lll. 7, lOT.
Dkar Sir — The result of your cflijris in silk
culture seems quite encouraging, and eonhl not
have been obtained without considerable patience
and perseverance. I should think that you wo^lld
make most money out of it by spending your ialjor
in producing the greatest quantity of food for the
insect, viz: the leaves, in raising the greatest num-
ber of cocoons in proportion to your mean.s, and
in reeling them into i aw silk in the gum — and stop
there. I will buy your raw silk, when reded, aqd
pay the fair market price for it, or it will sell \u
any par! of Europe. I should be glad lo get it ^t
the same price for which 1 get the foreign Calcul-
ta silk, for which I have paid !J3,75 in its raw state,
hut the price of raw silk varies from 2 to 7 dpl-
Itiis according to the nicety with which it is rotl-
I. The business of manufacturing caimot be
your obMt sirvanl,
JONATHAN 11. COBB.
&^oLllbcrn Agriculluri9l.
Dear Sir— As you seem lo nie to stand at the ^a\y\i;i\ through all its processes in one family to
head of the silk growing branch of iheagricultur
of Massachnsells, you will permit a stranger, a
citizen of the state, to .-.ildress you on that subject.
You must know then, sir, that I am one of the
e/ecierf clergy of old Mass. and am j-educed io the
necessity of trying the friendship of mother Ear;l),
as the only means left me to a subsistence and a sup-
port for my family. And as about 40 years of my
life have been passed away in. the theological cul-
ture, I have deemed it expedient, and in a manner
necessary to devote the small remainder to a bu-
siness less laborious than ordinary husbandry to
meet the unavoidable imbccilily of .age.
The raising of silk has seemed to present an
opportunity the most eligible of any within the
compass of my knowledge. The present is the
fourth year from the seed of my mulberry planta-
tion, and the second of my aiteinpt at making silk ;
both of which have, on the whole, prospered be-
vonil my expectation, totally ignorant as I was, at
the commencement, of everything pertaining to
the art. 1 have 14C0 or 1500 trees in a flourish-
ing state, from which between 30 and $40 in sev.-
ing silk were realized the last year, to wliich we
hope to find sotnething added tlie present, the ar-
ticle being not yet quite ready for the market.
Our reeling you will pronoimce defective, and
much of the profit from oii'r labor, of course,
wasted. To this evil we wish to apply a remedy,
by substituting something better for the common
reel, which, for the present, is the best, and in-
deed the only instrument for the purpose, with
which we have any acquaintance. We learn from
your Blanual, that you have a reel, with which
you pre|)are raw silk for the market, whether do-
mesiic or foreign. The object of this cor(imnni-
cation is, particularly, to obtain from you, sir the
information and advice we need, relating to this
matter, llow can we obtain your reel, with the
requisite knowledge to put it to use ? Would a
UL'LES FOO. HOUSING AND I'RESERVING
SWEET POTATOES.
Dear Sir — In complwtiice with my promise, I
herewith fui;iish you with the ruli.'S by wdiich I
iic'.ve bien governed for many years in putting up
my potatoes. I have been very successful in fol-
lowing thciti, and I hope they may prove benefi-
cial lo others. The first thing to be considered is
the cellar, and 1 would roeonimend —
IhI. The rails or puncheons to be split in July,
or the first of .\ugust, and stacked up for drying.
i!d. The cellar lo stand east and west, with the
door in the centre and perpendicular, to face the
sun the most part of the day.
3d. To he made on as dry and high a spot and
convenient for draining as possible, and made at
least five weeks before wanted.
4ih. To be double banked, by making a coarse
frame to support the same. The earth to be tak-
en four feet liom the foot of the cellar all around,
about three feet wide, eighteen or twenty inches
deep ; in this dilch, never let any water rcmaii!,
but keep it perfectly dry.
full. To be supported inside by short crutches,
standing three fest high wit!) poles, or nils laid
lengthways in those crutches. By thus sni ; i>rl-
ing your cellar, it will lust you two years with
safely, by airing it. When your cellar is finished,
small fires to he made at each end, that it may be
pcriLCiIy dry and di tir of damp.
(ilh. The cellar to be [lerfectly tight, with no air
advantage. 1 have spent considerable time and
nonoy in the manufactory, and have at last got to
such a degree of perfection that I can compete
with the foreigner in some articles. The silk,
after being reeled, passes through my press — hard | holes left — to have two doors, one a tight door for
silk engine, where it is wound from skein to bol
bin— clearing frame, where it is cleared of knobs
and husks — spinning frame, where it is twisted
single from spindles — tramming machine, where
it is doubled till it makes a thread of any size re-
quired— throwsting machine, where it is again
twisted together any number of twists to the inch
required. It is then cleansed by boiling out the
gum, &c. — then dyed — then wound on bobbins —
it is then fit for the weaver's use. I have manu-
factured from two to three hundred weight of
silk the ])ast season. I inclose a sample of my
vesting. I make furniture bindings, suspender
webbing, handkerchiefs, vestings, and anything
that will pay — the hosiery made from my sijk,
woven at a factory in Boston, is much preferred to
the imported, and sells to a better profit.
The art of reeling is what seems to be most
wanting in this country, and should receive some
state patronage. My reel answers the purpose
for (aniilies very well. I reel the silk that 1 raise
on il, and will furnish one of the reels, and learn
a person to work on it, for §25. I have sent one
of them to Rhode Island and one to Connecticut.
The art of reeling maybe acquired, by paiicnee
and experience, to as great perfection as it has at-
tained anywhere ; but the learner is slow at the
beginning, and I cannot aflTord to learn people for
nothing, and find them board and silk to waste, as
they necessarUy must waste some at first. If yon
should think it worth while, several of yuiir neigh-
bors might join and have a reel made — 1 will un-
dertake to have one completed for you in a month
— then send down an intelligent young man, an, I i
will show him so that with a little practice he
the inside, the other a slat door hung on, and op-
ening on the outside ; the slat will admit the re-
quisite air as much as it may be necessary.
7lh. The ])iiie-trash to he well dried as usual,
and laid in the cellar six inches thick at least, and
if dried a second day, it would be of advantage.
8th. To begin with your [)0tatocs — make four
sortmeuls in the field ; 1st, all that are the least
touched with liust or eliilled— 2d, all that are cut
3d, seed — 4lh, eatable potatoes — to be harvest-
ed free from any kind of wet or rain, and brought
in by sun-set, and on no consideration move them
a second lime, but put them where .vou intend to
keep them from the first move out of the fiidd.
Dth. On commencing your housing, small fires
t'o be made in anything eonveni( nt, say a large
pot, ;vith a lilile earth in the bottom, every eve-
ning, until all are housed ; your slat door then to
he used, leaving the inner one open, and admit the
air freely every morning, bin sbiil in lime, say two
or three hours before .suii-s.,!.
JjTow, having hous(-d } our crop, you will find
considerable damp, init not deiriuiental, if you
will pay attention to it, wliich is one of the princi-
pal .secrets to he ohser.W;<l. On seeing this in a
moist niOrning _U)n must have a small fire or a
sinokc of lightwoixi or pine bark made to clear up
ibis dam)), anil sometimes a second fire will be
requisite, of « hieh, you will be the best judge
w^hen siiffitieni. Oi-serve to keep the tight, or in-
ner door, open at the same time and they will
soon iiecome cool. In a state of moisture your
potatoes will remain for ten or twelve days. .Af-
ter ibis, you will find them become more cool and
much less daiii[i in your cellar, which you should
Vol. XI.-No. 11.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
85
examine every iiioniiiig. A!)oiit this time you
will And them sproiiiing, then you are sure of their
keeping. 15ut little trouble is now required —
only, on seeing tlie damp, to make a little tiro and
open your inner door for air. Tlie sprouted part
of them is only on top of the lieaps, not more than
five or six inches deep; on examination, you will
find the inner or lower part of them clear of
sprouts, and dry. In my o|)iiiion, slips may he
kept thus for two years; and root potatoes much
longer than they generally are in our comitry.
The slats (of which the doors are niailr] i.-; about
two and a half inches in width and the same
between each slat to he open. The door is about
five feet high and two feet six inches wide.
A coarse frame is made with crutches for double
banking.
Your obedient servant,
JOHN M. PHILLIPS.
Christ Church Parish, June, 1832.
JVote. — The plan here laid down by our correspondent,
has been siiccesslully followed for many years, and we
have been shown polaloes kept ninie tliau a year by him,
in those cellars. Our readers will recollect, that another
of our correspondents (" Exotic," p. 241, of the current
vol.) experienced great benefit from ihe use of smoke in
his cellars, and froui all we can learn, we are inclined to
believe that they may be kept longer in a sound slate
by following these rules, or similar ones, than any other
mode in common practice among us. — Ed. So. Jigr.
NUT AND FOREST TREES.
It is a common opinion that walnut and chesniit
trees will not grow in this state; the opinion
iloubtless has no foundatioi;, but the mere fact,
that such trees arc not indigenous in our soil. But
the same objection would ajiplyto the apple, Eng-
lish cherry, pluu), pear, and many other trees,
which grow herein perfection. Lasl fall wctoolt
a fancy to plant some chesnuts and walnuts. The
chesnuis came up very well, and are now several
inches high. Only a part of the walnuts sprout-
ed ; but we have a dozen or two that look prom-
ising. We are told that walnuts for seed, should
be gathered before they get very dry, and put up
in moss, so as to keep them cool and a little muisl.
We planted about the last of October.
The horse chesnut ought to be more generally
introduced into this state. It is a most lioautifid
ornamental tree, the first to put forth its foliage in
the S|!ring, and the handsomest at all times. Per-
haps the maple ratdis next in thitdiiicss of foliage,
symmetry of branches, and brilliaucy of its dark
green.
Walnut wood is valuable as timber; so is white
oak, which grjws in this town, and iiv many oth-
er places in the State, though not generally dif-
fused. !Iow easy to i)lant these trees, and all oth-
ers that are valuable, and let them be growing for
posterity. A peck of acorns, liiat could be bought
for a shilling or less, and planted in an hour or
two, in a wood lot, or by the .road side, would be
worth hundreds of dollars, perhap.s, lo the chil-
dren of him who jdanted them, and be more f n-
during monuments of his wisdom and benevo-
lence, ihan most meji leave after them.
Jt is a vei7 easy thing for every farmer in ilie
country, for every mechanic- who owns .t few rods
of land, to surround bis bouse with handsome
trees, and with flowering and fragrant shrubbery.
A neat oottage, thus situated, if it be but one story
high, is far more pleasant to the eye, than a three
story brick house, with everything around it, in
barren nakedness. — Kennebec Jour.
AMERICAN INVENTIONS.
We have before us a record of all the improve-
ments in the arts, mechanics and manufactures in-
vented in the United States and entered in the
Patent Office since the year J79.3, when the first
patent law was passed. It is contained in a doc-
ument transmitted last winter to Congress by the
Secretary of State, and comprises a list of no less
th.Tu 6000 inventions, the product of American
ingenuity in the course of 36 years. During that
period, the plough has been made to undergo 1*24
improveirients. 119 threshing machines have
been invented. The great problem, the extraction
of butter from cream without fatigue lo the opera-
tor, has been solved in 80 ways by the inventors
of 80 churns; and the laundress has been allowed
her choice out of 125 washing machines. 123
machines have been invented for making nails;
the number of new spinning machines exceeds
100; the lunnber of improvements in the loom is
7.3, and in the manufacture of hats 43. The num-
ber of steam engines exceeds 100, that of stoves
nearly the same. There have been 42 new ways
contrived for iTianufactnring combs, in which we
presume is included the late ingenious invention
of cutting them by a single operation, into all sori.s
of figures, 3 new machines for paring ajjples have
been invented and 3 gridirons. Pencil cases,
ramrods, razors and suspenders, have each been
subject to various improvements. An invention
has been patented under the name of "dog pow-
power;" another termed an " elevator of pots and
kettles," and a third destined for a useful dojnes-
tic purpose, under the sonorous Greek name of
" Hacmagalactophorus."
duced to send you the following: Some time ago>
a drawer, in which I kept sug.ir, was so much in-
fisted with ants, that we v.ere (diliged to remove
the sugar from i;. It hapjiencd from some cati.se
or other, a small piece of camphor was Inid in the
ilrawrr, and on opening it a few days afterwards,
we were agreeably surprised to find the bottom
liierally covered with dead ants. This induced
us to repeat the experiment, and from that lime
we have found no dijficnliy in keeping the sugar
free from their depredations, by allowing a small
])iece of camphor to be in one corner of the ilraw-
er. Where tree.-? upon walls, or plants are infest-
ed, I should recommend small pieces of camphor,
to be thrown on the ground round their stems, and
in some cases to dissolve a little in alchohol, and
sprinkle it over the leaves in a diluted stale, with
a common syringe. JOHN J. GODFREY.
.PJbamj, ilarch3,1S3% [Hort. Reg.
MAHOGANY.
Some idea of the size and value of the coiiiniim
mahogany, may be formed from the fact that a
single log, imported to Liverjiool, weighed nearly
seven tons; was in the first instance sold for
£378, resold for £526 and would, had the dealers
been certain of its quality, have been worth
£1000. A short time ago, Messrs Broadwoods,
who have long been distinguished as makers oi'
pianofortes, gave the enormous sum of £3000 for
three logs of inahogany. Thi.'si.' logs, the jiroduci
of one tree, were about 15 feet lon'g and iS inches
wid.". The discovery of this beautiful limber
was accidental, and its introduction into notice
slow. The first that was brought into England
was about the beginning of the last century; a
few [ilanks having been .sent to Dr I. Gibbons, of
London, by a brother who was a West Imlia Cap-
tain. The Doctor was erecting a house in King
street, Covent Garden, and gave the planks to the
workmen, who rejeete<l it, as being too hard. The
Doctor's cabinet maker, named Wollaslon, was
employed to make a candle box of ir, aiul as he
was sawing up the plank, ho too complained of its
hardness. But when the candle box was finisiu'd,
it outshone in beauty all the Doctor's other furni-
ture, and become an object of curiosity and exhi-
bition. The wood was then taken into fiivor ; Dr
Gibbons had a bureau made of it, the Dutchess of
Buckingham another; and the despised mahoffa-
ny now became a prominent article of luxury, and
at the same time raised the fortune of the cabiViet
maker, by whom it had been so little regarded.
Library of Entertaining Knowledge.
To Destroy .j/tis.— Having read in pages 278
and 279, two complaints against ants, 1 am in-
Large Jjpple Tree. — There is growing at Dov-
erage, (Eng.) an apple tree 40 years old, wliiidi is
thus described : "The length from one extremity
to the other, is ninetynine feet, and it increases
annu.ally from two to three feet. Since I liavc
had the management of it (which is eight years,)
it has grown in length tvventy feet; it is not more
than six feet in height, and the circumference of
the stem about four feet, it is an enormous bear-
er, and an excellent fruit, but more adajvted for
the kitchen than for eating, as it grows to a large
size. Anotl.'er very I'emarksdile feature, which 1
must not oniit, is, that on one side of tlie tree, three
branehes invariably bear fruit ordy on alternate
seasons ; so that the branch bearing the present
year, will next season be destitute of fruit, and in
I he same manner, the branches bearing next year,
will rest the vcar followin!.'." — lb.
Tanna-its. — We understand that a very great
im])rovenieiit or saving I.ias been recently made in
the economy of Tanneries, by Mr Kendall Osborn
ofDanvirs. He has recently put in 0[;eration a
Steam Mill d r grinding bark, beating hides, and
smoothing leather. The only fuel used is spent
bark or tan, which has lililicrlo in tan yards been
of no value. The engine, mills and appurtenan-
ces cost about two thousand dollars, and is equal
lo a grist-mill power. Tan has been long used in
fiiitiilits in I his vicinity as fuel, but its value has
never before been fully tested. Its use at this
mill proves a cord of it to be worth as much as a
cord of while i)iiie wood — one cord will grind six
C(uds of bark — and that with stoves and grates
projicrly constructed, houses may be waruitd and
all the cooking in families performed with no oth-
er fuel at a trifling expense. — Salem Cnz.
^ Preservation of Iroit- fi'om Rvst. — A mastic or
covering for this [)ur])ose, proposed by the " Soci-
ele d'Enconragenienl,"' at Paris, is as follows: —
Eighty parts of pounded brick, passed llnongh a
silk sieve, are iriixed with twenty i)arts ol ithnr-
age; the whole is then rubbed uj) by the muUer
wilh linseed oil, so as to form a thick paint, whicli
may be diluted with spirits of turpentine ; well
cleaning the iron before it is ajjplied. From an
experience of two years, upon locks exposed to
the air and covered daily with salt water, after
being coated twite with this mastic, the gooil ef-
fects of 'he ])reparaiio)i Lave been thoroughly
proved.
86
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
September 26, 1832.
srsjw sjsrs-aiiSTJD siissasiaa
Boston, Wednesday Evening, September 26, 1832.
BRIGHTON CATTLE SHOW.
The Cattle Show and Ploughing Match,
at Brighton, under the direction of the Trustees
of the Massaciiusetts Society for promoting Agri-
culture, will he on the 17th day of Octoher next,
and as the sole object of the Society istlie promo-
tion of the common interests of the state, particular-
ly of that leading one, Agriculture, it is hoped that
the friends of agriculture, of commerce, and of
inanufactures, will give it their countenance and
support. The liberal premiums which the Trus-
tees are enabled to oft'er from their own funds,
aided by the bounty of the government, will, they
trust, attract the notice of numerous competitors,
and those gentlemen who feel an interest in these
exhibitions, are respectfully invited to send their
fine animals, if not for premium, to elicit the no-
tice of the community to the improvement of
stock.
All persons svho intend to send animals or ar-
ticles for premium or otherwise, will please to
make aj)plication to Jonathan Winship, E.sq. the
Secretary, at his house at Brighton, in order that
the necessary entries may be made in the books,
agreeably to the published rules and regulations.
The several Committees will make their re-
spective reports, and the premiums awarded will
be declared in the meeting-house at 1 o'clock, and
after this, an Address at the re(piest of the Trus-
tees, will be pronounced by the Hon. James
Richardson of Dedham ; a procetesion will then
be formed and inove from the meeting-house to
the Cattle Fair Hotel, where a dinner will be provi-
ded. Tickets for which, may be had at the book-
store of O.C. Greenleaf, No. 118 Washington street,
at the Office of the New England Farmer, and on
the day of the exhibition, of Jacob Kuhii, or at
the bar of the hotel.
The season has been so unAivorable for fruit,
that the usual display can scarcely be expected ;
such gentlemen as have fruit, will do a kindness
to bear it in mind, as they have been wont to do
on similar occasions.
RULES TO BE OBSERVED BY COMPETITORS FOR THE
PREMiiMS.
1. All Stock to be in the I'ens before 9 o'clock,
A. M. on Wednesday.
2. No animal to be removed from the Pens hut
by the permission of a Marshal.
3. Fat Cattle are to be weighed before being put
into the Pens, at the expense of the owner. No
animals not bred within the State can be offered
for Premium.
4. No competitor for any premium to be pres-
ent du-ring the examination, unless requested by
the Committee ; the claimants of the premiums
for Inventions excepted, who will be required to
attend on the Committee to answer such ques-
tions as may be put to them ; and also to exhibit
sufficient evidence that such inventions as are of-
fered by them are of profitable use.
RULES AND REGULATIONS.
Animals may be offered for premium at Brighton
notwithstanding they have received a premiun
from a County Agricultuial Society.
All Manufactures and Implements, and also the
Butter and Cheese to be offered for premium at
the Cattle Show, must be brought to the Society
Hall in Brighton, and entered on Monday, the 15th
day of October next, to he examined on the 16th.
All entries of animals for the pens, or as work-
ing cattle, must be made before Tuesday evening,
the ]()ih.
The Ploughing Matches will commence on
Wednesday morning, at half past nine o'clock
precisely.
Trial of Working Oxen at 11 o'clock precisely.
The public sales of Manufactures and Animals
at twelve o'clock.
The applicants will be held to a rigid compli-
ance with the rule relative to entries, as well as the
other rules prescribed.
Besides such animals as may have been offered
for premiums, any others that are considered as
possessing fine qualities will be admitted for sale.
And for all animals or manufactures, that are in-
tended to be sold, notice must be given to the Sec-
retary, before ten o'clock of the 17th. Auction-
eers will be provided by the Trustees.
It is understood, that whenever, merely from
want of competition, any of the claimants may be
considered entitled to the premium, under a literal
construction ; — yet if, in the opinion of the Judges,
the object so offered is not deserving of any re-
ward, the judges shall have a right to reject such
claims. Persons to whom i)rcmiunis shall be
awarded, may at their option, have an article of
plate, with suitable inscriptions, in lieu of money.
In cases where pecuniary premiums are offered,
the Trustees may, having regard to the circum-
stances of the competitors, award either the So-
ciety's gold or silver medals, in lieu of the pecu-
niary premium annexed to the several articles.
That if any competitor for any of the Society's
premiums shall be discovered to have used any
disingenuous measures, by which the objects of
the Society have been defeated, such person shall
not oidy forfeit the premium w'lich may have been
awarded to him, but be rendered incapable of being
ever after a com|)etitor for any o( the Society's pre-
miums.
Time of Paying Piemiunis.' — The Treasurer
will attend at the Hall at 5 o'clock, P. M. on the
day of the Show, and on the next day from 9. .\.
M., till 12, M., to pay all premiums awarded.
All premiums not demanded within six months
after they shall have been awarded, shall be deem-
ed to have been generously given to aid the funds
of the Society.
By order of the Trustees.
JOHN LOWELL,")
G. PARSONS, I
E. H. DEUBY, y Committee.
J. HEARD, Jr. |
BENJ. GUILD, j
January, 1832.
WASHINGTON BOLMER PLUM.
Ms FtSSCIIDED,
Specimens of this celebrated fruit were first ex-
hibited, at the shows of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, in 1829, grown on a standard
tree, in the garden of Mr S. R. Johnson of Charles-
town, measuring over six inches in circumference ;
and your correspondent "Prunus" has fallen into
an error, in attributing its first introduction into
this part of the country, to tlio respected individ-
ual to whom he has alluded. This plum has at-
tained in England a high reputation, judging from
its description in the Pomological Magazine ; where
it is compared to, and said to be equal to the Green
Gage, and where, subjected to culture upon walls,
t may, perhaps, be the fact; hut in onr own
country, grown in open ground, it is less melting,
nor has it the rich flavor of that unrivalled plum.
Still it is of great value, being much more hardy,
and less subject to the attack of the curculio, than
many other kinds. The tree is of very vigorous
growth, a good bearer, and its deep green foliage
of extraordinary size and beamy. We have not
however, seen this fruit growti in the sheltered
gardens of the city. V.
Dorchester, Sept. 24, 1832.
HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,
Kept at the garden of the proprietor of the New Eng-
land Fanner, in Lancaster, Mass., thirtyfive miles west
from Boston, on the river Nashaway.
STATE OF THERMOMETER AND WINDS.
Morning, Noon, Night, Remarks.
Sept. 10, 40 N. W. 66 N. W. 57 S. W. fair all day.
11, 57 S. W. 73 S. 68 S. W. rainy night.
12, 61 S. W. 68 S. VV. 58 N. W. windy, fair.
13, 42N.W. 59 N. W. 51 W. fair.
14, 32N.W. 64N. W. 58 N. W. fair.
15, 56 S. W. 72 S. W. 66 S. W. fair.
16, 57 N. W. 78 N. W. 68 N. E. fair.
17, 56 N. E. 78 N. E. 66 N. E. fair.
IS, 48 W. 78 S. W. 68 S. W. fair.
19, 58S. W. 85 S. W. 71 S. W. fair.
20, 57 S. W. 84 S. W. 71 S. W. fair.
REMARKS.
The fio<t on the ni^htol the 9th, slightly injured some
of liie delitaie annu.ils. Vines and other tender plants
wcK- p.irlially killed by that of the 13th, where exposed
to the N,\V. Corn was injured on some exposed larras ;
and Field Beans in many places were wholly cut off.
Among the new annuals introduced into this vicinity,
the Crepis ISaibata, or Tolpis Barbata, a native of waste
places, especially near the sea, in the south of France,
It.ily, and the Levant, has proved a
gre.it acquisition. It is an uncommon-
ly hardy annual, (not having been in
the least affected by the frosts of this
month) and is of the easiest culture.
^^ Should be sown in the beginning of
^.jpr|^ April, and the plants thinned out to 18
'* inches or two feet apart, which com-
mence flowerins: about the first of July,
and continue tilled with numerous and
beaiilifiil flowers, about an inch in di-
ameter, till October. It has a compotmd
flower, the rays of which are a lively
light yellow, finely serrated, and contrasted with the
disc, wheie a numlierof the central florets of a dark pur-
plish chocolate hue, form a very brilliant velvet-like
spot, or eye, in the middle, which constitutes the chief
beauty of the flower. It is of a spreading decumbent
growth, reaching fiom the height of one to two feet,
lorming a perfect mass of foliage and brilliant flowers
horn July to October. We have grown a large bed of it
the present season from seed presented by Mr Charles
Lawrence of Salem.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
?»TDRD1T, Sept. 22, 1832.
Fruits erhibiirr!. — Peaches by Dr S. A. Shiirtleff.
A very fine specimen of seedling from his garden,
of high flavor; one weighed 8 ounces.
A basket of uncommonly beautiful Red and
Yellow Rareripes, was exhibited by Aaron Bald-
win, Esq. one weighed 8J^ ounces. Benjamin
Guild, Esq. ]iresented to the Society a basket con-
taining several varieties of fine peaches. Orange
Quinces were jiresented, for premium, by Mr Na-
thaniel Davenport of Milton.
Plums. — Specimen of the Magnum Bonum, by
E. Vose, Dorchester. Mr John Kenrick of New-
ton, exhibited a beautiful specimen of the Yellow
Ingestre Apple, corresponding closely with the
figure in Ronald's collection.
Pears. — By Mr Benjamin Weld of Roxbury ;
Vol. XI.-No. 11.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
87
very fair, under the name of tlie White Doyenne,
but not that variety.
For the Committee on Fruits, &lc.
E. VOSE, Chairman.
Flowers exMhited. — From Messrs Winsliip of
Brighton, a fine display of Dahhas, including sev-
eral of Admiral Collin's new kinds, with bouquets
of other flowers.
From Mr J. A. Keiirick of Newton, specimens
of Bignonia grandiflora, fine Dahlias, &c, &-c.
Fine Dahlias from Mr S. Walker of Roxbury, and
Mr E. Putnam of Salem.
A specimen of the Red Cabbage Turnip, grown
from seed, presented to the Society by Capt. M.
C. Perry, was exhibited by Z. Cook, Jun. Esq.
CATTLE SHOWS, &c.
I? The Cattle Show, PlouKhing Match, Exhibition
of Manufactures, Implements, &c,an(i Public sales of An-
imals and Manufactures, of the Massaclinselts Society
of piotiioting Agriculture, will be held at Brighton, on
Wednesday, Oct. 17th, Arrangements are making for
an Exhiliiilon worthy of the State Society.
inr Tbe Worcester County Society, hold their Show
at Worcester, on Wednesday the 10th of October. Ad
dress by Waldo Flint, Esq.
[U" The MidJlesex Cattle Show, Exhibition of Manu
factures and Ploughing Match, is to be held at Concord,
mi the 3d October. Address by Dr Abraham E
Thompson, of Charlestown.
O" The Bristol County Show, will be held at Taun-
ton on Wednesday the 3d of October. Address by Ro-
land Howard, Esq.
inr The Esse.x County Show, will be held at Newbu-
ry, on the upper green, on Thuisday the 27th of Septem-
ber. Address by Rev. Gardner B. Perry.
\SZr The Annual Cattle Show and Fair of the Merri-
mack County Agricultural Society, will be held at Dun-
barton, N. H. on Wednesday and Thursday, the 10th and
lllh days of October.
(CrThe MassacliuseKs Horticultural Society hold their
anniversary celebration on the first Wednesday in Octo-
ber. Address by Doct. T. W . Harris of Cambridge.
IE? The Cumberland (Me.) Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society hold their first exhibition at Westbrook, on
Wednesday the 17th of October. An address will be de-
livered, and a public dinner given.
Rhode Island Cattle Show.
inrAt a meeting of the Standing Committee of tbe
Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic
Industry, bolden on the 19lh instant, it was voted, That
in consequence of the prevailing epidetnic, the Annual
Fan- at Pawtuxet lor Ibe year 1S.32, be omitted.
Tbe members of said Society are hereby notified, that
fJieir annual meeting for tbe choice of Officers will l)e
holden at the Society's Hall in Pawtuxet, on Wednesday
the 17th day of October next, at 10 o'clock in the fore-
noon. R. W. GREENE, Sec'y.
Agricultural Notice.
THE members of the Worcester Agricultural Society
arc hereby notified that a stated semi-annual meeting of
said Society will be holden at Capt. Thomas' Coffee
House in Worcester, on Thursday the 4th day of Octo-
ber next, at 11 o'clock beforenoon. Persons desirous of
joining the Society will then have an opportunity of be-
coming members.
WILLIAM D. WHEELER, Rec. Sec'y.
Those persons who intend becoming competitors at
tlie Ploughing Match on the 10th of October, must make
their intention known to the Recording Secretary on or
before Saturday the 29th of September, instant.
Worcester, Sept. 19, 1832.
A valuable Milk Farm at Auction.
ON Thursday, October 25th, at II o'clock, A. M
will be sold by public auction, that very valuable estate
known as tbe Nichols' Farm, situated on the Salem
Turnpike, about one mile from Court street, in Salem.
Said farm consists of from 220 to 240 acres, of which
about 60 acres are mowing and tillage land, with a val-
uable peat meadow, an Orchard containing about 200
apple and pear trees ol the best kind. The buildings,
which are in perfect order, consist of a dwelling-house,
3 barns, wood-house, with corn-barn, and a piggery. —
The produce has been about 80 tons of hay, 2000 bush-
els of potatoes, and various other articles of provender
for stock. It yields about 15,000 gallons of milk a year,
for which, (in consequence of its being much nearer
than any other milk farm to the town,) there is a regular
and constant demand. — The rocks, of which there is an
inexhaustible supply, are generally in demand, and af-
ford a very pi-ofitable employment for the teams when
not otherwise engaged.
In fine, the above named place may with propriety be
said to be one of the most valuable farms in New Eng-
land, and well worthy the attention of farmers or others
who wish to make a profitable investment; and the terms
of payment will be made convenient to Ibe pui-cha?er.
Sale to be on the premises, where tbe conditions will
be made known. For further particulars apply to the
auctioneer.
113= N. B. The Stock, Farming Utensils and Produce
will be sold at some future day, of which due notice will
be given, unless disposed ol at private sale.
Sept 26. GEO. NICHOLS, Aucfr.
Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, &c.
THE subscriber 00*61-5 for sale at his Garden and Nur
sery, (near Savin-hill Hotel, Dorchester,) a variety of
Fruit and Ornamental Trees, shrubbery, grape vines,
bulbous flower roots, &c, &c.
100 Isabella Grape Vines, 4 and 5 years old, extra plants.
500 do. do. 2 years "old.
500 Catawba do. 2 and 3 years old.
jUso, Bland, Schuylkill, Prince Edward, Black Hamburg.
Chasselas, &c. 2000 plants of hardy Roses. 5000 Tulip
bulbs, now in order for transplanting.
Orders by mail or otherwise will be punctually attend-
ed to. RUFUS HOWE.
Dorchester, Sept. 26. 4t 2wom2w
Horticultural Show.
THE Sfassacbusetts Horticullui-al Society will cele
brale its fourth anniversary on Wednesday the 3d day of
October next, by a Public Dinner and Address.
The address will be delivered by Dr T. W. Harris, of
Cambridge, Professor of Entomology in the Society.
An Exhibition of Fruits and Flowers will be submitted
for tbe inspection of visitors, in Concert Hall, at 1 o'clock,
to close at 2.
Tickets may be had by tbe members of tbe Society and
others, on application to Dr S. A. SburllefT, Messrs J. T.
Buckingham, J. P. Bradlee, Geo. W. Pratt, Zebedee
Cook, Jr. and J. B. Russell.
The dinner will be provided by Major Eaton, at Con-
cert Hall, and the company will sit down at the table at
4 past 3, P. M. Per order.
ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.
Sept. 26. Chairman of the Committee,
Collins' Axes,
JUST received at the Agricultural Warehouse, No.
5O4 North Market Street, fifty dozen Collins Sf Co.'s and
King's Cast Steel Axes. J. R. NEWELL.
Situation Wanted,
As manager of a farm, by a native of Scotland, who
considers himself well qualified for his business, also
well acquainted in cattle. Apply at this olfice.
Sept. 19. 4t*
Slassachnsetts Horticultaral Society.
THE innual meeting of Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for the choice of Officers for the ensuing year
will be held by adjournment, on Saturday next at 11
o'clock, at the Hall of the Society.
Per order. R. L. EMMONS, Sec'y.
Durham Short Horn Bull.
A fine animal four years old, full blood, progeny veiy
promising, for sale, if applied for soon at Ibis ofiice.
Hot-bed Frames and Sashes.
FOR sale, a set of Hot-bed Frames containing six sash-
es in good order. Apply at this office. Sept. 5.
Printing Presses for Sale.
FOR sale at this olfice, one Smith's Imperial Press,
one do. Medium, and one Ramage.
Splendid Bulbous Roots.
JUST received at the Agricultural Warehouse and
Seed Store, No. 50^ North Market Street, a large assort-
ment of Bulbous Flower Roots, comprising the finest va-
rieties of
HYACINTHS: (Double and single,) dark blue,
poicelain blue, red, rosy coloied, pure while with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes;
from 124to$l each.
TULIPS : Splendid variegated ,red, yellow, and mixed ;
124 cents each, $1 per dozen: assorted, with the colors
marked on each ; (our assortment of fine tulips is very
large, and we are enabled to put many sorts as low as
$6 per hundred; an objeet to those who wish to form a
supeib tulip bed.)
CROWN IMPERIALS: Assorted, of the most splen-
did colors and showy flowers, large roots ; 25 cents each,
(extra fine roots.)
JONQUILLES : Sweet scented, finest roots I24 cts.
each, $1 per dozen.
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS: Fragrant, white
Willi citron cups, extra sized roots, 12^ to 25 cents each.
DOUBLE NARCISSUS: Fragiant, of all colors,
12A cents each, $1 per dozen.
SPRING CROCUS : Of all colors, 6^ cents each,
50 cents per dozen.
LARGE GLADIOLUS or SWORD LILIES,! 24 cents
each, $1 per dozen.
Double Pink Roots.
FOR sale at the New England Seedstore,No. 50^
North Market Stiect,
An assortment of the finest Double Pink Roots, of dif-
ferent colours, selected by an amateur, originally from the
Botanic Garden at Cambridge. Some of the sorts have
produced flowers the past summer 2^ inches in diameter,
and are considered equal to any cultivated in the vicinity
of Boston. They are now in fine order for transplanting,
arc packed in moss lor safe Iransoortation any distance,
and are offered at tbe low price of 25 cts. per root.
Also, a few large Double Crimson Pasony roots, packed
in moss, at tbe same price.
Wanted,
A Woman from 18 to 30 years of age, from the country,
to do the cooking, &c. of a small family in this city, where
she may rely upon kind treatment, and $1.50 per week
for her services. Address.L. A. at the New England
Farmer office.
Farmer Wanted.
A young man is wanted to manage a Farm in this vi-
cinity. He must be able to produce unquestionable re-
commendations as to capacity and attention to business —
a man (a native of New England) with a wife and no
children would be preferred. Apply at the New England
Farmer Office. sept. 26.
BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, Sept. 24, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advettiser and Patriot.
At market this day 610 Beef Cattle, (including about
125 unsold last week,) 1092 Stores, 2442 Sheep, (inclu-
ding 300 unsold last week.) and 780 Swine.
Prices. Beef Cattle.— We notice no Cattle sold
higher than we quoted extra cattle last week; second,
and third, best were scarce, and sold higher; we quote
extra at $5,25 a 5,50; prime at $4.84 a 5,17 ; good at
$4,25 a 4,06; thin at $3,50 a 4. Cows, two year old
and three year old, at $3,50 a 4,25.
.Stores. — Iwo year old from $11 to 15 ; yearlings from
6,50 to $10.
Cows and Calves. — We noticed the following prices :
20, 23, 27, and 30.
Sheep. — Better prices were obtained than we have no-
ticed for several weeks ; lots were taken at $1,33, 1,50,
l,fi2, 1,75, 1,92, 2, and 2,25. Wethers at $2,25, 2,33,
2,.'.0 and $8.
Swiyie. — Two lots of about 20 each, old swine, nearly
half sows at 4c.; one lot of 50 shoals, selected, half bar-
rows, at 4c. ; a'oout 80 were retailed 4 a 4:[ for sows, and
5 a .5i for barrows. Several lots will probably be taken
to-morrow.
New York, Sept. 22. — There has been a good demaqd
for all kind of stock this week. Beef Cattle rather
scarce, 500 head came in during the week and sold quick
at a trifling advance. Sheep and Lambs— about 4000
have come in, and all found a quick sale at advanced
prices. Beef Cattle $6 a 7, Sheep $2 a 4,60, Lamba
$1,50 a 3, Live Swine $4 a 4,50.— Daily Mv.
88
[NEW ENGLAND -FARMER.
September 2G, 1833.
Miscellany.
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAKMER.
A DANDY'S WHAT?
A dandy 's what ? a iiicl;,?y au4 a quiz,
A pail- of goggles aEid a uegrb s fiiz;
A scanty coat with a ti emendous collar,
A gieasy pocket ami a half a dollai-;
A plaited bosom stiuIJed tliiclt with glass,
A foieheaJ plated with a coat of brass;
A scarlet nose, a long nine and a squirt,
A flashy vest and may-be half a shirt ;
A pompous tone, a reverential bow,
A snow white hand, astraddle like a cow;
A squeaking voice, a tea cup full of paint,
A codfish's eye and vis:ige of a saint,
A pair of whiskers stolen fioiii a goat,
A pewter watch and seal scarce worth a groat ;
A pocket comb, a pair of random hose,
A pair of seal-skin slippers black as sloes ;
A peaked hat with scarcely any brim,
A spindle shank and body wonderous slim ;
A pair of check tights tighter than his skin,
A pewter brooch and watch chain made of tin;
A slim umbrella and a little switch,
A monkey followed by a pointer bitch;
A servile ape, a pretty woman's tool,
A stupid dunce, a despicable fool.
A WORKING-MAN'S .SPEKCII,
M the Manchester Temperance Socicti/'s T.:'i Pctrtij.
We are nuicli inilcljteJ to tin? politeiii-ss of tlic
Editors of the " OKI Coi;iitrviiiuii" for a sci-a|) of
the Manclicslef, (Eog.) Times of Juno 16th, con-
taining an iiitefcsting accouiii of "a meeting of
upwards of 400 members iind friends of the Man-
chester Teiiiperaiice Society in tlio Evcliange
buildings, wliere tliey paitooji" of a bevcra^'e of
tea instead of aleoliolio iMiiUs. The several
speeches are given, but we pass them all, for the
present, to give the following, which will he found
highly instructive, as well as graphic and ainusiiig.
— JV. Y. Tern. Agent.
Robert Rimiiicr, a join-neymau dyer in SidfonI,
then addressed the cunip.-iiiy lo th ; followiiij; ef-
fect: Mr Checrman, an<l ladies and gentlemen — I
have been as dniidten fellow as was ever known
in Manchester or Salford. Refore I knew of the
temperance societies I was wilhoul employment —
I could get no work ; and I was like a poor Inst
sheep wandering about in the streets, this d;iy
twelvemonths: an<l had it not been for tem|)er-
aiice societies I shoulil have hteu liiso a vagabond
in the streets yeL There was a mast«ir silk dyer
who hard startsd in the country. I went and axed
the master for a situation. Then he went lo in-
<|uire into my itliaraeter, and when he had gone I
thought to m^sei my job's (hme. (Laughter.) He
soon came h.iek and said, "We don't want any."
I then went np to a man who hail gone with nie
there and saiil, " I meet as «ell bealhief asa
drunkard, I have found that out." This man siiid
he had been at a temper.-ince meeting in Camp-
field, and had heanl some very good diseoiM'se
from a gentleman from Eccles. I said "what's the
ifieanliig of these temperance mcciings?" and he
told me that they were meetings of men who hni!
refrained from anient spirits. t said to hii7i,
"When is there another meeting?" and he said
he could not tell me. But as we were going up
Salford he saw a bill ou the wall, and he read it
for me, for I could not read mysel. But now I can
read a bit. (A]>plause.) The bill said that the
meeting was in Brougbton road, on Tuesday neet.
I went to it and liked it very well. I attended
the ne.\t meeting in Gravel-lane, and I liked that
better ; and the next meeting was in Bloosn-street,
and I liked that better still. The ne.\t meeting
was in CJanal-street, Oldfield-road, on the first of
August last, and there I was convinced it was a
good thing, and I signed the pledge, and prayed to
God to keep me to it. (Cheers.) I thank God I
dill so. .\n old master of mine was the cheerman
that net?, and he said to me, "Riimner, if you had
taken my advice three years ago, thou would now
have been worth one hundred pounds;" and I
have since found his words were true. Now I
can draw my wages comfortably, and when I get
the money I throw it ill my wife's lap, because I
know that she will lay it out to the best advantage.
(Applause.), For twentysix or twentyseven years
before I joined the Temperance Society, she was
plagued with a ilruiikeu husband, and she has not
had one moment's comfort only since I joined.
Before I joined I had neither tables nor cheers, nor
any pots in the house ; but now I have jdenty of
cheers and tables, and a good fat pig in the cote.
(Laughter and applause.) 1 have left off drinking
altogrthcr, except a gill of beer to my meals,
whicli I send for to the Tom atid Jerry shops. —
Those Tom and Jerry shops, sir, are a big nui-
sance: men are rolling about from them on Sab-
bath mornings, and they arc worse pknccs, sir, you
may depend upon, than the gin-shops. (Laugh-
ter.) I thank God that Teii1[)crance Societies
were raised in Manchester. 1 thank God I have
joined. I have now a good coat on my back, and
I have the honor to say it is paid for. (Cheers
and laughter.) Everything I have in the house is
paid for, and I am never without a shilling in my
pocket. (Renewed cheering.) My Misses say^ ami
declares she never knew comfort in the house un-
til I joined the Temperance Society, and she tells
the neighbors fIio is sure she has got n new hus-
band. (Laughter.) I pressed on her to come to
the tea-party : hut she said she could not come,
but she said, I shall he quite comfortable when
tliou'rt out, fur I shall know where thou art, and
tliat tliuu .wilt come home sober. (Cheers.) I'will
say this of her, there is not a better wife in the
land. (Cheers and laughter.) I liaveserved in the
army for many years, Imt I would not take ]0,0(!0
pounds to part from the Temperance regiment.
When my wife used to travel on the baggnge-cart,
the other woman would say, "come, Mrs Rimmer,
and take a dlass of gin." And my wife would
never tnk it, biit she said, it always starved her ;
and it does starve people, sir, you may depend on
it. (Loud laughter.) I think that the hniipiist
7ii:f<of my life that 1 signed the pledge in Oldfelil
road. I lost one of my lads about a month ago ;
he was drowned at Broughton bridge. When 1
was a drunkard he used to get off to bed belbrc I
got home, for fear of me ; but when I became a
sober man, he never woidd go to bed till his fa-
ther came home, he loved me so. (Hear, hear,
and cheers.) I have another son, about 18 years
of age; and a man what works with me, said to
me one day, "What benefit has thou, Rimmer, in
the Temperance Society ?" I said to him, " Ax
nur Charley, what benefit there is." He said,
" Well, Charley, is there any benefit in these Ten
perance Societies?" And Charley said, "Ay, I
thinks to jinjsel very often what can I do to make
my wife amends for my ill-usage to her. She
has had the sours, and now she shall have the
sweets. She now often says, " 1 never passed
such a year since I was tied to thee." I read now
in the S|)eirmg-book, and when she has done her
work she gives me a lesson. 1 have found it is
easier to engage a duwnreet driidier than a moder-
ate one. 1 am raising recruits. I have formed
a section ; and soon hope to get a division and
even a com[)any. There's a many folks have said
that Rimmer often gets drmd; now, tind that they
have seen me come rolling out of Jerry's shop;
but I don't niiiid them, for they think they are
doing Temperance Societies harm, hut what
they say is doing them good. The speaker, af-
ter !i few more remarks, retired from the platform
amidst thunders of applause.
Horse Quicksilver.
QUICKSILVER will stand this season at the stable of
the subscriber, in Brighton, a few rods south of the meet-
ing-house, and will cover only twenty mares the present
season, at $15 each, and $1 in addition, to the gioom.
Mares warranted to be in tbal, if $(20 is paid, and $1 to
Ihegioom; aiid in discharge of warranty, the $20 will
be relurnej.
Quicksilver is a beautiful bright bay, three years old ;
his siie. Sir Isaac Coffin's horse, Barefoot, conspicuous in
the racing calendar of England ; his dam, Rebecca, from
thi.* imported Cleveland bay horse Sii Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mare, well ki:own fur her fine form, speed,
and bottom, Oiicc owned by MrLcavittol !?'alem,to whom
persons are referred for her character, and will be lo many
others in Massachusetts and Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by gcod judges to combine with great symmetry
anvl lielicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
for a first rate covering horse. Marcs sent to him, and
if lift «ith the subscribe"-, will be well attended to on rea-
ilde terinSj but be will not be responsible for acci-
d.nts. BENJA.MIN W. H013ART.
Urigbton, June 13, 1S.S2. It
StraAvbcrry Plants.
FOR .sale by David Haggf.hstow, Charlestowo
Vineyard, the following kinds of Strawberry Plants ;
Keen-' Seedling, Wilmot's Superb, Royal Scarlet,
Downion, Rosehorry, and Mulberry Strawberries.
Keens' Seedling, two dollars; the oilier kinds, one
dollar per hundred. Orders fur the above sent lo the
Agricultural Warehouse, lioslon, will be attended to.
Sept. 5.
White Mulberry Seed.
THIS day received at the New England Seed Store,
No. .304 North Market Street, Hoston, a lot of White
Mulbeiry Seed, saved the last month expressly for us,
from one of the largest white mulberry orchards in Con-
necticut— warranted fresh and of tbc very first quality.
Aug. 15.
Published every Wednesday F-v.-ning, at gS per annum,
pavable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days (roni the time of subscribing, are entitled lo a
deduction oi fifty cents.
(Cr No papirwid be sent to a distance without payment
bein^' made in advance.
Printed for J. B. Riisseul, by 1. K. linTTS — by whom
nil doRcriptions of l*rinting can be e.\ecuteO to meet the
wishrs ofcustomers. Orders for Printing received by J. B
Russn.L, at the Agricultural Waiehouse, No. 5'2. North
Market Street.
AGENT.S.
New York — G. Thorbuhn iV Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Alba'iii — Wm. Thokbukn, Zil Market street.
Plii'dilelphia — D. it C Laniiketh, 85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimitre — d B. .Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincumati—S C. I'.muchcrst. 23 Lower Market-street.
Fhishins JX. Y. \\ m. I'rincf,& S'ins, Prop, Lin. liot.Garden
Middleimnj, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford— GoonwiN & Co. Booksellers.
Sprinfrlieid. Ms. — E. Edwakds.
Nfwhmj-port. — El enf/.kr Steoman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. //. — J. W. FosTKR. Bookseller.
Portland. Me. — Samuel Coi-man, Bookseller.
'vsla. Me. — Wn. MaKN.
Halif^, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq,
t more bread and cheese now." (Laughter.) I JMo«/rea/,L. C — Henry Hillock.
NEW ENGI.AND FARMER.
vol.. XI
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Agricultural Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
NO. 12.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 3, 1882.
Agriculture.
SUPERIOR BREEDS OF CATTLE.
We are giatitifil to learn that a ineiuber of the
Massachusetts Agricultural Society will endeavor
to illustrate by examples, tlie properties of a num-
ber of breeds of imported cattle, as indicated in
animals which are specimens of their respective
races. These will be exhibited at the next Brighton
Fair, and will display the peculiarities of their
kinds downwards from the Gore Breed, which
was imported by Charles Vaughan, Esq. a little
before 1800, with a subsequent cross of the Bake-
well, inqjorted by Gilbert Stewart, Esq. and
presented to Sir Bowdoin, about 1800. Mr Par-
sons' Bull Holderness was then made use of, and
then crossed by Calebs. From 1819 to 1825, crosses
were obtained from Admiral, Denton, Coelebs and
Sir Is.iac, and since, during the two years past by
a full blooded descendant of Wye Comet, import-
ed by Col. Powel, and said to be the last and best
improvement of the short horned race. This last
mentioned animal will also be exhibited.
Individual animals in which these several races
are marked will be offered to view and competi-
tion for premiums, such as Cows, Heifers, Bull
and Heifer Calves. Full and half blooded oxen
will also compete in drawing. Ouy,_ farmers will
thus have an opportunity to observe t'oe-form, col-
or and quality of the several races; Wife deep red
in the Herefordshire, with the white or speckled
face, &c. Mention has often been made in our
paper, by the Rev. Mr Capen, and others, ard
specimens seen at the Cattle Shows, of the excd-
lence of the Bakewell breed ; its value in mil h
properties and good temper. In the latter partn-
ular the short horned race has proved remarkabe.
With regard to the Bakewell stock, the practte
was to Ijreed "in and in" until the several impn--
tations from abroad took place; of all of which,
we learn advantage has been taken. The objct
has been to illustrate what could be done by ca-
stant eflort ; and ills hoped that, if there is ay
good to be derived, of which many are confideit,
the advantage, and the practicability of its beig
realized may be fully displayed for the benefit if
our cultivators. We are fully persuaded thaa
desire to promote the agricidtural interest, is te
only motive inducing the individual alluded to, o
make the exertions necessary for the exhibitio
proposed as above mentioned.
From tho Boston Medical and Surgical Journal.
DIET AND REGIMEN.
Some thirty or forty years since, when comme-
cial expeditions to the remotest parts of the cart
were much less frequent than at the present day
a ship returned after having made a v<fery fortu
nate voyage into the Pacific. The master invitei
the owntrs, with his and their friends, to visi
bim on board. They partook very liberally o
such refri^shments as he offered them; and anion
other delicacies, of some excellent smoked oi|
dried meat, which was much relished and ad-
mired. When the repast was over, the company
were informed that the meat was horse-flesh
which the captain had procured of the Araucani-
an Indians. This information sickened the whole
part/; and in a little time, vomiting, whether from
the squcamishness of individuals, or from sympa-
thy, became general, and soon put an end to all
furtier conviviality and hilarity.
I think it is Van Swieten who tells us, that he
^^asonce riding in the heat of summer on a par-
ticular road, when he was itistantly seized with a
viocnt vomiting, which was caused by the op-
preisive stench arising from the sudden bursting
of die carcass of a dead animal that lay by the
wa; side. He adds, that this sickness made such
an uipression on his imagination, and the associ-
atini of ideas was so strong, as ever after to pro-
diue nausea when he passed by the place, even
wh'n he travelled the road in the dead of winter.
"hese instances are mentioned as specimens of
the power of the imagination over the stomach,
an( of the commanding influence which the mind
poscsses upon the process of digestion, while the
boiy is in perfect health. It is impossible to fix
th( attention upon the stomach, and the various
artcles of the food which we eat — measuring the
quaitity, examining the quality, and discussing the
saluirity of every mouthful that is taken — with-
out greatly disturbing the process of digestion.
Gr«n corn, the most palatable of all the native
difiHS of New England, sits as heavy as lead ;
ru umbers and pickles become as indigestible as
Hilts ; apples, I'eaches, and other fruits of the
» ason, are soon as acid as vinegar; and the pulo
if the most delicious watermelon is as nauseating
.IS Araucanian horseflesh. Our garden vegetables
are looked upon with an eye as suspicious as we
would view thorn apple, heiidock, or the deadly
night-shade. Tarts, sweetmeats, cake, and every
delicacy, can be no longer borne ; and even the
plain apple ))ie, which has been our favorite froni
infancy, is bainshed from the table. Tea distmba
the nerves, coffee is too stimulating, and chocolate
is indigestible.
n nine instances in ten, and more probably
ninetyniue in a hundred, the mischief which fol-
lows the temperate, prudent use of these articles,
arises from the disturbance which the imagination
gives the stomach, rather than from their being
originally improper for food. The influence of
the mind upon the stomach, and more particularly
so when it is in a state of apprehension and fear,
checks the secretion of gastric juice, and prevents
a sufficient quantity of it being furnished to per-
form the process of digestion. The direction to
the disciples to eat whatever was set before them,
as well as the command to ask no questions for
conscience' sake, was not only an injunction of
religion, but a dictate of philosophy ; and it is at
this day as obligatory upon every person in health,
and wishing to remain in health, as it was in the
primitive age of the Gospel. It is difficidt to con-
ceive of the great and irreparable injury, which
has been done of late years, by diffusing minute
rules concerning diet and regimen, among people
in ordinary health. Not one stomach in a hun-
<lred will bear to be constantly watched, question-
ed, and irritated by the mind. The true way to
retain a good stomach is, in a sense, to forget that
such an organ is attached to the body.
Peculiar stirtes of health, as well as everything
else in this world, go by fashion. At one time
everybody is bilious ; at another, nervous. Some-
times all must be feverish, and taking cream of
tartar ; at others, every one is debilitated, and
taking iron, tincture of bark, and bitters. At pres-
ent, dyspepsia is the order of the day, and every-
thing is to be prevented and cured by abstinence
and starvation. Books ui)on this subject are cir-
culated among the learned, and the newspapers
are constantly enforcing it upon the people at
large. The professors of our colleges and schools,
many of them, as regularly and as gravely lecture
their pupils upon diet and regimen, as upon their
systematic studies; and if the professor chances
to be in fashion, all the pupils of the institution
must have the dyspepsia also. A kind of mono-
mania pervades the whole community upon this
point. The question now is, not what we shall
cat or drink, but what we shall not eat or drink ;
and every morsel or draught is as scrupulously
examined as if it contained a latent poison.
Such being the state of things, a squcamishness
and delicacy is soon acquired, and the stomach is
readily brought into a factitious state, which pre-
vents its digesting properly most of the common
articles of food. Nothing but the diet of invalids
can be borne ; and even this, to sit easy, must be
diminished in quantity, till the strength is impair-
ed and we all become valetudinarians in reality.
When an epidemic very generally prevails in a
particular, limited '.oca'ity, it sometimes happens
that no person enjoys sound health. In such
cases, certain cautions may not only be proper,
but necessary. But if this locality is a hundred
miles from us, and our own vicinity remains sa-
lubrious, it is no argument that we should adopt
a valetudinarian regimen. It is not necessary for
our crew to be put on short allowance, because
another ship is in want of provision. The fruits
and produce of the season were designed for tem-
perate use and rational enjoyment. S« far from
its being true, that they are crude the present
year, in the vicinity of the residence of the writer
the fai-t is directly the reverse. With the excep-
tion that the season is perhaps a few days later
than usual, there is an ample supply of all our
customary productions, in all the iicrfection com-
mon to the climate. They are not placed by
Providence before a sound man to tantalize his
appetite, or to tempt him to destroy his health.
I have no doubt that much evil has arisen from
adopting a cholera regimen in places where there
was no trace of the disease, and that by this means
the stomach has become enfeebled, and a predis-
position formed for the epidemic. Every idle ru-
mor has been circulated, to work upon a credu-
lous public. In my view, it is the height of folly
and credulity to imagine that the eating of an ap-
ple, a peach, or a slice of watermelon, in perfec-
tion, can ever produce such a disease as malignant
cholera in a healthy person, or essentially affect
him either as a predisposing or exciting cause.
No; where this terrible disease does occur, the
cause lies deeper. The whortleberries and milk
could not, 1 apprehend, have ever been the occa-
sion of the calamity of the clergyman's family
at Harlaem ; or if they were, the health of the
90
Ni:W ENGLAND FARMER,
October 3, 1832,
family must have been previously impaired.
These remarks concerning the action of the
mind of a person in health, npon the digestive or
assimilating powers of the stomach, apply with
augmented force when disease, or even a predis-
position to a prevailing complaint, is present.
Now a little imagination may render the simplest
article of food indiffeslihle, or maUe it actually
noxious. Every one knows, that suspicion or
fear has an instant effect on the stomach ; and
hour, the wheel which was so encased with ice
as to be iinmovalile, was as clear of it as if it had
been the montli of July, and from that time no
further obstruction was experienced. This bene-
ficial ajiplication of the warm water of h red
wells was soon extended to all the manufactqrics
where such wells existed.
But the engineer did not rest there. He on
ceived and executed the plan of warmingthe
manufactories themselves by the water, prio
cicr another man was engaged in, General Wash-
iNUTOM could have bestowed a particular atten-
tion to the details of husbandry ; and have sujier-
iiitcnded and directed complex operations on seve-
ral farms, at the same time that he presided over
the destinies of a rising emi>iie, in a novel, ardu-
ous, and hazardous career of military and politi-
cal experiment. The following, copied from a
" Letter from Mr Jared Sparks, to the Hon. Judge
:he
ct ate
5ns
el.
O
hen this suspicion is directed to the stomach it- its falling on the wheel. This was .lone by
self its influence is augmented in a geometrical simple process of causing the water to circi
ratio The digestive organs for a time are par- in open tubes (troughs) throughout several ro
alvzed and the^food is no longer subject to ani- 1 of a paper mill and thence to fall on the wlA,
mal laws, but is changed upon chemical princi- | A diflercnce of nearly ihirtyfive degrees, in v
pies The eflects of medicine, in like manner, j cold weather, was thus produced between le
are essentially counteracted, or materially assisted, interior and the exterior of the building, altboi ;h
accordiu'T to the state of the mind, and its direc- ] the doors were frequently opened by the mgi ss
tion to the stomach, and the supposed good or ill j and egress of the workmen, and it enabled le
proprietor to dispense with the stoves, and I
naccs, without any inconvenience to the laboi rs
to Story," will present new motives and fresh incen-
tives, to every cultivator to imitate the virtues, and
venerate the name of Washington.
action of the remedy
On the whole, after a pretty attentive consider-
ation of the subject, I am strongly inclined to be-
lieve that the popular treatises upon diet and reg-
imen, the habitual lecturing of students upon their
health, and the newspaper recommendations and
proscriptions of food and drink, have been the
cause often cases of dyspepsia, in the place of one
which they have prevented or removed. It is
said that no susceptible person can fix his atten-
tion upon his heart, for five minutes at a time,
without producing pain or distress, or vary-
ing the action of that vital organ- The
is probably the fact with the stomach
ehher on account of heat or of dampness fr
the water, which was at first an object of appe
hcnsion.
In oil mills this procedure is i)articulirly
vantagcous, not only in keeping the wheels cli
of ice, but in securing the requisite dampness
AGRICULTtJRAI, PAPERS.
There was no station in which Washington
took more delight, or the duties of which he dis-
charged with more zeal and acliviiy, than that of
a practical farmer. His achievements in this walk,
were prodigious. It may fairly be questioned
whether any other individual in the country, not
excepting the most imlustrious and enterprising,
who has been devoted to this pursuit alone, has
ever accomplished so much. — He was command-
er of an army, and at the head of a nation for a
few years only at a time, but a day never passed
in which his farm was out of his miiul. During
the whole war, he was planning improvements.
)f I directing them, and often writing letters of minute
the grain without the danger of freezing, whih , instructions to his manager. While President of
in cold weather, demands much troublesome p ;- i the United States, it was his standing custom to
caution. / write weekly, and receive weekly relurns, in
The ])rocess now described has the furtherld- i which he required great particularity and exact-
vantage, 1st. That the same water, which inthe I ness in specifying occurrences, and the einploy-
vvinler warms the apartments, in summer comrai- ment and progress of the laborers. I have be-
and peculiarly so when an epidemic is prevailing, ' nicates a most agreeable and refreshing coolneU, . fore mo a voUime of jiress copies of letters writ-
which has one of its prominent siats in the or-^i|iehcat never exceeding 55 degrees, though |t| ten in one^^ during the Presidency, to his man-
"ans of digestion. A regular habit of using the
bounties of Providence with temperance and mod-
eration, is about all that can ever- be enforced up-
on the pulilie to advantage. AH popular direc-
tions besides the rules of common sense and com-
mon prudence, are liable to be misunderstood
and perverted, and be carried to extremes which
make them worse than useless— increasing the
very evils which they were benevolenlly, but in-
judiciously, designed to diminish. AMICUS.
ADVANTAGES OF BORED WELLS IN
COMMUNICATING HEAT.
The temperature of the water which rises from
considerable depths in the earth, being almost
constantly, winter and summer, at about ^A°
Fah. the ap|)lication of this temperature to eco-
nomical purposes was suggested by M. de Bruck-
niann of Wirtemberg, and it has met with com-
plete success. Bored wells, from which the wa-
ter rises to the surface by some internal force, and
flows in a constant stream, are now common or
at least numerous, in the north of Europe. This
able engineer had bored a nuraher of these wells
for the supply of various establishments for spin-
ning, paper making, bleaching, &c, in which the
water flowing from them is useil as a rnoti* e power.
In the winter of 1830, he was consulted in re-
lation to the best means of keeping the wheels
clear of ice, in one of the manufiictories of Heib-
sonn, when the congelation was so great as to
oblige thcin to use the axe in clearing the wheel.
Recourse has been had to currents of hot air, and
cylinders filled with ignited cljarcoal, but with
imperfect success. Dr Bruckmann introduced
the current from a bored well into a cylinder,
pierced full of holes, from which the water fell
may outside be as high as seventysix degre^J agcr and ^ifrseers. Some of them extend to
2d. That the circulation of water in manufacto-jgLverul pngcs, and they average more than one a
ries purifies the air, and promotes the health otl*/cek. They arc written in his own hand, with
llin workmen, so that in rooms full of people, tlii'jits usually fair and regular character, and bear
atmosphere is found to be perfectly free, though jevuy mark of having been as much studied in
the windows may be kept shut. 3d. That in casi i ex|i( ssion and style as any of his compositions,
of fire, a current of water within a building must ; In some cases, and probably in most, they were
be of the greatest consequence. j wr tin and copied out by himself, befiirc the press
So successful have been these inventions of M.
de Bruckmann, that the King of Wirtemberg has i
appointed him to the station of Ko_\al Archiu'cl, j of i
and Knight of the order of merit, and ilecrced to , cu i
him a large gold medal. ) he re his death. It is a pamphlet of 24 folio
The water of bored wells has been applied in ' pa^s, written in a close hand, containing inslruc-
France to the warming of conservatories of plant.s, lids to his manager for ihe cnllivation of three
and a large fish pond at Montmorency has been , falis on the estate of Mount Vernon, tlu^ follow-
supplied in the same manner with cool v/alcr, , in| year. Each far.n was divided into lots which
whiih in the summer season prevents the loss for- jw(e numbered. In the pamphlet very full in-
merly sustained by the jierishing of the fish from ! stictions are given how lo cultivate evcrij lot in
the excess of heat. In consequence of these val- th three farms during the next year, stating the
liable applications, the committee ofthe "Socielie cr)s, with remarks on the soil, the products of
d'Encouragement," propose the decree of tlieir j fomer years, and thcMesiills of former experiments,
gold medal to M. de Bruckmann.— BwH de la Soc. ) Wshington died, you will recollect, in ihe middle
ressions were taken.
eh was his habit for years, ami<lsl the burden
s |)ublic cares. There is also before me a
IIS asricnllliral dociiineiit, dated four days
iTEncour. Aout.
From Pouls
Daily Advertiser.
THE F.^RMER OF MOUNT VERNON.
Every person, not profoundly ignorant of his
couniry's annal.s,and who is at all conversant with
the characters ofthe leaders in the revolution which
gave existence to these United States, must have
been in the habit of contemplating General VVash-
i.NGTo.N as an eminent agriculturist, as well as the
man ^^Jirst in war, first in peace, and Jirst in the
hearts of his countrymen." But few, however,
could have supposed it possible that in the midst ite crops of each lot, with remarks on the corn-
er i.r... „..,.^...;^.,^ ^c — : .1 I .;„.....,..„«..., «c ,r.ir......... ..»*.. ,;».... u., «.r»r. „•
of December, and this pamphlet, drawn up evi-
dqily with much reflection, was already prepar-
eijto bo handed to the manager, at the begin-
nik of the year, prefaced by a letler of general
dipctions, on the iinjior ance of method and foj-e
tnught in farming operatioius, and this, notwith-
sjnding he was himself to be on the i)laiitation,
1 exercise a daily su|)ervision.
These instances are mentioned only as exam-
(es; they indicate the habit, and it is unnecessary
add more. For a time, he kept an agricultural
)lirnal, and was engaged in experiments on a ro-
tion of crops, noting down for a series of years.
in a shower upon the wheel, and in less than an of public avocations of more importance thau
rative success of different rotations. He was at
Vol. XI.-No. 13.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
91
niucli pains to stock his farms with the best breeds
of aiiiinais, and his f,'roiinds were adorned with
rare and curious trees and shrubs, collected from
various parts of the United States and from for-
ciL'n countries. His correspondence with Sir
John Sinclair, Mi' Anderson, and Arthur Young,
on agriculture, has been printed. It is not my in-
tention to select much for publication under this
head, but such papers will he included, and such
ilUistrations appended, as will exhibit in their due
proportions the character of Washington on his
farm, and his attention to the humble concerns of
life.
ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The annual exhibition of the Essex Agiicultu-
ral Society took place at Newbury, on Thursday,
Sept. 27. The day was highly favorable, and the
Exhibition in all its parts well sustained, mani-
festing an increasing interest in the concerns of
the Society. Much credit is due to the Commit-
tee of Arrangements, and other gentlemen of the
vicinity, for their active exertions to render the
Farmers' Festival useful and interestin
coinmuuity.
Amoug the numerous crowds assembled on this
occasion, we noticed many of the most substan-
tial and practical fiirmers from all parts of the
County. Such an assemblage of practical men,
for the purpose of communicating and receiving
instruction, cannot fail to have a salutary influ-
ence upon all around them.
At 2 o'clock between one and two hundred
members of the Society, with their invited guests
dined together, at Drake's Hotel, in Newburyport.
The tables were handsomely spread, and boiinti-
fully supplied. And we should not ojnit to no-
tice the public spirit of those ladies and gentlemeu
of the vicinity, by means of which they were sd
beautifully ornamented with flowers, and furnishd
with fruits of the best quality.
At three o'clock, an address was delivered ly
the Rev. Gardner B. Perry of Bradford, to a
crowded audience, replete with sound instructioi
and much useful information.
Among the objects presented for Exhibition anl
Premium, we noticed, 9 Bulls, 9 Milch Cows, 11
Heifers, 17 pair of Steers, 9 young Horses rai'sel
in the county, about 30 pair of Working Oxe^
Swine of various kinds, &c. &c.
Fourteen teams, 7 double and 7 single wer
engaged in the Ploughing Match, on a field ad
mn-ably suited to the purpose, and performed tin
ploughing of one quarter of an acre each, in tim
varying from 5.5 to 90 minutes, and in a manne
not excelled in any match of the kind we eve
witnessed.
The following Premiums were awarded.
DAIRT.
To Mrs Betsey Parker, for Butter, $li
Hector Coffin, clo.
Moses Newell, for Cheese,
PLOUGHIiVG.
Double teams.
To Richard Jaques, 1st premium,
John Northend, 2d,
Bartlett J. Currier, 3d,
William Moody, jr. 4th,
Single teams.
To Rich'd T. Jaques, 1st,
Daniel Adams, 3d, 2d,
Pike Noyes, 3f|,'
Adams Knight, 4ih
CIDER. ^
To James Ferguson,
POTATOES.
To Paul Kent, 1st jireminm,
James Locke, 1st,
E. &S. Follaiisbee,2d,
BULLS.
lo Jesse Putnam, 1st premium,
Gideon H. Currier, 2d,
Josejih Day, 3d,
MILCH cows.
To Timothy Flanders, 1st premium,
J. O. W. Brown, 2d,
Timo. Noyes, 3d,
Edw. Titcomb, jr. gratuity,
Parker M. Dole, "
STEERS.
?o Israel Bartlett, 1st premiinn,
Amos M. Follansbee, 2d,
N. Newell, )
N. S. Sawyer, f
7
7
5
1.5
10
5
15
10
5
2
2
10
5
2 50
I the stems, are about the size of pepper corn and
10 when ripe, aie covered with a whitish green wax
At Sandy Neck, on the north side of Barnstable
harbor, this shrub abound.s, and an active person
may in autumn, gather two bushels of the berries
per day. The wax or tallow is collected by boil-
ing the berries in water, a bushel yielding from
four to five pounds. Its specific gravity when
cool, being greater than that of water, the wax is
skimmed oflT during the process of boiling, other-
wise it would settle among the berries and be lost
It is afterwards clarified in brass kettles, and ap-
plied to a variety of purposes, but it is chiefly
used in making candles. These burn for a long
time, produce little smoke, emit an agreeable odor
during combustion, and never melt and run down
at the sides like those manufactured from tallow
or spermaceti. It is usual to mix bayberry with
other tallow, because candles made wholly fiom
it, do not give a strong light, particularly during
cold weather.
Bayberry tallow has been used, more or less, in
o Joseph Mann of Salisbury, for an extraordi- ''"^ vicinity, since the settlement of the country •
o,. «f tU^ e„.,.i...:„u r> 1 ^ ., K.,, , „„„ . .1 ... """y ,
to thejnar,- Ox, of the Sandwich Breed, 5 years old,
weghing 2420 lbs. fed only upon grass, in the pas-
tur; with other cattle.
SWINE.
?o Parker M. Dole, 1st premium
Thomas Emery, 2d,
Phili|)R. Rogers, 1st,
Hector Coffin, 2d,
Moses French, 1st,
Hector Coffin, 2d,
HORSES.
To John O. W. Brown, for iron gray colt,
3 years old, 1st premium, 20
To William Johnson, Jr. for his bay horse,
4 years old 2d pr. 15
To John B. Savory, for a dark sorrel mare,
4 years old, 3d pr. 10
Gratuities to the amount of $18 were given for
other handsome animals of this description.
$86 were awarded in premiums for numerous
articles of Domestic Manufacture exhibited ; man-
ifesting much industry and taste in their structure.
Several claims were entered for Agricultural
Experiments of different kinds, and for extraor-
dinary crops — but were not decided on at this
tneeting.
The Officers of the last year were re-elected
with a very few alterations. — Essex Register
U
Fromlhe Ilarngtiible Jou
BAYBERRY OR WAX-BEARING MYRTLE.
The very respectable and industrious repre-
sentative of Portugal at Washington, has furnish-
ed the correspondent of the New York Journal of
Commerce, with an interesting article on the tree
or shrub commonly called myrtle. It is a native
of North Ai
but we were not aware that it was so extensively
at the south, till after reading the article referred
to in the Journal of Commerce. Candles made
of a mixture of bayberry and other tallow, are a
beautiful and economical article, and it is some-
what surprising that they are not in more general
request. Fine scented soap is also made from
this wax, and in New York city there is a manu
factory of the crude article.
Substitute for Sugar.— A substitute for what
may now be deemed a luxury, will probably, be
by no means unacceptable. Honey has been pro-
posed, honey has been adopted, but to many its
peculiar flavor occasions a disgust they cannot
overcome ; now this flavor may be removed, with-
out any injury to its sweetness, by a very simple
process. Late experiments in chemistry have
taught the use of charcoal in purifying various
substances; this led to its application to the pur-
pose of freeing honey from its peculiar flavor,
which has been attended with complete success'.
Four pounds of honey being boiled with two
pounds of water, and one of well burnt charcoal
:entle fire, till the syrup began to acquire
some degree of consislency, the charcoal was
separated by a strainer, the clear syrup being then
boiled, till it was of a proper consistence, it was
found to be as free from any disagreeable flavor
as syrup of sugar. This therefore, might be ap-
plied to every purpose for which sugar is com-
monly used. If the charcoal be coareely powder-
ed, I should imagine a smaller quantity would as
effectually answer the purpose.
Expeyjses of Cultivation.— The expense of culti-
vation of laud in Englat}^ has much increased of
late vears, as appears bytlie returns to the Board
J , ~ , ""^ Jfc«l:^, <io u(j rirais ov 1116 rctums to tbc Kosrd
lenca, and abounds on many of the of Agriculture, which state that t ^ av™ ex
Idmos sandy beaches, from Maine to Louisiana. Lenses of cultivating 100 Trlsof hnd was L'
Of this shrub there are several species. The one '""" " -- "'-'^'^s o' jann was, in
known in the northern states by the name of bay-
12 berry or wax-bearing myrtle, and at the south as
10 the candle-berry tree, is the most valuable. It is
8 I rather low and spreading shrub, having crook-
6 3d stems, and lanceolate or spear shaped leaves
with a few indentures towards their extremities.'
10 The bark of the young shoots and the leaves be-
8 ng bruised, "emit the most refreshing and de-
6 ightful fragrance, exceeded by no myrtle, or any
4 aromauc plant." The berries grow in clusters on
1790, £411; in 1803, £547 ; and in 1813, £771.
Since the latter year, there have been reductions in
labor and taxes, and also, to a considerable extern,
in rent. Surveyors calculate that highly cultiva-
ted land ought to produce a threefold return, viz.
one third of the gross produce to the landlord for
rent, another lor the expenses, and the remainder
for the farmer's profit ; the rent of inferior land
being only a fourth, or even a fifth of the gross
produce, by reason of the additional expense of
cultivation. — English paper.
92 NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL ' ing and husbandry in general, and tliereby to in-
MEETING. crease the annual profits, elevate the character,
The Committee appointed by the Executive ' and extend the influence of those who are engaged
Committee of the Cumberland Jisrrkultural and • in these interesting and important pursuits, j
Horticultural Socitty, to select the place and make It is anticipated that another year will erfable
all requisite arrangements for the First Annual Ex- j the Society to hold out such cncouragement,land
October 3, 1832.
hibition of said Society, submit to their associate I to offer such premiums as will embrace n
members and fellow ci'tizeus the following report. , all objects of agricultural iiiiprovenicnts and o:
The Annual Exhibition, as appointed by the j mestic industry and manufacture, and simull ne-
laws of the Society, will be holdcn in Westbrook, ously serve to demonstrate the Society's own f os-
on Wednesday the 17th day of October next.— perous condition, and to advance the great ur-
The place selected for the purpose is at and near poses of the coinmou welfare for which it has hen
Mr Stevens's public house, iu the initnediate vi- projected.
cinity of Woodford's corner. This locality is be- j But the interests which our farmers and h( -ti-
lieveJ to combine more advantages for the geu- culturists shall this year manifest in behalf of he
eral accommodation of the Agricultural citizens enterprise thus formed for their common ben fit,
of the county, than any other place that could be will operate very sensibly to encourage or disci ,ir-
selected, and es|)ecially in regard to travel. It is age, according as it shall be spirited or lang id,
most central, and on the great thoroughfare to, and the labors ofihose upon whom the principal la-
in the immediate neighborhood of the Portland bor in it must necessarily devolve, viz. the ac ve
market, where the stock and produce of the hus- members and officers of the Society. As lis
bandnian are ordinarily carried for sale. All per- truth must address itself home so readily to he
sons llierefore, who have occasion to visit Port- understanding of every good citizen farmer in he
land on either pleasure or business, will find hut county, nothing need be added to convince hin of
little inconvenience in attending the Exhibition at the propriety of his regarding and making la
this place. And as there may be a [jiihlic sale as matter of both i)leasuie and business to devjte
well as a most favorable opportunity for private one day in the year which has been appointedlto
sales, of such stock, produce, and domestic manu- the interesting purposes of this Society. Tfey
facturcs as may be brought into and entere<l for are, one and all, respectfully advised and invled
the Exhibition, those who have articles of the to do so. |
kind to dispose of will probably find it for their j The premiums voted by the Executive Comfcit-
interest to make it even their special business to tee to be awarded at the approaching exhibil^n,
attend on the occasion, and add their proper share are as follows
of encouragement to the enterprise
Every accommodation practicable will be pro-
vided for persons who shall attend with a view of
advancing the designs of the institution. Conve-
nient rooms for the exhibition of articles of do-
mestic raauufacluie, or roots, fruits, &c, &c, and
suitable pens for cattle and other live slock will
be prepared.
It is also expected that an Address, explanatory
of the designs, utility and ])ractical operation of
the Society will be delivered on the occasion. A
public dinner, for such members of the Society as
choose to unite in it, will likewise be prepared
■-' 50
5
For the best yoke of working oxen, JlO
" " best specinten of butter, in a quantity
not less than 20 lbs.
" " best cheese not less than 30 lbs.
" " best old cider, not less than 1 bbl.
" " best currant wine, in quantity not
less than six bottles, made without
the use of ardent spirits,
" " best milch cow,
" " best bull, native or iinported, not
exceeding two years old, 5
Suitable premiums will also be awarded for
specimens of apples, pears and grapes, and also
The Society being in its infancy, and its mode for other articles of produce, and of domestic
of procedure but partially matured, the Exhihi- manufacture, which shall in the opinion, of the
tion for the present season cannot be expected to Executive committee be of superior quality, or
aflTord the immediate and extensive interest to ei- skill.
ther the members of the society) or the public, But no pretnium will be awarded for any urti-
which is confidently contemplated for the future, cle which shall not be of a superior quality, and
The first organization of the Society was too late of the growth or manufacture of this county ex-
in the curient season to hold out pecuniary in- cepting on stock already specified,
ducements, in the shape of premiums, for our far- 1 All persons having any improved agricultural
mers and horticulturists to enter into competition or horticultural implement or machinery, or im-
with each other for the promotion of their com- proved stock of cattle, sheep or swine, or any
mon cause under the regulations and guidance of roots, pl.ints, culinary vegetables or fruits of a su-
the Society, or to make formal reports of their perior quality or growth, are invited to enter them
success in any attempted improvements in their , for exhibition and sale.
crops, stocks, or other branches ofindustry. The
consequence could not be otherwise than that a
very few piemiums only can at this meeting be
offered, consistently with either the state of the
funds, or the general design of the institution.
It is, however, of primary importance, that our
agricultural citizens should improve this approach-
ing opportunity to make themselves acquainted
with the objects, great lUility and operation ol the
society ; and by their prompt attendance and spir-
ited cooperation, stimulate its niemhcrs and each
other in the laudable endeavor to widen the cir- Who has no friend and no enemy, is one of the
culatioa of useful knowledge relating to garden- vulgar; without talents,, power or energy.
A written account of the articles or subjects of
premium will be required of thosAwho propose
to compete for the honors of the Society.
New members will also be admitted at this
meeting of the Society. And all persons desir-
ous of admission are invited to attend.
SETH CLARK,
FRANCIS O. J. SMITH,
NATHANIEL WARREN.
Westbrook, Sept. 18, 1832.
Fnim the Massacliusetts Agricultural Kepositury.
STIRRING THE EARTH A RELIEF
AGAINST DROUGHT.
This is a trite subject, and one, which we are
aware has been long since settled by intelligent
cultivators in all countries. It is very familiar to
gardeners, and the cause of the very superior pro-
ductions of gardens over field culture may be at-
tributed in part to the more frequent application,
of the hoe and spade. Yet it is true, that a very
great number of farmers deny the proposition, and
disapprove the practice. They think it danger-
ous to plough and hoe, in the time of extreme
drought and heat, while our own experience of
twenty years has convinced us, that it is much su-
perior as a remedy, against drought, than water-
ing in the limited manner, in which that must al-
ways be applied. There has never been a season
in our memory in which there was gieater neces-
sity for the application of all remedies against
drought than the ;)rfj!C)i<. The drought was not
only of longer duration, but it took ])lacc, when
plants were the lca.«t able to resi.st it, not having
sent their roots in quest of nourishment far, wide,
and deep. The early foliage, also, is more tender
and more liable to wilt under a scorching sun and
a drying wind.
In this extraordinary season, I had a small
patch of early potatoes planted in a warm and
sandy soil purposely to procure an early crop ;
the soil was, at Ica.st, three quarters pure sand,
mixed with some food for plants among Mhe sand.
The severe drought threaetned a total loss of the
cro[). Tha'polato stalks were feeble, drawn up,
scarcely la^er than goose quills, and I expected
every day to see them wither ; all hopes of a crop
were abandoned. I thought that they were the
Air subjects of a desperate experiment. On one
oMlie hottest and driest days, I gave them a thor-
oigh ploughing, jtassing the plough four limes
though each row ; first ploughing two furrows
fnm the hills, as near the roots as possible, vvith-
011 throwing out the seed potatoes, and then re-
tcning the loam, or earth, instantly hack by two-
0 ler furrows. No rain intervened for ten days.
Ii three days after, the potatoes changed their
c lor, thoy started afresh as if they had received
th benefit of ample showers, while not a drop of
r n had fallen.
The di;ws, which were abundant, settled upon
1 2 new turned earth, while before the ploughing,
11 moisture had been apparent.
The last fact, though it cannot have escaped
t e notice of the most careless cultivator, has not
1 en as yet explained. We can easily see, that a
sil, rendered porous, would more leadily and ea-
sy convey its moisture to the roots. It becomes
Ice a sponge, and is readily permeable, or rather
radily permits the moisture to pass between the
Articles. But it is not yet understood why it at-
facts the moisture. Perhaps, however, it may
le owing to its presenting a much greater surface
lb the moist air of the night. The fact, however,
Ivhich is what most concerns us, is settled. Per-
laps some of the experiments of our distinguished
jountryman, Dr Well.s, a physician of London,
who rendered himself distinguished by his re-
marks on dew, may tend to explain this fact,
though it is not my purpose to examine the theory.
Every man who feels an interest in the ques-
tion, can satisfy himself, at once, by stirring a
small piece of earth in a time of severe drought,
and if he does not find it in the morning mora
Vol. XI.— No. 12.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
93
filled with iiioisluie, than the undisturbed ground Pannia was buried nearly eighteen inches, and it
in its vicinity, let him continue a disbeliever. still keeps its place.
But there is another mode, and it is one which i I had planted Jlrum dracunculus from the south
1 have never seen suggested, by which I appre- of Europe at the usual depth for lilies, but it was
liend the stirring of the surface, and niaUing it [destroyed liy the frost. I was then advised to
li^ht and porous, is beneficial in great droughts. It | plant at the depth of eight or nine inches, which
is this: light ])orous bodies are bad conductors h;is proved to be sufiicient, for it has safely with-
of heat: perhaps because they have more uir i stood our hardest winters, although the border is
between their interstices. The facts are familiar | rased several inches. In trying such experi-
to us. Metallic bodies acquire an intense heat un- [ mnits, however, with Amaryllis or Pancratium, I
der the rays of the sun, so do stones in proper- 1 W)uld recommend a border of heavy loam enrich-
tion to their density. The earth when very com- | ei by vegetable earth, either sunk or on a level
pact, will become exceedingly hot, but garden wth the general i^iufuce.
loam, which is very porous, remains cool at noon- Shrubs which are annually killed to the ground,
day, two inches below the surface. I believe, ' and then produce flowers on Jtalks of the present
therefore, that moving the surface, and keeping it yar's growth, become in effect herbaceous peren-
in a light and porous state, enables it to resist Wie nals. 1 have several plants of this kind which
heat of the gull's rays, that the air between the par-
ticles of earth communicates the heat more slow-
ly than the particles themselves do, when in close
contact.
Such is my theory : but I am an enemy of theo-
ries, I always distrust them, I look only to facts ;
and having observed that a slijht covering of half
an inch of sea-weed would preserve my strawber-
ries from drought, which can only arise from its
lying so loose on the surface, I have been led to
infer, that the undoubted fact, that soil in a loose,
pulverized state resists drought, is owing to the
same cause, to wit, the slowness with which the
heat of the solar rays is communicated to the roots.
But be the theory sound or unsound, I am per-
suaded that every farmer will find that the free
use of his plough and hoe, in times of severe
drought, will be of more value to him, than as
much manure as that labor would purchase. I
have been always convinced from my experience
as an horticulturist, that the great secret in culti-
vation consists in making the soil porous. In rais-
ing exotic plants we know it to he true, and our
flower pots are always supplied with soi,the
most porous which we can obtain. The farmer
may borrow light from an occupation whici he
looks upon with disdain, but which serves tc elu-
sidate and explain the secrets of vegetation.
J.L.
suffered from the frosts of last winter, but which
hive become reconciled to a climate widely dif-
firent from that in which they indigenously grew.
Cenista tincloria and Hypericum hircinum, on
salks which have i-isen this spring from the
gound, have long since presented their beautiful
yellow flowers; and Lagerstramia indica under
smilar circumstances is m-w covered with deli-
fate purple blossoms. Vitex agnuscastus is pre-
jaring for a similar display ; and several China
rjses scarcely retain the habit of shrubs. D. T.
Sth mo. 8, 1832.
741hs. 7oz. and estimated at 591,000 grains. This
year Mr Lance of Lewishan, bad been trans-
planting wheat, and in every instance the root
transplanted is better than those reniaininir in the
seed bed. He also divided a root in February
which then contained 14 straws; it was separated
into 7 roots; they are now, June !(!, in nundier
170 straws, and nearly all out in ear; many of the
ears are 6 inches long, and appear as if they would
yield 70 grains in each ear. This would make
11,900 grains from one. There are many minor
straws not taken into this account. Many of the
transplanted roots contain 40 and 50 straws, and
are six feet high, with some ears that are seven
inches long. The soil into which it was trans-
planted is an alluvial sand, which has had a
top dressing of chalk. Transplanting offers em-
ployment for redundant laborers.
From the Geaesee Farmer.
EXOTIC PLANTS.
There are two kinds or classes of exotic pants
from warmer climates, usually kept in green Idus-
es, which may be safely trusted in the open bader
with a very little care, viz : 1. Bulbs that jear
deep planting, and a temperature in winter aiout
the freezing point. 2. Shrubs that flower, ifter
having been killed to the ground, from a stak of
ihe present year's growth.
In a sunk border, deeply planted, I have had
Amaryllis longifolia several years without susfiin-
ing the least injury in winter, although it is iidi-
genous to the Cape of Good Hope; and a fluist
of great experience is of opinion that several eth-
er species of that fine genus, might be planed
along side in the same border with every prospct
of success.
It is surprising from what a depth soine stroig
bulbous or tuberous rooted plants will portruce.
Some years ago, in autumn, by accident, a Cro\ n
Imperial was covered by a mound of earth tvo
feet deep ; yet in the spring it forced its way ip-
ward, and has continued ever since to flower ai-
nually. By the same mound the root of a
From the American Farmer.
AUTUMN STRAWBERRIES.
We know not whether the following fact is
ommon or not, but it certainly is a new thing to
its. In a field containing great quantities of com-
mon " old field" strawberry plants, which bear
abundantly every spring, we have found about a
dozen plants now (20th September,) just ripening
thiir fruit. The plants differ in no respect froin
the common ones. These ))lants are all situated
within a few feet of each other, and on carefully
examining the field, we can find no others now in
fruit or flower. The questions that naturally
suggest themselves are, whether these plants have
been forced by some peculiarity of the season to
bear a second crop of fruit, as is often the case
with apples and cherries, or retarded in their first
crop ; or are they a new variety produced from
seed, with the pecidiar and valuable property of
bearing fruit in autumn ? None of the plants ap-
Jiear to have borne fruit this year, nor are there
any runners as yet visible, either old or young.
It would seem that the circumstance is not caused
by any peculiarity of the season, as these plants
are surrounded tliickly with others which show
no signs of such an effect. We shall carefully
transplant them for the purpose of ascertaining
whether this be a periuanent character, or a mere
vagary of nature.
British Cattle. — A century ago, our cattle from
the inferiority of their leed, were not one half,
sometimes even not one third, of their present
weight. It is computed that England and Wales
now contain, at least, five million oxen, and a mill-
ion and a half of horses, of which about a million
are used in husbandry, 200,000 for pleasure, and
300,000 are colts and breeding mares. The num-
ber of sheep is about twenty millions, and eight
million lambs. The number of long-woolled sheep
is about five millions, their fleeces averaging 6 or
8 lbs; and of short woolled sheep fifteen millions,
the weight of fleece averaging from 3 to 3^- lbs.
The whole quantity of wool annually shorn in
England is from eighty to eightyfive million of
pounds. The Merino were introduced about the
beginning of the present century, and were im-
l)orted in large numbers after our alliance with
Spain in 1809. The great pasturage counties are
Leicester, Northampton, Lincoln, and Somerset-
and for butter and cheese, Cheshire, Gloucester-
shire, and Wiltshire. The import of butter and
cheese from foreign countries is checked by du-
ties, but these are important articles of Irish com-
merce with England.
ON TRANSPLANTING WHEAT.
In the " Philosophical Transactions," vol. 58,
there is a statement of Mr C. Miller, of Cambridge,
who sowed some wheat in June 1766, and in Au-
gust a plant was taken up, and separated into 18
parts, and replanted. These plants were taken
up and divided in October following, and planted
separately to stand the winter ; which division
produced 67 plants. They were again taken up
in March, and produced 500 plants. The number
of ears thus formed from one grain of wheat was
21,209, which gave 3J pecks of corn, weighing
•^gt- of Sheep.— The age of sheep may be known
by examining the front teeth. They are eight in
number, and appear during the first year, all of a
small size. In the second year, the two middle
ones fiill out, and their place is supplied by two
new teeth, which are easily distinguished by being
of a larger size. In the third year two other
small teeth, one from each side, drop out and are
replaced by two large ones ; so that there are now
four large teeth in the middle ; and two pointed
ones on each side. In the fourth year the large
teeth are six in number, and only two small ones
remain, one at each end of the range. In the
fifth year the remaining small teeth are lost, and
the whole front teeth are large. In the sixth
year the whole begin to he worn, and in the ser-
enth, sometimes sooner, some fall out or are
broken.
Last year Mr Joseph Perkins of Newbury,
raised 646J^ bushels of onions on an acre of land.
This vegetable has not been denounced, we be-
lieve, by the physicians, though it may have been
by the fashionables.
The Middlesex Mutual Insurance Company
will receive no application for iasurance from per«
sons habitually intemperate.
94
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
Octobers, 1832.
sraw ssrcaHiiisra) a»iissaa;2<>
Boston, Wednesday Evening, October 3, 1832.
PLANTING TREES, &c.
We have from time to time, since the com-
mencement of our editorial labors puhhshed arti-
cles on the subject of planting or transplanting
fruit trees, &c ; but we do not recollect having
given the following methods, recommended by
European writers.
Planting with balls. — By removing a plant with
its roots attached to a surrounding liall of earth,
it continues in a growing state, without receiving
any or hut very little check from its removal.
This mode is often practised, more particularly
with the more delicate anil choicer kinds of exot-
ics, both trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants, and
occasionally with many of the fibrous-rooted
flowering plants, both annuals and perennials, even
in their advanced growth and flowering state,
when particularly wanted to supply any deficient
compartments, or when intended to remove any
sort of tree or plant out of the proper planting
season, as very late in spring, or in summer. The
most difticult tribe of plants to transplant, when in
a growing state are bulbous loots, which succeed
with difticulty, even when removed with balls at-
tached.
Planting by mudding in, is a German practice
in planting fruit trees, particularly suitable to the
dry sandy soils of that country, and soinetitnes
adopted in similar situations in England. The
pit being dug out, the mould in its bottom is wa-
tered and stirred so as to form a mass of mud
about half the depth of the pit ; the tree is then
inserted, and its roots worked up and down in the
mud, so as to spread them as much as possible
equally through it. Alore mud, previously pre-
pared, is poiu'ed in till the pit is full, which is then
covered with dry earth, raised round the stem,
but hollowed in the middle, so as to form a basin
roimd its stem, and finally covered with litter,
(mulched,) and if a standard, it is fastened to a
stake to protect it from winds. Diel, a scientific
German author, assures his readers, that trees
planted in this way in spring, thrive better in cold
situations than those planted in the ordinary way
in the preceding autumn ; and, that though it oc-
casions considerable trouble, it should never he
neglected in spring or autumn, lie found it also
particularly useful in the case of planting fruit
trees in pots. (Ohs. Orangeric, &c, vol. ii.)
Pontey, alluding to this mode says, "planting in a
l)uddle occasions the soil speedily to firm, not only
too hard for the roots of the plants to spread, but
also so far as perfectly to exclude water." — Rural
Improver, p. 89.
^^ Planting by Jixing with water is an excellent
variety of the last species. It has been success-
fully practised by Pontey, and is thus described by
him. The hole being made, and the tree placed
in it in the usual manner, the root is then slightly
covered with the finer parts of the soil, the tree be-
ing at the same time shaken, as is common, to set-
tle the earth among its roots. Water is then ap-
plied by a common gardening watering-pot, by
pouring it upon the soil with some force, in order
to wash it close to and an)ong the roots of the
plant. But this can only be dune effectually by
elevating the pot as high in the hands as it can be
conveniently used, alicr first taking off" the nose.
It will be obvious, that for such purposes a large
pan with a wide spout is to be preferred. The
bole is then filled up with water as before, which
usually finishes the business. The foot is neter
applied except iii the case of bad roots, wheh
sometimes occasion the plants to be left a litlle
leaning. In such cases, the application of
foot slightly, once or twice, after the soil has
come somewhat firm, (which generally happenstn
less than an hour) sets the tree upright, and lo
firm as to require no staking. — Rural Improveme;
p. S'X
Edinburgh Review. — The 110th No. of this a
journal is just republished by Lilly, Wait, Co ■
man & Holden of this city, and is filled wii i
elaborate articles on the following subjects. Pa ■
grave's Rise and Progress of the English Con •
monwcaltb ; Corn Law Rhymes; Political Cond ■
tion of the Italian States; Lander's Voyage ar I
Discoveries on the Niger; Recent Commerci I
Policy of Great Britain ; Present State and Pro
pects of Spain; Dr Thomson's Life and Wrilin;
ofCullen; The Americans and their Detractors
Rossetti on the Anti-papal Spirit of the Italia
Classics; Dumont's Recollections of Mirabeaii
the French Revolmion ; List of New Publica
tions; Index. Republished quarterly at $5 pe
annum.
Daldias. — We acknowledge the receipt of se\
eral splendid bouquets of Dahlias from the gai
dens of Hon. T. II. Perkins, Mr James ViljI
and G. W. Brimmer, Esq. The latter gentlemai
has sent us an uncommonly beautiful one, raisi'i!
from the roots presented to the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society iti 1830, by M. Faldermarm,
of the Imperial Botanic Garden, St Petersburg.
Russia.
At an adjourned meeting of the Massachueett*
Horticultmal Socii'ty, held on Saturday, Sept.
9"Jth, the following officers were chosen for tb«
ensuing year.
PRESIDENT.
Henry A. S. Deareor.n, Roxbt^iy.
VICE-PRKSIDENTS.
Zebedee Cook, Jr. Dorchester.
John C. Gray, Boston.
Enoch Bartlett, Roxhury. ■
Elias Phinney, Lexington.
treasuheh. ;
Cheever Nevvhall, i}os(o7i.
corresponding secretary.
Jacob Bigelow, M. D. Boston.
recording
Robert L. Emmons
iECRETARY.
, Boston.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETV.
SATUBDir, Sept. 29, 1832.
FRUITS exhibited.
.Ipples. — By Mr R. Manning, Corse's Favorite ;
also from Mr Manning, other specimens of the
same variety from the farm of John Gardner, Esq.
of Danvers, from scions sent by Mr Corse to the
Horticultural Society — very productive and very
high flavored. By Enoch Bartlett, Esq. an ap-
ple of extraordinary beauty, name unknown.
By James Read, Esq. of Roxbiiry, fine spec-
imens of Porter Apples. From the Fairweath-
er place in Cambridge, apples of two differ-
ent kinds, of great size, names unknown. By
Win. Kenrick, Beauty of the A'orth, a native ap-
ple, received of Mr Oliver Fisher of Dedham. A
beautiful red apple, of handsome size, and fine
flavor.
Pears. — By Thomas Whitmarsh, Esq. from his
seat in Brookline, pears from a French tree, qual-
ity middling good, name niiknovvn. By Enoch
Bartlett, Esq. specimens of St Michael and Juli-
enne.
Grapes. — By Mr Senior, specimens of White
Frontignac, Black St Peters, Chasselas, Black Ham-
burgh, Royal Chasselas, and a French Grape, name
unknown, all of beautiful appearance and excel-
lent quality. By Mr Jacob Tidd of Roxbury, for
premium, three remarkably large clusters of
grapes, of a variety called Horatio, of very fine
appearance, one of which weighed 9 lbs. 9 ozs. and
another 2 lbs. 13| ozs.
WILLIAM KENRICK.
COUNSELLORS.
Augustus Aspinwall, Broottlyn — Thomas Brewer, Rox-
bun/— Henry A. Breed, L»,7i"— Benj. W. Crownin-
sliielil, Boston—}. G. Cos:swell, A'orthampton—tiaihan-
iel Davenport, Milton — E. Hersy Ueiby, Salem — Sam-
uel Downer, Z)orc/ifs(er— Oliver Fiske, Worcester — B.
V. French, Boston—}. M. Gourgas, Weston— T. W.
Hanis, M. D. Cambridge — Sanuicl Jaques, Jr. Charles-
(own— Jos. G. Joy, Boston — Wilhani Kemick, J^ewton
— John Lemist, Roxbury— S. A. Shurtleff, Boston — E
M. Richanls. Dcrf/iam— Benjamin Kochiian, A~cw Bed-
ford— John B. Russell, Boston — Chailos Senior, Roxbu-
ry— William H. Suiiner, Dorchester— Cbii\esTsippiin,
Boston — Jacob Tiild, ijoxftury — Jona. Winship. Brighton
— \\ illiam Wortliington, Dorcliester — Elijah Vose, iJor-
chcster — Aaion D. Williams, Roxbury — (^eoige W. Pratt,
Geo. W. Biimnicr, Boston— Oavid l-laggeislon, Charles-
town — Charles Lawrence, Salem.
professor of botany and vegetable
physiology.
Malthus a. Ward, M. D.
pbbfessor of entomology.
T. W.Harris, M. D.
PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTURAL CHEMISTRT.
J. W. Webster, M. D.
STANDING COMMITTEES.
On Fruit Trees, Fruit, Sfc. £. Vose, Chairman.
Robert Manning, Samuel D jwncr, Oliv r Fiske, Charles
Senoi-, Wir.. Kenrick, E. M. Ricliaids, B. V. Eicnch,
S. A.Shuitl.-ir.
Onthe Culture and Products of the Kitchen Gar-
den. Daniel Chandler, C'Aairninn— Jacoh I'idd, Aaron
D. Williams, J. B. Russell, Nallianiel Davenport, Leon-
ard S|Dne.
Ori Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Flowers and Green
Houses. Jonathan Winship, CViairman— Joseph G.Joy,
Davit HaKj)er>^ton, George W. Pralt, SamuelWalker.
Or\ the Library.— H. A. S. D.- uborn. Chairman —
JiihnJC. Giay, Jacob Bigelow, T. W. Harris, E. H. De--
by,Z Cook, Jr.
0) the Synonymcs of Fruits. — John Lowell, Chair-
man -Roberi Manning, Samuel Downer.
Oi the Garden and Cemetery —Uon. Jhdge Story,
Chaman—H. A. S Oearbum, Jacob Bisilow, M. ».
G. 1. Brimmer, George Bond, Edward Everett, Z.
Cook Jr., B. A. Gould, G. W. Pratt.
E:'.catire Committee of the Council. — Z. Cook, Jr.
Chaiman—G. W. Pratt, Cheevur Newhall, Charlei
Tapf n, Joseph P. Bradlee.
V ted, That the following communication from
Dr J imes Please be published in the N. E. Farmer.*
E S. Reynolds of Schenectady, N. Y. was
elecsd a corresponding member, and John Phes-
Toipf Boston, a subscription member.
c'aTTLE SHOWS, &c.
The Cattle Show, Ploufthing Match, Exhibition
of Manufactures, Implements, &c, and Public sales of An-
Js and Manufactures, of the Massacbu-elts Society
of /ronjoting Agriculture, will be held at Brighton, on
._. sday, Oct. 17th. Arrangements are making for
anpxhiliiiion worthy of the Slate Society.
The Worcester County Socieiy, hold their Show
orce>ter, on Wednesday the lOih ofOclober. Ad-
s by Waldo Flint, Esq. ^
[The communication referred lo is unavoidably omit-
tedmis week.
Vol. XI.-No. 13.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
9.5
Oj" The Annual C.itlle Show and Fair of the Merri-
mack Cotintv Ag. jcullural Society, will be held at Dun-
barton, N. H on Wednesday and Thursday, the 10th and
lllh days of Ocloher.
llj= The Cumberland (Me.) Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society hold (heir first exhibition at Westbrook, on
Wednesday the 17th of October. An address will be de-
livered, and a public dinner given.
The Annual Meeting of the Strafford Jl grimltural
Society, will be holden at VVakefiehl corner, [so called]
in the town of Wakefield, on the 3d and 4lh days of Oc-
tober. JOHN HAM, Re^'r.tjeo'y.
Rhode Island Cattle Show.
lIj=At a meeting of the Standing Coiiirnittee of the
Rhode Island Society for the Encouragement of Domestic
Industry, holden on the 19lh instant, it was voted, That
in consequence of the prevailing epiilemic, the Annual
Fair at Pawtuxet lor the year 1832, be omitted.
The members of said Society are hereby notified, that
their annual meeting for the choice of Officers will he
holden at the Society's Hall in Pawtuxet, on Wednesday
the 17th day of October next, at 10 o'clock in the fore-
noon. R. W. GREENE, Sec'y.
Agricultural Notice.
THE members of the Worcester Agricultural Society
are hereby notified that a stated semi-annual meeting of
said Society will be holden at Capt. Thomas' Coffee
liouse in Worcester, on Thursday the 4th day of Octo-
ber next, at 11 o'clock beforenoon. Persons desirous of
joining the Society will then have an opportunity of be-
coming members.
WILLIAM D. WHEELER, Rec. Sec'y.
Those persons v\ho intend becoming conipelilors at
the Ploughing Match on the 10th of October, must make
their intention known to the Recording Secretary on or
before Satmday the 29th of September, instant.
Worcester, Sept. 19, 1S32.
We are obliged to omit several communications this
week — among which is an interesting letter from Dr
Mease of Philadelphia to tho Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society.
Lilly, Wait, Colman, and Holden.
LILLY & WAll' inform their friends and the public
that they have formed a connexion in the business ot
Piinting, Bookselling, and Publishing, with Samuel
Colman and Ezra Holden.
The subscribers will continue the business of publish-
ing as heretofore conducted by Lilly & Wait, (late
Wells & Lilly,) and have taken a snitable stand for an
extensive wholesale and retail business, which will be
conducted in Hoston under the firm of Lilly, Wait,
Colman and Holden, and in Portland under the firm
of Colman, Holden & Co.
ROBERT LILLY,
WM. S. WAIT,
SAMUEL COLMAN,
Boston, Sept. 15, 1832. EZRA HOLDEN.
Trees.
As the be«t season for transplanting Trees,
e-pecia!ly for Orchards, is approaching, the
subscriber offers for sale, at his Nursery, au
assortment of Pear, Peach, Cherry, Plura,
Apricot, and Apple Trees, of the niost approv-
ed qualities, of extra size, and in healthy and flouiisbing
condition. Gentlemen desirous of a few Trees for thei°r
enclosures, or a supply for an Orchard, of early bearing,
may find an abund.ince which have either blossomed, or
are now in fruit. These may be transplanted with little
extra hazard. Also, Horse Chesnuts, Catalpas, Thora
Acacias, the seed of which he gathered at Mount Vernon,
Ironiatree nvemhadowin^ the tomb n/" WASHINGTON,—
together with 6(100 White Mulberry Trees, Altheas, and
other ornamenial shrubbery. 0. FISKE.
Worcester, Sept. 26
Sweet Potatoes.
For sale at the Horticultural Garden in Lancaster,
M.iss.,bythe subscriber. One Hundred tushels of Sweet
Folatoes, red, white and yellow, of excellent quality.
Price $1,00 per bushel, or $2,00 per barrel.
JOSEPH BRECK.
Lancaster, Mass., Oct. 2, 1832,
Liunaean Botanic Garden and Nurseries.
Flushing, near New York.
WM. PRINCE & SONS, in offering their JVew Cata-
logues with reduced prices, desire to stale that their Fruit
Trees are of large &ize and vigorous growth, and cannot
fail to give pel feet sa(isfac(ion by their superiority. They
are therefore well calculated to repair in part the losses
occasioned by the last severe winter. Ornnmental Trees
anl Shrubs, can also be supplied of the l.irgest size, and
thi collection of Herbaceous Flowering Plants, is a con-
cetlration of the beaulilul and interesting, and unrivalled
in "xtent. The colleciion of Buses has been made an
object of great attention, and comprises above 600 splen-
di( varieties ; 100 of which are Chinese and other
M«nlhly Roses. The Red Moss Roses, as well as others,
art strong and vigorous, and the whole are put at very
lot-' prices. The assortment of Peonies, includes not
only those found in Europe, but also many others im-
poted direct from China, or originateil by ourselves.
01 the Chinese Mulberry, or Morus multicaulis, (here
an several thousand thrifty trees of good size, and the
priie is reduced to .f 65,00 per 100, — $35,00 for 50,
$900 per dozen, or $5,00 per half dozen. OftheZ»oAKa,
thi collection is particularly brilliant, and comprises above
30< varieties, the most choice that could be selected from
thi five largest collections of Euiope, and the great stock
on hand, enables us to^x the prices very low.
Many of the Flowering Shrubs and Roses are so large,
th;t several plants may be readily propagated from one,
thi finest specimens being selected for orders from the
gr^at stock on hand. Where anumber of Roses, Paionies,
ard D.ihlias, are de-ired, a considerable discount will be
nnde. Of Grape Vines, about 80,000 are now ready
foi delivery, combining all the choicest Table and Wine
Gripes, among which, there is a large number of the
faiious Syrian grape, and many thousand of the Isabella
am Catawba, at reduced prices by the 100 or 1000. Of
the Camellia Japonica, or Japan Rose, about 100 varie-
ties have been greatly increased ; and these, and other
Grien House Plants, are now offered at such low prices,
thit this can no longer form an objection. Catalogues
wil be sent to every applicant, and as every invoice of
Trees, &c, has their printed heading and signature, i;
is jjarticularly enjoined on all who ilo not apply direct, to
i/i,sist on the above proof of origin, without which no
>tticles are guaranlccd. Those persons who are not
conversant with the diffeient varieties of fruit, can obtain
Ihe Treatise on Fruits, which contains descriptions of
about 800 varieties, and the Treatises on the Vine and on
Horticulture, fiom Lord & Holbrook, and other venders
in Boston ; and the best course for persons at a distance,
is t" call on their local bookseller to send (or them. The
venders of Gaiden Seeds who desire quantities imported
from Euiope, suitable for retailing, can be fiirnished with
a Catalogue containing the low price at which we will
import them. A credit will be given where desired,
and every communication will meet wilh prompt at-
tention and the accustomed despatch.
3t
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, &c.
THE subscriber offers for sale at his Ganlen and Nur-
sery, (near Savin-hill Hotel, Dorchester.) a variety of
Fruit and Oinamental Trees, shrubbery, grape vines,
bulbous flower roots, &c, &.c.
lOO Isabella Cirape Vines, 4 and 5 years old, extra plants.
500 do. do. 2 years old.
500 Catawba do. 2 and 3 years old.
^Iso, Bland, Schuylkill, Prince Edward, Hiack Hamburg.
Chasselas, &c. 2000 plants of hardy Roses. 5000 TulFp
bulbs, now in order for transplanting.
Orders by mail or otheiwise will he punctually attend-
ed tn. RUFU.S HOWE.
Dorchester, Sept. 26. 4t 2wom2w
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,
Hot-bed Frames and Sashes.
FOR sale, a set of Hot-bed Frames containing six sash-
es in good order. Apply at this office. ISept. 5.
Situation '(Vanted,
As manager of a farm, by a native of Scotland, who
considers himself well qualified for his business, also
well acquainted in cattle. Apply at this office.
Sept. 19. 4t*
Collins' Axes.
JUST received at the Agricultural Warehouse, No
.>24 North Market Stieet, fifty dozen Collins S,- Co.'s and
Kmg's Cast Steel Axes. J. R. NEWELL
prime, ....
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No i^iiew.
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Fla.xseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
Corn, Southern yellow,
Rye, ....
Barley,
Oats, ....
Hay,
Hog's Lard, first sort, new,
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, .....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, f ths, washed, .
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
,. ("Pulled superfine,
5 -a 1st Lambs, . .
FROM TO
2 50
Io7 00
125 00
1 GO
10 50
6 37
8 00
14
I 25
i;87
6 25
6 50
6 25
1 00
80
1 12
70
3d, "
1 1st Spin
Spinning, .
barrel
2 00
ton
105 0(1
'•
12(1 11(1
bushel
90
barrel
10 00
"
6 25
"
7 50
pound
12
''
6
"
; 3
bushel
1 12
barrel
6 59
"
6 00
"
6 00
"
6 12
bushel
80
"
75
"
1 OO
'•
60
"
42
cwt.
50
"
10 00
"
20 00
cask
1 20
ton
3 00
barrel
17 00
"
13 00
"
12 75
bushel
2 50
"
100
pound
10
cwt.
8 50
pound
45
*'
55
"
40
''
37
"
33
"
so;
<•
52
40
«'
32
'''
"1
62
U 00
25
1 25
3 25
17 50
14 00
13 00
2 75
125
11
8 75
60
65
42
38
35
32
55
42
PROVISION MARKET.
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal, . ." .
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best,
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)
pound
10
"
9
"
6
"
7
"
4
"
9
"
12
"
18
dozen
14
bushel
..
50
barrel
4 00
12
14
20
16
92
75
62
5 00
BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, Oct. 1, 1832.
Reported for the Djily Ailvertiser and Patriot.
The Storm has prevented us from giving correct num-
bers to-day, but from the best information we corld ob-
tain, we shall say,
At Market this day 975 Beef Cattle, 930 Stores, (in-
cluding al out 3511 reported last week,) 4000 Sheep, and
610 Swine, (including 220 before reported.)
Prices. Beef Cattle.— Sa\es were effected at about
last week's prices on the v*&ole, some qualities mny have
sold higher, and some less, we shall quote the same ;
e.vtraat $5,25 a 5.50; prime at $4,84 a 5,17; good at
$4,25 a 4,50; thin at $3,50 a 4. Cows, two year old
and three year old, at from $3,50 a 4,25.
Stores.— Two yearold at $10 a 15; yearlings at $6 a 10.
Cows and Ca/rts.— Sales were effected at $15, 19,
20, 24, and 28
Sheep. — Last week's prices were not quite supported;
lots were taken at $1,33,1,42, 1,50, 1,62, 1,75, 1,^4,1,88,
;$:.', 2,12, 2,25 au,i 2,50. Wethers, $2,33, 2,50, and 3.
SiOine.— One lot of 50 selected, more than half bar-
rows, were taken at 4c. ; at retail, 4i for sows, and 5
for barrows.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
October 3. 1833.
Miscellany
THE POET'S SONG TO HIS WIFE.
BV BAHRY CORNWALL,.
How many summers, love,
Have I been thine ?
How many days, thou dove,
Hast thou been mine ?
Time, like a winged wind
When't bends the fiowei's.
Hath left no mark behind,
To count the hours !
Some weight of thought, though lotli.
On thee he leaves;
Some lines ol care roiind both.
Perhaps he weaves ;
Some fears—a soft regret
For joys scarce known ;
Sweet looks, we half forget.
All else is flown !
Ah! with what thankless heart
1 mourn and sing,
Look where your children start
Like sudden spring ;
With tongues all sweet and low,
Like a pleasant rhyme,
They tell how much 1 owe.
To thee and thine !
all readers of a history which " the world lias by
heart." On many other occasions he was equally
efficient, though he did not happen to be at any titrie
en^ao-ed in fighting the enemy in the field. TWo
of^'hi's brotliers were at Bunker Hill. Universaly
respected hy his fellow citizens for his sou id
judgment, his energy, his industry, his pill: ic
spirit, his cordial benevolence, and, above all, )r
that staunch old fashioned honesty which kniw
no shadow of turning — his gray hairs were crow i-
ed with the praise of a Patriot, and his death w h
the peace of a Christian. He came to his gra|
at the venerable age-of 84. — Boston Courier.
How to prepare Men for the State Prison.- -
Governor Lincoln of Massachusetts in one of I s
messages says of the State Prison at Chailestow :
" A most instructive result is also produced hy t e
curious and critical investigations of theClmpla i,
into the characters and lives of these niiseral e
men. Of 250 convicts, whom his inquiries r -
spected, he ascertained that 156 were led by inter -
perance to the commission of the offences f r
which they suffer; that 182 of the first nientio
ed number had lived in the habitual nc^hct and i ■
olalion of the Sabbaih ; 82 were permitted to gro '
tip from infancy, iifithont any regular employmen
68 had been truants to their parents while in thi ■
minority ; 61 could not write, and many wc B
wholly unable to read. The intimate connexi^i
and association of ignorance with vice, of di
REUBEN BROWN.
Died at Concord, Mass. on the 25th iilt. Mr
Reuben Brown, a rare specimen of that hardy, in-
dustrious, intelhgent and fearless yeomanry which,
e,r,x, ir^ni-s airo was the glory of the Common- _
Paint Oil.
TflE subscribers, in again advertising their Prepared
Paint Oil, respectl'ully solicit notice to the tollowing cer-
titicates.
Dorchester, Sept. 1, 1832.
This i3 to certify, that I painted my house in Dorches-
ter, white, in June last, with Downer &. Aulin's Paint
Oil. It dried well, with a good gloss, and there is every
indication that it will be a very lasting coat ; it paints a
very clear white, and will go f.iithcr, or cover more sur-
face, than an equal quantity of Linseed Oil.
THOMAS MOSELEY.
Dorchester, Sept 5, 1832.
This is to certify, that 1, the subscriber, painted my
lio\ise and out buildings white, in May l.ist, with Messrs
Downer & Aus'.in's Prepared Paint Oil ; said Oil has
proved perfectly satisfactory. I shall give it the prefer-
ence to any Oil I have ever used, for any future outside
painting : have not used it in-doors.
JOSHUA GARDNER.
This is to certify, that I had my house painted with
Downer & Austin's Paint Oil, in M.nxli last, and ground
part of the lead in the same oil, and found it to dry well,
with a good gloss, and up to this date there is no change.
DAiNlEL CHANDLER.
Lexington, Sept. 2, 1832.
This is to certify, that I used Messrs Downer and Aus-
tin's Paint Oil, for painting several of my buildings, sit-
uated in Dorchester, in June last, and found it to dry
well, with a tough coat and good gloss, which still con-
tinues, and I am decidedly of opinion that it will be very
1 durable. I have observed that it will spread over a great
deal more surface than an equal quantity of Linseed Oil.
BL.NiJ. B.LEEDS.
This may certify, that I have used Messrs Downer &
Austin's Prepared Paint Oil, and am well saiistied with
it^ use, finding it to dry well, give a good body and gloss,
and I have no doubt of its durability.
Boston, Sept. 1, 1832. J. R. NEWELL.
Dorchester, Sept. 2, 1832.
hiteness with outrages upon the laws, are here dl- Dorchester, Sept. 2, 1832.
tinctly traced, and famish an impressive lessth -pijjj jj t^ certify, that I had my dwelling house and
upon the importance of knowledge and tenipeU out buildings, in Dorchester, painted white in .May last,
ancc to individual welfare and social order, whidk wiih Downer & Austin's Paint Oil, and (bund it to dry
should give a thrilling excitement to the advance-'
wealth and the
who was a native of Sudbury and a gran<lson of
the first minister of that ancient settlement, remov-
ed to Concord about the year 1771,, and was of
course just in season to witness the earliest scenes
of the great Drama of the Age. He did witness
them literally, indeed, for on the eventful morning
of the 19th of April, long before day-break, he was
on his way, alone, at the request of some of the
Concord autIiorities,to reconnoitre the advance of
the British to Lexington. He reached the " Com-
mon" jnst as they were seen marching up the
Boston road. He advised the American officers,
who were wholly unprepwcd to meet an enemy,
to withdraw ; but they declined, chiefly from the
firm belief, which their men shared with them,
that the British would never think of firing upon
them at all events. Mr Brown waited to see the
issue of the meeting— the blooil of the first mar-
tyrs of American liberty— and he then returned
rapidly to Concord and reported progress. His
work had now but commenced. His shop was
closed— a large saddler's establishment in whicli
he bad already fitted out si-vcral companies of
cavalry and infantry— and then his house— stand-
ing on the main road in the village— and his wife
with her infant children instructed to manage
for herself in the woods north of the town, with
many other females and infirm people of the
place. Mr Brown then mounted his horse again,
it being now about day-break, and commenced
the task of alarming the neighboring country.
And his efforts will need no comment when we
say that he rode that day about 120 miles in the
performance of this noble duty. The result of
the exertions in which no single man probably
ousand patriotic Citizen and Magistrate."
Legal Impudence. — Esq. Brazenface, who we
have stated to be notorious for abusing witnesses,
was one day examining a man, before the court,
respecting soine corn, and as usual, insulted him
with a thousand questions irrelevant to the case,
when the following dialogue ensued.
Esq. B. What do you know respecting this
corn ?
Witness. I helpeil plant it and sow it, sir.
Esq.B. What else?
Wit. When it was ripe, I helped gather it in-
to the barn, helped luisk it, and carried some of it
to the mill to be ground.
Esq.B. ([n an angry tone.) Then what did
you do with the husks?
Wit. I gave some of them to my horse, some
to my cow, and some to my hogs, and if you had
been there, you should have had your share of
them.
A general burst of laughter was heard all round
the court-house, and Esq. Brazenface sat down in
mortification and chaurin. — Ind. Balance.
We were quite amused the other day with an
answer given by a green looking chap to several
boys who were standing around him. He said,
" What looks the most like half a cheese''" They
immediately set their wits to work. Some guess-
ed the moon, others a grindstone split open, but
finally gave it up. " Why, you darned chowder-
heads, it's the other half, don't you know."
Why are Adam and Eve the oldest sugar plant-
well, bearing out a great gloss and forming atirmcoat;
;loss still remains undiiiilni<hed, and there is no ap-
pearance of any change. I like it bellcr than any oil I
ever beiorc used, and have no doubt ii will lie very du-
rable. JOH.N FOX.
I have used Downer &. Austin's Prepared Paint Oil on
my s<ed house and cottage in this tow n, and find it dries
with a fine tough coat, and more gloss than Linseed oil.
For outside painting, it is much more durable, as a given
quantity will cover more surface, or dilute a greater
quantity of lead than Linseed oil, and it possesses more
body, as its firm coat and real gloss plainly indicate.
Lancaster, Sept. 14, lci32. J. B. KUSSELL.
Nunieious other certificates could be procured attest-
ing to the strengih and superiority of this Oil for outsiile
p.iinling, but the above are deemed suffit ienl. At the
Oil Tactory can be seen a list of buildings in this city
and neighboiing towns, painted with the prepared Oil,
any of which can be readily designated hy the unusual
glots. One of the undersigned, (S. Down-r) had his
house, out buildings and fences painted white in March
last, and up lo this date there is no appearance of change,
and the gloss has not in the least diminished, clearly de-
DOling the strength of the 0:i, and promising great du-
rabflily. This Oii is found to cover about 25 per cent
more surface than an equal quantity of Linsetd Oil, in-
dependent of being 2-5 per cent cheaper in the price ;
as a corroboration of this fact, house No. 24 Atkinson
street was painted two corns with only 7 gallons and 3
qmrls— the house had not been painted lor SLVenteen
years, and now has a gooil gloss. It will also paint a
much clearer, better white, as the Oil is very light, ami
does not color tlie lead in using.
Farther delails and facts, showing the incre.ising de-
mand, will be given on application at the Oil Factory,
head of Foster's wharf. DOWNER & AUSTIN.
bore so active a part as himself, is well known to ers? Because they were the first to raise Cain
Published everv Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum,
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PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Aorichltural Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 10, 1833.
NO. 13.
Horticultural.
The foUowirifj able ami imtercstUig es.=ay by Doctor
Meask of Philadelphia, was read at the last meeting of
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and directed to be
published in the New England Farmer.
ON THE RECIPROCAL INFLUENCE OF
THE STOCK AND ITS GRAFT.
Ev James Mease, M. D.
The opinion that the fruit produced by a grdft
is not in the least afteoted by the stock in which
the graft is inserted, has long been held as an ax-
iom in \ ejjetable jjhysiology, merely on the author-
ity of Lord Bacon, who lays it down, " that the
scion oviM--ruk'th the stocli quite, and that the
stock is but passive only, and giveth alimeni, but
no motion to the graft." In other words, lie con-
siders the stock merely as a source of nourisliment,
to be communicated to the scion in the vessels of
which it is to be decomposed or digestcc^ and
made to produce fruit in the time natural tn the
tree whence the scion is taken, and according to
its peculiar kind.
I think I shall make it appear, that although as
a general rule, the principle is correct which W
signs a, passive agency to the stock, yet on rajny
occasions, it often has a decided influence
only on the vigor or fertility of the grafts,
also on the nature and quality of the fruit, ai
that a scion even eifects the production of th
stock.
1. The first proof I had on this subject, was given
to me by the late Joseph Cooper, of New Jersey,
an experienced and observing farmer and horti-
culturist, who in the year 1804, showed me two
trees, both engrafted with the same kind of apple
by himself, and at the same time. The stock of
one was the Camplield apple, a native and excel-
lent fruit, that of the other was an early apple,
and in both instances, the fruit produced by the
graft partook of the flavor peculiar to the fruits of
the stocks.
Mr Cooper afterwards communicated to me in
"writing his remarks on this subject, as follow. " I
have in numerous instances seen the stock have
great influence on the £(pt grafted thereon, in
respect *to bearing, size and flavor, and also on
the longevity of the tree, particularly in the in-
stance of a number of Vandevere* apple trees, ilie
fruit of which was so subject to the bitter rot, as
to be of little use. They were engrafted lifty
years ago, previously to 1804, and ever since,
those of them which had tops composed of sev-
eral difterent kinds, though they continue to be
* This delicious apple is named " Vandevere," after
one of the Swedes, who in the early settlement of the
river Delaware, resided near Wilmington, about 27 inilrs
below Philadelphia. It is supposed therefore, that lie
brought the original trees fiom Sweden. The apple i-i
of the middle size, reddish, of a pleasant sweet and
slightly acid taste, a combination which renders it the
best apple for tarts and pies. They are however, subject
to a black spot, which increases with the growth of the
fruit, and from its iutense bitterness, requires to he taken
out before the apples are prepared for stewing. The dis-
ease is called the^ bitter rot." When first imported,
the tree was calleaP' Staalcube," which may have been
its Swedish name.
mote productive of fruit than any others in my
orciard, yet are subject to the bitter rot, the orig-
ina' and well known disi^ase of the frtiit of the
stock. I have had frequent opportunities of ob-
serving the same circumstance, in consequence of
iny receiving many scions from my friends, which
affr bearing, I engrafted, and the fruit uniformly
pailook in some degree of the qualities of the ibr-
infr, oven in their disposition to bear annually or
biennially."
k A correspondent of Mr Bradley, (JUrFairchild)
bulded a passion-tree, of which the leaves were
spotted with yellow, into one that bore long fruit ;
anJ though the buds did not take, in the course of
tw) weeks, yellow spots began to show thein-
seli'cs about three feet above the inoculation, and
in a short time afterwards, such spots appeared
on a shoot which came out of the earth from
another part of the plant. The publication of
these facts, is a proof of the candor of Bradley, in-
'asniuch as they opposed his theory, which was
similar to that of Lord Bacon, for he says, "the
scion preserves its natural purity and instinct,
though it be fed and nourished by a mere crab."
3. The late celebrated English gardener, Wil-
liam Speechly, regarded the stock as over-ruling
the scion, and in confirmation of this opinion says,
that "whenever a cutting is taken from an aged (
tree in a state of decay, and engrafted upon a
thriving stock imtnediately from seed, it may with
|iropriety be considered as a renovation from de-
cr^'pit old age, to youth and healthful vigor."* In
tiig treatise on the culture of the 'vine, he adds,
that "he had itnproved many kinds of vines, by
enjrafting those which have generally weak wood
on plants which are stronger."
4. Thomas Hitt, another well known English
gaidener and writer, says, " that the future vigor
of trees depends equally upon the soil and stock,
anci that the tastes of the fruit may also be im-
piifved by proper stocks. Hence he gives very
particular directions as to the selection of stocks
fti^ various fruits, and illustrates the necessi-
ty of attention for them, by stating the fact,
thut " if two Nonpareil branches are grafted
the one upon a paradise stock, the other up-
on a crab, and both planted in the same soil
and situation, that upon the crab stock will
produce fruit so sour and ill tasted, in comparison
t» the fruit of the other, that if a person should
taste them both in the dark, he could not imag-
ine them to be the same fruit."
" I have also," he says, " seen very great differ-
ence between the fruit of these trees, when one
was grafted upon a paradise, and the other upon
I codlin stock ; for though the juices were so far
«hanged by passing through the buds and pores
of nonpareil branches, as to produce fruit alike in
shape, yet their tastes were different, and some-
what resembled the taste of that fruit which the
stocks would have naturally produced. The jui-
ces of the crab and codlin are known to be very
acid, but the juice of the natural fruit of the para-
dise is sweet.f" He adds, '.' as most kinds of ap-
• Hints on Rural Economy, London, IS21.
I Treatise on Fruit Trees, 3d Edition, p. 46, London,
ricots when fully ripe, are rather too sweet and
mealy, so when they are budded upon any kind
of pinm stacks which have that sort of juice,
their fruit becomes more mealy and sweet than
those which were budded upon stocks, whose
juices were more acid."
5. Mr Thotnas A. Knight, President of the
Horticultural Society of London, in a paper " On
the effects of diflWent kinds of grafting,"* ob-
serves, that "the form and habit which a peacli
tree of any givfen variety is disjjosed to assume,
he has found, to be very much influenced by the
kind of stock upon which it is budded: if upon a
plum or apricot stock, its stem will increase in
size considerably as its base approaches the stock,
and it will emit many lateral shoots: when on the
contrary a peach is budded upon the stock of a
cultivated variety of its own species, the stock and
the budded stem remain very nearly of the same
size, as well above as below the point of their
jmiction. No obstacle is presented to the ascent
or descent of the sap, which appears to ascend
more abundanjly to the surainit of the tree." He
also gives the following striking fact to demon-
strate the influence of the stock upon the graft in-
serted in it. The " Moor Park Apricot tree in
his garden, as in many others, becomes in a few
years diseasetj and debilitated, and generally ex-
hibits in spaces near the head of its stock, lifeless
alburnum beneath a rough bark. Si.xtecn years
ago a single plantof this variety was obtained by
grafting uponSin apricot stock, and the bark of
this tl-eestiH-rettkits a smootli and polished sur-
face, and the whole tree presents a degree of
health and vigor so different from any other tree
of the same kind in his garden, that he has found
it diflncult to convince gardeners who have seen
it, of its specific identity."!
6. Mr Thomas Torbron, gardener to the Count-
ess of Bridgewater, snys, that " choice sorts of
pears by being grafted upon the quince, cotne sev-
eral years sooner into bearing, and produce much
better crops, than those upon the common, or free
stock. He adds, that " the fruit will be in no re-
spect inferior, and that he has had opportunities
of seeing the superiority of the quince stock in
three diflerent counties in England."}
7. Among the extracts given by Sir Joseph
Banks from French authors, in the appendix to
the 1st vol. of the Transactions of the London
Horticultural Society, it is sl;jted, that " the Cras-
sane pear may be improved, and all its harslinese
deetroyed by grafting upon the Doyenne : and
that the Reinc Claude plum is much improved,
by being grafted upon an apricot or peach stock."
8. Bradley says, that "since the Jordan al-
mond had been grafted on plum stocks in Eng-
land, they bore very well, whereas, in the time of
Ray, they seldom produced ripe fruit. Canary al-
monds grafted on the plum, succeed well, while
the seedlings of the same species, of five or six
years' growth, appear all nipped and shrivelled."^
9. The "Spitzenburgapple,"wldch originated
near Albany, in the State of New York, is one of
* Vol. ii. p. 199. . , .. o,
1 London HorUcullural Transactions, Tol. n. p. Zl
J Do. do. do. vii. p. 218.
§ On Gardening, vol. ii. p. 135.
98
Nb:W ENGLAND FARMER,
Octobei 10, 1832.
the fiuest apples of the llnited States. Wlien I
was in New York a few years since, I was in-
formed, that the flavor of this apple is much in-
fluenced by the apple stock upon which it is
grafted.
10. I have in some British publication read the
fact, that a shaddock engrafted on a sweet orange
stock, will become sweet, and that the orange
grafted upon the pomegranate at JMalta, gave fruit
which was red inside. I regret that I am unable
to give my authorities for these two last facts. I
find them in my common-place book, and would
not have put them there, had I not been well per-
suaded in my mind at the time, of the high credit
dne to the source whence I obtained them.
11. Dr Darwin says "it is not certainly known
whether the ingrafted scion gives, or takes any
property to, or from the tree (stock) which re-
ceives it, except that it acquires nourishment from
it." He afterwards says, " there are no instan-
ces recorded, where a communication of juices
from the graft to the stock, or from the stock to
the graft, has raised the flavor, or the fnnu of the
flowers, or fruits of either of them. For though
the same vegetable blood passes along both the
upper and lower part of the caudex of tlie new
scion, yet the molecules secreted from this blood
are selected or formed by the diflerent glands of
the part of the caudex which was brought with
the ingrafted scion, and of the part of it which re-
mained on the stock, in the same manner as dif-
ferent kinds of secretions are produced from the
same blood in animal boilies." This remark is
made in Sect. xv. 4, " Of the Phytolngia, or Phi-
losophy of Agriculture and Gardening;" neverthe-
less, in Sect. v. 2, of the same valuable work,
when treating of the circulation of the juices of
plants, and after quoting the cxiirinoents of Fair-
child and Lawrence, Dr D. says, "I think I have
myself observed in two pear trees about twenty
years old, whose branches were much injm-ed by
canker, that by ingrafting hardier pear scions on
their summits, they became healthier trees, which
can only be explained from a better sanguification
produced in the leaver of the new buds." It has
also been observed by an ingenious lady, that
though fruit trees ingrafted on various kinds of
stocks are supposed to bear similar fruits, yet that
this is not accurately so ; as on some stocks she has
known the ingrafted scions of apple trees to suf-
fer considerable change for the worse, compared
with the fruit of the parent tree. This fact which
I deem highly important, and worthy of the great-
est attention, is to be coupled with that above re-
lated on the authority of the American rural phi-
losopher, Joseph Cooper, and with those in 5, 8,
9, 10. Dr Darwin doubts the influence of the
stock on the fruit or flower, or of the graft on the
Slock, because of the want of " recorded" cases in
point, but he had forgotten that he had himself
adduced two proofs of such influence, and had re-
ferred to two others.
12. In the second volume of the Transactions
ef the Horticultural Society, London, p. 44, Mr
Luttrel gives an account of several pears which
were formerly cultivated : among these is the or-
ange vert, or orange Bergamot. After describing it,
he adds, " the true time to eat it, is whilst the col-
or is upon the turn. The fruit colors most upon
quince stocks." This is admitting the principle of
the influence of the stock upon the fruit.
13. In the report of the Transactions of the
Caledonian Horticultural Society, (May, 1829,)
Loudon's Mag. 5 p. 334, it is stated, that '^the
Society were put in possession by Capt. SniitS^of
Dysart, of an interesting account of the efleoyof
introducing buds of the Ganges ajiple into brainli-
es of the Russian transparent apple, by the odU
nary process of inoculation : the Ganges a plW
prciduced froin these buds having acquired the
peculiar transparency which characterizes |the
did not like the original, produce handsome straight
stinks, I had ai row of young j each tre( s along
the main walk budded to the almond at the sur-
face of the ground, and when grown tall, budded
again about five or six feet high lo the Old New-
iiigton ding-stone, a fruit of a globular form. Pass-
ing by this row of trees two years after, when
the fruit was ripe, I stopped to gather some, and
fruit of the stock; an effect, it will be obserled, | to my astonishment, I found the iitiit to be of an
that goes to overturn the received opinion, liat o\il form ; knowing I ha4 budded them myself,
the produce of the bud is in no respect aft'eded i fn'm a hearing tree of the Old Newington, and
by the qualities of the stock." I j that the fruit now was oval when they should
14. Mr G. Lindley, mentions* among oi er i I'^'^e been round, it struck me that perhaps the
plans, to cause bad [fruit] bearers to be more [ o- ■ almond stock iiad caused the alteration ; it occur-
lific, the KMo/rfi^ereni i<ocJ«; and in his comm n-j ''f'l to "le immediately, that there were some
tary on this position, he says, "in proportiot as I P'''"^'' ^'o'^'^s in the same row where the almond
the scion and the stock approach each other cl( e- ^""^'^ I'"'' failed, and if there were fruit on them,
ly in constitution, the less effect is produced jy j and they retained their natural form, it would be
•he latter ; and on the contrary in proportioi to U ''on^'""^ing pi'oof of the almond stock having al-
the constitutional difference between the st :k ••'''^^d '''O form of the fruit. On examining the
and the scion is the efllect of the former imf r- i ""ow-. I found several stocks of peaches inocidated
taut. Thus, when pears are grafted or budodl'l"- ^a'"*^ height as the almonds, with fruit on,
on the wild species, apples on crabs, plums uj )n j "lii<^'i retained their usual round form, when all
peaches, and peaches upon peaches and almoils, on the almond stocks were oval, and very much
the scion is in regard to fertility, exactly in lie ' s". th"' t'"? difl^erence was so plain, you would
same state as if it had not been grafted at t ;i have hought them a different fruit, but the color
while on the other hand, a great increase of f r- i and favor were the same. I went immediately to
tility is the result of grafting pears upon quinc s, I '"'.v Irother who lived then at a short distance and
peaches upon plums, apples upon white thorn,! id I 'old I'im of it, but he could not think it possible
the like. In the latter cases, the food absor id ! 'i" *e went and saw it himself, and was then sat-
from the earth by the root of the stock is comt u-i's''-'' of the fact. I have been thus particular,
nicated slowly and unwillingly to the scion ; n- t''-' yo" "'ay see I can have no doubt on my
dcr no circumstances is the communication le- j """'•
tween the one and the other as free and perffct i The New England Farmer, April 17th', 1829,
as if their natures had been more nearly thesanje; '' -'n article signed .1. W. and dated at Weston,
the sap is impeded in its ascent, and the prop*! '"""""S resi)ecting the effect of the stock on the
juices are impeded in their descent; whence arislj,'>afl, that a red apple becomes of a more brilliant
es that accumulation of secretion which is sure I<f fed when grafted on a stock that produces red
be attended by increased fertility." f
15. I shall close this communication by a bt
ter from BIr AVni. Prince of Flushing, Long I.*I-
fruit ; a green or yellow apple stock diminishes its
beauty, and that he had seen scions taken from
one tree and set in pale green and in red apple
and, in confirmation of the principle for which I ; stocks, and that the apples they produced bore no
contend.
resemblance to each other on these two trees.
The farmers on Long Island, in Kings county,
have been so well satisfied of the influence of the
stock on the graft for some years i)ast, that they
procure stocks of the largest green ap|)le to graft
with the Newton pippin, so as to have large fair
fruit. Life seems too short for experiments that
require many years to bring them to perfection,
as I observed above thirty years ago to Fisher
Ames, who was very curious in fruit. I then sta-
ted to him what Mr K^ght is now bringing to
,, .1 .1 , i. perfection, that fruit We pigeons, (as the pigeon
growths than others, and of course gave creator l . , ■ , , , , ^ \ , ." .
" _ , " fanciers say) might be bred to a feather by mixing
Floshisg, March IS, KO.
Dear Sir — You request that I would inf<rm
you, if I have from my own experience, ascertiiii-
eil whether the stock of a tree has any infliieice
on the graft so as to affect the quality of the fnit?
In my father's time, I had often heard this sib-
ject discussed, and was led firmly to believe tiat
the stock had no influence or effect whatsoc\er
on the fruit ingrafted on it, but that some sorts of
seedlings grew much faster and made stronger
vigor to the graft, but the fruit I supposed won d
be unchanged. You may judge therefore of my
surprise, when I was all at once convinced and
satisfied that I had been in an error. Having
found that the worm which is so destructive li
peach trees, would not touch the almond stock,
and that the hard shell almond raised from seed.
the farinie and planting the seed, then repeating
the same on the new plant, but the time necessa-
ry to carry such experiments into effect 'nas
enough to discourage any one from attempting it.
I shall however, have some experiments tried to
ascertain whether the old French method of graft-
ing in and in, will change the form and flavor of
fruiftj for after what I saw myself as above stated,
I am now convinced it will.*
I have now to state to vou what I have never
• A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden, Lon-
don, 1831, reviewed in Loudon's Gardener's Magazine,
vol. vii. p. 581. I cannot permit tliis opportunity to pa=s,
without bearing my testimony in lavor of this admirablf { met with in any author, that the s^raft has anivflu-
mi^cclfany, the circulation of which is immense in ,i i j t i r* .i .' rriu u
Fn„i,.„i ,„^ r„r„„„ IV """"-" ■' ■"liiciisL Hi e„fc on //le s/orft anrf roo< of the tree. The cherry
tnsland and turope. Wo gentleman who has the least . , , . . ,,'
taste for horticulture, ought lo be without it. Seven [ ^'^^ yvhen the thermometer m bard winters falls
volumes have been published. j much below zero, is frequently killed by the se-
f The Editor (John Lindley, the botanist) dissents' *^"'y °^ '^"^ '"™^'- ^^'^^ ^"'"^ J''"''^ ago, 1821,
from the opinion of his namesake, the practical gardener, j '
and attributes the " improvement in the flavor of fruits " i * 1" France they formerly used to graft the same sort
entirely to the increased action of the vital functions <"'^'' '"^'^ o**' again three or four times on the same
of the leaves. I shall adhere to facts. stock.
Vol. XI.-No. 13.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
99
a nuiiiber of elierry trees killed, but the Weeping
cheii-y, a native of Siberia, althougli biidiled some
height from llie ground, remained uninjured;
tills led me more minutely to examine their roots,
and I found invariably, that the roots of all the
weeping cherries differed from the roots of other
cherry trees, although the stock was the same ;
the roots of the trees grafted or budded with the
weeping cherry being much fuller of fine spread-
ing filires, and rooting much stronger. Mention-
in" this fact to a man who keeps a small apple
nursery in this place, and on whose veracity I
could depend, he told me that the graft of the Si-
berian crab apple trees, although grafted two feet
from the ground, affected the roots, and caused
them to become so wiry and hard, and so full of
these tine tough fibrous roots, and that they were
very clitferent from the roots of other apple trees.
I have nov/ given you all the information I pos-
sess on this subject.
Yours respectfully, VVM. PRINCE.
BRIGHTON CATTLE SHOW.
The trustees of the Massachusetts Society for
promoting Agriculture, respectfully inform the
public, that they propose holding their Annual Cat-
tle Show this year, at Brighton, on the seventeenth
day of October. This Show has been held an-
nually, with the exception of the last year, for
nearlv twenty years, and it is believed that no one
that has attended to the improvement made in that
time, in husbandry, and especially, in our swine
and neat cattle, will doubt their past usefulness, or
that they largely contributed to this improvement.
The object in instituting them was to co.nmunicats
practical information, in the most familiar and im-
pressive way, to excite emulation among agricul-
turists, and encourage them to a better cultivation
of their lands, and an improvement in the charac-
ter and (juality of their stock, especially neat cat-
tle, by liberal premiums, which would indemnify
for the expense and risk of the first departure from
an old practice, and be an honorable mark of dis-
tinction to the most successful. To facihtate and
promote the improvement of neat cattle, bulls and
cows of the best foreign breeds, for the dairy and
for beef, were procured by the liberality of gen-
tlemen, who took an interest in the subject, and
particularly through the munificence of a distin-
guished individual, a native, though now a citizen
of another country, and distributed in different
parts of the Commonwealth. Whether these
breeds are more valuable for our farmers, than our
native stock miglit be made, by long care and at-
tention in selecting and rearing the best of them,
may perhaps be questioned ; but we think it can-
not be doubted that they have been of essential ser
vice to the country, not only by adding highly val-
uable and distinct breeds to our stock, but also
in im])roving it by crosses, and teaching us what
may be done by judicious selection and treatment,
and exciting our farmers to practise them with
their old stock. The gratifying fact that our stock
of neat cattle is essentially improved, in both these
v,-ays, is apparent at every Cattle Show, and to
every traveller on the road.
As Agricultural societies had been established
in most of the Counties, enjoying the patronage of
the State, and acting on the same system, as far
as their means would permit which this Society
had introduced, the Trustees the last year, con-
sidering that the object for which they instituted
the shows, had been in a good measure accom-
plished, and that it was questionable whether their
utility in future would be proportionate to the ex-
pense and trouble, and believing that their discon-
tinuance would rather benefit than prejudice the
County Societies, determined to suspend their
Shew for that year, and accordingly none was
helil. The experiment has led them to reconsid-
er ihe subject, and to think, on the whole, that
ihei' were mistaken. They find that many skil-
ful agriculturists, who had been accustomed to ex-
hiht their stock or products, at our show, and ma-
ny of them to merit and receive our premiums,
were disappointed, and the Trustees cannot but be
apuehensive, that a further suspension would tend
to lessen their attention and steady aim at improve-
ment, which annual shows and premiums served
to keep alive ; they have also understood that the
Ccimty Shows, especially in the great agricultural
Ccunly, whose citizens have received many of
thfir best premiums, instead of being increased,
w(re inferior to what they had been in former
years. A great, if not the greatest advantage of a
Cattle Show is, that it enables intelligent agricul-
turists to c'ompare the different stock and products
of others with their own, and if it is found superi-
01, to ascertain the process and means by which
tie superiority was attained. This personal in-
sfection and comparison makes a lasting impres-
sion, and naturally excites a competition that leads
to in]i)rovement ; in County Societies it is confined
to the people of the County, while in this it is ex-
teided to all the people of the State. The field
for competition and information is larger, and suc-
cess, as it will be more difiicult, will naturally he
ieemed a greater distinction ; and it may also be
added, that the rewards of this society will be con-
sidered, by many of the skilful farmers, as cumu
lative to those of their own ; for, after receiving
them, they may, and often do, offer tliemselves as
candidates for our premiums, and often obtain
them. These considerations among others, and
an earnest desire as far as their means will per-
mit, to promote the best interests of agriculture
through the Commonwealth, have determined the
Trustees to continue the Cattle Show at Brighton
this year, for the exhibition, as heretofore, of neat
cattle, working o.xen, swine and sheep, agricultu-
tal products, and manufactures, from any part of
Ihe State, for premiums. The Trustees desire
their respectable brethren in the country to keep
in mind, that in bringing samples of their best
stock and products to this exhibition, they w
have the satisfaction of promoting the interests of
agriculture and the State, while they obtain testi-
monials of merit and distinction for themselves.
Although the same articles that would have ob
tained the highest premium at the commencement
of these shows, may not be likely to obtain one
at the next ; yet, as improvement has been gener
al, the difiiculty will be no greater for an apjilicant
now than it was then, uuless the competition
should be increased, and in that case the distinction
will be proportionably greater.
Although this season may not be altogether so
fruitful as the last, we have much, very much, to
be thankful for; and from the public spirit of our
independent farmers, and their zeal to atlvance the
interest and honor of their profession, the Trustees
promise themselves an exhibitio]i at this revival of
the Show that will do credit to the state.
The Trustees have withdrawn their premiums
from some articles, to enable them to increase
them for objects they deemed more important, and
these they have made as liberal as their funds will
allow. Neat cattle, cheese and butter may be
considered staple articles of a cattle show, and
we anticipate an exhibition of these, especially the
latter, that will offer a proud comparison witli the
earlier shows. Extraordinary premiums, afforded
by contributions from gentlemen solicitous for an
improvement in our butter, have indeed raised
this article to a standard of excellence not surpass-
ed, it is believed, in any state in the Union.
The Trustees for the two last years have offer-
ed premiums for a new object, the best cultivated
farm, and this year have offered two large premi-
ums for the same olijecf, convinced that they will
prove highly beneficial to agriculturists, if our
more experienced and skilful farmers will submit
to the trouble necessary to render them useful, and
required of tho.se who claim them. For these
premiums to be of any material service to the
public, it is necessary, and the proposals therefore
equire that applicants state with particularity the
quantities and qualities of their crops, the kinds of
they were grown on, the number and breeds
of their stock, and their manner of cultivating
their farms, so that any farmer who reads the
statement may see in what way the best farmers
cultivate their farms, and how productive they
render them. These statements, it is thought, will
ontain a body of practical information, founded
on actual experiment, that will be invaluable to an
American farmer, who cultivates the same kind of
land, under the same climate. Hitherto applica-
tions for this premium have been less numerous
than were expected, but the Trustees hope that
more of our respectable farmers, from their public
spirit, as well as for the sake of the premium and
distinction, will be induced to become candidates
this year. It may be observed that it is a case in
which they will liave the satisfaction of serving
the public, and particularly benefitting their broth-
er farmers, even if they should happen to fail of
a premium.
Notice of an intention to claim this premium
must be given to the Secretary of the Society, on
or before the first day of October, but the state-
ment is not required to be exhibited to the Trus-
tees before the first day of January next. An ad-
dress is to be delivered by the Hon. James Rich-
ardson of Dcdhani, from whose knowledge and
experience in agricultural pursuits much useful in-
struction and entertainment may be expected. A
public dinner will be provided at the Cattle Fair
Hotel, by Mr Murdock, in his best style, and upon
terms as reasonable as it can be afforded. Noth-
ing will be omitted on the part of the Trustees to
render this show as useful and attractive as any
that have preceded it, and they respectfully invite
the attention and co-operation of their brethren
and friends in the country and city. Although
the citizens of the metropolis may not all have
farms, it is to be remembered that ihey are all
equally interested with the inhabitants of the
country in the prosperity of agriculture and the
success of this Society's efforts to promote it.
By order of the Trustees.
P. C. BROOKS, ■)
WM.PRESCOTT, yco,nmitUt.
G. PARSONS, j
JNO. HEARD, Jr. J
He who receives a good turn should never for-
get It ; he who does one should never reraember it.
100
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
October 10, 1832.
From the New York Fam
EFFECTS OF THE PAST WINTER.
It is a singular fact, that while many tender for-
eign plants stood the severity of last winter as
well, or better than usual, such as the Ailanthus,
Catalpa, Magnolias glauoa, and macropliylla, &c,
most descriptions of fruit, which are deemed hardy,
siifl'ered more than during many of the preceding
years. The destruction lias been extensive, among
pears, peaches, plums, cherries, quinces and na-
tive crapes, and partial among the apples. Either
the fruit blossoms, branches, or the entire tree
above the surface of the ground were killed. In |
the latter case, the bark was found to be killed
upon the bole or trunk, sometimes generally, at
others in circles, at about the height of the surface
of the snow in winter.
How are we to account for this uncommou
fact? My hypothesis is this: That the foreign
plants, being more sensitive to cold, were divested
of their leaves by the early frosts, the sap had be-
come concentrated, or reduced in volume, by the
cold of the autumn months, and the plants as-
sumed their winter habit before the winter could
set in ; and that the snow which soon alter cov-
ered the ground, sufficiently protected their roots.
Our indi"'enous trees, or those more liardy, were
kept in a partial growing state by tlie mild weath-
er of autumn; and their sap vessels were fully
distended with juices, when the cold conmienced ;
and that they suddenly became, frozen, ere it is
condensed by a gradual and natural process,
which instead of diminishing, added so to its vol-
ume as to burst the sap vessels, and destroy vital-
ity. And I doubt whether it was the severity, so
much as the long continuance of intense cold,
which proved so injurious. Tie thermometer
did not fall lower than 20 degreesfbelow zero with
me ; and this degree of cold is not uncommon in
our winters. But the long continuance of severe
cold was unprecedented in niy memory. From
the first of December to the 17th of January, a
period of nearly fifty days, the mercury did not
appear above the freezing point but about two
hours, and then but one or two degrees. Man is
capable of sustaining (and the remark will in a
manner apply to other animals) a variation of tem
perature from 40 degrees below, to more than 200
above zero, but only for a time. The extremes
of cither heat or cold, soon overcome and destroj'
the vital principle, if unremittingly applied to the
animal system ; I infer that the same laws hold
good in regard to plants.
Another fact is worthy of notice ; plants suf-
fered far more severely upon sandy, than upon
clay soils ; indeed most of the mischief was done
upon the former. The term iimrm, applied to
sandy soils, does not convey a correct idea of its
properties. It would seem to imply that such a
soil is least sensitive to cold, and will afford the
earliest vegetation; such is not the fact. It is
true it becomes soonest warmed by the genial rays
of a vernal sun; and it is equally true, when
warmed it soon becomes cold from the absence of
those rays. It receives calorie more readily than
any other soil, and parts* with it more rapidly.
Other circumstances being similar, it is therefore
most liable to late and early frosts. It is not so
Avell adapted to wintering plants as a soil more
compact and tenacious, on account of the frequent
and sudden transition of temperature, and i know it
is not so well adapted for early vegetation in spring.
From the New York Farmer. to the article in question. Irregularities may have
^ j arisen in some cases where persons having eaten
ROTATION OF CROPS. { occasionally of fruit who were not in the habit of
Th.tt crops deteriorate when continued m the usj„g. [j daily. This may have been the case, and
same field successive years, is a fact well kmwn j, ;„ ,,(,1 to be wondered at, however good and
to the observing fitrmer ; and yet it is never si ffi- i „|,olesome it might have been if used prudently,
ciently regarded in practice. The Hollanders do ^ ■\Ve find that nature in her amplitude, produces
not permit flax to grow in the same field oftf ler f,.,,|ts in their proper seasons, suited to the nature
than once in 10 or 12 years, upon the princble | g,,,] eondition of man, whereby health, the most
that it requires this lime to restore to the soiljhe j jupsiimahle of all blessings is promoted. It ap-
specific food required for the flax, and which lad j pe;,|-s from scripture, that man was originally
been exhausted by the preceding crop. Glod | ,j,aiie to subsist entirely on herbs and fruus, and
husbandry requires, that not only two crops of 1 as the structure of the human body has undergone
the same species, but of similar character, ly Lo change, but remains precisely as it was anterior
wheat, rye, oats and barley, should not succi jd ,„ il,u time of tlie fall, we argue therefore, that
each other, as these in a measure exhaust the s il Cuit is as healthy at the present time as it was at
of like properties. Judge Peters laid it downjas its introduction into the world. The changes of
a fundamental rule, that two crops of grain sho Id
never be grown in succession in the same fi^d
Our farm crojis, as regards rotation, may be
vidcd into three classes, viz. grains, grasses sLA
roots, and th<'se again subdivided ; and 1 wold
let no two of any one class follow. If maruirms
applied in an unferraented state to the roots aid
Indian corn, which are all hoed crops, weeds v<hl
be destroyed, the manure incorporated with t
soil, and its advantages to the hoed crops be
clear saving.
But the object of penning this article is to i
press upon s;ardeners the necessity of alternatii j,
to insure good crops. It often happens that p; ■
ticular portions of the garden are assigned tot
same vegetable for successive years ; and as tlU
portion of ground generally receives an annill
dressingof manure, the ioqiorlance of alternatiit
is not so apparent. VV'iihout due reflection,'^
adopted this too common practice, and had m
onion quarter, beet quarter, melon quarter, ice,
which have been jdanted with those vegetables al-
most exclusively for eight or ten years. Notwi
standing I manured highly, I was astonished that
my crops every year grew worse, till from 'iiis
very inferior ipialtty, I was led to reflect upon the
cause, and the consequence was, that I becimc
convinced, that the principle of alternation, which
I knew was beneficial in farm operations, should
be apiilicd also to the garden. I planted my an-
ions, beets, carrots, &c, on new ground, althoiigli
the former, I had understood, should always bi
continued on the same plat. The result of the
change is, that these vegetables have nearly quad-
rupled in product.
Grisenthwaite maintains that the same crc]
may be taken successively from one field , provi-
ded we know the specific food which such crop
requires, and supply it insufficient quantity an-
nually. He says the specific food of wheat is
phate of lime, and animal matters that afford that
nitrogen ; that of barley, common nitre (sahpetre,
that of sanfoin, clover, &c, gypsinn, &c. But un
til we become so learned in chemistry as to know
the specific food which each requires, it will be
discreet to pursue the course which nature siig
gests, that of alternation. B.
the seasons effect the constitution of the human
body : when the cold rough winds of winter soft-
en into gentle gales, the constitution of man seems
to un lergo the same change : the succeeding sea-
sons bring with them herbs and fruits which are
necessary to be taken into the stomach in order
that the constitution may keep jiace with the
changing seasons. Fruit is etTieacious in throw-
ing off the morbid or feculent matter that is pro-
duced in the stomach during the intense heat of
iuninier. Fruit is not only healthy and nutritious
n itself, but it has been used with wonderful suc-
cess in curing aggravated diseases. Raspberries,
blackberries and grapes, have been successfully
used in the dysentery. I am fully persuaded that
the juice of the grape, the apple, and the jieach,
Lave been perverted from their true and legiti-
nnte use — they have been fermented and distilled,
nil their natures changed. And sad to relate,
iheir effects upon the human family have been
iiwful beyond description.
The writer of this article can say from expe-
rience, that fruit has been to him a blessing.
From a child he has indulged in this luscious
bouiitv of nature, and health has marked his al-
most every step. And here let him modestly re-
mark, ardent spirits has been an utter stranger to
his lips.
Fevers generally succeed fruitless seasons : this
is a fact so far as my observation has extended.
The wise Creator of our bodies knows what is
most healthy and fit for us to eat. He it is that
has caused the strawberry to hide its modest head
in the verdant grass, and hastened the perfection
of the pear and the apple. It is He that has given
the peach its crimson tint, and made it delicious
and healthy. I am convinced that ripe fruit keeps
the stomach in proper tone, causes digestion to be
natural and easy, keeping the viscera in a healthy
and proper state.
These, Mr Editor, are some of my views re-
specting fruit, and you are at hberty to pubhsh
th?m if you think fit. C.
From the American Farmer.
FRUIT.
Mr Editor — Having seen a communication in
your paper under the signature of B. relating to
the free use of fruit, and fully believing in the
free use of ripe fruit for the promotion of health,
I could not conscientiously believe in or subscribe
CULTURE OF SILK.
A gentleman who has recently returned from
an excursion through Connecticut, states that from
his observations he is fully convinced that the
culture and manufacture of silk must become a
staple and profitable business in New England —
the climate and soil l» ing well adapted to the
growth of the mulberry tree, and the genius and
enterprise of the inhabitants equal to the task of
producing silk goods superior to the imported.
Connecticut pays to her sons a bounty of fifty
cents per pound on all silk reeled on the im-
Vol. XI.-No. 19.
•AND HOIITICULTUIIAL JOURNAL.
101
proved |iUui, and one dollar on every 100 mulber-
ry trees set out in the manner prescribed. This
example of the wooden nutmeg lady is worthy of
being followed — and we would say to her sister
Massaclnis<-tts, "Go thou, and do likewise."
Stimulated by the encouragenjeiit received
from the State, the single town of Mansfield has,
from a carefid estimate, grown four tons of raw
silk this season, which, when reeled, will bring
about 35,000 dollars ; and when thrown into sew-
ings (as most of it probably will be, in the fami-
lies of the producers,) its value will be enhanced |
to nearly double that sum, say $J)0,000 ! Four or j
five adjoining towns have, from fair estimates, I
each produced a quantity equal to that grown in ]
Mansfield. It is not doubted than another year j
the stock will be increased one third. A Connec- '
ticut farmer calculates that one acre of land well 1
stocked with mulberry trees is worth foriynint
acres of the rest of his farm !
The business of silk-growing, then, must be
profitable; but our farmers are deterred from em-
barking in it, because some time and money must
be spent in the outset, without aflbrding immediate
profit. To meet this difliculty the state should
offer some encouragement to induce people to 6e-
gin — and once begun, Yankee industry would
be able to compete with the world in the cul-
ture, [f government manages rightly, it can-
not be doubled that ten years hence, more than
100 tons of raw silk will be annually raised in this
country. Will not this quantity invite artisans
and manufacturers? and may we not conclude
that the time is not far distant when the people of
this western continent will be clad in silken robes
of their own manufacture? — Dedham Politician.
therein, giving them no further attention than
keeping down the weeds. The consequence has
been, the splendid bloom above described for two
months past. — Jim. Farmer.
PROSPECT FOR HOPS IN ENGLAND.
The plantations near Canterbury have not so
promising an appearance as they had. Some
grmmds high in sap are getting very foul and hon-
eyed, and the mould is also on the increase. The
plait is in a very precarious state. Near Maid-
st<ne tliere was an alteration in the hop plauta-
tidis for the worse last week. The increase of
vfrmin is consideralile, and particularly in those
grounds where a very little fly has been seen all
the year. In some parts the bine is covered with
lite. At Cranbrook and its vicinity, the planta-
tions look extremely thriving, and from present
ajipearances an abimdant crop may be expected.
Al Tenterden the bine is looking very heaUhy,
aiid more free from fly than at this period last
year. The plantations at IMarden and adjoining
pirishes betoken an abundant crop. The bine is
tolerably good, but from the rapid increase of
honey dew, and the already enormous quantity of
Ice, we doubt whether such an impression is not
made that the grounds will with difficulty recov-
er, and more particularly so where they are short
of bine. Accounts from Yalden state the bine to
bo very backward, but in general it is remarkably
gnod : but if no alteration takes place in the
veather, the blight is expected to affect it. The
nould has attacked the plantations in and about
lllcomb. — London Morning Chronicle of July 18.
DAHLIAS. I
We really wish our cottage garden was located
nearer town, that the citizens generally might
have au opportunity of seeing our splendid bloom
of djihlias. Those who have never seen this flow-
er, (and very few have ever been seen in Balti-
more,) can form no idea of their splendor and
magnificence. The flower is formed very much
like a large camelia japonica; there are single,
serai-double and double varieties ; and all sizes,
from a disk of two to six or seven inches diame-
ter. Their color comprises every Shade, from the
purest white up to the deepest black crimson.
We have about thirty varieties and about twenty
of them constantly in bloom, affording a display
altogether unequalled by any other garden plant.
Besides this, we have succeeded in producing
several splendid new varieties from seed, among
which are two very superior semidouble black
crimson. The colors of the dahlias are remarka-
ble for their brilliancy and clearness — nothing
dull or common-place in them.
The cultivation of dahlias has been hitht,.'I>»
very unsuccessful in this city and neighborhood ;
attributable, as we know from experience, to our
following the directions of English gardeners, who
direct us to put them in poor sandy soil. This
may be necessary in England, where the climate is
not so subject to excessive droughts as ours. We
practised upon this plan for several years, and
never obtained a flower worth looking at. This
year we went to the opposite extreme ; dug a
deep trench, filled it with rich vegetable mold,
stable manure, and door yard scrapings, with a
moiety of good garden mold, and planted them
KEEPING SHEEP.
Sowed three bushels of oats to cure before they
arc quite ripe, for niy sheep ; this I have found
to be the cheapest and best method to winter
sheep, of the many ways that I have tried. The
sheep will eat it all clean, straw and all, and with
it get grain enough, (and that being green, I be-
heve it far better than ripe,) to keep them in good
condition. I never h.ad a distempered sheep that
was kept in this way. Two good sheaves per
day, will last twenty sheep through the winter;
some days three sheaves, and some but one, viz.
When they get to the ground ; I have tried it, and
do know. Now, say five months, 150 days, 300
sheaves, that would make twelve bushels to the
hundred ; would be <hirtysix bushels oats, and the
straw. If any of your correspondents can do bet-
ter, and witli less expense, I should be glad to
know it. With a sheep-shed and manger, which
I intend to build after the direction given by a
celebrated manufacturer and wool grower, I think
that I shall be able to let each sheep have its share
without being trodden down. 1 have not seen
the plan of the shed and manger in any work on
the raising or keeping sheep. Before winter I will
try to give it on paper for the farmer. — Gen. Far.
soon correct the scouring. If the horse has much
fever, take half an ounce of ipecacuanha, add to it
about two quarts of hot, but not boiling water,
put about half a ])int of this tea to a pail of water
and let the horse drink it. About three half a
pints should be drank in the course of the day
while any fever continues; when this is removed
then, and not till then, take a quart of oak bark
(such as is used for tanning) with the ross taken
off", add to it two quarts of hot water, and let it
stand till cool, then add a pint of this tea to a pail
of water, and let the horse drink freely of it through
the day. I have never known these remedies to
fail in eflfecting a cure. Yours, &c, R. M. W.
FOREST TREES.
Sir — I have lately read with much pleasure,
Washington Irving's article on Forest Trees,
in the first volume of his Bracebridge Hall, and
would recommend its perusal to our farmers gen-
erally, with modifications. I think it is peculiar-
ly adapted to our own country. Most of our
farms contains gullies and other spots, inaccessi-
ble to the plough; these, if transplanted with a
few of the Yellow Locust, would in a few years
aflTord an invaluable supply of the best fencing
timber. This tree may likewise be set in every
other length of crooked fence around the fai-ni
and will in a few years furnish a plentiful supply
of this invaluable timber, besides it is one of our
best ornamental trees, and would add greatly to
the beauty of our rural scenery. It is of rapid
growth, and easily propagated and spread, and I
think should be more generally attend to.
Yours, R. M. W.
[JV. 1'. Farmer,
Case of Rumination. — David Hunter, aged 39,
living in Bethnal green, applied recently at the
hospital for relief as an out-patient, under the fol-
lowing circumstances. About a quarter of an
hour or twenty ijiinutes after every meal, the food
which has been taken into the stomach is brought
up into the mouth, (o be subjected to a second
process of mastication. He has been accustomed
to this ever since he was five years of age. His
bowels are regular, and he has always enjoyed ex-
cellent health. It is completely an involuntary
act, and is unattended with any feeling of sickness,
being rather pleasant than otherwise. It occurs
in a great degree after taking animal food, being
small in quantity after a meal consisting of veg-
etables. The man was formerly a patient of the
late Mr Hadington, who mentioned the case in
his lectures. He was induced to apply for relief
in consequence of the habit being offensive to his
companions. Some tonic medicines were pre-
scribed for him, from which he experienced no
benefit. — Medical Gaz.
SCOURING OF HORSES.
Mr Editor — This complaint has been very
prevalent among horses at different times. The
following remedy I have never found to fail. Take
a quarter of an ounce of gum gamboge, half an
ounce of aloes, half an ounce of saltpetre. Re-
duce all these to a fine powder, add flour and wa-
ter until it is of a consistence of unbaked dough.
Divide it into four pills, about the size of an egg,
give one pill evei-y night and morning ; they will
Wool. — Many of our readers may probably be
surprised vlien they are informed that from twen-
ty totvventyfive million of pounds of foreign wool,
and more than one hundred and forty millions of
British wool, are annually consumed in the man-
ufactures of Great Britain ; that the value of
woollens exported is from five to seven millions
sterling, and that the consumption in the United
Kingdom is estimated at from twenty to twenty-
five millions sterling per annum. — HuU Packet.
Merit. — True merit, like a river, the deeper it
is the less noise it makes.
m
102
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
October 10, 183^.
sri2w :3sr^a.iisriD s'ii ssassa
Boston, AVednesday Evening, October 10, 1832.
HORTICULTURAL FESTIVAL.
The Anniversary of the Massachusetts Horti-
cuhuval Society was celehrated on the 3d inst.
At noon an elaborate and well written address
was d livered hy Dr T. W. Harrts, to the mem-
bers of the Society, and a respectable and intelli-
gent audience of ladies and gentlemen, not mem-
bers of that institution, assembled at the Masonic
Temple. The subject of this performance, was
princi])ally -Bn(omoZog-)/; and perhaps a more in-
teresting, more useful, or more appropriate topic
coidd not have been chosen by the orator. He
told how, when, and where to attack those petty
but powerful pests, which are more terrible to cul-
tivators t'lan an "army with banners;" and whose
depredations, if not counteracted by science andef-
fort would render tilling the earth as useless as the
evolutions of insects s|iorting in sun-beams. We
hope this address will soon appear in a pamphlet,
and we shall ever be happy in devoting our col-
umns to the diffusion of its very interesting con-
tents.
The display of Fruits and Flowers in the Din-
ing Hall was much superior to what could have
been anticipated from a season so inauspicious as
the present to their production. It seemed that
neither cold nor cholera could check the course of
cultivation, nor prevent the display of that domin-
ion of mind over matter, which moderates and
modifies tlie untoward eccentricities of the ele-
ments, and gives the vegetable productions of ev-
ery climate to seasons and soils apparently very
unfit for their development.
The followiug arc some of ^e donations of
Fruits and Flowers, which wero presented for the
festival.
Jacob Tidd, Roxbury ; three very large chis- 1
ters of Grapes, called Horatio Grapes, the largest
weighing 2 lbs. 13^ ozs. Mrs Timothy Bigelow,
Medford; two elegant Roman Cypress trees. Lem-
ons, and clustei-s of Lemons : weighing 3 lbs. 2 lbs.
15 ozs., and 2 lbs. G ozs. James Read, Esq. Ro.\-
bury ; uncommonly large Porter Apples, fine Dah-
lias, Roses, &c. Tlios. intilmarsh, Esq. iJrookline ;
three fine clu-sters of Hamburg Grapes, two bask-
ets of Lady Pears, Dahlias, and two fine clusters
of St Peter's Grapes. Enoch Bartlett, Esq. Rox-
bury ; very fine Bartlett and Capiaumont Pears,
Ribstone Pippin, Porter and Moody Apples, and
Dahlias. David Haggerston, Charlestown ; three
baskets of beautiful Black Hamburg and White
Sweet Water Grapes, a fine specimen of the Brug-
non Nectarines, and a large and very splendid
collection of Dahlias. Elijah Fose, Esq. Dor-
chester; superb Capiaumont Pears, Pine Apple,
Green Citron, Nutmeg and Rock Melons, and
large Water aielons. Madam Dir, Boston ; splen-
did Dix Pears. Perrin May, Esq. Boston ; very
fine Black Hamburg, White Sweet Water, and
Red Chasselas Grapes ; out of door culture. John
Lee, Esq. Boston ; Isabella Grapes. John Prince.
Esq. Roxbury ; a dozen of fijie Pine Apples—
Malons, Pomme Reine, Early Greening, Spitzen-
berg and Doctor Apples— real Borroseau Apples,
and handsome Bon Chretien pears. Dr S. A. SkuH-
leff; three fine bunches of Shurtleff's Seedling
Grapes, St Michael and late Catherine Pears.
Professor Farrar, Cambridge; very large and
handsome Porter Apples. Hon. John Lowell,
Roxbury; splendid clusters of White Chasselas,
Black Hamburg and other Grapes and Flowers.
J. P. Bradke, Esq. Boston ; a basket of fine
Peaches. Hon. Peter C. Brooks, Medford ; \ :ry
large and fine clusters of Black Hamburg md
Grisly Tokay Grapes. Mrs J. Bray, Bost n ;
White Sweet Water Grapes, and very fine Ar n-
go Quinces. B. A. Gould, Esq. ISoston ; v ry
large and fine Magnum Bonum Plums. Chee er
JVeichall, Esq. Dorchester ; two baskets of beat i-
ful AVhite Chasselas Grapes : out door cultue.
Jeremiah Fitch, Esq. Boston ; a large basket of file
Peaches, and a Fig Tree, full of fruit. John Ma, :-
ey, Esq. Weston ; three baskets of very beauti il
Apples. Stephen Williams, Esq. Northhoroug ;
Reil Calville, Summer Pearniain, Ribstone Pipp i,
and five very fine varieties of imported AppI s.
Messrs Kenrick, Newton ; a vase, containing Da -
lias, Roses, and other beautiful flowers. Mesi s
Jt'inship, Brighton ; a great variety of very ban -
some flowers. Dr Z. B. Adams ; a basket of ve f
beautiful St Michael Pears. S. G. Perkiyis, Es, ;
a flowerpot, containing a plant of the Cantu
Corono-pifolia. Benjamin Guild, Esq. Brooklin
fine clusters of Black Hamburg, Black Cap(
(grown under the directions of C. Senior,) Miller'
Burgundy, and Isabella Grapes, (the latter, op
culture,) and a variety of Peaches. Hon. T.
Perkins; White Chasselas Grapes, and a bun
of very fine Dahlias. C. Senior; two fine bunc
cs of Black Hamburg, two do. Frontignac, t
( handsome White Chasselas, and three varieties
jfine French Grapes. John Biecd, Esq; a collet
jtion of splendid Roses. Mrs Watson, Boston; fin
American Suaalch Peaches. Gorham Par.mn.9
\Esq. Brookline; Blue Pearmain, Summer Gilli-
flowcr, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Bell-flower, and
I Winter Gilli-llower Apples. Charles Taylor, Esq.
Dorchester ; three baskets of fine Black Hamburg
I Grapes ; berries very large size, and perfect, do.
Thompson, Brighton ; a very splendid collection
of Dahlias. From the Garden of Gardner Greene,
Esq. Boston ; Green Chrou and other Melons,'
and Bergamot Pears : under care of Mr Senior.
After the exhibition, the Society, with their
guests, sat down to an excellent dinner, prepared
at Concert Hall, by Mr Eaton. The Hon. H. A.
S. Dearborn, President of the Society, presided
at the table, and was assisted as toast master by
Z. Cook, Jun. Esq. first Vice President of the So-
ciety. The following regular toasts were drank.
A'eie England. While her fields are crowned
with the gifts of Ceres and Pomona, let us care
little for the more questionable favors of Bacchus
and Plulus.
Rotation. A principle soadv,intageous in Hor-
ticulture, cannot be otherwise than useful in its
application to politics.
Cattle Slwics. _ The noblest spectacle, is the in-
dustrious race who show the cattle.
Mount Auburn. A fortunate conception, hap-
pily bodied forth. While it adds solemnity and
dignity to the attributes of Death, it offers to grief
its proper mitigations.
The Hickory. A tree much abused— it has been
libelled by an unnatural comparison.
Machinery. An unsettled national policy is
worse than the friction of the wheels—this may be
estimated a.nd yield to remedy— the other eludes cal-
culation.
M'ullification, the Spasmodic Cholera of the
Union. Let speedy purgation and persevering
cleanliness, save us from its fatal collapse.
The Statesman who is true to his/)nVi/)/fs, and
wijose principle is the Hue iiHerest of bis country.
The cause of Liberty in Europe. The seeds
have been profusely sown, though the growth has
been kept down by the crown imperial and the Si-
berian crab.
Gardeners. The most useful, else the Creator
had not made them the first class in bis great
school of wisdom and benevolence.
Heroes. The earth has bubbles, as the water
hath, and these are of tliem.
Woman! Like the Iris, indigenous in all
countries— like the Rose, a<hnircd by all nations —
in modesty, equalling the Cowslip — in fidelity,
the Honeysuckle — in dispusiiion, the Clematis —
may she never suffer from aiiproximation to the
Coxcomb, nor lose her reputation by familiarity
with Bachelors^ Buttons.
VOLUNTEER TOASTS.
By Gen. H. A. S. Dearborin. The Orator of the
Day. A true Philosopher, who renders science
subservient to the useful arts.
By E. VosE, Esq. Our Horticultural Brethren
throughout the Union. Their only competition
being in doing each other good. May no " root
I of bitterness" spring up among them.
By T. G. Fessende.v, Esq. The Massachu-
setls Horticultural Society. Tho.se who survey our
Morning Glories, find |ieruse our Dahlias [not ad-
vertisers] " see our folks and get some peaches,"
will hope that in Tliyme we shall be worth a Mint
to the " land we live in."
By S. ApptETO-V, Esq. Agriculture, Manufac-
'dures. Commerce and Horticulture. The first gives
\tsfood — the second clothing — the third gives u»
[riV/ic? — the fourth adds grace and ornament to the
others — and though now mentioned last was first
before .Mani's Fall.
! By A'ice President Bartlett. Massaehusetts
Agrindtural Society. A jiioneer in good works.
May the only contention among her children be,
which shall excel.
By Z. Cook, Jun. Esq. 1st Vice President of
the Society. Culture in all its branches — from that
which raises a seed in a garden to that which
plants a W^ashington or a Franklin on the sum-
mit of human excellence.
After some pertinent and eloquent remarks.
Gen. Dearborn gave the following. Hon. John-
Lowell. The Patriarch, Patron, and Pattern of
Farmers and Horticulturists.
By Dr T. W. Harris. Gentlemen Farmers,
who, bringing scientific attainments to bear upon
practical skill, have done everything for Horticul-
ture in this country, and whose success these fes-
tivals annually exhibit.
By Professor Farrar. Phrenology. As the
Urtted States is more distinguished by their rich
and fertile plains, than by the number and height
of their mountains, so may her sons be better
known by the general development of all their
faculties than by the cultivation of any one power
to the exclusion of the rest.
By Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn. Drs Knight and
Van Mons. The ornaments of England and Bel-
gium and the benefactors of the human race.
By Rev. Dr Harris — ■
" The tree that bears immortal frui*,
Without a canker at the root !"
Itsliealing leaves to us be given,
lis bloom on earth — its fruit in heaven !
Vol. XI.— No. IS
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
103
By George C. Barrett. Agriculture, Horti-
adture, and Floriculture. Three sisters more ami-
able than the three Graces, and more useful than
the nine Muses.
By B. V. KiiE.NCH. Horticultural Associations,
whose pursuits are pleasant, and lead to results,
notlike many others founded on selfishness, but con-
ferring essenh'a/ 6ene;5<s on the whole human race.
Anojutmous. The Emperor JVicholas. An Anti-
Horticulturist. He has undertaken to engraft the
noblest scions in (he icy region of Siberia, in the
vain hope of blasting the Tree of Liberty. May
he soon learn that he has attacked a tree, whose
roots are fixed from Pole to Pole.
By Z. Cook, Jr. Esq. 1st Vice President, after
Gen. Dearborn had retired. H. A. S. Dearborn,
the worthy President of Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society. His indefatigable labors, in both
the scientijic and practical departments .of Horti-
culture reflect eipial honor upon himself, and bene-
Jit upon the Society over which he so ably presides.
Anontjious. If he be a benefiictor, who in-
structs us how two spires of grass inay grow | Beans, which were planted the 15th of May, in a
ly perceptible. Also from the same gentleman,
the following, many of which were fine, but oth-
ers not in eating. Seek-no-further, a variety ; a
large flat apple, striped with red on a yellow
ground; of a saccharine, sub-acid and excellent
flavor. Russet Sweet, Roxbury Ilusseling, Bald-
win, Greening, Peck's Pleasant, Newark Pippin,
Summer Apple, Golden Rennet, Golden Russet,
Gdden Codlin, Pearmain, English Pearmain,
Ntnsuch, Tender Sweet, White Apple, Gilli-flow-
er. Winter Sweet Russet, Sweet Isaac, Lady Fin-
ge-, Hayboy, Cambridge Apple.
Pears. — From Mr Jacob Deane of Mansfield, a
cluster of the small Seckle pears of the second
crop, produced on wood the growth of 183'2.
Grapes. — From Mr Amos Perry, large native
Grapes of the pale red variety.
WILLIAM KENRICK.
VEGETABLES.
Mr Richard Ward of Roxbury, exhibited for
premium two boxes of very large and fine Lima
where but one grew before, let everlasting grati-
tude, and the Society's first premium be awarded
to the man who shall devise (and inake public) a
method by which beets and turnips may be raised
without tops, and peas without pods.
Other toasts were uttered and responded too nu-
merous for insertion.
An excellent song, written for the occasion [see
our last page] was well sung by Mr J. W. Newell ;
and several other songs served to diversify the in-
tellectual courses which enlivened the feast.
rich soil, manured in the hill, poles four feet apart
every way, 10 beans to a pole. Also, a box of a
new variety of Beans from Peru, similar in taste
to the Lima, planted at the same time, but come
up five days sooner. They are, however, not
equal in flavor to the Lima.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiTDRDiT, Oct. 6, 1838. •-
FRUITS EXHIBITED.
Apples. — By Dr Shurtleff, Sugar Sweet, a small
globular formed fruit, of a yellow color — very fair,
very sweet and good. A native Apple which orig-
inated on the farm of his ancestors ; the trees are
stated to be extraordinarilj' productive.
By Messrs Winship. — Apples from Mr W. R.
Champnoy of Brighton, color green and red, and of
handsome appearance ; evidently a winter fruit —
quality not ascertained. Also from the same. Na-
tive Apples received of Messrs C. & D. P. Dyer
of Providence, from the originrl tree growing in
Johnson, R. I. These were rather large, of a
globular form, and white color, with a faint blush
next the sun — ^juicy, saccharine, subacid and of
delicious flavor. An uncommonly fine fruit, and
said to be a good bearer. This new apple well de-
serves a name, for the name by which it is some-
times called, is applied in common to many others,
and it has been suggested that it be called Dyer^s
Apple, from the gentleman who has introduced it
to notice. — From Mr Jacob Deane of .Mansfield, a
box of ap])les as follows: Pumpkin Sweet, a veiy
large red striped apple, sweet and of good quality.
Fluted Pumpkin Sweet, very large and very sweet ;
of a red color somewhat striped, with large pro-
jecting ribs. Pomme Hater, a. large apple of a
green and yellow color, very sweet. Jf'inter Swee!,
large, conical, of a yellow color, good. Superb
Sweet, of medium size, of a red color, and good.
Rock Apple, medium sized, of a green color and
high flavor. Yellow Spice, a flattisli apple of me-
dium size, of a fine yellow color, juicy, with a fine
sweet flavor, in which a taste of anise was distinct-
Veterinary Pump.
M.\W'S Improved Veterinary Pump, for Administer
in? Clysters to Horses, Cattle, Dogs, &c. Also, for In
jecting and Extracting from the Stomach.
By means of this Instrument any quantity of fluid may
be injected with any requisite force, and without the
necessity of once removing the Pipe until the operation
is completed. When the animal is restless, as is usually
the case in Gripes and Inflammation of the Bowels, the
iDBgfh and flexibility of the Elastic Tubeing utTords great
facility and security, as the operator may stand at a con-
siderable distance, or even in an adjoining stall.
For sale by Eben. Wight, Drugs;i3t, 46 Milk Street.
Oct. 11. tf
A valuable Milk Farm at Auction.
ON Thursday, October 25th, at U o'clock, A. M.
will be sold by public auction, that very valuable estate
known as tlie Nichols' Farm, situated on the Salem
Turnpike, about one mile from (^ourt street, in Salem.
Said farm consists of from 220 to 240 acres, of which
about 60 acres aie mowing and tillage land, with a val-
uable peat meadow, an Orchard containing about 200
apple and pear trees ol tbe best kind. Tlie buildings,
which are in perfect order, consist of a dwelling-house,
•S barns, wood-house, with coin-barn, and a piggery. —
The produce has been about 80 tons of hay, 2000 bush-
els of potatoes, and various other articles of provender
for stock. It yields about 15,000 gallons of milk a year,
for which, (in conspqucnce of its lieing much nearer
than any other milk farm to the town,) there is a regidar
and constant demand.^ The rocks, of which there is an
inexhaustible supply, are generally in demand, and af-
foi'd a very profitable employment for the teams when
not otherwise engaged.
In fine, the above named place may with propriety be
said to be one of the most valuable farms in New Eng-
land, and well worthy the attention of farmers or others
ho wish to make a profitable investment; and the terms
of payment will be made convenient to the purchaser.
Sale to be on the premises, where the conditions will
be made known. For further particulars apply to the
auctioneer.
inr N. B. The Stock, Farming Utensils and Produce
will be sold at some future day, of which due notice will
be given, unless disposed ol at private sale.
Sept 26. GEO. NICHOLS, Aucfr.
Farmer Wanted.
A good Farmer is wanted as a manager of a Farm in
Lynchburg, Va. One with a wife would be preferred.
Their attention will be principally required in gardening
and superintending a dairy. The farm is within a dozen
miles of the Blue Ridge. — the country very healthy,
an(J the climate fine. To a well qualified, sober, indus-
trious .man. liberal wages will be given. Apply to Mr
Russell, Publisher of the New England Farmer, Boston.
Merino and Saxony Sheep.
FOR Sale, Two Hundred fine Sheep, partly full Blood
Merino, and partly mixed with imported Saxony Sheep.
Tbey have been kept for years in the vicinity of Boston,
acd are warranted pure. Inquire of Messrs Thomas
Lord & Co., State Street. 3t
New American Orchardist.
. THIS Work is now about through the press, and will
be ready for delivery in two or three weeks. The Author
has received great assistance from the many intelligent
Horticulturists in this quarter, and has been most as-
."iduously engaged through the summer in producing a
work that shall meet the expectations of the public.
Boston, Oct. 8, 1832.
For Sale.
A full Blood Alderney Bull and Heifer, two years old
last spring ; the Heifer in Calf by a full Blood Alderney
Ball, to come in June next. Apply at this Office.
Oct. 9, 1832.
Sweet Potatoes.
For sale at the Horticultural Garden in Lancaster,
Mass., by the subscriber. One Hundred bushels of Sweet
Potatoes, red, white and yellow, of excellent quality.
Price $1,00 per bushel, or $2,00 per barrel.
JOSEPH BRECK.
Lancaster, Mass., Oct. 2, 1832.
Trees.
As the best season for transplanting Trees,
especially for Orchards, is ajjproaching, the
subscriber offers for sale, at his Nursery, an
assortment of Pear, Peach, Cherry, Plum,
Apricot, and Apple Trees, of the most approv-
ed qualities, of extra size, and in healthy and flourishing
condition. Gentlemen desirous of a few Trees for their
enclosures, or a supply for an Orchard, of early bearing,
may find an abundance which have either blossomed, or
are now in fruit. These may be transplanted with little
extra hazard. Also, Horse Cbesnuts, Catalpas, Thorn
Acacias, the scodofv-'hich he gathered at Mount Veiuon,
iron^ a tree overshndoivijig the tomh o/" Washington, —
together with 6000 White Mulberry Trees, Altheas, and
other ornamental shrubbery. 0. FISKE.
Worcester, Sept. 26.
Straw Wanted.
A few Tons of Barley or Oat Straw, suitable for Beds,
wanted at the House of Industry, South Boston.
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Oct. 8, 1832.
Reported for tbe Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 1250 Beef Cattle, 730 Stores, (in-
eluding about 401) reported last week,) 2815 Sheep, and
880 Swine, (including 170brfore reported.)
Prices. Beef Cattle.— The best qualides of Cattle
sold quite as well as last week, thinner qualities (such
as are a little better than Mess) not so high. We quote-
extra at .f 5,25, :t 5,50 ; prime at 4,75, a 5,17; good at
$4,17, a 4,50. Barrelling Cattle — most of the barellers
purchased more or less ; we noticed one lot taken at
$3,75, a part of which would make Mess Beel, one lot
at ,f4 all Mess, one lot at 4,25, some of which would ans-
wer for market beef. We quote Mess at $4, No. 1 at
3,50.
Stores. — Two year old at from $H to 15; yearlings at
from $6 to 10.
Sheeji.—'We noticed lots taken at $1,50, 1,67, 1,75,
1,92, $2,2,1", and 2,25. Wethers §2,50, andS.
Swine. — One lot of selected shoats half barrows, were
taken at SJc. ; one lot of barrows selected at 44c. and one
at 4Jc.; one lot of 55 old hogs more than half barrows-
at 4c. ; at retail 4c. for sows, and 5c. for barrows.
New 'York, Oct. 6. — No variation in the Cattle
Market this week, sales have been made at last week's-
prices, the same number, 1000 head having come in, and
all sold. A few extra fine Steer.«sold at $7. Sheep and
Lambs — from 3500 to 4000 came in. and all sold. Sales
very brisk and there was a demand for as many more,
had they arrived. Live Swine, as they come in, are
readily sold at $3,50 a 3,75. Beef Cattle, $5, a 6,50 ;
Sheep, $2,50a 5; Lambs $1,75 a 3. — Daily Adii.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
October 10, 1S32.
Miscellany.
ODE,
JVrUlen for the Anniversary Dinner of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, Jl'ednesday,
October 3, 1832. j
BY MISS H. F. GOULD.
From him who was lord of the fruits and the flowers
That io Paradise grew, ere he lost its possession —
Who breathed in the balm and reposed in the bowers
Of our garden ancestral, we claim our profession ;
While fruits sweet and bright.
Bless our taste and our sight,
As e'er o-ave our father, in Eden, delight.
And fountains as pure in their crystal, still gush
By the Vine in her verdure, the Rose in her blush.
While others in clouds sit to murmur and grieve,
That Earth has her wormwood, her pit-falls and bram-
bles,
We, smiling, go on her rich gifts to receive
Where the boughs drop their purple and gold on our
rambles.
Untiring and free,
While we work like the bee.
We bear off a sweet from each plant, shrub and tree.
Where some will find thorns but to torture the flesh.
We pluck the ripe clusters our souls to refresh.
Yet, not for ourselves would we draw from the soil
The beauty that Heaven in its vitale has hidden ;
For, thus to lock tip the fair fruits of our toil.
Were bUss half-possessed, and a sin all-fqfbiddcn.
Like morning's first ray,
When it spreads into day.
Our hearts must flow out, until self ftdes away.
Our joys in the bosoms around us, whui sown.
Like seeds, will spring up, and bloom aal for our own.
And this makes the world but a garden, to us.
Where He, who has walled it, his glory is shedding.
His smile lays the tints ; and, beholding it thus,
We gratefully feast while his bounty is spreading.
Our spirits grow bright.
As they bathe in the light
That pours round the board, where, in joy, we unite.
While the sparks that we take to enkindle our mirth
Are the gems which the skies sprinkle down o'er tlie
earth !
And, now, that we meet, and the chain is ofjiouiers.
Which bind us together, may sadness ne'er blight
them.
Till those who must break from a compact hke ours.
Ascend, and the ties of the blest reunite them !
May each who is here.
At the banquet appear,
Where Life fills the wine-cup and Love makes it clear.
Then Gilead's halm in its freshness will flow.
O'er the wounds which the prvning-hiife gave us be-
low !
tioD, (an Association, whpse members abstain en-
tirely from all fermented or distilled liquors Ujat
tend in the least degree to cause intoxication,)
vifhich will go far to shake the common assertkin,
that the cholera attacks indiscriminately tlie tt ji-
perate and intemperate. "I have examined he
list of members of the St James Street Tenif r-
anee Association, or Total Abstinence Socic y,
coinprjsing seventy individuals, and am happy to
state that not one has experienced an attack fr
the prevailing disease," This certainly is a
worthy of notice. From the registers of the
torments kept at the burial grounds, there is rA-
sou to say, tliat since the 9th day of June last, o r
city has been nearly decimated by death ; a d
from the mimher of cases that have recover* 1,
we are inclined to think, that more tlian three oit
of ten of tlie population have been attacked,
the midst of this sickness and mortality, we fid
a little band, seventy in number, who abstain
lirely from all alcoholic drinks, not tasting ev
beer or cider, and of this seventy not one of the^
has experienced an attack of cholera.
A Delicate Appetite. — A Jesuit one day found!
Brazilian woman, in extreme old age, and aim
at the point of death. Having catechised her, ii •
striicted her, as be conceived, into the nature T
Christianity, and coinpletcly taken care of h r
soul, he began to inquire whether there was ai f
kind of food which she could eat. " Grandani '
said he, (tliat beincr the word of courtesy by wliit i
it was usual to address old women,) " if I were i
get you a little sugar now, or a mouthful of son
of our nice things which we get from beyond th>
sea, do yon think you could eat it ?' "Ah
•Splendid Bulbous Roots.
JUST received at tlie Aijricullural Warehouse ami
Seed Store, No. 50J North Market t>treet, a lurse assort-
ment of Bulbous Flower Roots, comprising the finest va-
rieties of
IIVACINTHS: (Double and single,) dark blue,
poicid.iin blue, red, rosy coloisd, pure while with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes;
from 12.i 10,^1 each.
TULIPS : Splendid variegateil ,red, yellow, and mixed ;
Ilk cents each, $1 per doien: assorted, wiih the colors
marked on each ; (our assortment of fine tulips is very
large, and we are enabled to put many sorts ns low as
.ft) per bundled; an object to those who wish to form a
supeib tulip bed.)
CROWN IMPERIALS; Assorted, of the most splen-
did colors and showy flowers, largo roots ; 25 cents each,
(extra fine roots.) '
JONQUILLES: Sweetsccnted, finest mots 12.J cts.
e.H'h, $1 per dozen.
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS; Fragrant, whiti.
wiih citron cups, extra sized roots, 12^ to 25 cents each.
DOUBLE NARCISSUS: Fragrant, of all colors,
12.'. cents each, $;! per dozen.
SPRING CROCUS: Of all colors, 6.i cents each
50 cents per dozen.
LARGE GLADIOLUS or SWORD LILIES,! 24 cents
each, gil per dozen.
Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, comprising
Large White fragrant Lilies, lii.i cents each, I dollar per
dozen. Tiger (spotted) Lilies, same price ; Mai tagon, or
Turk's Cap Lilies, samepiice. Sept. 12.
The above roots are of the same superior character z*
those sold by us the last season, and whieh gave such
universal satisfaction; some of tbe double Hyacinths
l,aving produced bells one inch and eightlenlhs in diam-
ter.
Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roolf
are 7iot purchased at auction, and are all remarkable foi
their size, and for the bcaufy and delicacy of tint of their
flowers.
Horse Quicksilver.
. QUICKSILVER will stand this season at the stable of
'^yYthe subscriber, in Brighton, a few rods south of the meet-
grandson," said tbe convert, " my stomach goes in.;. house, and will cover only twenty marcs (be present
against everything. There is but one thing wl
I think I could touch. Tf I b.ad the little head of
a little tender Tapua boy, I think 1 could pick tlie
little bones ; but wo is me, there is nobody to j;i)
out and shoot one for me." — Southey^s Brazil.
[This story alludes to the early settlement of
Jesuit missionaries in South America, when tlicy
found the Indians with an almost incurable attach-
ment to cannibalism. — Permsylvania Mag.J
TEMPERANCE AND CHOLERA.
The Canadian (Montreal) Courant, says : "We
hear it repeated, almost every hour, that cholera
has carried off old' and young, hale and sickly,
temperate and intemperate, with alinost indiscrim-
inate mortality; and when any ojjiDions not found-
ed on facts, gain currency, it is the duty of the pub-
lic press to correct tliem. To the assertion, then,
that the cholera attacks the temperate and intem-
perate alike, we oppose the following fact, which
we extract from a communication from the Secre-
tary of the St James Street Temperance Associa-
TTie Dutchman's Hen. — The Lowell Telegraph
furnishes the narrative. " Veil, Hants, you nay
talk so much as you pe a mind to about te Im^s
peingte contraicst lianimal, put te hen is so muh
more contrary as cood deal. Vy, no longer ai o
an tother day, I try to make te lien set — I poot
te eggs under her — I make te nest all up cood —
poot te hen on, put she no set — I jam her town on
te eggs, put she vill op aright up. Den I makes a
leetle po.x, 'pout so pig a von w.iy, (measuring
with his hands) and 'pout so big a tother way —
den 1 pools te hen on the nest, and jest takes and
poots te leetle pox aright over her. Ven I j 'si
raises von corner of leetle pox to see vether slie
pe setting. I pe if I tont find te pitch
set a standing !
each, and *.$! in addition, to the groom.
Mares warranted to be in foal, if |l20 is paid, and $1 tc
the groom ; and in discharge of warranty, the $20 will
be returned.
Quicksilver is a beautiful bright bay, three years old .;
his sire. Sir Isaac Coffin's horse. Barefoot, conspicuous in
the racing calendar of England ; his dam, Rebecca, from
the imported Cleveland bay horse Sii Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mare, well known fur her fine form, speed,
and bottom, once owned by Mr Lcavittof Salem, to whom
persons are referred for her character, and will be to many
others in Massachusetts and Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by good judges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
for a first rate covering horse. Mares sent to him, anil
if left with the subscriber, will be well attended to on rea-
sonable terms, but he will not be responsible for acci»
dents. BENJAMIN W. HOBART.
Brighton, June 13, 1S32. tt
Asking Alms. — A man, who had lost both his
legs, went about the country on horseback to so-
licit charity. Coming to the house of an old lady,
who happened to be rather of a peppery disposition,
and knocking at the door as he sat on his rack of
a steed, she addressed him with — " What do you
want here ?" " I called," returned the beggar,
humbly, "to ask alms." "Arms!" exclaimed the
old lady, " you had better get you a pair of li
first." — Constel.
Published every Wednesday Evening, at $3 per annum,
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deduction ot lifty cents.
ipr No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
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RcssELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52. North
Market Street.
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NEW ENGL-AND FARMER.
VOL. XI
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehoose.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
NO. 14.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 17, 1838.
Couiinnnications.
ON REMOVING SUCKERS FROM INDIAN
CORN.
Mb Fissexden,
Sir — Having' l>een a subscribri' to your valua-
ble and vrry useful Fanner, ami liaviiig experi-
enced much benifit from tlje numerous pieces
which you have published ; and finding that all
opposition has yielded, and almost every one now
acknowledges that the opinions of the Farmer are
gener.illy correct, and ought to be respected, I am
induced to request your opinion of the propriety of
cutting the false stalks and suckers from the corn
before the tops are usually cut. Also, the proper
time and manner of pruning grape vines. By
your attention to the above, and a publication of
your opinion in your Farmer you will greatly
oblige 0.\E OF rouR SuiscRisEas.
IlBmarbg by the Editor.
Agriculturists differ in opinion upon this sub-
ject, and we shall not be very positive when prac-
tical farmers disagree ; but will merely copy their
observations, and leave our readers to dijaw their
own conclusions. j
5Ir Lemuel Davis of Holden, Mass irj a paper
republished from the Massachusetts gpj, in the
New England Farmer, vol. i. page 8, jivts an ac-
count of his method of raising a crop of lorn, and
observes as follows : 1
"Immediately after weeding, I spread two bush-
els of plaster on the rows — at a suitable growth
gave it a second hoeing; the second week in July
hoed it the tliird time ; at that period the growth
was very rapid, and there appeared to be a gretter
quantity of suckers from the bottom of the sttlks
than I ever saw before. The observation stnck
me, that it would be worthy the attention of (ur
agriculturists to try the experiment of cutting ihe
suckers from the stalks, which I did from niosi of
it. By observing, 1 found that such a proportion of
juice Yrom the stalk wept out where the sucker
was taken ofl", that the growth was not so la'ge,
and the ear set higher on the stalk : on the pari
where the suckers were not taken oft" the corn .vas
thicker set and more prominent — the ears set teu
or twelve inches niglier the ground and were
a good proportion larger."
Although some part of the following qnotatior
is not exactly pertinent to the point to wliicli our
correspondent requests attention, it will all prove
useful and would he injured by curtailment.
"Maize, (says Lorain) from its woody testure,
and commanding size, might (without straining
the point very far,) be called an annual bread tree,
producing the best of all corns, and at the same
time crops, which in magnitude far exceed thit of
any other grain. Also tops, husks and lesves,
which can be readily gathered ; and furnish abund-
ant fodder for cattle, equal to the best hay ; and
independent of this, the stalks supply much vah-
able litter for the cattle yard.
" That part of the leaf which surrounds tie
stalk, and adheres so closely that it does not pe--
mit a particle of moisture to escape, is very inte'-
esting. The peculiar insertion of the leaf, togetk'
er with the formation oftli.'it part of the stalk cov-
ered by it, forms a i-avity for the reception of the
rich moisture, which is gathered into it from the
atmosphere by the leaves, and for which they are
ailniirably fqrmed.
"The shoots, which form the ear, commence at
tlie joint in contact with the ground. If the soil
bi' rich and highly manured, they issue from eve-
ry joint up to where the uppermost ear is formed
at the foot stalk of the tassel. This last or highest
up ear is almost invariably the largest, and ri])ens
soonest. It seldom occurs that more than two
ears are perfected on one stalk, unless the clus-
ters of plants are very distant from each other,
and but few plants stand in each cluster. If the
plants stand thick on the ground, but one ear is
commonly perfected by each of them. The ab-
ortive ear-shoots are called suckers. These are
commonly removed, so far as the farmer considers
conducive to the welfare of his crop. This should
he ilone as soon as they are large enough to be
pulled off eftectually. No part of them should be
left adhering to the stalk, or they will grow again
from the stub left behind.
" If this operation be not early commenced and
frequently repeated, they become so numerous
and large in fields highly manured, especially if
the plants stand thin on the ground, that they are
greatly injured. Not only from the loss of nutri-
ment, but also from the many and large wounds
inflicted by the removal of them.
" After careful experiment in the removal of
suckers, I now pull none above the joint in con-
tact with the ground ; and would not remove these,
if they did not take root in the soil, and by this
means become powerful exhausters. Although it
commonly happens that several ear shoots above
this point prove abortive, no sucker can be remov-
ed without injuring the leaf which binds it to the
stalk ; and so much that it is commonly rendered
altogether incapable of conducting moisture. If it
be not so extensively injured, the receptacle form-
ed by it is so much deranged by this operation,
that it cannot retain the slight portion which may
happen to be conducted by the leaf into it.
"I am still further encouraged to let so many of
these abortive ears stand, as I have observed that
so soon as nature has determined the number of
ears, which existing circumstances may enable her
to fill, all her efforts are directed to them ; and the
abortive ones immediately dwindle, and finally
wither: and for aught we know to the contrary,
nature may cause them to part with the rich mat-
ters they had previously gathered, and apply this
nutriment to assist in maturing her favorites." —
Lorain's Husbandri/, p. 210, 217, 218.
It appears then that the office of suckers, in the
opinion of BIr Lorain, is similar to that of the
leaves of plants. They collect and elaborate nour-
ishment from the atmosphere for the use of the
seeds ; and if so, it is as incorrect to take off' the
suckers, at any stage of their growth, as it is to
cut off the tops of carrots or potatoes before the
roots have arrived at maturity, which experiments
have proved to be injurious to the crop. It has
however, generally, been the practice of cultiva
the question relative to the utility of this course of
cidtm-e. It would be easy to set apart a row or
two in .a field to be stripped of suckers, and com-
pare the product of the part thus treated, with sim-
ilar rows in which the suckers were suffered to
remain. The false stalks, or those plants which
have no ears, or none wliich jiromise maturity,
may be useful fbr fodder; but it might be
well to cut them out of such hills as are well
stocked with plants, which are likely to produce
ears as well as herbage.
With regard to pruning vines, we would beg
leave to refer our correspondent to an article writ-
ten by a scientific and practical cultivator, origi-
nally published in the Massachusetts Agricultural
Repository, and republished ;u Fessenden's New
American Gardener, p. 294.
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
Mr Rcssell — I send you the following for pub-
lication, in order to show the profit to be derived
from a little attention to the cultivation of good
fruit.
I have this season sold the produce of three
peach trees, for which 1 have received a few
cents over fifteen dollars in cash. These trees
were set out only six years ago last spring, and
have had very little attention or expense devoted
to them since. B. F. KEYES.
Jfcst Do^lston, Oct. 1, 1832.
AGRICULTURAL REPORT FOR AUGUST.
LoNDO.N', Sept. 1. — This has been, as it general-
ly is, a month dedicated to the labors of the bar-
vest. Little was done before the beginning of
the month, but then the reapers went to work
with the wheat in earnest, and in a short time the
greater part of it in the Southern districts of Great
Britain was cut and carried. The barley and oats
followed, and for about three weeks all went on as
prosperous as heart could wish. It was dry, sun-
ny, and warm ; without mists, without rain, and
freshened by gentle breezes. But an entire change
has at length come upon us. For these ten days
past the weather has been threatening, and par-
tial showers have gone about in some quarters
heavy, in others light, and the progress of the har-
vest has been considerably impeded ; but on Sun-
day night downright serious heavy rain commen-
ced, which has continued, with some anxious in-
tervals, up to the present time, with a continual
heavy water-charged atmosphere. Every descrip-
tion of corn that is abroad is drenched and soaked :
straw and grain to the very core. Unfortunately,
even in the Southern parts of England, there is too
much in ilie field cut, and not carried. Of wheat,
perhajis, not a very considerable quantity ; some
of the backw.wd turnip wheat, some the produce
of cold soils, aud some the property of laggards.
But oats and barley, particularly the latter, are
very generally caught. A change of weather has
been indicated for some days, the alteration had
been foreseen and expected, and consequently ev-
ery one has been hastening to cut and carry as fast
as he could ; but in this latter operation most
tors to strip corn of its suckers, and we believe have been baffled by the teasing flying showers
I urther experiments would be useful in deciding that came drizzling over the crops, just as they
Nt:W ENGLAND FARMER,
106
were ready to be forked or carted. Some few, lative and gambling character to be salutary for
the fortunate cidtivators of warm, forward soils— I the merchant, and that it also tends to produce
oome Inckv ones, whom the showers, in their ca- | too groat an accumulation of grain in warehous-
price, passed bv, with none or only a few drops ; es to be safe for the British grower. Present cir-
from their skirts-have been able to secure their . cumstances lead to the conclusion that a perma-
spring corn in time ; but, in general, farmers have ^ i,ent fixed duty would be better for all parties in
been toiling and bustling only to prostmte their the community.
crops before this soaking rain. There they lie ^^^^, ^ „ ^.
without remedv, some in cock, some in swath, | I T E M S 1 N R U R A L E C O ^ O M 1 „
the barley soddening, staining, sprouting; the] Onginal and ™ by .be Ed...
pulse of which the late sorts are still abroad, 1 Remedies agamM Rats and Mice—T^^ke a ^pooi
ful of flour, mixed with some scrajungs ot c d
October 17, 1832.
blackeniniT, burstinff, wasting ; the oats resistiu^ , , , . , , --
the wet best, but with little chance of being pre- cheese, and seeds ot hemlock (cicuta) made as fi e
eervcl from growing, should this weather contin- ! as possible. Set it where the mice haunt. If
ue ; and, from the long period of .bought that has be set in a house, let it not he m the same apa, :■
occurred, there is but too much reason to appre- 1 nient with anything which is food for man. Tl :i
hend that it may be succeeded by heavy and pro- 1 mixture will destroy all the .mc^ that cat, accoif
tracted rain. We pray that our fears may be tng to Deanes ^ew England Farmer,
.groundless, and that an interval at least of dry the same work it is said that -the poison, whi h
weather, for the securing of our crops, may be 1 describe for mice will serve to destroy rats,
vouchsafed by Him who has ,,romise.l that " Seed I" the same work are the following receipts ^i
time and harvest shall not cease." In the North, destroying rats
of course, the business of agriculture is not so for-
ward, and the wheat harvest not so far aihanced :
it is, however, matter of consolation that through
EnHand, in general, a larger portion of wheat
than usual has been secured in excellent condi-
tion. The produce of the harvest, according to
appearances, and accounts from various quarters,
must be large. The fpiality of the wheat is gen-
erally good, as is likewise the case with oats.
When a really plentiful harvest is in progress,
with rumors of abundance fur beyond the reality,
with favorable accounts of the crops on the conti-
nents, and more than a million of quarters of bond-
ed grain in our warehouses, it is not surjirising
that prices should fall. Accoringlv it appears
that wheat has very considerably declined, with
the expectation of a farther depression, which,
however, the continuance of rainy weather may
have a tendency to elevate. But then comes the
serious question, lohat is to he done with the mil-
lions of quarters of corn now in our warelwiises '?
The imjiorters have got a wolf by the ear, which
they know not whether to hold or to let loose.
Whenever he is liberated it is probable that both
merchants and farmers may bo pretty severely bit-
ten. If this large stock be now thrown into the
market, in conjunction with the supply of a plen
tiful harvest, it will iirobably lower prices to a de
gree that will hear hard both on the importer and
Take one quart of oat-meal, four drops of i il
of rhodium, one grain of musk, two nuts of nix
vomica powdered ; mix the whole together, ai i
place it where the rats frequent ; continue to
o, while they eat it, and it will soon destroy then
Or, take equal quantities of unslackcd lime, ai i
powdered oat-meal ; mix them by stirring, withe it
adiling any liquid, and place a small quantity
any place frequented by rats. They will eagely
swallow the jireparatiou, become thirsty, and t e
water which they drink will cause the lime
swell and thus destroy them."
Remedies for musty Grain Wheat or otht^
grain, if musty, may be cleansed by the following
process. The wheat [rye or Indian corn] must be
put into any convenient vessel, capable of contai
ing at least three times the quantity, anil the vet^se
must be subsequently filleil with boiling water ; the
grain should then be occasionally stirred, and tlie
hollow and decayed grains, (which will float) may
be removed ; when the water has become eoM, or
in general, when about half an hour haselapsc.l, il
is to be drawn olT. It will be proper then to rinse
the corn with col.l water, in order to remove any
yiortion of the water, which may have taken up
the must ; after which the corn being completely
drained, it is without loss of time, to be thinly
spread on the floor of a kiln, and thoroughly dried,
care being taken to stir, and to turn it fieqiiciitly
British farmer, that will achieve the ruin of many dm-lng this part of the jirocess
now struggling with a long succession of difficul-
ties, and will convert that plenty, which ought to
prove a blessing, into a fruitful source of misery
and disaster.
If the importer will not consent to pay the pres-
ent high duty, he must make up his mind to keep
a large capital unproduc^jyely locked up for a con-
siderable time; or he may be compelled by and
bye to submit to the payment of a still higher du-
ty, and to dispose of his commodity even on worse
terms than at present. In the meantime it is a
fearful thing for the farmer to have his enormous
mass of grain hanging over the market, and ready
to overwhelm it whenever it may chance to be
let loose ujion it. The Revenue would certainly
receive a considerable addition by the payment of
the present duty on so large a stock of grain, but
it would be more than counterbalanced by the
ruin of numerous individuals. On the whole the
present crisis seems to demonstrate that our sys-
tem of corn laws possesses too much of a specu
By this simple operation, it is said that grain,
however musty, may be completely purified, with
very little expense, and without requiring chemi-
cal knowledge or a chemical apparatus.
Soils. — Young says it may he laid down as a
maxim, that a strong, harsh, tenacious clay, though
it will yield great crops of wheat, is yet managed
at so heavy an expense that it is usually let for
more than it is worth. Much money is not ofien
made on such land. The very contrary soil, a
light, poor, dry sand is very often, indeed, in the
occupation of men who have made fortunes.
Some permanent manure is usually below the
surface, which answers well to carry on, and
sheep, the common stock of such soils, is the most
profitable sort he can depend on.
For the Scab in Sheep.— Sir Joseph Banks gives
the following remedy. Take one pound of quick-
silver ; half a pound of Venice turpentine ; half a
pint of oil of turpentine ; four pounds of liog's
lard : Let them be rubbed in a mortar till the
quicksilver is thoroughly incorporated with the
other ingredients. To be applied along the back
on the skin, in two lines on each side ; in one
down the shoulders, and between the legs. The
operation not to be later than the mid.lle of October.
Mother remedy for the same Disorder. — Dr Deane
says the sheep infected is first to be taken from the
flock, and put by itself; and then the part afieet-
eil is to have [lie wool taken oil", as fur as the skin
(eels hard to the finger, washed with -soap suds,
and rubbed hard with a shoe brush, so as to cleanse
an.l break the scab. Then annoint it with a de-
coction of tobacco water, mixed with a third of lie
of wood ashes, as much grease as this lie will dis-
solve, a small quantity of tar, and about an eighth
of the whole mass of the spirits of turpentine.
This ointment is to be rubbed on the part affected,
and for some little distance round it, at three dif-
ferent times, with an interval of three days after
each washing. With timely precautions this will
always prove sufficient.
The Rot in Sheep. — Arthur Young says that
feeding slieej. in dew is found to rot them more than
anything else ; on which account they do not let
them out of fold till the sun has exhaled the dew
from their |asturcs. The same writer gives the
following receipt for this disorder. " Give to each
sh..ep one 8|ioonful of .spirits of turpentine, mixed
with two of water ; after fasting twelve hours let
them have hree doses ; staying six days between
each dose ; this is said to have been used with
success, ev(n in cases were the fleece has been
nearly gone, and the throat terribly swelled."
Conti^tiy of fields under Culture. — IMany far-
mi rs loo joften overlook this circumstance : if they
attended lo it as much as their profit required, we
should isee landlords reforming their estates in this
particular more than they do at present. There
is nut a more expensive, perplexing circumstance
in 5 farm, than the fields being in a straggling dis-
joitte.l condition. The disadvantages are nii-
me,-ous and striking.
Remedy for Lice and Ticks in Shtrp.—Mr Coke's
receipt for dressing all his flocks previous to win-
tcr was as follows : two pounds of tobacco ; two
pounds and a half of soft soap; one pound of
whte mercury in powder; boil in eight gallons of
water one hour ; part the wool once down each
shoulder and the breast, and twice along each side ;
into which pour it : this quantity is enough for
(brty sheep. — Young's Annals, I'ol. six. p. 448.
Dairy Secret. — Have readj^ two pans in boiling
water ; and on the new milk's coming to the dairy,
take the hot pirns out of the water, put the milk
into one of them, and cover it with the other.
This will occasion great augmentation in the thick-
ness and quality of the cream.
Fjr Rheumatic Pains or Lumbago. — The follow-
ing is by Arthur Young, an English agricultural
writer of much celebrity.
Dissolve as much salt in water as will make it
swill an egg, rub it with your hand on the part
iffecte.l before a fire, for fifteen or twenty minutes,
jusi before going to bed. It is uncommonly ef-
feclive.
Planting Forest Trees. — The best time forplant-
iig acorns, chesniits and walnuts, is in the fall as
s<on as they are rijie. If they are kept long af-
tn- the dead ripe state, they lose their vegetative
principle.
Vol. XI.-No. 14.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
107
From tlic Concord, (Mass.) Gazette^
CONCORD CATTLE SHOW.
The annual celobration of Concurd Cattle Show
took place in this town on Wednesday of the
present week, and we recollect of no Show for
the last six years that passed off with more spirit
and good feeling than this anniversary. The Pens
for cattle to the nnniher of sixty were well filled,
and the exhibition of Domestic Manufactures at
the court-house, particularly Domestic Cloths,
Carpets, Rugs, and Blankets, exceeded any former
exhibition ; there was also a handsome display of
butter and fruits. The Ploughing Match was a
scene of much interest — there were seven double
and six single teams contending manfully for the
honor of a premium. The exhibition of Working
Cattle consisted of 22 pairs of noble looking ox-
en, all which gave a fine display of strength and
discipline. The intellectual exhibition was of
more than common excellence ; Dr Thompson's
Address was worthy of the man and the occasion,
and gave universal satisfaction.
LIST OF ENTRIES FOR PREMIUMS.
C single and 7 double teams for the Ploughing
Match ; 20 pair of working oxen ; 12 fat oxen ; 6
pair of 3 year old steers ; 5 pair of 2 year old
steers ; ^ pair of 1 year old steers ; 5 bull calves ;
7 heifer calves; 3 two year old heifers; 10 one
year old heifers ; 1 pair of steer calves ; 5 bulls ;
7 milch cows ; 8 milch heifers ; 33 swine ; 8 car-
pets ; 7 rugs ; 1 1 blankets ; 6 pieces domestic cloth ;
C lace veils ; 39 other articles of domestic manu-
facture ; .32 specimens of butter ; and 24 speci-
mens of fruits, flowers, and vegetables.
LIST OF PREMIUMS.
On Farms. To Elijah Fiske of Waltham, 1st
premium of 2.5 dollars; Moses Whitney of Stow,
15 dollars; Eli Rice of Marlboro', 10 dollars; and
a gratuity of 5 dollars to Abraham How, of the
same town.
On Mulberry Trees. To Micah M. Ruttcr of
East Sudbury, 25 dollars ; to Joel Fox of Dracut,
15 dollars.
Ploughing Match. James Barrett of Concord,
17 dollars ; Silas Conant, same town, 7 dollars —
double teams. Jacob Baker of Lincoln, 10 dol-
lars for his plough, and 3 dollars as pl.-ughinan ;
Cyrus Stow, of Concord, 6 dollars for his plough,
and 3 dollars as ploughman; Willard Blood of
Concord, 4 dollars for his plough, and 2 dollars as
ploughman — single teams.
Working Oxen. Sherman Barrett of Concord,
10 dollars; Winthrop E. Faulkner of Acton, 8
dollars; Silas Conant of Concord, 6 dollars ; Tim-
othy Brooks of Lincoln, 5 dollars ; Samuel Iloar,
Jr. of Lincoln, 4 dollars ; Stephen Patch of Con-
cord, 3 dollars.
Fat Oxen. Caleb Wetherbee of Marlboro', 8
dollars ; Ichabod Stow of Stow, 5 dollars ; Silas
Holden of Acton, a gratuity of 3 dollars.
Mat Cattle. James P. Barrett of Ashby, for
best Bull, 12 dollars ; Isaac H. Joues of Weston,
next best, 8 dolls. David Blood of Peiiperell, for
best 3 year old Steer, 7 dolls. Jonas Goodenow
of Framingham, next best, 5 dolls. James Brown
of Framingham, 2 year old Steers, 6 dolls. Josi-
ah Green of Carlisle, next best, 4 dolls. Edward
Rice of Marlborough, 1 year old Steer, 3 dolls.
Joel Conant of Acton, for best calf, 5 dolls. Ich-
abod Everett of Billerica, next best, 3 dolls. Lew-
is Holbrook of Sherburne, two premiums for 2
year old Heifers, 10 dolls. Paul Adams, of Con-
cord, best 1 year old Heifer, 5 dolls. Phillip A.
Mentzer of Stow, next best, 3 dolls.
Milch Cows. William Watts of Concord, for
best Milch cow, 12 dolls. Aaron Chaffin of Ac-
ton, next best, 10 dolls. Peter Fletcher, next best,
8 dolls. Sullivan Thayer of Marlborough, next
best, 0 dolls. Moody Moore of Waltham, the best
Milch Heifers under three years, 8 dolls. Daniel
Giles of Concord, next best, 5 dolls.
Sioine. Jesse Mathews of Lincoln, for best
Boar, 8 dolls. George iM. Barrett of Concord,
next best, 6 dolls. John Mackay of Weston, best
Sow, 8 dolls. Tarrant P. Merriani of Concord,
next best, 6 dolls. George M. Barrett, for best
pigs, 6 dolls.
Butter. Abner Wheeler, Esq. of Framingham,
for the best firkin of Butter, 10 dolls. Michael
Crosby of Bedford, next best, 8 dolls. Eldrirtge
Jlerriam of Bedford, next best, 3 dolls. Augus-
tus Tuttle of Concord, next best, 3 dolls. Abram
Prcscott of Westford, next best, 2 dolls.
MERRIMACK COUNTY CATTLE SHOW.
The annual Cattle Show and exhibition of do-
mestic manufactures for the County of Merrimack,
was held at Dunbarton on Wednesday last. Owing
probably, to the unfavorable appearance of the
weather in the morning, and the continued rain
during most of the day, the show and exhibition
were not so well attended as in former years.
Among the animals collected on the occasion were,
we understand, several pairs of working oxen,
fr|ual in size, beauty and strength, to any exhibited
on former occasions. There were also some ex-
cellent specimens of sheep and other animals ; but
taken as a whole, in reference to numbers and
quality, the exhibition was less showy than in past
years. A like remark may also be applied to the
exhibition of household manufactures and vegeta-
ble productions; although of a good quality, they
were few. We trust, however, that no just infer-
ence can be drawn from these circumstances, that
the breeds of domestic animals have in any degree
deteriorated within the County ; or, that a just
pride of emulation, or the spirit of improvement
among our agricultural friends is on the wane.
At the next anniversary, which we are told is to be
held in Concord, a more central part of the Coun-
ty, we hope that former efforts will be revived, not
only in the show of animals, but especially in the
exhibition of household manufactures — a branch
of industry in which our female friends are pecu-
liarly interested, and of whose skill and patient in-
dustry there cannot be a doubt, and to whose pat-
riotism appeals are never made in vain. — .V. H.
Statesman.
eral Committees were lead and premiums award-
ed, and the officers of the Society and Committees
for the ensuing year appointed. We shall publish
the reports of the Committees next week, it being
too late to publish them at length in this dav's pa-
per. The following Officers and Committees
were chosen.
President. Roland llov/ard.
Vice Presidents. Pitt Clark, Otis Thompson,
Roland Green, Horatio Leonard.
Recording Secretary. W. A. F. Sproat.
Corresponding Secretary. James L. Hodges.
Treasurer, Samuel L. Crocker.
Committee of Publication. James L. Hodges,
Jacob Chapin, W. A.F. Sproat.
Manufactures. John C. Dodge, Geo. A. Crocker,
Jahez Ingraham, James C. Starkweather, Otis Allen.
Farms and J\lulbcrry Trees. Roland Green,
Jacob Dean, Alfred Baylies.
Agriculture. Jacob Chapin, Elkanah Bates,
Carmi Andrews, Nathan Reed.
Domestic Animals. Horatio Pratt, Ebenezer Wil-
liams, Jesse Carpenter, John P. Dennis.
Working Oxen. Sydney Williams, Seth Hodg-
es, Leprelate Sweet, Edward Leonard.
Ploughing. Wm. A. Crocker, Benjamin Wil-
liams, Thomas C. Martin, Cromwell Leonard, Ber-
nard Alger. — Taunton Sim.
Middlesex Agricultural Society. — At a meeting of
this Society on the .3d inst. the following gentle-
men were chosen officers for the year ensuing,
viz : President, Benjamin F. Varnum of Dracut.
Vice Presidents, Abner Wheeler of Framingham,
and Abel Jewettof Pepperell. Corresponding Sec-
retary, Josiah Bartlett of Concord. Recording
Secretary, John Stacy of do. Treasurer, Cyrus
Stow of do.
BRISTOL COUNTY AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
The Bristol County Agricultural Society, held
its annual exhibition in Taunton, on the 3d
inst. There was no great display of manufac-
tures; and a less number of domestic animals
were presented for premiums than on some for-
mer occasions. After attending to the ordinary bu-
siness of the Society, a procession was formed, and
proceeded to the Universalist meeting-house, where
an appropriate and able address was pronounced
by Roland Howard, Esij. of Easton, the Presi-
dent of the Societ)'. A copy of the address has
been requested for publication. The Society
dined at the Taunton Hotel, and at the appointed
hour assembled at the vestry of Rev. JMr Hamil-
ton's meeting-house, where the reports of the sev-
PEACH TREES.
The present is a suitable time for calling the at-
tention of Horticulturists to the propriety of fre-
quently heading down peach trees. This should
be repeated as often as once in four or five years,
for several reasons; first, by repeated headings
the branches are more upright, and not so subject
to be broken by the weight of fruit as when they
have extended horizontally the same or a greater
length ; secondly, young or thrifty shoots produce
the finest fruit, both in size and flavor; and, last-
ly, an upright growing top has a more ornament-
al appearance, than when the horizontal limbs
have become ill shapen and stinted. AVe say the
present is a suitable time for calling the attention
of Horticulturists to this subject, because some of
the evils of neglecting this practice are more com-
mon than in most seasons, viz. the breaking down
of the branches. Perhaps there never was a seas-
on since the settlement of this country, when so
many trees were broken by being overloaded with
fruit. Next spring, many peach orchards will re-
quire heading from necessity, or rather cutting
away the broken limbs will amount to the same
thing; but it is to avoid a repetition of it that we
now invite attention to the subject. Another ad-
vantage is, that, when trees are throwing out young
wood, it is a favorable time to change the fruit of
such .as are not good, by budding, which it would
be difficult to do upon old wood. Never reject an
old stock as long as it will send out young wood
by heading, for it will produce fruit sooner than
young trees ; and never reject a tree because the
fruit is bad, when it can be so easily changed. —
Genesee Farmer.
108
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
From tlie Transactions of the London Horticultural Society.
ON THE POTATO.
By T. A. Knight.
Mr Knight is coiiviiice<l by the evidence of ex-
periments, " that the potato plant, under proper
management, is capable of causing to be brought
to market a much greater weight of vegetable
food, from any given extent of ground, than any
other plant which we possess." There is no crop,
lie says, " so certain as that of potatoes : and it
has the advantage of being generally most abund-
ant, when the crops of wheat are defective ; that is,
in wet seasons." The following observations are
extremely interesting : —
" I think I shall be able to adduce some strong
facts in .support of my opinion, that by a greatly
extended culture of the potato for the purpose of
supplying the markets with vegetable food, a more
abundant and more wholesome supply of food for
the use of the laboring classes of society may be
obtained, than wheat can ever afford, and, I be-
lieve, of a more palatable kind to the greater num-
ber of persons. I can just recollect the time when
the potato was unknown to the peasantry of Here-
fordshire, whose gardens were then almost exclu-
sively occupied by different varieties of the cab-
bage. Their food at that period chiefly consisted
of bread and cheese, with the produce of their
gardens ; and tea was unknown to them. About
sixtysix years ago, before the potato was intro-
duced into their g.trdeus, agues had been so ex-
tremely prevalent, that the periods in which they,
or their families, had been afflicted with that dis-
order, were the eras to which I usually hearil them
refer in speaking of past events ; and I recollect
being cautioned by them frequendy not to stand
exposed to tlie sun in 3Iay, lest I should get an
ague. The potato was then cultivated in stuall
quantities in the gardens of gentlemen, but it was
not thought to afford wholesome nutriment, and
was supposed by many to possess deleterious
qualities. The preimlice of all parties, however,
disa|)peared so rapidly, that within ten years the
potato had almost wholly driven the cabbage from
the garden of the cottagers. Within the same pe-
riod, ague, the previously prevalent disease of the
country, disappeared ; and no other species of
disease became prevalent. I adduce this fact, as
evidence only, that the introduction of the potato
was not injurious to the health of the peasantry at
that period ; but whether its production was, or
was not, instrumental in causing the disappearance
of ague, I will not ventiue to give an opinion. I
am, however, confident, that neither draining the
soil (for that was not done,) nor any change in the
general habits of the peasantry, had taken jilace,
to which their improved health could be attriliu-
ted. Bread is well known to constitute the chief
food of the French peasantry. They are a very
temperate race of men : and they possess the ad-
vantages of a very fine and dry climate. Yet the
duration of life amongst them is very short,
scarcely exceeding two thirds of the average du-
ration of fell in England ; and in some districts
much less .Dr Hawkins, in his Medical Statistics,
states, upon the authority of M. Villerme that, in
the department of Indre, "one fourth of the chil-
dren born, die within the first year, and half be-
tween fifteen and twenty : and that three fourths
are dead within the space of fifty years. Having
inquired of -a very eminent French physiologist,
M. Dutrochel, who is resident in the departmetit
of Indre, the cause of this extraordinary mortality,
he stated it to be their food, which consisted chief-
ly of bread ; and of which he calculated every
adult peasant to eat two pounds a day. And he
added, without having received any leading ques-
tion fVom me, or in any degree knowing my opia-
ion upon the subject, that if the peasantry of
country would substitute (which they could do)
small quantity of animal food, with potatoes, id-
stead of so much bread, they woukl live mucii
longer, and with much better health. I am incline I
to pay much deference to M. Dutrochet's opinion;
for he combines the advantages of a regidar met ■
ical education with great acnteness of mind, and
believe him to be as well acquainted with the ger
eral laws of organic life as any person living : an
I think his opinion derives some support, from th i
well known fact, that the duration of human li(
has been much greater in England during the lai t
sixty years, than in the preceding period of the sam !
duration. Bread made of wheat, when taken i
large quantities, has probably, more than any oth
er article of food in use in this country, the effec
of overloading the alimentary canal ; and the gen
eral jiractice of the French physicians jjoints ou
the prevalence of diseases thence arising amongsf
their patients. I do not, however, think, or mea:
to say, that potatoes alone are proper food for an
hutuan being: but 1 feel confident, that four oun|
ces of meat, with as large a quantity of good pi
tatoes as would wholly take away the sensation
hunger, would afford, during twentyfour hour!
more efficient nutriment than could be derivei
from bread in any quantity, and might be oblaine
at nuich less expen.sc."
Rlr Knight then proceeds to give nn account of
the result of his experiments in raising new vari-
eties of potato from seed, and in growing crops in
different soils and situations. He raises new vari-
eties from seeds chiefiy by the aid of artificial
heat, by which means he obtains, within the fust
year, a specimen of the produce.
"In raising varieties of the potato from seeds, it
is always expedient to use artificial heat. I have
trained up a young seedling plant in a somewhat
shaded situation in the stove, till it has been 4 ft.
and 5 ft. high, and then removed it to the ojien
ground in the beginning of May, covering its stem,
during almost its whole length, lightly with mould ;
and by such means I have obtained, within the
first year, nearly a peck of potatoes fiom a single
plant. But I usually sow the seeds in a hot-hid
early in March, and, after having given them one
transplantation in the hot-bed, I have gradually
exposed them to the open air, and planted them
out in the middle of May ; and, by immersing their
stetus rather deeply into the ground, I have with-
in the same season usually seen each variety in
such a state of maturity, as has enabled me to
judge, with a good deal of accuracy, respecting
its future merits. I stated, in a former commmii-
cation, two years ago, that I had obtained from a
small |)lantation of the early ash-leaved kidney ])o-
tato, a produce equivalent to that of Gti5 bushels,
of SO pounds each per acre ; and my crop of that
variety, in the present year, was to a small extent
greater. By a mistake of my workmen, I was
lirevented ascertaining, with accuracy, the pro-
duce, per acre, of a plantation of Lankman's pota-
to : but one of my friends having made a planta-
tion of that variety, precisely in conformity with
the instructions given in my former communica-
tion to this Society, I requested that he would
October 17, 1R32,
send me an accurate account of the i>roduce •
which I have reason to believe he did, for its
amount very nearly agreed with my calculation
upon viewing the growing crop about six weeks
before it was collected. The situation in which
this crop grew was high and cold, and the ground
was not rich ; but the part wlieie the potatoes to
be weighed were selected was perfectly dry,
and afforded a much better crop than the remain-
der of the field, which was planted with several
different varieties. I calculated the produce of
the selected part to be 600 bushels per acre ; and
the report J received, and which I belieVe to have
been perfectly accurate, stated it to be 028. If
this produce be eaten by hogs, or cows, or sheep,
(for all are equally fond of potatoes,) I entertain
no doubt whatever that it will atlord twenty times
as much animal food as the same extent of the
same ground would have yjeided in permanent
ptisture ; and I am perfectly satisfied, upon the ev-
idence of fiicts, which 1 have recently ascertained,
that if the whole of the raaimre afforded by the
crops of potatoes above mentioned be returned to
the field, it will be capable of affording as good,
and even a better crop, in the present year, than it
dill in the last; and that as long a succession of at
least equally good crops might be obtained as the
ciihivator might choose, and with benefit to the
soil of the field. Should this conclusion prove
correct, a very interesting question arises, viz.
whilhcr the spade husbandry might not he intro-
duced upon a few acres of ground surrounding,
on all sides, the cottages of day laborers, to and
frnm every part of which the manure and the pro-
diiie might be conveyed, without the necessity of
liiirse being ever employed. A single man might
sily manage four statute acres thus situated, with
he assistance of his family : and if nothing were
taken away from the gromid, except animal food,
I feel confident that the ground might be made to
become gradually more and more productive, with
great benefit to the possessor of the soil, and to
the laboring classes, wherever the supply is found
to exceed the demand for labor."
From the New Hamj)sl>ire Spectator.
DISEASE IN HORSES.
Messrs Editors— You will much oblige the
suhsciibi.'r by publishing in the N. H. Spectator an
account of the sickness, death, and jiost-mortem
examination of two valuable young horses : and I
wish the editor of the New England Farmer, to
give .some information through his valuable jour-
nal what he supposes was the cause of their
death.
On the morning of the ]2th inst. on going into
my stable I found one of my horses had not eat
the hay ])ut before him the night before: I offer-
ed him water, which he tried greedily to swallow,
but in the attempt the most of it was returned by
the nose. The horse would take hay into his
luouth often and try to masticate it, drop it out
and take in more, and thus continued without be-
ing able to swallow any — his cheeks and lips were
swollen, and there was a discharge of saliva from
the mouth. I supposed he had an attack of horse
distemper, and paid but little attention to him for
that day. On the morning of the 13th the horse
appeared very weak and feeble ; I had him bled
about 4 pounds, and soon after he was unable to
stand up ; respiration became laborious and hur-
ried, and he was in great agony, kicking and
Vol. XI.-No. 14.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
109
flouncin? abniit on tlie ground until past midnight
of the 14th, when he exi>ired.
In tlie niornins ofthe 15th my 9d horse refused
to eat his oats. The night before he eat six quarts,
with a small handful of salt, and cleared his cratch
ofliav: I harnessed him into my gig and drove
bim a sliort distance to a watering place and offer-
ed him water, which he readily offered to drink,
l)ut could swallow only in small quantities, the
remaiiulor running from the nose. Ilmmediately
returned home with him, called on my neighbors,
one of whom is a farrier, who administered a short
time after s(utie aloes for physic, heing obliged to
be absent myself. They found the horse so ex-
ceedingly distressed in attempting to get down
the aloes, and the sweat flowing so copiously and
dropping so freely from him in various places,
they desisted, and did not put down but half pre-
pared, which was four ounces. He was soon af-
ter this bled. At two o'clock, P. M. I returned
home, four hours after taking him out of the har-
ness, and found he was scarcely able to stand up-
on his feet — respiration was now hurried, and he
was much distressed at every breath. One pint of
linseed oil, and three wine glasses of spirits tur-
pentine was put down, a part of which he ejected
from the stomach. Various things were tried
with a view to evacuate the bowels, such as saler-
ajtus with milk and molasses ; strong decoction of
tobacco, and spirits turpentine, was used for in-
jections, and repealed, together with a repetition
of the linseed oil and turjicntine, but all to no pur-
pose ; be stood upon his feet until within an hour
of bis death, and died at 1 o'clock, P. JM. the 16th
inst., l(i hours after the harness was taken from
liim.
The post-mortem examination of the first that
died showed the stomach, liver and bowels to be
in good condition, only one hot found. On open-
ing the chest the lungs were found in a high state
of inifanuiiation, as was the wind-pipe and throat,
and the greatest engorgement of the blood vessels
of the lungs I ever witnessed in man or beast be-
fore. A coaguluin of blood was found in the sub-
stance of one hing as large as a pullet's egg ; and
the air cells full of frothy nuicus — this dissection
took place fifteen hours after death.
The other horse was examined six hours after
death, and the discoveries were similar to the first,
except the lungs were not so greatly engorged
with blood, and no extravasation but deposits of
lymph in various places in the substance of the
lungs.
The horses had been fed about ten days previ-
ous to their first being sick, upon old potatoes,
very thickly covered with sprouts, some of them
rotten, and considerably dirty, about IJ pecks per
day. The first bad not eaten any for two ilays
previous to being sick, and the other not for five
days. They had also been fed for ten or twelve
weeks previous to eating potatoes, on rye two
years old, a little musty, and corn of the first qual-
ity, ground together, equal parts from four to six
quarts [)er day, generally wet up with water.
These horses had been accustomed to labor in a
gig each one every alternate day.
My barn stands upon a gentle acclivity, under-
neath of which is my stable, the grountl of the
upper end reaching nearly to the cill. In very
wet weather water runs in so as to cover two
floors, and reaching nearly to the others. After
the frost was out of the ground last spring, I dug
and drained my stable, since which there has been
but little water standing under the stable floors.
The manure made is deposited behind the horses
in the stable, and the deposit from the family is
with the horse manure, mingled with it, the ne-
cessary being above. Underneath these floors are
considerable quantities of decaying vegetable mat-
ter, and in the stable is this fermenting pile of ma-
niue. J. B. M'GREGOIIY.
P. S. — The first horse had gin and molasses,
pepper, camphor, and laudanum given pretty lib-
erally. All the medicine given both horses ap-
peared to distress tbein very much, and I think
instead of being of any benefit, hurried the termi-
nation of their lives.
Not professing to be skilful in Fairiery, we should be
glad to receive, and would tliankfuily publish any re-
inailis from correspondents acquainted with diseases of
the above description and their remedies. — Ed. N. E. F
From the Family Directory — By J. and R. Bronsun.
MADDER RED ON WOOLLEN.
To dye one pound of yarn or flannel, it will
require the following articles:
Three ounces of alum, 1 ounce cream of tartar,
8 ounces of madder, i an ounce of stone lime.
Use the same proportions to dye any number of
pounds.
1. Prepare a brass or copper kettle with about
five gallons of water ; bring the liquor to a scald-
ing heat, then add 3 ounces of alum that is poiuul-
ed, and one ounce cream of tartar ; then bring the
liquor to a boil and put in the woollen and boil it
for two hours. It is then taken out, aired and
rinsed, and the liquor emptied away.
2. Now prepare the kettle with as much water
as before, and add to it 8 ounces of good madder,
which should be broken up fine, and well mixed
in the water before you put in the woolleu. When
you have warmed the dye as hot as you can bear
the hand in it, then enter the woollen and let it
remain in the dye for one hour, during which
time the dye must not boil, but only remain at a
scalding heat, observing to stir about the woolleu
constantly while in the dye.
.3. When the woollen has been in one hour, it
is to be taken out, aired and rinsed.
4. Add to the dye half a pint of clear lime wa-
ter, which is made by slackingaboiit half an ounce
of lime to powder; then add water to it, and when
settled, pour the clear part into the dye and mix it
well. Now put in your woollen, and stir it about
for ten minutes, the dye being only at a scalding
heat. It is then to be taken out and rinsed im-
mediately.
N. 15. — Should you wish the red very bright,
add about a quarter of an ounce or nearly half a
table spoonful of the aqua fortis composition at
the time of putting in the madder.
To Preserve Common Watermelon Rinds. — The
following receipt was obtained from the ladies of
the family of Charles A. Barnitz, Esq. of York,
Penn.
" Scrape all the soft from the inside, and the
dark green from the outside ; cut it in any form
you fancy, and throw it into cold water until you
boil some alum water, into which put it, and let
it boil two hours and a half; then put it into cold
water again, and boil some strong ginger tea ; in
which it must be boiled two hours and a half ;
then put it into cold water till your syrup, (which
must be pound for pound) is made and strained,
then lay in the rind, boil it two hours and a half,
or longer, if the green is not Ijaudsome. Put it
into glasses the next day. — Am, Farmer.
Seed Wheat. — Mr J. Lake, of Greece, Monroe
Co. N. Y., advertises from 800 to 1000 bushels of
White Bald Indiana Wheat, which he considers
the best sort now in use. The growth is similar
to the old kind of red chafl^, but fills much bettr.
Some farmers are acquiring a reputation, and con-
sequently an income, for a superior breed of sheep,
others for that of cattle ; some are known for their
success in rearing fine horses ; others as having
much improved l)reeds of swine ; some again, by
great pains, obtain excellent grain, which sells for
a good price, and others originate superior varie-
ties of fruit. IIuw wide is the field before the en-
terprising and thoughtful farmer! — JV. Y. Farmer.
Many of oiu- readers may correct mistaken ideas
relating to diet, from the following report to the
Minister of the Interior in France, by Percy and
Vauquelin, on the relative proportions, per cent of
nutritious properties in difterent articles of food.
Turnips and greens, 8 per ct.
Carrots, 14 "
Potatoes, 25 "
Butcher's meat, 35 "
Bread, 80 «
Broad Beans 89 "
Peas 93 «
Lentils, a kind of half peas, 94 "
\_JVewport Herald.
Eitgtish Herring are again in our river, after
an absence of several years. They are now tak-
en plentifnlly a few miles below this place, we
imderstaud, ami are very fat. It is remarked by
some of our oiilcst Fishermen, that these fish are
found to penetrate farther up our salt water rivers
and bays, during cold and unproductive seasons ;
a circumstance that would lead the philanthropist
to admire the uijiversal beneneficence of Provi-
dence in supplying from one element, the annual
deficiency of another — Wiscasset Laborer's Jour.
Jerusahm Artichoke. — On most of our farms
there are gullies and other spots, inaccessible to
the plough. If these are planted with the Jerusa-
lem Artichoke, and suffered to remain unmolest-
ed for three years, they will furnish for many
years after, a good range for store bogs in winter.
The rooting of the bogs will serve to spread, and
not to eradicate them, as the smallest piece will
grow, and the summer season will recruit them
or many years. — jY. Y. Farmer.
Legible Writing. — Some persons write legibyl,
excepting their own names ; yet names are the
parts of a writing which ought to be most plainly
written. Names, like the arithmetical digits, are
not to be determined by the context, in the man-
ner that other obscure words may be discovered.
Lavater said a man could be known by his,
hand writing ; and an inherent fondness for airs,
is often exhibited in the Jlourishes of a signature
which though hard to counterfeit, is harder to read.
An aflectation of fbscurity is one of the least tol-
erable kinds. — Gen. Farmer.
Blore hearts pine away in secret anguish, for
unkindness in those who should be their comfort-
ers, than for any other calamity in life.
110
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
October IT, 1832.
Boston, Wednesday Evening, October 17, 1832.
ISABELLA GRAPES.
We have recently seen a very successful speci-
men of the culture of this variety of a valua-
ble production. Mr .lon.v Lee, No. 8, Milton
Place, Boston, has a vine of that species, which
may be considered as a rival of that of Rlr Brad-
lee, of which we have recently given soine notices.
Within a very limited space, Mr Lee lias succeed-
ed in raising ~00 line clusters, which can scarcely
be surpassed. The plant, which ^s given this
abundant product, is inclosed in a small box, and
its roots have access to the soil beneath. The box
is furuished with rich loam, and supplied with food
for plants, consisting of soap suds, and other li-
ipiid manures. The vine, which, if we remember
correctly, is only three years from the slip, is
spread over a large extent of the south side of the
wall of the house in which Mr Lee resides, occu-
pies very little room, which could be applied to
any other I'urpose, and is very ornamental. The
grapes of the Isabella variety, though not quite
so delicious as some foreign sorts at the first taste,
soon become favorites ; and the peculiar tang, like
that of some other flavors, which we do not at
once admire, becomes at length agreeable to the
palate, and even preferable to the sweet but insip-
id products of some celebrated foreign vineyards.
1 Uie Massachusetts Yeomao
jects which were submitted to their examination.
The chairman of the several Committees was se-
lected solely with reference to making out the re-
port, not liavnig any voice in the decision, except
when the committee happened to be equally di-
vided.
REPORT ox THE PLOCOHING MATCH.
Your Committee are aware that more complaijits
have heretofore been made against the Commitfee
on the Ploughing Match than against any other.
This has probably arisen from the deep interest
felt by numerous competitors in this part of tie
Show, from the arduous and diflicult duty of dfe
ciding between numbers who have perform*
t'leir work, from outward appearances, nearly
the same manner, many of whose defects are c4t
and covered ; but more than from either or both «
the before mentioned causes, from a want of atteij-
tion, either in the Committees or the competito
to the different character or kinds of piougbii
adapted to the diflerent kinds of cultiv.ition.
some of our antiquated farmers the same ]ilon
has been used, and in the same manner for al
kinds of laud and for every course of cultivatio:
But every farmer will be convinced, by very littl
reflection, that if his object is to ])lough upon th
furrow, as is practised in some parts of the conn
try, or if he wishes to sow u|ion the furrow o:
sward ground after rolling down, which is an ap.
proved mode of cultiu-e on many of our best farmi
that he ought to use a diflerent [ilough and use
in a diflerent manner from what he would if he in
tended his ground should be pulverised and ame
lioratcd by the frosts of winter, or that the grass
AVORCESTEa COUNTY CATTLE SHOW, and weeds should be destroyed by a summer snn.
The annual Cattle Show and Exhibition of In one case he would turn his furrows flat — inthejifi
Manufactures look place in this tovim on Wednes, I other he would leave them open and exposed to
day last. The weather was unfayorable, being
rainy and uncomfortable. A large nundjer, how-
ever, of the " substantial yeomanry" of the coun-
ty assembled on the occasion, seemingly deter-
mined in spite of the weather to have a holiday
of it.
The exhibition of neat cattle was equal and in
some respects superior to that of former years.
The exhibition of young stock was of a high char-
acter. We noticed several lots of heifers and
steers, which for symmetry of shape were wor-
thy of the farmers of the co\mty, and this we con-
sider suflicient praise for any one. The team
of working oxen exhibited by the farmers of this
town was in fact an imposing spectacle. One hun-
dred and thirty yokes were paraded in a line and
driven through the street.
The exhibition of domestic inanufactures with
the exception of the products of tlie dairy did not
strike us as being of a very high character. The
samples of butter and cheese were worthy of the
reputation which this county has ever maintained
for productions of this kind. The number of en-
tries at the Ploughing Match was unusually large,
and the competition very spirited.
Of the address by Waldo Fli.nt, Esq. of Lei-
cester, we have heard but one opinion expressed.
It was the production of a scholar and a gentle-
man. It was well written and appropriate for
this festival, and had not the fault which most have
on such occasions, that of being so longas to make
us wish it shorter, but was peculiarly well adapt-
ed for the occasion.
We subjoin a list of the Committees together
with the reports of a portion of them on the sub-
lars and to himself as ploughman, three dol-
lars.
The third premium they have awarded to Jo-
seph Dudley of Sutton — for his plough five dol-
lars, and to himself as ploughman, two dollars.
The fourth premium they have awarded to El-
bridge G. Wheelock of Milbury — for his plough
four dollars, and to himself as ploughman, one
dollar.
The fifth premium they have awarded to
Horatio N. Hair of Worcester — for plough and
ploughman, three dollars.
There was much handsomer ploughing by
others than those to whom premiums have been
awarded, but several who might otherwise have
been entitled to premiums did not plough sufli-
ciently deep to entitle them to the rewards of
the Society. All of which is respectfully sub-
mitted by
REJOICE NEWTON, Chairma7i.
Report of the Committee on Milch Cows and Fat
Cattle.
The Committee on Milch Cows and Fat Cattle,
report, that they foimd in the pens, six fat oxen
for premium ; one owned by Israel Putnam of
Sutton, aged 7 years — weight, 25:i7 pounds.
A pair owned by Wm. Eager of Northboro',
aged 6 years — weight 2150 and 2025.
One by John Boyd of Shrewsbury, age 7 years
— weight 2000.
One by Rejoice Newton of Worcester, age 7
years — w eight 1!)75.
One by Moses G. Cheever of Princeton, aged 5
years — weight 212,5.
The Ox belonging to Mr Putnam was altogether
lie animal, and considering his age, weight, and
ping, the Committee think the owner entitled
the elements. Your Committee, with a due regard tt i he first premium of $20.
to these diflerent objects in the use of the ]ilougli, ! The pair owned by Mr Eager were mostly
have proceeded to the execution of their duties. ' grass fed, and considering that fact, the Committee
Twentyone entries for ploughing were made — regankil them as very fine oxen, and recommend,
only eighteen of which appeared on the ground, that the second premium of §15 be awarded to
Ten with two yoke of oxen each and eight the owner for his red ox.
single team.s. The third premium of §10 your Committee
The Committee have pleasure in stating that, 1 think should be awarded to JMr Cheever for his
in their opinion, the work, as a whole, has never ; fine grass fed red ox.
been better done. The oxen of Mr Newton, and Mr Boyd, were
The teams varied in the time of their work, fine animals, but the Committee can recommend
from thirtyeight minutes to an hour. for them no premium to the owners, except the
For double teams your Committee have award- honorable meed of being good husbandmen,
ed as follows : The Committee found upon the ground fifteen
To Timothy H. Meriara of Grafton, the first Milch Cows. Five of them belong to Charles
premium of Ten dollars. In .awarding this pre- 1 Preston of Charlton, Levi Lincoln, George Moore,
miuin the Committee were unanimous — his cat-
tle were of two and three years old — he finished
bis work first and it was decidedly the best.
Silas Bailey, Jona. Gleason of Worcester, were
entered for exhibition only, and the Committee
cheerfully award them the thanks of the society
To Marshall Pratt of Oxford, they award the j for the interest which they have thus gratuitously
second premium of Six dollars. given to the show.
To Waldo Putnam, of Sutton, they award the
third premium of Four dollars.
Between Mr Pratt and 3Ir Piitman the Chair-
man was obliged to decide — and as his judgment
is not entitled to much confidence, they may con-
sider themselves, the one as not gaining and the
other as not losing any of their well deserved rep-
utation as farmers, by his decision.
For single teams your Committee have unani-
mously awarded to Leonard Wheelock, of Graf-
ton, for his plough eight dollars and to himself as
ploughman, four dollars.
To John M'Lellam of Sutton they have award-
ed the second premium — for his plough six dol-
Of the ten Milch Cows ofiered for premium,
the Committee are sorry to state, that there were
five unaccompanied with the certificates of the
product of milk and butter, absolutely required by
the rules prescribed by the Trustees : and in re-
warding the premiums the Committee were oblig-
ed to lay them out of the case. These were fine
animals and under diflTerent circumstances would
have had strong claims on the bounty of the so-
ciety. — They belonged to Chester Morse of South-
bridge, Elisha Flagg, Willard Brown, Daniel
Goulding of Worcester, and Samuel Daman of
Holden.
The cows accompanied with certificates satis-
Vol. XI.— No. 14.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
Ill
liictori]}' correct, were those of Thomas B. Eaton,
Nathl. Stowoll and Joel Marble, Joua. Knight,
Ephraim Childs of Worcester, VVm. Eager of
Nortliborough.
For tlie best Milch Cow not less than four
years old, and from a stock of not less than five
cows the Committee recommend the society's first
Iiremium of $15, to be awarded to Mr Eager for
his red cow, 1-8 Durham breed.
The second premium of $10, to 3Ir Eaton.
The third premium of $8 to Messrs Stowell
and fllarhle.
The fourth premium of $6 to Mr Knight.
The Committee beg leave to commend to the
special and favorable regard of the Society, the
interests of the dairy and the dairyman. They
need not say that good butter and cheese are ne-
cessary for good living — they are rather necessa-
ry in order to live at all. Come what may, we
must have these articles — and that too fresh
from the dairy. We may import almost every-
thing, but save ns from imported butter and
cheese. The dairy too, is worthy of the first
consideration, as a source of unfailing income to
the farmer. Your Committee believe that there
is no class of agriculturists in the county whose
tlirift is so marked and sure as that of the dairy-
men of Barre, N. Braiiitree, Westboro', and other
grazing towns. Their farms are a source of in-
come of two, four, and six hundred dollars a year.
And nothing but a policy which would depopu-
late the Commonwealth, can deprive them of their
well deserved living.
IRA BARTON.
LOVETT PETERS.
DANIEL BACON.
Fruit Trees, &c.
FOR sale at the Nursery of William Kenrick,
in Newton, near Boston, a most extensive
variety of the best kinds of Fruit Trees and
Grape Vines, Ornariitntal Trees, Shrubs,
Herbaceous Plants, &e. Green House Plants
furnished when ordered. All written orders will be duly
received by (he daily mail, and promptly attended to ; —
or il'Ieft with J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, 50^ North
Market Street, Boston, or any of the other. Afeuls, they
will receive immediate attention.
The location of this Nursery Is 6{ miles from State
Street in Boston, and a mile and ahaU'due west of Brighton
meeting house, and very near the great western road.
TREES, &c, are delivered in Boston, without cliarE;o
for transportation ; and when ordered for distant placei
by land or sea, they are faithfully packed in clay, or moss,
and mntts, and duly labelled.
The new Catalogues furnished i^ratis to all who apply ;
or they may be had on .application to J. B. Russell, Seeds
man, Boston, or any of the other Agents. Oct. 17.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiTURDiv, Oct. 13, 1832.
FRUITS EXHIBITED.
By Enoch Bartlelt, Esq. Roxbury, Golden Pip-
pin, and two other varieties of Apples. By J.
Vila, Esq., a basket of very large Apples, of an
oblong form, called the " Ledingtoii," better ad-
apted for culinary purposes than for the table.
By Nathan Barrett, Esq. Concord, native
purple Fox Grapes ; the berries of very large
size.
By Dr S. A. Shurtleft', Boston, a good specimen
of Isabella Grapes, and fine St Micliael Pear-s.
■ For the Committee, E. M. RICHARDS.
FLOWERS.
Blr George Thompson exhibited specimens of
thefollovving Dahlias ; named Rex Ruborum, Scar-
let Turban, Coccinea, Camelliaflora, Bright Yel-
low, George IV., Black Prince, Lady Margaret,
Flora Perfcctd, Royal Purple, and President Ad-
ams. Blr .T. A. Kenrick exhibited also, a variety
of fine Dahlias — list not furnished.
JONATHAN WINSHIP, Chairman.
OMISSION.
The following toast, given at the late Anniver-
sary Festival of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, was accidentally omitted in our notice of
the proceedings on that occasion.
By J. C. Grat, Esq. The Gardener and Flo-
rists who have contributed to this day's exhibition.
—May we always honor the merit which is dis-
played in good fruits, aud in striking colors.
A valuable Milk Farm at Auction.
ON Thursday, October 25th,' at II o'clock, A. M.
will be sold by public auction, that very valuable estate
known as the Nichols' Farm, situated on the Salem
Turnpike, about one n)ile from Court street, in Salem.
Said farm consists of from 220 to 240 acres, of which
about 60 acres are mowing and Ullage land, with a val-
uable peat meadow, an Orchard containing about 20U
apple and pear trees ol the best kind. The buildings,
which are in perfect order, consist of a dwelling-house,
3 barns, wood-house, with corn-barn, and a piggery. —
The produce has been about SO tons of hay, 2()00 bush-
els of potatoes, and various other articles of provender
for stock. It yields about 15,000 gallons of milk a year,
for which, (in consequence of its being much nearer
than any other milk fiirm to the town,) there is a regular
and constant demand. — The rocks, of which there is an
inexhaustible supply, are generally in demand, and af-
ford a very profitable employment for the teams when
not otherwise engaged.
In tine, the above named place may with propriety be
s.iid to be one of the most valuable farms iu New Eng-
land, and well worthy the attention of farmers or others
who wish to make a profitable investment; and the terms
of payment will be made convenient to lbs purchaser.
Sale to be on the premises, where the conditions will
be made known. For further particular's apply to the
auctioneer.
IO= N. B. The Stock, Farming Utensils and Produce
will be sold ot some future day, of which due notice will
be given, unless disposed of at private sale.
Sept 26. GEO. NICHOLS, Aucfr.
Lead.
SHEETLead, of all dimensions; Pig Lead; Lead Pipe
of all sizes; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, constantly for
sale by ALBERT FEARING & CO., No. 1 City Wharf.
Boston, Oct. I6th, 1832. tf
Merino aud Saxouy Sheep.
FOR Sale, Two Hundred fine Sheep, partly full Blood
Mer-ino, and partly mixed with imported Saxony Sheep.
They have been kept for years in the vicinity of Boston,
and are warranted pure. Inquire of Messrs Thomas
Lord & Co., State Street. 3t
Double Pink Roots.
FOR sale at the New England Seedstore, No. 50^
North Market Street,
An assortment of the finest Double Pink Roots, of dif-
ferent colours, selected by an amateur, originally from the
Botanic Garden at Cambridge. Some of the sorts have
proiluced flowers the past summer 2^ inches in diameter,
and are con.si(lered equal to any cultivated in the vicinity
of Boston. They are now in fine order for transplanting,
are packed in moss ibr safe transnoi-tation any distance,
and are offered at the low price of 25 cts. per root.
Also, a few large Double Crimson Pseony roots, packed
in moss, at the .same price.
Hartford County Agricultural Society.
NOTICE is hereby given that a meeting of the Hart-
ford County Agricultural Society will be held at the State
House, in the city of Hartford, on the 24th day of Oc-
tober insl.,for the choice of OlBcers of said Society; and
for Uie transaction of any other business which may
legally claim the attention of the Society.
CHARLES A. GOODRICH, Pres.
Hartford, Oct. 6.
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, fii'st sort,
peai'l, fii"st sort,
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....
pi'ime, ....
Cargo, No. 1 , .
Butter, inspected, No. 1. new.
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Norllrer-u, .
Coi'n, Southern yellow.
Rye, ....
Barley,
Oats, ....
Hay
Hog's Lard, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, .....
Plaster P.aris retails at
Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, noi-thern.
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, Jths, washed, .
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
(. f Pulled superfine,
J;^ I 1st Lnrirbs, . .
•==<(2d, "
^g.|3d, " . .
^ List Spinning, . .
from to
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
cask
ton
barrel
pound
ewt.
pound
2 00
105 00
120 00
112 00
10 00
6 21
7 50
112
6 59
6 12
85
93
1 00
60
42
50
10 00
20 00
120
3 00
17 00
13 00
12 75
2 50
100
8 50
2 50
107 00
125 00
115 00
10 50
6 37
8 00
14
I 25
i: 87
6 25
6 50
6 25
90
85
1 12
70
55
62
11 00
25
1 25
3 25
17 50
14 00
13 00
2 75
1 25
11
8 75
55
65
4.5
PROVISION MARKET.
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fj-esh, best pieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal, .
Mutton
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (accordiag'to quality,)
pounii
10
"
9
"
6
"
7
"
4
"
9
"
12
"
25
dozen
16
bushel
«
50
barrel
2 00
12
14
28
18
92
75
62
4 00
Trees.
As the best season for transplanting Tree.'?,
especially for Orchards, is approaching, the
subscriber offers for sale, at his Nursery, an
assortment of Pear, Peach, CheiTy, Plum,
Apricot, and Apple Trees, of the most approv-
ed qualities, of extra size, and in healthy and flourishing
condition. Gentlemen desirous r^f a few Trees for their
enclosures, or a supply for an Orchard, of eai-ly bearing,
may find an abundance which have either blossomed, or
are now in fruit. These mav be transplanted with little
exli'a hazar-d. Also, Horse Chesnuts, Catalpas, Thorn
Acacias, the seed of which he gathered at Mount Vernon,
from a tree orershadowing the tomb n/ Washingto.v,—
together with 6000 White Mulberry Trees, Altheas, and
other ornamental shrubbery. 0. FISKE.
Worcester, Sept. 26.
Sweet Potatoes.
For sale at the Horticultural Garden in Lancaster,
Mass., by the subscriber, One Hundred bushels of Sweet
Potatoes, red, white and yellow, of excellent quality.
Price $1,00 per bushel, or '§2,00 per barrel.
JOSEPH BRECK.
Lancaster, Mass., Oct. 2, 1832.
Straw Wanted.
A few Tons of Barley or Oat Straw, suitable for Beds,
wanted at the House of "industry, South Boston.
3w
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
October n, 1832.
Miscellany
HARD TIMES.
BY HANNAH MORE.
We say the times are grievous hard,
And hard they are, 'tis true !
But, drunkards, to your wives and babes
They 're harder made by you.
The drunkard's tax is self-imposed,
Like every otiier sin ;
The taxes altogeiher cost
Not half so much as Gin.
The stale compels no man to drink,
Compels no man to game ;
'Tis Gin and gambling sinks him down
To rags, and want, and shame.
The kindest husband changed by Gin,
Is for a tyrant known ;
The tenderest heart that nature made.
Becomes a heart of stone.
In many a house the harmless babes
Are poorly clothed and fed.
Because the craving Gin-shop lakes
The children's daily bread.
Come, neighbor, take a walk with me,
Through many a London street,
And see ihe cause of poverty,
In hundreds that we meet.
Behold Ihe shivering female there,
Who plies her woful trade !
'Tis ten to one you'll lind that Gin
That helpless wretch lias made.
Look down those steps, and view below
Yon cellar under ground ;
There every want and every wo.
And every sin, are found!
Those little children trembling there,
Wilh hunger and with cold, I
Were by their pareuts' love of Gfm,
To sin and misery sold.
Look through the prison's iron bars!
Look through that dismal grato,
And learn what dire misfortune brought
So terrible a fate !
The debtor, and the felon, too,
Though differing much in sin.
Too oft you'll find were thither brought
By all-destroying Gin.
See the pale manufacturer there.
How lank and lean he. lies !
How haggard is his sickly cheek !
How dim his hollow eyes !
How amply had his gains suffieed.
On wile and children spent !
But all must for bis pleasure go ;
All to the Gin-shop went.
See that apprenlice, young in years.
But hackneyed long in sin !
What made him rob his master's till ?
Alas! 'twas love of Gin.
That serving man ! I knew him once,
So jaunty, spruce, and smart!
Why did he steal, then pawn the plate .'
'Twas Gin ensnared his heart !
But hark ! what dreadful sound was that ?
'Tis Newgate's awful bell I
It tolls, alas, for human guilt !
Some malefactor's knell !
Oh, woful sound ! Oli, what could cause
Such punishment and fin ?
Hark! hear his words ! he owns the cause,
" Bad company and Gin."
And when the future lot is fix'd.
Of darkness, fire, and chains ;
How can the drunkard hope to 'scape
Those everlasting pains ?
Bonaparte.— \X\rd\ a vain thing was his ambi-
tion ! Who can hope to attain half what Napole-
on won ? Yet what did even he win ? He ennobled
liis tdinily — but it has sunk back into obscurity. \^y^i
liinnaean Botanic Garden and Nurseries.
Flushing, neak N tw VoKii.
WM. PRINCE &. SOiNS, in oflering their A'cw Cata-
logULS with nilnced prices, desire lo state th;it their Fruit
oi large yize and vigorous growth, and cannot
He heaped up treasure — but his enemies have i fail lo give peilecl saiisfaclion bv their superiuiilv. They
scattered it He allied liimself to the Royal Fam- ' »■« therelore well calculated to repai, in part -the losses
^'"" ,■ u .,.„„U,i occasioned by the last severe winter. Ornamental Trees
ily — but his wife soon forgot him. He i-'e^ea ^^^^j shrubs, can also be sup|.liod of the l.irgest size, and
the collection of Jicrbaccovs Flowering Plants, is a cou-
cculration of the lieautilul and interesting, iind unrivalled
in extent. The collection of Roses h.is been made an
obji:ct of great aileiition, and comprises abo\'c (illO splen-
did varieties ; 1(1(1 of which are ChiiiLse and other
.Monthly Roses. 'Ihr Red Moss Roses, as well as others,
are strong and vigoious, and the whole are put at teri/
low pnces. 'I"he assoitmenl of Faionies, includes not
only those found in Ftiiope, but also many olbers im-
])ortcd direct from China, or originated by ourselves.
Of the Chinese Mulberr;/, or Morns multicntilis, there
are several thousand tliiilty trees of good size, and the
price is reduced to ij;(i5.0('l per 1(10,— §35,00 for 50, —
.■i;i),00 per dozen, or $5.0(1 per half dozen. Of the DaAiia,
the collection isparticulaily brilliant, and comprises above
his son a King — but this son died a mere subject.
His jKtrer was first on the earth, and bis name car-
ried terror in the sound —but his arm lies powBr-
less in the i;Tave, and his name is rapidly passijig
into oblivion ! I
The objects of liis ambition were difficult of It-
tainment, unsatisfying in their nature, and brtef
in their duration. J
How much nobler is that ambition which seeks
the distinction of being just, merciful, peacealle
and useful I How much rather would we enjiy
the reputation of a B-aiMin, a Howard, or a W i-
be.rforce than to attain to the glories of a Boi i- i suo varieties, the mo.st choice that could be selected from
parte, an Alexander or a Ctesar ! t f'e Ave largest collections of Eu.ope, and the great stock
' , , ■ 11 • .i,„ oi-tlt nnrt ' . ' OH haud, cnablcs US lo fii i/ic Br/cts t'c) « fcu).
How much more enviable is the skill and 1 1- ^^^^^^; ^^ ^,^ . iri„„.e,i„g shrubs and iLes are so large,
dustry which makes " two blades of grass grc ,v | (,j,, several plants may be readily propagated from one,
where but one grew before," than the talents if the tinest specimens hi-inii selected lor orders from the
the warrior, wliich spread misery all around, ai 1 great sto<:k on hand. Where anumber of Roses, Pa;onies,
"' ' ' . ' 1 . V , ,1 111,,, and Oahlias, are de>ired, a considerable discount will be
add no happiness to his own lot. i et the uii^ - ^^ .^^^ ^^ ^^.^^^ j^^.^^^^ ^^^^^ gj, „gp ^^.^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^
ble reputation" is sought " at the cannon's inouth i^,,, delivery, combining all the choicest Table and Wine
by inen who claim to be great; while the su :; i (ir.ipcs, amonjc which, there is a large number of the
and certain road to happiness, quiet industry, wi ,i ^-^J.^l^-fSJI^l'p;";::^?^ U^'^l^'^l^
contentment and a good conscience, is passed 1 y
untrodden and almost unseen. — Portsmouth Jot :
Extraordinary Madness.— ThcTc is at presents
man who believes himself dead ever since the bJ-
tle of Austcrlilz, where he received a seriot^
wound. His delirium consists in tl^at he can no,
longer recognise his own body. If be is asked
how be is, be says, you ask how Pere Lambert is,
but he is dead, he was killed at the battle of Aiis-
terlitz ; what you now see is not him, but a iiui-
chinc made in his likeness, and which has been
very badly made. This man has frequently fall-
en into a state of immobility or insensibility which
lasts for several days. Neither sinapisms nor blis-
ters ever cause the slightest pain. The skin has
been frequently pinched, and pierced with pins,
without his bein^ aware of it. Does not this man
ofter a remarkable example of delirium manifest-
ly influenced by want of sensibility in the skin,
and w^ant of well marked modification of visceral
sensibility ? — London Medical and Surgical Jour.
Sagactty of an Elephant. — I was one day feed-
ing the poor Elephant (who was so barbarously
put to death at E.Keter Change) with pottaoius
which he took out of my hand. One of them, a
round one, fell on the floor, just out of the reach
of his proboscis. He leaned against his woodi n
bar, put out his trunk, and could just touch the
potato, but could not pick it up. After several iii-
tlie Camellia Ja/ionica, or Japan Hose, about 100 varie-
ties have been greatly increa.sed ; and these, and other
Green House Plants, are now oflered at such low prices,
that this can no longer form an objection. Catalogues
will be sent to every applicant, and as every Invoice of
Trees, &c, has their printed heading and signature, ii
is particularly enjoined on all who do not apply direct, to
insist on the above proof of origin, without which no
articles are guaranteed. Thoso persons who are not
conversant wilh the different varieties ol fruit, can obtain
Ihe Treatise on Fruits, which contains descriptions of
about 800 varieties, and the Treatises on the Vine and on
Horticulture, fiom Lord & Ilolbrook, and other venders
in Boston ; and the best course for persons at a distance,
is t" call on their local bookseller to send for them. The
venders of (larden Seeds who desire quantities imported
from Euiope, suitable for retailing, can be furnished with
a Catalogue containing the low price at which we will
import tiicm. A credit will he given where desired,
and every communication will meet wilh prompt at-
tention and the accustomed despatch.
3t
Sitaation Wanted,
As manager of a farm, by a native of Scotland, who
considers liimself well qualified for his business, also
well acquainted in cattle. Apply at this office.
Sept. 19. 4t'
Published every Wednesday Evinin;,', .it .'JS per anrum,
payable at the end of the year — but those wljo pay within
sixty dav8 from the time of subscribing, arc entitled to u
deduction o} til^ty cents.
Uj" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. Rdssf.ll, by \. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing cnn be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for I'rinting received by J. B.
efiectual efforts, be at last blew the potato against i ^i";Xet Street,*"' ^'"'"""'■•■'' Warehouse, No, 52, Nonl,
the opposite wall, with sufficient force to make it j " ' _
•ebound : and be then, with difficulty secured it. AGENT.S.
!few York — G. Thorbur.v 6i. Sons, GT Liberty-street.
Somebody, we know not who, sends us occa-
sionally a conundrum. We received one yester-
day from the unknown manufacturer, in the fol-
lo%\ing form ; —
" Crack's Last. — Why is the sun like bread ?
Because it rises from the (y)east."
That is pretty well done, and we will return the
compliment in kind to our correspondent, as thus : _
Why is the moon like a welsh rabbit ? Because j ^^,';;,5'^s~_'p''j.1lmLKD, Esq.
it is made of green cheese. — U. S. Gazette. jHo!i(r<a(,L. C — Henry Hillock.
Albanxj — Wm. Thorbukn, 347 Market street.
Philaaelplna — D. it C. LANniiETH, 85 Chestnut-street.
BMinwre — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Fariiwr,
Cincinnati — S, C, Parkhubst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, ff. Y. Wm. Prince&, Sons, Prop, Lin.Bot.Garden
JUiddlehiry, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers,
Springfeld. Jl/s. — E. Edwards.
IVewburyport. — F.eENEZER Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. H. — J, W, Foster, Bookseller,
Portland, Me. — SiMOEL Colman, Bookseller,
]^EW ENGL.AIVD FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSEI.L, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Acriculturai, Warehodse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 24, 1832.
NO. 15.
sr &■ i c u 1 t u 1* e .
BRIGHTON CATTLE SHOW.
This Festival was celebrated on the 17th Inst,
with the aeciistomed exhibitions of lookers-on, and
things to be looked on. The day was one of the
finest of our beautiful autumns, and the concourse
of spectators was large and respectable. The
Ploughing Match and the trial of strength of the
Working Oxen were of the first order. The num-
ber of animals exhibited was less than on some
former occasions, but those which were shown
were indicative of improvements in their respect-
ive races. There were some first rate Swine, but
their number was small.
The exhibition of Manufactures was few and
mostly of such as were the product of household
industry, and the skill and taste of the fair females
of New England. Since the establishment of tlie
great semi-annual sales of Manufactures by the
New England Society, not much has been expect-
ed to be exhibited at Brighton, of cotton and
woollen gooils. It will be recollected, that i
portion of iljc most efficient action of the Society
is exerted in a vvay, that makes no appearance
at this festival. We mean the encouragement
given to the general care and cultivation of entire
farms. This part of the show of the Society must
be sought and will be found, all over the Common-
wealth. The report of the Committee on Farms
is to be made in December. j
One proof of the excellence of the Show is
found in the fact, that every premium proposed
to be paid on animals was awarded.
After the annunciation of the premiums, an ex-
ceedingly interesting and judicious discourse was
delivered by the Hon. James Richardson, of
Dedham. It was replete with sound and inge-
nious observations, well arranged and digested ; and
would with a little more force of utterance, have
produced great eflTect. It will be found on pe-
rusal, in the closet, every way worthy of its re-
spectable author.
A large company sat down to a bountiful and
well served table, in Mr Murdock's fine hotel.
The Hon. P. C. Brooks acted as President of the
day, in the absence of the Hon. Thomas L. Wiii-
throp, the President of the Society, who was una-
ble to attend from ill health. Several distinguish-
ed strangers were present, among them Hon. James
Wadsworth, of Geneseo, N. Y. Dr Spurzheim, and
5Ir .\udid)on. There was a fine show of grapes
and other fruit upon the table, and very fine spe-
cimens of premium butter. Among the fruits
presented for the dessert, were fine St JMichael
Pears, and Gloria Mundi Apples, from his Excel-
lency Governor Lincoln. Superior Grapes, from
Hon. John Lowell ; Melons, Peaches, Grapes, from
Benj. Guild, Esq. Apples from Gorham Parsons,
Esq., John Prince, Esq. and Luke Fiske ; Grapes
and Ap])les from J. P. Bradlee, Esq. Grapes, Ap-
»l«s, and Melons from Hon. P. C. Brooks. Gravies
from the Hon. R. Sullivan ; Brown Beurre Pears
from W. H. Gardiner, Esq. Flowers from Messrs
Winship, Thompson, and several others. Among
the decorations of the hall, we noticed some Dah-
lia! disposed very tastefully, on branches of ever-
green. .-V number ol' animated toasts were given corruptions of the Capitol have taught no guile to
from the chair, and the entertainment passed oft' our Nathaniels, nor its " roaring Lions" affri<'ht-
wiih great spirit.
The following were the articles of American
manufactured silk, which were exhibited by Jon-
athan H. Cobb, of Dedham, and for which a pre-
mium of twenty dollars was awarded.
1. Four pairs of silk hose.
2. Two hundred yards of furniture binding.
3. Suspender webbing and one doz. suspenders.
4. Five pieces of silk handkerchiefs.
5. One piece of Florentine of silk warp and
cotton filling.
(!. Ten patterns silk vestings.
We are happy in the revival of the Brighton
Cattle Show, which was intertnitted last year. It
is true that the growth of the County SocietieSj
and their Cattle Shows, have taken away the pe-
culiar interest formerly possessed by the exhibi-
tion at Brighton. This, however, is no re.ason
why the latter should go down. And as it fur-
nishes an additional ojiportunity for the exhibition
of fine animals who have taken premiums at the
County Shows, and thereby increases the rewards
of enterprise and skill proposed to the hnsband-
niaii, we see strong motives for its continuance
with unrelaxed spirit.
The following are among the toasts given at
the dinner : —
Our Cattle Shows. An exhibition of stable
i.crli, wliicli iin\ikc Jluctuating stocks, secures the
interest without endangering the principal of the
farmer.
Agriculture the 7-oot, Commerce the hranches,
and Manufactures the /n«7, of every healthful and
independent State : without the perfect action of
all three, the tree of the republic decays, dries up,
and becomes fit only tor fuel.
Our brethren the Horticulturists. By their fruits
ye si all know them.
T'le Union, a goodly tree, known by its rich
fruit; it has withstood the tempest from abroad,
may the worm of Nullification never bore into the
wood, nor the dry rot of T'eto prey upon the heart.
The liberties of this great people — They can
never be preserved, but by the principles upon
which the nation was founded — the union of gen-
eral interests and the paitial sacrifice of local ones.
The Governor of Massachusetts. A Worcester
farmer, he may be proud to cultivate a soil that
considers him one of her noblest productions.
The Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts,
Thomas L. Winthrop. He adorns an honored
Same, which like Governor Endicot's pears is as
bod now as it was two centuries ago.
Harvard University, sprung from the precious
seed sown by our fathers, its bn-inches have cover-
ed the land, and its fruits have refreshed the people.
The Supremacy of the Judiciary. It is the
only check against despotism. Without it the
people have no security for their rights, the Con-
stitution no power, the Union no strength, the law
no efficacy.
The Address from the Orator. An elegant, ed-
ifying and intellectual production. The fruit of a
deep soil well cultivated.
The Senators of Massachusetts in Congress,
Hob. Nathaniel SiUbce and Daniel Webster — the
ed our Daniels.
The Delegation of Massachusetts in the House
of Representatives — conspicuous for Integrity,
Ability and Unanimily — with a representation of
such weight, we can well afford a loss in number.
Our Senator in Congress — a New Hampshire
Farmer — though he generally manages more 6?/
the voice than the goad, he can upon proper occa-
sion take even the bidl by the horns.
The Representative of Middlesex in Congress —
as a Working Man, he represents the Farmers —
as a Literary man, he represents the Scholars
as a Statesman, may he long represent us all.
Mr Everett upon the annunciation of this toast,
in a brief, but a very happy manner, after alluding
to his Colleagues on his right hand and on his
left, laid aside his political relations and assumed
those of his Constituents and Agricultural friends,
and following the address of the Orator, who had
taught that success would certainly follow industry
and economy, and of course if a farmer suffered, it
waj attributable to his own negligence, gave the
following.
The Farmer, responsible for the consequences
of his own acts; if he will etnploy a vicious horse,
he must not complain if he kicks his owner, over-
turns the market cart, and jumps the pasture fence.
Our Clergy — may the seeds they scatter in the
fnrrou-a of time, produce the fruits of .m immortal
harvest.
The State of Louisiana' — a thrifty scion prosper-
ously engrafted on the noble stock of the good old
thirteen, slie has calculated the value of the Union
and found it inestimable.
The Genesee County — nature furnished it the
richest of soil.s, and New England peopled it with
some of the worthiest of her children.
Our scientific Countrymen, and distinguished
guest, John James Audubon — the American Orni-
thoh gist ; the flight of the Eagle is not beyond his
reach, nor tl/e tenants of the poultry yard beneath
his notice.
Our honored guest, Dr Spurzheim — he reveals
to us the secret import of our bumps — we greet
him with a bumper !
The Navy of the United Slate.«, rooted in the
hearts of the people like the oak on the mountain's
side.
The Anniversary festivals of our Agricultura
Societies — engaged in a generous competition for
the good of Societ}' — they draw kindly together in
the great public team.
By the venerable Dr Thacher of Plymouth — The
rich inheritance derived from our forefathers — may
we ever cherish their memory, and their institu-
tions be perpetuated to the latest generation.
The two late exhibitions at AVorccster — both
shows were ]ierfect of their hind. The first in
hody, the lust in mind.
By the editor of the New England Farmer — The
iMassarhu setts Agricultural Society. Though its
branches, like sverything human, must yield to the
effects of time, may itsirunk outlast the oak, which
endures for ages ; and eiery limb be ingrafted with
thrifty and vigorous scions, chosen from the best
stocks which the country can furnish.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
October 24, 1832.
-M.- ■j_^;!^^g°??^^^!?;''??''S^^!^^^''' "^^^"^ 1 „ ^, „dvro™ Tiri-intrpp 20 dollars i p.'rra4[fcit benefit to the country, from the enter-
-^,,;^f;.;^and Far,ner, .ith . noat orchard, to Ros-.vell ^ "---"J J^^ "^o Wi Uam Worth: Jris J| ex,.erime„t. They were entered by J.
and a neat wife: and the knack of keeping both ,n The «-;-'. ?^^y^^,";'^,tllar< ' H. M, Esci. of Dedha.n, the indefatigable and
fuUbearing. ' , . ,, J'"Ce Bui f Mr S«^ Chamberlain successful promoter of the culture of silk fron, the
The President of Hort. Society bentg called ^^ ^ <= J^^" ;' and M Ho v,,,, ,vere highly roaring of the worn, to the hm.1. ol the loom
.,pon by the chair, after sonte pertinent remarks, | of" AN es^.ou.h, a.Kl Mt H . _ _^^^^^^ ^^ ,J,,^| ^,„„„„ „. articles, were -|;^;'1:'|!^ --I:::^
tave the foUowmg toast.
bowing what
'vll:JrZ7or--^^<^ pHgnm founder of ottr gentlen.en for the patr.ofsm .n
Edwa.d W n^l"":' ' ^^^-^ ^^ ^.^,„,. £„,,„„,, I fi„e stock the state possesses.
"".nuels beneficent sift by their herds^'upon I The committee regret, that they caiiuot saylas
perpetuate Ins beneficent . y l ^^^^ _^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^.^,^,^^_ ,^,,^^y l
" Bv'coUa kson, a revolutionary ofiicer. Agri- ,ome of them very pretty, but tiot so ^•>P<=>-iorJ,s
enlnre and Con„;erce_may they be united as ,„ be the subjects of prem.um. For the first t.ie
i as Z earth yields its increase, and the sea L, 12 or 1.5 years, th,s socety is obhg 1, m coj^-
flofts tie An.erican colors, and the liberty and Liia„ce with its settled prmoples to withhold a fc-
fndepe dente of our countr; endures. ge^.ber, its premiums for bull ca ves. To what bs
AfteVrsixth toast was drank, his Excellency This fa„ing oif to be attributed ? to very natuul
the Governor made his acknowledgments to the ,„„,e.. When the fine animals of improved he. Is
cn« and proposed a toast in the following ,vere /r.^mported they remaine^ in the vicm|
terms. , , ,
The true object and end of Agricultural Associ-
alions-the encouragement of i»ractical meix to
useful and profitable improvements. ■
of American inanufactnrc,as well the raw materi-
al as the fabric. Silk furniture binding, suspend-
er webbing, handkerchiefs, and also florentine, a
fabric of silk and cotton. The palm li'af hats and
straw bonnets, were of beautiful workmanship,
and in fine taste ; this delicate and useful manu-
facture has already attained great perfecticn. A
rich and gorgeous shell comb, made to order for
Scinlh America, of the value of fifty ilolUirs, was
ofieiedfor exhibition by Mr Isaac Davis, the man-
ufacturer, as a specimen of skill and ingenuity
in that branch of industry. The house made wool-
, . , ^ , ^, Ion socks, were remarkably well woven, of the
advantage, and raised «"<= bJU ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ .^^^^^^^^ ^^^.^^^.^ ^^ j^^^^.
— but in the long run, animals cannot, =1"^ ^ ' I ,,^, .g^verance highly commendable, from chil-
not be raised within sight of the city smoke, a " ' _ ^j. ^j^^ ^g^,.g ^^^^^^ j^ those whose years oftei
Amateurs took the advantage, and raised fine bi Is
OFFICIAL REPORTS OF THE BRIGHTON
CATTLE SHOW. ' *
FAT CATTLE, BULLS, AND BULL CALVES., "
The committee, consisting of John Lpwell,
Lewis Barnard of Worcester and Aaron Kingsbury
of Roxbury, ask leave to report, that the show of |
fat cattle was fullv equal to the average of the j
same description of animals heretofore exhibited
at the Brighton shows. If they were not equal in
as no man from the interior could aflTord to sent
bull calf, instead of being the best, they will i
hereafter the worst description of stock at Brigfc-
The noble exhibition of the Hon. John Wellls
and of Ezekiel Hersy Derby, of pure, nearly piii :,
I and variously mixed European breeds, gave t b
I highest interest to the show. If skeptics doubtfd
before, most assuredly, the public had no doubts
this occ.asion. The general voice settled the poi t.
There was nobody to trumpet them. The co-
at tuc uriguion »iiu..=. *. "-J - . Ipiittee did not notice them till they had complet
bulk to the celebrated Magnus and Blaxmius, they ^^^.^^ ^^^^^^ duties, yet with all the aid of the mr
wereosftewy, as the English graziers ever ins/t | ^j^^j^ j^ ^^.^^ (after three hours) very difticult
Jo exhibit. Tlie lightest animal in the list vveigbcd , _^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^,^ ,^^,„^ ^1^^ concourse of admircti
over 2000 lbs. live weight. It has long been the ^i^g^^g (^is universal eagerness ? was it becausd
avowed principle of the Socicty.'kot to give any! ^^^^ ^^.^^^ j^ j^-^j^ condition? No, because witb
preference to weight siiniily, but lo consider it as K^^ exception of iMr Derby's bull Young Comet
onlil oneoC the elements by which the premium I ^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^^ g„ ^^^ jt ^as the beauty o
only o»e of the elements by which the premium I ^^^^ ^^.^^^ ^^^^ g„ ^^^ jt ^as the beauty
was to be decided. Form, proportion ol valuable ^|^^.^_ ^^^^^^^_ _ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ the declared eonviclio.
pieces, smalluess of offal, profitable fat, cheapness , ^^ respectable colleagues, Mr Barnard and M
in feeding, or the superior disposition of the animal j^-^gsjjury, men of great experience, the one as a
to acquire fat, have been justly deemed m England, ; ^,g^jg,.^ ^[,6 other, as a purchaser of stock. '■ '
and in this country, to be the most important [ ^^^^ ^^^^ business to compare the stock c
points. It is to Bakewell, we owe tliis judicious : y^^^^^^ .^,„, j^j^ Derby, there are many reasons v. by
mode of valuing animals. It is to him, we owe 1 ^^ g^ould not do so. Unquestionably the ?.iie3t
the maxim, that it is not the lar};est bilt the anwial, 1 ^_^.^^^^, ^^^ ^^^^ ^g,j ^^.^^ m, Derby's full blcoded
who will give the greatest amount of valuable iood, ^^^^^^ \,o,neA bull. But Mr Welles bad no bill of
with the least expense, which merits pieinuim.; ^^.^ ^^^^^ of equal age with whom the other could
In pursuance of this principle, the committee | ^^ ^^^^^p,^^.^^_ The'females of the two stocks w
awarded to William Eager of Northborough the | ^^^^^ ^^^^, compared and it, would require a v
more easily compared and it would require a vcrj
first premium of25 dollars for his least ox weighing t^.^^ judgment to decide between them. There
only 2012 pounds, while we gave no premium to , .^ ^^ question that both stocks are invaluabl
his mate who weighed 2070. There could be 1 . . . r.„. i„„.,„„ „,;,t, h;
, I this growing country. Col. Jaques, with his usual
both animals belonged I ^^^.^.^ and patriotism, very essentially contributed
Irtu of six years old, to those whose years often
render them" helpless — from those whose leisure
allowed them to make heavy hearth rugs with
» heir fingers,'' t" 'hose whose duties in the cham-
b'ls of the sick had given them only the " watches
of the night," for the exercise of their indus-
"')• . . J 5
The following are the gratuities recommended.
For one pair of Rose Blankets, Mrs Stephen
Fay, New Braintree, $2 ; Silk Hose, with other
useful articles of Silk inanufaclure, Jonathan IT.
Cobb, Dcdham,$20; Bed Quilt, as a proof of in-
dustry, Mrs Thomas Lilley, §2; Fancy Piece of
Needle work, Amelia H. Slimpson, Ciniibridge, $1 ;
two do. do. on Satin, Anna Alalia Stimpson, do. $1 :
Bead Chain, Sarah Elii'.a Bodge, Brighton, $2 ;
two pair woollen Socks, John White, Barre, $2;
C.-irpeting, Alexander Marsh, Souihboro', .$3; do.
Mary Adams, N. Chelmsford, $2 ; do. Sally A.
King, Rutland, .'s2 ; Wbilis, Wm. Darling, Brigh-
ton, >'2 ; Palm Leaf Hat, Eleanor Ilemmenway,
Barre, $3 ; 1200 cocoons Silk, Eliza Morgan, Bel-
lingbam, $2; Straw Bonnet, Mrs M. Uice, Fra-
minubam, $3; three Ladies' Capes, John A. Kim-
balCl|)Swich, $2; Hearth Rug, wrought with the
fingers, Jlrs Phebe We.ston, Lowell, $5; Rug,
Lucy Breed, Lynn, S2; Lady's Indis|)ensable,
bead work, Mrs Cyrus Warren, Concord, $3;
Lace Veil, Mrs Slargmet S. Wright, Bedford, $3 ;
Needle-work, Miss Nicker.son, Boston, $3 ; Straw
Bonnet, Eliakiin Morse, Medfield, $3.
Respectfullv,
BENJAMIN GUILD ] Committer.
ROBERT WATERSTON. f
here no favoritism becaus
to the same person. on I '° ''"^ mterest of the show by the exhibition of tl e
The second premium for fat cattle, being ~" L,|g f,^,!] flooded horse Sportsman, of the Ecliiite
dollars, we awarded to Icbabod Stow, of Stow, | ^^^ ^^ ^^.^ ^^^^1^ ^^^^^j pg^verfiil Roman, Cana-
The third premium for fat cattle, being }0 (lol- ^.^^ stallion, and by Mr Sprague's invaluable pi
lars, we awarded to William AVetherbee of Marl- _ , ._^ „„„„„.„ „f „ f„ll hinnded Arabian sti
borough
sent to his country, of a full blooded Arabian stud
horse. JOHN LOWELL, per order.
The Committee on Domestic Manufactures, rcspecl-
fully report.
That no articles were presented to them for
The Bulls ofl'ered for premium were numerous,
no less than 12 in number, and were many of them
very respectable as to their points and promise.
Perhaps we should have thought them excellent,
if the full blooded bull from Admiral and Annabella
had not been exhibited. He was so decidedly
sunerior, and attracted such universal attention, ,.„.j,... -, . '. ^ , i i .
hat was not possible not to perceive, that the ingenuity, and public spirit of those who had
race of pure blood is very superior (at least) for articles for reward or exhibition recommend sever
race 01 [memo u j \.^\ gratuities. The articles of silk manufacmre
*" Th; committee awarded the first prize for Bulls i were by far the most important in the prospect of
The Committee on Sheep and Swine have attended
to that duty, and ask leave to report,
That they found the Swine few in number, but
good in quality— that the show of Sheep was
small, but those of the Disliley and South Down
breeds were good, of genuine blood, and they
award as follows: —
To Enoch Silsby for the best Dishley Ram, the
premium of f^'JO.
To Enoch Silsby for the best Dishley Ewe, the
premium of §90.
lat no articles were preseuieu lu ujcm lui y,^.,~ -. ^ „ , r^ t>
which a premium had been oflfered by the Society. | To Samuel Jaques lor the best South Down Ram,
Tbev therefore, as a compliment to the industry, Ae premium of !S20. „ ,„ ^
iney, tnerciore, h _^ ^ ^ ^ ^^ jiamuel Jaques for the best South Down Ewe,
the premium of $20.
To John Mackay for the best boar, 2 years old, the
1st premium of $12,
Vol. XI.-No. 15.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
115
To John Mackay for the next hest Boar, 11 mo. j riam, ploughman,
old, the 2(1 riremium of $8. -|ft „, driver, $2.
To GeorL'e M. Barrett for the third l)est^oar, 5
mo. olil, the preiniiini of $5. |
To John SlacUay for t'le best Sow, 4 mo. old, Ist j
prerainin of $12.
To Isaac, Rohbins for next best Sow, the 2d pre-
mium of .$8.
To John Mackay for the next best Sow, 2 years
old, the 3d premium of $.5.
To Isaac Rohbins for the best Figs, the 1st prc-
rainni of .§10.
To John Mackay for next hest Pigs, the 2d pre-
niimn of S5.
Per order,
I. THORNDIKE, Ciiainnan.
BENJAMIN SHURTLEFF.
i : Samuel Blood, 10 years old.
GORHAM PARSONS,
JOHN CHOATE,
MOSES NEWELL.
Brighton, Oct. 17, 1832.
The Committee ore Worldng Oxen, award the fol-
lowing premiiwis,
1st. To Silas Conant of Concord, -f 25. 2d. Royal
T. Marble, Sutton, 20 dolls. 3d. Sherman Barrett
of Concord, 15 dolls. 4th Paul Learned, Water-
town, 13 dolls. 5th. George M. Barrett, Con-
cord, 8 dolls. Respectfully submitteil,
LUKE FISKE, for the Committee.
The commitlee on Butler and Clieese report,
That they have awarded the first premium on
butter, of $20, to Luther Chamberlain of West-
borough; second premium of §15, to Stephen Hast-
ings of SterUng. There were two kegs of butter,
(entry No. 9,) of very excellent quality, but too
much salted.
First premium on old eheese, of .$20, to Daniel
Hunter of New Braintree ; second premium of f 15
to Hollis Tidd of New Braintree.
First premium on new cheese, of $10, to RoswoU
Converse of New Braintree ; second premium of
$5, to Luther Hunter of New Braintree.
For the greatest quantity of butler and cheese
. made between the 15th of May and the 1st of Oc-
tober, premium of $20 to Luther Chamberlain of
Westborough — 2626 pounds of butter, and 5420
pounds of cheese, from twentyseven cows.
The committee on Ploughing Match of two yoke of
oxen, report,
That they award the first premium of $15, to T
H. Merriam of Concord ; .«8 to Otis Merriam, plough-
man ; $4 to T. Merriam, driver. Second premium,
$10, to Charles Howard of Hingham ; $5 to Mr
Fearing, ploughman ; $3 to J. Cushing, driver. —
Third premium of $6, to A. H.Wheeler of Con-
cord ; $3 to A. H. Wheeler, ploughman ; $2 to J.
Jepson, driver.
The joint committees of two and one yoke of
oxen award to Charles Howard, of Hingham, $10
for the best plough on the ground.
Per order, JOHN PRINCE.
Committee on single teams award as follows, viz.
First premium to Samuel Hoar, of Lincoln, plough
S15 ; S. Hoar, ploughman, $8 ; driver, $4. Second
premium to T. P. Merriam, of Concord, plough, $10;
T. P. Merriam, ploughman, $5 ; Royal T. Marble,
driver, $3. Third premium to Abiel H. Merriam of
Concord, 14 years old, plough, $6; Abiel H. Mer-
AMERICAN WILD HORSES.
Lewis and Clarke, speaking of the horses found
to the west of the Rocky Mountains, say, that
they appear to be an excellent race, lofty, elegant-
Iv formed, active and durable; many of them ap-
]ieur like fine English coursers ; some of tlieni are
pied, with large spots of white irregularly scattered,
mid intermixed with a dark brown bay ; the great-
er part, however, are of an uniform color, marked
with stars and 'white feet, and resembling in fleet-
ness and bottom as well as in form and color, the
best blooded horses of Virginia. The natives suf-
fer them to run ;it large in the plains, the grass of |
which affords them only winter subsistence: their
masters taking no trouble to lay in a winter's store
for them, notwithstanding they will, unless nmch
exercised, fatten on the dry grass afiorded by the
plains during the winter. The plains are rarely if
ever moistened by rain, and the grass is conse-
(|ucnlly short and thin. The natives, excepting
those of the Rocky Mountains, appear to take no
pains in selecting those of the male horses for
breed ; and, indeed, those of that class appear
much the most indifferent. Whether the horse
was originally a native of this country, or not, the
soil and climate appear to be perfectly well adapt-
ed to the nature of this animal.
Horses are said to be found wild in n}any parts
of this extensive country. The several tribes of
Shoshonees who reside towards Mexico, on the
waters of the Multomah river, and particularly,
one of them called Shaboboah, have also a great
number of mules, which the Indi.ms prize more
highly than horses. An elegant horse may be
purchased of the natives for a few beads and olh-
er paltry trinkets, which, in the United States,
would not cost more than one or two dollars. The
abundance and the cheapness of horses, will be
extremely advantageous to those who may here-
after attempt the fur trade to the East Indies, by
the way of Columbia river and the Pacific ocean.
ibie. Admiral Hosier buried his ship's companies
twice during a West Indian voyage, in 172G, part-
ly from the unhealthiness of the Spanish coast, but
chiefly from the ravages of scurvy. Bad food and
want of cleanliness swept away the people of the
middle ages, by ravages upon their health, that
the limited medical skill of those days could never
resist. Matthew Paris, a historian of that period,
states that there were in his time twenty or thirty
hospitals for lepers in Europe. — fVfirking Man's
Companion, No. XIII.
The Course of Trade. — It is a well establi;^hed
principle, that every new facility for transporta-
tion, to and from a jdace, in one direction, gener-
ally increases the amount transjjorted in other di-
rections. This principle has been well illustrated
in the case of the Canal from this town to Provi-
dence. Although the goods brought up the Canal
are many fold greater in amount than all that were
brought to town before it was constructed, yet \Ve
are satisfied, from pretty careful observation, that
the amount of transportation, by wagons, from
Boston, the present season, is greater than it ever
was before the Canal was made. And, we are
perfectly convinced, that the increased facilities
for business in this vicinity, which will be afford-
ed by the Rail Road, when that shall be in opera-
tion, will, in turn, add to the amount of transpor-
tation on the Canal, and render that stock more
valuable than it would be without the Rail Road.
Such are the mutually beneficial effects, which
well devised schemes of improvement produce on
each other. — Mas.i. Spy.
VEGETABLES.
In the early part of the reign of Henry VIII.
not a cabbage, turnip, or other edible root, grew
in England. Two or three centuries before, cer-
tainly, the monasteries had gardens with a variety
of vegetables; but nearly all the gardens of the
laity were destroyed in the wars between the
houses of York and Lancaster. Harrison speaks
of whcaten bread as being chiefly used by the
gentry for their own tables ; and adds, that the
artificer and laborer are "driven to content them-
selves with horse corne, beanes,peason, oats, tares,
and lentiles." There is no doubt that the average
duration of human life was at that period not one
half as long as at the present day. The constant
use of salted meat, with little or no vegetable ad-
dition, doubtless contributed to the shortening of
life, to say nothing of the large numbers constant-
ly swept away by pestilence and famine. Till
lemon juice was used as a remedy for scurvy
amongst our seamen, who also are compelled to
eat salted meat without green vegetables, the de-
struction of life in the navy was something incred-
Durable Fence. — Deacon Winslow Marston, bas
on his farm a kind of fence which for durability
and beauty can hardly be exceeded. On each
side of the road adjacent his dwelling, are rows of
large button-wood trees, set ten or twelve feet
asunder. Into these, when young, cedar rails
were inserted as into common posts. As the trees
increased in size, the wood formed closely around
the ends of the rails and firmly secured them in
their places. We have nowhere else seen this
experiment tried on so large a scale. It is certain-
ly a durable and cheap fence, because it will re-
quire no repairs at least for one generation, and is
moreover constantly increasing in value. Were
our roads lined with this kind of fence, it would
add not a litlle to the beauty of the countrv, and
the comfort of tbe traveller. — Barnstable Jour.
JVao Brunswick. — A gentleman extensively en-
gaged in agiiciiltural pursuits in Su.sse.x Vale, call-
ed on us this morning, and communicated the very
gratifying intelligence that the crops in all parts of
King's County, but particularly in the Valley, are
most luxuriant, and truly encouraging to the hus-
bandman. He represents the wheat crop as nev-
er having been more abundant or of a heavier and
better quality ; the potatoes, oats, barley, &c, will
also, it is anticipated, yield good crops. Tbe hay,
except on clayey grounds, is very heavy, and
nearly twice as abundant as last year. — Acadian
Record.
The English Agricultural Report for August,
states that during the early part of the month, the
greater i)art of the wheat in tbe Southern dis-
tricts was cut and carried, but that during the last
ten days, there had been heavy rains, which had
materially injured every description of corn lliat
was exposed.
116
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
October 24, lfi32.
From the Genesee Farn:
STOCK.
Mr Editor — I am a little surprised that the
subject of cattle, and farming stock generally, has
not been oftener discussed in the pages of the Far-
mer. There is, perhaps no one article of hus-
bandry, in this country, wiiich needs ini[)rovement
more than domestic stock, particularly horned cat-
tle and yet how few herds of prime cattle do we
see in the yards of our farmers. One reason may
be, possibly, that this being mostly a wheat grow-
ing country, it is considered of less consequence to
raise fine cattle, than in such parts of our country
as are devoted more exclusively to stock : hut 1
imagine the same rule will apply to one who keeps
three cows, or oxen, as to him who keeps fifty. I
■will assume, however, that those breeds of cattle
which yield the greatest return for the amount of
labor and expense bestowed, are the best for the
farmer as well as the villager ; and, therefore, that
if we are not already possessed of the best kinds
known, they ought to be introduced into this re-
gion, if it can be done at a reasonable expense.
I am not one of those who believe every new
breed of stock, or kind of grain, or new invention
iu machinery, to be an improvemenf. Far oth-
erwise ; so much so as to be rather sceptical on
these matters. But I do believe the ordinary cat-
tle kept on the fiirms, with but few excejjtions, iu
Western New York, to he of an inferior and ordi-
nary kind. It is useless to describe them, for if
Jacob's peeled rods had been set before them for
the last fifty years, a greater diversity of color,
shape, size and character, could hardly have been
produced. I am not about to recommend any
particular breed, as superior to all iothers, nor to
condemn any one as inferior to the rest; fori
freely confess that it is a subject which I do not
fully understand, having had less acquaintance
with the improved foreign cattle, as they are term-
ed, than those of my native state. Jluchhas been
written on the excellent qualities of the Durham
short horn, the north Devon, Hereford, Holder-
ness, Alderney, (S,:c, and each havi; had their advo-
cates, as experience, interest or fancy might dic-
tate.
In my own estimation, the best breed of cattle
decidedly for all purposes that I have seen, are the
fiue red cattle of Old Hampshire and Worcester
counties in Massachusetts. The cows are clean
hmbed and well formed, and usually good milk-
ers ; the oxen large, exceedingly active, and of
quick growth, very hardy, and remarkably hand-
some. From what particular breed these cattle
originated, I am unable to say. They doubtless
sprung from excellent English stock, and have
been improved continually by judicious selections
from among the same, and perhaps slightly cross-
ed with different breeds. That this breed is ca-
pable of improvement, may be very true; yet I
have known bulls sold from an orrlinary drove of
cattle, for fifty to seventyfive dollars, to a farmer
to turn on to the farm, and of nothing more than
the common breed of that country.
I confess that I am not altogether pleased with
many of the foreign cattle that I have seen. The
Devon, although highly recommended by many
appears to me a lank, awkward and unprofitable
animal, although these very qualities might render
them valuable when mixed with some others.
They have, in my opinion, too long legs, and they
are too crooked also, and I should think notstrong
for labor, although they may be quick and light
travellers. I have never known that the cows were
extraordinary for milk. Instances have however
been given of superior cows and oxen of this
breeil.
The Holderness, Alderny, and some others that
have hccn imjiorted, I atn not particularly intimate
with ; but those which I have seen, if pure
blood, have not sufiicicntly commended themselvei
to my partiality to believe them the best
Of'the short horned Durham, there appears ti
be two kinds; one of the "Champion" stoc
ported by Gen. Van Rensselaer; the other of the
" Wye Comet," owned by John Hare I'ouel, Esq
of Philadelphia, both of which are figured in the
3d vol. of the Memoirs of the N. Y. Board of Ag-
riculture. I have seen many of those like thf
"Champion," and although superior and very fin<
cattle, T am inclined to think the cows are no
more than ordinary milkers. The steers and bulli.
that I have seen, appear also to be heavy boned,
running to offal, and of course less profitable to
the butcher. I lately saw a very superior stock of
Durham cattle in Dutchess county, consisting of
about twenty cows, several calves, and a bull ; all
fat, sleek, large and handsome; but was informed
that the cows wei-e not more than ordinary milk-
ers, although some of them were of celebrated
names, and had been purchased at very high pri-
ces. There were two or three native red cowd
among them, that, were I to choose lor profit, I
should select in preference,
The " AVye Comet" I never saw. But Mr Bow-
ed imported a remarkably fine red hull last y
of the same breed, and two cow.s which I saw that
From the Genesee Farmer.
FATTENING HOGS ON SWEET APPLES.
Mr Editor — I have long believed, that
almost a literal hog factory cotdd he establish-
ed, and that the manual labor necessary to be em-
ployed in it would be small. The hilly part of
our state, it seems to me, is remarkably well ad-
a[)ted to such an establishment. Lands are cheap,
and it is a great fruit country — especially for ap-
pies.
Here, then, is my plan. I would select
some rolling, or rather steep lands. On these, at
a proper width, I would ])lant sweet apples, and
between the rows might be peach trees, which
would probably perish by the time the apple trees
would need their room. My apples should be all
sweet, or very nearly sweet. They should be se--
lected from the largest trees and best bearers. The
delicacy or lusciousness, and size of the fruit,
slundd form only secondary considerations. Quan-
tity and sweetness woidd be my main object. I
would aim at a complete arrangement, as to time
of ripening, from the earliest ripe to the latest, so
that my hogs should at each period have plenty of
Olid ripe fruit. I would plant a large quantity of
winter fruit, which I would keep in caves to win-
ter upon. Stock hogs, I suppose, would do well
on apples left under the trees till Christmas, after
liich they would have to be fed till the coming
of clover, with which my orchard should, except
when ploughed for the benefit of the trees, be cov-
ered. When I ])loughed, I would sow with oats
or barley, and renew the clover. Such is my the-
ory. I have been reflecting on it for some years,
were very superior milkers. These differ from »<>'l liave not yet had it in my power to make any
the first named in being deeper in the body, short- Nl'sfactory experiments. A friend of mine had
cr legged, broader ou the chest, back and hips, and 'Wo acres of well grown trees of natural fruit,
of a^nore docile appearance. The udder of the chiefly sour. He was going to cut it down, alleg-
cow is placed forward, the navel is large, and tiny ing that his grafted orchard aflbrded sufiicient
are not inclined to take on so much fat while in
milk as others. The finest animal that I have ev-
er seen of the last described, excejit Mr Powel's,
is the young "Admiral," owned by Mr Jenkins of
Canandaigtui. He is now three years old, his col-
or almost white, with red spots, and of most jier-
fect ])roportions. His weight must be from fifteen
fruit ; that he had tried turning his apples into
both cider and brandy, and that he could make
nothing by either. I told him my theory. About
the last of July he put in twenty five hogs, thirteen
of which were of pretty good size, ^he others
shoats and pigs. The lot had on it little or no
grass. No slop or feed was given. At the end
to eighteen hundred pounds. I hope for his own I o'' two months and a half, the hogs were in fine
and the public's benefit, that Mr Jenkins will send i onler. and one of them being killed, the meat was
a description and pedigree of that beautiful ani- 1 esteemed delicious. My friend has given up cut-
mal to the Genesee Farmer. Such remarkably | ting ti""" '"^ trees.
fine cattle ought to be extensively known. | I wish some good farmer, who has sweet apples
Were I to say which of the foreign kinds of i to spare, would jnit up four pigs of the same lit-
cattle I prefer for all useful purposes, I would an- ' ter in two pens, and two in each pen ; that he
swer the short horned Durham, of the " Admiral'' would weigh and set down the weight of each ;
stock. I believe them to be the best milkers and that he would give two of them corn and water,
the most profitable for beef. I doubt whether and two of them ripe sweet apples and water, and
they will make superior working oxen, and do nothing else ; that he woidd measure and keep an
still believe that tlie best Massachusetts cattle I account of both the apples and the corn fed to
can receive little improvement from any foreign to them ; that after a proper course of feeding he
kind, except a cross from the Durham. My opin- 1 would kill all foiu', weigh and set down the weight ;
ions, however, I advance with some hesitation, that he would salt the meat and smoke it ; and that
and I have thrown out these hints more for the
purpose of eliciting the opinions of others, than as-
intending to instruct. Were it in your power, I
should he pleased to see the prints of the two ani-
mals of which I spoke in the ''Memoirs," insert-
ed in the Farmer, as they gi\ e most excellent ideas
of what constitute fine cattle.
The proper selection of stock is an important
subject to the farmer, and their attention cannot
be too earnestly turned to it.
ITLMUS.
after having its quality inspected, tasted and tried,
he would publish the whole.
Notwithstanding my present imperfect know-
ledge, I have planted a number of sweet apple
trees, and am preparing to plant more, both with
reference to this object and the making of apple
molasses. Are there apples of supeiior quality
for these purposes in the State of New York, or
elsewhere ? and if so, how can I obtain grafts
grown there in Belmont county, in the State of
Ohio .' Valuable winter sweet apples, growing on
Vol. XI.-No. 15.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
nr
large, tlirif'iv trees, and good bearers, are especial-
ly desirable. ELI NICHOLS.
LoydsvilU;- Belmont Co. Ohio, Stpt. 14, 1832.
From the Long Island Star.
ISABELLA WIIVE.
It lias become generally known, among tny
friends and acquaintance, that last season I made a
quantity of wine from tlie Isabella grape ; in con-
sequence of which I have had numerous applica-
tions withiti two or three weeks to furnish the re-
ceipt by which I made the wine. I have only re-
fraine<l heretofore from publishing it from the
knowledge of my own inexperience in the matter ;
I would now refer inquirers to that excellent work
of Mr Allium, of Georgetown, D. C. and also to
the translation of a French work of Thiebaut de
Berneaud, published by Mr Cunfield of New York,
where full information may be found on the
cultivation of the vine, and the manufacture of
wine.
I feel it a duty, however, to give a statement of
ray process last season, which was successful in
yielding me fifty gallons of excellent wine, from a
grape which is becoming very plentiful among us.
not yet perfectly ripe. In a few weeks I shall
probably make a greater quantity of wine than
last season ; and as some of my neighbors are also
attempting the same, I hope to be gratified in
hereafter giving our experiments to the public.
ALDEN SPOONER.
Brooklyn, Oct. 10, 1832.
From the Transactions of the London Horticultural Society.
CULTIVATION OF THE HORSERADISH.
By Jens Peter Peterson.
"In the autumn, when the roots are taken out
of the ground, select all the small side roots from
9 to 12 inches in length, and as thick as a quill, or
tliereabouts ; tie them in bunches, and preserve
tliem in a place protected from the frost, during
the winter. The planting is commenced in the
beginning or middle of April. In dry weather,
divide the ground into beds 4 ft. wide (some make
tliem only 3 ft. wide.) These beds are with me
raised a little with the mould out of the alleys, so
that they are about a couple of inches liigher in
the middle than on the sides next the alleys. With
a woollen cloth rub off all the lateral fibres from
the roots above described, and also pare off each
and which I had not known to have been fairly I extremity, so that the wounds may be fresh; then
tested as a wine grape. plant them, by inserting them horizontally into the
1. I gathered the grapes when well ripe and -'^'''•'S of the elevated beds, about a foot apart, and
dry, but did not exclude green and unripe grapes, I ■" " quincuncial manner, so that the bottom part
nor pick them from the stems. \ "f 'he root is about t> or 7 inches below the siir-
2. Crush and bruise them in any way without &'=<'> ^^^ 'he top, or crown end of the root, stands
breaking the seed. If the skin of the grape is on- ' "ttle out of the side of the bed, remembering that
ly broken, it is sufficient, as the pulp will dissolve ''"^ '"oots are to be inclined a little, so that their
during the first fermentation. lower extremity is rather deeper than their upper.
tion in the day and confinement at night. I open
my back lights, in almost any weather, close to
the trees. In frosty weather, 1 increase my fire as
much as may be necessary to enable me to contin-
ue to give air without actually allowing the tem-
perature to fall to 32*^. In this manner I proceed
very slowly, uutil the blossoms are all set; at
which time, if the forcing has been well conduct-
ed, the foliage should be a deep green, firm, and
perfectly well formed. I subsequently raise the
temperature, at first, to 65", and afterwards grad-
ually 10 70° ; increasing the moisture of the at-
mosphere at the same time, and always taking
care to keep the ventilation as abundant as I pos-
sibly can. By this means I find the crop of cher-
ries certain and abundant, without the use of tan,
leaves, or any bottom heat."
3. Put the must (or pomace) into an open cask
or vessel, (which I shall cd\\'a.vat) and stir it we
during the first day, keeping it covered over the
top wirh a cloth.
4. The must will rise in the vat for three or
four days, and when it has ceased to rise, the li
quor must be drawn from the bottom of the vat
as long as it will run.
5. Press the must in any convenient way, to
extract the remainder of the juice.
6. Put it in a cask, which should be full, in or-
der that the impurities may flow over by fermen
tation at the bung.
7. Put two pounds of sugar to each gallon of
liquor, unless you choose to risk the possibility of
your wine becoming vinegar.
8. Fill up the cask as often as it sinks below the
bung.
9. After it ferments 8 or 10 days put in the
bung and leave a very small vent by the side of it.
10. After reraainiug about two months, rack it
off into a clean sweet cask, well scented with a
brimstone match, burnt within. If it is not fine
and bright, it woidd be well to fine it with the
whites of eggs beat up with sand.
11. Ill the month of March it should be again
racked off into a cask or bottles, and placed away
for use.
The wine will be of a beautiful red color, and
will at first appear sweet, but will gradually be-
come sharper and still retain the delightful flavor,
as well as odor of the grape. Mine has not yet
attained a year in age, and 1 cannot tell what
changes might be effected by time.
The Isabella grapes are very plenty this season,
but by reason of the wet and cold, are much infe-
rior in flavor to what they were last year, and are
In the latter end of June, or some time in July,
cut off with a sharp knife all the lateral fibres of
each root, which is done by placing the foot on
the lower extremity, and carefully lifting the root
out of the ground as far as may be necessary.
This operation is performed two or three times
every summer. When the operation is over, re-
place the roots as before, and cover them with
mold. The roots or fibres which are left at the
Commerce of Boston. — The whole number of
foreign arrivals during the year 1831, was 766.
The number of foreign clearances during the last
year, was 679.
The number of foreign arrivals from Jan. 1st
to Sept. 30, this year, is 828. The number of
foreign clearances during the same time this year,
is 720.
Revenue. of Boston. — From October 1, 1830, to
December 31, 1830, $882,404 58
Jan. 1, 1831, to March 31, 1831, 930,027 17
April 1, 1831, to June 30, 1831, 1,213,.559 52
July 1, 1831, to Sept. 30, 1832, 1,898,523 07
Total, $4,924,514 34
From Oct. 1, to Dec. 31, 1831, $1,185,482 24
Jan. 1, to March 31, 1832, 1,336,196 05
April, 1, to June 30, 1832, 1,310,934 19
Oct. 1, to Sejit. 30, '32, estimated at 1,625,000
Total, $5,457,612 48
Showing an excess over the last year of .$533,-
098,14.— Pos<.
Cattle.— We understand that oxen for the stall
end of the main root, and not disturbed (for the , ^« "^-" « "nuerstana tnat oxen lor the stall
operation must be done carefully,) are sufliciem to 'J^::'^ ^^"7 sold m this v.cm.ty at from $4,50 to
■■>,00 per hundred, r armers who have good cattle
intend to get $5,00, but feeders do not intend to
nourish the plant. In the third year the roots
have attained their full size. Laying the roots
horizontally has this advantage, that they are ea-
sily taken out of the ground without breaking ;
while cutting off the side roots makes the main
root grow straight and thick. It is advisable to
plant a bed every year. To keep the ground clear
of weeds need not be mentioned."
METHOD OF FORCING CHERRIES.
By Benjamin Law.
" I put the cherry trees into my houses, giving
them but very little water at the close of the year,
by which I find them better prepai'ed for blooming
strongly in the spring. Their pots have a capaci-
ty of from two quarts to two gallons, according to
the size of the plants; but the soil in which they
are planted is by no means rich ; for I have ob-
served that highly manured soil is a]it to make the and wood.— Aor</mm;)(o!i (.Mass.) Gazette.
shoots too luxuriant, and to cause them to gum.
When I begin to force, I continue to water but
sparingly, and take care to admit, both by night
as well as by day, as much air as the weather will
permit ; this is particularly necessary : for there is
nothing which is so much calculated to render the
cherry impatient of forcing, as alternate ventila-
give quite so much. Thirty or forty 3 and 4
years' old steers from Vermont, fit for the butcher,
were recently disposed of in Hatfield and other
towns at about $4,00 per hundred. We are in-
formed that ordinary beef for barrelling brings
$3,50 in Albany. — Hamp. Gaz.
Spontaneous Combustion. — Some few days since
some persons in the western part of this town
made a large tent, for use at camp meetings, &c.
It contained about 100 yards of cotton cloth filled
with oil, &c, to make it proof against rain. Be-
fore it was entirely dry, it was rolled up one eve-
ning and laid in a building. The next morning
it was found on fire, and the greater part of it con-
sumed. Spontaneous combustion often originates
in oil and cotton, oil and wool, and sometimes oil
Benjamin Thompson, Esq. of Hingham, has sent
to the office of the New England Farmer, a sun-
flower, measuring in circumference three feet four
inches. Its diameter in a right line is between
thirteen and fourteen inches, and the diameter
across the face of the flower is sixteen inches.
118
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
October 24, 1832.
srsw 32isr>iJ'2»iisfS2) s'iiissasjBa
Boston, Wednesday Evening, October 34, 1833.
BLACK SEA WINTER WHEAT.
Extract of a letter from E. Marvin, Esq. a distinguished
farmei- in Cliataiique county, N. Y. to to the editor of
the New England Farmer.
"The best and largest kernelled wheat I had
this season was sown in January. Tliis has inva-
riably been the case with the Black S.'^a wheat in
this section of the country. Wheat that will bear
late sowing escapes three important accidents: it
will not be thrown out of the ground by frost, nor
killed by deep snows, and no insect can find a
home in the stalker root d tiring the winter ; so
that if the spring is favorable, there is nothing to
prevent its coming forward with a strong and rap-
id growth. We usually have, as you do on the
sea-board, three or four days in January in which
the frost is out of the top of the ground ; I then
sow my Black Sea Wheat, and prefer it to a crop
of spring wheat."
03" Mr Russell has just received a few bushels of
this valuable grain from Mr Marvin— for sale at the
New England Farmer ofiBce. It is well cleaned from
all foul seeds, and has a very plump kernel.
At this meeting, Mr Nathaniel Faxon of Bos'
ton, was admitted as a member.
WILLIAM KENRICK.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiTURDii, Oct. 20, 1832.
FRUITS EXUIBITED.
Apples. By Dr Fiske of Worcester, a very
large Red Api)le of a fine and rather swcel flavor,
name unknown ; from his late father's farm in
Brookfield. Also, a very beauiifulVjark red ap-
ple of handsoine size nnil very srfert — a native
fruit. Holland Pippin, called (Quince Apple at Wor-
cester, very large. By E. Bartlett, Esq.Vicc Pres.
Royal Pound, a very large,oblong apple, ribbed at its
sides, of a green color, but not in eating. By John
Mackay, Esq. of Weston, Mackny Sweeting, a large
globular formed apple, of a fine straw color and
very beautiful ; of a very pleasant and slightly acid
taste. Also, Maiden^s Blush, Holland Pippin, K.
I. Greening, Baldicins, Roxhiry Russetings, all
very fine specimens; and may very justly compete
for the premium. By II. Manning of Salem, from
a native tree in IMiddleton, a beautiful apple of
handsome size and flat form ; striped with red on
a yellowish ground ; of a sweet and fine flavor.
By Mr Vila, specimens from his country resi-
dence, Bedford, of a yellow, round, and very hand-
some apple, of medium size, with a blush next
the sun — name unknown — not in eating.
By Mr Thomas C. Hay ward of Windham,
Conn. Pound Royal, an apple cidtivated during the
last fifty years in that section of the country ; an
apple of a large size and globular form ; of a green
color and good flavor ; a middliug bearer and
keeps from November to February.
By Rev. G. B. Perry of East Bradford, very
beautiful apples, (name unknown) of small size,
but of fine flavor.
By ■ , Pomme d'Api.
Pears. By E. Bartlett, Esq. Cnpiaiimont, \e,vy
fine ; Lewis, not in eating ; Marie Louise, and
BartlcU Pears of the second crop.
Q\dnees. By E. Vose, Esq. of Dorchester, Or-
ange Qidnces, of very large size, and beautiful ap-
pearance.
ABSTRACT OF PREMIUMS,
Awarded by the Massaehuseits Society for the Pi
motion of AgiicuUxire, at their Cattle Shoiv, ]ttt
Brighton, Oct. I7th, 1832.
Ploughing Match. — Two yoke Oxen — fir
Plough, T. H. Merriam, Concord, $15, and .-is drlvi r
$4; (iloughmun, OtisMerriam §8. Second Plougl,
Charles Howard, Hingham, $10; ploughman, M-
Fearing, $5 ; J. Cushmau, driver, 3. Third Ploug
A. H. Wheeler, Concord, $G, and as ploughma
S3 ; J. Jejison, driver, $2.
One ^oke Oxen. — First Plough, Samuel Iloai
Lincoln, f~ 15 ; as ploughman, §8, and as driver, $4
Second Plough, T. P. Merriam, Concord, SIO, ani
as ])loughman $5 ; Royal T. Marble, driver, $J
Third Plough, Abicl H. Merriam, $6, and as plough'
man §3 ; Samuel Blood, driver, $2.
To the Plough deemed best of all used at th
Ploughing Match, Chas. Howard, Hingham, $10]
For the best Bull, above one year old, Roswel
Convers, New Braintree, S20 ; next best, William
Worthington, Dorchester, $10. (The cotiniiittee
did not think any of the Bull Calves offored for
premium, of such superior qualities .is to merit
any of the premiums.) For the best Cow, not less
than three years old, James Osborn, Stow, $23 j
next best, William Watts, Concord, .$15 ; next
best, William Bright, Watertown, $10. For the
5420
peci-
boro', $20. [Mr C. made 2626 lbs. Butter an
Ills. Cheese from 27 Cows, within the lime
d.]
Inventions. — For a Patent Threshing Machine,
Sanniel Lane, §20; Road Machine, Ira Draper,
Saugus, $10 ; Mud Shoes for horses to travel on
marshes, do. $5 ; Improvement in enlarging Barns,
S. Chamberlain, $10; Machine for Saving Bees
and Preserving Honey, Rev. J. Barbour, $20 ;
Improved Steam Stove, T. G. Fessendon, ]3oston,
$10.
IIOUSF.S WARMED, AND MEAT ROASTED
BY MEANS OF HOT WATER.
Truly this is the ago of invention and improve-
ment. Our meats roasted hy hot wafer ! What
next ? The Providence Journal says : —
We find in the English Gardener's Magazine,
the nnnexed description of an improved method
of boating hot-houses. The inventor is Mr A. M.
Perkins, son of Mr Jacob Perkins, the celebrated
" steam impeller," who has won so much for
the credit of American invention and science in
London.
The improvement is a plan for heating hot-
hotises by the circulation of hot water in herniet-
ically sealed tubes, of small diameter. However
favorable this plan may be for heating hot-houses,
the advantage for that class of structures are as
g compared to those which it offers for
healinir dwelling houses and all kinds of manu-
factories. Water may be circulated, under ordi
best Heifer, (havTng had a calf) Oliver Cook, nary circumstances of attention to the fire, at from
300 tn 600 degrees. It is found that 400 degrees
^i!i roast meat. Mr Perkins is constructing for
Brighton, .$15 ; ne.xt best Nathaniel Clajjp, Dnr-
chestcr, $10; next best. Bloody Jloorc, Waltliani,
.$5. For the best Heifer, (not having had a calf)
Lewis Ilolbrook, Sherburne, $12 ; next best, B. ! 1<^
Shurtlefi; Jr. Chelsea, $10 ; next best, E. H. Derby,
Medfield, $8 ; next best, Vernal Barber, Sherburne, j 'or the purpose of cookery, and for heating re-
86. For the best Ox, (fitted for slaughter) Win. serve cisterns of cold water, or masses of metal or
Eager, Northboro', $25; next best, Ichabod How, niMoniy, for various domestic purposes, including
lAn^elf an oven for roasting by water. This will
lad to beneficial changes in domestic arrangp-
lAnUs. Water at 500" or, at least, water at 330"
of Stow, $20 ; next best, Wm. Wetherbee, Nortl
boro', $10. For the best pair of working oxen,
Silas Conant, Concord, $25 ; next best. Royal T.
Marble, Sutton, 620; next best, Sherman Barrett,
Concord, $15; next best, Samuel Learned, Wa-
tertown, §12; next best George M. Barrett, Con-
cord, $8.
For the best Dishley Ram, E. Silsby, Boston,
820 ; do. do. Ewe, do. do. $20. For the best
South Down Ram, S. Jaques, Charlestown, $20;
do. do. Ewe, do. do. $20. For the best Boar, not
exceeding 2 years old, John Maokay, $12 ; no;!
best, do. §8 ; next best, George M. Barrett, $5.
For the best Sow, J. Mackay, $12: ne.xt best, I.
Robbin.s, $8 ; next best, J. Mackay, $5. For the
best ]>igs, J. Robbins $10: next best, J. Macka\ ,
$5.
For the best Butter, L. Chamberlain, Westboro',
$20; next best, Stephen Hastings, Sterling, $15.
For the best Cheese, not less than one year old,
Daniel Hunter, New Braintree, $20 ; next best,
Hollis Tidd, do. $15; for the best Cheese, less
than 1 year old, R. Convers, New Braintree, $10;
next best Luther Hunter, do. $5. For the greatest
quantity of Butter and Cheese made between May
15 and Oct. 1, from not less than four Cows, the
quantity of Butter and Cheese and the number of
Cows to be taken into consideration, and specimcn.s
to be exhibited at the Show of not less than 20
lbs. of each, and the mode of feeding, if anything
besides pasture is used, Luther Chamberlain, West-
warming room.s, heating baths, launders, &c, may
at no distant time, be circidated by com])anies in
the same manner as gas: and, in London, instead
of one fire for every room, as at present, there
may be only one in a parish, or in every square of
an acre in area.
H'ool. — At New Y'ork last week, the increased
activity liad been continued, notwithstanding the
reluctance to pay the pcesent prices : the market
was better supplied, the arrivals from the country
being more free. At Philadeljiliia, the few sales
reported were of the finer descriptions at some-
thing higher prices; these descriptions were in
gnod request, but the coarser kinds were dull of
sale. Public sales are advertised of 120 bales
Spanish and 50 bales Portuguese, on the 13th at
Philadelphia, and a few bales Saxony lambs and
Sheep on the same day at New York. A London
date of 31st August, says — "The first of a series
of sales of Colonial and other Wools took place
yesterday, and was fully attended by the manu-
facturers and others. The Australian wore gen-
erally of improved quality, and nnich spirit was
displayed at the sale. Of Australian 828 bales
were put up, and lower qualities sold at Is 4d to
Is 9d : better fleeces Is lOd to 2s 3d, and some
fine samples realized 2s 4d to 2s 7^<\, the last lots
being exceedingly good. The sale went off brisk-
ly. The German and Portugal Wools fetched
good prices also.
Voi. XI.— No. 15.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
119
Trees, &c.
ftFRS PARMENTIER, al the Hoificultural Botanic
Garden, Brooklyn, L. I. two miles from New Yorlc, of-
fers for sale a choice collection of Pear, Apple, Peacli,
Plum, Cherry, Quince, &c, Trees, Grape Vines, Orna-
mental trees and Shrubs — Greea-house and Herbaceous
ill:inls.
Also, the Morus mullicaulls, or true Chinese Mulber-
ry, of which any quantity not exceeding ten thousand
can be turnished.
Orders (or Boston, may be sent to Mr John B. Russell's
Agriculturnl Warehouse, No. DOJ North iHailcet Street,
Boston. Orders by mail will be carefully attended to.
Brooklyn, Oct. 10th, 1832. 4t
Pear Sepdlings for Sale, &c.
PEAR SEEDLINGS of vigorous growth and promis-
ing appearance, raised within six miles of Boston, in fine
order for nurseries— the largest size are fiom 18 to 24
inches in lensjih, the whole plant; price $10 per thou-
sand ; the second size from 12 to IS inches in length ;
price $3 per thousand. They will be suitably packed as
wanted, for transportion to any distance. Orders accom-
panied with tlie cash, will be immediately attended to.
Black Sea Wheat.
JUST received a few bushels of the celebrated Black
Sea Wheat, described by Mr Marvin in this week's
New England Farmer, and raised by him near Lake
Erie ; price $3 per bushel. It is thought this will prove
a valuable acquisition to ySew England ; the seed is of re-
niaikably fine appearance, wholly free from small grains
on mixture withotiier seeds, and we think cannot fail to
Sive satisfaction. Farmers are requested to call and ex-
amine it. Oct. 24
Trees.
As the best season for transplanting Trees,
especially for Orchards, is approaching, the
subscriber olfers for sale, at his NurseVy, an
assortment of Pear, Peach, Cherry, Plum,
Apricot, and Apple Trees, of the most approv-
cil qualities, of extra size, and in healthy and flourishing
condition. Gentlemen desirous of a few Trees for thei°
enclosures, or a supply for an Orchard, of early bearing,
may find an abundance which have either blossomed, or
art now in fruit. These may be transplanted with little
exira hazard. Also, Horse Chesnuts, Catalpas, Thorn
Acacias, the seed of which he gathered at Mount Vernon,
from a tree overshailoimng the tomb «/' Washington-,—
toirether with 6000 White Mulberry Trees, Altheas, and
other ornamental shrubbery. 0. FISKE.
Worcester, Sept. 2G.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
White Mulberry Trees.
SIX hundred White Mulberry trees, of fine size and
appearance, for sale, of large and thrifty growth, 4 years
old from seed. Inquire at this Office, or at the Farm of
Elizabeth Wales in Dorcliester. 3t» Oct. 25.
Fruit Trees, &c.
FOR sale at the Nursery of William Kenrick,
■ in Newton, near Boston, a most extensive
: variety of the best kinds of Fruit Trees and
Rrape Vinos, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs,
Heibaceous Plants, &c. Green House Plants
lurnished when ordered. All written orders will be duly
received by the daily mail, and promptly attended to;—
or if left with J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, 50.t North
Market Street, Boston, or any of the other Ao-enis they
will receive iumiediate attention. " '
The location of this Nursery is 6^ miles from State
Street m Boston, and a mile and a halfdue west of Brighton
meeting house, and very near the ijreat western road.
TREES, &c, are delivered in Boston, without charge
for transportation ; and when ordered for distant plac ~s
by land or sea, they are frithlully packed in clay, or moss!
and m»tts, and duly labelled.
The new Catalogues furnished gratis to all who apply ;
or they may be had on application to J. B. Russell, Seeds-
man, Boston, or any of the other Agents. Oct. 17.
Lead.
SHEET Lead, of all dimensions; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Cast lion Pumps, constantly for
sale by ALBERT FEARING & CO., No. 1 City Wharf
Boston, Oct. IGth, 18J2. tf
Merino and Saxony Sheep.
FOR Sale, Two Hundred fine Sheep, partly full Blood
Meruio, and partly mixed with imported Saxony Sheep
They have been kept for years in the vicinity of Boston
and are warranted pure. Inquire of .Mes.-rs Thomas
Lord &. Co., State Street. 3t
Double Pink Roots.
FOR sale at the New England Seedstore,No. 50.t
North Market Street,
An assortment of the finest Double Pink Roots of .lif-
ferent colours, selected by an amateur, originally iroiii the
Botanic Gaiden at Cambridge Some of the sorts have
produced flowers the past summer 2* Inches in diameter
and are conshlered equal to any cultivated in the vicinity
of Boston They are now in fine order for transplanting,
are packed iQ moss for safe tiansDortation any distance
and are offered at the low price uf 25 cts. per root.
Also, a few large Double Crimson Pa-ony roots, packed
m moss, at the same price,
Splendid Bulbons Roots.
JUST received at the Agricultural Warehouse and
Sred Store, No. 50.i North Market Sti-cet, a large assort-
mi-nt of Bulbous Flower Roots, comprising the finest va-
rieties of
HYACINTHS: (Double and single,) dark blue,
porcelain blue, red, rosy colored, pure while with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eves;
from I2.Jto$l each. •' '
TULIPS : Splendid variegated, red, yellow, and mixed ;
12^ cents each, $1 per dozen: assorted, with the colors
m.irked on each ; (our assortment of fine tulips is very
large, and we are enabled to put many sorts as low as
.f« per hundred; an object to those who wish to form a
superb tulip bed.)
CROWN IMPERIALS: Assorted, of the most splen-
diJ colors and showy flowers, large roots ; 25 cents each
(uxira fine roots.) '
JONQUILLES: Swcetscentcd, finest roots 12.-1 cts
eacli, .$1 per dozen.
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS: Fragrant, white
wilh citron cups, extra sized .roots, 124 to 25 cents each-
DOUBLE NARCISSUS: 'Fragrant, of all colors
12^ cents each, $1 per dozen. '
SPRING CROCUS : Of all colors, 61 cents each
511 cents per dozen. '
LARGE GLADIOLUS or SWORD LILIES, Vlh cents
e:ich, !j{;l per dozen.
Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, compiisino-
Large While fragrant Lilies, 12.^ cents each, 1 dollar per
dozen. Tiger (spotted) Lilies, same price'; Maitao-on, or
Turk's Cap Lilies, samepiice. "
The above roots are of the same superior character as
lho.se sold by us the last season, and which gave such
ersal satisf^iction ; some of the double Hyacinths
having produced bells one inch and eight tenths in diam-
eter.
Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots
lis not purchased at auction, and are all remarkable for
■ WAc i ■.:, and for the beauty and delicacy of lint of their
flower.-!.
Apples, russellings, .
Ashes, pot, first .«ort,
pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ■ . . .
prime, ....
Cargo, No. 1, .
BuTTEU, inspected. No. 1. new,
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed, ....
FLotjit, Baltimore, Hov.'ard-street,
Genesee, . . .
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
Corn, Southern yellow.
Rye, . . .
Barley,
Oats, .
Hay
Hog's Lakd, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st quality,
Lime, .....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern,
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Jlerino, fiill blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths, washed, .
Merino, half blood, ' .
Merino, quarter, ,
Native, washed,
2 f Pulled superfine,
S-=' I 1st Lsmlis, . .
f=<j2d, " . .
^ List Spinning, . .
barrel
FROM TO
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
bushel
cask
ton
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt.
pound
2 00
105 00
1211 00
112 00
10 (10
6 25
7 50
12
«
1 1
6 50
6 00
6 00
6 12
85
83
1 00
60
42
50
10 00
20 00
190
3 00
17 00
13 00
12 75
2 50
1 00
8 50
50
55
42
3S
2 50
107 00
125 00
115 00
10 50
6 37
8 00
14
125
6 87
6 25
6 50
6 25
90
85
1 12
70
55
62
U 00
25 00
125
3 25
17 50
14 00
13 00
2 75
125
11
8 75
55
65
45
40
35
33
52
42
33
28
Veterinary Pump.
MAWS Improved Veterinary Pump, for Administer-
ing Clysters to Horses, Cattle, Dogs, £ic. Also, for In-
jecting and Extracting from the Stomach.
J By means of this Instrument any quantity of fluid may
bfe injected with any requisite force, and without the
necessity of once removing the Pipe until the operation
is completed. When ihe animal is restless, as is usually
l/ie case in Gripes and Inflammation of the Bowels, the
length and flexibility of the Elastic Tubeing sffuviis <^reat
facility and security, as the operator may stand at a'con-
siderable distance, or even in an adjoinin<v stall.
For sale by Eben. Wight, Druggist, 46'Milk Street
Oct. II tf
Sweet Potatoes.
For sale at the Horticultural Garden in Lancaster
Mass., by the subscriber. One Hundred bushels of Sweet
Potatoes, red, white and yellow, of excellent quality.
Price .f 1,00 per bushel, or $2,00 per barrel.
JOSEPH BRECK,
Lancaster, Mass , Oct. 2, 1832.
PRO VISION
EEF, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal,
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)
MARKET.
pound
10
, "
9
"
6
"
7
"
4
"
9
"
25
dozen
16
bushel
..
50
barrel
2 00|
62
4 00
Straw Wanted.
A few Tons of Barley or Oat Straw, suitable for Beds
wanted at the House of Industry, South Boston '
3w
Durham Short Horn BnU.
A fine animal four years old, full blood, progeny veiy
promising, for sale, if applied for soon at this office,
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Oct. 22,1832.
Eoporteil for the Daily AdvertiBer ami Patriot.
At Market this day 2140 Beef C.itlle, 875 Stores (in-
eluding iiljout 300 unsold last week,) 3250 Sheep, and
2123 Swine, (including about 700 Swine before re-
ported.)
Prices. Eee/ Cattle.— We quote extra at $5,95, a
5,60; prime at $4,84 a 5,25 ; good at f 4,25, a 4,75. Bar-
relling Cattle— Mess at $4, No. 1, at $3,50, a 3,75.
Stores.— Two year old at from $11 to 15 ; yearlings at
from §6 to 10.
Cows and Calves.— We noticed sales at $15, 19, 23,
and 27. '
Sheep.— Sa]es were effected in lots at $1,50, 1,7.5, 1,84,
2, 2,17, and 2,25. Wethers, $2, 2,25, 2,62, and $3.
Swine.— We noticed one lot of about 150 old hogs,
more than half Sows, taken at 3c. ; one lot of 400 shoals,
more than half shoats, at 23c. ; one lot of 30 to close,
half harrows, at 3c. ; two small selected lots barrows,
very prime, at 4^0. ; one lot of 50 selected, half bar-
rows at 3ic. ; at retail 4c. for sows and 5c. for barrows.
New York, Oct. 90.— In Market this week, 1000
Beef Ca'tle, 5000 Sheep and Lambs. Sales slow, and
no variation in last week's prices. A large proportion
of amount of stock remain over. Live Swine in demand,
and sell quick. Beef Cattle, $5 a 6,50; Sheep, $2 a 5;
Lambs, $1,23, a 2,75 ; Live Swine, 3 a 34 Daily Adv.
120
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
October 24, 1832.
ITIiscellany
English Songs and other small Poems. By Bar-
ry Cornwall.— This a volume filled, even to over-
flowing with exquisite things. No living writer
has been visited by more delicate fancies, and de-
lightful thoughts, and tender sentiments, than Bar-
ry Cornwall. ***** We could li:ilf fill our pa-
per with prettincsses, of almost every kind and
degree, from the volume ; but we must restrict
ourselves to a few. There is nothing in Herrick
more exquisite than the following.— i-ojif/o?! Lit-
trary Gazette.
SPRING.
When the wind blows
In the sweet losc-tree,
And the cow lows
On the fragrant lea,
And the stream flows
All bright and free,
'Tis not for thee, 'tis not for me ;
'Tis not for any one here, I trow :
The gentle wind bloweth.
The happy cow loweth.
And the merry stream floweth,
For all below !
O the Spring ! the bountiful Spring I
She shineth and smileth on everything.
Where comes the sheep ?
To the rich man's moor.
Where cometh sleep ?
To the bed that's poor.
Peasants must weep,
And kings endure ;
That is a fate that none can cure ;
Yet Spring doth all she can. I trow ;
She brings the bright hours.
She weaves the sweet flowers
She drdsseth her bowers,
/ For all below !
Q the Spring, &c.
to sit three hours, without movitjg, on a hard oak
board four inches wide? It is perfect torment.
Linnaean Botanic Garden and Nurseries.
Flushing, near New Yokk.
and yet in some school houses this is expected. 1 , WM. PRINCE & SONS, in offering their V™ Ca.a-
-I ,. , ■ L 1 incite* J/iitn reauccuprifes, desire to State tilut their Fruit
Besides, as squalid poverty mjures the morals, so j^.^.^^ ^re oilarge size and vigorous growth, .uid cannot
a miserable school house injures the mind. The f.iil to give perfect satisfaction liy their superiority. They
best printed books and the best built houses shouhl are theietore well calculated to icpaii in pari "the losses
, J r .1 . M„ 1^, „„, „,io ,>!, ocnisioned by the last severe winter. Ormimental Trets
be reserved tor the vounsr. Nor et any one ph- , „, ,„•'„ „, . r j ci^ , . j
uc n,^ciyi-u lui i,iv^ • p J j^ n»« .Snruos, can also be sup|ilied of tile l.irgest size, and
ject that it is fanciful to attribute so tnuch to the the collection otiicrtacfOHs i-'/otCf rm^ /"/ojK.?, is a con-
make of a building. Some of the most important : ceniration of the beautilul and interesting, and unrivalled
extent. The collection of Ro
been made an
,esults in politics, have come from causes equiily ,. . . . .. .■ , . ^ ,„ ,
.„. . , .1 • <• I „, oliject of great attention, and coiiiprises above 600 splen-
tnfling in appearance. It was the size of a hoi se ,,5^ ^..-ties ; lOO cf which are Chinese and other
that made two branches in the British Icgislatu: '
d has handed down to us and to all posterty
the important doctrine of a check in legislatioi : /««'?"«*• The assortment of Pa-onies, ini hides not
„ , ' ,. I ■■ 1 ■ enlv those found in Europe, but also nianv others ira-
of the concurrence of two bodies being uecessj 'y ■ ^^^.j^j ,,,y^jj j-^^^ China, or originated by ourselves.
to passing a law.
Monthly Roses. The Red Moss Roses, as well as others,
strong and vigorous, and the whole are put at very
Of the Chinese Mulberry, or Moms mullicaulis, (hero
m 1 „„ K„„„ 1„„ „ „.. „» ,„„r,, nC n»toi>r;,r, are several thousand thrifty trees of good size, and the
There has been also a great want of attentun _^^.^^ .^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^gg „-, ^^^, ,„o,_"^;55,„o ,or 5a,_
on the part of p.arents to the instructors ; and m j;c,,oo per dozen, or .f. 5,00 per half dozen. OUhe Vahlia,
the part of the instructors to the parents. Thire
should be a close intimacy and a perfect co-op r-
From the Newburyport Herald.
thr collection is particularly brilliant, and coiiiprises above
31)0 varieties, the most choice thatcoulil be selected from
the five largest collections of Europe, and the great stock
on hand, enables us tofix the prieis very low.
Many of the Flowerinir Shrubs and i-loses are ,so large,
tli.it several plants may be readily propagated from one,
tlio linest specimens beinjr selectid for orders from the
gri^at stock on hand. Where aniiniher of Roses, Preonics,
and Dahlias, are desired, a considerable discount will be
made. Of drape Vines, about 80,000 are now ready
for delivery, combining all the choicest Table and Wine
(ir.ipes, among which, there is a largo number of the
famous Syrian grape, and many thousand of the Isabellr.
and Calavvba, at reduced prices by tbo 100 or 1000. Of
the Camellia Japoniea, or Japan Rose, about 100 varie-
have been greatly increased ; and these, and other
en House Plants, are now ofiered at such low prices,
. 11-11 I Ihil this can no longer form an objection. Catalogues
heard. It is true, all jiarents know that childr n { ,vill be sent to every applicant, and as every invoice of
are partial and prejudiced creatures. They a e Trees, &c, has their pnnicii /learfnio- n»(t< sis"ature,\.
all ready to confess it in seneral terms ; yet, wli d ; '" particularly enjoined on all who do not apply direct, to
it comes to their own case, they are .tlmost U '":''', °" ""= "hove Proof of origin, without which no
,.,,., , ... , „ , ., i^itules are guaranteed. Those persons who are not
childish as the children themselves. " True, chd-l , n„versant with the different v.irieties ot fruit, can obtain
ation. I would advise every parent to get j :-
quainted with the school master, and every scho 1-
inaster to visit the parents of his jiiipils ; it wot Id
prevent a world of difficulties. It is astonishilg
what credulity there is, even in some strolg
minds, (this strong man's weak point,) iiibelieviig
the tales and tnisrepresentations of their childrei.
A boy is corrected, and goes home under the dee - ].'
est excitement, to tell his story. It is sure to ha e ,',
calumny enough ; if not a large quantity of po i- | tl
live lies. Parental partiality gets the better if | li
reason, and the instructor is condemned before he is
dren are not to be trusted ; hut my little Tommy -
I never caught him in a lie in my life. He speul
the Treatise on Fruits, which contains descriptions of
about 800 varieties, and the Treatises on the Vine and on
Horticulture, from Lord & llolbrook, and other vender*
• Kn >i.,,»K I ,I.,..o 00,. ;, ;= ;n^i..,.i:i,ln fU«, t^.v . noriicuiiure, irom j.oru k, iioidiook, anu oiiier vuimen
tlie trutn, I dare say — it la incrci lule tliat iom iiv . „ . , j,, , x r , v *
1 1 1 1- ,, IT ■ '" Hos'on ; and the best course for persons at a distance
sliould he. 1 es, very incredible, that an e\us- 1 jg ,,, ^^ on their local bookseller to send for them. The
of Garden Seeds who desire quantities imported
' vcnde
REV. h. WITHINGTON — ON COMMON
SCHOOLS.
The form of our school houses bas had no in-
considerable influence in sinking the- character of
our schools. Whoever has travelled through our , ., , , , ,
country towns rausc have noticed certain amhigu- 7°"' <^'"'^ '''a' ''^ has not deserved one
ous huts, of which be has doubts, whether they
were pens erected for certain greedy animals,
whom we feed to eat, or whether tbey are semi-
naries of learning. They seem to b? contrived by
certain ingenious architects to be inconvenient as
possible, and certainly Robert Fultpn never bit
his object better. The seats are narrow, the chil
perated boy, who has deserved twenty whippngs
before he has rcceiv
more since that one
not do, what men never do — no, not the coolest j and every communication will meet with prompt at-
— be an impaitial witness in his own cause, 'ention and the accustomed despatch.
There ought to be a complete partnership between I ^
ivcd one and deserved twiniy ' '^"'"" Europe, suitable for retailing, can be hirni^hed with
f ' . J e }. 1 Ilia Catalogue containing the low price at which we will
ncfor connected faults, .vhouid ;„,( .i';^,,, ^ credit will he given where desired.
masters and parents respecting government.
They ought to consult one another, support one
another, and never divide their strength. Tell
correc-
tion ; aiul it isi ten chances to one, but that he will
so behave as to receive a dozen more.
What are you thinking, my man ? said Lord
Hill, as he approached a soldier who w.^s leaning
in a gloomy mood upon his firelock, while arnuinl
him lay inanglcil thousands of French and Lii-
ilren crowded, the air close, though the windows glish ; it was a few hours after the battle of Sal:
are broken, the desks uneasy, the floor ripped up, j manea had been won by the British. The soldier
the plastering falling, the funnel broken, the room
smoky, iu short, a place for nothing, aiid every-
thing out of its place. I have heard a very re-
spectable man say, that he had known bad habits
For Sale.
A full Blood Alderney Bull and Heifer, two years old
last spring ; the Heifer in Calf by a full Blood .Mderncy
Bull, to come in June next. Apply at ibis Oflicc.
Oct. 9, 18:!2.
Published every Wednesday Kvening, nt 53 per annum,
payable at the end of the \ car — but Uiose wlio pay within
siity days frnni the time i)l' subscribin'.'. are entitled to a
deduction of lifty cents.
|l r" No paper wid be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. RtssEM., by I. R. Botts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to nicet the
wishes of customers. Orders i'vr I'riiiting received by J. B.
RussKLL. at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52. North
Market Street.
of the body, such as stooping and distortion con
tracted in these rooms of torture, fit for the pur-
poses of the inquisition. Even in larger towns
there is a miserable parsimony in erecting these
edifices. You can see the ghost of a dollar sit-
AGENTS.
-G. ThORBUHN & .'iilN
started, and after saluting his General answered —
I was thinking, my Lord, how many widows and iVew York—C. Thorbuhn & .Sun?. f,7 Liberiy-streot.
orphans I perhaps have this day mado, for one ^/6««J' — Wm. Thoruuks, 317 Market street.
_,'.,,. r r J J i p(li7a<;f^)/iM — D. .V C. LANiiRtTH, t!j Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the .\meric.an F.irinfr
shilling
Cincinnati— S. C. Parkhuest, 23 Lower Market-street.
A gentleman espying a number of misohi«vous I {ll'f';}"f ^'^Z "^ w ^^"""r ^ ^""'^ P'-opL'n-Bot.G vden
, "_ _ ._ ^^^ 1 ^ .__ a, . \ Middletury, Vt. — Wight Chapm.i.-i.
Ifarl/ord — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E.EnwARDs.
Hemburyport. — Erenezer Stkoman, Bookseller.
PortsmmtJi . N. H. — J. W. Fostjsr. Bookseller.
Sahoel Colmam, Bookseller.
little rogues in the act of carrying off n quant
ty of fruit from his orchard, without leave or li-
cense, bawled out very lustily, " What are you
ting on every Untel and door post. If anywhere! about there, you rascals!" ^'Ahovt going," said \'portla7id, Me
we should consult comfort, it is in these semin.v one, as he seized his hat, and scampered off at ■^"^'''"•j!^*';,"^^."; '*!*'"'■ „
, ., J TT 1 -1 , 1 1,1 ■ I •• i Hu&Aijr, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq,
nes of our children. How can vou expect a child I double quick time. 1 MaiUred L C — Henry Hillock
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
VOL.. XI
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NOETH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricoltdral WAREHonsE.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
NO. 16.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 31, 1832.
C o ui in n n i c a t i o n s .
^^FOR THE NEW E.VGLAND FARMER.
CULTURE OF THE STRAWBERRY.
SIr Fessenden ;—
Sir — Pjyliaps some of your readers may derive
benefit from my experience in tlie cnltivation of
that most delicious of fruits, strawberries ; the
usual method of cultivating this plant, whether the
aim be (piantity or quality, 1 think should be aban-
doned, for I am fully satisfied fi'om my own ex-
perience, that the practice of planting strawberries
in beds of from four to five feet in width, and per-
mitting tlic original plants to produce others from
their runners or offsets, and thus letting the bed
become completely overrun with vines, will be
foimd (at least my experience has taught me
so) less productive than keeping them in separate
bunches or hills as originally planted. I have two
beds of this fruit in my garden ; one is not more
than 20 by 20 feet, and the other is a few feet
larger. The first contains 370 plants — 2 placed
in each hill ; the hills at equal distances of about
15 inches — planted in the spring of 1831, from
runners of the previous summer, and in 1832,
yielded me, I say it with truth and soberness, up-
wards of one pint from each hill ! These are the
Globe Hautbois. The second bed was set out Ust
tall, and although the quantity produced was dVi
so great, yet they were of superior flavor aud very
large ; these are the Scarlet berry. My method
of planting and cidtivation is this: —
The beds were first dug in with old stable ma-
nure, the plants placed 2 in each hill as before
stated, about 1.5 inches distant. As fast as the
runners or offsets appear they are taken off" close
to the old plant — the beds kept clean of weeds
during the summer, and in the month of Septem-
ber all the old plants are cut off" with a pair of
shears close to the ground, and the bed is then
dug near a spade deep, taking care not to injure
the roots. I protect them during winter by pla-
cing hog manure all round the plants, say about
three inches deep, and then hoe dirt over the ma-
nure to prevent the action of sun and rain. In
the spring the manure is removed, and the leaves,
the growth of September and October of the pre-
vious fall, are all taken off" close to the ground ;
—" for if left, (when the plants are kept in hills) they
are apt to rot the summer's growth of storks.
In the early part of April they begin to shoot forth
anew — the bed is then dug as in the fall, and a
handful of raw (wood) ashes put round the roots
of each plant. The plants thUs treated grew by
the month of July during the past summer, to the
circumference of half a bushel ; and the berries
on the plants of each hill 15 inches apart, nearly
met each other, so that it required great care in
walking between them. I plucked two quarts
from this bed which averaged three inches in cir
cumference. The second bed was managed as the
first ; but the Scaidet are less productive in their ua
ture than the Hautbois, and being the first summer
of their bearing, a large yield could not reasonably
be anticipated ; gtrasvberries raised in this way are
at least double the size of those propagated in beds
vhere the ])lants are Buff"ered to send off their run-
ners, and they (the former) all attain a good size,
vhich is not the case with the latter ; hence the
(juantity is as uuich or more, on the same space of
P'oiind, and the flavor is far superior, inasmuch as
tic sun has full action on all the berries, and the
llaiit is ten fold more luxuriant and strong in con-
S'quonce of the direct action of the summer sun
aid rain on its roots. G. K. B.
Frankfort, Pa. Oct. 1832.
AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS.
Mr Editor — On looking over some old pamphlets
liely, I have found one entitled an JIddress to Farmers,
piiited at Newburyport, nearly forty years ago. It is
witten in a plain, concise style, and is replete with val-
uiblc suggestions on the subject of agriculture and good
hjsbandry. A manuscript note on the 3d title page,
!iys it was written by the late Rev. Nathaniel Fish-
iK, of Salem. Among the subjects discussed, the follow-
bg I think well worthy republication in the New En-
g'and Farmer. The Character of a Complete Farmer ;
tliD Importance of Manure; Labor Exchanging Work;
tie Advantages of an Orchard ; the Management of Ci-
der ; Keeping a Day Book ; Contracting Debts ; Cloth-
JL^ and Diet; Engaging in Law Suits; Good Neigh-
lurliood ; Education ; Remarks on the most approved
methods for the management of Tilling, Mowing, and
Pasture lands, &c. I would suggest the propriety of
copying one or two of the above essays weekly till fin-
ished.
THE CHARACTER OP A COMPLETE
FARMER.
A complete farmer is a most careful, industri-
ous and frugal, as well as reputable and useful
nan ; and unless carefulness, industry and econ-
(tny are united in the character, it will be an ira-
Jerfect one. Although a Farmer cannot live with-
(jut labor, by labor alone he never can grow rich
and reputable. Much depends upon his laying
mt and performing certain kinds of labor hi the
times and seasons when they ought to be performed.
i"he will not cart out his summer dung, nor plough
those lands in the fall, which he means to feed in
ihe following spring — if he will not put his seeds
hito the ground early, and as soon as the season
R'ill admit — if he will not attend to his fences and
tee that they are sufficient — and if he will lyt cut
liis grass when it is ripe and do everything neces-
sary to secure it in good order ; he will be perpet-
ually hurried from one kind of labor to another
and every one will be slighted : his flax will not
be well coated, nor his grain properly filled out ;
his corn will be shortened for want of being well
hoed, and his grass will become dead, and dry away
in the field. Let every kind of labor, therefore, be
be performed in due season. A complete farmer
is also a man of great carefulness and solicitude ;
without care, the severest labor on the best of farms,
will never produce riches nor plenty. If the frfl--
mer will not milk his cows in seasoii^HK that
they are properly tended — go to the iri^^n the
right time for the next year's profit ; and tl^ his
dairy is neatly and carefully managed, he m»la-
bor without ceasing, will have a small, poor jeed
of cattle, and never enjoy a fulness of good BBter,
and cheese. It is care which makes a flock in-
crease and grow to a good size, which brings forth
the profits of a dairy, and which /ills the house cf
the farmer with gooil things. If he will not care-
fully inspect bis fields and meadows, and see 'liat
his fences are in good order, his grass and his corn
will be crept by his cattle : and if he will not gath-
er and put them up carefully and in due season,
he will have a short and mouldy crop. If he
mows, rakes, and fodders his raltle in a careless
slovenly manner, his flock will be pinched through
the winter, and become poor and lousy in the
spring — poor oxen too poor to do the labor of
the season — poor cows, with little or no milk, and
wretched calves and poor horses, too feeble to
draw, and too weak to ride with safety. If liis
swine, poultry and stock in general, and if his
carts, rakes and tools of all kinds, are not careful-
ly attended to, the farmer never can grow rich and
respectable. It is attention which gradually col-
lects from various sources, and covers the soil with
manure ; it is attention which causes the hills,
fields and valleys to yield their increase, and ad-
vances and cpmpletes the most beneficial improve-
ments.
There is a third virtue without the practice of
which, the farmer can never attain to wealth and
independence : I mean economy. Without this,
both labor in raising, and care in preserving the
fruits of the carlli, are absolutely thrown iway.
Economy is an fxcellent virtue in anv man : it is
indispens-t'We ji; Oatt affairs and profeflBn of a far-
mer. And of this he should never be unmindful
when he looks into his barn, his cellar, or his gar-
ret, or even his pastures; to say nothing of his
fields, mowing lands and meadows. But farmers,
as well as otlier mei^ are too apt to forget, that in
their pursuits after riches, almost everything de-
pends upon economy joined with care and industry.
A frugal, industriotis man, blessed with but a
common share of understanding, will undoubtedly
succeed and a<lvauce his interest, beyond whatev-
er he expected, when he first set out in life ; pro-
vided no singular providential evil should overtake
him. More is gained by saving than by hard la-
bor. A farm;r therefore whose utmost profits are
small and sirw, as he cannot grow rich suddenly
from his profession, should be a rigid and steady <
economist. lie should consider the saving he may
make in eva'ything ; in his fuel, tools, clothes,
meat, drink, rnd pocket expenses ; above all in
his time, which is equal to so much money in
hand. Every day that his iieiehbor runs down to
market on his horse, with a pound or two of but-
ter and a few eggs, if he stays at home and keeps
steady to his labor, he gets two, if not three days
the start of lim. While his neighbor wastes his
time and spetds his money by this imprudent and
trifling pursuit, he saves both time and money, in
dressing and improving his lands, and which de-
mand all Ills attention. There is no leisure hour to
be foiuul on a farm from early in the spring, till
late in the fall. Through all that whole period, a
good farmer knows how to spend every hour
profitably on his lands. He can have no time to
pass in idleness — in chatting with people as they
pass by — in making needless visits — in attend-
ing courts, horse races, taverns, and the like. By
these means the public is annually deprived of
122
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
October 31, 1832.
many thousands of bushels of potatoes, corn, tons I by the full and very strong recoranieudations|n
of hay, &c, and individuals themselves become written certificates from the Selectmen, Survffc-
d fall into the worst of habits — into idle- I ors of roads, Contracters for repairing turnpije
and other roads in Saugus, Chelsea, Readiir,
Andover and 3Icdford, with an estimate of a sa
poor
iiess, gaming, drinking, iS;c.
There is no kind of economy in the farmer,
which will not be well rewarded. Early rising
will contribute to his health, and preserve his fields
from the inroads of unruly creatures, which com-
monly begin their trespasses just as the day begins
to dawn. Close mowing and careful raking, will
enable him to winter one cow extraordinary.
Feeding his hogs by weeds and other vegetable
substances, will enable him to pay his shoe-mak-
ers. Scraping his door and barn yards, after rains
and showers, will clothe his boy. Saving his
early apples, and which are commonly lost entire
ly, will pay his tailor ; his poultry well attended,
will pay his maid. His calves will pay all his
taxes, and some part of his liired labor, if proper
care be taken of them. In fine, let a farmer who
possesses only fifty acres of good land — who owes
no man, and who has a common blessuig on the
labors of his hands, strictly attend to the manage-
ment of his affairs, live a life of patient industry,
and practise agreeable to the principles of econo-
my, and I think he may live well — may be ex-
cused the hardest of labor ; leave his hoe and spade
to the next generation, by the time he has been
fifty years, when most men begin to think of com-
fort, ease and independence.
BRIGHTON CATTLE SHOW REPORTS.
TliC Committee on Invejitioits and Improvements,
report as folhies :
That Mr Lane, from the State of I\Iaine, entered
for premiia|^ a machine moved by horse power,
for cloari^Pgrain from the straw ; this machine
and apparatus is believed the best, (all things con-
sidered) to produce a rotary motion by the action
of a horse or other animal, that is at present
known. It is compact, occu lying about nine feet
by three feet, and in height about two feet below
ing of fifty per cent, in many instances, as stated i
figures by two persons.
The Committee award to Mr Draper for lis
machine for repairing roads, §10,00.
Mr Draper also entered for premium, mud shot ,
to be used on horses' feet in wet, soft, marsl r
ground, by the use of which, horses, in lig t
wagons, withsuitahle wheels as to width, can r •
move hay with much greater despatch, than in tl i
usual mode with carts and oxen, and not poach r
cut up the ground. They were reconmiended 3
having been used to great advantage, iu certi ■
cates from Mr Oliver of Saugus, and Mr Jose] i
Harris of Chelsea.
The Comnnttee award Mr Draper for his mi i
shoes, §5,00.
Samuel Chamberlain of Westhorough, enter 1
for premium, an improved method of enlargii ;
barns, by dividing the building lengthwise in tl ;
centre, removing the two parts asunder, and fillii
the space liy continuing the pitch of the roof, an
boarding up the ends, and splicing the beams c
ends and in the centre ; by this method, if tl i
situation will admit of it, more cubic feet of roo i
is obtained, and at much less expense, than by nd ■
ing to the building, or by increasing it on eith r
or both sides. Mr Chamherlahi produced a ce
tificate of actual expenses
enlarging a barn upon
the Committee of the economy and advantage ot
it, that they awarded to Mr Chamberlain §10,00.
Mr J. R. Newell, of the Agricultural Warehouse,
entered for the Rev. J. R. Barbour of Newbury,
an apparatus invented by him for removing bets
with great facility from one hive to another, with-
out destroying the bees, injuring the honey, or
the young bees or maggots that are in the cells,
and they can be transferred to the new hive with
;hamherlahi produced a ce ■
uses incurred in altering arm
his (jhin, which so far satisfici
where the horse treads. The horse, mule or ox,
or any animal used for the moving power, steps ' out difliculty, and the colony increased if desired
on an endless chain, made of roi/nd iron bars, ■ The whole apparatus fit for use, is with Mr J. IL
about eighteen inches long, and supported at the j Newell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, who wil
ends by iron wheels movirg on a plate of iron ; j explain the manner in which it is to be used, anl
the machine for clearing the grain from tlie straw | furnish any person (who may be desirous of pui-
is attached to the horse power by a leather belt ; I chasing) at a reasonable rate ; the Committee ha]
it appeared to clear all the grain from the straw, satisfactory evidence of its having been used to
at the rate of about ten bushels the hour; in ad- ! great advantage in repeated instances, and award
dition to the advantage of despatch it has over to Mr J. R. Newell for Rev. Mr Barbour, §'JO,OC.
other machines in clearing the gkin from the: Mr C. AVillis entered for premium, in behalf of
straw, it is compact and portable, — ^ill answer for ', T. G. Fessenden, Esq. (the inventor) a patent poria-
a town, and when taken for a siigle farm, the I ble apparatus for ^^ arming apartments by steam and
horse power can be applied with eaje to the grain bot water, which is described to the Committee by
' cleaner, the apple grater for cider, tl* corn sheller, i the inventor as follows : " This apparatus consists
the turning lathe and grind-stone, byiremoving and
applying the belt. It has been usefl in the State
of Maine, and is approved and lighly recom-
mended. I
The Committee award to Mr Lap a premium
of §20,00. r
Mr Ira Draper of Saugus, enteredffor premium,
a road former and machine, for removing earth
with facility and despatch, filling and levelling deep
ruts, particularly in light soil. The Committee
had not an opportunity of seeing the machine in
operation, but examined the principle on which
it was constructed, and the manner in which it
was designed to perform the work ; in addition to
the opinion they formed of it, from the opportu-
nity they had of examining it, they were influenced
of a hollow iron cylinder, standing perpendicular-
ly on short legs, within this cylinder, are a grate,
an ash pit, and a fire place, with proper doors to
admit fuel, take away ashes, &e, ^c ; directly
over the fire ))lace, and also within the cylinder,
is a boiler ; and over the boiler two or more fiat
cylindrical vessels, fitted with tubes, leading from
the boiler, and from one to the other, to receive
sseam and yield heat to the air of the room ; the
tubes iMMMiig the channels of communication be-
twee^^rooilerand receivers, terminate within the
latte||two or three inches above tbeii- bottoms, by
whigli means water is retained iu the lower parts
of « receivers, while their upper parts are heated
by ttfam, the extra steam not condensed in the
receivers, is carried off by a small tube leading
into the smoke pipe." Mr Fessenden considers
the jiriuciples of this invention to consist in forming
an easy and portable apparatus, which furnishes
convenient modes of arresting ami detaining much
of that heat produced by fire for warming apart-
ments, which in common stoves is suffered to es-
cape through the stove pipe and chimney. This
is eflected by exposing as large surfaces of water,
inclosed in proper metallic vessels, as is conven-
iently practicable, to the action of the heat of the
fire place, distributing the caloric thus detained,
within the apartment to be warmed, and conden-
sing and bring hack to the boiler the steam thus
arising, without the appendages of valves, syphons,
iS;c, «S:c, heretofore thought indispensable in beat-
ing by steam. The inventor gave a further ex-
planation of the advantages arising from the use
uf his stove, and showed certificates from scientific
and very respectable gentlemen, that had given it
a fair trial, and expressed themselves in such
strong terms of its usefulness, that the Committee
have no hesitation in awarding to Mr Fessenden
§10,00.
IMr Alpheus Smith of Lowell, entered for pre-
mium a [jlough plane, which the Committee
thciught of excellent workmanship, and the addi-
tion of screws for adjusting an improvement.
Sir Samuel Durfee of Providence, R. I. entered
fill premium a door fender, and notwithstanding
it.>- merits, the Committee do not award a premium-
Mr A. Footc entered for premium a revolving
stiam washer; he was too late to come within the
e!(ablished rules of the Society, to be entitled to
ai examination for premium, the Committee not-
withstanding, looked at his certificates, which were
jiiimerous, and respectable vouchers from other
States, and many towns in the State, of its use-
fulness, both as to its performing the wash better,
in much less time, and at far less exp.ense than in
any other mode in common practice. BIr Foote
gave the Conmiittee a minute description of his
machine, and the principles on which it operates.
It was thought ingenious and combining several
old principles advantageously, without introducing
a new invention. The machine has been used at
the public house kept by IMr Brigham, in Elm St.
Boston ; and Mr Brigham's certificate is very full
n recommending the machine after a careful trial,
as superior to any as yet introduced for washing
clothes. Mr Footc wishes the public may be re-
ferred to Mr Brigham, at which place Mr Foote
resides at present.
Mr J. R. Newell, of the Agricultural Ware-
house, Boston, also placed in the Hall of the So-
ciety for exhibition only, many useful implements
of husbandry, of a form and finish that do great
credit to our country, with many articles in com-
mon use of such workmanshii), as commanded the
attention and approbation of visiters, and was
gratifying to the Committee, who consider them-
selves bound to notice particularly, the fineassort-
of ploughs highly finished and improved in con-
struction, one of which was entered at the plough-
ing match in competition with all the ploughs on
the field ; for a new and distinct premium, on
the merits of the plough, in reference to its con-
struction, the two Committees on ploughing were
unanimous in awarding the premium of §10 to
Mr Howard of Hingham, for his improved plough.
Mr Newell also exhibited a corn sheller, im-
proved by IMr Willis from the best heretofore in
use, that has reduced the price 50 per cent, and
greatly increased its usefulness as a corn sheller.
Vol. XI. -No. 16.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
128
Also, a tliresliing macliine by Warren — it lias its
merits, and is reasonable in price.
Willis's improved green-house syringe, well cal-
culated for throwing- the liquid recouniiended as a
wash to prevent grapes from mildew and blight.
A new iiatent paint mill, by Harris, which was
considered by painters as an improvement.
A number of highly finished cast steel axes.
Ames's cast steel spades, and round pointed shov-
els; were of superior finish and workmanship.
Davis's patent pointed road scraper, was among
the articles exhibited. Brass balls for the horns
of cattle, were improved by going on with screws,
and thereby fastened more securely.
Dr Thacher's improved bee-hive and apiary,
was also exhibited, and the merits are before the
public. The Committee were amused and grati-
fied by IMr Newell's distributing gratis, a few
hints and wholesome advice to farmers and oth-
ers. To save tin)e, to be honest, just, industrious
and economical, careful of implements, a place for
everything and everything in its place ; they were
on a small paper neatly glassed and framed, and
as dealt out by Mr Newell, without money and
without price, are well worth preserving, and all
will agree, the advice and instruction they afford
deserving attention. When it is known that one
of the Committee on Inventions did not attend as
expected, another unavoidably detained till a very
late hour, and the difficulty in forming a Commit-
tee in any season to award and report premiums^ it
will be unnecessary for the Committee to apologize
for deficiencies or inaccuracies ; and without at-
tempting it, this report is respectfullv submitted by
GORHAM PARSONS,) |
DANIEL MOODY, \ Committk.
JACOB CLARK, I
The Committee appointed to award premiums on
Ploughs drawn by one yoke of oxen, attended to
the duty appointed them and report as follows :
The ten competitors entered and took the lots
assigned them agreeably to date of their several
entries.
Lot No. 7, was ploughed by Samuel Hoar of
Lincoln, ploughman and driver, and the
Committee award him the first premium,
$15, plough, .§8 as ploughman, and .§4 as
driver. §27
Lot No. .3, was ploughed by T. P. Merriam of
Concord, as ploughman. Royal T. Marble
driver ; and the second premium is award-
ed to T. P. Merriam, plough $10, to him as
ploughman, $5, to Royal T. Marble as dri-
ver, $3. $18
Lot No. 4, was ploughed by Abiel H. Meri-
am of Concord, a lad 14 years of age, and
the driver, Samuel Blood of Concord, 10
years old ; the third premium was award-
ed to Abiel H. Merriam, plough $6, to him
as ploughman $3, and to Samuel Blood as
driver, $2. $11
A part of each lot was unfavorable for plough-
ing, the surface unequal and in places gravelly,
andjwith some small and loose stones ; the Commit
tee regretted that it was impossible for the plough-
men to perform as well as if the soil had been of a
tenacious loam ; and diiHcult for the Committee
10 form an opinion of the different performances :
some idea can be formed of the nature of the soil,
when it is considered that although each lot was
less than one quarter of an acre, yet t'he average
tine taken to perform the work was fortyfive min-
utes; the largest number of furrows was twenty-
tvo, and the smallest number sixteen. The Com-
mittee in awarding the 3d premium to the lads
fiom Concord, endeavored not to let their feelings
affect their decision, but if they did, it was in com-
non with spectators and even of men competing
vith them.
The ploughs were generally of the modern con-
sruction, with cast iron mould boards, wheel and
cuier on the end of the beam, and although from
dfi'erent manufacturers, yet of approved construc-
tVin. The plough of Mr Hoar, to whom the first
p-emium was awarded, was the only plough wilh-
oit a cast iron mould board ; his was of wrought
inn, resembling in shape some of those of cast
inn ; it worked well, and Mr Hoar considered he
hul improved its form from those in use of cast iron.
1. P. Merriam of Concord, had what he termed a
dag cutter, attached to the beam of his plough,
aid entered it for premium ; it is calculated for
Dugh and bushy ground, and although he pro-
duced a certificate from a gentleman of respecta-
lility in the County of Middl.-sex, of his having
nsed it to great advantage on his ground, yet as
tie Committee had no opportunity of testing it at
tie ploughing match, they do not award any pre-
niium. All which is respectfully submitted by
GORHAM PARSONS,
JOHN CIIOATE,
MOSES NEWELL.
Report of the Committee on Ploughing with ttoo
yoke of Oxen, consisting of John Prince of Rox-
hury, Chairman, Ehenezer Heath of Brookliiie,
and John Baker, 3d, of Ipswich.
Thirteen Ploughs were entered with the Secre-
tary for this Match, ten of which only appeared on
tke ground, being the number of lots provided for
tiem.
The Icjts contained one eighth of an acre. jVo
tine was limited, goodness of work being the ob-
ject, and the furrows were directed to be laid flat ;
tie fewest furrows were seventeen, and twentytwo
tie greatest number ; the shortest time in perform-
ing was thirtyfour minutes, and the longest sixtj-
tvo.
The spot selected for the match was not a fa-
vorable one, to show good work ; being very un-
wen, sward very tender and gravelly ; the work,
lowever, was as good as such a soil would permit.
I After a very careful examination of the work,
Ihey unanimously agreed to award the first Pre-
mium,
To Timothy H. Merriam of Grafton, $15
Otis Merriam, Ploughman, $8
T. H. Merriam, Driver, $4 $27
SECOND PREMIUM.
To Charles Howard of Hingham, $10
Fearing, Ploughman, $5
J. Cushing, Driver, $3 $18
THIRD PREMIDM.
To A. H. Wheeler, of Concord, $6
do. Ploughman, §3
J. Jepson, Driver, *<^ $11
$56
The ploughs were all of cast iron, and by six
of the most approved manufacturers. The one by
JlrCliarlcs Howard of Hingham was a superior
implement, considerable improvements bavin"- re-
cently been made by him, in making the mould
board four inches longer than usual, and swellini»
the breast of the share, so as to make every part
bear equally, by which means the plough runs
more true and steady, was always free from car-
rying forward any earth, and was perfectly bright ;
and being made on mathematical principles, he in
formed the Committee he could make the differ-
ent sizes always the same. The plough of Joseph
Barrett, Esq. of Concord, made by Hitchcock, was
also a fine implement.
JOHN PRINCE,
EliKNK/.KR HEATH,
JOHN BAKER, :id.
The duty of awarding a premium " To the
Plough which shall be adjudged best of all those
used at the Ploughing Match," devolved on the
two Committees, and they agreed unanimously to
award it to Mr Charles Howard of Hingham, for
his new and improved plough, $10.
GORHAiW PARSONS,
Chairman of Single Teams,
JOHN PRINCE,
Chairman of Double Teams.
The Committee on Butter and Cheese, consisting of
E. H. Derby, B. Guild, E. T. Hastings, a/iid Mr
Hurd, report as follows : —
There were six lots of butter exhibited. They
have awarded the first premium of 20 dollars, to
Luther Chamberlain of Westboro', for three boxes
of butter, which were put up in beautiful style for
present use.
The second premium of .$15, to Stephen Has-
tings of Sterling, for two boxes of ditto.
There were two kegs of butter made by Nahum
Hardy of Waltham, which the Committee thought
were of very excellent quality, but a little over
salted.
There were thirtyeight lots of old and new
cheese exhibited. They have awarded the first
premium of .920, to Daniel Hunter of New Brain
tree, for cheese not less than one year old, and the
second premium of $15 to Ehenezer Tidd of New
Braintree, for ditto.
The first iiremium of $10, to Roswell Convers
of New Braihtree, for cheese less than one year
old, and tlic second premium of $5 to Luther
Hunter of N(«' Braintree, for ditto.
For the greatest quantity of butter and cheese
made betweei the 15th of May and the 1st of Oc-
tober, from not less than four cows, the quantity
of butter and -hecse, and the number of cows, to
be taken into consideration, and specimens to be
exhibited at tne Show, of not less than twenty
pounds each, ind the mode of feeding, if anything
besides pasture is used. They have awarded the
premium of $30 to Luther Chamberlain of West-
boro', who has made during the time, 2ti2G lbs. of
butter, and 5420 lbs. of cheese from twentyseven
cows. Sanijiles of both butter and cheese were
exhibited to the Committee.
A box containing one bushel of salt from Cape
Cod, weighing 70 lbs. was exhibited by Samuel
Chessman of Hyannis Port. The Committee pro-
nounced the specimen very excellent, and regret-
ted they had not the power to award a premium for
the article.
E. IIERSY DERBY, Chairman.
Brighton, Oct. 17, 1832.
124
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
October 31, 1832.
From tbe New Bedford Courier.
BRISTOL COUNTY AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
The following Report was made at the. late Exhibi-
bition of this Society.
The Committee appointed to examine and con-
sider the claims for premiums for tlie best cultiva-
ted Farms, in the county of Bristol, submit the fol-
lowing- Report : —
The Committee expected that among the many
judicious fiirmers of the County of Bristol, there
would this vear be several competitors for the pre-
miums on the best cultivated farms; but in this
they are disappointed. Although the premiums
are not so large as could he desired, yet as an ac-
curate record of industry and management might
be advantageous to the applicants, excite emula-
tion, and extend useful information among those
who do not cultivate to the best advantage — it
was presumed that many would exhibit tlicir ag-
ricultural enterprises and claim the premiums.
Every improvement is important to the farmer,
and by bringing the results before the country,
many useful hints wouhl probably be produced,
and the general interests of agriculture he ad-
vanced.
Peter Thatcher, Esq. of Attleborough, is the
only claimant, and on the first Monday iu July
last, the Committee attended to the services as-
signed them. This farm, situated in the east Par-
ish of Attleborough, consists of 300 acres, 200 of
which were, ten years ago, when it uas purchased,
under poor cultivation, and producc<l a very small
proiit. But hy a judicious cultivation, (ploughing
and manuring) where only three tons of hay were
produced, now, forty tons of good English hay are
made.
Of the 300 acres, ahout 100 are wood land, 100
pasture, 20 tillage, 30 low ineadow, 40 English
meadow, and 10 orcharding. Included iu the
above, are about 50 acres alluvial, 50 rock}-, 30
clayey, and 20 wet and cold land. The whole is
well fenced into convenient lots for the purposes
designed, whether for pasturage or tillage. About
100 cords of manure are used on the farm annually
Upon calculation of five years past, the produce
of the farm annually, on an average, is as follows :
English hay, 50 tons ; coarse meadow hay, 50
tons; Indian corn, IGO busliels — 40 to the acre ;
Rye, (SO bushels — 10 to the acre; Turnips, from
100 to 200 bushels per acre ; Potatoes, 600 bush
els — tVom 100 to 200 per acre ; \Winter apples,
50 bushels; Cider, 60 barrels; Culinary vegeta-
l bles in profusion for family use ; Btef, 2000 lbs.
' Pork, 1500 lbs. The stock consists )f 3 horses, 4
oxen, 7 cows, 30 young cattle, 5 hdgs, 50 sheep,
three fourths merino.
As to rotation of crops, he plants first potatoes
on sward well ploughed, spreading m the acre 5
cords of coarse manure, and putting is much more
in the hills. The second year he plants the same
with corn, observing the same rule lis above sta
ted, spreading 5 cords on the acre and putting a
like quantity in the hills. The third year he sows
down with spring rye and grass seed, as early as
the state of the ground will admit. The ground
is then made even by a heavy roller. Nearly a
bushel of rye is sown to the acre, some clover,
Rhode Island, or red top, but a good quantity of
herds grass. He plants the blue potatoes, princi
pally, believing them to yield best, and that they
are best for the table.
His beef is principally made on grass and green
coi-n stalks; and his pork, on boiled potatoes,
pumpkins and meal. |
His stock is the native breed with a little mi
ture of the Beckworth blood. The calves inten;
ed to be raised (which must be red) are in thn ;
or four days from the birth, taken from the co '
and fed with new^ milk for a few days, then will
milk porridge, and in a few weeks with a litt !
dry meal. At tbe age of three months they ai :
weaned, and left to take care of themselves in
good pasture.
There are three barns on the farm. One, ? i
down immediately with winter rye and fine top,
without manure. By this course he generally ob-
tains six or seven bushels of rye to the acre, and
much better pasture. His mowing land is laid down
in tbe spring with summer rye, believing it to be far
better than oats, both for the land and grass. Of
summer rye he usually has ten or fifteer) bushels
to the acre. As to English turnips, he selects a
piece of sward, where he intends to plant the next
year, and after taking off the hay, turns it over
with the plough, and puts on a considerable quan-
tity of manure. Then the ground is made smooth
with a light harrow, taking care not to bring np
y 70 feet, with a shed adjoining, 12 by GO. O the sward. The seed is then sown tliiidy and
the south is the barn yard, about four rods squar , j harrowed in. By this course, a crop is obtained
and within it a well of water. In this barn an
wintered his horses, oxen and cows. The yard a
fords a large quantity of manure annually. In tl
autumn he carts out the manure, and uses it fi ■
his corn and grass. In the winter he feeds h
cattle, more or less, in the yard, and in the sprin ;
the raw manure which is made in the winter
spread over, it ; he then carts in as many loads i '
loam, and covers the whole, to keep the strengt
of the manure from evaporating, and the cattle ai
yarded upon it during tbe summer. Thus aboi
fiftyfive cords of excellent compost are anuuall
made in this yard, part of which is appropriate
for corn, and a jjart is spread on grass land, !
stated above. One barn, 30 feet square, with I
shed adjoining, 12 by 60 feet, is filled with ll
poorest h.iy produced on the farm. In this bat
the young cattle are kept through the winter. TI
yard adjoining is warm, and the manure made
coarse (say about ten cords) and is used for pot*
toes. The other barn, 30 by 40 feet, is appropri-'
ated for the bay designed for sale.
Tbe hog-pen, about three rods square, is an
important source of manure. It is so situated and
formed as to hold water, more or less, all the sum-
mer. It is cleaned out in the spring, and the ma-
nure appropriated for corn. After it is cleared,
it is then filled with almost every material th.it
will make manure, as old hay, straw, course ma-
nure from the stable, loam, brakes, bulrushes,
bushes of one summer's growth, sea-weed, wcejs
of all kinds, &c. As these articles are worked in-
to a smaller compass by the swine, similar substan-
ces are added, from time to time, through tbe
summer. In this manner, more than thirty corils
of rich manure are produced from the pen annu-
ally.
Ou the south side of the English meadow is a
large watery swamp, the level of which is several
feet above the level of the meadow. A ditch ha?
been dug through a rise of land on the north side
of the swamp, by which means Mr Thatcher can
throw the water over a considerable portion of bis
meadow to great advantage ; thereby improving
the quantity and quality of his grass.
There are about 500 apple trees on the farm,
mostly in orchards and of diflerent ages. Four
hundred are natural fruit : the remainder are young
fruit trees engrafted with tbe best of fruit. Ali
tbe trees are in good condition, except a few in-
jured by the last winter. They are well pruned
Mr Thatcher thinks that the best time for pruning
is jus*l»fore the sap starts freely. Every sin-ing
the younger trees are washed with equal parts of
ley and soap ; keeping the sward loose about their
roots by chip manure or old pomace.
For several years \msl Mr Thatcher has taken
up five or six acres of pasture land, and laid it
from 100 to 200 bushels per acre.
His improvements have been great in removing
hedges, subduing bushes, planting little (say four
acres to corn and four to potatoes) an<l manur-
ing highly, and in bringing poor worn out land,
which yielded little or nothing, to produce abund-
antly.
All the buildings are in good repair. The
dwelling-house, which is 28 by -33 feet, stands on
a rise of laud, fronted by ornamental trees. Ad-
joining the house is the kitchen, the milk room,
tbe cheese-room, the well-room, the wood-house,
the chaise-house, the wagon-house, tbe farmer's
«ork-sliop, and cider-mill. It seems that Mr
Tliatcher has adopted the very imjiorlant motto,
" c place for everything, and everything in its
piece." Order and method everywhere met the
eye, and were the Committee jiermittcd to step
« thin tbe threshold, they could say, that there is
tlie house of quiet, cheerfulness and plenty.
The amount of yearly produce, exclusive of
p.'ipporting the family, &c, and sale of stock, is
about S850. The annual expenses of labor, &c,
in cultivating the farm, with tbe taxes, are about
$270, leaving an annual profit of ,'ti580 beyond the
expenses.
Tbe Committee were highly gratified to learn
that this large farm had been managed for the last
three years without tbe use of ardent si)irits. Mr
Thatcher is confident that without rum his labor-
ers go through the business much better, do more
work, and are more peaceable. He now bears no
rumbling for the want of more of the stimulus, as
was the case when that article was used. This, we
think, puts to silence tbe clamor of some farmers,
that laborers cannot be obtained without the poi-
son. The practice of total abstinence from ardent
spirits, wherever put in force, will invariably prove
highly advantageous both to the farmer and la-
borer. In this tiling, Mr Thatcher has taken ele-
vated ground, on which every farmer ought to
stand, and is worthy of all praise and imitation.
Although Mr Thatcher had no competitor, yet
from the good judgment in the cultivation and
management of his farm — renovating an exhaust-
ed and worn out soil, &c, the Committee with
pleasure award to him the first premium, the sum
of fifteen dollars. By order,
ROLAND GREEN, Chairman.
Octobers, 1832.
From the American Farmer.
SALT FOR CATTLE.
We are fully impressed with the idea, that a
free and constant feeding of salt to cattle, is es-
sential to their good conditioh, especially at a dis-
tance from salt water. The cattle on our stock
Vol. XI.-No. 16.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
125
farm have notliing but ordinary pasture, but we
tjike Care to keep salt always within their reach for
which purpose we invariably put some in conve-
nient places in the barn yard, every alternate day,
and this whether the previous supply has been ex-
hausted or not, (that the rule may not be broken
by forgctt'iilness.) It was feared that they would
eat too much, but experience proves that they will
only take the proper quantity however umch may
be laid before them. The effect is visible to eve-
ry eye, in the high condition of all the animals,
and particularly in the quantity and quality of the
milk and butter of the milch cows. The salt gives
tone to the iligestive organs, and consequently in-
sures a good appetite, and a uniformly healthful
state of the bowels. The result is a high and
healthful condition of the young stock ; and an in-
creased quantity of rich milk from the milkers.
The good ap[ietite induced by it has another im-
portant advantage : it induces the cattle to eat much
of the rank grass and hei-bage of the pasture, which
would Ikj passed over by more dehcate appetites.
We often see cattle in pastures far superior to
ourfi, in very low condition ; but in every case the
answer to our inquiry, " do you give salt plenti-
fully and regularly," is " Yes, I give them salt
once in a while," or words to that effect. Now,
this " once-in-a-while" practice won't do. They
must have salt, regular and plentifully.
Water must also be within the reach of all an-
imals at all times, and that of the purest quality.
Some farmers, have no running water in their pas-
tures, give their cattle water twice or thrice a day,
by driving them to a spring, or pump, or stream.
They may want water at these times, and may not,
just as it happens ; but they certainly do not get it 1
at all times when they do want it. Of this we
can judge by ourselves. Who could possibly do
with water only at certain times and these times
always the same ? With the huinan species this
would be insupportable. It is the same with all
animals, and the whole benefit of water depends
upon its being taken when the stomach calls for
it. Water, of all substances that contribute to the
support and nurture of animal life and health, is
least capable of being regulated in its admiuislra-
tions by times and seasons. Animals that have
free access to salt require water oftener than those
that have no salt; but those that are salted irreg-
ularly require constant access to water more than
any others, as their thirst is fitful in proportion to
the irregularity of their salting.
Let those who have been careless in this mat-
ter, try the experiment of giving salt regularly and
plentifully every other day, with constant access
to pure water, and the improved condition of their
stock in one month, will induce them to continue
the practice hereafter. They will never again see
their cattle licking one another, and filling their
stomachs with " witch balls."
ing, it is well: if not, it is the easiest thing in the
world to throw this in the fire.
Some time ago I bought a very good horse at
till bazaar, for which I paid nine hundred pias-
tres, or fifty dollars. Some thought he was dear
at that price, as you may for five hundred or six
hinulred piastres, buy here such a horse as no
geitlcraan need be ashamed to mount: howev-
er I was much pleased with my bargain. On my
renoval from Buyurdine to this place, the horse
WIS rode very hard, and on his arrival at Top
Tiana, a distance of fourteen or fifteen miles, was
painitted to stand in a cold rain two hours, with-
oit being rubbed down or walked about; conse-
qiently he became foundered in the right fore leg,
so that he could scarcely walk.
I sent for a Turkish farrier, the one who at-
teids the sultan's horses. He immediately pro-
nainced the horse foundered, and said he must be
bl'd in the inside of the diseased leg. He put n
niiper on his nose to keeji him steady, then took up
tic left fore leg, and crossing it over the right, gave
it :o an attendant ; he then struck his lancet into the
V(in a little above the fetlock joint, and took from
itabout three and half pounds of blood — thevein
li'cd very freely. He now said, he had taken
enough ; he then went to the very opposite side of
tlie leg, and striking his lancet into a vein above the
kace joint, a single drop of blood exuded, and
biith that and the first opened vein ceased bleed-
ing. There may be no novelty in this, but it certain-
1} astonished me to find, that opening two veins in
tie same limb would stop both from bleeding ;
such, however, is the fact, for I witnessed it.
He desired that the horse should rest the next
(liiy, that he should then be rode with great viru-
lence until he was in a profuse perspiration, the
diseased limb then to be rubbed with wet salt, (to
vrhich I added a ])int of hot brandy) then rubbed
dry, and walked about until cool and covered with
blankets ; the same process to be repeated next
day, which was done, and all lameness from that
tipie disappeared — the horse the third day after
tlje first rubbing was perfectly well.
Management of Swine at the South. — An ex-
tensive farmer in Twiggs county, has given us
sonic additional particulars on this subject. He
makes from 40 to 50,000 weight of bacon annually.
His hogs roam at large till late in the summer.
When his sweet potatoes and peas begin to get
ripe, he has his hogs turned in upon them, one field
at a time, and allowed to remain until pretty well
cleared. They are then turned into another field,
and so on. He never loses^any of his hogs by
this course — as often happens when fed upon peas
alone — he thinks potatoes and jieas preferable to
either separate. -A short time before killing, he
puts them in pens and gives thein corn. His hogs
are the common breed. Has at this time about
350 head. He plants potatoes and peas in every
field especially for this ^wposb.— Southern Planter.
TURKISH CURE FOR FOUNDER IN
HORSES.
Letter from Com. Porter, American Charge des Affaires
at Constantinople, to the Editor of the Sporting Maga-
azine — on the curious treatment of Founder in Horses,
by Turkish Veterinary Surgeons.
Ancient Cbalerdon, Kadi Rinny, )
April 21, 1832. j
Dear Sir — There are few sailors who arc
"judges of horse flesh," and I make no pretensions
to that sort of knowledge. I am going, however,
to relate what I have seen ; if it is worth know-
, WHEAT.
, Winter wheat has, in a great measure, ceased
to be a subject of culture in New Hampshire. —
Why it should be so we know not. It is allowed
t() be a hardier plant and less liable to the ravages
of insects, than spring wheat; and we know not,
that it is more liable than that, to rust or mildew.
The last crop of winter wheat noticed by us in this
^tate, (and that was several years ago) was more
promising than any wheat we have since seen.
If then, there be any sufficient reason why the
winter wheat has, to such an extent, gone out of
culture, we hope some intelligent farmer to whom
this reason is known, will communicate it to the
public.
Would not some fair experiments, made in the
culture of winter wheat in this vicinity, again
bring it into favor? The great success attending
its culture in Massachusetts, and in the State of
New York, would seem to warrant our enterprising
farmers to give it a trial, on a small scale, at least.
We have never understood that wheat was
more liable to be destroyed by the frosts of winter
than rye ; and in the case detailed by Mr John
Wilson, and copied into this number of our paper,
the wheat produced double the quantity of the
rye sown on the same quality of soil.— -Woj-^/iern
Farmer.
Influence of Horticulture. — In all parts of our
country, where Horticultural Societies have been
formed, and a taste for gardening, as a necessary
consequence, improved ; new capabilities both of
soil and climate, have been suddenly developed ■
and fruits and other horticultural productions, be-
lieved to be exclusively the growth of more men-
ial climes, have been reared in abundance, and
great perfection.
We would suggest to gentlemen of taste, and
enterprise, that it is within their influence, to pro-
mote the formation of County Horticultural Soci-
eties ; and would submit to them, whether by so
doing, they might not greatly promote practical
horticulture, and consequently the health, morals
and comforts of the community. — JVorthern Far-
mer.
Silk.— There may be seen at the Town Hall
today, among the articles of American Manufac-
ture, Silk in all its various stages of prej)aration
from the looms of Mrs Shaw in Belchertown.'
There are 1900 skeins of Sewing Silk of all col-
ors and beauty ; .350 sticks of Silk braid ; 66
skeins of Silk from the floss or tow as it is called •
10 hanks of silk reeled upon the Italian reel, and
many bundles reeled upon the American one ; the
difference is striking. There are also silk hose
made from raw silk and the tow also, a very firm
and neat article. Mrs Starkweather of Northaiiip-
ton, also has some beautiful specimens of silk hose
wove in this town and bundles of raw silk for ex-
hibition. The cocoons in their various stages
may be seen there also. We rejoice to see pub-
attention turning to this practically useful
branch of business. — JVorthampton Courier.
Cranherrij Fair. — The common lands on
Sandy Neck in Barnstable, were lately opened
to the inhabiants of the town for gathering cran-
berries. It is estimated by the Journal that as
many as 200 men, women and children, were as-
sembled in the bogs, and that on Monday and
Tuesday not less than than 250 bushels of this
agreeable fruit were gathered. By a judicious
regulation the picking of the berries is prohibited
until they are ripe, and until a day is appointed
for the purpose by the selectmen.
American nankeens are manufactured at Pat-
erson, N. J. from the nankeen colored cotton,
raised by Hon. J. Forsyth, of Georgia, a Senator
in Congress. The cloth sells at Baltimore for
two dollars per piece, and it is said to be finer than
the India nankeen, and to grow darker and richer
by washing.
126
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
October 31, 1832.
Boston, Wednesday Evening, October 31, 1832.
FARMER'S WORK FOR NOVEMBER.
It now is, or soon will be a proper time to col-
lect fallen leaves lor littering caltle, hogs, &c.
Our able correspondent, J. M. G. of Weston, Mass.
in a communication published in our paper some
years since, observed, " I have fixed my styes in
such a manner as to have a small loft over them
for leaves, with openings at the sides to draw out
the leaves with a rake, and supply the hogs occa-
sionally with fresh litter. I h:ive also inclosed
part of a shed in the barn-yard to store up a suf-
ficient quantity of leaves to litter my cattle through
the winter. The advantage is not confined to the
mere addition of the leaves to the dunghill; it
furnishes the means of preventing the waste of
the urine of the cattle. When the floor is cleared
in the morning, the leaves with which the cattle
have been littered, the dung and the urine, should
be well worked together with the shovel before
they are thrown out ; and being so compounded.
exhibitions of Swine equal to former years, but
after a careful examination of the several anitaals
exhibited they have awarded the following prAni-
ums : I
To Blessrs Heywood and Rice of Worceaer,
for the best Boar, (Bedford breed) the first pre ni-
uni of .S5.
To Sanmel Banister of Worcester, for n xt
best, the second do., $3.
To Newell Rice of Worcester, for the I;st
breeding Sow, (Bedford breed) the first premini,
S5.
To Samuel Banister of Worcester, for next b
S3.
the Bedford breed. The excellences of this breed
are, that they are not gormandizers, nor yet fas-
tidious in their food ; and while they eat but lit-
tle, and that too, perhaps, of ordinary quality, they
still fatten fast and yield pork of the first quality,
and at a small expense. The fattening of swine,
if judiciously managed, is one of llie most profita-
ble branches of agriculture. The farmer who sup-
plies the market with his beef, his butter and
cheese, or his wool, must possess his hundred, or
bis thousand acres ; while the man with his sin-
gle acre, with competent skill and economy, may
5t, ' profitably furnish his own pork, and often a sur-
j'lus for the market: and even the poor man who
bitiononly. Capt. Lewis Bigelow of WorcesI r,
exhibited a boar, 18 months old, but the Coma t-
tee understood this animal drew the second pi
mium last year, and as it was not entitled to
To Jones Estabrook of Worcester, for the b st only occupies land sufficient whereon to build a
weaned Pigs, being 4 in number, the first proi li- stye, may keep his own pig, who will live and
um, .$3. thrive on the crumbs that Ml from his master's ta-
To Newell Rice of Worcester, for the next b st, | ble. No other animal can be kept at so small ex-
being 5 in number, second do. $i. \ pense with the same ])rofits, for he will grow and
The whole number of Swine in the Pens, i js i '"'"«" on the oflTal or mere rubbish of the more
fortythree, twentyone of which were for ex i- i ^"''«""'"='' iwodncts d the farm, and thus turn to
any. Benjamin N. Childs of Worcester, also e
hibited a Boar, 4 months old, for which he claii
the decomposition of the leaves will take place j^^.g^ premium, we were precluded from awardi
much sooner, and their addition to the dung be-
come more valuable.
" It is customary to prefer green dung to any
other for planting potatoes, and it answers very
well for that crop ; yet it is often too cloggy, and
will remain sometimes in a lump in the hills,
whereby the potato is less benefitted. The addi-
tion of the leaves, if well worked together as above
described, makes that kind of manure much better
adapted and truly excellent for raising that crop,
more particularly so, if on meadow ground, where
cattle dung is apt to increase the wetness of the
soil, whilst the leaves, rendering it better divided
and lighter, give to the potato hill a greater apti-
tude to be penetrated and fertilized bj the warmth
of the sun."
Leaves, used as manure are very valuable for
the purposes of gardening and for fruit trees. For-
syth says, " collect annually as many loads of
leaves as you conveniently can, which make into
hot beds, for late melons and cucumbers, and for
early potatoes, &c.
It has long been a complaint of agriculturists
that potatoes of the best quality can hardly be
raised, excepting on what is called, new land, or
land lately cleared from the woods, which cover-
ed it in a state of nature. Such ISnd we know
has been manured with leaves andlprobably for
centuries. It is then a very likely supposition that
leaves applied as manure to old lan(i may supply
the kind of food most congenial td, the potato ;
and give to fields, which have beat long under
cultivation, the power of producing as fine pota-
toes as those lands which have lately^been cleared
from the ' wood with which they jfere covered,
whilst in their natural state.
ed no premium. Joseph Hinds, Esq. of W ;t '" ""« "'1^ '^^ soon loses his roving propenshies,
a profitable account, what would otherwise be
; thrown away, or become a nuisance to the family.
I Some slovenly farmers are in the habit of permit-
ting their swine to roam at large through their
' pastures or perhaps in the highway. This ought
not to be. The hog should he restrained entirely
■ to his pen, with only a small inclosure attached.
r
WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW.
REPORT ON SWINE.
Committee : — James Draper of Spencer, Chair-
man. Lewis Barnard of Worcester, Luther
Spring of Uxbridge, Nathaniel Lakin of Pax-
ton, Jotham Bartlett of Northborough.
The Committee on Swine having attended the
service assigned them, report :
They regret to say, that they do not find the
V
Boylston, exhibited a Sow, which came in stro
competition for the second premium, but as t e
Committee thought that the Sow of Mr Banist ■,
with the same keeping, would produce the mo t
pork, they finally decided in favor of his anim I
Benjamin F. lleywood of Worcester, also had
fine looking Sow, but not such as to claim a prcl
mium. The Committee noticed two fine looking
Sows belonging to Stephen Salisbury, F.s(|., of
Worcester, and one belonging to Mr Wm. Eaton of
Worcester, which were deserving of commenda-
tion. We also noticed six fine looking Pigs ho-
longing to Mr Eaton, but as their age was not
mentioned to us, we did not feel at liberty to
award a premium had they otherwise merited It.
Mr Benjamin F. Heywood exhibited 7, and Samu-
el Banister 10 Pigs, for exhibition only.
Upon the whole, although the exhibition of
Swine this year falls short of some of the last pre-
ceding years, yet it is such as to show much im-
provement since the establishment of this Society
The breeding and fattening of Swine is a hi
of great importance to the farmer. The flisli of
this animal is not only an indispensable article for
the supply of his own table, but furnishes one of
the staple commodities for his market. Since the
establishment of Agricultural Societies, there has
been an entire revolution in this branch of agii-
cure. Formerly New England was overrun with
a raw-boned, lank-sided race of animals, which
devoured the substance of the farmer, and like
Pharioh's lean kine, " were still ill-favored and
lean as before," and whose chief return to the
owner, was skin, bone, and bristles. But we
think we may now congratulate the Society on
the almost entire extinction of this race, whose
very existence was a waste, and whose disgustful
and uncouth appearance was a mere nuisance
grows contented and will fatten faster, with much
less food ; besides, with judicious management, he
will furnish manure of the first quality sulBcient
to raise as much Indian corn or other grain, as he
consumes in fatting. It is a well attested fact, that
nany who own no farm, and consequently buy all!
t leir grain and almost every material for fattening
pork, have, nevertheless, furnished large quanti-
ties for the market and realized a good profit. If
pork can be profitably made in this way, the far-
|mr who carefully selects the best breed, who
raises every aliment necessary for fattening,' on
his own farm; who adds thereto the wash of hip
dairy and his kitchen, and who replenishes and
enriches his soil with the fertilizing products from
the stye, may make the raising and fattening ol
pork, the most lucrative branch of husbandry.
Per order, JAMES DRAPER, Chairman.
WHEAT.
Important Discovery. — Last spring, we publish-
ness ^'1 some suggestions on the late sowing of spring
wheat, as a means of saving it from the ravages of
the little yellow worm, which some incorreclly,
call the weevil. A number of our subscribers tried
the experiment, and, so far as we have heard, with
entire success. A farmer in Orange County told
us that he sowed one acre of spring wheat, ten
days later than the rest in the same field. The
first sowed was seriously injured ; the last not at
all. Several, in several towns, made similar state-
ments.
It has been observed, from the first appearance
of this insect, that the earliest winter wheat wag
less injured by its attacks than any other. It is
evident, therefore, that the time of laying the eggs
is short. It is, probably, soon after the heads
make their appearance. Before they are defend-
We now generally find a small boned, well ]iro- j ed by the leaf which incloses them ; and when
portioned breed of Swine, whose handsome ap- they appear, most probably, the husk soon be-
pearance and good qualities, abundantly compen- comes so hard that the insect cannot pierce it, to
sate for the exchange. This has been effected by deposit her eggs upon the kernel. We have, then,
the selection of our best native, with a crossing of I only to ascertain the time, as e.xactly as we can, in
Vol. XI.— No. le.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
127
Vifhieh the injury is done, and Iiave our winter
wheat too forward, and spring wheat not forward
enough, for the operations of the insect, and the
damage is avoided. At present, sow your winter
wheat as early as you can, nud sow your spring
ivheat as laic as you can aud give it time to ripen.
Farmers, and all who fiud either pleasure or
profit in anything made from wheat, would be
greatly indebted to any entomologist who should
make us better acquainted with the character and
habits of this destructive insect. — Vt. Chronicle.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiTDRDAT, Oct. 27, 1832.
FRUITS EXHIBITED.
Apples. — l?y Dr Benjamin Sliurtleff, from his
farm in Chelsea, a sample of natural yellow sweet
apples, of small size, which grow in clusters of
from 10 to 20 — very productive; the Committee
have named them ShurtUff^s Sweet.
By Mr Jonathan Warren, Weston, two good
varieties of natural apples, called If'arren and
Parkas.
By Thomas Williams, Esq. Chelsea, Gloria
Mundi, or Monstrous Pippin Apples, very large
and fair.
ByR. Manning, Esq. Salem, Osgood Favoiite, Kit
hjim Hill, and Hubbardston .VonsiicA, all very fine.
Pears. — By Z. Cook, Jr. Esq. Dorchester, Du-
'•Jiesse d' Jlngoideme pears; they fully sustained
their very high reputation. Also, Cuba tomatoes.
By S. Downer, Esq. Dorchester, Beurre Diel
pears.
By R. Manning, Esq. Seedling pears from Jo-
seph S. Cabot, Esq. Salem, Orange Bergnmot and
Holland Green, the latter not worthy of cultivation.
Grapes. — By Elijah A^ose, Esq. Dorchester,
White Chasselas, Large Frankenthal, Black Mus-
cat and Violet J)Iuscat grapes — open culture —
the specimens were very fine for this unfavorable
season. By order of the Committee on Fruits,
&c. E. M. RICHARDS.
Preserving Apples. — Dr T. Cooper in the Do-
mestic Encyclopedia, says that apples may be pre-
served by putting a layer of apples, and a layer of
dried fern, [brakes] alternately in a basket or box
(the latter is considered best, as it admits less air) and
coicr them closely. The advantage of fern in
inderence to straw, is, that it does not impart a
misty taste.
Correction. — At the Ploughing Match at Brigh-
ton, with two yoke of oxen, the first premium of
$15 was awarded to T. H. Merriam of Grafton,
Miss, instead of Concord, as published.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Pear Seedlings for Sale, &c.
PEAR SEEDLINGS of vigorous growth and promis-
inj; appearance, raised whliin six miles of Boston, in fine
ord'i- for nurseries — the largest size are from 18 to 24
indies in length, the whole plant; price .f 10 per thou-
said ; the second size from 12 to IS inches in length ;
pri-e ,f 5 per thousand. They will be suitably packed as
wanted, for transporlion to any distance. Orders accom
paiied with the cash, will be immediately attended to.
SEEDS OF FRUIT TREES, FOREST
TREES, &c..
Sow the seeds of cherries, peaches, and some
other fruits, which are of a perishable nature as
soon after the fruit is ripe as possible. If such
seeds are kept till the next spring, they become
dried through, and the vegetative principle is de-
stroyed. Evelyn, an English writer of celebrity,
says that sowing acorns, beach mast, ash keys, ice,
in the autumn, when those seeds fall spontaneous-
ly from the trees, appears by much the most nat-
tired method; but the destruction made by the field
mouse, both at the time of sowing and during the
winter, has induced many gentlemen to prefer
spring sowing to the autumnal one. When spring
sowing is determined on, the acorns and other
seeds must be carefully preserved during the wiu-
ter; and in forming the magazines, care must be
taken to keep the different sorts apart from each
other.
Ploughing. — It is best that most tillage land
should be ploughed in autumn. Fall ploughing
saves labor and time in the spring ; a season of
the year when cattle are commonly weak, and the
hurry of business presses on the farmer. But a
a soil which is sandy and light should not be dis-
turbed by fall ploughing, but lie to settle down and
consolidate through the winte'.
For Sale.
V handsome Bull, part of the Holderness aud part of
the Admiral breed. He will be three years old next
Mirch, and will be sold cheap. Address Isaac S.
Houghton, Roxbury, care of Daniel Weld & Son,
742 Washington Street, Boston. 4t* Oct. 31.
Black Sea Wheat.
JUST received a few bushels of the celebrated Black
Sei Wheat, described by Mr Marvin in this week's
Niw England Farmer, and raised by him near Lake
Eiie ; price $3 per bushel. It is thought this will prove
a valuable acquisition to New England; the seed is of rc-
msrkably fine appearance, wholly free from small grains
on mixture with other seeds, and we think cannot fail to
jive satisfaction. Farmers are requested to call and ex-
nuiue it. Oct. 24
White Mulberry Trees.
SIX hundred White Mulberry trees, of fine size and
appearance, for sale, of large and thrifty growth, 4 years
old from seed. Inquire at this Office, or at the Farm of
Eliiabeth Wales in Dorchester. 3t* Oct. 25.
Fruit Trees, &c.
FOR sale at the Nursery of William Kenrick,
in Newton, near Boston, a most extensive
variety of the best kinds of Fruit Trees and
Grape Vinos, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs,
Herbaceous Plants, &,c. Green House Plants
furnished when ordered. All %vritten orders will be duly
received by the daily mail, and promptly attended to ; —
or iheft wiih J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, 50^ North
Market Street, Boston, or any of the other Agents, they
will receive immediate attention. '
The location of this Nursery is 6^ miles from State
Street in Boston, and a mile and a halfdue west of Brighton
meeting house, and very near the great western road.
MORUS MULTIC.\ULIS, $leach; §5 for six, or
$9 per dozen.
TREES, &c, are delivered in Boston, without charge
for transportation ; and when ordered for distant places,
by land or sea, they are faithfully packed in clay, or moss,
and matts, and duly labelled.
The new Catalogues furnished gratis to all who apply ;
or they may be had on applicationto J. B. Russell, SeedS'
man, Boston, or any of the other Agents. Oct. 17.
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....
prime, ....
Cargo, No. 1 , .
Butter, inspected. No. 1. new,
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
Corn, Southern yellow.
Rye, ....
Barley,
Oats, ....
Hay,
Hog's Lard, first sort, new,
Hops, 1st quality,
LiBIE, .....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Mei'ino, raix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths, washed, .
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Nafive, washed, .
J. f Pulled superfine;
5 -d I 1st Lambs, . .
5 = -^ 2d, "
|g. 3d, "
'^ t_ 1st Spinning, . .
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
cask
ton
barrel
pound
cwt.
pound
FROM
2 00
10.5 00
120 00
112 00
10 00
6 25
7 50
12
112
6 50
6 00
6 00
6 12
85
83
1 00
60
42
50
10 00
20 00
120
3 00
17 00
13 00
12 75
2 50
100
8 50
50
55
42
38
33
32
50
40
32
27
PROVISION
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, lest pieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal, ...
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best,
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)
MARKET.
pound
10
"
9
"
6
"
7
"
4
"
9
"
13
■'
25
dozen
Ifi
bushel
«
50
barrel
2 00
2 50
107 00
125 00
115 00
10 50
G 37
8 00
14
8
4
1 25
6 87
6 25
6 50
625
90
85
1 12
70
55
62
11 00
25 00
1 25
3 25
17.50
14 00
13 00
2 75
1 25
11
8 75
55
65
45
40
35
83
52
42
00
10
H
10
10
12
14
28
18
92
73
62
4 00
Veterinary Pump.
M.AW'S Improved Veterinary Pump, for Administer-
ing Clysters to Horses, Cattle, Dogs, &c. Also, for In-
jecting and Extracting from the Stomach.
By means of this Instrument any quanfity of fluid may
be injected with any requisite force, and without the
necessity of once removing the Pipe unfil the operation
is completed. When the animal is restless, as is usually
the case in Gripes and Inflammation of the Bowels, the
length and flexibility of the Elastic Tubeing alfords great
facility and security, as the operator may stand at a con-
iderable distance, or even in an adjoininor stall.
For sale by Eben. Wight, Druggist, 46 Milk Street.
Oct. a. tf
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Oct. 29,1832.
Reported for the Daily AJveniser and Patriot.
At Market th.s day 2750 Beef Cattle, 1025 Stores, (in-
cluding about 150 before reported,) 4300 Sheep, and
13S0 Swine. 260 Swine were reported last week.
Prices. Sef Cattle. — Last week's prices were well
supported, some qualities sold a little better. We quote
extra at §5,25, i 5,50 ; prime at §4,84, a 5,25 ; good at
$4,33, a 4,75. Barrelling Cattle. — Our quotations last
week should have been a little higher. We quote today
Mess at .$4,17, a 4,25, No. I, at 3,75, a 3,84.
Stores.-
a 10.
-Two jear old at $10,50, a 15 ; yearlings at ^
Cows and Calves. — We noticed sales at$17, 20, 23,
25 and $28.
Sheep. — The quality of Sheep wag unusually good,
and a large number was sold at some of our highest
quotations; lols were taken at 1.62, 1,75, 1,'J2, $2, 2,-
17, 2,33, and 2,50. Wethers at $2,75, 3, and 3.50.
Swine.— One entire lot of 200 shoats were taken at
3Jc. ; two lots of 50 at 34c. ; one selecteil lot of 50 at 3^
for sows, and 4 for barrows ; one selected lot of 20 bar-
rows at 43c. ; at retail 4 for sows at 44 a 5c. for barrows
About 700 not included in our number, and about halt
old hogs, were delivered on a contract today within a
few miles of the market — price not known.
128
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
October 31, 1832.
Miscellany
From Mrs Halo's Mag:
i for September.
THE HARVEST MOON.
Bright planet of even ! -
The husbandman's blessing.
That o-Ieanis at the sheafing,
And shines at the dressing,
And makes glad the hearth.
Which then, and then onl}',
Re-echoes with mirth.
Bright candle of even !
That lights up the vale.
When the fairies are weaving
Their rings on the dale ;
How many lay sleeping,
Who gazed on you last ?
How many are weeping
Who think of the past ?
The maiden is sighing.
Who loved to behold,
When the fern owl was crying.
Thy broad disk of gold ;
The herdsman is keeping
His watch by the dead,
And the widow is weeping
For those that have fled.
The wolf hates thy brightness,
The fox seeks his lair.
The swain seeks with lightness
The side of his (air;
The spaniel is baying,
And the wild swan and loon
On the calm lake arc playing.
By the light of the moon.
On the wild waste of waters
The seaman rejoices,
And he thinks of the cotters
And the hum of their voices ;
While the scenes of his childhood
Come rushing before him,
The hamlet and wild-wood,
And fond one that bore him.
• Though many are weeping
For spirits departed.
Still many are keeping
Thy vigil light hearted.
Blest Parent of light.
Oh, grant me the boon,
To gaze with delight
On the bright harvest moon.
From the United States Gazetlt.
THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF
COMMONS.
A Speaker is regularly elected on the com
menceinent of every new Parliament, or on the
demise or resignation the member called to the
chair ; previously to which the mace is placed un-
der, not upon the table. Sir Thomas Hunger-
ford in 1370, (51st of Edward III.) appears to
have been the first who obtained this honorable
distinction.
The emoluments formerly did not amount to
£3000 per annum, and in consequence of this,
tomt held offices at the same time under the croion.
But so sensible was the House of the inadequacy
of such a salary, and so justly jealous of permit-
ting anything like dependence on the executive
branch of the government to exist on the part of
their chairman, that a few years since the BJim
was doubled. 1
At present, therefore, the allowance is libefel,
as it appears to consist : — 1. Of a house. 2. Df
£1,000 equipment money. 3. Of 9,000 ounces of
plate. 4. Of two hogsheads of Claret annual! r ;
together with an allowance of £100 for stationai r ;
and 5. An income of £6,000 per annum.
The Speaker of the House of Commons tales
rank next to the Peers of Great Britain, and 1 is
also the precedence at the Counciltable.
This branch of the legislatm-e is in some r B-
pects regulated by him. During his absence, lo
business can be done, or any question propos d,
but that of adjournment.
The Parliament, like the courts of justice, \as
formerly itinerant, being summoned, in anci nt
times, to meet at any place according to the e i-
gency of the circumstances, or the will of the e-
gency monarch. The Lords and Coinmons or »-
inally sat and deliberated, and voted in the sa le
apartment. When the Legislature became s i-
tionary and sejjarated, the former occupied t e
buildings adjoining to Westminster Hall, and t e
latter the Chapter House, until they removed o
the place where they now assemble.
This is the ancient Chapel of St Stephen, n
Westminster, originally erected by King Stepk m
in honor of the martyr of the same name. It v is
afterwards rel)uilt by Edward I. and being coi-
sumed by fire, Edward 111. restored it to its fir-
mer state, and rendered it collegiate. Soon afer
this it was fitted up for the reception of the knightl,
citizens and biirgcsse.s, and has been usually dcnom4
inated the " House of Commons." St Stephen's
has since experienced many alterations and re-
pairs, and has of late been rendered more com-
fortable.
THE SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESEN-
TATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES.
This officer is elected at the commencement of
every new Congress. Formerly the speaker used
to be elected at every session. He receives
double the pay of a member of the House. Of
course his compensation is IC dollars per day ;
he has an elegantly furnished room in the eapitol,
set open for his reception. His stationary is found
during the session of Congress, and his flanking
privilege continues throughout the year. He lias
also power to depute a member, by the rules of
the House, to act as speaker pro tem. This de-
puting of a temporary speaker cannot be made to
continue longer than a single day.
The Tlce President of the tJ. S<ato is the presiding
officer of the Senate, and has a vote only in the sin-
gle instance of the Senate being eqiialbj divided.
He receives .'j,000 dollars per annum ; has a room
assigned for his reception, and has the franking
privilege and stationary during his continuance in
office. He succeeds the President in case of his
death, and the Speaker of the House succeeds to
the Presidency in case of the death of the Presi-
dent and Vice President of the United States.
A Golden /Juif.— Industry will make a man a
purse, and frugality will find him strings for it.—
Nehher the purse nor the strings will cost him any-
thing. He who has it should draw the strings as
frugality directs, and he will be sure always to find
a useful penny at the bottom of it. The servants
of industry are known by then- livery ; it is whole
and wholesome. Idleness travels very leisurely,
and poverty soon overtakes him. Look at the
ragged slaves of idleness, and judge which is the
best master to serve, industry or idleness.
Splendid Bulbous Roots.
JUST received at the Agricultural Warehouse and
Seed Store, No. 50i North Jlarkel Street, a large assort-
ment of Bulbous Flower Roots, comprising the finest va-
rieties of
HYACINTHS: (Double and single,) dark blue,
porcelain blue, red, rosy colored, pure white with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes;
from 12.J to $1 each.
TULIPS : Splendid variegated ,red, yellow, and mixed ;
Vlh cents each, $1 per dozen: assorted, with the colors
marked on each ; (our assortment of fine tuHps is very
large, and we are enabled to put many sorts as low as
:?fi per hundred ; an object to those who wish to form a
superb tulip bed.)
CROWN IMPERIALS; Assorted, of the most splen-
did colors and showy flowers, largo roots ; 25 cents each,
(extra fine roots.)
JONQUILLES : Sweet scented, finest roots 124 cts.
each, $1 per dozen.
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS: Fragrant, white
with citron cups, extra sized roots, 12A lo 25 cents each-
DOUBLE NARCISSUS: Fragrant, of all colors,
124 cents each, $1 per dozen.
SPRING CROCUS : Of all colors, 6i cents each,
50 cents per dozen.
LARGE GLADIOLUS or SWORD LILIES, 124 cents
each, $1 per dozen.
Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, comprising
Large White fragrant Lilies. Vih cents each, 1 dollar per
dozen. Tiger (spotted) Lilies, same price ; Mai tagon, or
Turk's Cap Lilies, same price.
The above roots are of the same superior character as
those sold by us the last season, and which gave such
universal satisfaction; some of the double Hyacinths
having produced bells one inch and eight tenths in diam-
eter.
Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots
arc not purchased at aitclion, and are all remaikable for
Ihoir size, and for the beauty and delicacy of lint of their
flowers.
Trees, &c.
MRS PARMENTIER, at the Horticultural Botanic
Garden, Brooklyn, L. I. two miles from New York, of-
fers for sale a choice collection of Pear, Apple, Peach.
Plum, Cherry, Quince, &c, Trees, Grape Vines, Orna-
mental trees and Shrubs — Green-house and Herbaceous
plnnts.
Also, the Morus multicaulis, or true Chinese Mulber-
ry, of which any quantity not exceeding ten thousand
can be furnished.
Orders for Boston, may be sent to Mr John B. Russell's
Agricultural Warehouse, No. 504 North Market Street,
Boston. Orders by mail will be carefully attended to.
Brooklyn, Oct. isth, 1832, 4t
Published every Wednesday Evening, at ^3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but tJiose wlio pay within
sixty days from tlic time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol fifty cents.
CT No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Bdtts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52. North
Market Street.
AGENTS.
Neto York — G. Thoreurn & Sous, 67 Liberty-street.
Albany — Wm. Thorbckn, 347 Market-street.
Philadelphia — B . c& C. Landreth, 85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Fanner.
Cincinruxti — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. Wm- Prince & Sons, Prop.Lin.Bot.Garden
Middtehtmj, P(. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springjield, A/s. — E. Edwards.
Newhtirtiport. — Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Porismaulh. N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Porthnd, ilfe. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
A'igusta. Me. — Wm. Mann.
Halifax, N. S. — P. J. Holland Esq.
Montreal, L. C. — Henry Hillock.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. HUSSELL, NO. Si, NORTH MARKET STRIiET, (at the Agricultural Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOI^. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 7, 1832.
NO. 17.
Communication
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
MrFessenden — Last May, my father noticed
ihat tlie bark of a thrifty young apple tree, of the
inferior kind of Russeting, we.s dead to ahout si.v
inches ahove the ground. He examined it care-
fully, and found the girdle entirely dead — but the
tree put out as usual and was soon well tilled with
young fruit, which led to many subsequent exam-
inations, both by himself and others, and not a par-
ticle of live bark or wood could be found upon the
tree, in the space I have mentioned. The fruit
went on to maturity, and was gathered as usual
this fall, of good size and quantity. All the ujj
per part of the tree appears as if in a state of
healthy vegetation, though the leaves have fallen
rather sooner than on other trees in the vicinity.
That the entire tree will perish lliis fall, I suppose
there can be no doubt. Whether this fact will
present anything new in the phenoiucna of nature
to your readers, I am ignorant, as I am not a hor-
ticulturist by practice or study — if it will not be a
repetition of an old story, you will make such use
as you please of the fact U|)on which you can rely.
Respectfully your friend and servant.
CHARLES H. LOCKE.
Octoher-29, 1832.
P. S. — In many orchards in Billerica, apples
are unusually abundant. iMy father has tnorc, ali'J
finer fruit in his little orchard, than on any for-
mer year.
Remarks by the Editor.
We coincide in the opinion with our corres-
pondent that the tree he metitinns will eventually
perish. But trees are sometimes stripped of bark,
with little or no apparent injury. In such cases
however, we have always understood that the de-
cortication ought to take place in June, when the
process is most easily performed, and nature can
most sjieedily renew the covering, which is neces-
sary to the continued existence of the tree.
A G R I C i: L T U R A I, ESSAYS, ?f o. II,
THE IMPORTANCE OF MANURE.
Too much cannot be said upon the subject of
manure. The vast importance of this article lias
not been sufficiently attended to by farmers in gen-
eral, although it is the principal source of their
riches. Without it, after all their care ar<d labor,
they can have but miserable crops of grass, flax,
corn, &'c. A man must plough, hoe, mow, rake
and hire, more on poor, than on rich land and it
■will take a much greater number of acres to sup-
port his family comfortably. And it requirps the
same quantity of seed, is much harder to till, and
is taxed the same as rich land ; and after :ll pro-
duces not one half the profits. Every armor,
therefore, who wishes to reap the fruits of his la-
bor and care ; to improve his lands and iicrease
bis substance ; and to live easy some futu'e day,
should carefully attend to the increase of lis ma-
nure.
And here I would observe, that the ho;-stye,
poperly attended, will be found to be one of tin
rrcatest and richest sources of this important arti
(le. AInjost any quantity may bo obtained from
it; provided the farmer will he as careful to feed
the stye, as the swine confined in it. All kinds of
veeds, potato lops, straw, |)omace, broken peat,
ilrossing of flax, butt-stalks, roots and vegetables
ol every kind, will soon become the richest of ma.
lure, when thrown into the hog-stye. Three or
bur swine in this way, will make twelve or fifteen
oads in a year; the value of which, where dung
IS scarce and dear, will be four pounds at least.
Several judicious farmers of my acquaintance, are
persuaded that the greatest profits in keeping
swine, arise from their styes. A small proportion
if this manure, mixed with soil and rubbish, woidd
le seen in a field of potatoes, or of Indian corn.
\nd the quantity to lie made in one stye, wellsup-
)lied with weeds and other vegetable substances
;hrough the year, is almost incredible ; some have
said, that "forty loads" may he obtained in this
ivay, from ten, or twelve swine, in one year only.
\nd great quantities of excellent manure for dress-
ing grass land, may be obtained by ploughing, or
tutting up green sward two or three inches thick,
ky the sides of roads, walls, &:c, and laying it in
leaps, grass side down, for eight or ten months.
\ little lime mixed with it, would render it fit for
use much sooner.
One would think, that a fanner who mows over
three or four acres of land, naturally good, but
■worn down, and which yield not more than fifteen
qr twenty hundreds of hay — who cultivates as
inany acres of Indian corn, on a soil equally as
good, but starved and exhausted, and which return
him sixty or seventy bushels only; when he looks
into the fields of his neighbor, which are not bet
ter, if quite so good, in point of soil, but which are
richly manured, and yield three times the crops
yearly, must be convinced of tlie vast importance
of manure; and of the amazing advantages to be
(i«rived from this great and capital article in the
cultivation of the darth. The Chinese, who may
hk styled a vast nation of farmers, as agricultm-e is
tlleir most honorable and their principal employ-
ment, pay the greatest attention to it. The urine
of families is all carefully saved ; and the refuse of
erery kind of vegetable substance which the earth
produces, througli their labor and care, is made to
contribute to reproductions. And, as very little
cnn be done in the farming line, ni the Slates of
new England, without manure, excepting new
tends, which from the general deluge have in-
creased in richness, by the falling of leaves, and
other substances scattered on their surfaces, it
ought to be considered and attended to most care-
fully. And there can be no judicious farmer
pmong ns, who does not endeavor to obtain large
quantities of this article, in proportion, if possible,
to the proposed cultivation and improvements of
the next year.
We read, that the lands of the rich man brought
forth plentifully, but this was not merely because
the possessor was rich ; for, the lands of the
wealthy, will be no more productive, than those of
the poor, if tfaey neglect to manure and cultivate
them properly. The truth is, a plenty of manure,
and a judicious, seasonable cultivation, will soon
put a new face upon almost any lands whatever.
And if farmers in general would pay more atten-
tion to thn increase of their manure, they wonhl
experience a decrease in their labors, and receive
a much greater profit from them. A few acres of
good land richly manured and highly cultivated
would support their families comfortably. And
there is scarcely any soil, but which, by these
means, would give a prudent man a decent living.
And that farmer in this state who will not give liis
attention to this subject, cannot reasonably expect
any great profits from cultivating the earth, nor to
become respectable in his profession.
From tLe New York Farmer.
REARING POULTRY IN MEXICO.
Sir, — I cannot embark for Campeachy with-
out relieving myself by telling you not a cock and
bull', but a cock and chicken story, which may be
of service to those farmers who supply our mar-
kets with poultry.
The fondness of Spaniards for eggs and chick-
ens appears to be inherited to the full extent by
their American descendants, as at every Indian
but which I have stopped at in Mexico, I could
get one or the other in default of everything else
in the eating line. It is true they are not very
scrupulous about the nundier of feathers which
covers the poltilo, nor of the days it has been free
from the sb li. ; ;it then you know you can eat the
more of them aiul pay accordingly. But to return
to my story. Diuing the rainy season, the rivers
of the state of Tabasco overflow the banks, and
the little eminences become so many temporary
islands, to wiiich all terrestrial animals retreat for
shelter. On these little mounds, too, the inhabit-
ants place their huts, and it is fine sport to go
hunting in a canoe from one islet to another all
over the country. Monkeys, parrots, peccaries,
snakes, in sliort, all animals of a tropical climate,
may be found in the same congregation.
One afreninon, in the month of October, 1828,
in company with the Vice-Governor of the slate,
I entered one of those huts aforesaid, to take
some refreshment and rest, when I observed be-
fore the door a large cock with three or four
dozen of chickens around him, engaged in all the
occupations usually appertaining to the hen, and ap-
parently very proud of his office. Neither man, wo-
man, child, I'ig, nor hen would he suffer to molest
his little ones in the slightest degree, and he would
occasionally cock his eye up towards the birds of
prey in the air with a menacing gesture, as much
as to say, "and yon too had better keep at a re-
spectful distance from my spurs." The following
was the account of this phenomenon given me by
my companion. Col. Estrada.
" The cork is chosen to hatch the eggs, on ac-
coimt of his superior size, and to lake care of the
chickens, on accoimt of his superior -etrengtli,
while the hen is thus left to continue filling other
nests. To qualify him to take her place, he is
first rendered intoxicated by swinging him over
and over in a hammock, under which tobacco is
burnt to keep bim enveloped in the smoke, /.s
130
NKW ENGLAND FARMER,
November 7, 1832.
soon as he l>ecoines senseless and motionless, the
feathers are snipped from his hroad breast, and he
is placed in a large nest \vith as many cg^gs in it
as his liody can eover, in ilie position taken hy the
hen herself while hateliing. When he recovers
fiom the stupor, the pressure of the warm eggs
against liis naked breact, seems to occasion an
agreeable sensation, which detaijis hiin on the
nest the full period of iiunibation. Why he con-
(iaucs liis care to the chickens after they cscajJO
from the shell, is best known to hinisrlf, — hnt you
sae the fact before you, and the practice of thus
substituting the male for the female is general in
this country."
Now, Mr Editor, all I ask of you and your
readers is to try before vou deny the truth of this
siory. " HENRY PERRINE.
SepUmber, 1833.
VILLAGE LYCEUM.
First Floor.
Every year and almost every day is placing
these social and republican institutions upon a
luore permanent foundation. Experience is con-
stantly bringing up now measures to increase their
interest and extend their usefulness. And no two
steps are probably more important, than the erec-
tion of commodious buildings, and a system of cir-
cuit teaching, eaeh eminently calculated to aid the
other, and both united capable of insuring com-
plete success in any town or village iu the United
States, where the tv\o measures shall be adopted
A Lyceimi building, furnished with apparatus,
collections in natural and artificial production
books, &c, coidd not fail to give interest to the inj
struptions of a circuit teacher, who should u
them in 6 or 12 towns in succession ; and the ai
of an experienced teacher, even if it was but onci
a fortnight, mustrender the personal and mutual e
forts of his pupils in the use of their intellectual
tools, doubly efficient and intcrcsLing.
Subjoined will be seen the plan of a'Village Ly
ccum, representing the rooms in the first and seconi
stories. On the lower floor, is the hall, or public
leclure-rooni, the laboratory, and the cabinet; on
the second floor, are two class-rooms, two recita-
tion rooms, and a closet for dei)Ositiiig such aiijjar-
atus, books, &c, as may be needed from time to
time in the upjier rooms.
Suppose that a circuit teacher was to spend half
a day in giving instruction to a Lyceum, and es-
pecially in aiding tlie members to instruct each
other. The first exercise might he a lecture on
Astronomy,Geology, Geography, Geometry, Gram
mar. Arithmetic, or any other useful subject, to
both sexes, and all classes and ages, who might
be disposed to hear it. After this general lecture,
the Lyceum might be dispersed into the several
rooms, according to their classes, and |)ursue such
subjects as they might severally think most expe-
pedient. Thus, Writing, Composition, Geometry,
and Arithmetic, might be going on at the same
time in the difll>rent rooms, the teacher having a
general oversight of the whole.
Suppose that fiftytwo half days in a year for
ten years be spent in that way by a young l;idy or
gentleman, commencing at ten years of age ; and
who can doubt but that in nine times out of ten
they would procure a far better education, than
they could in three years at an academy, at one
quarter of the expense ?
If the citizens of any town or village shoiiid
doubt their ability to procure these accommodi-
tions for social and practical knowledge, they a c
requested to turn to the fourth nuuibcr of the I"iu;i-
ilv Lyceum, or otherwise to examine the econony
of such institutions, and they will find, that momy
thus invested will jiay two hundred per cent in
gold and silver, to say nothing about the profit, tli;
pleasure, and tlie dignity of well cultivated miiicis
and hearts.
A moment's examination must convince an;'
one, that there is not a town or village in the Uni-
ted States, where a commodious Lyceum buildiiij
would not be good property. In our older settle-
inents, they are imjiorlant, and ca.sily procured ; in
newly settled countries, they are nearly indispen-
sable, as some ])laces for educatiou and religious
worship are necessary, and as it is diflicult at the
outset to procure all the public buildings which
might be desirable.
A Lyceum would not only furnish accommoda-
tions for a system of circuit teaching, to be given
once in one or two weeks, but it might be used
for a daily school, and for religious worship on the
sabbath ; and through most of the western states
furnish better acoommodations than are at present
provided.
It may be asked how these Lyceums can be
erected ? To this question the answer is short.
Let fifty persons each take a share of twentyfive
dollars ; or a smaller number take fifty shares of
twentyfive dollars each, and it would raise $1,250,
wliich in a large majority of cases, would be suf-
ficient. In the most newly settled places, where
it might be diflicult to raise even that sum of
money, the labor, timber, and other stock, con-
iiitcd by the citizens, might answer as a sub-
stitute. Ill one Way or another, such a building
le procured without inconvenience in each
of the five thousand towns in the northern States,
and one at least in every county in all the states
at the west and south. And however it maybe
procured, the history of every eoiunuinity since the
first city was built hy Enoch and called by his
own name, jiroves that it would be for the pecun-
iary, no less than the intellectual and moral pros-
perity of those who might provide it for lliem-
sclves and their posterity.
What portion of a community need fail of re-
ceiving instruction and enterttiinment from such a
])lace of social and intellectual resort? Could
not the farmer resort to it fur special instruction iu
agriculture from his fellow laborers, as well as for
a knowledge of general science by professional
teachers.' Might not mechanics also hold there
sjH'cial meetings? And might not each Lyceum he
a Teachers' Seminary, where those living in the
vicinity might meet, and aid each other in their
responsible and dignified lu'ofession ? Might not
ladies resort thither once a week during the sum-
mer, and receive the water of life from the same
fountain ? And J\Tothers, too ; where could they
go, to receive so much benefit from each other, in
tliiir dignified charge, their holy office, as at the
Village Lyceum, where everything might be found
calculated to enlarge and gratify those deathless
pirits to wbii'li they gave existence, as they were
St budding for immortality? What man, what
scr, bet-
ledge ?
Of what town, village or neighboihood, will the
citizens withhold their hands li'om a work, which
will insure to themselves and their posterity the
blessings of wealth, and the dignity and happiness
of enlightened minds, and pure and elevated
heaj'ts. — Family Lyceum.
V — • "^ — — ,-.......,
list budding for immortality? Whatman,
yonian, what chilil, might not be made wisci
ttr, niid happier, by such a fountain of knowh
SILK IN NEW-HAMPSHIRE.
[Extract of a letter from James Walkkr, Esq. of Frye-
burg, Me. to the Editor of the New England Farmer.]
By the information I have received in your pa-
])er, I ha\e begun the cultivation of silk. 1 have
reeled and njade one small skein of sewing silk
this season, and hope to iTiake a few ounces the
next. I do not claim to be the first in the state,
but I am the first, 1 believe, in tliis vicinity. How
profitable it will he, time only must determine. I
find no insurmountable ilifl^icnllies in the business.
I was the first that ever cultivated hops to any
considerable amount iu ?dassachusetts or New
Hampshire, and there were as many observations
made about the growing of hops when I began it
on the firm where I now live, thirtythree years
since, as there are now about silk. One of my
neighhois frankly told me that he thought it was
like mailing cornstalk molasses in the time of the
old Revolutionary war, to stop the West India
trade inthat article. If I succeed as well in the
silk hostess as I have in hops, I shall think my
labor net lust.
[Extractbf a letter from Henry Corse, Esq, oI Mon-
treal,(o the Editor of the New England Farmer.]
" I an much gratified at the continued attention
that hoticultural afi'airs appear to receive in your
Vol. XI.-No. n.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
131
f]uai-ter, and as there has arisen some doubt, res-
pecting the identity of two of our old favorite apples,
tiie Bourassa and Grise, I send you a poors|>ecitnen
of each to settle the question ; these varieties were
much injured last winter ; I had not over a dozen
on five trees, and all onr ai)plcs arc uncom-
monly small and greatly deficient in flavor. 1 al-
so send you one of my Indian Prince apples which
will be found past its prime, but it is certain, that
the tree is very hardy.
*»»*#.< There is nothing, I believe, more
fatal to most plants than too great a degree of
moisture in the package — the scions that I re-
ceived from the London Horlicnltural Society
were packed pafectlij drij, and of eightyfour va-
rieties of pears and apples, I am not certain that
but one has Uiissed."
EFFKCTS OF E.\ILVVAYS.
The Mechanic's Magazine gives a copy of the
statement of the balance-sheet of the Liverpool
and Manchester Railroad, from the 1st July to 31st
December, showing that the undertaking is going
on with increased prosperity. To this statement
it adds the following abstract from the evidence
on the advantages of iluilroads, given on the Lon-
don and Birmingham Railway Dill, so scandalous-
ly thrown out by the House of Lords: —
" Before the establishment of the Liverpool and
Manchester Railway, there were 22 regular and
about, seven occasional extra coaches between
those places, which, if full, could only carry per
day 088 persons. 'I'he Railway from its commence-
ment carried 700,000 persons in 18 nioiulis, an av-
erage of 1070 per day. It has not been stopped
for a single day. There has occurred but one fa- 1
tal accident in IS monihs. The fare by coach was
10s. inside, and 5s. outside. By Railway it is as.
inside, and Zs. Cd. outside. The time occupied
in making the joiu'ney by coach was lour hoiu's ;
by Railway it is one hour and three quarters. All
the coaehi^s but one have cease<l miming, and
that chiefly for the conveyance of parcels. The
mails all travel by the Railway, at a saving to
(Government of two-thirds of the expense. The
Railway coaches are more commodious than oth-
ers. The travelling is cheaper, safer and easier.
A great deal of traftic, which used to go by other
roads, comes now by railway ; bolh time and
money are saved, though the length of the jour-
ney may be often increased. The jiroportion of
passengers carried by Railway over those carried
by coach, has been as twentytwo to ten in winter,
and eighteen to ten in summer. A regiment of
soldiers has been carried by the Railway from
Manchester to Liverpool in two hours. Geutle-
ineu's carriages are conveyed on trucks by Rail-
way. The locomotives travel in safety after dark.
The rate of carriage (if goo(is is 10s. per ton —
by canal it used to he 15s. per ton.
"The time occupied in the journey by railway
19 two hours — by canal it is twenty hours. Tie
canals have reduced their rates thirty per cent.
Goods are delivereil in Manchester the same day
lliey are received in Liverpool — by canal they
were never delivered before the Uiird day. By
railway, goods, such as wine and spirits, are net
subject to the pilferings which existed on the cr-
nals. The saving to manufacturers in the neigh-
borhood of Manchester, in the carriage of cotton
alone has been £20,000 per annum. Some
Jhouses of business save 500/. a year in carr.age.
Persons now go from Manchester to Liverpool
and back in the same day with great ease. For-
merly they were generally obliged to be absent
the greater part of two days. More persons now
travel on their own business.
" The railway is assessed to the parochial rates
in all the parishes through which it passes :
though only 31 miles, it pays between 3000i. and
4000/. per annimi in parochial rates. Coal ])its
have been sunk, and manufactories established on
the line, giving increased employment to the poor
and thus reducing the number of claimants for pa-
rochial relief. The railway pays one fifth of the
poor rates in the parishes through which it pas-
ses ; fresh coal mines sunk, owing to the facilities
Df carriage, and prices reduced. It is found ad-
vantageous for the carriage of milk and garden
produce ; arrangements about to be made for milk
to be carried 15 miles at Is. for ten gallons, i. e.
less than one larthing per quart. Mr Babbage ob-
serves, in his hook on the Economy of Manufac-
tures, ' One point of view, in which rapid modes
)f conveyance increase the |)Owcr of a country,
ifeserves attention. On the Manchester Railroad,
for example, above half a million of persons trav-
el annually ; and supposing each person to save
only one hour in the time of transit between Man-
chester and Liverpool, a saving of five hundred
thousand hours, or fifty thousand working days of
iPH hours each, is effected. Now this is equiva
lent to an aildition to the actual power of the coun
try of one hundred and sixtyseven men, without
increasing the quantity of food consumed, and it
.should also he remarked that the time of the
class of men thus supplied, is far more valuable
than that of mere laborers.'"
1 the Ilampsiiiro Gazettes
CATTLE SHOW.
The exhibitions at the annual Show and Fair
liist week were not very diflerent from those of
preceding years. The reports uf the committees
which are to be published hereafter, will notice
thoge things that deserve praise. The Hampshire
Rjngers from Amherst made a fine appearance.
Mr Lawrence, of Belchertown, delivered an ex-
cellent address. In the evening. Rev. Mr White
of Southampton, gave a judicious, discriminating
adc^ress on music, and the performances of the
choir under Mr Lucas furnished a treat to the lov-
ers of music.
PRElMItJ.MS ox ANIMALS.
On Bulls. — Daniel Newhall, Jr. Conway ;
John Frink, Northampton ; Elisha Clapp, Deer-
field ; Caleb Hubbard, Sunderland ; Joseph Con-
nable, Bernardston ; Cotton Graves, Sunderland ;
James B. Arms, Deerfield.
Bidl Calves. — Daniel Newhall, Jr. Conway;
Theodore Burt, Northampton ; Elisha Clapp,
Deerfield ; Lewis Stebbitis, Springfield.
Milch Cows. — Daniel Stebbins, Nortliampton ;
W. W. Partridge, do.
2 years old Heifers. — Henry Sargent, Spring-
field ; Charles P. Kingsley, Northampton ; Ly-
man Kingsley, do. ; Wm. A. Howland, Conway ;
Daniel Newhall, Jr. do. ; Jonathan Strong, Jr.
Northampton.
Jf'orking Ozcn. — Milton Smith, Goshen ; Dan-
iel Newhall, Jr. Conway ; Ira Clapp, Chester-
field ; Ezekiel Wood, do. ; 1. C. Bates, Northamp-
ton ; Daniel Williams, Gosheo ; Benjamin Ashley,
West Springfield.
Cattle for Stall. — H. K. Starkweather, North-
ampton ; John Fitch, Hatfield; Henry Shepherd,
Northampton ; George Cook, do. ; Elisha Graves,
do. ; Henry Strong, do.
Sheep. — Eleazer Coleman, Southampton ; Elea-
zer Jiidd, Westliampton ; Roswell Hubbard,
Northampton ; E. C. Hunt, do. ; Asahel Potne-
roy, do. ; Eleazer Judd, Westhampton.
Swine. — Consider Cole, Chesterfield ; Samuel
Wright, Northampton ; Roswell Hubbard, do. ;
Theodore Wright, do.
Horses. — Davis Baker, Prescott ; Medad Vin-
ton, AmhcrBt ; Horace Cole, Chesterfield ; John
Frink, Nortliampton ; Salathiel Judd, South Had-
1^7-
" The Yankees For ever.'' — Under this head, the
Journal of Commerce mentions the fact, that Bos-
ton has given 5 or 6000 dollars to the Cape dc
Vcrd sufierers ; Portland, 1800; Newburypcrt,
000; Salem as much; Bangor, 348; Ilallownll,
300 ; Augusta, 171 ; and Gorham, 130. Charles-
town also has contributed 7 or SCO, and other
towns near us in [n-oportiiin. New York, it seetns,
has so fur given a pittance of $1000 !
The vile Yankees I the sordid Yankees ! th-e
miserly, penurious Yankees ! how often are those
epithets applied in conversation by southern blood
and chivalry ; and how readily would New York
award herself the palm of liberality over New
England ! God forgive us, if we do sometimes
feel chafed at the calumnies on New England, so
familiaE to the lijis of her southern libellers! and
if vvc do sometimes show our deeds as an ofl'set to
this foul-mouthed detraction, we hope, it will not
be reckoned as vain boasting. New England has
always been in tlie very van of benevolence and
philanthropy. Abused, libelled, despised and
scorned as she is, she has done more for the holy
cause of charity, than all the rest of the Union pat
together. — .Veivburypisrt Herald.
Wood Cutting. — An experienced agriculturist
informs us that he considers it as an established
fact, that the same forest land which produces
sixty conls of wood per acre when cut once in
twenty years, would produce ninety cords, if tlie
wood were cut three times during the same peri-
od. He thinks that the rapidity of the growth of
wood depends much upon the frequency of cut
ting; and that wood-land in general would yield
a far greater profit, if cleared as often as once in
six or eight years.— Dedham Advertiser.
Straw.— The Genesee Farmer recommends to
spread straw upon laud intended for corn, and
plough it in. This may he done by a hand fol-
lowing the plough and raking it into the fiirrovy,
which should be deep. One ploughing to suffice.
The effects of the straw are not felt very much till
about the time of earing, when fermentation is
powerful, and abundance of gases are evolved,
which are taken up by the corn, and cause full
ears of large kernels.
Steam. — Loads amounting to 100 tons have
been propelled from Liverpool to Manchester, a
distance of thirty miles, in one hour and a half,
on the Rail Road ! It would take 100 horses a
whole day to perform the same work.
LAfe of Man. — Man passes his life in reasoning
on the past, in complaining of the present, and in
trembling for the future.
132
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
November 7, 1S32,
CONCORD CATTLE SHOW.
LIST OF FKF.MIl'MS.
On Farms. — To Elijali Fiske of Wnlthnm, 1st
premium, $25; Moses Wliitiicy of Stow, next,
,|15 ; Eli Rice of Marlboro', next, $10 ; Abraham
How, Jo. gratuity, $5.
On Mulberry Trees. — Micah M. Riitter of East
Siirlbury, $25; Joel Fox, Jr. ofDracut, $13.
Ploughing Match. — Double teams — James Bar-
rett of Concord, $17; Silas Conarit of do. SIO ;
Sherman Barnti, do. $7. Single teams — Jacob
Baker of Lincoln, $10 ; as ploughman, $3 ; Cyrus
Stow of Concord, $6, as plouglini.-ui $3 ; William
Blood of Concord, $4, as ploughman .$2.
On Working Oxen.' — Sherman Barrett of Con-
cord, 1st preraiuni, ."^10; Wiuthmp E. Faulkner
of Acton, next, $8 ; Silas Conant of Concord, next,
$6 ; Timothy Brooks of Lineohi, next, $5 ; Sam-
uel Hoar, 2d do. next, $4 ; Steplieu Patch of Con-
cord, next, $3.
Oil Fat Oxen. — Caleb Wetherbee of Blarlboro',
Ist premium, !*8 ; Ichabod Stow of Stow, next,
$5; Silas Holdea of Acton, a gratuity of $3.
On Milch Cows. — VVm. Watts of Concord, for
l)est milch cow, $12; Aaron Chaffin of Acton,
next best, $10; I'eter Fletcher, next best, $8;
Sullivan Thayer of Marlborough, next best, $6 ;
Moody Moore of Waltham, best ftlilch Heifer un-
der 3 years, $8 ; Daniel Giles of Concord, next
best, $5.
On .Vea( Cattle. — James P. Barrett of Ashby,
for best bull, $12 ; Isaac H. Jones of Weston, next
best, $8 ; David Blood of Pepperell, 3 year old
Sleer, $7 ; Jonas Goodnow of Framiugham, next
best, $5; James Brown of do. 2 year old Steers,
$G; Josiah Green of Carlisle, next best, $4; Ed-
ward Rice of Marlboro', 1 year oUl Steers, $3 ;
Joel Conant of Acton, for best calf, $5 ; Ichabod
Everett of Billerica, next best, $3 ; Lewis Hol-
brook of Sherburne, two premiums for 2 year old
Heifers, $10; Paul Adams of Concord, best 1
year old do. $5 ; Phillip A. Mcntzer of Stov.', next
best, $3.
On Swine. — Jesse Mathews, of Lincoln, for
hest Boar, $8 ; George M. Barrett of Concord,
next best, $6; Jolin Maokay of Weston, best Sow,
$8 i Tarrant P. Merriam of Concord, next best,
^6 ; George M. Barrett of do. for best pigs, $6 ;
Abishia Brown of do. next best, $3.
On Butter. — Abner Wheeler of Framingham,
for the hest firkin of butter, 810 ; Jlichael Cros-
l(y of Bedford, next best, iB8 ; Eldijdge Merriam
of do. next best, $5 ; Augustus Tuttle of Concord,
next best, $3; Abraham Prescott bf Westford,
iipxt best, $2.
Ciller. — Jonathan Rice Marlboro'i, for best ci-
(jer, §8 ; Joseph Sanger, 2d, Sherburne, next best,
$2.
Broadclotlis, Flannels, Carpets, SfC. — Rock Bot-
tom Company, for broadcloths, $7 ; Zadock Rog-
ers, Tewkesbury, plain cloth, $0; Stephen Jones,
ijshby, next best, $4 ; Betsey Jewett, Pepperell,
(«\ece cassimere, $2; for best flannels, $5; Hearth
S-'ug, $4; Wm. Adams, Chelmsford, best carpel,
SS; Mrs Abram Prescott, Westford, next hest,
*5; Martha B. Edwards, do. next best, $3; Re-
fiecca Penniman, Carlisle, best coverlet, $4; Sa-
rah P. Loring, Groton, next best, $3; Polly Rog-
ers, Tewkesbury, best blaid<et, $3; Betsey Jew-
ott, Pepperell, next best, $2 ; Barsheba Fiske,
Lincolo, ne.\t best, $3 ; Lucy Stone, do. next best,
$2.
Straw and Grass Bonnets. — Mary Rice, Fra-
miugham, Straw Bonnet, $3 ; Ann Hartwell, Lit-
tleton, next best $2. ,
Leather. — Benj. Dix Littleton, best sole leatl -
er, 84 ; Peter Fletcher, Stow, best calf skins, | !.
Boots onrf Shoes. — Otis Allen, Weston, 3 par
cow-hide boots, .$4 ; Bobbins &. Tlunston, Coi-
cord, ladies' shoes, $3 : do. 3 pair ladies' boot ,
gratuity, $2.
Frvits. — Thomas Wheeler, Lincoln, for Peacl -
es, $3 ; do. do. Winter Ajiples, $3; CharUi
Wheeler, do. $2; Warren Larrabec, Framin;-
bam, do. $1 ; Nathaniel S. Bennett, do. Grape ,
$1 ; Moses Whitney, Stow, for Egg Plums, $1
Cyrus Wheeler, Concord, Watermelons, $1 ; Hen
ry Robbins, Apples, $2 ; Abel Jones, Acton, Pip
pin Apples, $2,50; Timothy Davis, Billerica, fo
Apples, $1,50; Micah Leland, Sherburne, do. $1
The Committee on Manvfactures have attended t
the duty assigned them, and suhmil the following
Rcpo rt :
The County of Middlesex has been in forme
times almost exclusively devoted to agriculture
and her proximity to the great capital of the Stat
has always given her a good market and rendei
ed this interest valuable. It is only within a Ce\
years that she could be said to be a nianufacturin ■
county — now her manufactures are among tl !
most valuable and "perfect of any in the Units I
States. Every year arlds to the variety aiul vah j
of her fabrics — new coinbinations of power a] ■
plied to now purposes arc constantly going fo ■
ward ; but how much farther her mauufaelur*
are to he extended and perfected will mainly de-
pend on the policy of the Government in proterti
ing domestic industry. A great change in the
pursuits of the people of this county has taken
place since the organization of this Society in
1610; one of whose i>rini-ipal objects hascMr
been the encouragement of Manufactures. Ii is
not pretended, however, that the increase of inan-
ufactures is to be attributed to the small pin.iuce
which it has been the custom of this Society in of-
fer for the best specimens of broadcloths, cassi-
meres, satinets, flannels, cotton cloths, &c. No,
the cause is rather to be found in the spirit of en-
terprise, and the desire to excel in manufactuiing
a good article in order to find the best market .nnd
to obtain the best profit — and we do not suppose
a yard of cloth more has been made by our ;;reat
manufacturing establishments, or that it has been
better made in consequence of our premiums.
But we say the change has been recent and rnpid,
and that it has been beneficial to the whole ct tn-
inunrty. The farmer finds abetter market, the
mechanic and laborer better employment and bet-
ter pay, and its good efl'ects are unusually seen
and felt.
Now there is in all conniiunities a class of per-
sons, to whom all change is unwelcome ; no mat-
ter whether the change be for the better or for the
worse, it is nevertheless a change and as such is
to be deprecated. It was so in 1804, wlien wa-
ter power was applied to the spinning of cotton.
Previous to that time nearly all our cloths were
household manufactures, in regard both to spin-
ning and weaving; and it was supposed by our
respected mothers that the spinning business would
be endangered by this novel invention of spinniig
by water, and they viewed it as an evil omfii.
But 1816, when it was known that water pover
had been applied to weaving as well as spinning,
then it was that loud lamentations were heard :,
our mothers declared in the excess of their patri-
otism that the nation would he ruined; lake away
from us, said they, our spinning and weaving, yoiE
take our all, and little else remains for us and our
daugliters to do ; like our friends of South Caro-
lina, they were ready (if a convention had been
called) 10 nullify water-looujs by theliundred, and
all lor the gcod of the country.
This feeling «as prevalent for years, and we
think our mothers were in the right — and that,
su|pposing the evil to be as great as ihey thought it
to be, this feeling was dictated by the soundest
principles of political economy, because iiulusti'y
is admitted to be wealth and the oidy substantial
wealth of a community ; and if you deprive soci-
ety of its accustomed industry, you deprive ihenj
of their means of living. They erred, it is true,
in placing too much reliance on spinning and
weaving, and did not apprehend that there were
other channels into which their industry might be
profitably directed.
But the spinning wheel was not suffered to die
without many a pathetic eulogy to its honored
memory. Often have we heard our mothers la-
ment the neglect and ('ontempt with which this
perverse generation treated them. Why, said
they again, why do you not reflect tliat this same
neglected animal carried the country safely tlirough
the war of the revolution; it supplieJ your armies
with clothing, protected thi^m against the c«lds of
the north, and the heats of the south, and was un-
der Providence the salvation of the country. And
not only so, hut the time was, when no dwelling-
liouse was (iropeily furnished without them — no
daughter received her marriage portion without a
large and a foot wheel — it was an honor to any
fair damsel to have a spinning wheel and to know
how to use it too ; and such was the desire to let
the world know that it wns used, that it generally
stood in the entry near the front door, so that all
interested (the young gentleman, too, as he passed
by) might take notice and govern themselves ac-
cordingly. Tlieti the music of this much neglected
instrument was highly extolled, it was far preferable
to any heard in these degenerate days ; they would
ive more to hear " Sweet Home" played on a
spinning wheel, than all the jiiuno-fortes in cre-
ation ! — it was so solid and so thrilling withal, that
it gave an impulse to all who heard it. But noiv,
the poor spinning wheel is doomed to he packed
away, neglected and forgotten, among the rubbish
of old chairs, side saddles and panniers, in the
garrets of our houses. But time has set all things
right; the spinning wheel is not cared for in this
generation — the fears of our good mothers have
proved groundless — the government still stands,
tHoiigh rather shabbily administered — the sun
rises and sets as usual — our elections, thanksgiv-
ings and new years' days, come and go just as
lliey used to do twenty years ago^another genera-
tion has risen ufi who know not Joseph, and who
think they have a jicrfect right to sneer at the
spinning wheel because they live in a free coun-
try. But as we have before intimated, our atten-
tiiin is now to be directed to the promotion of
household mamifactures — and here we discover
the skill and industry of our fair friends. Their
attention has lately been turned to fine needle
worli, many beautiful specimens of which are an-
nually exhibited at our Shows. We venture to
predict that this branch of female industry will be
Vol. XI.-No. IT.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
1S8
still more perfbrtt'd, and tliat it will be a source of
pleasure and profit. The opinions of society have
changed for the hetter in regard to domestic man-
ufactures— it is now iiniashionable to sneer at
everything that has not crossed the water. The
work of our own hands is held in the liighest es-
teem — this is right — it shows the return of good
taste. The manufacture of Pahn Leaf Hats and
Straw Bonnets, has proved a source of great profit
to the commnriity within the last three years; the
latter will always be a manufacture of families.
Water power we think cannot he here applied —
and if the fair manufacturers will but keep the
price at about eight dollars a bonnet, they will al-
ways continue to he fashionable. The shape may
change — may change did we say — who ever
knew a lady's bonnet to contimie to be fashiona-
ble in Uic same form and shape for more than a
month ? No, the form and shape changes as of-
ten as the moon, and some of the late forins were
about as much to be dreaded as the comet. But
this is all right — it keeps the trade in motion and
encourages the manufacture of them ; and, as we
are appointed to judge of these matters, we are de-
termined to St ind by the ladies as long as we can
speak or w rite.
Wc Ikivc said that great changes have taken
place within a few years. We take the liberty
to predict tliat the time is soon to arrive when an-
other great change will be effected. It will be a
common occurrence in a few years to see a lady
♦Iressed in silk of her own raising, and it will be
as common to see an orchard of mulberry trees, as
it is now to see an orchard of apple trees. Why
should it not be so ? experiment has fully proved
our soil and climate to lie fitted for it — our enter-
prise and skill are amply sufficient to cultivate tlie
tree, grow the worm, and manufacture the silk —^'
and nothing need prevent us from being a great
silk growing community. We ask of the Ladies
the liberty of giving them a little advice — we
know your power — we know that you govern us,
though wc pretend to be the lords of creation —
now e.xert your influence. Let each of our fair
friends, who happily have a partner, and the same
.•idviee will a[iply to those who have one in expec-
tation, just tell liiin to set the mulberry tree and
make a beginning before another Anniversary of
this Society. Jf he wants information, tell him to
buy one of Cobb's Manual, it costs but 25 cents,
and to set himself about it in earnest and the work
is half done.
Our limited time will not allow ns to say much
more. In regard to the present show, the num-
ber of entries has been less than common in some
articles, and there lias been more competition in
others. We should be pleased to say a good
word to every lady who has given in her mite to
grace our show; all deserve credit for their in-
genuity and taste, but to those to whotn wp have
granted premiums or gratuities, we presume noth-
ing nee<l be sjiiil — but to those who are not so
fortunate, we say, do not leave our exhibition be-
cause you have this day been unsuccessful, but
persevere and you shall be rewardrd.
DANIEL SHATTUCK, aiairman.
QUEBEC AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Sixteenth Annual Cattle Show Exhibition
and Ploughing Match of this Society took place at
Hedley Lodge, near this city, on Thursday the 4th
of Oriober. The attendance was better than could
be expected from the state of the weather: but
the prevalence of the storm, for the two ])receding
(lays, prevented any cattle or produce being brought
from any great distance, and the show was very
inferior. The samples of grain and garden stuffs,
although some of them were good, showed the ef-
fects of an unfavorable season. Fruit was entire-
ly wanting. Only seven Canadian and four Eu-
ropean ploughs entered, all of which did good
work, showing a general improveitjent in this op-
eration of agriculture. The thinness of the show
was relieved in some measure by the fine stock of
cattle belonging to A. Anderson, Esq. and Mr Mur-
ray, farmer at Beauport; Mr Sitnpsou of the Mon-
treal Bank, has also sent his stock of Ayrshire
cows of a very fine breed, and in some points su-
perior to those previously in the coimlry. Among
Mr Anderson's stock was a dun-colored bidl calf,
of five months and a half, of a mixed English and
Ayrshire breed, which, for size ami beauty, sur-
passed anything of the age previously exhibited.
There were also some fine cows of the old Cana-
ilian breed, which, in many respects, maintained j
its su[)eriority for general usefulness. Besides the
taste and emulation which are naturally excited by
the inspection of fine animals, those who assisted
at the meeting had the opportunity of examining
the improvements on Mr Anderson's farm, on
which there are no less than thirty arpenls in
green crops this year, seven of which arc turnips
in drills, admitted by all to be equal to anything in
that culture in Great Britain, and one hundred
thousand plants of cabbages also in drills, all pre-
paratory to grain crops, hay and rich pasture. Mr
Anderson has also very extensively introduced live
thorn hedges, which, it is now shown by experi-
ence, will do as well in this climate as in England.
— Mercury.
PUTREFACTION.
Extract of a letter from Dr Waterhouse, published in
the Boston Courier.
How many of us, blind mortals, are led by the
nose into error I It is a common opinion that pu-
trefaction, and the bad smell thence arising, will
infallibly generate contagious or infectious distem-
pers. If this were actually the case, what would
become of tanners, curiiers, butchers, glue and
cat-gut makers — not to mention surgeons.' The
putrefaction of animal substances is less dangerous
to human life than coiifined air, or the effluvium of
any one body whatever ; whether the body be a
rose, a pink, a lily, or a dead rat. The nose is a
faithful sentinel to the out-post of life; but nei-
ther that nor the other ones, the eye, and the
tongue, are infallible guards. I had rather sleej),
after all, to the leev^'ard of S 's famous
piggery, than in a canopied and curtained room,
in which were placed pots full of the most beauti-
ful and sweet smelling flowers our finest gardens
aftbrd. They have an effluvia, especially the yel-
low ones, pernicious to health and dangerous to
life. Nor would I sleep in a close room, with sev-
eral dishes of chlorides or chlorine ; because, if it
chase away a stench, it may leave behind a poison.
PRESERVATION OF BACON.
Sir — In the Genesee Farmer of June SOth, I
noticed an article on the preservation of bacon, by
means of charcoal, which meets my views perfect-
ly. Charcoal is certainly the best antiseptic that
we know of, and I think if run through a tanner's
hark mdl, would be reduced about fine enoucrh
An inch or two of the coal, laid in the bottom of
a cask or box, and the hams laid on it in close or-
der, then covered with charcoal, then another lay-
er of bacon, covered in like manner, and so pro-
ceeding with layer after layer, covering each with
charcoal, I think it will be perfectly secure against
any rancidity, taint or worms. R. M. W.
[./V. Y. Farmer.
Fine CaHic— West-Chester is known to be one
of the best cattle markets in the Commonwealth.
We suppose not less than 1500 oxen and steers
were at the yards of our neighbors within the last
three weeks, and most of them disposed of satisfac-
torily. Among the number, were 186 froiri Madi-
son Comity, N. Y., driven by Mr Alpheus Morse ;
5(j pair of which were working oxen ; anrl we
tliink a more just proportioned and improved
di-ove have not visited any market for many years.
They were priucipally if not entirely sold out, at
the yard of William Reed, at the Green Tree ; and
at prices which will probably induce their propri-
etor to visit oiu- market in future seasons. One
pair five years old, were sold for $130; and ten
pairs at upwards of $100 per yoke. When it is
known that very fine cattle will command a supe-
rior price, it should, and will undoubtedly offer an
inducement to those who raise stock, to select the
best breeds. — l'illas;e Record.
Tlie Mind Fever. — Of the causes of disease,
anxiety of mind is one of the most frequent and
imirortant. When we walk the streets of large
commercial towns, we can scarcely fail to i-emark
the hurried gait and care-worn features of the well
dressed passengers. Some young men, indeed
we may see, with countenances possessing natural
cheei-frdness and color; but these appearances
rarely survive the age of manhood. Cuvier closes
an eloquent desci'iption of animal existence and
change, with the conclusion that " life is a state of
force." What he would urge in a physical view
we may more strongly ui-ge in a moral. Civiliza-
tioti has changed our character of mind as well as
of body. We live in a state of unnatural excite-
ment: unnatural, because it is partial, irrcular
and excessive. Our muscles waste for want of
action : our nervous system is worn out hy excess
of acl\on.— Thachah, onihe Effects of Jlrts, Sfc.
Bricks for Green-house Flues. — At the Sala-
mander Works in New York, are made bricks for
the tops for the green-house flues, with a circu-
lar basin or hollow on the upper side, which will
hold about a pint of water each. When the flue
is heated the water is evaporated, furnishing, when
the number of bowl bricks is sufficient, any re-
quired degree of moisture. We should suppose
this method would answer-, in a very considerable
degree, as a substitute for watering green-house
plants, and serve to equalize the temperature. —
JV. Y. Farmer.
Wm. Prince & Sons, have sent to the lucky ed-
itor of the N. Y. Coinnrercial, a bouquet of 50 va-
rieties of Dahlias, and promise to show him 300
varieties shortly. They say that this magnificent
plant bids fair to rival in splendor and var-iety the
Tulii) and Rose. We like the comment of the
Commercial on this present. He says, "people
should always take good care of their editors, as
well as clergyman." — Daily Adv.
134
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
November 7, 1832.
STia^jy ISTroaaiiiEriD 35>Al3Siai39
ISoston, Wednesday Evening, Nov. 7, 1832.
FARMER'S WORK FOR NOVEMBER.
It is now quite time to lie preparing f'ortlie vis-
itations of winter. You will, therefore, as soon as
possible barricade your buildings against the intru-
sions of frost, and secure pleasant and comfortable
winter ipiarters for yourself, family, domestics, cat-
tle and all other animals dependent on yon for
subsistence and comfort. The only kind o{ banks
with which farmers in general should have any
the front, and should terminate about two feet . ly done by the addition of a little hot water, than
down. Such a rack will hold more than ever | by sutfcring it to stand in the stable." — Loudon.
ought to be put before one horse. The advanta- j ■
ges of this rack are numerous: in the first plade Isalella Grapes. — This delicious fruit appears
the hay is easily put into it, and renders a hay Ion I tu thrive well at Nantucket. We understand that
over the stable tumecessary ; which ought to be ah j •'^ai'O-"* Mitchell, Esq. of that place, has this
inducenient to the builder to iriake the stable * year raised 2575 bunches of grapes from one vine,
lofty as it ought to be, and render the ventilatiol ; planted in 1320, when it was but oiu- year old
unnecessary. .Ml the hay that is put into thi
man«r will be eaten; but in the common rack '
s well known that a large jiortion of the hay is of
ten pulled down upon the litter and trodden up
on, whereby a considerable quantity is often wast
ed. It prevents the hay-seeds or dust from fall
from the slip. From another young vine planted
in 1830, he has raised 545 bunches; the latter
vine grew lljfeet the past season.
dealings are those which serve to keep frost out of | ;„„ upon the horse, or into his eyes ; and what i:
his cellar. Your doors shoidd be listed, your win-
dows wedged, and every crack and crevice made
air tifht, liy which means you may not only save
fuel, but avoid colds, coughs, and consequent con-
sumptions.
You will, likewise, please to direct your atten-
tion to your stables, stalls and racks for j^attle, &c.
We will make some remarks on the subject of sta-
bles. "A stable," said DrDcanc,"shoulill]ave an
open and airy situation, and be as free as possible
from mud and wetness. The f.oor slmiild be built
ofpine planks, not on a level, but descending back-
wards, that the stale may not remain under the
horses, so that they may remain dry and clean.
"As a horse is a cleaidy animal, hen roosts, hog
styes, and necessary houses should not be too near
to his apartment. A stable should have windows
to open and shut, that fresh air may be let in wdien
the weather is hot, and it should be tight and
of considerable importance, though seldom attend
cd to, there will be an inducement to the horse
kecjier to give the horse hay in sjiiall quantiti'
a lime, and frequently from the little troid)le which
attends putting it into the rack. The saving of
hay, which may be effected by the use of this rack
is so a|)pan'iit that it need cot be dwelt iijion. A
great saving may also be made in oats, by so fas-
tening the horse's head during the time of feeding
that he eannot throw any of them out of the mau-
ger. This kind of rack and manger, fiom bein
boarded in frmit will effectually jirevent the litter
from being kept constantly under the horse's he.nd
and eyes, by which he is compelled to breathe the
vapois which arise from if. It will also prevent
him from getting his head under the manger, as
sometimes hajjpens, by which means, not unfre
qiu'iitly, the poll evil is (ji-oduced. The length of
the halter shoidd be only four (Vet from the head
warm in winter. Otherwise the great vicissiiiii'.cs I sj„]| ,„ ,1,^ ,.-n,g through which it passes; this vvil
ef heat and cold will do nmch hurt to the animals ;
and the more as being tied up, they caimot use
much motion. Some of the windows should be
glass, because horses are fonrl of light.- And it is
better for their eyes that they be not coidiued at
all to total darkness in the day time."
A lofiv stable is recommended by White, (T;ea-
tise on Vet. Med. p. 1,) fifteen or twenty, but never
less than twelve feet high, with an opening in the
ceiling for ventilation. The floor he prefers is
of brick or lime-stone, inclining not morelVom the
manger to the gutter than an inch in a yard. Some
litter, he says, should always be allowed for a
horse to stale upon, which should lie swept away
as often as is necessary. This with <i pail or two
of water, throvv-n upon the floor, and swc]it oft,
while the horse is at exercise, will keep the stable
perfectly clean and free from offensive smells.
" The depth of a stable should never be less
than twenty feet, nor the height less than twelve,
the width of a stall should not be less than six feet
clear. But when there is sufficient room, it is a
much better plan to allow the horse a space often
or tvi-elve feet, where he may be loose and exer-
cise himself a little. This will be an effectual
means of avoiding swollen heels, and a great re-
lief to horses that are worked hard. With respect
to the rack and manger. White prefers the former
on the ground [floor] resting three feet high, eigh-
teen inches deep from front to back, and five feet
in length. The rack he prefers being closed in
front, though some farmers prefer it open, alleg-
ing that horses while lying down, will thus be en-
abled to eat if they choose. A close fronted rack,
however, is better adapted for saving hay. The
back part of the rack should be an inclined plane
made of wood ; should be graduelly sloped towards
admit of his lying down with ease, and that is all
which is required. The ring should be placed
close to the side where. the manger is, atul not
the centre of the stall. The side of the stall should
be snfliciently high and deep to prevent the hori
es from biting and kicking each other. When the
common rack and manger are preferred, the rack
staves should be i)erpi'|]dicidar, and brought near
ly down to the manger, and this may easily Ik
done v.ithont the iiecessiiy of a hay loft, and the
manger may be made deep and wide as described
" The window of the staide should be at the
southeast end, and the door at the opposite enil.
The window should be as high as the ceiling will
admit of, and in size proportioned to that of the
stable. In one of twelve feet high, it need not
come down more than four feet, and it will then
be eight feet from the ground, and out of the way
of being broken. The frame of the wiudow should
be movable upon a pivot in the centre, and open-
ed by iTieans of a cord, ruiining over a pulley in
the ceiling, and fastened by means of another
cord. With a window of this kind, in a stable of
three or four horses, no other ventilation will be
required ; a person never need lie solicitous about
finding openings for the air to enter, wheie there
is sufficient room above and means for its escape.
A stable thus constructed will be found conducive
to the health and comfort of horses, and will af-
ford an inducement to the horse-keeper to attend
to every little circumstance which may contribute
to cleanliness. He will not allow the smallest bit
of dung to remain swept up at one end of the sta-
ble as it usually is. The pails should be kept out
side, and not standing about the stable as they
commonly are. If it is necessary to take off the
chill from water, it is much better and more easi-
.Vantucket Ptimpkins. — We lately noticed in the
garden of the Hon. Levi Thaxter w Watertovvn,
a very encouraging product of this grand vegeta-
ble, so peculiarly dear to Yankees during Thanks-
ing week. From one seed he has raised 13
pumpkins, tlie largest of which weighed 24 lbs.
the smallest 15 lbs., the aggregate 235 lbs. The
1 of this varieiy of pumpkins was obtained from
Niintuckel; it has a very hardshell, but fine close
in, and is highly worthy of cultivation-
Mr Wuodsworth has left at tlie office of the
New Englaiul Farmer, a siieciinen of a very neat
supporter for such flowers as are generally tied up
with sticks in pots. They are made by Mr Joh.n
Stamford of Lcchmore Point, of flint glass, en-
aniclled with threads of any color, and fanciful
lape, and will cost but about I2X ets. each.
They make a truly beautitiil appearance.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
SiTURDJV, .Nov. 3, IS32.
FRUITS r.XHIEITED.
\ Jlpplts. — By Daniel "Chandler, Lexington, a
skeet apple fiom the orchard of Nailiiiii Ilarring-
X^n ; a good bearer, middling size ; free fi-om the
cnrcullo, and considered a desirable apple for
baking.
By Jonathan Warren of Weston, a seedling
called the Robberts aiqile. Red sneaked, large
size, flavor very fine, and well worth cidiivating.
Also, a seedling resembling the greening ; not in
eating ; a promising fruit.
By Beiij. V. French, the Black Ai)ple, not
worth cidiivating; and the Lyscom .'\pple from
Westborough ; a handr-omc fruit, of middling qual-
ity. Also, the Patterson Apple, from Norlhboro':
an apple worth cidiivating, and fully answering
the annexed description.
Pears. — By Elijah Vose, Esq. Napoleon pears,
fully sustaining their former good character.
By order of the Committee on fruits, &c.
BENJ. V. FRENCH.
BoBion, Oclobfr3I, 1839.
Benj. V. Fbench, Esq.
Sir — .Vccorapanying this I send you a fair specimen,
without selection, of apples fioin llic nee in Noithbor-
ough, which 1 extolled so highly to you. ] aai sorry 1»
say, hftwevui-, that I find them so much less inviting
than they were in 1T9S, when I resided in Noiiljhor-
ough, that I hesitated much whether to send tliem. They
appear to be less sound, and not so red, and have lost one
third at least of their size. It is known iheie hy the
name of the Patterson apple in consequence of ils grow-
injr on ihe farm, which belonged to the faihcr of our fel-
low citizen, finoch Patterson. Many scions have been
taken from it to Boylston and to the central part of Con-
necticut. 1 have not learned much of the success of ttie
grafts other than that they flourish best in a tree having
as near as possible the same acidity. They are consid-
ei'ed as best fit for eating in December, but will keep
until March or April, retaining their juice and flavor.
There arc two liees on this farm bearing the same
Vol. XI.-So. 17.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
t:o
kind of apple and both off>ponlaneoiis growth. The oldest
tree was liist in hlossom 80 years ago, and ;»ltained its
utmost growth about 50 years since. The truiil< is 30
inches in diameter live leet from the grouml, when the
branches eoiiinience and extend themselves about 15
feet horizontally. The height is 25 to 30 feet. It is re-
markable lli.it it bears more or less every year and the
greatest quuntily in any one year is supposed to be 20
bushels.
The younger tree is situated about fifty rods from the
other; and fifty years ago was five inches in diameter,
and now about thirty ; and about five feet from the ' lighly esteemed tor their excellent qi:alities
Wlnships' Biiglitou Botauic Gardens and
Nurseries.
Situated on the Mill Dam Ruad from Boston to IVa-
tcrtow/i, about an equal distance from the Mansion
[louse, Cattle Fair, and Franklin Hotels.
FOR S.\LK, a very extensive variety of Apples, Pears,
Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Mul-
berries, Shepherdia or Buffalo Ijerry trees, Quinces,
Raspberries, Grape Vines ; all the varieties of Straw-
berries in cultivation, with superior kinds of Goosebei-ries;
also si.vleen kinds of Currants, most of them new, and
ground divides into three br.inches and shaping itself like
the elder. , 'I'he soil in which they grow is lich, moist
and rocky, and such as I should say the apple tree de-
lights in. Mr Patterson 1 think will confirm what I say,
and perhaps give you some additional particulars. The
specimen I send you compoils so illy with my first state-
nient, thati really wish you might interrogate him on
the suuject lest you may consider it exaggei'aied and fan-
ciful. Respectfully your humble servant,
HENRY GASSETT.
Paris and its Historical Scenes. — Lilly &
Wait have jiiSt published the 27tli and 28th Nos.
of the Library of Entertaining Knowledge, con-
taining Paris, and its Historical Scenes, vol. ii. ; the
Revolution of 1830, embellished with beaiiliful
co))|)er-i)late and wood engravings. Price 40 cts.
.•1 number. Published under the superintendence
of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Know-
ledge.
To Correspondents.
We are ohl'gcdto defer this week several favors, among
which are an interesting letter from H. Longvvorth,
Esq. of Cincinnati, to Gen. Dearborn, on the culture of! fui collection, among which ai-e foityfi
A great collection of Oinamental Trees, — English
Mountain Ash ; Weeping do. ; Sliver Leaf Abele, a new,
b'auliful, and vigorous growing tree ; Horse, Fruit, ami
I'warf flowering Chcsnuts ; Silver Fii's ; Balm of Gil-
eid ; Scotch Larch ; Arbor Vita; ; Holly, Cypi'ess, Ju-
riper, Kalmia, Magnolias, Rhododendrons, Laurels, &c.
&c. ; Gum, Rose, and Three tborned Acacias ; Sugar
or Rock, Moose, a id Scarlet flowering Maples ; Scotch
keeping Bii'ch, of poetic celebrity, and other varieties ;
Inglish, American, Mountain leaved Elms ; Aspen leav-
el and Italian Poplars ; Ailanthus, or the Chinese Tree
cf Heaven; Linden Limes; Walnuts; Chesnuls ; Fil-
herls ; Pecan Nuts ; Weeping, Ring-leaved, Basket and
other var-ieties of Willows; Great floweiing Catalpa ;
/cacia ; Buckthorn ; Hawthorn, &c, for hedges, Box-
plants for edgings ; also the following splendid Honey-
sickles, viz. — rMonthly Golden Trumpet, Monthly Siri-
p-d Evei'blooming Fragi'ant, Monthly Scarlet Trumpet,
Monlhly Chinese Evergreen Twining, with beautiful
sli'iped flowers of delicious fragrance ; Yellow Pube-
scent; Early Flowering, &c, &.c.
Shrubbei'y, including four liundred varietio» of Roses ;
Altheas; Snowberries ; Spirajasof various kinds; Liciimi
or Matrimonial Hower, a great beauty; Lilacs, red and
wkite Persian ; Cut leaved do. ; large Chinese do , with
coinnion kinds. Also, a most splendid assortment of
IL'rbaceous Plants, comprising a veiy rai-e and beauti-
varielies uf
the vine, and the mode of making wine fiom naUve
grapes; and one from " A Subscriber" in Plymouth coun-
ty, asking for a remedy against the ravages of the mice
among fruit trees.
Peonies, a hundi'ed of Carnations and Pinks, a hundred
of Dahlias, &c.
Ladies and Gentlemen can visit the establishment at
any lime and make selections for themselves.
Trees and Plants will be securely packeil for this, or
any other couniry ; and ilelivered at ihe Gardetis, or in
Grape Vines, &c. &c. j the city of Boston, free of expense for transportation.
ISABELLA, Catawba, Black Hamburg, Oval Purple, ' Orders nray be addressed to J. B. RUSSELL, Agent,
Fi'ench Black, Constanlia, White Chasselas,Ferroll, Na- Boston. November 7.
poleon, White Muscat, some of each very large, Barce- ' .
lona, Black and White Muscatel, Palomino, Mantua,) m- ^. - <• lo <-
,-, . ,, 1 Ai ■ 1 1)1 ij . ■ Tin Covering lor Roofs.
Caslellana, aird Mantua de Pila, Horatio, etc. etc. — 1
Pear Stock;., Peach and Plum trees. Buttonvvood, Elm, { A very simple plan of Covfring the Roofs of
Horse Chesnut, Wlijte Ash, Rock Jlaple, Beach and j Houses, Manufactories, and intact any Building,
English Oak Trees, nil suitable for tian*planting, »nd I with TIN, has been adopted wUh enlii'e success in
theiniddle and Southern Stales, and a Patent obtained
The great advantages over Slate Roofs, are — 1st, less
than one half the expense; and 2d, a great saving of
Timber in framing the roof, as the Tin is so much lighter
than Slate. There ai-e Tin Rools in Montreal that are
now in good condition, which have been covered with
Tin more than lOt) yeais. The improvement in this cov-
erin{[, is that each sheet, although secured by two nails,
no part ofthe nail is exposed to the atmosphere.
The subscriber will exhibit a building covered as
above, and enter into contract to co\'er any number of
___ „,-_ , ., ~ „..,,. -. • , - buildings the ensuing season, on application to him at
FOR SALE at the Nur.sery of A\ilham Kenrick, in injian^HiH {.'arm, near Ncwburyport, Ms.; or applica-
raised from Seed — Rose Bushes, and other flowerin^
Shrubs, and a few Scotch Gooseberry Bushes and Quince
Trees.
ALSO, 20 or 30 tons English salt hay, 180 bushels po-
tatoes, 100 sni.ill white cedar po-ts, suitable for Vine
Trelises, 500 bamboo poles, for sale by the subsciiber,
at Dorchester, or at TJ Congress Street, Boston.
ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.
November, C.
Morns Molticaulis,
Newton, at jjil each, $5 (or six, or $9 per doz. $b7 per
hundred. Packing included.
ALSO, Shade trees of exii-a sizes, of the Butter-
nvts. Elm, Horse-Chesnuts, and Weeping Wil-
lows, for streets and avenues.
Orders may be sent by mail or left with the general
agent, J. B. Russell, at the New England Farmer of-
fice and Seed Store, No. 50J North Market Street.
Nov. 7.
Bremen Geese.
JOHN PERRY has for sale on his farm at Sherburne,
twentysix superior Bremen Geese, of pui'e blood. Al-o,
a few hundred White Mulberry trees, four years old.
For information please apply to Mr Hollis, Quincy
Market, or to the subscriber on his farm.
Nov. 7. JOHN PERRY.
Pigs for Sale.
FOR S.\LE, two pigs of an excellent breed. Inquire
at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 50i North Market
Street. Nov 7.
tion can be made to J. R. NEWELL, Esq. Agricultural
Warehouse, Boston. ROBERT WILKIE.
Nov. 7, 1S32.
I Isabella Grape Vines.
FOR sale at the New England Seedstore, No. 50^
North Market Street,
A few extra-sized standard Isabella Grape Vines, five
years old, which have made fifteen feet of wood this sea-
son. Each vine has about half a dozen brandies, and is
packed in moss for safe transportation, and if planted out
this month will be pretty sure to bear next season ; they
have very fine roots, and are from eight to ten feet high.
Price $1,50 each. Nov. 7.
Sweet Potatoes.
For sale at the Horticultural Garden in Lancaster,
Mass., by the snbscr-iber. One Hundred bushels of Sweet
Potatoes, red, white and yellow, of excellent quality.
Price $1,00 per bushel, or $2,00 per barrel.
JOSEPH BRECK.
Lancaster, Mass., Oct, 2, 1632.
Trees, &c.
MRS PARMENTIER, at the Horticultural Botanic
Garden, Brooklyn, L. 1. two miles froin New York, of-
fers for sale a choice collection of Pear, Apple, Peach,
Plum, Cherry, Quince, &c. Trees, Grape Vines Orna-
menlal trees and Shrubs— Green-house and Herbaceous
pl:nts.
Al.so, the Morus multicanlis, or true Chinese Mulber-
ry, of which any quantity not exceeding ten thousai;a
can be Inrnished.
Oiders lor Boston, may be .sent to Mr John B. Russell'-
Agricullural Warehouse, No. SOJ North ftlarket Street
Boston. Orders by mail will be carefully attended to.
Brooklyn, Oct. lath, 1832, 4t
White aiulberry Trees.
SIX hundred While Mulberry trees, of fine size and
appeaiance, for sale, of large -..nd thrifty growth, 4 year?
old horn seed. Inquire at this Office, or at the Farm of
Elizalieth Wales in Dorchester. 3t" Oct. 25.
For Sale.
A hardsome Bull, part of the Holderness aud part of
the Admiral breed. He will bo three years old next
March, and will be sold cheap. Address Isaac S.
Houghton, Roxbury, care of Daniel WeM & Son,
7i-> Washington Street, Boston. 4t* Oct. 31.
New England Farmer's Almanac.
JUST published, Ihe New England Farmer's Almanac
for 18:i:5, by T. G. Fessenden, editor of the New Eng-
land Farmer— containing Ihe usual variety of an almanac
and several articles on agriculture, by the editor and
others. Price 50 cents per dozen. Nov. 7.
Horse for Sale,
FOR SALE a good Mill Horse, who is well acquaint-
ed with his business, slops quick, and is a valuable ani-
mal lor such work ; price $30. Inquire at Roxbury
Chemical Works, near Hog Bridge, were he may be
seen. Nov. 7, 1S32
For Sale.
A full Blood Alderney Bull and Heifer, two year,? old
last spring ; the Heifer in Calf by a full Blood Alderney
Bull, to come m June next. Apply at this Office
Oct. 9, 1832.
Straw Wanted.
A few Tons of Barley or Oat Straw, suitable for Beds
wanted at the House of Industry, Soulh Boston '
3w
Durham Short Horn Bull.
A firie animal four years old, full blood, pioceny veiy
prouiising, for sale, if applied for soon at this office.
BRIGHTON JIARKET— Monday, Nov. 5, ISSsT
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Palriot.
At market tliis day, 4050 Beef Calile, 1180 Stores
4660 Sheep and 1-156 Sivine. 270 Swine and a few'
Stoi'cs were repoilcd last week.
Prices. Serf Cattle.— Sa\es were gencraliy made
at a shade less than they were last week. Some lots
were sold at last week's prices. We quote today, exlTO
at .$5,17, a 5,33 ; prime at $4,75, a 5 ; good at $4,25, a
4,67.
Barrelling Cattle.— Mess at$4 a 4,17 ; No. 1, $3,07 a
$3,73. ^
atores.— Two years old at $10,50 a IC ; yearlings at i?S
all. J s f
Cows and Calves.— Sales were effected at $18, 19, 21,
22, and $25.
Sheep. — Lois were purchased at less prices than they
were last week of equal qualily. We noticed lots takea
at $1,53,1,67, 1,71, 1,88, $3, 2,17, 2.2.5, 2,33, and $2,42.
Wethers at $2, 2,33, 2,50, 3, and :i,50.
Swine. — One entire lot of 270, half barrows, were
taken at 3c. ; one lot selected, half barrows, at 34c. ; as^
one at 3^0. ; one lot of barrows, at 4J, and one at 4c. At
retail, 4c. for sows, and 5c. lor barrows.
JVetv York, A'ov. 3. — Market this week well suppIieJ
and sales in general not brisk. 900 head of Beef Cattle
have come in, and sold at an average about the same a<
last week. Sheep and Lambs— about 6000 in, sales were
slow— good Sheep still scarce. Beef Cattle, $5 a G 7i ;
Sheep, good, $3i a 5 ; inferior, $1 a 3J : Lambs $1 a
$2 60; Swine $3i a 4.
S86
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
November 'T, l«32.
Miscellany.
ANTUMNAL SKETCHES.
The sullen equinoclial stoim
The earth prepares for Autumn's sway.
While slowly to'anls Antarctic skies
Sol plods along his misly way.
The foliage of the forest trees,
The looker-on with rapture views,
Tinged with bright yellow, orange, red,
A Joseph's coat of many hues.
And plenty still her boon bestows
Of treasures, waiting to be stored,
What culture, soil, and cliina'e yield
To swell the cultivator's horde.
The leaves, which late the wood adorn'd,
And moved obeisance lo the breeze.
Now palpitate in every gale.
Which strips the desolated trees.
Th? withering north wind cuts and sears
The shivering landscape all ai-ound ;
The boast of spring and summer's pride,
Lie blasted on the frozen ground.
* * * * Apropos of Dyspepsia (s.ays the Na-
tional Gazette) we tnust produce ihi' tustimoiiy, as
it is quoted in the Loniloii Metropolitan, of an Eng-
lish "lady" who is about to publish in London, a
" Narrative of a Tour through the United States."
"There is a fashionable complaint come out in
America, which I never heard of in ''upland ; ev-
ery body has dyspepsia. Wlien I arrived at New
York, all the s^entlemen made excuses for their
wives not waiting on me, as they were sufferinct
from the dyspepsia. I was afraid to usk what it
was, fearing some explanation which would sliocU
my delicacy, so I only replied, ' Dear me, I am
very sorry, bow long has she been afflicted ?' As
it was a dise.ise which confined them at home, I
consideied myself safe, and did not expose my ig-
norance. When I was in the steam-boat, one of
my tormentors in the cabin aski;d me if I had dys-
pepsia. 1 said yes, of a venture, hoping it was an
infectious complaint, and that they would leave
me. I heard the word echoed from one side of
the boat to the other, and I thought I would m-
quire of an old gentlewoman what the prevalent
disease in America was. 'Dyspepsia, ma'am.'
' And what is it ?' ' Why ma'am, a genteel name
for indigestion ; we folks in this coumi-y, parlicu-
wide as the poles, otVering lemonade, negus, and
large tundilcrs of iced water ; then two more with
moulds of different iocs, in iiyramidsas lofty neaiv
ly, as the one in Place Vendorae, and of the samb
shape, which the gentlemen batter down and helb
to the ladies. Another waiter keeps close, with k
tray filled with every kind of cake. As soon at
people have cooled themselves with as much o
the ice as they can eat, another set of trays ajjpea
with dressed lobsters, made as hot as the naught;
man, ham sandwiches, scolloped oysters, cole
tongue, buttered crackers, and radishes ; these re
frcshments walk round the room without one niO'
ment of rest, from nine to eleven, and I have seei
the ladies j)artake of all of them, and finish with
quantity of strawberries and cream, and one oi
two glasses of champagne, which is given at
i the parties — and the nerves are in a continua
[state of alarm from the popping of long corks, fo
the waiters appear to understand what they ought
to do ; and whilst you are conversing with a
neighbor, tliere is a sound of artillery on all sides
and corks flyiug in all directions. No wondei
the folks have dyspepsia! I have seen a lady ea
as much lobster salad as would fill a side-dish, anc
finish with strawberries and cnam ; all these eat
aides ])l,iced on a side table, would fill it, and sav
the trouble of banding them about, ami not er
danger the drosses, wliicb suffer very nuich froi
eating everything on the lap. We are tlionghl t
be very abstemious, as we never exceed a poun
of cake of ditlirent kinds, and as much ice a
would fill a quart mould, and we are often que!
tioned if we are not afraid of dysjiepsia."
great favorite, and kcjit up. a conlimud corres-
pondence with several. He ex])ressi(l great re-
gard for the general value of the sex. It was liis
opinion that women generally much excel men in
constancy, and that they are less influenced by
personal appearance in their attachments ; and be
tiidught they would be, in several respects, supe-
rior to men, if they had the same advantages of
education. He disliked sentiinental young ladies,
and said, he had made the remark, that they liad
generally less refinement than those who made no
formal ]iretcnsions to it. — Brilish .Mdii-. for July.
THE YOUTHS OF FRANCE AND
ENGLAND.
Place an ardent young Parisian, of good family
and fortune, by the side of a lad of the same con-
dition in London, fresh from Oxford or Cam-
bridge; what is the latter dreaming of? Seiluc-
tion or keeping, Tattersall's or Elmore, Stevens's
claret, hazard, ecarte, Epsom, an opera dancer, or
a groom, a livery-stable jobber, or a billiard mak-
er. His most refined study is an obscene book
from Cranbourne-alley, or a masquerade at the
Argyle-rooms. The contrast with a Parisian youth
is melancholy ; science or art is his passion ; he is
the enthusiastic votary of Cousin, or some other
professor of literature or philosophy ; his ideas are
elevated, his sensual wants few, and those compar-
atively despised. He lives in the agitation of in-
tellect, and the pursuit of science: in manners, lie
is as different from the plethoric danily of Pond
larly the la<lies, eat too many meals in the course I ^j^eet, as the quiet and elegant girl of P.-iris is from
Splendid Bulbous RootSa
JUST received at tbe .Agricultural Warehouse and
Stcd Store, No. 50^ Norlh Market Street, a large assort-
ment of Bulbous Flower Roots, comprising the finest va-
rieties of
HYACINTHS: (Double and single,) dark blue,
poicel.dn blue, red, rosy colored, pure while with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, and yellow willi various eyes;
from l2.Jto$l each.
TUl^lPS : Splendid variegated ,red, yellow, and mixed ;
12.\ cents each, $1 per dozen: assorted, with the colors
marked on each ; (our assoitment of fine tulips is very
Iririje, and we arc en;ibloil to put many snits a.-i low as
§() por bundled; an object to those who wish lo form a
su|)eib tulip bed.)
CROWN IMPERIALS: Assorted, of the most splen-
diil colors and showy flowers, large roots ; 25 cents each,
(eMra fine roots.)
.lONQUILI.ES: Swcetscented, finest roots 124 cts.
e.icli, $1 per dozen.
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS: Fragrant, white
wiib citron cups, extra s zed roots, 124 '" 23 cents each-
DOUBLE NAI.CISSUS: Fragrant, of all colors,
]2.A cents each. $1 per dozen.
SPRING CROCUS: Of all colors, fi^ cents each.
50 cents per dozen.
LARGE t;LAD10LUS or SWORD LILIES, 124 cents
each, 31 per dozen.
I Also, a further supplv of Bulbous Roots, comprising
l.arge While Iragram I.ilies, 1^4 cents each, I dollar per
'dozen. Tiger (spotted) Lilies, same price ; Maitagon, or
Turk's Cap Lilies, samepiicc.
The above roots are of the same superior character as
(ho«e sold by us tbe last season, and which gave such
universal satisfaction ; some of tbe double Hyacinths
having proiluce<l bells one inch and eight lenlhs in diam-
eter.
Purchasers are requested to notice that tbe above roots:
are not purchased at auctiim, and are all remai kahle for
their size, anil for the beauty and delicacy of lint of their
flowers.
of the day, and take no exercise, except in their
rocking chairs, and no wonder they have indiges-
tion.' When I arrived in , I experienced
the truth of the observation ; for refreshmeuts are
brought in at ten in tbe morning, and go on till
ten at night. No ladies walk, and we are thought
to belong to the descendants of Goliah, audio pos-
sess supernatural strength, because we walk a
mile or two ; there are three rocking chairs, cov-
ered with crimson velvet, in the two parlors, and )
one in my bed-room, and thoy are seldom vacant ;
every body takes a rock in tbe course of tbe day.
The style of the parties would amuse you ; we
assert. ble about nine o'clock, when the lea is hand-
ed retind to the ladies, who sit altogether in a row,
the gBUtteiTien keeping a respectful distance to
give room to the waiters, who require space ; an-
other set of men follow, with their arms extended
he dashing and daring eleve of a fashionable
boarding school in London. The Parisian youth
is reserved and serious in deportment, ardent in
manner, saturnine in complexion, perhaps some-
what tbo fond of disputation, but entirely conver-
sant in religious subjects, philosophy, the arts, and
politics ; supercilious pride, aristocratic contempt,
overled indifference to the feelings of others, are
unknown to him. He is domestic in bis habits,
and .strong in his feelings, enthusiastic in his pur-
suits; his deportment is neither surly nor boister-
ous, but it is grave and impassioned. We would
ask — is this the popular notion of a young Pari-
sian, or can any two things be more opposite? —
Jf'estminsier Review.
Tlie Ladies. — Dr Hales was very partial to the
society of ladies, with whom he was generally a
JjCad.
SHEET Lead, of all dimensions; Pig Load ; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Cast lion Pnnips, constnnllv for
sale by ALBERT FEARING & CO., No. I City Wharf.
Boston, Oct. iClb, 1S32. If
Published every Wednesday Kvening, at §3 perannum,
pa\able at the end of the year — but those whn pav within
sixty da\s (rom the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction 01 trftv cents.
ID' No papi r will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. RrssELL, by I. R. BuT-rs — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
RossELi,. at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62. Nnrlii
Market Street.
AGENTS.
Thorbufn fi SiiKe, 67 Liberty-Street.
Thorbuh.v, 34-7 Market street.
D. .t C Lanpkkth, 85 Chestnut-street.
B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
C. Parkhi^rst. 11^ Lower Market-street.
Wm. Princf&.S'iss, Prop. Lin, But.Gardcn
— Wight Chapman.
nnwiN & Co. Booksellers.
■. — E.Edwaros.
— F.i KNF.ZFR SrF.nMAS, Boiikseller.
. // _ J. W. Foster. Bookseller.
— Sami'EL CoLMAN, Bookseller. (
-Wm. Mann.
— P.J. Holland Esq,
— Henry Hillock,
Nm York-G.
Albany — 'W^t'
Philadelphia —
Ballimnre - G
Cinrinnali — S
Fhishins. N. Y.
Middlehury, Vt.
Hartford— Go
Sprinf^field. Mi
N-vhiniport. -
Porlsi'iiililll . A'.
Porllaml. Me.-
A ^nsta. Hie.-
H'lifax. N. S
Montreal, L. C.
NEW ENGl.ATO> FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the AoRicoLXURiL Warj house.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL,. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 14, 1832.
NO. IS.
Communications
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAHMER.
Dear Sir — Please to publish the uicloscd very
interesting comnuinicatiou from N. Lo.ngworth,
Esq. of Cincinnati, on the cnlture of tlie vine, and
the mode of making wine from our native grapes.
Very respectfully, your n»ost obd't servant,
H. A. S. DEARBORN,
Pres. fllass. Hort. Society.
T. G. FusEKDES, Esq.
CiKciKKiti, Ohio, Oct. 10, 1832.
H. A. S. Dearborn, Esq.
Sir — A press of business has hitherto prevent-
ed my acknowledging the honor done me, in elect-
ing me an honorary member of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society. I was at your horticultural
fair, in Boston, in Sept. 1831 ; and contrary to my
expectation, I found your specimens of fruits, in
variety and size, surpassing those I had seen in
New York and Philadelphia. I little expected'to
see foreign grapes succeeding with you in open
culture ; but those I saw in the gardens in the vi-
cinity of Boston, coidd not be surpassed in any
part of the Union. Your success is in part atl^'ib-
utable to skilful cultivation, but more to your |oil,
which is better calculated for the culture of |or- i ill be found to be a greater enemy than our
eign grapes than any I liave seen. I I.vinters, owing to the humidity of our climate, for
I did, this fall, intend sending to your Sojfciv which there is no remedy,
some specimens of wine, but delayed it ti/i tooi As a general rule, our native grapes will be
late. Next season you shall not be neglected. | found to abound in leaven, and deficient in the
To raise the grape in perfection, of domestic ori saccharine principle. But this can always be add-
gin, requires but little skill. The manufacture o led, and answer precisely the same purpose as if
wines is an art that requires many years' practice, contained in the grape. Of this I fully satisfied
since wines, sweet or dry, red or whiti', may pro-jmj'self by experiment. I gathered some grapes
•^^as inferior to that made at Vevay, in Indiana.
At the latter place they make wine from one vari-
ety of grape only, the Schuylkill Muscade!, and
lave very much neglected their vineyards of late
jears. If I am correctly informed, from this
grape they have made over 950 gallons to the acre.
That the culture of the vine may be mide profita-
ile, I have no doubt. But to manufacture good
line will require skill ; and person* to admire it
riust be accustomed to its peculiar-lavor. At one
"ineyard this season, I made 22 uarrels of wine.
; measured off one fourteent<i part of an acre,
vhich produced 105 gallons, p^ual to 1470 gallons
0 the acre. The vines vere planted six feet
ipart. In Europe they rre often planted only
:lirce feet, sometimes neirer. Mine were trained
Dn stakes. If at three-eet they would have been
equally productive, which I am convinced they
ivo dd not, they wnild yield nearly 6000 gallons
0 tlie acre. I ay confident I can raise 3000 gal-
ons to the aero All my attempts with foreign
jrapes have t'us far failed. Some seasons they
may succee'', but I have met with no kind that
ivould stapJ our winters, and I have tried upwards
cf l.'iO v>i'ieties. With great skill in pruning, and
foverVig the vines in winter, I believe some kinds
may ie successfully cultivated. My foreign vines
oftei stand the severest winters, but it is when the
ivod ripens. In other winters, more moderate,
ihy are killed to the ground. But the mildew
have supposed that foreign grapes would better
stand our climate if grafted on our native stocks.
I have rather foiuid it an objection. If raised from
cuttings and killed to the ground, fresh sprouts
will spring up from the roots. Those grafted oii
native vines were often killed down to the native
root. I regret that more attention has not been
bestowed in collecting native grapes from our for-
ests and prairies. To tlieni, and new varieties
raised from their seed, we must resort, if we wish
success. I have in my garden, a white and a green
variety, raised from the seed of the Schuylkill
Muscadel. I have several seasons tried raising
from seed, but they have generally, when a few
inches high, been killed by mildew. I shall in
future, try them in hot beds. But I must close,
having alreaily trespassed more on your patience
than I intended. Very respectfully,
N. LONGWORTH.
ceed from the same grape. AH my German vine
dressers are entirely ignorant of the principles of the sun, housing them at night. They yielded
fermentation, and possess not the least skill in the
manufacture of wine. I presume they usually sold
their wines at the press to intelligent wine coop
wHen fully ripe, and exposed them several days to
about two thirds the quantity of juice, the same
quantity of grapes fresh from the vines produced.
To the latter I added as much loaf sugar as made
ers. Most persons, who have made wine in the the saccharine principle equal. There was no
United States, have erred in attempting to imitate Perceptible difference in the wine. None of our
foreign wines. American wine can be made equal .dative grapes this season, requii-ed sugar, and
to some of the most celebrated foreign varieties^I have one variety so abundant in the saccharine
but they are, unfortunately, kinds not generally principle, as never to require it. I shall this sea-
used or admired in the United States. I believe son for the first time, test its qualities as a wine
we could, with a little practice, make wine equai grape. The grape is small. Bunches large and
to the best Hock ; but we should be told, as JMI shouldered, without the tough pulp, common to
Shealty, a German merchant at Baltimore, was bij our native grapes, and much admired as a table,
his friends. When on the Rhine he procured d fruit. Generally speaking, our wines, like most
few dozen bottles of old Hock, for which he paitlof the French wines, will be in perfection the first
a high price. On a special occasion he produced or second year. Much has been said of the ad-
a bottle, and was told by his friends that " his ci-.vantages resulting from close fermentation in the
der was sour." Major Adlum manufactures winejnianufacture of wine. I tried it for two years in
■with more skill than any person I have seen, buisuccession. The same quality of must was sub-
to eflect sales, is compelled, against his betteijected to open and close fermentation. In the lat
judgment, so to manufacture his must, as to iini
tatc popular foreign wines. Scupperiaong uiue
have never seen. I procured two liarrels mar
years since, from North Carolina, said to be oft
best. They are still in my cellar. They art
compound of grape juice, cider, honey and apf-
brandy.
The wine I saw at little Yorkin, Pennsylvaril,
ter case the fermentation continued much long-
er, but there was no perceptihle difference in the
quality of the wine ; I have therefore abandoned it.
In speaking of domestic wine, I should not
omit the name of W. Ilobremont. He sent me a
sample of wine resembling iMadeira, that, with the
addition of the brandy usual in Madeira wine, and
a few years age would have passed as such. JIany
DESTRUCTION BY BIICE.
Mr Fessende.v — Early last spring, I had oc-
casion to call on Sir E. Thayer of Dorchester, and
witnessed the destruction of fruit trees in his or-
chard and nursery, occasioned by field mice the last
winter ; the sight, of which surprised me, never
having seen the like before. These mice have
this season overrun the fields and pastures in some
parts of Plymouth county, and already com-
menced their attacks upon fruit trees ; and if ne-
cessity compels them to this now, lam fearful they
will complete their work the eustiing winter. What
shall we do i.> fuard'against this enemy ? I also
wish to inqiiire, ai what season of the year, the
seed of the difterent kinds of birch is ripe, and for
the best method of saving it. Perhaps the author
of the American Sylva, or some of your corres-
pondents will have the goodness to give a descrip-
tion of the seed. A little information on this sub-
ject will much oblige A Subscriber.
JVovemher 1, 1832.
Remarks by the Editor.
The common methods of destroying domestic
mice by cats, traps, poison, &c, &c, have been
too often detailed to require repetition. But with
regard to mice by the acre or ioivnship, we know
of no adequate remedy ; and would as soon at-
tempt to nrite a receipt to change the northeast
wind, as prescribe a cure for a plague of that de-
scription.
Trees in nurseries may sometimes be protected
by treading down the snows, which first fall in
autumn, and the beginning of winter, so as to
make a hard and compact mass about the stems of
the trees, which the mice cannot penetrate nor
make paths under, in order to obtain access to the
trees.
In the last edition of Deane's j\"cw England
Farmer, are the following observations, which ap-
ply in part to this subject.
" It has been said of late that tannsrs' spent
bark is an admirable substitute for the mulch so
much recommended by early writers, to be laid
about the roots of trees to keep the ground open.
The evidence \n favor of it is very strong, and it
is certain that it will afford a much less shelter to
field mice. From its structure it is impossible for
them to burrow into it and to form nests, and it is
138
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
NoTember 14, 1833.
probable tliat it will produce all the desired ad-
vantages of keeping the roots free from plants
which will exhaust the soil ; at the same time
they retired so early to rest, that they seldom need- ; flocks and herds, and are the proprietors or own-
ed a candle to light them to their beds: and they j ers of the soil, they are but little more than stew-
rose as early in the inorningas they could see to ' ards to their laborers. And this slioidd excite
that it will secure our trees from the eflects of our j work. In the heat of the day, unless a showerior them to labor industriously with their own hands,
severe droughts." something extra called them to e.xert themselus, ! and to do all they can within themselves. Wheii
Mr John Spicer of East Barrington, N. Y., in an | they laid aside their labors for an hour or two, j ad j diet and labor are scarce and dear, and a man has
article republished in tiie N. E. Farmer, vol. x. p. ! indulged themselves in a comfortable nap ai er I several farms, or more land to improve and culti-
387 "ives a method, which he adopted with suc-
cess to protect his nursery and other grounds from
field mice. He says, " I took in a basket a bush-
el of shelled corn, and sowed it throughout the
nursery in the grass. I then turned in twenty or
thirty young hogs, and after a day or two, 1 sowed
another bushel ; the shoats rooted the grass all
over, and destroyed the mice in their habitations.
Last fall I practised the same method, and find
no appearance of mice. I have probably a thou-
sand apple trees that are from one and a half to
three inches in diameter, standing in grass fields.
I pastured sixty or seventy hogs in them that con-
tained the apple trees, and many times the hogs
ran in the other fields, and there is no ap|)earance
of mice in any field where the hogs have run. I
was so much in favor of the plan, that I turned
them into the meadows, and let them into nil my
fields, except where grain was sowed ; and al-
thoufh inice have been so numerous, I can dis-
cover very little of their work on my flirm con-
taining three hundred acres of improved land, and
quite a portion of mucky land, such as is general-
ly selected by mice as their residence. I would
observe, that there have been great complaints,
and much damage done about this section of
the country. Now it remains for others to say
whether the hogs eat up the mice as they do the
rattle snakes, or whether their trampling and con-
tinual rooting drive them oft'."
With regard to cultivatiug the birch, JVicol's
Planter's Kalendar, says in substance, that birch
seed should be gathered in September, in Eng-
land. It occurs in small pendulous cones, which are
easily shaken off when ripe even by light winds ;
so that by the end of the month it has generally
disappeared, or at least the best and first ripened
has been shed. It is therefore necessary to em-
brace the earliest opportunity of collecting it after
it is ripe. The ripeness is easily ascertained by
the looseness of texture of the cones. When ripe
they will part into pieces in the hand, in the act of
pulling. If it is intended to sow these seeds in au-
tumn,they should be sowed as soon as gathered
from the trees, and before they become dry.
If birch seeds are to be sown when gathered, it
is a matter of little moment whether the cones be
in a dry state when gathered or not. But if the
seed be intended for spring sowing, the cones
must be gathered when in a dry state ; and every
day's gathering should be carried to a dry loft and
spread thin ; for if a large quantity of cones be
put together, when new gathered, they will soon
grow hot, and so be destroyed.
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS, Nos. lU. & IV.
dinner. This gave them fresh strength and vigi r
and they went forth to the labor of the eveni
with siiirit and pleasure. And if farmers woi Id
work as early and late as they could in the su i-
mer season, they might rest from eleven until t o
o'clock, anj escape the intense heat and thirst jf letting or putting out a farm, as abov
the day; aivd not be one half so much fatigu d i duce of which may amount to ei"htv
as others, wh« begin their labor late in the mot - i dred pounds, would be twenty, oi^ twcntyfive per
ing, at six or lerhaps seven o'clock, and who, o cent in favor of the proprietor. And he will not
perform the \aho-s of the day, must bear the he t have the trouble of providing for, and paying a
and burden of it, :ind go to their beds at night e - number of people ; some of whom, alter all his
ceeding weary, and<^uite exhausted. From clevd attention and punctuality toward them, willnotac-
till two, you may wah, round your farm, stir ha , I knowledge themselves satisfied and contented,
or do any light labor, v\^thout fatiguing yourself i ' Good help, as it is called, is generally scarce and
t!ie least. This walk willrefresh your spirits; ar 1 ' clear, and with difiiculty obtained; an<' a farmer
may save your lands from -Jie inroads of unru r who hires careless, ignorant and slothful laborers,
cattle, sheep, swine, &c. W-dls and other fencfe
should often be inspected, if yiu wish to preser
the fruits of your labors, and hailan hour, ormoi ,
in the time and season of it, devoipd to this pii
pose, would not fail of being well re^vjiiled. Th
Iiints may be improved on ; and I ol»se this f ;•
per by observing, that mowing and li(»ing, bt h
for comfort and profit, should be pcrfi)rm-'.rj eai y
in the morning and late in the evening.
E X C n A N G I N G WORK.
Farmers who handle but little money, sh-n d
vate than he can take care of, unless he hires a
number of laborers, he should let, or put them to
the halves, as it is called, to honest and industri-
ous men, if he can find them. For, the diflerence
between hiring laborers and boardinj.' them, and
', the pro-
a hun-
notwithstanding all his own industry, will never
row rich.
WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW.
Reports of Committee, on ff'orking Oxen, made ai
the Cattle Shoiv, Oet. 10, 1832.
Committee .-—George Folsom of Worcester, Chair-
man. Job Kainger of New Braintree, John R.
Nye of Barre, Stephen Davis of Oxford, Henry
Snow of Shrewsbury.
Among the numerous objects claiming the atten-
tion of agriculturists on an occasion like the pre-
be cautious of entering into cash erigagemeivj;! sent, that noble animal, the Ox, stands preeminent,
they will find it more convenient to exchange Ld In expressing this opinion, your Committee do not
bor, than to hire and pay money. Neighbors w hi mean to depreciate the merits of any oilier com-
tnl •
ave lands to break up, and teams to connect to^
gethcr, may do this business cheaper, by exchang-
ing with each other, than by hiring help and cat-
tle. It will often be found mutually beneficial to
make exchanges even in mowing and lioeinf,
Through a diil'erence in the situations and soils if
farms, though adjoining each other, and througi
early cultivation in the one, and late in the othe,
it frequently happens, that the corn, grass, fla,
&c, on one, is forwarder and ripe sooner by se-
eral days, that on the other. In this case it woul
be prudent to unite their labors and not to hire;
this would be almost so much saved. But th(n,
these exchanges should never make any alteratio,
cither in meats or drinks, in the farmer's famiV.
For, if any extra provision is made, an cxtraord-
nary expense is incurred. The chief use of lam
and that which makes it principally beneficial an
profitable to a man, is this, it gives him em])loj
ment ; it is of very little advantage or profit t
him who does not labor upon it in person. .
farmer should therefore be cautious of hiring muo
help ; and at no time more than he can fully ad
profitably employ and readily pay. And to o
this, if he hires for a month, or for a year, e
1 should endeavor to raise a surplusage of soie
one, or of several articles to the amount of the i-
I borer's wages at least. And if he does this, evii
then, he finds that a year's wages are not easir
paid ; it will take off a considerable part of h»
corn, flax, dairy, or some other produce.
Those fanners who hire much labor done, wil
soon be convinced, if men of sense, that scarci
any farm will yield six per cent and keep up thi
ON LABOR.
When I have been riding in the ceuntry in a
very hot day, and seen farmers mowing and hoe-
ing in tlie full blaze of the noon day sim, the cus-
tom of those farmers with whom I was conversant
when a lad, has immediately occurred to my
mind. In the months of June, July and August necessary repairs ; and that although they possesi
l>(tUors for popular favor ; on the other hand, we be-
heve that very high importance may be aliached to
each, and yet the palm of superior usefulness be
awarded to the Ox. The horse, the sheep, and the
hog, may be allowed to possess merits and attrac-
tions of quite an elevated character, but after all,
their claims to distinction are far below those of
their brother animal, whose limbs are the very per-
sonification of strength, whose flesh is the most
substantial, as well as savory, of aliments, and
whose bide is the best of all applications to the
soles of honest men, and backs of rogues.
By a very wise and happy arrangement in the
economy of nature, no other animal is tnore exten-
sively diflTuscd throughout every part of the habita-
ble earth. He exists amidst polar snows, and under
a tropical sun, in the dreary wastes of the norlh,
and in the burning heats of the south, the same
patient, laborious and noble animal, though various-
ly adapted to the nature of the regions he occupieF.
It has been remarked of man, that " he is not
only a being working, but he is a being formed to
work in society." The same observation may be
applied with equal justice and truth to the ox.
Side by side with his fellow, he will toil froiu
earlisst dawn to latest eve, without uttering a sin-
gle note of complaint ; but place him alone in the
harness, detached from the society of bis kind,
and his moans and bellowings resound on every
side ; at least this is quite probable from what we
know of his disposition and habits. It is true that
in ancient times, and even now among semi-barba-
j-ous nations, the unyoked ox is employed in a
tervice assigned by modern improvement to man
and the flail. " Thou shalt not muzzle the ox that
Vol. XI.-No. 18.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
139
Ireadetli out the grain," is the humane injunction of
a sacred writer, in reference to this degrading em-
ployment of tlie noble animal — degrading because
so unsuited to the majesty of his strength.
Cattle, like their human brethren, may be con-
sidered as composing two classes, the hard-work-
ingand the industrious, who pursue a steady course
of useful labor through life, and the stall-fed, crib-
loving, whose only delight is in chewing the cud
of laziness and inaction. The parallel docs not,
indeed, hold good throughout ; for the human
drone is not only useless during life, but also
afterwards ; since it is only the good or ill that
men do, that lives after them. Whereas the brute,
whose life has been passed in swinish indolence
and stupid sensuality, leaves behind him something
that sends a morsel of comfort to many a grateful
heart. Ignonunious in life, he makes ample amends
for past deficiencies at his latter end, and every
token of respect is paid to his_ memory.
But it is of I he working class that it belongs to
us more particularly to speak. And here the
parallel is well sustained. In whatever department
of life a man is called to labor, the active and
industrious exercise of his faculties, works out for
him a more substantial reward than the wealth of
the Indies can bestow. Whether it be the labor
of the hands, or of the brain, man is always a more
valuable animal when bis energies, mental and
physical, are actively and properly employed. It
is also true of the brute coinpanions of his labor ;
they are most servicable when kept steadily bent
upon the prosecution of some or other useful pur-
pose. Over-iDorking is likewise injurious in both
cases, espeeiiilly when produced by the application
of unnatural stimulus, whether it be of the whip,
or the glass. I
Rice of West Boylston, were entitled to almost
uiK|iudified approbation- The team of John Marble,
.Jr., of Grafton, which was not entered for a premi-
um ilcserves to be noticed as an ornament to the
exhibition. Of the others, belonging to Elbridge
llewelt of Worcester, Col. Eager of Northboro',
IMarshall Pratt of Oxford, Benjamin Woodbury of
S'lUon, Col. Artemas Ward of Worcester, Reuben
VVhoelock of Sutton, aii<l Pliny Putnam of Sutton,
yiur committee can truly say, that the oxen, al-
tlnugh of unequal merit, were all remarkable for
tlicirgood qualities, exhibiting undoubted marks of
vigorous capacity and well-trained habits. The
lisii was, however, in some, instances too freely,
md quite unnecessarily, applied, the disuse of
Thich so far as is practicable we strongly recom-
nen<l.
Your committee noticed with peculiar satisfac-
lion, the unrivalled team of 118 pairs of working
»xen, all belonging to the town of Worcester,
vhich excited the admiration of numerous behold- i
^rs, as they moved in lengihened procession through I
he principal streets of the town. A premium of
ji"25 is awarded for this part of the exhibition. j
All which is respectfully submitted. For the
[•ommittee, George Folsom, Chairman. j
MILCH cows AMD FAT CATTLE.
Committee : — Ira Barton of Oxford, Chairman.
Daniel Bacon of Barre, John Temple of West
Boylston, Lovett Peters of Westboro', Luther
Burnett, Jr., of Worcester.
The Committee on Milch Cows and Fat Cattle,
report, that they found in the pens six fat oxen for
rremium ; one owned by Israel Putnam of Sutton,
aged 7 years — weight 2537 pounds.
A pair owned by Wm. Eager of Northboro',
It may be thought by some that the parallel we I aged 6 years — weight 2150 and 2025.
have drawn is degrading to the lord of creation,) One by John Boyd of Shrewsbury, aged 7 years
"who, in their opinion, is not to be named at tlie
same time with his brethren of the great family
of animals ; but it cannot be denied, that, viewed
under certain circumstances, man is the less respec-
table of the two — that not unfrequently he sinks
far below the brute. Nor will any one who has
witnessed the admirable exhibition of cattle, thii
day, withhold his respect from that class of quad
rupeds. There were to be seen strength and beauty
combined in a superior degree ; such ])erfect sym-
metry of form, and neatness of limbs, as the fairest
of the biped race might be proud to display. The
unconscious ease with which these beautiful animal:
drew loads of forty hundred weight up a rough and
steep ascent, was also well calculated to inspire the
beholder with feelings of profound admiration and
respect.
Such was the generous emulation that prevailed
during the trial, and the superior excellence with
—weight 2000.
One by Rejoice Newton of Worcester, age 2
years — weight 1875.
One by Moses G. Cheever of Princetown, age
5 years — weight 2125.
I The ox belonging to Mr Putaam was altogether
a fine animal, and considering his age, weight and
peeping, the Committee think the owner entitled
jo the first premium of $20.
The pair owned by Mr Eager were mostly grass
fed ; and considering that fact, the Committee re-
garded them as very fine oxen, and recommend
that the second premium of $15 be awarded to the
owner for his red ox.
The third premium of $10 your Committee think
should be awarded to Mr Cheever for his fine
grass fed red ox.
The oxen of Mr Newton, and Mr Boyd, were
fine animals, but the Committee can recommend
miums the Committee were obliged to lay them out
of the case. These were fine animals and under
diilerent circumstances would have had strong
claims on the bounty of the Society : they belong-
ed to Chester Morse of Southbridge, Elisha Flagg,
Willard Brown, Daniel Goulding of Worcester,
and Samuel Daman of Holden.
The cows accompanied with certificates sat-
isfactorily correct, were those of Thomas B. Eaton,
Nathaniel Stowell and Joel Marble, Jonathan
Knight, Ephraim Child of Worcester, Wm. Eager
of Northborough.
For the best milch cow not less than four years
old, and from a stock of not less than five cows, the
committee recommend the Society's first premium
of S15, to be awarded to Mr Eager, for hi.s red
cow, 1-8 Durham breed.
The second premium of $10 to Mr Eaton.
The third premium of $8 to Messrs Stowell and
Marble.
The fourth premium of $6 to Mr Knight.
The Conunittee beg leave to commend to the
special and favorable regard of the Society, the
interests of the dairy and the dairyman. They
need not say that good butter and cheese are ne-
cessary for good living — they are rather necessa-
ry in order to live at all. Come what may, we
must have these articles — and that too fresh from
the dairy. We may import almost everything, but
save us from imjrorted butter and cheese. The
dairy too, is wortliy of the first consideration, as
a source of unfailing income to the farmer. Your
Committee believe that there is no class of agri-
culturists in the county, whose thrift is so marked
and sure as that of the dairyman of Barre, New
Braintree, Westboro', and other grazing towns.
Their farms are ? source of income of two, four,
and six hundred dollars a year. And nothing but
a policy which would depopulate the Commou-
wealtb, can dcjirive them of their well deserved
living. IRA BARTON,
LOVETT PETERS,
DANIEL BACON.
Uselessncss of Jirdent Spirits. — Gov. Cass, the
present Secretary of War, distinguished not more
for his learning, talents, and mental accomplish-
ments, than for the undeviating rectitude of his
moral principles, bears testimony as follows to the
absurdity of cherishing a habit of drinking intoxi-
cating liquors:
" I stand here a living monument of the vtter
uselessncss of ardent spirits ; having never tasted
them — and yet I have endured my full proportion
of fatigue and exposure, in peace aiid in war."
which the several tasks were performed, that your for them no premium to owners, excepting the
Committee have experienced no little difiicully in bonorable meed of being good husbandmen,
selecting the small number to v/hom alone pre- The committee found upon the ground fifteen
miums could be assigned. But after mature delib- Milch Cows. Five of them, belonging to Charles
eration, and carefiilly comparing the claims of the Preston of Charlton, Levi Lincoln, George Moor,
several competitors with one another, (of whomjBilas Bailey, Jonathan Gleason of Worcester, were
there were fifteen in all,) we have agreed to make
the following award :
To Franklin M. Farnurn of Charlton,
Waldo Putnam of Sutton,
George W. Spurr of Charlton,
Royal T. Marble of Sutton,
entered for exhibition only, and the committee
cheerfully awarded them the thanks of the Society
for the interest which they have thus gratuitously
given to the show.
Of the ten Milch Cows offered for premium, the
committee are sorry to state, that there were five
Your committee cannot conclude their repoij' unaccompanied with the certificatesof the product
-without adding, that the teams of John M'Lellan oil of milk and butter, absolutely required by the rules
Sutton, Elbridge G. Wheelock of Milbury, and Asff prescribed by the Trustees; and in awarding the pre-
Pulsalion. — The pulse in the time of Hippo-
crates was, probably, not more than 60 beats in a
minute; from which, probably, originates our
smallest division of time, denominated the mo-
ment, or second, which divides the day into 86',400
parts. As the human species refine, probably the
pulse quickens, and so completely are we ma-
chines, that like a clock, the faster we go the soon-
er we are down. — London Medical and Surgical
Journal.
To cure a Dysentery. — Boil a pint of mUk, which
thicken with an egg — add one large spoonful of
salt, and the same quantity ofalspice. We are as-
sured that by a proper application of this simple
remedy for a few days successively, the most ob-
stinate dysentery may be cured. — Exeter JVews Let-
ter.
140
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
November 11, 1832.
finite damage vliicli has been done in tliis way-
Now if forest trees are thus sacrificed, if some
means are not taken to perpetuate their growth,
the increasing demand for them, occasioned by tHe
advance of taste aud the conscquc-nt desire of enj-
bellislring, and by the multiplication of steam-boatl, j
buildings, «Scc, will soon exhaust the supply, r
there no fear of this ? Let then the examples d
Eilropcan countries excite it. Already has thl
From the Connecticut Mirror.
AMERICAN FOREST TREES.
This is the title of a very able and interesting
article in the last North American Review. The
author examines the comparative quantity of forest
trees in this and other coimtries, and their value,
gives a pleasing account of Vegetable Physiology,
and of the manner in which trees may he trans-
planted and cultivated, exhibits their imiw'^nce L„ppij. j^gpome so small throughout Germany an
in many points of view, aud the danger of final | p,.„^pg a^j England, that laws have been enactc
extirpation to which they are liable, and urges the
duty of a general interest in their preservation. We
propose to say a few words on some of these top-
ics.
Forest trees, as sources of ornament, of emo-
tion, and of utility, alike merit the deepest interest.
Nature has bestowed them in such wide varieties
and with such a liberal hand, as to adapt them to
all the exigencies of man, and, unless he rudely
destroys, or needlessly consumes them, has provi-
ded for a perpetual supply. When used for shade,
every one has experienced the beauty of their pur-
pose ; and with many the patriarchal oak or pine,
or button-ball, or elm, is associated with their
most pleasant recollections of home, and closest do-
mestic ties ; and though they do not shade the im-
mediate vicinity of a household, but are scattered in
groups over a farm, or are clustered in dense mass-
es on the long hill side, or over the far extended
plain, yet their foliage, their forms, their statures,
all ■'ive rise to a thousand emotions of grandeur
and joy. As affording materials for ship-building,
for dwellings, for furniture, and for fuel, their
service is invaluable and absolutely necessary.
For the last purpose, however extensive may be
the use of coal, and however inexhaustible the
resources for this mineral, yet the necessity of
forest trees is equally manifest, for there are many
puriioses, as is well known, which a coal fire
cannot answer, and besides there is much proof
that coal itself is the result of wood, the mineralized
form of decayed vegetable matter
Considering then the inestimable importance of
forest trees, how much care is requisite for their
Towth and preservation, and yet how little is in
fact taken ! On the other hand, how much has not
been done towards destroying them ! From the
first moment that our ancestors set foot in this
country, the axe and the plough, and fire, have
been ceaselessly at work, till now the whole line
of forests ou the Atlantic shore is greatly dimin-
ished, in many places entirely thinned off, aud
even to the far West, the broad woodland is ex-
tensively broken. To a certain extent, so far as
the demands of tillage are concerned, this wilder-
ness is necessarily and very auspiciously made, to
" bud and blossom as the rose." It is a blessed indi-
cation of the active industry and perseverance of
our countrymen, though even in this case it might
be easily proved, that the work of clearing away
trees is much more thorough than is necessary or
■will in the end be advantageous. But often there
is a needless waste. Gangs for procuring timber of-
ten cut down trees unfit for their purpose, and
the husbandman, by a very incautious and rash
application of fire, perhaps only with the expec-
tation of clearing a few acres, devastates areas of
many miles in extent. The terrible conflagrations
in our forests are familiar to all. i\[any have wit-
nessed the immensely expanded sheets of flame,
as they rolled up through the tall oaks and pines,
in these countries for the very purpose of prescrv
ing forest trees, and for the additional purpose
promoting their cultivation. In Germany this cul
tivation has been made a science, schools havi
been established for the purpose, and a forester';
education requires a long period of study and o
close application ? In France, the preservation o:
trees is pretty weW secured by rigid economica
enactments, while in England, except a law re.
serving the finest timber for naval uses, the object
is left, and with peculiar success, to the interest
of individuals. But if other proofs are wanting
to show the danger of a final exhaustion of forest
trees, the cases might be cited of Scotland, of Ire-
land, of Lapland, and of many parte of America
which formerly, as is proved by the decayed re
mains of trees now found, and by tradition, pos
scssed large forests, now entirely lost. It is cer
tain that an injudicious use of forest trees, or ;
neglect to cultivate them, will ultimately produc
deficiency in thesu|)ply of a want, certainly amoH;
the most important in life. The reviewer prO'
poses some excellent plans by which this defi
ci(Micy may be prevented and at the same tiini
umch beauty and utility be gained. We shall
briefly notice some of them in our next, in tli
meantime recommending the article on this sub-
ject, in the Review, to the close attention of all
who can procure it.
From Holbrookes Family Ljceum.
FARMERS' LYCEUMS.
The long evenings which have arrived, present
farmers with an excellent opportunity for intel-
lectual and social improvement. And what |ilace
can furiush them with such a rich or abuncbiut
source of entertainment and instruction, as the Ly-
ceum ? How easy it would be for the farmers o:'
themselves, in nearly every town and village it
the Union, to erect a commodious Lyceum, upoi
the plan represented in the ninth number of our
l)aper; [See J'^'ew England Farmer, J\o. 17.] Als&
in the .imertcan Traveller, who has favored ui
with an insertion in his columns, of the cut repie
seuting a Village Lyceum. Several other papen
have promised the same favor; and so far as tie
importance of the subject is concerned, we shouU
be glad to see it presented and recommended o
the readers of every paper in our country.
If every town in the Union were furnished wih
a place of resort for farmers, and of deposit for tie
various substances connected with their busines,
such as soils, minerals and vegetables, with bools
and apparatus, calculated to assist in the e.xamiu;-
tion of them, wh.at a vast amount of instructioi.
entertainment, and wealth, would be added to ou
nation ! What could be more useful to this largi
and respectable part of our nation, thau an oppor-
tunity to resort once a week to fountains of know-
but mechanics, merchants, and all other classes,
with their wives and daughters, might meet, and
hear a lecture on some general subject, and then
divide themselves into several classes according to
their ages, or the subjects they might wish to pur-
sue, and occupy the other rooms of the building.
Among the subjects which might he brought up in
tliis way, Agriculture, both as an art and a science,
might be rendered one of the most interesting aud
useful. By the specimens, apparatus, and books,
whieh it would be easy for the Lyceum to pro-
vide, the i)rinciples of Chemistry, Botany, and
Mineralogy, might be studied, in their particular
connexion with agriculture, in such a way as to
be interesting and useful, not merely to iarmers,
but to persons of every pursuit, and even to ladies.
Besides the laws of chemical science and vege-
tation, upon which the operations and success of
agriculture must depend, the experience of far-
mers might be communicated to each other, as
they were collected in a class-room or a recitation
room of the Lyceum, in a manner which would at
once be social and entertaining, and at the same
time have an important bearing upon all the oper-
ations of the field and the garden. They might,
at such a fountain of social instruction, learn to
raise more and better wheat, corn, and potatoes,
have better oxen, horses, hogs, and sheep, be able
to gratify themselves and each other with better
fruit, and to enjoy all the blessings designed for
their physical nature more fully and richly, while
at the same time they would cultivate their im-
mortal parts, and render themsclvrs more worthy
of their Creator, by approaching more nearly in
resemblance to him.
We do not speak from theory merely ; we dis-
!nctly recollect many delightful winter evenings
his spent in the society of farmers. We could
produce more than one volume of notes taken
fifom the practical remarks, made by practical far-
mers on many of the most practical subjects, pre-
sented as topics of conversation at such social
meetings. Wo look back with delight upon the
pleasures of a farmer's life, enlightened, though it
might be dimly, by the lamp of science, and en-
livened by the active industry and the neighborly
acts of those around us. And though deprived at
present of a farmer's life and a farmer's pleasures,
we respect their character, and wotild gladly enjoy
their society at some comfortable cottage in a
country village, and above all, at a Farmer's Ly-
ceum.
_„ ..._^ _„ _ __ , ledge, and of mutual and social improvement?
illuminating earth and heaven, and know the in- 1 In the hall of the Lyceum, not only farmers
ACUTENESS OF THE EAR.
By practice, the discriminating powers of the
ear may be carried to the highest state of perfec-
tion. The success of thieves and gamblers de-
pends upon its quickness. Since the money has
been recoined, the regularity with which each
piece is struck gives them a uniformity of sound
that is very remarkable ; the half crowns having
the sound of Jl in alt. Bankers quickly discover
the least deviation from the proper tone, by which
they readily detect the counterfeits. In the toss-
ing up of money, gamblers can perceive a differ-
ence in the sound, whether it falls upon one side
or the other. I'iemen are furnished with a cot-
ering to their baskets, made of a smooth plate of
metal, by whieh they take in the unwary, as they
readily tell which side is uppermost by the soUnd
ujjon the plate, though concealed by the hand.
The atmosphere is the grand medium by which
sound is conveyed, though recent discoveries prove
Vol. XL-No. 18.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,
141
that other bodies conduct it with greater expedi-
tion; as in the instance of vibrating a tuning fork,
to the stem of wliich is attached a pack-thread
string; on the other end being wrapped round the
little linger, and placed in the chamber of the ear,
the sound will be audibly conveyed to the distance
of two hundred yards, though not perceptible to
any bystander. Miners, in boring for coal, can
tell by the sound what substance they arc pene-
trating ; and a recent discovery is that of applying
a listening-tube to the breast, to detect the motions
of the heart. The quickness which some persons
possess in distinguishing the smaller sounds is very
remarkable. A friend of the writer has declared,
he could readily perceive the motion of a flea,
when on his night-cap, by the sound emitted by
the machinery of his leaping powers. However
extraordinary this may appear, we find a similar
statement is given in the ingenious work upon in-
sects, by Kirby and Spence, who say, " I knoin of
no other insect, the tread of which is accompa-
nied by sound, except, indeed, the flea, whose steps
a lady assured me she alway shears when it pass-
es over her night-cap, and that it clacks as if it
was walking in pattens!" If we can suppose the
ear to be alive to such delicate vibrations, certain-
ly there is nothing in the way of sound too diffi-
cult for it to achieve. To accustom ourselves to
listen with attention is the first step to improve-
ment. — Gardiner's Music of JVature.
From the Boston Courier.
FLANNEL.
•'Odious! in woollen? 'twould a saint provoke —
Were the last words that poor Narcissa spoke."
Some persons there are, and well esteemed ini
the world, who like not the sensation produced by'
the contact of flannel and their own skin ; mon of
prudence in worldly affairs, who yet do not calcu-
late the chances in matters of health or of life and
death ; men, who having jn-csent health, seem to
have a lease of life for three score years and ten,
of which may be not half the term has expired.
•These sages express wonder, perhaps, that men
will peril life on the high seas, or that they will
venture to dwell in cities under the line, where
plague and fever slay their thousands.
Yet at various seasons of the year, in this hard
and changeable climate, are men in more peril
than from wind and wave, from the want of that
rare virtue, common prudence. In a climate that
varies in the twcntyfour hours from a degree of
heat that will roast an egg in the sun, to a grade
of cold that congeals, people wear a dress adapted
to the heat, and trust to keep themselves warm in
the cold by the exercise of shivering — this man-
ner of dressing is more advantageous to the doc-
tors and the undertakers than to the i)atient him-
self. Rheumatism, the worst of all bad things that
end in ism, is the least troublesome thus engend-
ered.
Influenza, with its soft name and hard nature
consumption, that if personified would make the
most hideous spectre that ever stood at the bedside
of sickness, .and cholera, that mysterious, insiclii-
ous and terrible agent, are often brought on by the
same negligence which produces a simple rheu-
matism.
At this season, comfort alone, if it could be fair-
ly heard, would induce mon to be cased from neck
to foot, in armor of woollen. Men going into bat-
tle are wiUing enough to wear a breastplate be-
cause the danger is visible ; but in greater, and
more invisible dangers, they will wear no defen-
sive armor. Some months ago, camphor rose, in
the distant apprehension of cholera, 200 per cent
in value, because it was thought to be a cure ; but
fannel remains at the old price on the draper's
shelf, though it is a preventive. O, that men
would grow wise and take the most simple way of
.'voiding an evil ! We owe it to ourselves, to our
lunilies, to the wool growers, and to the Amcri-
<an system, to forswear thin pantaloons and addict
ourselves to under garments of flannel.
From the Daily National Republican.
PURE WATER.
JIr Pri.nter — Will you publish for the benefit
)f your readers and the public generally, the fol-
owing receipt for the procuring of pure drinking
ivater. Among the means of preserving health, at
this fearful period, pure water may not be consid-
ered the least ; and though it is generally known to
he people of the west, that alum will clear muddy
water, the fact, that the mixing about a common
sized table spoonful of this s,a\\. finely poiodered with
J barrel of water, will free it of all impurities, I ap-
prehend, is either not known by them, or they
liave not convinced themselves of this important
ti-uth. I hazard this opinion, because I do not
Inow any but my own family in this city, who
fiijoy the delightful beverage of river water, freed
from all impurities, and transparent as crystal.
Vot being selfish, I have, therefore, taken the lib-
erty of offering to the public, with your leave, the
means of participating in this salutary beverage ;
merely adding, that it is the result of a series of
experiments instituted at Paris a few years ago
for the express purpose of ascertaining the best
and most certain mode of procuring pure water.
" Into a wooden cask, set upright upon a stand,
place two faucets, one near the bottom, the other
about G inches above it. Fill the cask with wa-
ter, and add powdered alum in the proportion of
less than half a drachm to the gallon, which is to
be stirred into the water, and allowed 24 hours to
settle. Should any acidity be perceived, an equal
quantity of subcarbonate of soda will neutralize it.
For use, draw the water from the upper faucet ;
and always he careful to wash the barrel well be-
fore refilling it."
If, as has been conjectured in Europe, the pre-
vailing epidemic is " entirely telluric, and created
bymephitic vapors, which are formed in the earth,
and first communicated to the water," (and the
conjecture is certainly favored by the deranged
condition of the digestive fimctions, which most
generally precedes the severe attack of Cholera,)
you will see in this, a strong argument for the
immediate and general adoption of the means here
recommended for freeing the water used for drink,
at least, of the animal or vegetable poisons whh
which it may abound. p.
Cincinnati, October 15.
CROPS IN NOVA SCOTIA.
The farmers in the Eastern Townships have
had a very pleasant and favorable harvest season.
For a few days past, the weather has been rather
unsettled, but for three or four weeks before that
time, it was unusually fine. We believe the crops
generally have been remarkably well secured.
For this, we cannot be too thankful. If the har-
vest season had been as unpropitious as the sum-
mer was unpromising and discouraging, we know
not what would have become of us all, before this
time another year. Nothing is now out, except-
ing potatoes, and these nre being fast got in. Du-
ring the session of the Court in this place we have
taken some pains to asceitain how the crops came
in, and we have been informed on all hands that
there will be a great abundance for all purposes.
There is a failure of the corn crop ; but even of
this, there will be considerably more than most
people have anticipated. Wheat was never bet-
ter, and oats are good ; potatoes yield a fair crop.
There was but little rye sown, on account of its
poor return last year. Accounts represent the
crops as having been very good throughout this
and the Upper Province, and also throughout New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia. — Sherbrooke Con.
Absence of Mind. — A ludicrous example of this
kind of absurdity is told of Mr K , a cour-
tier in the reign of George III. This person-
age, who is said to have been the most absent man
in the three kingdoms, went one birth-night, to
White's Coffee House, St James's, full dressed,
except his stockings, which he had forgotten, as
he accidentally discovered in consequence of spill-
ing some hot coftee upon his legs; he immediate-
ly sent the waiter to bring a pair of white siUi
stockings, expressing his astonishment at the in-
advertence he had committed, and congratulating
himself on having so fortunately found it out.
The stockings being brought to him, lie put them
both on one leg and went to court.
JVbtieZ Bank M'otes. — The Bank of France hag
issued new notes of 1,000 francs. The size, the
form, the arrangement, the vignette border, the
stamp, and the water marks, are precisely the
same as the old notes ; but from some pecuhar
preparation of the paper and the ink, the impress-
ion appears through the note with the same dis-
tinctness as on the face, though the letters and fig-
ures are reversed. On holding the back of the
note to a looking glass, it presents a perfect fac
simile of the impression, except that the signature
of the cashier, or registering clerk, does not ap-
pear.
Cure for Painter's Cholic. — The bulletin of the
Society for the Encouragement of National Indus-
try, states that this disorder may be cured in the
space of from three to five days, without in the
least weakening the digestive organs, by the acid
sulphate of alumina and polassa, or common alum,
dissolved in a sufficient quantity of water, and giv-
en in a dose of from one to three grains a day.
Raw Silk. — Mr Starkweather, of this town, sold
his raw silk the present season at $4,00 per lb.,
but thinks he might have obtained 84,50. He says
so much of the work is pertbrmed by women and
children, that producing raw silk at $4,00 or 4,50,
may be considered fair business, though not very
ucrative. — A'orthampton Gazette.
The vineyards of Mr A. Geiger, of Lexington
district, S. C. have produced the present season
upward of (ioOO gallons of wine, from the Bland
Virginia and Madeira grapes.
The flour of the country bordering on the Ohio
river, is beginning to find its way to Baltimore by
the rail road. A quantity, manufactured at Wheel-
ing, has been forwarded to the former city.
142
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
November 14, IS32.
Boston, Wednesday Evening, Nov. 14, 1832.
ITEMS or RURAt ECONOMY,
Ori-inal and SelecteJ, by the Editor.
(when sown in sprino^) they are so small, when half of this I watered with the wash previous to
they first appear as not easily to be distinguished sowing, and tlie other half was sown witliout ; the
from the weeds. If no rain fall at that season, ditlerence was very great ; the part watered bore
some of the seeds will not vegetate, till late in suml I turnips of a fine clear skin and color, and at least
mer ; and the few plants which do appear wilj [ a third larger than the unwatered land. Any of
scarcely pay for the expense of cleaning them
Besides, they will never grow to any size, but b(
Indian corn are fully ripe, they should be gather- i
ed when they are dry, and in a clear air. The
outer hard husks are to be rejected, and the soft- |
er inner ones to be fully dried in the shade. Cut
off the hard end formerly atiaclied to the cob, and
draw the husk through a hatchel, or suitably di-
vide it with a coarse comb. The article is now
fit for use to be put into an entire sack as straw
is or to be formed into a matrass as prepared hair
is. Any upholsterer can do the work. This ma-
terial is sweet, pleasant and durable.
Preservation of Cabbages. — Among other modes
of preserving cabbages which have often been de-
tailed in our paper, the following, in some circum-
stances may prove most eligible. After the heads
are gathered and freed from their loose leaves and
stalks, so that nothing remains but the sound part
of the heads, head them up in a tijrlit cask. By
thus excluding them from air they may be kept a
long time. Those intended for the longest keep-
ing should be put into small cask?, as they will
soon spoil, when exposed to the air.
Watering Grass Lands. — Mr Arthur Young
says, " in November you may begin to w.iter your
inowing ground and pastures, wherever it can be
done ; and be assured that no improvement will
pay better: a winter's watering will answer for
hay land fully equal to a common manuring of
the best manure you can lay on the land ; and the
expense is. in some situations very trifling. The
lower parts of a farm are generally in grass, and
the farmer should attend to his ditches, so that the
water from all the higher parts of the farm may
have an unobstructed course to a ditch a little
above the bottom land, from which it may be
spread at will over the meadows, observing that it
only runs over them, and does not stagnate.
Fattening Beasts. — It is said by Arthur Young,
that " the best food for fattening cattle is pars-
nips ; next carrots ; then come cabbages, potatoes
and turnips. If a farmer has a due provision of
these plants, with good hay for cutting into chafl'
■with straw, he will not find grain and oil cake
profitable unless beef promises to be very high,
and grain and cake very cheap. Whatever the
food, it cannot be too often repeated, that small
quantities are to be given at a time ; that troughs,
cribs, &c, are to be kept very clean, and that litter
must be plentiful, that the beasts have clean hides
and warm beds."
Parsnips for field culture have been neglected
in this country, though highly apjjreciated as a field
crop in many parts of Europe. The seeds,. ac-
cording to some English writers, are best sown in
autumn, by which means they will appear early in
the following spring. " Frosts," says a writer in
Monk's Agricultural Dictionary, "never affect the
seeds, nor do the yoimg plants ever suffer from the
severity of the soasens. Not only on this ground,
but for many other reasons, autumn is preferable
to spring sowing, as the weeds at this latter time
will keep pace with the parsnips; and often when
they are hoed or cleared, a great part of the crop I durin
your readers who wish to excel in growing veget-
ables, may stir up a small quautily of cow-dung
with the wash, and if applied when the plants are
in a growing state, I hesitate not to say it will an-
swer their highest expectations : this I speak from
experience, as cauliflowers, cabbages, and goose-
berries, which h.ive obtained the jirizes, 1 have
watered with my own hands. I am satisfied, if
T ARTE POTATOES i farmers in this country were to have a barrel
The Genesee Farmer of the 27tli' ult. mentions sunk in one corner of their cow-houses, and the
a potato left at the office in ,yhich that paper is] wash dramed into it, and with a water-pot or oth
Corn husks for beds. — As soon as the husks of gtic^y, or cankered, and consequently will be des
titute of nutrimental juice ; while on the contra-
ry, those which are sown in autumn will be large.'
.Sec jXew England Farmer, vol. is. p. 406, vol. x
p. 122, .331, 394.
published, by Mr Kimball of Henrietta, weighing
4S lbs., and continues "But our neighbors at Pal-
nijra have produced one which ' beats all' that
we have ever seen or heard of. The Palmyra
Sentinel says, Mr John Rogers of this town raised
the past season, a potato weighing 5 lbs. 10 ozs.
We challenge the whole ' Genesee Country' to
beat this.'
Wc have a potato left at the ofiice of the New
England Farmer, which we should call very large
if we had not seen notices like those above. Thi
weighs about two pounds, and was raised bj
James Otis, Esq. Lyme, N. H.
er means, apply it to their land in moist weather,
they would find their labor would not be lost. —
Gardener's Mag.
Henry Pekrine, Esq. Consul of the Unitet
States at Campeche, offers a premium of on<
thousand dollars for an invention to separate from
the fresh leaves of the Jlgaves, those fibres which wiather becomes cool, they appear to lose their
CALVES.
There is no part of the live stock upon a farns
that requires more care through the month of No-
vember and December than calves. We do not
believe it a matter of economy to allow stock of
any description to become poor at any time, but if
one part suffers more by it than others, at any par-
ticular time, we believe it is when calves are al-
lowed to become poor the finst fall and winter.
The condition in which a young creature is kept
tlu! first year has a wonderful effect upon its future
sliai>e and size. Unless there is some pains taken
o learn calves to eat meal or grain before the
c called Sisal Hemp, by a machine which will
save as much labor as Whitney's Gin in separating
the seeds from cotton
ON THE ADVANTAGES OF USING COW-WASH
THE GROWTH Or VEGETABLES.
By Mr VFilsou, Criswili, HiLL, Slaffordsliirn.
Some of tlie readers of the Register may not
altogether be aware of the benefits to be derived
from the use of cow-wash in the growth of vc;
ables. The market gardeners in the vicinity of
Glasgow, use it in great quantities, which they pro
Bure from cow feeders in the city, at the rate of
four pence per barrel, (a common herring barrel)
and I can from observation vouch for its efticacy.
Cauliflower, cabbage, brocoli, celery, and as|
gns thrive amazingly with it, and I have applied it
myself to gooseberries, currants, raspberries, iVc,
with excellent effect. They apply it after this
p[)etite for ibod ; and it will be found much more
idillieult to effect it than when commenced in time,
nd while they are in flesh and spirits. By placing
small trough in the field where calves are pas-
turrd, and supplying them with salt and meal,
boiled potatoes or pumpkins alternately, they soon
become fond of such extra food, even while grass
is yet fresh and plenty ; and by increasing the
quantity as the frost destroys the nutriment of the
pastures, they may be kejit through the first win- ,
ter with less risk and trouble than when they are
allowed to become poor in autumn. For a gen-
eral rule, young cattle, that were kept in high flesh
the first winter, will be as fit for market at three
years old, as they will at four where they were
stinted in their growth the first winter by starva-
tion. — Genesee Farmer.
A calf has been sold at Portland, Me. 3| months
old, which weighed when dressed, meat 21.5 lbs.
manner: a little earth is drawn round the stern of) ^j^^ 26|, tallow 20, head and pluck about 2.5— to-
the plant or tree in the form of a basin, into wlucb ,g, gsej n^^ l^ „„s ^j^gj ^y j,,. wiliiam Stinch-
the liquid is poured. If it be dry hot weather, I g^,^^ 35 pfjsjew Gloucester— short horned breed,
" Beat this who can," says the
Family Reader.
this is done in the evening, hut if the weather he | ^^^ g„|,i f^^ jjj^
moist it may be done at any time. When this has
been performed two or three times, the plants are
earthed up, and receive no more of it. They ap-
ply it to their asparagus beds at any time from the
Wounds. — The usual application in India to a
fresh wound is slacked lime. It is also used for
beginninlg of March to the beginning of April. I burns and scalds. Equal proportions of lime, wa-
Their celery is planted on ridges five feet wide, I jgr, and any kind of oil, made into a thin paste,
in rows across the ridge, at twelve inches from row and immediately applied, and repeatedly moist-
to row. Before planting they flood the ridge with i ened, will speedily remove the effects of a burn,
the wash, having previously dug the bed with a
little manure. Nothing answers better than this
wash for turnips. I have seen most excellent
crops when no other manure was used. The
even when a blister has risen.
Cape Cod Productions. — Mr Russell — I send you
a splendid White Flat Turnip, (raised in tliis lown, from
. , seed purchased of you last spring) which weighs 17 lbs.
ground for this purpose was well soaked with it I divested of its top ; with that it wei<;hed 23 llis. It ineas-
W'inter. To try the experiment I dug a ures 40 inches in circumference, and was raised by M
pulled up, cut out, or otherwise destroyed, as | plot of ground without giving it any manure ; one | Dean Gray. Brewster, Mass. Aov. 13.
Vol. XI.-\0. 18.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
143
Public Sale of Thorough Bred Horses.
A Public Siile of thorough bred horses, the property of
V4.NBRUGH Livingston, of West Chester County, N-
Y., will take plar-e nt the New YorkTattersalls, on Mon-
day, Nov. 2lltli, 1832, at 3 o'clock, P. M.
1. Die Vernon, b. ra. foaled 1819, now in foal to
Henry, (hied by Benjamin Ogle, Esq. of Maryland,)
Sired'by old Florizel, D. by Oscar, g. d. by Hero. g.
g. d. by Gabiiel. g. g. g. d. by Chatham, g. g. g. g- d-
by Imported Slim. g. g. g. f g. d. by Old Figure, g.
g. g. g. g. g. d. by Dove. g. g. e. g. g. g. g. d. by Othel-
lo. Vicie Turf Register, Vol. 1.
2. rVihl Cat, b. m. foaled 1823, (bred by Mr C. R.
Colden,) Sired by Diamond, (a son of imported Sorrel
Diomed out of a giay Diomed mare,) d. by Orelio. g. a.
by Prendergast's Cl'iilders. g. g. d. by Bachelor, g. g.
g. d. by Hero. g. g. g. d. by Imported Creeper, g. g.
g. g. g. d. by Imported Herod, g. g. g. g. g- g. d. by
Bashaw, g. g. g. g. g. g. g. d. by Imported Lath. g. g-
g. g. g. g. g. g. d. by Imported Wildair.
3. Lalla-Rooke, b. m. foaled 1821, (bred in Ken-
tucky, by Mr Richard Simpson.) Sired by Capt. Foxe's
Whip, who was by Rhoads' Whip, out of a Bompard
mare. d. by old Imported Dion. g. d. by Old Comet.
g. g. d. by Malcomb Hart's imported Old Medley, g. g.
g. d. by Old Celer. Certificates of her perlormance to
be seen at Tattersalls. She is now in foal to Moscow.
No. 6.
4. BJue Ben, s. f. foaled 1830. Dam No. 2. Sired by a
son of Dr Thornton's Marylander, out of the Virginia
bred mare, Sally Dunn, which was by Florizel, out of a
Diomed mare, and the Diomed mare from a Bellair. Mary-
Sander by Rattler out of Noli me Tangere, who was by
Top Gallant out of the dam of Sir Archie.
5. Verona, h. m. foaled 1826, (bred by V. Livingston,)
Sired by Olil Rattler. Dam No. 3.— In foal to Moskow.
6. Moskow, ch. h. foaled 1826, (bred by V. Living-
ston,) got by the American Eclipse. — Dam Die Vernon,
No. 1. See Turf Register, Vol. 1. Moskow stands rising
16 hands. — '-''as never trained.
7. Bay Jfcfure, by Old Durock, (not the lough bred,)
foaled 1816. The full pedigree of her dam unknown. In
foal to Kirkland by Sir Archie, &c. At the N.York:
County Fair in 1822, she was awarded the first premiuD |
of $40. (or " the best brood mare and colt." An offer of
$750. was refused for one of her eolts by Bussorah.
8. Miss Fisher, b. m. foaled 1828, (bred by Mr
Henry N. Crugcr,) sired by John Richards. D. by
Gen. Cole's Haniiltonian. g. d. (imported,) by Cottager,
g. g. d. by Tentitam. g. g. g. d. by Henricus. g. g. g.
g. d. by Regulus, &c. Now in foal to Moskow.
9. Amazonia, b. m. foaled in 1827, (bred by Van-
brugh Livingston,) sired by Henry. Dam Die Vernon.
Now in loal lo Moskow, for whose pedigree see Turf
Register, Vol. I.
N. B. Documents relating to the aforesaid pedigrees,
and to further particulars, can be examined at Tattersalls,
at any time previous to, and during the sale.
None of the aforesaid Mares have ever been trained,
excepting LallaRooke. who ran with success in Kentucky
and South Carolina, before she was three years old, as
can be seen by certificates above referred to.
The Horses can be seen at Tattersalls, within four
days (inclusive) previous to the day of sale, and, also
before this period, at the farm of the subscriber, near
Dobbs' Ferry Landing.
VANBRUGH LIVINGSTON.
Calendar, ncor Dobbs' Ferry,
Westchester Co. JV. ¥. J\m. 1832.
Potatoes &c, at Aaction.
WILL be sold at public auction at my house in South
Heading, at two o'clock, P. M. on Monday the 19lh No-
vember, from 1200 to 1500 bushels of the genuine Manly
Potatoes. This excellent variety was originally introilu-
ced into this quarter by Mr Russell, publisher of the
New England Farmer, and is in my estimation one of the
finest varieties cultivated in the country. I have raised
2(100 bushels the present season on seven acres of re-
claimed meadow, with only one hoeing.
Also, 2000 bushels of Maple Charcoal to be sold at the
same time and place.
jMso, three or four very fine house lots on the main
road to Boston, near the flourishing academy.
Nov. 14. NATHAN RICHARDSON.
Tin Covering for Roofs.
A very simple plan of Covering the Roofs of
Houses, Manufactories, and in fact any Building,
with TIN, has been adopted with entire success in
the middle and Southern Stales, and a Patent obtained.
The great advantages over Slate Roofs, are . — 1st, less
than one half the expense ; and 2d, a great saving of
Timber in framing the roof, as the Tin is so much lighter
than Slate. There are Tin Roofs in Montreal that are
now in good condition, which have been covered with
Tin more than 100 years. The improvement in this cov-
ering, is that each sheet, although secured by two nails,
no part ofthe nail is exposed to the atmosphere.
The subscriber will exhibit a building covered as
above, and enter into contract to cover any number of
buildings the ensuing season, on application lo him at
Indian Hill Farm, near Newburyport, Ms.; or applica-
tion can be made to J. R. NEWELL, Esq. Agricultural
Warehouse, Boston. ROBERT WTLKIE.
Nov. 7, 1832.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE
Grape Vines, &c. &c.
ISABELLA, Catawba, Black H.imburg, Oval Purple,
French Black, Constantia, White Chassclas,Ferroll, Na-
poleon, White Muscat, sojne of each very large, Barce-
lona, Black and White Muscatel, Palomino, Mantua,
Caslellaoa, and Mantua de Pila, Horatio, etc. etc. —
Pear Stocks, Peach and IMum Trees, Buttonwood, Elm,
Horse Chesnut, White Ash, Rock Maple, Beach and
English Oak Trees, all suitable for tiansplanling, and
raised from .Seed. — Rose Bushes, and other flowering
Shrubs, and a few Scotch Gooseberry Bushes and Quince
Trees.
A LSO. 20 or 30 tons English salt hay, 180 bushels po-
tatoes, 100 small white cedar po-ts, suitable for Vine
Trelises, 500 bamboo poles, for sale by the subscriber,
at Dorchester, or at 7^ Congress Street, Boston.
ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.
, November 6.
Planter's GuidBi
JUST published and for sale by J. B. Russell, at the
New England Farmer office, the Planter's Guide ; or. a.
Practical Essay on the best method of Giving Iramedi,ate
Effect to wood, by the removal of Large Trees anil Un-
derwood ; being an attempt to place the Art, and tliat of
General .Arboriculture on fixed and Phytological princi-
ples ; interspersed with observ.alions on General Plant-
ing, and the improvement of real landscape. Or'giiinily
intended for the climate of Scotland. By Sir Henry S;eu-
.art, Bart. LL. D. F. R. S. E. etc. — Price $3.
Horse for Sale,
FOR SALE a good Mill Horse, who is well acquaint-
ed with his business, steps quiik, and is a valuable ani-
mal for such work; price $30. Inquire at Roxhury
Chemical Works, near Hog Bridge, where he may be
«een. Nov. 7, 1S32
' Morus Mnlticaulis,
FOR SALE at the Nursery of William Eenrick, in
Newton, at $1 each, $5 for six, or $9 per doz. $67 per
hundred. Packing included.
ALSO, Shade trees of extra sizes, of the Butter-
huts, Eljm, Horse-Chesnuts^ and Weeping Wil-
lows, for streets and avenues.
Orders may be sent by mail or left with the general
agent, J. B. Russell, at the New England Farmer of-
fice and Seed Store, No. 50i North Market Street.
Nov. 7.
I Bremen Geese.
I JOHN PERRY has for sale on his farm at Sherburne,
twentysix superior Bremen Geese, of pure blood. Also,
at few hundred White Mulberry trees, four years old.
; For information please apply to Mr Hollis, Quincy
Market, or to the subscriber on his farm.
Nov. 7. JOHN PERRY
liSad.
SHEET Lead, of all dimensions; Pig Lead; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, const.inlly for
sale by ALBERT FEARING & CO., No. 1 City Wharf.
Boston, Oct. 16th, 1832. tf
For Sale.
A full Blood Alderney Bull and Heifer, two years old
last spring ; the Heifer in Calf by a full Blood Alderney
Bull, to come in June next. Apply at this Olfice.
Pigs for Sale.
FOR SALE, two pigs of an excellent breed. Inquire
at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 50A North Market
Street. " Nov. 7.
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....
prime, ....
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected, No. 1. new.
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Com, Northern, .
Corn, Southern yellow,
Rye, ....
Barley,
Oats, ....
Hat,
Hog's Lard, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'a with Saxony
Merino, Jths, washed, .
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
J. f Pulled superfine,
S;-a 1st Lambs, . .
e~-l2t\, " . .
o = ,3d "
^ [_lstSpmning, . .
from to
barrel
2 00
ton
102 00
"
112 00
bushel
1 50
barrel
10 00
"
6 25
"
7 50
pound
14
'*
6
"
3
bushel
1 12
barrel
6 87
"
6 87
"
6 75
"
6 50
bushel
88
"
86
"
85
<•
80
"
46
cwt.
62
"
10 00
"
23 0(1
cask
100
ton
3 00
barrel
17 00
"
12 511
"
12 00
bushel
2 50
"
125
pound
cwt.
10 00
pound
50
»*
60
"
42
''
38
"
33|
'■
32
'•
52
<•
42
"
32
r.
27
PROVISION MARKET.
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal,
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)
pound
10
9
6
7
4
9
IS
25
dozen
26
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
2 60
105 00
118 Oft
162
10 50
6 37
8 00
15
8
4
1 25
7 00
7 00
7 00
6 63
90
88
90
85
47
70
11 00
25 00
108
3 25
17 50
13 00
12 50
3 00
150
11
11 00
55
65
45
40
35
33
55
45
H
10
10
12
23
28
30
92
75
40
3 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Nov. 12, 1833.
At Market this day 2820 Beef Cattle, 650 Stores, 7800
Sheep, and SCO Swine.
Prices. Beif Cattle. — Last week's prices were not
supported, a falling off of 17 a 25c. the hundreil. We no-
ticed 18 beautiful Cattle, (froraFairfieJd Co. Conn.) 12 of
which were taken at #5,50, and 6 at 6,25. We quote ex-
tra at $5, a 5,23 ; prime at ,$4.50, a 4,75; good at $4,17,
a 4,50. BarrellingCattle— Mess, $4; No. 1,3,50; No.
2, $3, a 3,25.
Siorfs.— Two year old .$10,50 a 16; yearlings$6a II.
Sheep. — Several thousand were not sold when our re-
port was made up ; some of which will probably be sold
tomorrow for less than our quotation^. We quote lots
at 1,50, 1,75, 2, and $2,25.— Wethers at $2,50 a 3.
Swine. — There not being a supply for the market, an
advance from la-^t week's prices was obtained. We no-
ticed a remnant lot to close (ordinary) of about 50, taken
at 3c. ; a lot selected half barrows at 4c. ; a lot two
thirds barrows at 4§c. ; at retail 4 for sows and 5 for bar-
rows.— Daily Jtdv.
Boston Faneuil M.\rket. — Cranberries $2.25 per
bushel— Chesnuts $2,25 per bushel — Shagbarks, 2,50 per
bushel— Sweet Potatoes, $2,25, to 2,37 per barrel — Pars
nips, 75 cts. per bushel— Onions, $1 per bushel — Tur-
nips, 25cts. per bushel — Beets, 50 cts. per bushel —
Squashes, $1,25 per cwt — Cauliflowers, 25 cts. ahead —
Cabbages, $4,00 per hundred — Quinces, $2,50 per bush-
el—Berberries, $1,25 per bushel.
144
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
November 14, 1833.
Miscellany
WHAT I HATE.
I hate the tooth-ache, when with maddening jumps,
Like torrent wild, it raves among the stumps ;
I hate the whole dire catalogue of aches,
Distempers, fevers hot, and ague shakes.
I hate mad dogs, snakes, dandies, fleas and bugs,
Tea-parties, wild cats, loads, and whiskey jugs.
Hard times, bad roads, stale fish, and broken banks,
Stale news, cold soup, light purse, and lawyers' thanks.
I hate long stories and short ears of corn,
A costly farm-house, and a shabby barn ;
More curs than pigs, no books, but many guns.
Sore toes, tight shoes, old debts, and paper duns.
I hate tight lacing, and loose conversation ;
Abundant gab, and little information.
The fool who sings in bed, and snores in meeting.
Who laughs while talking, and who talks while eating.
FROLICS IN AMERICA.
When a farmer wishes to have liis corn husked
he rides round to his neighbors and informs
them of his intention. An invitaton of this kind,
was once given in my presence. The farmer
entered the house, sat down, and after tlie custom-
ary compliments were passed, in the usual laconic
style, the following dialogue took place. " I guess
I'll husk my corn tomorrow afternoon.'" — " You've
a mighty heap this year." " Coiisiderahle of
corn." The host at length said, "Well, I guess
we'll be along" — and the matter was aiTanged.
all these gatherings they denominate " Frolics" —
such as " corn-husking frolic," " ^plecutting frol-
ic," " quilting frolic," &c. Being somewhat cu-
rious in respect to national amusements, I attend-
ed a "corn-husking frolic" in the neighborhood
of Cincinnati. The corn was heaped up into a
•sort of hillocks close by the granary, on which the
young " Ohiohians " and " buck-eyes" — the lasses
of Ohio are called " buck-eyes" — seated themselves
in pairs ; while the old wives and old fanners
were posted round, doing little but talking' much
Now the laws of " coru-husking frolics" ordain
that for each red ear that a youtli finds, he is en-
titled to exact a kiss from his partner. Tliere
were two or three young Irishmtn in the group,
and I could observe the rogues ki.ssing half a doz-
en times on tlie same red ears. Each of them
laid a red ear close by him, and after every two
or three he'd husk up he'tl hold the redoubtable
red ear to the astonished eyes of the giggling lass
who sat beside him, and most unrelentingly inflict
the penalty. The " gude wives" marvelled much
at the unprecedented number of red ears which
that lot of corn contained : by-and-bye, they thought
it "kind of curious" that the Irishmen should find
so many of them ; at length, the cheat was discov-
ered, amid roars of laughter. The old farmers
said the lads were " wide awake," and the " buck-
eyes" declared that there was no doing up to the
plaguy Irishmen "no how," for they were always
sure to have everything their own way. But the
mischief of it was, the young Americans look
the hint, and the poor " buck eyes" got nothing
like fair play the remainder of that evening. All
agreed that there was more laughing and kissing
done at that, than had been known at any corn-
husking frolic since "the Declaration." — FciraVs
Rambles through America.
Perseveritig Rat.— The following anecdote of
a rat, has been related to us by a lady, who vouch
es for its correctness. One winter evening, sevi
ral winters ago, she was alarmed by the screai
of her youngest child, girl about three years oM,
who slept in a small bed room over the pantr
closet. She ran to her assistance, and on openin
tlie chamber door saw a large rat jump from th|
bed and run into a closet. The face and hands o
the girl were besmeared with blood, and on ex
amination it was found that the ends of all her fin
gcrs on one hand were gnawed ofl' close to th
nail. While she remained with the child dressin
her wounds, the rat came out of his hole severa
times, with the evident intention of finishing thi
supper he had so unceremoniously begun. The las
time he seemed determined to dispute hispassagi
with the mother, and only retired on the appear
ance of the husband who had at that moment com<
home. And even then, he did not trouble himself tc
go very far, for he went just inside of the hole, anc
sat down — probably with his back to the wall, as
he kept his tail sticking out under the crack a few
inches from the hole. The man, who loved,
joke, immediately seized the tail with one hand
and applied the flame of the candle to it, as nigh th(
beginnins; as possible. — Then conuiienced the tu(
of war. The rat squealed and kicked aiul pullet
before, and the man giggled and pulled behind, un
til the rat, getting tired of such a warm fire in hi
rear, concluded to face his enemy. — He according
ly turned round, and putting his head out of th
hole, seized the candle in his mouth, and decatnped
leaving the skin of his tail in the hands of iiis ad
versary ; who, moreover, was obliged to watch al
night in fear that the rat, after having regaled him
self with one end of candle, would set fire to the
house with the other, and run away by the liglit
of it. No mischief was done, however, and the
rat was never seen fafterwards. — JVeio Bedford
Gazette.
Winships' Brighton Botanic Gardens and
Nurseries.
Situated on the Mill Dam Road from, Boston to Wa-
tertown, abottt an equal dintance from tin: Mansion
House^ Cattle Fair, and Franklin Hotels.
I"OR SALE, a very extensive variety of Apples, Pears,
Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Mul-
berries, Shepherdia or BulTalo Berry trees, Quinces,
Raspberries, Grape Vines ; all the varieties of Straw-
bei ries in cultivation, wi^.* superior kinds of Gooseberries ;
also sixteen kinds of c'rrants, most of them new, and
highly esteemed for their excellent qualities.
A great collection of Ornamental Trees, — English
Mountain Ash ; Weeping do. ; Silver Leaf Abele, a new,
beautiful, and vigorous growing tree ; Horse, Fruit, and
Dwarf flowering Clicsnuts ; Silver Firs ; Balm of Gil-
ead ; Scotch Larch; Arbor VitiB ; Holly, Cypress, Ju-
niper, Kalmia, Magnolias, Rhododendrons, Laurels, &c.
&c. ; Gum, Rose, and Three thorned Acacias ; Sugar
or Rock, Moose, a-ul Scarlet flowering Maples ; Scotch
Weeping circh, of poetic celebrity, and other varieties ;
Eni)lish, and American, Mountain leaved Elms ; Aspen
leaved and Italian Poplars; Ailanthus, or the Chinese Tree
of Heaven; Linden Limes; Walnuts; Chesnuls : Fil-
berts ; Pecan Nuts ; Weeping, Ring-leaved, Basket and
olhcr varieties of Willows; Great flowering Catalpa;
Acacia ; Buckthorn ; Hawthorn, &c, for hedges, Box-
planls for edgings ; also the following splendid Honey-
suckles, viz. — Monthly Golden Trumpet, Monthly Stri-
ped Evcrblooming Fragrant, Monthly Scarlet Trumpet,
Monthly Chinese Evergreen Twining, with beautiful
striped floyvers of delicious fragrance ; Yellow Pube-
scent; F^arly Flowering, &c, &c.
Shrubbery, including four hundred varieties of Roses ;
Altheas; Snowberries; Spiraasof various kinds; Licium
or Matrimonial Bower, a great beauty ; Lilacs, red and
wliite Persian ; Cut leaved do. ; large Chinese do., with
common kinds. Also, a most splendid assortment of
Herbaceous Plants, comprising a very rare and beauti-
ful collection, among which are fortyiive varieties of
Paonies, a hundred of Carnations and Pinks, a hundred
of D.ihlias, &c.
Ladies and Gentlemen can visit the establishment at
ny time and make selections for themselves.
Trees and Plants will be securely packed for this, or
ny other country ; and delivered at the Gardens, or in
he oity of Boston, free of expense for transportation.
)rders may be addressed to J. B. RUSSELL, Agent,
Joslon. November 7.
Sir Isaac .Newton. — After he took up his resi-
dence in London, he lived in a very handsonic
style, he kept his carriage, with an establishment
of three males and three female servants. On
proper occasions he gave splendid entertainments,
though without ostentation or vanity. His own
diet was frugal, and his dress was simple ; but on
one occasion, when he opposed the Hon. Mr An-
nesley, in 1705, as a candidate for the University,
he is said to have put on a suit of laced clothes.
His generosity and charity had no bounds, ami lie
used to remark, that they who gave away nothing
till they died, never gave at all. Though his wealth
had become considerable by a prudent economy,
yet he had always a contempt for money, and lie
spent a considerable part of his income in reliev-
ing the poor, in assisting his relations, and in en-
couraging ingenuity and learning. The sums
which he gave to his relations at difftjrent times
were enormous. — Dr Breivster^s Life of JVeifton.
At a target firing lately, in England, one ball
out of sixty, hit the mark. The captain of the
corps finding his men shooting rather wide, en-
sconced himself behind the target, as being less h-
able to be hit there than anywhere else.
Mr Ring, the superintendant of the Northamp-
ton poor house, testified that of 87 paupers who
were at that establishment at one time, about 60
had become poor and dependent by tippling.
For Sale.
A handsome Bull, part of the Holderness and part of
the Admiral breed. He will be three years old next
March, and will be sold cheap. Address Is.\.\c S.
Houghton, Roxbury, care of Daniel Weld & Son,
■42 Washington Street, Boston. 4t* Oct. 31-
New England Farmer's Almanac.
JUST published, the New England Farmer's Almanae
for l.'i.'iS, by T. G. Fessenuen, editor of the New Eng-
land Farmer — containing the usual variety of an almanac,
and several articles on agriculture, by the editor and
others. Price 50 cents per dozen. Nov. 7.
Published every Wednesday Evening, at JS per annum,
payable at the end of the jear — but tliose who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction o( fifty cents.
(Lr No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
Printed for J. B. Russell, by L R. BoTTS — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52. North
Market Street.
AGENTS.
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Flusliins.N. Y. Wm. Prince t Sous, Prop.Lin.Bot.Gatden
Midiltebuni, Yt. — Wight Chapman.
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Sprinuf'elil. Ms. — E. EowARns.
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Portland, jt/?. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
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:^EW EI^GtAWD FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH^KET STREET^at the AoR.cpLTon::LM^.HousE.)-T."^r]^i^iipi^i,^7i5i;^^i^
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 21, 1832.
NO. 19.
Coiuniunications.
BLACK SEA Wlfs'TEll WHEAT.
Although we have heretofore given some notice of this
valuable grain, at the fcquest of several of our subscri-
bers, we republish the following extract from a letter
from Mr Marvin to the Editor of the New England
Farmer, as this is the season for sowing it. — Editor.
I have a winter wheat brought to this country
from the Black Sea, which I coiisiiler well suited
to every soil and cliina'c. In 1828 1 liad brought
rno about three pecks of tliis wlieat. I selected
for it a piece of ground which had been in crops
about twenty years, and sowed it the middle of
December. I had twentyfivc bushels of wheat
from this sowing. I sowed it four years in suc-
cession, on the same ground, without any failure
in the crop. The wheat, like the Tea Wheat, is
Jiot injured, by smut, where other wljeat is almost
lost. It has a firm, hard straw which withstands
our storms, and is not injured by the fly. The
kernel is hard and firm, not subject to grow in the
field from long fogs or rains. After several suc-
cessful experiments in this grain, I thought it
might suit our New England soil and climate.
Four years ago I sent a cask to John Humphreys,
snd stands better in heavy rains, winds, &;c, &c. j in fiy time, or in a storm, and after all his anxiety
- iiave invariabjy h.ul a belter crop of the win- I and the sufferings of his cattle, to court a chapman
tor wheat than t7iP spring on the same strength of And whatever liu: feelings of those may be, ,vho
soil, but on l^ie.i[iiigh lands or dividing ridges, n-gard neither the rpiality of the article tlievh-ive
ivhere they havl^rom .3 to ,5 feet of snow through " " " '
!he winter, the spring wheat is a better and more
"eriain crop.
Near Lake Erie our snows are about the same
IS on the sea board, and land which will produce
from 40 to 50 bushels of corn per acre, will bring
from 20 to 30 of the Black Sea Wheat, sowni oi°
the corn hills in December. I have sown this
wheat on corn hills, wheat and pea stubble, but
prefer corn hills.A
0^5
I have tried so^ig this wheat from the last of
for .sale, nor the trouble and artifice tlu_, ,„^
obliged to submit to, in order to dispose of it ;
the farmer who knows that his meat, meal, cider
&ic, are really good, when ho shall hear them
comii. ended and receive a generous price for
them, will enjoy the approbation of his own heart
and go home rejoicing. It must be of as much
advantage ti) a farmer, as it is to a merchant, or to
a mechanic, to establish and sup])ort a reputable
and good character. But, that good cider may be
more common, and that those farmers who jiave
August to the first of January, but the best crops orchards may be benefited by this publication, let
which I have had, or seen, were sown the last of
Deccudier ; early sowing one bushel to the acre,
ate sowing 36 quarts. If I sow early, I prefer the
ast of September ; if I cannot put the wheat in at
hat time, I prei)are the ground, and let it be un-
il I think the wheat will not be up before sprino-.
then east on the wlieat and cover it with a har-
ovv. I think this would be the best plan to pursue
<n the seaboard, but a little experience will decide
tie point.
From my own experience and observation, I
Esq. Derby, Conn. It did well ; the next year a/ i'i'ik wheat and corn are much improved by get-
barrel to tlie Hon. Matthew Griswold, whose place I ing f'le seed from their natural soil. There is a re-
is situated on Long Island Sound, 14 miles fr«m j-''"'! of country about 20 miles south of me, where
New London ; part of the same to R. E. Seldup, l'''^}' "'•''se very little wheat from their own seed,
Esq. 12 miles up Connecticut river. This wiieat but by getting seed every season fromnear the lake
has been cultivated in all those places, and, is I I hey have fine crops: and we have our corn as
have heard a short time since, has far exceeded | muc'i imp'oved by sending to the State of Ohio,
their e,\pectations. j where the soil is better for corn than our own.
The Black Sea Wheat, which has taken tie If your farmers should find it for their advan-
name of White Flint, from the peculiar whitenes 'o?s '" grow wheat in preference to rye, and
of the flower, and the hardness of the shell whih should find that the seed which I send does better
contafns it, is dry and particularly calculated Dr j 'han their own, with due notice I can furnish yon
sea bread, crackers, and all kind of pastry co(k- 1 '" common seasons one month earlier than the
ing, and, on account of its solidity, commands he
first price in market, it being about four poutds
heavier to tlie bushel than what is commonly caled
Western or Ohio Wheat.
As the great ami benevolent cause of temfer-
ance ought to be in the heart of every good <iti-
zen, I wish all our New England farmers, instad
of raising rye to drink, would benefit themseVes
by this kind of grain, which I can assure tlem
from real experience they wiU find a gnperior ati-
cle both at their own tables and in market.
I have about 7 acres of the Black Sea Wieat
which is said by those who jjretcnd to be jniijes,
to be the best in this region ; all, or the most f it,
I should like to have sown in New England. My
friends in Comiecticut have sent to me for o fur-
ther eupp!>, of seed.
The wheat from the Black Sea 1 considr the
present. We have now a good threshing machine
in operation, which will fit for market more than
100 bushels per day.
FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS, JVo. T.
I THE MANAGEMENT OF CIDER.
Many farmers who spare no expense nor labor
in preparing their pork, veal and mutton in the best
manner, with the view of obtaining the highest
prifes for those articles, pay very little attention to
anather equally as important a part of their pro-
dnie, and which would well reward them for all
their cares and pains bestowed upon it; I mean
cider. That which is sweet and good, will fetch
one sixth part more at least, than that which is
thorn attend to the following directions, communi-
cated by a respectable gentleman ; and who, for
a number of past years has experienced the utility
of them.
" Let the farmer who wishes the clearest,
sweetest and best of cider, see that his apples are
fully ripe, and perfectly sound before they are
ground. And two or three days after the cider
has been well made in the conmion way, and be-
fore it begins to ferment, let him take out the head
of a cask which will contain one hundred gallons,
and set it upright, with a faucet or plug placed in it
near the bottom. Then let him empty his barrels
into it, and grate one quarter of a pound of chalk
into the liquor ; let it be stirred with a stick, the
end of whicii l;as been broomed, until it begins to
ferment. Then let it stand for two or three davs,
according as the weather may be, when all the
pomace will rise and float on the top of the liquor.
Then let it be drawed off" into casks perfectly
sweet and new, for bad ca.sks will spoil the best
cider if put into them, and let it stand without
giving it vent, till the beginning of February fol-
lowing, when it must be racked off. Cider, nat-
m-ally good and managed in this way, is equal, in
the opinion of many gentlemen, to small wines ;
and will always fetch a generous price in the
market. If it should not be perfectly clear in the
spring, after it is racked off, take a pound of good
coarse sugar, with two or three eggs, break them
I into the sugar, shells and all, and add to them half
a pint of fine sand ; beat them well together; put
them into the barrel of cider; stir the liquor with
a broomed stick, until it shall be found to ferment
powerfully; and within ten or twelve da3-s after
this operation, it will be fit to be bottled."
I shall close this paper by observing, that ther«
may be a very great advantage derived from graft-
ing fruit of the apple kind, even when the orchard
is iuteuded for cider only, provided a number of
trees be set with one kind oi'frnit, and a number
with another kind, and so on ; for all these differ-
sour and ordinary. This must be an object to the , ...
same kind of wheat as the Sea Wheat; me is fimner, even when he has but one or two tons to ent kinds will have their several periods of per-
spring, the other winter. Neither of thei are , dispose of; and when he has three, or four times I fection, and may ba made into cider as they be-
whatvve call ica)v/c(/, but have a few scalering | that quantity to sell, it becomes of great
beards not over an inch in length ; neither otiiei
is liable U) smut ; I have seen only a few stJks in
wot places, and that is not like the wheat if this
country, but comes on soon after it blossous and
is blown off long before the grain is ripe The
winter wlieat lias a stiffcr straw than the !pring.
impor-
tance to him. If his lot is cast within eight or
ten miles of u market town, this sixth part will al-
most defray the expenses of carting the w hole. And
this kind of cider will meet w ith a ready sale ; the
man who offers it, will not be obliged to stand a
great many hours in the heat of the day, perhaps,
come ripe. This is not the case with ungrafted
apples ; in their natural state, and taken promis-
cuously as is common, some will be crude, or not
ripe, some in perfection, and some rotten ripe ; and
from such a collection good cider cannot reasona-
bly be expected.
To give a fine amber, or vinous color to cider,
146
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
November 21, 1833.
not naturally so let it lay in the pomace fifteen or of which the farmer knows b>,t l.ttle, or ever takes plant mto that ground trom wh.ch .1 or,..,ually ,s-
™vfn,rs befoe it is PL, into the vat or into his calculations. He has but one way of put- , sued, and manurmg it ac.ordu.g to the quantum
Wenty ''--' ^rfo'e 't ^^ V^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^^. ^^^^ .,„ p,^„,,_ ^^,ji„g the earth with ma„nre. Butl of juices ,t received frou, the eanh, and with that
to adapt the plant to the soil from which it origi4 matter liUely to torm a proper compouml adapted
^ I nally came, to ««i< also the manure to toi/i that| to its wants, in short, attending to the right rules
LARGEST BEET YET — MANAGEMENT \ they may exactly agree, and not injure the veget-| of vegetable economy, and the common process of
cheese to be pressed, and take car
comes near it.
able ; that the situation of the plant may be con-| natu
suited, with respect to liumidityand dryness
that to complete the whole, the aspect a\so m
, „ '-^'^ ^/^ . .■.„„, ,.pnnrf« nfl Suited, with respect to liumidity and dryness ; andl But I am sorry to say, that, in manuring the
Mr FESSENDKN-Havmg observed .epous ot , smteo, ,„.' .^„ ,.,,_,„ .J „_.,-,.„ ,„ay be imum.eraWe far.ns, diverslj, situate,', I Uave but
too often found this order reversed ; the chalk
plant put in sand, the sand plant in clay, and so
)n : and what is still more, the watery plant put
u dry ground, and the dry vegetable in a wet soil;
and in all these cases they cannot fail of making a
ifery bad crop. A plant accustomed to a poor
oil, ])laced in a good one, rots ; while the one
.vliich prefers a rich loam, is starved in a poor one.
this village, that weighed 'm Pounds, and our agricultural system, as I hope to sl.ow
meas. ed 27| inches in circumference. It has been a subject of consulerab e rnqmry
Sho Id you think it advisable, you may publish among agr.cultunsts, as m what consists the food
cnuiMu J. u I , ., J 1 ^^ plants. Some have attributed it to wate-- »"">»
the following:
Having a small spot for a garden, of ight grav-
elly soil, I found that during the dry season of the
year my vegetables suffered severely fron. drought ;
last season 1 manured my garden in th? fall, and
ploughed it deep. In the spring I weit over it
very thoroughly with a heavy drag or harrow, and
the result was, that no part of the garden suffer-
ed from drought, but on the contrary withstood the
dry weather better than it ever had done.
Again : on the north line of ray garden, I have
a close board fence ; late in the fall I manure a
space a yard wide, with old manure, and half a
bushel of lime on eight rods in length ; as soon as
the frost is out of the ground, I plant my peas and
usually have a mess before your city papers re-
port them as selling at four or five dollars per
bushel. I have found from six years' experience.
some
To all these sources
to earth, and others to air.
vegetation is indebted ; the fertilizing principle of \ clayey plant put in sand, is blown out of the
all manures is referable to the extractive matter ' ''" "" ''' '' ^ ' '
arising from decomposed animal and vegetable re-
crements, and in this state soluble in water, which
is the carrying medium into the vegetable substan-
ces. Vegetables in general will not grow in pure
earth, or pure water ; some plants are .so organ-
ized as to require only mechanical support from
the soil, abstracting their nourishment from the at-
mosphere by means of tlieir leaves ; whilst others
from their roots depend upon the soil for their
support. Although many plants will grow in dif-
ferent soils, yet they have all their favorite ground ;|
d it is moio easy to accommodate the plant tokause of innumerable failures, that I am most anx
the soil than to adapt the soil to the plant. By
knowing therefore, what sort of plant the farmer
aith, for want of those rcictitive poicers the root
s used to ; while the sand plant, placed in clay,
Iccays at the root from the under moisture which
t cannot bear. The chalk plant, also placed in
;ravel, is destroyed by its own acidil)/, which is no
onger subdued; for most plants, if the farmer do
lot grudge the making of the soil, he may cer-
ainly do it, but it can never answer in point of
5xpense. It is a strange mistake, and a most fatal
)ne, that almost all, even some of our best gentle-
nen farmers fall into, viz : that they cannot ina-
lure too highly. Now this is so completely the
■ ' .1 1 .1 is •'oin" to put in, he mav of course he residated
that the ear er peas are put into the ground, the '*o"i"h '" P"' ■" -
earlicr they arrive at maturity, and are not so sub-
ject to mildew or insects.
Yours, &e, A Suesckiber.
Chicopee Factory, Mass. jVoi: 16, 1832.
with respect to the quantity and species of ina-
nnre required, the aspect wanted, and the degree
of humidity and dryness requisite for the plant.
All plants came originally from a peculiar earth ;
either from clay, sand, gravel, chalk, or loams
formed from a mixture of some of these, or from a
ADAPTING PLANTS TO SOILS. very wet or dry soil : and though many jilanis
The following valuable remarks, from the pen ofUvill grow indilferently in several species of earili,
Mrs Agnes Ibbetson, a lady ceUbrated for her ag- yet they have all their favorite ground, that wljieli
ricultural and economical skill, a-e extracted from they evidently prefer. Now to make the soil fit for
ous to censure the practice. It always reminds
ne of the account given by Miller, of what was
lone in the IVcst Indies, when some botanists
ivcre desirous of bringiiig over some fine plants of
hat the
richest
the Bath and West of England Society's Papers.
I have been lately much eniploy;d in endeavoring
to show that all plants should be divided, disposed
or placed according to the differci t soils, congenial
to their habits, from which they originally pro-
ceed ; and that it is to the total ii attention to this
circumstance, that we probably owe the very
strange and contradictory results constantly to be
found in all agricultural reports. No person can
read with attention the late accounts delivered to
the plant, is certainly a very expensive thing ; but
to adapt the iilant to the soil, is not only an eat^y
and expeditious mode, but one which requires in-
finitely less assistance in dressing, labor, seed, and
care of every kind. It is true that nil cultivated
plants demand some manure, because nature gives
not salt and oil enoiis;h in any earth, to do without
some assistance of this kind ; but the plant that is
natural to the soil requires infinitely less than that
which is adverse to it, and may therefore be cu
the House of Commons, respecting the growth of tiva'.ed at a quarter of the expense. Now nature
corn throughout this kingdom, without being
struck with the contradictory returns transmitted
of the whole ; and without being convinced that
there must be some hidden cause for such a
strange diversity in the gains of the farmer : as
there are many instances adduced in those reports,
of the same excellent management, where the
same seed has been sown, an equal degree of la-
bor performed, with the same season, time and ma-
is so bountiful, that there is scarcely a plant ne-
cessary to the food of man and animals, that, if
we choose with care, has not one peculiar sort, cal-
culated for every soil.
Nature has been bountiful in plants peculiarly
adapted to agriculture, and in which there are
quite as many species fitted {or poor land, as fornVA
land ; and if jilanted in their own soils, give an
nfinitely greater return, and are not subject to those
ivcre desirous ot bringiiig over some nne pi
Ihi' cact(B species. They inquired not wl
j)ja:us tvere, but wholly iuatteutivo to tlicir
; 4rt plants, they put them into tubs of the
Soil tiiey could procure ; the plants all died : but
this was looked upon as an accident, and the same
proless again followed, when one of the casks brcak-
inglhey concluded that the plants niu.st die, as the
earii hail left them ; and flinging on them some
diTSand which happened to be in the way, 9rdered
tlietasks down to the hold, when to their great
astonishment the plants so treated lived, while
tliosl in the other cases died as usual. This op-
eneilthe eyes of the gardeners with respect to
rockjplants ; hut to this day sand plants, instead
of hjvinga poor soil, generally receive a rich one.
Thet is not a more ruinous effect than that pro-
ducel on the plant of a poor soil placed in rich
grOUld. [To be continued.]
1 RAIL ROADS.
I mticed that at the last session of the legisla-
ture ai application was made for a charter for a
Rail Soad between New-Haven and Hartford,
and I have since seen an advertisement that the
applieition will be renewed at the coming session ;
I have also noticed sundry communications in
your jiper within a few weeks, full of faith that
great 'iches and honor are in store for " Many,"
in the liree cities interested therein ; the public will
judge ihether the benefits anticipated are likely
nure employed, and one farmer has gained three | dreadful disorders but too common to plants placed
times as much again as was expended for putting j in improper ground. I have repeatedly traced ; to be rtilized— I hope that no person in Hartford
will oppse the petition.
Respcting Rail Roads, I would beg leave to
call the attention of our citizens to a mimber al-
ready conmenced and in contemplation, all of which
in the crop, while another has scarcely exonera- 1 maladies arising from this source, that tainted the
ted and repaid himself for the labor and seed -,1 very means of life in a vegetable: and being con-
what then could he the cause of the loss of the lat- j slaiitly accustomed, when I heard of any c.xtraor-
ter, and the gain of the former? It must, I am ! dinary crop, to proceed to the place, and inquire
convinced, be chiefly owing to the agreement or I thoroughly into the causes and management made 1 have an inportant bearing on our future prosperity
disagreement of the plant with the soil in which use of by the farmer, I have generally found the j The railroad from Boston to Albany, which has
it is "placed, its situation and aspect ; three things success to proceed from accidentally putting the been in c.|ntemplation for many years, is now under
Vol. XI.-No. 19.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
147
contract from IJoston to Worcester, on which there economical anrl efficient and the heat heing applierl
are now 1000 laborers at work. As it is not at all externally to the cylinders, does its office without
probable that this road will stop at Worcester, the
next question will he, what direction will be taken
in any way affecting the original flavor oftheflour
As Car as the articles made in this way have been
in extending it to Albany ? The routes spoken of 'submitted to the test of experiment, the result has
have generally been by the way of Springfield, or been perfectly satisfactory. A small parcel has
Northampton ; I have once seen the way of Hart- been sent to Rio de Janeiro and brought back a^ain
ford mentioned; three fourthsof the whole route of to this port, and is as sound and good now as at the
the Boston and Providence rail roarl was to have time of its manufacture. The real value of the
been placed under contract by first of October last, imjn-ovement can of course, only be fully tested
Already public spirited individuals in Stonington, in a more enlarged field of experiment and to a
New-London, and Norwich, have raised requisite! trial of this kind it is now submitting in a caro-'o
funds, and a survey is now being prosecuted to of two thousand barrels, despatched on a distant
ascertain the best route for continuing the railroad voyage. Should the process be successful in fur-
( whether through Providence or Worcester,) from nishing so important an article as flour divested
Boston to Long-Island Sound. One or more rail of its ordinary tendency to spoil, it will prove in-
roads are in contemplation from Vermont to Bos- valuable for the purposes of commerce. To our
ton. Commissioners are appointed to make surveys iVicnds in the West, who send their flour to the
for a rail road from New York to Albany. Wher New Orleans Market under the disadvantages of
we look at the natural and acquired advantages j a long voyage and hot climate, it cannot be less
of our city, being at the head of sloop navigation, I important. — Bait. Avier.
on the delightful and productive Valley of Connec
ticut, I would ask, why not improve our advantages ;
And provided we have not sufficient resources
Mr
ISABELLA ORAPES.
Edward Dodson, of this city, possesses a
within ourselves, invite our friends in Albany anc ; vine of the Isabella Grape, that was noticed in the
Boston to unite their project here. Can the Bos- 1 Western Tiller of Sept. 4th, 1829, as having a
ton and Albany rail road be made on a better and length of vine of 1,714 feet, and producing 13,712
cheaper route than by Hartford ? I know that our' bmiches, being an average of 8 bunches to each
citizens, within a few years, have given liberally, foot of vine, the bunches averaging 30 grapes each,
for the improvement of the river, and for the city This spring, Mr Dodson pruned this vine down
generally, without much prospect of realizing an to 2000 feet, it having grown to a much greater
equivalent — but better annihilate all that has been; length. Its product this season being equal to the
done, than resolve we will do no more. It is firmly' average of 1829, gives 16,000 bunches. He has
believed by many, that in fifty years, steam car-, another vine, a cutting, planted four years since,
riages and rail roads will entirely supersede the! that has grown in length, and produces grapes in
present means of conveyance ; and if we do^no/; proportion to its age. The grapes on both are at
stop our ears and shut our eyes on the iiii- 1 '^ast as fine as are produced by vines trained to
provements which are now going forward, afld in stakes and close pruned, the method generally
which we can participate, Hartford must become recommended to produce fine grapes. These two
only the second place of importance in New Ens- 1 vines furnish a magnificent demonstration that over-
land. Already much of the trade from Vermont pruning is not the proper mode of grape culture in
and New Hampshire, which formerly went to los- 1 the West. Mr Dodson states a strong circumstance
ton and this place, is passing to New-York by the iii confirmation of the correctness of this conclusion
Hdn^U River — let them make the contemplited
roatriTani Albany to New York, and much tiade
will be taken from us — and when it is fairl; di-
verted, it will be very difficult to regain. The
Valley of Connecticut offers the most direct and
in time of war the most important inland conmu-
nication with our northern frontier. — Conn. \!ou.
A VALUABLE IMPROVEMENT
In the mode of manufacturing flour in oner to
— his brother has been in the habit of cultivatin"'
the same grape trained to slakes, and they have
hitherto been rather unproductive and frequently
mild e we d . — Cincinnati paper.
ter of laudable curiosity, and philosophical inqui-
ry. Who would have thought, a few years ago,
that the time would ever come, when the keepers
of a boarding house in New York would take care
to advertise that they furnished their tables with
no wine, spirits, cider, beer, tea nor coffee! But
strange changes are taking jjlaee now a days!
And it is trnly surprising to see how many tem-
porary sojourners in the city, from diftereni parts
of the country, take lodgings at the Graham
House, in order to be accommodated with the plain
mode of living they practise at home. City board-
ers, too, find in this quiet mansion, a safe and com-
fortable retreat from the noise, and uproar, and to-
bacco smoke so annoying to some persons, in some
houses.— Genius of Temperance.
As it should be. — Two farmers, from a town
near the centre of New Hampshire, each carried
2 or .300 lbs. of Butter, to Newburyport, a short
time since, for sale.
Their farms were close together, and as neariy
alike as possible. Their pastures were similar,
and the number of their cows the same. Yet the
one sold his butter quick, at 19 cts. The other,
after offering his all round, at the stores, made out
to get 13 cents. The difference between the lots
of butter, [look to it farmers' wives and daugh-
ters !]— was simply this,— one farmer had a good
Dairy woman on his farm— while the family of the
other made bad \nmer.~Portsmouth Journal.
TEAK TREE.
Treasury Deparlmenl, Sept. 18, 1833.
The Secretary of the Treasury has received
some seeds of the teak tree, recently brought from
Calcutta by Capt. Land. The great value of the
timber particn/arly for ship building, renders the
introducing of this tree into the United Slates an
object of interest. And in hope that it may be
successfully cultivated in some of the southern
parts of the United States"; a few of the seeds will
be transmitted to any gentleman who may be
willing to make the trial.
preserve it in a sweet and sound condition for a ' sqjj^ nii^ht be
Consumption Some very interesting experi-
ments have been lately performed at Paris by Dr
Cptteien a physician of eminence, on patients af-
flicted with consumption. Having conceived that
tile anti-putrescent quality of chlorate of lime i
long period, has been for some time past in pra-tical
operation at the Flouring Mill of Nathan Tyson,
Esq. on Jones's Falls. On various occasions, in
the sliipmi'iit of flour to hot climates or to tie dis-
tant ports in the Pacific, merchants have suflained
material losses in consequence of the article laviiig
proved sour and unsound on its arrival out, ii spite
of all the care that had been employed in he si'-
lection of wheat and its conversion to floiu. , To
obviate this difficulty is the design of the inprovc-
incnt of which we are now speaking, and the in-
vetitor acting on the principle that by remo\ing llie
'Cause the effect will also necessarily be rmiove.l,
has erected on one side of his mill a furnrce with
drying cylinders, by means of which after tie flour
is ground and bolted in the usual way, it is (eprived
of all its moisture — the substance which it is be-
lieved is the primary cause of its fcrmentaion and
becoming sour and hard. The apparatus b simpi
applied with effect to ulcerated
lungs, he invented an apparatus for the purpose of
ajministering it in the form of gaseous vapor; and
it he and others are to be believed, the eflects have
even exceeded expectations. Some of the patients
in very advanced stages of consumption, after in-
haling this gas a dozen times, threw up in the ex-
pectoration tubercles which had been detached
from the lungs — and the diseased parts being thus
removed, the lungs healed and again became
healthy. Slir.uld this statement, which now rests
on the authority of M. Cotteran and several other
respectable physicians, be true, we may congratu-
late the faculty on a fliscovery which in many ca-
ses must prove an incalculable blessing.— iJuWm
Liturgy.
The Graham Boarding House, at No. 24, Beek-
1 man St. is getting to be quite in repute, and is
, I withal resorted to, by visitants to the city, as a mat-
To takeout Grease spots from a Carpet or any
other Woollen Cloth.— DissoUe a piece of pearlash
of the size of a pea, in half a teacup of warm wa-
ter; or a piece twice the size in a full teacup.
Pour some of the solution on the grease spot,
and continue to rub it' hard with a clean brush or
woollen cloth until it is neariy dry, and your car-
pet or garment will be as clean as ever. I have
tried it repeatedly, and found it effectual.
Best preparation of Black Lead for cleaning
stoves, &,-c.—W\x powder of black lead with a lit-
tle common gin, or the dregs of red port wine,
and lay it on the stove with a piece of linen rag;
then with a clean, dry and close, but not too hard
brush, dipped in dried black lead powder, rub it
till of a beautiful brightness. This will be found
to produce a much finer and richer black varnish
on the cast iron than either boiling the black lead
with small beer and soap, or mixing it with white
of egg, i.S:c, which are the methods commonly prac-
tised.—-Z^r Cooper's Ed. of Domestic Encyclopedia.
Industry.— h is an immutable decree, that the
oil of gladness shall brighten the face of industry
alone. For bow much virtue and happinei<s are
not men indebted to that constitution of things,
which iniposesupon them an obligation to ac< and
to refrain.
148
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
November 21, 1832.
From the Philodelphia Album.
A GENERAL DESCRIPTTON OF THE
DISEASES OF CATTLE.
The internal disorders of cattle may with pro-
priety, be divided into two classes.
First, those of the organs snliservieiit to diges
tion and cliylification ; secondly, those of the san
guiferous system, or blood vessels. The former
may be cured by means of the three simple pre
scriptions I have alhided to ; the latter by the
fleam. Li both, however, the animal's diet is an
object of the greatest importance ; for to what
purpose would it be to remove the accu-
mulated matter which occasions the disorder-
ed state of the digestive organs, ware the ani-
mal still kept on the same diet which produced
it ; or what benefit could be expected from reliev-
ing the vital organs when oppressed by a redun-
dancy of blood, if the animal were afterwards al-
lowed to feed at pleasure, and form as much blond
again, in a short time, as that which liad been
drawn off?
In the treatment of the disorders of cattle, at-
tention to feeding is an essential olijtct, and is
equally, or more important, as a means of jireven-
tion ; for it is not too much to assert, that nearly
all their disorders originate in improjier manage-
ment as to feeding. A morbid susceptibility, or a
predisposition to disease, may be propagated by
negligence in breeding, and may be produced by
taking animals from their native soil and climate,
and placing them in colder situations ; for cold and
moisture are often powerful agents in lessening the
vital power, and especially that of the digestive
organs. Still the principal, and often the imme-
diate cause of tbeir disorder, is improper feeding.
The most fruitful source of disease in rattle, and
especially milch cows, is bad hay,» ,ind even such
as is by many considered tolerably good. The
fibrous parts of such hay gradually accumulate be-
tween the leaves of the third, or foliated stomach ;
here they are compress^ed froti time to time, and
become matted together, and being detained by
numerous papilliB, with which the surface of the
leaves is covered, produces at length a morbid
condition of the fourth stomacli, and often ol the
bowels also. The most common symptom of this
state of the digestive organs is named the yrlhws ;
from the milk in one of the quarters of the udder,
becoming of a yellow color, and stringy, as it is
termed, that is, mixed with small filamentous co
agula, or curds, often offensive in smell and taste,
and sometimes streaked with l)loo<l. The acrimo-
ny of the milk causes a swelling and hardening of
the quarter; and unless it is drawn off several
times a day, it often so inflames the cellular texture
of the udder, as to terminate in suppuration, and
an obliteration of the receptacle, or ipiarier, as it
is commonly named. The opening drench never
fails of curing this disorder, if given in season, and
one dose is sufficient; after taking it the animal
must be kept at grass, as that food, and the exer-
cise used in obtaining it, is essential to her recov-
ery. In higher degrees of this disorder, where
the cow ceases to ruminate, or chew the cud,
yrhere the appetite goesoff, and the milk is almost
entirely lost in all the quarters, the drench should
be assisted by whey, as directed in the treatment
of red water; and when scouring succeeds, the
cordial astringent drench must be given, as di.
rected in the treatment of scouring or scantering.
The swollen udder requires only the application
of sweet oil, or foot oil. '
When cattle are turned suddenly into good pasl
ture, they sometimes fill the rumen or paunch, S(|
hastily, and so distend it, that it is rendered inca
pable of returning the food to the mouth for rumi
nation. Fermentation then takes ])lacc, by whicl
much air is generated, and the distention soon be
comes such as to suffccatc the animal, unless re-
lief is afforded by introducing the instrumen
named aprobang, and letting out the confined air
As soon as this has been done the opening drench
must be given, and the aninial turned into a bare
pasture, where she must be for some time attend
ed, and have the fermenting food removed from
the mouth as it is thrown up ; without this
precaution it may be ruminated, and again swal
lowed, and the third and fourth stomach so filled
with ii, as to produce the flatulent colic, and a fa-
tal inflammation of the stonjach and bowels, from
excessive distention of the air, which would be
generateil, for in those cavities air coidd not es
cape upwards in consequence of their valvulai^
structin-e. Should this fresh disorder, through
negligence, be permitted to happen, the ojiening
drench is still the best remedy that can be em-,
ployed. Another method is sometimes made use
of for relieving an animal in this disorder, whicl
is commonly named hoven, blown, or blasted,* tba
is, a sharp knife is plunged through the leftside
into the distended rumen, or first stomach. The
part where it is most prominent is chosen, viz :
between the last rib and ihe hi]) bone ; and always,
on the left side. The air being thus completely
let out, the wound is closed by a pitch plaster, and
the animal tinned into a bare pasture, where it
may get plenty of exercise and little food, that is,
after the fern)enting food has been removed from
the mouth as before described. This method,
however, is Eventually injurious, and must be su-
perseded by that of introducing a probang, and
letting out the confined air by the mouth ; a uielh-
od first proposed by Dr Alunroe. The wound in
the rumen, as it heals, always adheres to the side,
and thus a regular contraction of the cavity is over
aft<'rwards prevented, and rumination thereby
rendered dilficult and imperfect. Sonieiinies
when an animal is turned into good grass, espe-
cially about the month of August and September,
when the grass is high and abundant, from having
been well watered, they eat a great deal during
both the day and the night, but not so mi;ch as to
hinder rumination. Thus they gradually fill all
the stomachs, and towards morning become so op-
pressed, that they lie down on the cold grass,
which is, perhaps, wet or covered with hoar frost.
Digestion is thus put a stop to, and the animal of-
ten suffocated by the excessive distention of the
stomachs. In this disorder, which is commonly
called fog sickness, the probang must be intro-
duced, and the opening drench given. The ani-
mal must then be made to move if possible, and
the food that is thrown up into the mouth must be
removed. Here, also, a bare pasture is necessary
afterwards ; no other medicine is required ; but a
•Unwholesome water is often a cause of di;
ixttls, especially milch cowc.
' I have lately been infornieil that hoven or blasted
cattle have been quickly relieved by {;iviiig four ounces
of carbonate of soda, half a pint of castor oil, and a pint
of water. The person who gave me this information,
says be has never known this to fail.
free access to water is necessary to soften and
carry oft" the accumulated food, and when this has
been accomplished, the cordial astringent drench
may be necessary, morning and evening, for two
or three days, to restore the tone of the injured
stoinachs and bowels. It is probable, however,
that this would be more eftectually, though more
slowly accomplished, by keeping the animal in a
bare pasture.
Sotnetimes when the animal is kept in rich pas-
ture during the month of June, the appetite is
powerfid, and the digestion quick and iicrfect, and
thus, in a short tiine, so much rich blood is
formed, as to exceed the capacity of the blood
vessels, and then inflammation is produced in some
vital organs, and nothing but the most copious de-
pletion of the blood vessels will save the animal's
life. The lungs are the part most likely to suffer,
and next, the brain and the kidneys; producing
mad staggers, or the inflammatory red water : and
in steers or heifers, or in yearlings, the quarter ill
is thus produced. In all cases of internal inflam-
mation, the animal appears stupid and heavy; the
breathing is disturbed ; the nose and the upper lip
hot and dry ; the horns hot, especially at the roots,
and the vessels of the eye distended. The pulse
rises to above 100, and the appetite is usually lost.
All these symptoms quickly increase, and unless
the animal is properly treated, terminate fatally.
IJIceding is the essential remedy, and must be per-
formed as early as possible. The quantity of
blood drawn should not be regarded, but the ef-
fect which is produced by it, that i.s, faintnessf
Ills gradually ceases, and after a few hours he
jipears relieved and cheerful, and often desirous
of food. But this must be given caulioi:sly ; the
iatcet i)asture is the best place for him; but lie
jiiay be allowed now and then a ciuart or two of
fresh whey, which will serve to unload the stom-
achs and bowels. This remedy (bleeding to faint-
ncls,) alw.ays succeeds pcrli'ctly if employed in
seion, and followed by a suitable diet. In the
rnaitli of September and October, scouriuB,^eD
takes place, especially in animals predi^UVlo
thel disorder by hereditary weakness, Wc^ent
calling, weakness of the stomach and bowols,
gradually induced from several winters' feeding
on lad hay. Animals that have been taken from
their native soil and climate, are also subject to
thisHisorder, as well as remarkably good milkers,
andfhis is the period when scouring generally
coninences. In this case the cordial astringent
dreii'h must be given every morning and evening,
as drected in the Compendium, but must always
be |re*edcd by the opening drench, at whatever
periiil the disease may occur. This remedy, I
havelieason to believe, will always succeed, if em-
ployed in season, and if the time of the year will
admitof the animal being kept at grass.
In fery cold and wet weather, when shelter
hecoties necessary, intervals of fine weather
must De taken advantage of, for some grass and
some exercise are essential to recovery ;* and
when frass is deficient, either in quantity or qual-
ity, tbt best food is good hay, in moderate quanti-
* I hive lately been Informed that many scouring
cowshEVe been cured by giving once or iivice a day a
drench tnade by boilinif thrte or four sheets oi large
common writing paper in three pirits of skimmed milk,
until re(bced to a pulp. One pint of this is a dose ; and
my corrtfpondent adds, that he has never known it to
fail. The cow is fed on the sweetest hay, and turnadeut
for exercke when the weather is fine.
Vol. XI.-No. 1».
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
149
ly, and mashes of good fresh bran with a httle
-round malt. A handful of wheat flour also may
hu stiiTKcl into each pail of water. In this way the
animal may bo restored and strengthened ; and
From Holbrook'9 Family Lycou
GRANITE.
There was a time when the earth was without
form and void — when darkness was upon tlie
when grass becomes nourishing, and tho weather | j.^^^ ^j. ^i^^ ^j^^p — „,|,g„ ^^^^ gpj|.ij ^j- Qq,) moveil
'' '" "■"' - " "'""' upon the face of the waters — when it was said let
dry land appear.
The fact that our globe was once a general cha-
os a vast chaotic ocean, holding in solution the
elements of rocks, hills, and mountains, is alike
disorders of the highest degree, and if curable, as j j,|.Qygj i,y ([,g volume of inspiration, and the older
favorable, the green fields will efl'ectually recover
her. Those are all the internal disorders of cat-
tle, except the contagious epidemic, named miir-
rai'n, or pest, and the epidemic catarrh, named dis-
temper, or influenza. These are inflammatory
disorde.
the latter always is, can be cured only by the most
copious early bleeding. An absurd apprehension
of fatal debility, and of the putrid nature of the dis-
order, must never prevent this remedy fioni being
employed with boldness, nor should the animal
ever be taken from grass, and the open fields, as
is often done in the epidemic catarrh. Contagion,
however, must always be guarded against with the
utmost care. Tonics and stimulants are poisons in
those disorders, and bleeding and grass are the only
remedies ever required. I have now endeavored
to give a simple, but comprehensive view of the
internal disorders of cattle, and such as may lead
to their prevention. I indulge a hope that the ^
proprietors of cattle may be led by this, and the j (v^^.^^ jj^jj^ j^ jo„g f^y ,i,e sacred historian. The
other essays 1 have written, to reflect upon the
subject, and give a fair trial to the curative and
preventive measures I have proposed. It should
be recollected, however, that the success of the
remedies I have suggested can be insured only by
an early and careful application. Disorders are
<5ften neglected until they become incurable ; and
then the most absurd and expensive drenches are
frequently had recourse to. In Downing's book
olume by the same author — the volume of na-
;ure. On almost every rock, ledge, and mountain
mass, are characters indelibly eugraveil, which
give abundant proof that Moses spake the words of
truth and soberness : that our earth, with all its
furniture now offered to our hands, was brought
out of the same general chaos, by the same Work-
man, and about the same time, as mentioned by
the writer of Genesis and several succeeding books.
The present aspect of rocks and mountains, not
only proves, that all of the very brief but highly
interesting account of our planet as given by Mo-
ses is true, but it informs more minutely of theva-
ous steps of its progress in coming to its present
position, ingredients, and structure of rocks and
!)f countries, inform us, not only that the forma-
ion of hills, mountains, and metals, has been grad-
ual, but show also something of the order of the
several steps of this formation. No one ever
doubts, who visits the tin and copper mines, and
observes that when veins of these two metals cross
each other, that the tin is always cut by the cop-
per, and never the reverse, that the former is the
Graphic granite, which takes its name from its
having some resenilildnce to writing, is composed
principally of felspar, vrith small quantites of quartz
running in irregular lines through the mass. This
is the rock which, by the decomposition of the fel-
spar, is changed into a white clay, sometimes called
kaolin, or porcelain clay.
A beautiful kind of granite, with red or flesh-
colored felspar, abounds in Egypt, where it is much
used for building, and it is sometimes handsomely
polished, and is hence called Egyptian granite.
Many other varieties of granite might be men-
tioned, but the occasion forbids it.
The Andes, the Alps, the Pyrenees, the Car-
pathian, and most or all the highest mountains
upon the earth, are composed more orless of granite.
In New England, and all the Atlantic States,
granite abounds in nearly every town or district.
Granite countries are generally uneven, precipi-
tous, and bold in their appearance, and inter-
sected with beautiful and rapid water courses.
And as the character of the inhabitants resembles
in some measure the features of their country,
with the rumbling or the roaring of the mountain
streams, are mingled the buzz of wheels, and the
clattering of shuttles ; over thickets of rocks wave
the richest wheat, and the sides of rivers are lined
with flourishing villages, with spires of churches
rising above all other objects, to inform the ap-
proaching traveller, that among other privileges
fitted for physical, inteUeduul, social, moral, and
religions beings, they have altars erected and dedi-
cated to the Living God.
on cattle medicine, a pint of port wine and a quart I qJJpjj,, of the two metals. An examination into
of strong beer are prescribed for one dose, as » jjjg position and other circumstances connected
vehicle for grains of |)aradise and other drugs ; ^j^j^ gi-fmite, gneiss, and mica slate, will satisfy
and in another receipt a quart of port wine is
prescribed for one dose. Sometimes a choice
is offered the reader between beer and urine.
any one that that the first mentioned is the oldest
that granite was the first substance formed when
it was said. Let dry land appear. However geol
as if their properties were similar. The cor- Qgjg,g ^^gy jjfler in other respects, they are all
dial astringent drench, including the beer, will
cost'abiJUt four pence ; the opening drench is more
expensive, and costs from a shilling to eighteen
pence. But one is always sufficient. The strong
cordials given to cattle, or even the beer in which
they are given, which is seldom less than a quart,
may afford relief in some disorders, but they cer-
taiiily weaken the stomach, and thereby increase
the tendency to disease. The weaker the cordial
the better, provided it be strong enough to produce
the desired eft'ect, and then it may be so repeated
in, with due attention to diet, to render that efl^ect
more durable, and even permanent. In scouring
cattle I have not yet known the cordial astringent
to fail. Proprietors would find great advantage in
directing the medical treatment of their stock
themselves, and still more were they to attend care-
fully to preventive measures. Were the |>ractice
to become general of making hay in the early part
«f June, when the grass is in flower, it would go
« great way in preventing the diseases of horses
and cattle. In the former animal the only other
conditions required for the preservation of health,
would be to give such hay with moderation, to
work U'lm fairly, and afford him such treatment as
he has a just claim to, for all his disorders are oc-
casioned by hard work, by excessive exertion, and
by feeding upon hay. The croji, when cut early,
may be less in quantity, but this is abundantly
compensated for by its superior quality, and the
after grass would be infinitely better.
agreed in the opinion, that granite is the oldest
rodk upon our globe, and that from it and other
rooks were formed soils, and that all soils partake
of the character of the antiquary rocks.
As thousands of children under six years of age
are now familiar with granite, and the three in-
gredients which compose it, many of our readers
will think, that a description of this rock, so re-
nowned for its antiquity, is unnecessary. We
hope, however, that they will pardon us for des-
cribin", in a few words, some of the characters of
this central and foundation stone of our little
planet.
Quartz, felspar, and mica, the three simple min-
erals described in our former nund)ers, or accord-
ing to predominance, felspar, quartz, and mica,
are the ingredients of granite. In some granite
masses, felspar constitutes much the largest part.
In others, felspar and quartz form about equal por-
tions of the rock. The mica is the least abundant
of the three, although it varies much in quantity
and arrangement.
In some masses of granite, one of the three in-
gredients is entirely wanting. A species of gran-
ite much used in Boston and vicinity, and brought
from Cape Ann, is composed entirely of quartz and
felspar, the former of a dark color. The materi-
al of which the Dedham court-bouse is construct-
ed, is a beautiful variety of granite, entirely desti-
tute of mica ; the quartz nearly white, which gives
the building » light and cheerful complexion.
J?. /. Societi/for Ihe Encouragement of Domestic
Industry. — At the annual meeting of the Society,
holden at their Hall in Pawtuxet on the 17th ult.
the following officers were elected for the year
ensuing.
James Rhodes, President.
James D'Woif, 1st Vice President.
Samdel Slater, 2d Vice President.
Charles Eldridge, 3d Vice President.
William Rhodes, Treasurer.
R. W. Greene, Secretary.
Standing Committee. — Jesse Tourtcllott, Dutee
Arnold, Christopher Rhodes, Albert C. Greene,
Nathan Bowen, Freeborn Sisson, Elisha Olney,
John Jenckes, Stephen T.Nortbam, Wilber Kelley,
Stephen II. Smith, William E. Richmond, Moses
Brown Ives, Bates Harris, Stephen Waterman, of
Coventry, Thomas Iloldeu, Sion A. Rhodes, James
Anthony, Joel Aldrich, John Pitnam, Jeremiah
Whipple, William Anthony, John Brown Francis,
Stephen B. Cornell, Lewis Dexter, Nicholas S.
Fry, Elisha Olney, Jr. Tully Dorrance, George
Barton.
Auditors.— TMy Dorrance, and Christopher S.
Rhodes. Attest,
R. W. Greene, Secretary.
Female Society. — Nothing is better adapted to
give the last polish to the education of a young
man than the conversation of virtuous and accom-
plished women. Their society serves to soothe
the rough edges of our character and to mellow
our tempers. In short the man who has never
been acquainted with females of cultivated mindl
is not only deprived of many of the purest pleas-
ures, but also will have little success in social life ;
and I should not like to be connected by the bonds
of friendship with a man that has a bad opinion
and speaks ill of the female sex in general.
150
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
November 21, 1833.
mm^ iBsrc^iLiisriD ii^ii^Miisso
Boston, Wednesday Evening, Nov. 21, 1832.
PREMIUM BUTTER AND CHEESE.
Candidates lor the premiums {hcing $100, $50,
$30, $20 on butter, and $100 and $50 on old cheese, and
$50 and $30 on new, under the printed regulations of
the Massachusetts Society for promoting Agriculture,)
are reminded that they must have their Butter and Cheese
deposited at the Rotunda over Market Hall, before 9 o'-
clock A. M. on Tuesday the 4th of December next, and
on Wednesday the 5th the premiums will be awarded,
and the butter and cheese (if requested by the owners)
be on the same day sold by public auction. Per order of
the Committee.
BENJ. GUILD, Reo'g Sec'ry.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.
At a meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultur-
al Society, at their hall, Saturday, No\ ember 17ib,
1832,
Voted, That the thanks of this Society be ten-
dered to William Prince and William R. Prince,
Esqrs., proprietors of the Linnieaii Botanic Gar-
dens in Flushing, Long Island, lor tbeir distin-
guished attention, in dedicating their Poinological
Manual or Treatise on Fruit Trees, to the Socie-
ty, and presenting a copy of that most valuable
work, to be dci)Ositcd in its Library ; and that a
copy of this vote be published in the New England
Fanner. Attest,
R. T. PAINE, Recording Secretary.
POULTRY.
Fowls of every sort may be profitably fed on
boiled potatoes and meal mixed. Hen^, wliicli do
not lay in winter, should have access to pounded
bones, oyster shells, or some other matter which
contains lime, in some of its compounds, because
something of the kind is necessary to form the
shells of eggs, which are composed of the phos-
phate of liitie.
Cobbett's Cottage EconoiTiy observes, that pul-
lets, that is, birds, hatched the foregoing sjjring, are
the best laying hens in winter. "At any rate let
them not be more than two years old. They should
be kept in a warm place, and not let out even in
the day time in wet weather ; for one good sound
wrtting will keep them back a fortnight. The
dry cold, even the severest cold, if dry, is less in-
jurious than even a little vet in winter titne. If
the feathers get wet, in our climate in winter, or
in short days, they do not get dry for a longtime ;
and this it is that spoils and kills many of our fowls.
" The French, who are great egg eaters, take
iireat pains as to the food of laying bens in win-
ter. They let tbein out but very little, even in
their fine cliinate, and give them very stimulating
food ; barley boiled and given them warm; curds,
bfick-wheal, (which I believe is the best thing of
all, excepting curds,) parsley, and other herbs
cho|ii:(;d fine ; leeks chopped in the same way,
also apples and pears chopped very fine ; oats and
wheat sifted ; and sometimes they give them
hemp seed, and the seed of nettles ; or dried net-
tics, baivested in summer, and boiled in winter.
Some give them ordinary food, and once a day
toasted bread sopped in wine. White cabbages
chojjped up are very good for all sorts of poultry."
It has been said by other writers, that poultry
as well as pigs, are much benefitted by placing
charcoal, broken into small pieces, in situations lo
which they have access. This substance, it is
said, adds to the appetites, and helps the digas-
tion of these animals; and, as it is cheap and
cannot possibly be injurious, it may be advisable
to use it as a constituent of their diet.
A proportion of animal food, mixed with ve -
etable food, is said to cause poultry to thrive inui h
faster than they wotdd otherwise. If they ha e
space to range in, where they can pick up gras -
hoppers and other insects, they will thrive tit-
faster. But they should for some time before tin •
are killed for eating, be fed exclusively, on fot I
which will not have a tendency to give a bad re-
ish to their flesh.
CABBAGES.
It is asserted in Dr Rees' Encyclopedia, ths
" cabbages possess the property of fattening cattl
not only more expeditiously, but in less proportioi
than turnips ; an acre of the former having beei
found to fatten one in four more than the sami
extent of the latter crop."
Mr Jno. Townsend of Andover, Conn, recoi
mends the following mode of preserving cabbage
"Dig a trench about six inches deep, in dr
ground, and wide enough to admit the liea
of the cabbage ; lay two sticks parallel with eacl
other on the bottom of the trench, for the hea(k
to rest on, to keep them fiom the ground ; plac;
the heads on the sticks with the roots up, and sui
round them with straw ; then cover them witi
earth six or eight inches deep, having the grouni
sloping to carry otf the rains ; they will come otil
in the spring sound, fresh and tender as they were
when gathered."
Cabbages should not be pulled till there is dan
ger of their freezing too fast to be got up. If
there lia|)pen to fall an early snow it will not in-
jure them. If room can be spared, it is a good
plan to take them up by the roots from the field or
gar<len, and set them out again in the bottom of a
cellar, the cooler the better. See further remarks
on preservation of cabbages, in .Veui England Far-
mer, vol. X. p. 254.
Fine Coiv. — Mr L. Jenki.ns of Canandaipua, in
a communication of Oct. 10, to the Genesee Farm-
er, says one of his best cows furnished his family
of fourteen persons, with a full supply of ndlk,
cream and butter, till within a few weeks. She
is mostly of the Durham breed — has yielded two
pounds of butter dally— a part of the time more,
and during the last of the season less, and giving
six to seven gallons every day. From two cnw.«,
he one season made 322 lbs-
part of the state, I am unable to say, as I have
never seen much written on the subject ; it oc-
curred tome, however, that it might be cultivated
to great advantage in the latitude of Kocbester.
Two years passed away before I could obtain seed.
Last winter I obtained some — and on account of
the backwardness of the spring, I omitted sowing
until the middle of May. This produced me a lot
of sickly plants, jiartly ov.'ing to the coldness of
the weather, and partly by being sown on the
north side of a board fence, which kejit the sun
Horn them a great iiart of the day. The middle
of July I transplanted them into good, rich, warm,
f|iiick soil, about two feet a part each way, twenty
in number ; the manner of cultivation nothing dif-
ferent from that of cabbage. On the 9\h inst. I
cut a head which measured fortyfotir and a half
inches in circumference, and weighed eight pounds
and three ounces, making a sufficient quantity for
three meals for a family of nine persons. I have
lliirteen or fourteen more, several of which are su-
perior in quality to the above. To those who are
acquainted with the article, I need not point out
its qualities; and to those farmers and gardeners
who are ignorant of its worth, remain so no long-
er. Get yom- seed this winter, cultivate them next
season, and if you are not well paid for all your
trouble, you shall have no more of my advice. If
any infortnation should be desired as to cooking
and preparing the cauliflower for the table, all I
possess shall be cheerfully communicated, as much
depends on the cooking to make it all you desire.
OTIS TURNER.
Medina, Orleans Co. Oct. 22, 1832.
, Transplanting. — There is not a shrub, vine,
|ilant or tree to be found in our fields and forests,
that is not susceptible of a high degree of improve-
ment, if taken up late in the fall or early in the
spring, properly trimmed, and transplanted into
good rici) soil near our dwellings. Their change,
for the better soon becomes apparent. Take {oaf
Inetance, young chesnut trees from the mountaitf,
lop off" as nmch of their tops as you inav(fcof*heir
roots ; set them out as you would your apple
trees, not deeper in the soil than they have stood.
They have a rapid growth, and if well preserved
will spread and bear very prolifically, producing a
nut three times the size of those generally brought
to market, and of better flavor. The hickory tree
will do the same. All will bear grafting as well
as a pear tree. E.xperiments in this line cost but
little. — Ibid.
The Horticultural Society of Charleston, S. C.
have offered a piece of plate to the value of .•<.50,
for the best treatise on practical gardening, adapt-
ed to the latitude of that city.
Large Apple. — A writer in the Genesee Farmer
tates, that he this season had an apple in his orch-
ard that weighed twentyeigbt ounces.
From the Genesee Farmer.
CAULIFLOWER.
This vegetable is extremely delicate, and is es-
teemed equal to any other for its excellence wherev-
er it is is cultivated and known. To what extent
it may have been cultivated in this state, or in any
Shade Trees. — Where I a lawgiver in the land,
I would enjoin the cultivation of shade trees
wherever there was a cluster of houses — a severe
penalty should be -inflicted on all who injured or
despoiled them, and the destruction of a tree
should be a capital crime. I would choose, for
my trees those of my own coimtry — the maple,
the ash, the hickory ; and the elm should hold the
first rank. I would plant them by the road side
at convenient distances, so that the traveller nnght
enjoy their shade. I woidd rear thera about eve-
ry church and school house, that the aged might
rest their limbs, and the young indulge their sports
beneath them. — Ibid.
Pumpkins, if steam-boiled, are a rich food for
awine ; the seeds should be taken out, as they
prove injurious to those animals. They are valua-
ble, as affording an early supply of food for feed-
Vol. XI.— No. 19.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
151
'ng horses and fattening all sorts of cattle in the
fall and fore part of the winter, before the ruta-
baga crop should he used.
To save the seed pure, plant the several kinds
at as great a distance from each other as possible.
The suMimer and winter squashes, if they flower
near togather, will degenerate ; and the neighbor-
hood of a putnpkiu will deteriorate the future
progeny of both.
Public Sale of Thorough Bred Horses.
A Public Sale of thurough bi-ed horses, the property of
Vanbrugh LiviNGsroiv, of West Chester County, N
Y., will take plai-e at the New YorkTatteisalls, on Moil'
day, Nov. 2Cth, 1832, at 3 o'clock, P. M.
1. Die Vernon, b. in. foaled 1819, now in foal to
Henry, (bred by Benjamin Ogle, Esq. of Maryland,)
Sired by old Florizel, D. by Oscar, g. d. by Hero. g.
g. d. by Gabriel, g. g. g, d. by Chatham, g. g. g. g. d.
by Imported Slim. g. g. g. g. g. d. by Old Figui-e. g.
g. g. g. g. g. d. by Dove. g. g. g. g. g. g. g. d. by Othel-
lo. Vide Turf Register, Vol. I.
2. Wild Cat, b. m. foaled 1823, (bred by Mr C. R.
Coldcn,) Sired by Diauiond, (a son of imported Sorrel
Diomed out of a gray Diomed mare,) d. by Orelio. g. d.
by Prendergast's Cliilders. g. g. d. by Bachelor, g. g.
g. d. by Hero. g. g. g. d. by Imported Creeper, g. g.
g. g. g. d. by Imported Herod, g. g. g. g. g. g. d. by
Bashaw, g. g. g. g. g. g. g. d. by Imported Lath. g. g.
S' §• R' S- §• S- ^- ^y Iniported Wildair.
3. Lalla-Ronke, b. m. foaled 1S21, (bred in Ken-
tucky, by Mr Richard Simpson.) Sired by Capt. Foxe's
Whip, who was by Rhoads' Whip, out of a Bompard
mare. d. by old Imported Dion. g. d. by Old Comet,
g. g. d. by Malconib Hart's imported Old Medley, g. g.
g. d. byOld Ceier. Certificates of her performance to
be seen at Tattersalls. She is now in foal to Moscow.
No. 6.
4. Blue Bell, s. f foaled 1830. Dam No. 2. Sired by a
son of Dr Thornlou's Marylander, out of the Virginia
bred mare, Sally Dunn, which was by Florizel, out of a
Diomed mare, and the Diomed mare from aBellair. MaryV
lander by Rattler out of Noli me Tangere, who was by
Top Gallant out of the dam of Sir Archie.
5. Verona, b. m. foaled 1S26, (bred by V. Livingston )
Sired by Old Rattler. Dam No. 3.— In foal to Moskow. '
6. Moskow, ch. h. foaled 1826, (bred by V. Living-
ston,) got by the American Eclipse. — Dam Die Vernon,
No. 1. See Turf Register, Vol. 1. Moskow stands rising
16 hands. — ^l'as never trained.
7. Bay ./1/nre,by Old Durock, (not thoioughbred,)
foaled 1816. The full pe ligree of her dam unknown. In
foal to Kirkland by Sir Archie, &c. .4t the N. York
County Fair in 1822, she was awarded the tirst premium
of $40. for " the best brood mare and colt." An offer of
$750. was refused for one of her colts by Bussorah.
8. Miss Fisher, b. m. foaled 1828, (bred by Mr
Henry N. Cruger,) sired by John Richards. D. by
•Gen. Cole's Hamiltonian. g. d. (imported,) by Cottager.
g. g. d. by Tentham. g. g. g. d. by Henricus. g. g. g.
g. d. by Regulus, &,c. Noiv in foal to Moskow.
9. Jlmuzonia, b. m. foaled in 1827, (bred by Van-
brugh Livingston,) sired by Henry. Dam Die Vernon.
Now in toal to Moskow, for whose pedigree see Turf
Register, Vol. I.
N. B. Documents relating to the aforesaid pedigrees,
and to further particulars, can be examined at Tattersalls,
at any time previous to, and during the sale.
None of tiie aforesaid Mares have ever been trained
• xceptingLallaRooke, who ran with success in Kentucky
and South Carolina, helbre she was three years old, as
can be seen by certificates above referred to.
The Horses can be seen at Tattersalls, within four
days {inclusive) previous to the day of sale, and, also
bet«re this period, at the farm of the subscriber, m
Dobbs' Ferry Landing.
VANBRUGH LIVINGSTON
Calendar, near Dobbs' Ferry,
Westchester Co. JV. V. A~ov. 1832.
iWorus Multicaulis, or Chinese jllulberry.
WM. PRINCE & SONS will contract for the delivery
ol any number of trees of this superior Mulberry on the
most lavorable terms, having a large stock ol very vigorous
trees. The delivery can be made immediately, or de-
ferred till spring, as most convenient to the purchaser.
They will also supply Isabella, Catawba, Winne,
Scuppernong, York Madeira and other varieties of Grapes,
al reduced rales by the 100 or 1000.— Letters by mail
will be promptly replied to. 2w
Library of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society.
IN pursuanceof a vote passed at the last meeting of
tins Society, it is required that all books belonging to
their Library be forthwith returned to the Librarian, at
his office No. 11, Court Street, Boston. I
R. T. PAINE, Librarian.
Grape Vines, &c. &c.
ISABELLA, Catawba, Black Hamburg, Oval Purple,
French Black, Constanlia, White Chasselas.Ferroll, Na-
polcoii. White Muscat, some of each very large, Barce-
lona, Black and White Muscatel, Palomino, Mantua,
Casiellana, and Mantua de Pila, Horatio, etc. etc.
I'ear Stocks, Peach and I'lum Trees, Buttonwood, Elm,
Hoi^c Cbesnut, White Ash, Rock Maple, Beach and
lOnillish Oak Trees, all suitable for transplanting, and
raised from .Seed — Rose Bushes, and other flowering
Shrubs, and a few Scotch Gooseberry Bushes and Quince
Trees.
ALSO, 20 or 30 tons English salt hay, ISO bushels po-
tatoes, 100 small while cedar posts, suitable for Vine
Trelises, 500 bamboo poles, for sale by the subscriber,
at Dorchester, or at 7^ Congress Street, Boston.
ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.
November 6.
Planter's Guide.
JUST published and for sale by J. B. Russell, at the
iVew England Farmer office, the Planter's Guide ; or. a
Practical Essay on the best method of Giving Immediate
Eftl'Ct to wood, by the removal of Large Trees and Un-
derwood ; being an attempt to piace the .\rt, and that of
(;eneral .\rboriculture on fixed and Phytological princi-
jiles ; interspersed with observations on General Plant-
ing, and the improvement of real landscape. Originally
intended for the climale of Scotland. By Sir Henry Sleu-
art, Bart. LL. D. F. R. S, E. etc. — Price .•>J3.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Morus Multicaulis,
FOR SALE at the Nursery of William Kenrick, in
Newton, at $1 each, $5 for sis, or $9 per doz. $67 per
hundred. Packing included.
ALSO, Shade trees of extra sizes, of the Butter-
nuts, Elm, Horse'Chesnuts, and Weeping Wil-
lows, lor streets and avenues.
Ciders may be sent by mail or left with the general
agent, J. B. Russell, at the New England Farmer of-
fice and Seed Store, No. 50i North Market Street.
Nov. 7.
Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first soil.
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1. ne
Cheese, new milk, .
skimmed milk, •
Fla.xseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .
Corn, Southern yellow
Rye, . .
Barley,
Oats, .
Hay, ....
Hog's L.iRD, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st quahty.
Lime, ....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear.
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern,
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'o with Saxony
Merino, Jths, wa'Iied,
Merino, half blood,
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
f Pulled superfine
1st Lambs,
2d,
FROM TO
III:
I 3d, "
List Spinning
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
cask
ton
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt.
pound
2 00 2 60
10SOOI05 00
112 00 118 00
1 .50 1 62
loot
10 50
6 2.'-
6 37
7.5C
8 00
14
15
(
8
4
1 12
1 25
6 87
7 00
6 87
7 00
6 7.-)
7 00
6 50
6 62
8i
90
80
88
85
90
80
85
46
47
62
70
10 00
11 00
23 00
2.'5 00
1 00
1 08
SCO
3 25
17 00
17 50
12 50
13 00
12 00
12 50
2 50
3 00
125
150
11
10 00
11 00
50
55
60,
G3
421
45
38'
40
33
35
32
33
52
55
42
45
H2
33
27
28
1
40
Pear Seedlings for Sale, &c,
PE.\R SEEDLINGS of vigorous growth and promis-
ing appearance, raised within six miles of Boston, in fine
order for nurseries— the largest size are from IS to 24
inches in length, the whole plant; price $10 per thou-
sand; the second size froinl2to 18 inches in leno-th •
price ,f 5 per thousand. They will be suitably packed as
waited, for Iransporlion to any distance. Orders accom-
panfcd with the cash, will be immediately attended to.
, Bremen Geese.
JOHN PERRY has for sale on his farm at Sherburne,
twentysix superior Bremen Geese, of pure blood. Also,
a few hundred White Mulberry trees, four years old.
For information please apply to Mr Hollis, Quincy
Mark(;t, or to the subscriber on his farm.
No\r. 7. JOHN PERRY.
PROVISION MARKET.
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
whole hogs, .
Veal, .
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)
pounc
10
"
9
"
6
"
7
"
4
"
9
"
18
"
25
dozen
26
bushel
..
35
barrel
2 00
White Mulberry Trees.
SIX hundred White Mulberry trees, of fine size and
Mpearance, for sale, of large and thrifty growth, 4 years
4d from seed. Inquire at this Office, or at the Farm of
JESzabeth Wales in Dorchester. 31" Oct. 25.
Lead.
SHKETLead.ofall dimensions; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Cast lion Pumps, constantly for
sale by ALBERT FEARING & CO., No. 1 City Wharf
Boston, Oct. 16th, 1832. tf
For Sale.
A ftill Blood Alderney Bull and Heifer, two years old
last spring; the Heifer in Calf by a full Blood Alderney
Bull to come in June next. Apply at this Office.
BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, Nov. 19, 18327
Reported for the Daily Aaveniser and Patriot.
At Market this day 2675 Beef Cattle, 540 Stores, 8270
Sheep, and 1040 Swine. From two to three thousand
Sheep and a few Stores were reported last week.
Prides. Beef Cattle.— SA]e3 were not so quick as
last week ; and some qualities were sold less. We
quote extra at $•.'), one or two yoke sold probably for
something more; prime at .f4,50, a 4,75; good at $4 a
4,33. Barrelling Cattle— The barrellers hold back prob-
ably in consequence of the extravagant price which they
pay for barrels and salt. We quote Mess at $4, very
few are sold without including No. 1, 2 and three ' No
1, at $3,25, aS,.^ ; No. 2, at" .$2,50, a 2,75.
Cows and Calves. — Sales were eflected at «2fl 24
and 27. '
.Stores.— Two year old at $10,50, a 16; yearlings $6,
all.
Sheep. — Dull ; large numbers unsold. One lot C
or 7 hundred changed hands Saturday at about $1,33 ;
a large proportion at Market were ordinary ; lots were
taken at $1,42, 1,50, 1,C7, 1,84, 2, 2,17 and" 2.33.
Sii'me.— Prices improve ; one entire lot of 250 changed
hands Saturday 3Jc., two thirds barrows; one lot was
taken today at 4c. two thirds barrows, and 2 lot.i select-
ed, two thirds barrows, at 4jc. ; at retail 4 for sows 5
for barroivs. '
Erratum— In last week's report of Beef Cattle the
number ahould, have been 3820 instead, of 2820.
152
.miscellany
From the New Monlbly Magazine for SBptember.
TO THE BLUR ANEMONE.
BY MRS HF.MANS.
Jlnd 'tis my faith that every flower.
Enjoys the air it ftreafftcs.— Wordsworth.
Flower of starry clearness bright I
Quivering urn of colored light !
Hast thou di.ivyn lliy cup's rich dye
From th' intcnseness of the sky ?
From A long, long fervent gaze,
Through the year's first golden days,
Up that blue and silent deep,
Where, like things of sculptured sleep,
Alabaster clouds repose
With the sunshine on their snows?
Thither was thy heart's love turning.
Till the purple heavens in thee
Set their smile. Anemone !
Or can those warm tints be caught
Each from such quick glow of thought :
So much of blight loul there seems
In thy blendings and thy gleams—
So much thy sweet life resembles
That which feels, and weeps, and trembles ;
While thy being 1 behold
To each loving breath unfjld ;
Or, like woman's willowy form,
Shrink before the gathering storm ;
I could deem the spirit tilled,
As a reed by music thiillcd I
I could ask a voice from thee.
Delicate Anemone!
Flower! thou seem'st not born to die.
With thy radiant purity ;
But to melt in air away.
Mingling with the soft spring day.
When the crystal heavens are still.
And faint azure veils each hill.
And the lime-leaf doth not move,
Save to songs that stir the grove ;
And all earth is like one scene,
Glorified in waves serene !— ■
Then thy vanishing should be, Jj^ ■
Pure and meek Anemone!
Flower ! the laurel slill may shed
Brightness round the victor's head ; ^
And the ro?e in beauty's hair
Still its festal glory wear :
And the willow leaves droop o'er
Brows, which love sustains no more :
But bjcliving rays refined,
Thou, the trembler of the wind,
Thou the spiritual flower,
Sentient of each breeze and shower.
Thou, rejoicing in the skies,
And transpierced with all their dyes,
Brcaihing vase, with light o'erttowing.
Gem-like, to thy centre glowing.
Thou the poet's type shall be,
Flower of scent. Anemone !
KNOWLEDGE.
BY REV. L. WITHINGTOM.
There is a close connexion between ignorance
and vice ; and in such a country as our own, the
connexion is fatal to freedom. Knowledge opens
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
soinces of pleasure which the ignorant man can
never luiow — the pursuit of it fills up every idle
hour, opens to the niind a constant source of occu-
pation, waUes up the slumbering powers, gives the
secret victory contest and the secret unveils to our
astonishment ideal worlds ; secures us from tempt
tation and sensuality ; and exalts us in the scale oj"
rational beings. When I pass by the grog-shoj
and hear the idle dispute and obscene song; whei]
I see the cart rolled along, filled with intoxicatea
youths, singing and shouting as they go — when \
discover the boat gliding down the river, where yoii
can hear the influence of rum by the noise whicH
it makes — I cannot but ask, Were these peopla
taught to read ? Was there no social library td
which they could have access? Did they ever know
the calm satisfaction of taking an imjjroviug volume
by a peaceful fire-side ? Or did they ever taste the
luxury of improving the mind ? You Iiardly ever
knew the yong man who loved his home and his
book that was vicious. Knowledge is often the
poor man's wealth. It is a treasure no thief can
steal, no moth nor rust can corrupt. By it you
turn his cottage to a palace, and you give a treasure
which is always improving and can never be lost,
" Tiie poor man," says Robei-t Hall, " wlio has
gained a taste for good books, will in all likelihoocj
become thoughtful : and when you have givcu th^
poora habit of thinking, you have conferred onl
them a inucli grater favor than by the gift of a large
sum of money, since you have put into their posi
session tho principle of all legitimate prosperity.
Nor is it to the poor alone, that this remark ap-
plies. The rich need occupation. Their hearts
are often like seas, which, stagnant under a breath-
less atmosphere, putrefy for the want of a wave.
Employment, roused by some noble object, is the
secret ofhappiness ; and of all employments, mental
labor lasts the longest. The body soon tires : but li/e
mind, divine in its origin and immortal iti its destiny,
pursues its labors with transient pausings : and rises
from every check with fresh vigor to continue its
eternal flight. What a beautiful picture docs Ci-
cero give of the secret liappiness his studies opened
to him. "Vou will not blame nie, respected judges,
at least you will jiardon me if, while some are
hurried in business ; some keeping holidays; some
pursuing pleasure; and some giving their hoius to
sleep ; while one tosses the javelin and another the
dice box, I should steal a little time for the rciol-
lection of my stmlics and the improvement of my
mind." Yes, lie loved these things better than re-
creation ; to him they were more profitable than
business and sweeter than sleep.
Dress. — There is not an hour in a day in which
a man so much likes to see his wife dressed with
neatness as when she leaves her beilroom, and sits
down to breakfast. At any other moment, !;aji% sti-
mulates her eflorts at the toilette, for she expects
to be seen ; but at this retired and early hour, it is
for the very sake of cleanliness, for the very sake
of pleasing her biisbdnd, that she thus appears
neat and nice — some one says, " a woman should
never appear tmtidily or badly drcsse^in the pre-
sence of her husband." While he was a lover,
what a sad piece of business if he caught her dress-
ed to disadvantage ! " Oh dear, there he is, and
my hair all in papers : and this frightOd unbecom-
ing cap ! I had no idea he would have been here
so early, let me off to my toilete ?" But now that
he is yom- hus'iand. " Dear me, what consequence
is it ? My object is gained ; my efforts to win him,
November 21, 1833.
and my little mananivres to captivate, have been
successful, and it is very hard if a woman is to pass
her life in endeavoring to please her husband .'" I
remember greatly admiring a lady who lived among
the mountains, and scarcely saw any one but her
husband. She was rather a jdaiu woman ; yet
when she sat to breakfast each morning, and all
the day long, her extreme neatness, and the atten-
tion to the niceness of her appearance, made her
quite an agreeable object ; her husband loved her,
and would look at her with more pleasure than at
a pretty woman dressed soiled and untidily ; for
believe me, those things, (though your husband
appears not to notice them, nor perhaps is he con-
scious of the cause) strongly possess the power of
]ileasiug or displeasing. — IVhisper to a JVew Mar-
ried Couple.
Trees, &c.
MRS PARMENTIER, at the Horticultural Botanic
Garden, Brooklyn, L. I. two miles from New York, of-
fers for sale a choice collection of I'ear, Apple, Peach,
Plum, Cherry, Quince, &c. Trees, Grape Vines, Orna-
mental trees and Shrubs — Green-house and Herbaceous
pl.ints.
Also, the Morus mullicaulis, or true Chinese Mulber-
ry, of which any quantity not exceeding ten thousand
can be furnished.
(Inlers lor Boston, may be sent to Mr John B. Russell'-
Agricultural Warehouse, No. 504 North Market Street
Boston. Ordei-s by mail will be carefully attended to.
Brooklyn, Oct. 15tb, 1832. 4t
Tin Covering for Roofs.
A very simple plan of Covcring thk Roofs of
Houses, Manvfactories, and in fact any Building,
wilh TIN, has been adopted with entire success in
tlie middle and Southern Stales, and a Patent obtained.
The great advantages over Slate Roofs, are — 1st, less
than one half the expense; and 2d, a great saving of
(limber in framing the roof, as the Tin is so much lighter
ihan Slate. Tlieje are Tin Roofs in Montreal that are
now in good condition, which have been covered with
Tin Miorl2 tlian 100 years. The improvement in this cov-
erinj, is that each sheet, altliough secured by two nails,
no part ofthe nail is exposed to the atmosphere.
The subsrrilier will exhibit a building covered as
above, and enter into contract to cover any number of
buildings the ensuing season, on application to him at
Indian Hill Farm, near Newburyport, Ms.; or applica-
tioD c^m be made to J. R. NEWELL, Esq. Agricultural
Waiehouse, Boston. ROBERT WILKIE.
Nov. 7, 1832.
For Sale.
A handsome Bull, part of the Holderness and part of
the Admiral breed. He will be three years old next
March, and will be sold cheap. Addiess Is.VAC S.
HouGHTo.v. Roxbury, care of Daniel Weld & Son,
742 Washington Street, Boston. -It* Oct. 31.
Published every Wednesday Evininu, at g3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but lOose who pay withiD
sixty days Irom the time of subscribing, arc entitled to a
deduction ol til'ty cents.
(CF No paprr will be sent to a distance without payment
beingmndeiu advance.
Printed for J. B. Rissell, by T. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing con be e.\ecuted to meet the
wishes of customei's. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
RnssELL. at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62. North
Market Street.
AGENTS.
New York — G. Thorburk <.V Sons, G7 Liberly-strecl.
Albany — \V a. Thoheuu.n, 317 l\larket street.
Phila'lelphia — D. ifc C LANiiiit:TH, 85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cinciiinali— S C. PAHKHriRST. 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing.N. Y. Wm. I'rince& Sons, Prop. Lin.Bot.Gardcn
Middlehury. V'l!. — WiOHT Chapha>-.
Hartford— Goodwin Jt Co. Booksellers.
dprivg^Udtl. Ms. — E. Ehwakus.
Nmhirmort. — Ei knk/.kh Stehman, Bookseller.
Portsvwuth. N. H — J. W. Fostkk. Bo. ksd'cr.
Portlanrl,Me. — S\iiivf.\. Coi.man, Bookseller.
A'^fTi'sta. Mf —Via. Makn.
Halifax, N. S. — P. J. Holland Esq,
PUBUSHED BV J. B. Ri:..SF...... NO. 52, .ORTH MARKI^T ><TKEET, („ .,.k AcK.c...,.n.u. Wu.k.o.sk )-T. G. FES.^^i^l^^^r^^i^,:^^
VOL. XI.
BOSTOIV. AVEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER, 28, 1832.
IP-
TRANSPLANTING lyARGE TREES, ON SIR HENRY STEUART'S NE# THEORY.
1]ie above eugravmg >.s taken from Steua.t's Planter's Guide, exhibiting the manner of taking up and removin- trees for trans.laufitiiio-
A view of the machn,e in motion will be found iti the engraving as taken on the spot by an mgenious artist. ^ The tree dehneated'is a beech abet
e>gh.-and-twenty feet ugh w.th a stout stem, a beautiful top, and with roots more than twelve feet long ; so that the whole i.. ealctilatedto forn 'a load
of consKlerable weight. The mode of mainta.nmg the balance, of bundling up the roots, of compressing and preserving the brunches s «Ko^he
vanous functions of tlie steersman, the balance men. and their assistants, may all probably be better apprehended m this vie^v of their united efibm
than Joy any verbal description. ' . •'<=,, ui 1111,11 uuulu enon^,
It is easy to apprehend, that, with a niacliine so^:onstructed, the person stationed at the end of t^ pole, possesses the same complete power over
the direc .on ot it as the steersman over that of a b^t ; but with this disadvantage on the side of the former that the maciiine is fon'ore difficult 'o
manage th.an he boat m the water, owing to the griter mievenness of the surface of the g,-onnd, and the extrao.*naa-y len^^th of t le 1^ as c^-ed
with the rudder, thereby causing a much more sudiu hnpulse to be communicated to the machine tlian to the ilat. The' steer man of the n^ch n»
has tor that reason a far more difficult part to perfo^, m which much judgment as well as strength is called foitli, and where one assisLt and sc^Te:
times two or three, are requisite to aid hni 111 so laHorious a task. u»»i»Lum, auu some
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the iXew England Farmer.
AGRICULTURAIi ESSAYS, NO. VI.
THE ADVANTAGES OF AN ORCHARD.
AVhen we survey the goodly comitry around
us, of which our industrious ancestors took ])os-
session about two centuries ago, we see the ruins
of niany once beautiful and flourishing orchards :
and we are surprised that their descendants have
endeavored no more to counteract those i:n.ig( s
of time, by replacing the labor of their hiuids.
To excuse this negligence it has been observed,
that young orchards will not succeed on tlio.se
lands from which old ones have been removed ;
tliough pear trees will, and last for more than one
generation. But if this observation be just, and it
is more than probable that it may be, for lar^e
trees must impoverish the ground on which they
grow, there is scarcely any considerable farm oil
which some new situation may not be found on
hich to place an orchard. Any southeast pros-
lect, or an hill dripping towards the south, which
3 a most excellent situation, or even the sides of
oads and fences around pastures and mowino-
nids, will answer very well. Trees thus placed
frill yield a great plenty of fruit ; increase the
jrass ; afford a comfortable shelter for cattle, and
^e highly ornamental.
It would he judicious to propagate a large pro-
portion of sweet apples : as they afford a rich re-
past for the table of the fanner; are equal ui value
to any other aiiples for cider ; and will almost
fatten sl^j) and swine. One would imagine,
that the profits and pleasures arising from an or-
chard, would stimulate the fiirmer to ju-opagate the
apple tree ; but in nothing, perhaps, has the present
generation been more deficient. Many farms on
which scarcely an apple is now to be seeu, abound-
ed with those of the first quality filly years ago.
Cider was then so plenty that it would not fetch
more than two or tliree shillings, at the press, per
barrel ; nor more than five or six in ilie market.
In that part of the country in which the writer
then lived, about a dozen miles from Boston, apples,
pears, [ilimis, «herries and jieaches, were exceed-
ing plenty. Beys were seldom or never known to
rob fruit trees (jf any kind : and the poor had only
to ask and gatiier what tiiey wanted. I know of
no tree in this comitry which produces a greater
variety of fiui) than the apjile ; scarcely any two,
unless grartedj or inoculated, being of^ tlie" same
taste and flav»r, which can be used in a greater
varietfiof wajs, and preserved for a longer space
of time, than jiat which I am recommending. In
bloom the apiie tree makes a most beautiful ap-
pearance, ami the fruit of it even in iis crude
state, aft'ords an agreeable tart. Although it is
said by naturalists, that ihc crab is the parent of
all ajiples, th(y differ in many essential respects
from each otier. Some are ripe in July, and
highly agreeable to the palate ; otliers are iimture
in August, and in September ; and so on, in sue-
154
NEW ENGLAND FA RIMER,
IVOVEMBER as, 1<S33.
cession, till late in October, wlieu all come to iier-
feclion, aud there is the greatest variety and abiiu-
dance. While some are most excellent lor pics,
and others for sauce, a greater proi)ortioii are for
eating ; and may be preserved through the winter,
with no other expense than barreling, or boxing
them up : and all of them may be converted into a
very wholesome, vinous liquor, which will keep
through the whole of the year. But some have
observed, that apple trees are liable to fiosts.wonns,
caterpillars, &e. and, therefore, they neglect the
propagation of them. Apply this reasoning to flax,
barley, ami to corn : shall we neglect these things
because they are subject to frosts, worms, mildews,
and tlie like evils ? It is true that a|)ples are not
«o necessary as bread ; but they are very grateful
and iirofitable. If only one tree out of twenty set
out by the farmer, should flourish and bear fruit,
within twenty years after the propagation of it, he
will receive a tenfold reward for all his ex])ense
and trouble. Let yom- ai)](le trees be carefully
planted out ; well secured from sheep and cattle ;
and judiciously grafted ; then you may comfort
yourself with the reflection, that you have laid the
foundation of thrtt wealth which will grow and in-
crease as you advance in years, and eventually de-
scend to your children. Could I name a certain
tree, which would grow rapidly ; and extend its
branches far and wide ; and which would last for
a century or more ; and that this tree within less
than a dozen years after the seeds of it had been
sowed, would start up and bear a multitude of little
silver pieces, equal in value to the sixteenth, or
even the sixtieth i)art of a dollar, would you not
endeavor to propagate that tree ? Why, then, can
you not be persuaded that all the protits of this
tree may be realized, if you will cuUivate the ap- 1
pie tree"? Although the fruit of this tree is auothrr
kind of property, and differs in appearance from
those little pieces of silver, it will as certainly pro-
duce them, as if the tree itself had bonie them.
Whatever you cultivate, and which produces sil-
ver, is the same in point of profit as silver itself.
There is one consideration more on this subject,
and which may not be unworthy of your attention.
Many farmers who hire a number of laborers are
obliged thereliy to pay a verj' hea>'y tax, to which
tlieir forefathers were entire strangers. I mean
the expence incurred by RUM, aud which is more
prejudicial to tlteir interests than frosts and cater-
pillars are to their orchards. Aud I can see no
way of withstanding this growing nvil, but through
the influence and increase of CIDER. When
this liquor was plenty, and when good small beer
held a respectable place in the fanner's cellar, the
best of laborers — men who would reap or hoe an
acre per clny, in light land, and gi home at night
contented witli their wages, were ready to be liirtd
—there were enough of tliese clnracters wishing
to work, aud the fiinner had not to court tliem into
his service. And I have no douit, was cider as
plenty, and good small beer in as luich reputation
in these days, as they were fifty or si.xty yeai-s ago,
farmers would soon experience m alteration in
their favor. The man who will lot labor cheer-
fully and faithfully when lie has vctuals enough,
and good cider and beer, is not woitli his keeping.
If then, you would reap the above profits and
pleasures, aud rid yourself of tliii needless and
burthensome tax, cultivate the apple tree ; and en-
deavor to excel in the quantity and quality of
your cider, which is annually incrjasLng in value.
I shall close by observing, that every ajiple tree
increases the value of the farm on which it gro*s.l
Those farms on which good orchards are placed!
will commonly be in demand, aud greatly preferred I
to those which have none. Indeed a judicious
man will not readily buy a farm which has no
orchard on it ; because it wants one essential ad-
vantage ; more especially if it be near a market
town. A yoiuig aud fiomisliiug orchard has ren-
dered munv an old aud worn-out farm saleable.
For the Xew Englaml Farmfr.
ON THE PRESERVATION OFf^j)VEET POTA
TOE SlilPS. •'
Mr. Fesse>'dex,— I put up about two bushels of
sweet potatoe slips for seed soon after digging last
fall ; they remained till the middle of Aiuil when I
examined them, thinking to find but a dozen or two
to put in the hot bed ; to my surprise I fouud them
nearly all in a growing state, with sprouts three
uiches long. I lost none by rot ; all that were not
sound were dried up. I packed four boxes, each
containing about half a bushel ; three in sand, one in
plaster. The one in plaster did not preserve half a
dozen ; they were dried up to the size of a pipe-stem
I placed one box in a cupboard o.ver tlie oven, one
in a closet near the kitchen fire, and two on shelves
where tliey received the heat from the ftniiace in
my cellar. I could perceive no difti?rencc in them
in the spring, with tlie exception of that in plaster,
which was in the coolest place. I put up a barrel
of them the year previous, and |)laced them on the
l)()ttom of a very dry cellar : they were ail rotten
bel'ore the winter was half gone : tke least damp-
ness icitl destroy them. S. W.
.Vorthamploji, .Vov. 22, 1839.
For the i\>ir Evghmd Farmer.
RECIPES FOR THE LADIES.
Mr Fesse.nde.n — If you think the Ibllowing reci-
|)es, which I have long followed in my family, (atiil
which have the merit of being simple and attainaliN
by all our tiirmers) worthy a place in the New Eng-
land Farmer, you will please Insert them, and add lo
your subscription list the name of A LADY.
Salem, .\'ov. 2().
SALEM FANCY CAKE.
Take 3 pint bowls of sifted flour, 1 ditto of sug.ir,
half a jjound of the very best butler, 5 eggs, 2 luit-
inegs, a jjiece of lard of the size of a hen's egg, a tin-
spoouful of sal-eratus, — roll the whole out like sliurt
gingerbread. It will of couree want but a little luik-
iug.
PRESERVED PIPPINS FOR 0AILY USE.
Take a dozen fair, conunon sized apples, thi ii-
weight in sugar (or molasses) with just water enouf;li
to dissolve it, which simmer a short time — then put
the apples in and boil them a few minutes till leuclir,
grate a little nutmeg over them. They aflbrd a sim-
ple and nutritious preserve ; but must be prejiared
eveiy week, as they will not keej) long.
SWEET APPLE PUDDING.
Take 1 pint of scalded milk, half a pint of Indian
meal, a tea-cupfull of molasses, a tea-snoonfull of
salt, and 6 sweet apples cut into small pi^fe — slioulil
be baked not less than three hours — the apples will
afford an exceedingly rich jelly. This is truly om- of
the most luxurious, yet simple, Yankee puddings
made.
An occasional diet of rye hasiy pudding and
molasses will save mauy a person liom the horrors
of the dyspepsia.
For the New England Farmer.
GRAPES.
Mr.Fessenden,— Your friend, Mr. Lowell, some
weeks since, requested information respecting the
success of others in ripening grapes on the open
a^ellis. Notwithstanding the unfavorable season,
nine all ripened well : Isabella, Black Hamburgh,
White Chasselas, Gros Maroc, Imperi.tl Tokay,
filler's Burgundy ; (the two latter were forty days
ater this season thaji tlie last, on the same vines.)
had no mildew ; have used no sulphur or limc-
vater ; they were trained on the horizontal jilan ;
ivery bunch of grajies received the iiill force of
he sun ; the soil a dry, gravelly loam, on a subsoil
f pure siuid ; not much manure was us!:d ; they
I'eie watered about once a week with soapsuds,
ihich, accorduig to my exi)erience, is the best
luiuue for them. I saw this season in a friend's
allien in Brooklyn, Long Island, bunches of gol-
eii chasselas grapes, weighing a pound and a half
iicli ; no manure was ever used but soajisuds.
' 'hiy avoid the mildeAv, on Long Island, by tying a
I ajier liag over each bundle when in blossom, and
emain till the grapes are ripe. I ri'gret-
uld not send some of my grapes to the
jloiticiiltmal Society's rooms this season, being
dbs.-ut till it was too lute. S. W.
.Vurthampton, (Mass.) J^ov. 23, 1832.
jet them re
led I coul
For the A'.'Ki KnglamI Farmer.
HOW TO RAISE THREE CROPS FROM ONCE
PLOUGHING,
viz. IsT miMPS, d.VD KVE, .'Jrd HAY.
The 31st of July I turned over the sward of a piece
BKiulow which had been mowed the begimiing of
tl)e month, because the hay was foul, owing to bad
grass seed — rolled it down and scratched the furrows
lengthwise with a brush, in order to fill up the seams
and smother the grass, which it did pretty efli;ctual-
ly On this acre I carted twenty-five lioi-se loads of
fine dung, consisting of the coarse yard dung, which
was not fit fiir the field in April, having been stacked
siiu* ihat time, strengthened however by about a
thousand white fish bedded it in .Tune. This was
spread on the inverted sward and mixed widi the
loam with an iron tooth harrow, lengthwise of tlie
furrow, without upsetting it. On the 7th of August,
we sowed the turnips with a sprinkling of 25 bushels
of ashes; they were hoed out on the 27th and 28th
after sowing on the same the usual quantity of rye
and grass seed. I sowed a second half acre prepared
in a similar way, adjoining the same, on the 18th,
and when the tops were the size of a dollar, we sowed
on the rye and grass seed, as befiire ; but these did
not come up as regular as the first, and instead of
hoeing them out I had an iron tooth harrow run
through to scratch in the seed, and some of the
turnips where they were thick were thinned out,
but where they were thin it pulled none iqi; they
have grown so fiist that I commenced pulling the
largest the 15tli of last month, many of which would
not go into a man's hat, and even now the last of
which I am getfing in to day, they will not sell on
account of their size. I liaTe gathered upwards of
280 bushels and tlieir size would have wairanted
3 or 400 on the acre, had they come up eciual, and
the rye and grass uow left to itself looks well.
I make this communication, not having heard or
read of the mode, though I had tried it once before,
in which the rye and grass succeeded very well, but
there was a partial failure in the turnips for want of
vol.. XI. NO. 30.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
15.5
a higher dressnig. I shall if necessary, give a further
cominmiicatioii of the result next year. On the re-
maining three acres of the four, of the same field, 1
sowed wheat witir grass seed tilled the same way,
which looks well. I have already fed it down once.
N. B. The Wagon (single) Hoi-se loads of dung
are about equal in bulk to twenty-five bushels of ears
of corn ; I put 100 on the four acres.
There has been a<'tually 300 bushels taken from
the acre, and I shall pull n)any more small ones, lel't
iu the field, perhaps two cart loads.
BRIDGEPORT PRODUCTIONS.
In the garden of Samuel Simons, Esq. collector
at Bridgeport, Conn, there has been raised this season
a cabbage weighing without the root, 28 pounds; a
yellow turnip beet, 31 inches in circumference,
weighing with a small top 16 pounds; a radish in-
cluding top, 9 pounds and 0 ounces ; coinmou flat
turnip, including top, 18 pounds.
BOTS IN HORSES, HOW PREVENTED.
Much has been written on the subject of hots, and
the most important inquiry seems to be how to save
the horse when attacked by them. Now if we could
prevent a horse from having any in his stomach,
would not that answer as well ? I have often, with
an old razor, or sharp knife taken every nit from off
a horse by cutting with the hair, and can do it in
as short time as a hostler can curry him. B.
Bridgeport, C'oiui. j\'ov. 22.
From the X. Y. Ameiican.
THE PLANTER'S GUIDE,
By Sir Henry Steuart, Bart. ; G. Thorburn & Sons,
New- York.— We take great pleasure iu introducing
the first American edition of this celebrated wniU
to our readers. The instructions of Sir Heiu-y
Steuart on the best method of giving immediate
effect to wood, by the transplanting of large trees
and underwood, and turning as by magic a barren
heath into a thriving forest, attracted the greatest
attention when first made known m Ilurope. A
committee of which Sir Walter Scott was chair-
man, was at once appointed by the Highland So-
ciety (we believe) of Scotland, to examine into the
results of his new method of landscape gardening,
and their report proved of so satisfactory a charac-
ter, that the date of its promulgation may be looked
upon as a new era in that delightfid art. We re-
memter shortly afterwards in the colunms of this
paper calling the attention of people of rural taste
to the improvements in plantmg thus suggested ;
and we have also upon more than one occasion
referred to tlie work, when speakmg of that very
ingenious and successful method of planting pur-
sued iu our public squares in this city, liy which
at least three out of three hundred trees set out
every year survive the date of their removal : thus
practically proving, that they who attain to such
extraordinaiy results, know about as much of any
just system of arboriculture, and are as much quali-
fied to superintend such improvements, as tiiose
who, in McAdamiziug the Third Avenue, have
sacrificed the very first principles of the ingenious
road-maker, by introducing gravel among cobble
Btones. Our city planters get every law of physi-
ology at defiance, by clipping the roots and pol-
larding the branches of trees ; and we have been
more than once amused at the sang froid with
which we have seen one laborer in the Park and
elsewhere gently sawing off the root of some poor
deracinated sapling, to accominodate it to the size
f a hole that had been dug by another laborer,
and afterward amputate the branches with the
same coolness, to ])revent, we suppose, the base-
less structure from falling beneath any jniffof wind
that chose to assail it. This method, or want of
method, however, prevails more or less every-
uhere ; and Sir Henry Steuart makes vigorous
war upon all those who adopt so preposterous a
way of assisting nature, or reconciling her to vio-
lent changes. He teaches the art of removing
large trees, and securmg the future growth, at
little expense ; and one of his greatest ditficultios
in communicating this knowledge, is to remove
the obstructions which ignorance and prejiulice
oppose to his system. Our limits will not allow
us here to enter into the particulars of his new-
modes of arboriculture ; but after what we have
said of the old, it may be well to state that the
secret of his wonderful success— for he transplants
trees of nearly fifty j'ears growth — consists in the
utmost precaution 0gaiust mutilating either theii
roots or branches— which precaution he is enableil
to take by means of a machine of his o\vu inven-
tion for raising, transporting, and replacing large
trees. The work before us, however, is by no
means confined to a histoi-y of his invention. But
every thing relating to the culture of trees, the
properties of soils, opinions respecting the same
liy the most celebrated agricultm-ists in both an-
cient and modern times, the disposition of under-
wood, calculations of the expenses of various rural
improvements, and every thing iu short relatuig to
ibis subject tliat can interest a country gentleman,
are mcluded.
The work is beautifully printed iu a large octavo,
«ith ])lates, and the pulilic spirit of Messrs. Thor-
burn & Sons cannot be too nuich conuneuded for
getting up sueh a publication in a country where,
while nature has lavished her most beautiful crea-
tions ill forests whose stupendous vegetation is
magnificent beyond description, man, if he does
not do all he can to denude her of her loveliest ves-
ture, at least but seldom thinks of replacing h
when torn away by the barbarous hands of others.
From the New York Farmer.
AMBER BEET OR FRENCH HONEY BEET.
From this noble root, it is said, they are now
making a large quantity of Sugar. The saccha-
rine quality api)arent in this vegetable must render
it very nutritious ; and for cows it is excellent, for
fattening or producing a rich flow of the best milk,
and from partial experiment it is believed that one
fourth of an acre of ground would yield 8 tons,
which would support a cow for 12 months. About
31 lbs. per day, fiir 300 days would probably be
needful, and this would consmne about 5 tons ;
and the other three tons if sold would purchase
hay and other food for the 65 days, during the
absence of this root from the tune it fails in the
Spring, until it is again produced. This milk, at
the moderate price of 4 cents per quart, will
amount to $146, and at 6 cents to $195. The
rent of the land, the seed, the manure, tending the
plants and the cow, might be fairly estimated at
about 25 cents per day, which would leave about
$60 profit on one cow. A cow thus fed would
likely be much increased in value ; and the
manure, when the fluids as well as the solids are
all saved, on the soiling system, the quantity
would be surprising, if worked up with proper
absorbents. The Old Man,
Derby, Ct. Sept. 1832.
To Ferment Cider. Put in each hogshead of
cider about eight pounds of fresh burnt powdered
charcoal ; it moderates the fermentation, making
the liquid look black as ink ; the fennentation
ceases, the charcoal settles at the bottom, and car-
ries down every impurity which is cast oft" the
surface ; then rack oft" and bottle, with a raism or
two, and your cider is bright and clear.
Improvement in Huskinga. To the honor of the
individual, and for the encouragement of temper-
ance, I will mention that Mr. Burnet, of Guilford,
had a husking the other evening, and did not pro-
vide any ardent spirits. The result was, he got
his corn husked out in good season. The hands
were then invited into the house, where they par-
took plentifully of pie and cheese, had a social
chat, and returned home feeling fit for business
the next day. How much better this than the old
fasliioned way of managing huskings.
Braltleboroiigh Messenger.
.Vetc Chinese Mulberry, morus multicaidis. The
excellent qualities of this species of mulberry for
silk worms, are every day receiving new illustra-
tions. A friend in Virginia writes to us that he
had a leaf from one of his tiees that measured 15
inches iu length and 13 in width ; and that 30
leaves, mediiuri size, after exposure one day to
the hot sun in September to evaporate their mois-
iurc, weighed twelve ounces American Farmer.
Buffalo Berry Trees, shephcrdia. A gentleman
in Boston, who lias the original tree of this excel-
lent and elegant new fruit and ornamental tree, in
a letter to us says : " You will find a description
of the sliepherdia in the American Farmer, from
Jonathan Winshij), Esq. Next season we will
send you a large branch of the tree in fruit. Oiu'
tree is 18 feet high, and when in fruit truly mag-
nificent ; gratifying to both the eye and the palate.
Fancy to yourself the red currant growing in com-
pact spikes, about the diameter of a small ear of
com, and much more closely set than kernels of
com, on every large and even the smallest oft"sets,
and you may have some idea of the beauty and
elegance of this tree." American Fanner.
hifluence of Huriic-uUure. In all parts of our
country, where horticidtural societies have been
formed, and a taste for gardening, as a nccessai-y
consequence, hiproved, new capabilities both of
soil and climate, have been suddenly developed ;
and fruits and ather horticultural productions, be-
lieved to be exclusively the gro\vth of more genial
climes, have been reared in abundance, and great
perfection.
We would suggest to gentlemen of taste, and
enterprise, that it is withui their influence, to pro-
mote the forn;ation of county horticultural socie-
ties ; and woild submit to them, whether by so
doing, they might not greatly promote practical
horticulture, oid consequently the health, morals,
and comforts of the connnunity.—JVorM^m i^armer.
Preserving Apples. Dr. T. Cooper, in the Do-
mestic Encydopedia, says that apples may be pre-
served by puttuig a layer of dried fern, [brakes]
alternately in a basket or box (the latter is con-
sidere<l best, as it admits less air) and cover them
closely. The advantage of fern in preference to
straw, is, that it does not impart a musty taste.
156
NEW KNGLAND FARMER,
NOVEBIBER 8S, 1833.
MIDDLESEX CATTLE SHOW.
THE COaiJHITTEE ON SWINE
Respedfull}/ Report : — Tliat they \m\c ililitrently
ntfpnded to the duty assignee! them, and submit
the followiug.
From ohservtition in different parts of the
County, yonr cnminittee believe tint tliere is no
animal whose management is better imderstood,
and more succcssfiilly jjractised, than tiiat of the
hog. And yet it necessarily happens that the an-
nual exhibition is more deficient iu this part, than
in the case of any other animal. This remark is
more particularly applicable to very large and fat
Siviue, which cannot be driven, at all, nor trans-
])ortpd, without considerable expense and injury.
Ti'.is is a misfortune, not imputable to any one ;
but it should be taken into consideration, in esti-
niaiius the relative merits of the ditfcrent ])arts of
the exliibition.
It is believed that no other branch of husbandry
is more valuable, on the whole, than this. For if
it be true, that sometimes, and even often, the
proceeds of pork in the market, do not much, if
any, exceed what might have been taken for the
corn, still the man*we is an ample compensation
for the labor. And it is what the farmer must
have, and what he could not procure in sufficient
quantity in any other way. It is true that economy
must be used, in this, as in all thinirs else, not
thai economy, which consists in parsimoniously
dealing out food, after the manner of a contractor
in a poor house. True economy consists in re-
pleni.ihiug the trough, at regular and short inter-
vals. With such management, the hogs will eat
less, and fat faster. A hog, to fat ^vcU, should
have nothing to prey upon his mind. It is with
him, as with us, the mere apprehension of pov-
erty often makes us poor. Feed liiui well, so
that he may not be obliged to squeal for a living.
He is, in truth, a jjrofessional ch.iractcr. His of-
fice is to grow fat. Let him not he disturbed with
other cares. So shall his leisuie hours, which
would otherAvise be wasted in idle squealing, be
devoted to those sound and refreshing slumbers,
whose end is fatness.
Your Conmiittee have been dicply impressed
with the consideration that the spot, which they
now tread, is no other than the H-eue, where a
celebrated individual of this inteii^sting class of
animals, came to a most niclauclioy and untimely
end ; and they ask leave to relate generally, the
facts connected with that tragical event. It ^\as
on a flue morning, towards the dose of the last
century, that the sun arose iu smiling splendor
and cast his cheering beams on the time-worn
dwelling of the unsuspecting victim. His two
legged tyrant Avas yet enjoying his morning slum-
bers, when his black man Cato, proceeded to
execute the orders of the preceding evening, by
removing the tenant to what they pleased to style
" the new hog-house." Without iiuch explana-
tion, a rope was made fast to the mse of the de-
fondant, who, not understanding exactly what
Calo would be at, and doubting moreover his au-
thority iu the premises, made his ippeal to the
right of the strongest ; insomuch that the knight
of the rope was obliged to take respie, by making
the other end fast to a tree. It happened that a
wood merchant, from another town, had already
aiTived with his load, and had left his team, m
search of a purchaser. The thought struck Cato,
that there would be no harm in just trjing the
strength of his horse ; and so loosing him from
the oxen, he made him fast to the rope.
Your committee had well nigh forgot to men-
tion, that the hero of the tragedy had, all along,
raised his voice in decided accents against these
proceedings, fearing, no doubt, that some lawyer
might trap him on the ground of assent ; and
when he perceived that Cato intended to take ad-
vantage oi" horse-power, his indignation was roused
to a most becoming height, imd he resisted with
an obstinacy little le.ss than human. Yonr com-
mittee regret to say, that it was all in vain ! The
horse, not uiulerstaudiug the precise nature of his
loading, and not miudi fancj'iug the looks of the
driver, set ofi'fbr home at full .speed, with the hog
at his heels. Cato stood aghast! mid taking the
subject into sudden consideration, cleared out,
leaving appearimces to explain themselves. Metm-
while the master had been awakened by the re-
monstrances of his hog, and the o^^^ler of the
horse returned just in season to take a farewell
glimpse. Each viewed the other as the undoubted
author of the mischief, and a battle of words en-
sued, which every one will conceive, according to
the powers of his imagination. They were only
restrained from blows, by the necessity of looking
after their departed favorites. Suffice it to add,
that the horse was found safe at home, with no
other injiu-y, than being a little overstrained in his
wondering department ; insomuch, that, to his
last day, he coidd never form any satisfactory
opinion of the kind of business they carry on at
Concord. But aUus ! for the sequel. The hog
continued to resist manfully to the last ; being lefV
by the way side, a mangled and breathless corse ;
a victim to the spirit of freedom ; and a glorious
example of resistance to arliitrary power ! And
here was spilt the first blood that was shed in that
memorable war.
Yonr conunittee would, on no account, dismiss
this part of their report, without embodying there-
in, tho.se useful maxuus which it naturally suggests
And they see not why a jilaiu relation of facts
shoidd not as well be entitled to a moral, as n
mere fable of the imagination.
1. Be sure to rise early and .sec to your hogs.
2. Never apjieal to the right of tlie strongest, till
you know with whom you are dealing. 3. Do
not forget lliat hogs have some rights as well as
other people. 4. Never set Cato to do what yoii
can do better yourself. 5. When you come tu
Concord, keep watch of your horse. 6. Always
suspect Cato. 7. Remend)er, one and all, that a
rope may bring you to an untimely end.
In view of this truly tragical scene, yonr com-
mittee caimot but con.sider it as a specimen o!
that flagrant injustice, which has been too long
exercised toward the race, of which the deceased
was a worthy member. From the time of the
ancient Jews, this animal seems to have been ;i
couuuon object of obloquy and reproach. Anil
your committee camiot better express their own
views, than by inserting herein, entire, a commu-
uication addres.sed to them by a sensible individ-
ual of a drove which lately passed through the
County.
To the Hog Committee of the .Igriailtural Societij of the
County of Miildlesez.
Gentlemen — While niy fellow travellers are takinir
their repose, and our drover his dram, I seize the occa-
sion to address you in behalf of my species, with a hope
that you will abate something of your prejudices against
us, and be made more sensible of our merits and our
wrongs ; and I am not without some hope of exciting a
friloir feeling iu the members of your Society, and most
especially in y ourseWes. We flatter ourselves moreover,
til it in the report, which you will soon be called upon
to niiike. you will be induced to exercise, toward us,
that charily which you profess so ioudiy for each other;
ind that you will do to us, as you would wish us to do,
f c.illi d on to report our opinion cf you. We all have
ur failings, you know ; and if we find ours in tlie Coii-
ord Gazette, you may look for yours in tlie Charlestown
Lurora.
\Ve think we hare some reason to complain of the
onduct of your ancestors towards ours. The practice
f ijokiiia and ringing, introduced so long ago as the
?irrn of William and Mary, and continued in force in
our st.ilute bonk to the present time, savors to us
roni^rly of what you would call a hoffirish ao-e. We
liipluin especially, that, while your constitutional writ
h ibeas corpus secures, to you, your personal liberty,
is made to depend on the contradictory decisions of
t you arc pleased to call your primary assemblies, in
licli we are generally represented by a small minority.
{ your statute of 17df- Chapter 5{i, it is enacted among-
ofier strange things, that •' any town may give libeitv
swine to go at large, from the l.^ith day of April, to
1st day of November, proriilal they be sujirirntty
■III. and constantly ringed in the nose," And that it
y be known what a sv^icient yoking doth mean, " Be
itjfiirlher enacted, that a yoke, which is the full depth
0^ the .s;n.ine's neck, above the neck, and half so much
bdlow the neck; and the soal, or bottom of the yoke,
f^l! three times as Ions as the breadth or thickness of
tile Swine's neck. on which it is placed, shall be deemed
and t;ikeii to be a sufficient yoking, within tlie true in-
tent and meaning of this act."
It is true, that these leg-al enactments have, in some
^grco, become inoperative; but, whether this refine-
lenl in the manners of the age is to be attributid prin-
pally to your species or ours, it would not be modesty
1 us to say —
We know it would be vain to reason against your
ptactice of ending our existence in the morning of life ;
iiasiiiuch as your interest is your motive. We are
a,ya:e that you consider us as created for your use, and
we submit in silence ; soring ulways, to us, and our suc-
ceitdrs, our ancient right of squeaking ad libitum, when-
cv^ you lay a finger upon us. We only nsk tiiat. dur-
ing our short sojournment among you, you will treat us
with {rreater respect, and endeavor to make our situation
more cninibrlablc. We do not like, for instance, to hear
you sjii-ak of the " swinish multitude." We consider
it an invidious comparison. We have also been greatly
astonished in our minds, and shocked in our feelings,
when we have overheard you accuse each other of " get-
ting ns lirunh os n beiist."^ For we are not so iii-norant
of men and things, as not to know that man is the only
iiniinnl that gets drunk at all. And we think espe-
cially that you should cease such language, when you
call to mind how kindly we tucked up one of your frail
brethren, when he lately sought repose in our bed of
straw.
We would not boast of our merits ; but we hope to be
cused for mentioning some of the benefits which we
nfl-r on your race. And, first of all, have we not
iriven name and character to a society inyourfirstlilerary
nstltution .' Who does not know that the " Pi}; Club,"
n Harvard University, has grown immensely wise and
fat, by the iinmolation of our infant offspring ? And
(rain, does not your favorite dish of the bean pot, owe
tlie richness of its flavor, to the once dcspiicd tenant of
the hog pen ? And do we not often gratify your pride,
aye, and fill your empty purses too, by appearing at
your Cattle Shows? And are we not tolerable good
company, on your way thither, and back ? What sup-
ports, and sustains your militia officers, in their loftiest
elevation, and in their proudest moments i" Does not
even your Major General rest entirely on our skins
when performing Iiis most glorious achievements at a
muster.'
Then again you complain of our want of neatness !
and who pray furnishes you with the means of being
otherwise ? If we were disposed to paint our habita-
tions, inside and out, as you do ; or even to white wash
tliem, as you do your out houses ; can you. of your ow'n
substance, furnish us with brushes, or any thing else for
the purpose .' If we were supplied as you are, who can
sav whether yemr parlor floor or ours would e.\cel in
neatness? Without any aid from youT flesh brush, Ao
we not contrive to keep our pores as open, and our skins
,Ts cholera proof as your own? With all the aids you
might have from the clothes brush, are you quite sure
that your outer man will, in all cases, compare with
ours ? Though we furnish you with the means of pre-
vol.. XI. KO. 80.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
157
serving your teeth, are they, after all, so well preserved
as our own ? Does the Dandy at his glass remember,
that he is indebted to our race, for the case, with which
he brushes his hair into those bewitching forms, so satis-
factory to himself, and so taking with his fair one ?
You think you aj-e indebted to the bout black for nial:ing
your boots shine like his own skin ; but you forget that,
without the material, which we furnish, there would be
little difference, between tlie boot, which treads the hog-
yard, and that, which trips the parlor carpet.
But I must close. I have neither patience nor time
to mention the aid we furnish your shoe makers and
your e-xtensive manufactories, nor the thousand other
ways in which we render you service, I nmst only add,
that we esteem it most unkind and unfeeling in your
race, that you should shave our murdered and helpless
remains, without lather, while in the very act of' taking
from our backs, the article, which helps to smooth the
passage of the razor, over your hardened and ungrateful
faces.
But I will hope for better times; of which I seem to
discover some faint dawnings. And I will not conceal
my satisfaction, in seeing such men appointed on the
Hog Committee, and in being credibly informed that
you are not insensible of the honor.
Most respectfully.
Your obedient servant, PoRcns,
Your committee trust that the author of the
foregoing letter will ])ardon them for thus putting
it ou the liles of the Society. They consider it
an invaluable document, and rcconmieud it to the
serious perusal of every member. All which is
respectfully submitted,
JosiAii Adams, Chairman.
Frnm the FaiuUij Lijceum.
AGRICUIiTURAI, SOCIBTIEg.
BIucH has already been done by asfricultural so-
cieties, iuid much more remains to be done. So
far the influeuee they have exerted, and the ira-
provements they have made, have been of a general
character. At this time something more definite,
some elementary instruction in the great science
and art of agriculture, might he forwarded by the
mdividual and condiined efforts of agricultural
societies, with perfect ease, and to tlie greatest ad-
vantage.
The mere offer of small premiums for the best
agricultural and geological surveys, could not fail
to take eftect among lyeeimis, or individuals, or
both ; and if so, would lead to some definite and
useful knowleflge to the connnunities in which
they are interested, or on which they depend.
If the Stale Society for Massachusetts should
offer a |)remium for the first and second best sur-
veys which might be made by any lyceura in the
state, and each County society should offer similar
premiums for all the to«Tis in their several coun-
ties, it could not fail, with what has already been
done on this subject, to produce the happiest re-
sults, not only for agriculture, but for science, and
for the diffusion of many kinds of useful knowl-
edge.
But what is particularly worthy their consider-
ation is the example they would set to other states
and other coiuUries. At this age, when examples
fly on the wings of the whid, what should be done
to advance the interests of this commonwealtli,
would be imitated by other communities.
Much has already been done to render a minute
agricultural and geological survey Qf this state not
only practicable but easy. One of the most im-
portant steps is the procuring of the geological
map by Professor Hitchcock, under the patronage
of the Legislature. By the aid of this map, one
of each town might be jirocured, which should
give in detail what is there only furnished in out-
line.
Tlie collections of minerals already procured,
not only by lyceums, but by numerous schools,
would also furnish important aid in this feasible
enterprise.
Since this object is so great, and its accomplish-
ment so easy, and so many are ready to lend a
liel])ing hand, both in schools and lyceums, we
cannot doubt that if agricultural societies would
t.ike the matter under serious consideration, they
would not only decide biu act.
Frnm the N. Y. Farmer.
CHEAP FODDER.
Sir,— I observe on page 80 of your current
volume, that there was, during the spring, a scarcity
of provender for your cattle. Our farmers make
a very chea]) fodder, which, as it may not be gene-
rally known, in America, I take tlie liberty to com-
uumicate to you.
It is made of wheat chaff, or cut straw, and
chopped potatoes mixed. It is prepared as fol-
lows. A conunon boiler is set in a furnace. Water
to the depth of a few inches is first put ui ; and
then a bottom fitted in over the water, with holes
bored in it. The boiler or kettle is then filled
with the straw and potatoes, and steamed until tl."
potatoes become soft. This is found to be an ex-
cellent and cheap fodder for cattle, milch cows,
&c.
Several large farmers have got steam apparatus
in.tde expressly for the purpose, which they con-
sider to pay well. In my next, I hope to give
yoii a description of them.
Yours, M. SAUL.
Lancaster, (Eng.) Sept. 1832.
STRA1V.
Experiments on the nutritive matter m the
straw of different kinds of grain, similar to those
conducted by Mr. Sinclair relative to tlie grasses,
are very desirable. Horses and cattle seem to eat
the straw of beans and peas as readily as hay ; and
the experience of this farm leads to the belief, tliat
the straw of wheat possesses much nourishment.
It is coarse and woody, indeed, but contains a great
dell of saccharine matter ; and if used with a very
small addition of turni|)9, the cattle are found to
thrive on it. Last season, there were fed here
from the beginning of November to the middle of
May, eight greys, rising three years old, five rising
two, and five risuig one. They had two acres of
yeUow turnips, a middling crop, and the oldest
twD lots had nothing besides but wheat straw.
Tke largest projiortion of the turnips was given to
the youngest lot ; for some tune, the eldest two
gof scarcely any, and for six weeks previous to the
gitss, wheat-straw alone, without a tuniip, was
the food of these. They all grew well, and re-
tained their condition, and no fallhig off on the
paft of the latter during the last six weeks was
perceptible.— .'J^ri/iire Reports.
From the Northumberland (Pa.) Public Aspect.
Preserved Tomatoes. Dining a few days since,
at Mr. Pardee's, inn-keeper, three miles below
Lewisburg bridge, my attention was called to no-
tice a new kind of preserve, prejiared by the lautl-
lady from the common tomatoe. Its flavor was
remarkably rich and fine, so much so that I was
hiduced to inquire into the particulars. It is a
discovery of her own. The tomatoes are tal^en
when nearly ripe, and j)repared in the usual man-
ner of other preserves, with sugar and molasses.
BRIGHTON CATTLE SHOW.
MR. GRAY'S REPORT ON COAVS &, HEIFERS.
The committee on Cows and Heifers, consisting
of Messrs. J.C.Gray, Capt. Geo. Siiith of Need-
ham, and Nathan Adams, jr. of Medford, Report
That the show of cows, milch heifers, and youn^
heifers was, on the whole, quite respectable, more
especially that of milch heifers. Your committee
have to regret the scanty and meagre nature of the
statements made by several of the comjietitors.
Very little written infiirmation was eomniunicated,
and the verbal accmnts which were given were
often quite unsatisfactory. The committee feel
called upon to notice uiore particularly, that many
owners of milch animals offered for premium were
altogether unable to give any exact information,
as to the quantity of milk. When we consider that
Ihis is a point of the greatest imiiortaiice, more
especially to the kee[)ers of dairies, and that it can.,
be ascertained by a few simple and ea.sy experi-
uients, it is surprising that any careful farmer can
keep a number of animals year after year, without
attcmiiting to discover their respective merits in
this particular. After as careful an examination
as the circumstances of the ease would admit, your
coimiiittee have awarded jiremiums as follows" :
For Cows. First premium of $25, to James
Osborn,of Stow, for his red cow.
Second ditto, $15, to Mr. Watts, of Concord, for
his Concord cow.
Third ditto, .SIO, to Mr. Bright, of Watertown.
For milch heif.rs, the committee assigned the
first of $15, to Oliver Cook, of Brighton, for his
heifer sired by Mr. Parsons's bull. Cream Pitcher,
being a full blooded impoi'ted bull, of the Alderney
lirced, a race ^vell known for the extraordinary
richness of their milk. The dam of the heifer in
question, was from an excellent native cow, by
.Mr. Parsons's short-horned bull, Holderuess. It
appeared froin credible attestations in writing that
this heifer had given eighteen quarts of milk per
day during the summer months, and that nine
pounds of butter per week had been made from
her during that period. She is represented as
three years old, and as having had her second calf
last May.
The second premium, of $10, was awarded to
Nathl. Clapp, of Dorchester.
The third premium, of $5, to Moody Moore, of
Waltham, for his largest heifer.
For Young Heifers, the folIo\vhag premiums
were awarded : —
First |)remium, of $12, to Lewis Holbrook, of
Sherburne, for his large red heifer.
Second premium, of $10, to Benjamin Shurtleff,
of Chelsea, for his brindle heifer without horns.
Third premium, of $8, to E. H. Derby, of Med-
field, for liis heifer, from Mr Prince's stock.
Fourth premium, of $6, to Vernal Barber, of
Sherburne, for his white lieifer.
Several pens were filled with cows and heifers
sent for exhibition only, by Hon. John Wells and
E. Hcrsey Derby, Esq. The reputation of both
these gentlemen, as raisers of beautiful and valua-
ble stock, is so well established, that any remarks
might be deemed superfluous. It is suflicient to
say, that the milch stock sent by them on this
occasion, constitutes one of the princi])al orna-
ments of the show, and comprises many individu-
als, which, if offered for [jremiums, woidd have
proveil very formidable competitors.
Res])ectfully submitted,
J. C. GRAY, Per Order.
158
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
NOVEMBER 88, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING. NOV, 28,
We hope that tlie imiJioved appearance of this
day's impression of ihe New England Farmer will
meet with the api)rol)ation of the piihlir, and secure
us a continuance of that patronage which can alone
enable us to go on our way rejoicing. We wish to
be a worthy representative of the most important in-
terest in the community, and liope that no negli-
gence as to matter or manner will degrade us in the
estimation of the cidtivators, who compose the sin-
news of national power, and the essence of all that
gives strength and solidity to the pillars of civilized
society.
■ We have rarely read a more facetious production
than that of the Committee of the Middlesex Hus-
bandmen and Manufacturei-s, on Swi.ne, of which
JosiAH Adams, Esq. was Chairman. The uses and
abuses of this important quadruped are set forth with
wisdom, as well as wit, and he who reads cannot fail
to be instructed as well as amused.
THE PliAKTER'S GUIDE.
Messrs. G. Thorbum & Sons, of New York, have
recently presented to the American pnlilic, a beauti-
ful edition of a work lately published in London and
Edinburgh, entitled The Planter's Guide, or a practi-
cal Essai/on the best method of giving immediate effect
to IVood by the removal of large Trees and Under-
wood; being an attempt to place the .irt and that oj"
general Arboriculture, on fired and phytological princi-
ples ; interspersed with observations on general plant-
ing, and the improvement of real landscape. Orig-
inally intended for the climate of Scotland. By Sir
He.nry Steuart, Bart. L. L. D. F. R. S. E. etc.
In one large octavo volume, of 422 pages.
In the Publisher's Advertisement to the Ameri-
can Edition, it is observed that, " In presenting
this valualjle work to the Auiericau public, the
publishers are actuated by an ardent desire to see
tlie useful principles so ably demonstrated by the
intelligent author, brought into successful opera-
tion in this country. On his own property in
Scotland, Sir Henry Steuart has accomplished the
most wonderful changes, which appear more like
the effects of magical hifluence, than the ordinary
application of means which many possess. His
park contains about one hundred and twenty acres,
of great diversity of surface, and of various soils,
and in 1820, the entire number of trees of ancient
stand'mg, did not exceed between sixty and seventy :
in that and the following year, by means of the
Transplanting Machine, he added to his domain
near seven hundred, which were scattered singly,
or arranged in clumps and masses of different
kinds, giving to the whole a rich and woody ap-
pearance. To produce tliese astonishing effects,
which at once convert the most uune and unin-
teresting situation into a picturesque and glowing
landscape, thereby anticipating forty years of a
man's existence, the expense can be hut a very
minor consideration : about thirty poimds sterling
per acre, or two hundred dollars may be assumed
here as a fair estimation.
" In Great Britain this art may be presumed to
be indis])ensable, and invaluable ; but in a great
proportion of the United States, the denuding pr<l-
peusities of the early settlers have so constant!?
maintained an extenninating war against thos ;
lioimdless and magnificent forests, which clothe 1
the land from the rising to the setting sun, and hi i
relentless axe has nearly swe])t away, in the neigl ■
horhood of our towns and dwellings, those beaut
ful creations of nature, which, in otlier couutrie
are objects of affectionate interest, and cherished
with feelings bordering on veneration ; indeed, to
such a radical extent has this obliterating practice
been carried, that it might be a question whetheJ
this art, for pui-poses of ornament is not as ueces4
sary here as in England."
This work is valuable not merely on account of
its directions for transplanting trees, and covering
at once nidced surfaces of earth with beautiful
groves, but for its scientific notices, an<I directions
relative to the culture of trees, and the manage-
ment of forests. We shall at present linut our
notice to the latter branch of the subject.
" In adverting to heat as essential to vegetation,
it is particularly worthy of notice that the epideii
mis and bark of trees drawn up by shelter are
usually thin, the former often smooth and glossy.
The descending vessels, by consequence, as they
lie under it, never fail to suft'er severely, on being
exposed to a cold atmosphere. It is greatly on
this account as well as from scantiness of roots and
lateral boughs that plantations sustain such exten-
sive injury on being suildinly thinned. Where
that operation is pertiirmed in a gradual manner,
it gives time for nature to prepare the trees li>r
the change, by strengthening the coat of hark, and
likewise by multiplying the roots, and tliickening
the spray and branches ; and thus the pro])er ves-
,sels are prevented from being chilled by untimely
exposure. The fact, though imiversally kmnvn,
is never referred to the true cause, by coininon
ohseners.
" These considerations furnish ample ground
to admire the wise provision of nature, in bestDw.
ing a much thicker, coarser, and more indmiited
covering of bark upon all trees in open exposures:
for in vain might they possess every other pro-
perty, if the sap-vessels were not sufficiently |iro-
tccted and enabled to do their office. Were that
to happen, through the tlnnness of the bark, there
cannot be a doubt hut that the ])lants would be-
come stunted and sickly, and both branches and
s])ray would suffer in consequence, as we see hiip-
pen to the generality of transplanted trees, which
do not possess this protecting property. Fnim all
which it appears tliat the health and ijrotectinii ol
the proper vessels, by means of a due thickness
and induration of bark, is an indispensable prc-
reijuisite in all subjects meant for removal, and
that it is deserving of the rank here assigned to
it."
As before intimated, this work is exhibited in
a beautiful form. It is truly an honor to the
American press. The paper, type, cuts, and
binding, are highly creditable to American art,
and G. Thorburn & Sons, have done the public
much benefit, and themselves much honor, by
their elegant edition of a book of such merit.
STEAM CARRIAGES IN ENGLAND.
It apiiears by late English publh-ations that
<tcam coaches are about to be as coumiou in that
'oiintry, as other and more ordinary carriages.
Bell's Weekly Messenger of Oct. 23, tells of a
•each, the invention of Messrs. Oyle & Sununers,
of Southanqjton, who have obtained a moving
power, by which carriages can be ])ropelled on
the connnon roads of the country, with speed and
lafety, and without smoke. The first attemjit
was accompanied with difficidty in regidatiug the
speed down hill, the machme having in one in-
slance hurried down a declivity at the rate of 50
miles an hoin\ This, however, has been amended
and the vehicle made to ])roceed downhill at the
rate of seven miles an hour.
ADAPTING PLANTS TO SOILS.
(Concluded from page 146.)
Some time since a gentleman brought me some
turnip roots that had failed for several years; and
the potatoes had equally been vitiated the preced-
ing year. When I dissected the plant, I found
the wood or sap vessels of the root were rotted
off, and in their staad a number of large bladders
if putrid water remained as a sort of swelled and
listorted root. But almost all nourishment from
llie earth was suspended, and the leaves alone re-
t.iined a sort of life, from the nutriment they re-
ciived from the atmos|)liere. The potatoes were
nearly in the same condition, the roots all decayed,
not forming any bidbs ; but when peas and vetches
were placed in the same ground, they grew re-
markably well. Now this is certainly a proof that
u plant can be destroyed by a decided aversion to
the soil in which it is placed; which will notwith-
standing, agree with many other vegetables ; and
tliat the plants of a poor soil can be as n'mch hurt
ID a rich one, as the plant of a rich in a poor soil.
I have also known the samedi.sorder seize trees,
on being put into groimd too rich for them. A
friend of mine having just made a garden, which
was not yet walled in Icfl a row of the salis caprea,
[a species of willow,] in a hedge to shade a walk.
l$eing desirous of having very good vegetables he
manured the ground to the most excessive degree,
even to the edge of the trees. In two or three years
the trees began to decline, and at last got so bad that
he considted me what he should do with them. I
advised the taking one for examination. I found
most of the wood of the root decaying, while the
side radicles were turned into putrid bulbs. We im-
covered all the rest of the trees, and flung dry sand
on them, mixing it with the earth that surrounded
the roots : we saved all but three.
In tracing the various expedients necessary to a
plant put out of its natural earth, I shall fu'st mention
manure as the most considerable. In proportion as
the ground is adverse to the plant, so much more
does the farmer load it with the only remedy he is
acquainted with "dressing" to enable tlie plant to
shoot. If the manure do not afford the juices it re-
quires, and which its natural earth would certainly
have bestowed, the crop fails ; then the quantity of
seeds must be more than doubled, which creates a
second expense.
One of the principal parts of farming should be
thoroughly to understand the soil of each field, and
its subsoil, and the sorts of plant that suits that pecu-
liar ground, that the farmer may be able to adapt
vol.. XI. NO. 30.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
159
them to tlie eartli of « liicli liis estate consists, espe-
cially where, if he wants more variety, they are to be
bought or exchanged with ease. The only desire of
most cuhivators is lo make the farm answer in point
of expense. This is all I mean by the plan I am
suggesting — " that every plant will yield a vast deal
more in its own soil, and will repay for buying and
exchanging that which would not grow without too
much expense." How few are the plants which can
possibly be wanted ! ten or twelve at most : how easy,
tliercfore, to suit each to its estate ! A couple of dif-
ferent kinds of wheat for each soil ; oafs that agree
well with it, and clovers that are naturalized to it.
There are some jilants that all farmers grow, but that
nature seems to have made as substlliitcs to each
other for feeding cattle ; I mean turnips, carrots,
])ai-suips and cabbage ; they each claim a different
soil. The turnips do admirably in sand, the carrots
in sand also, the cabbage on clayey ground, and the
parenips in good ground : as to potatoes, though pre-
ferring a drained boggy earth to all others, yet they
are so ntctssanj, they must grow where they can.
But there is a terrible mistake in this counliy, in sup-
j)osing they should be planted in dry ground ; as the
liotatoes (I have (iroved it by sixteen years' experience)
will never be mealy, if not grown in tolerably moisi
earth. As to the others, one of them might be chosen
as best suiting. It is true that a plant grows sick of
the ground in which it is placed too frequently ; be-
cause the peculiar juices are exhausted, which sus-
tained and supported it. But a year's interim is suf-
ficient to renew all, and restore the earth to its usual
vigor ; especially if a fallow intervene.
A sand plant takes the greatest part of its nutri-
ment from the atmosphere ; it is therefore loaded
witli hairs of various shapes and figures, which, re-
ceiving their juices from the dews, &c. prepare them
according to chemical afiinity, and then permit theni
(as soon as completed) to run from the hairs into the
plant ; while the roots, which are often thick and
large, but which have very few radicles,) are almost
incapable of taking nourishment from the earth, and
therefore the plant depends almost wholly on the
exposure to the heavens ; and it is on that account
peculiarly necessary for these plants that aspect should
be most strictly attended to, and that they should be
so placed as to face the east or southeast. To these
plants the soil or earth is of less consequence than
the apect ; and throwing away loads of manure is
really expending money without cause or eflfect ;
since it will be of little use, except warming the
groimd, which assists most plants, but to do \vliich
only a small quantity of dung is necessary.
A gentleman consulted me what he should do with
his ground, plagued as he was with tussilago [colts-
foot.] He had ploughed the whole five times with-
out effect. I only advised him to dress it thoroughly
with dung; and then, the next spring, throw on a
quantity of fine sand, fi>r the soil was limestone. In
two years after, repeating this again, he had not a
plant of the tussilago left, though fi)r five years be-
fore, he had been laboring against it without effect :
the dung killed the poor plant. Then the principle
I wish to enforce in Ibis letter is, that the plant should
be suited to the soil, if the farmer wishes to save him-
self the expense of making the soil suitable to the
plant.
The best juaetiial rule of ujorality, is never to
do any thing which you shoidd be unwilling all
the world should know.
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FRUITS.
Suturdmj, November 24, 1832.
^•Ipples. Specimens of fifteen varieties were pre-
sented by Enoch Bartlett, Esq. of Roxbury, viz. New-
town pippin; Esopusspiizenburg; nonsuch ; Holland
pippin ; Wales apple ; old pearmain ; monstrous pip-
[lin ; Uoxbury russet; R. I. greening; fountain apple ;
Koldeu russet; autumn piii|)iu ; York russet ; and two
kinds of English apples unknown; all of them fair,
anil several remarkably beautiful specimens.
By E. Vose, Corlies' sweeting.
Pears. By Thomas Wigglesworth, Esq., Boston,
a variety from a French imported tree — a very supe-
rior, melting, fine flavored liuit.
([/''The season has now arrived when it is requi-
site to suspend the weekly exhibitions of liuits, &c.
Should, however, any individual possess any of the
valuable late varieties, they are solicited to send speci-
mens to the Hall of the Society on Saturdays, where
some of the compiittee will receive them iiom 10 to
12 o'clock. — Per order of the Conuiiittee on Fruits.
E. VOSE, Chairman.
SPLENDID BULBOUS ROOTS.
JUST received at llie Ag^riculiural Warehouse and Seed
Store, No. 50^ North Market Street, a large assortment of Bul-
bous Flower Roots, comprising the tinesl varieties ot
HYACINTHS : (Double and single,) dark blue, porcelain
blue, red, rosy colored, pure white wuh yellow eye, wtiite with
rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes j Irom lii.^ lo ^1 each.
'I'ULlPS : Splendid variegated, red, yellow, and mixed j
I-^ cents each, ^1 per dozen 3 assorted, with the colors mark-
ed mi each ; {our assortment ol line tulips is very large, and
we are enabled to put many sorts as low as ;g6 per hundred j
an object to those who wish 10 lorm a superb tulip bed.)
JONQUILLES : Sweet scented, finest roots 12^ cts. each,
^'1 per dozen.
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS : Fragrant, white with
citron cups, extra sized roots, lU cents each.
DOUBLE NARCISSUS: Fragrant, of all colors, 12.J cts.
each, ^1 per dozen.
SI'KING CROCUS : Of all colors, (i^ cents each, 50 cents
per dozen.
LARGE GLADIOLUS or SWORD LILIES, 12^ cents
each, ^'1 per dozen.
The above roots are of the same superior character as those
sold by us the last season, and which gave such universal satis-
faction ; some of the double Hyacinths having produced bells
one mcli and eight tenths in diameter.
Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots are
not purcluised at auction, and are all remarkable for their sizes
and lor the beauty and delicacy of tint of their tlowcrs.
CATAWBA GRAPE CUTTINGS.
SINCLAIR & MOORE, Nukserymen, Baltimore, will
execute orders for Cuttings of the Catawba Grape to any
amount, at ,Jpf-0 per 1000. — Ten years' experience has con-
vioced us that this is one of tlie most desirable grapes culti
vated, on account of its great productiveness, and excellent
i|talily, (tir either the table or for wine. It is a very popular
niarkel grape, Jsf-MK) worth having been sold by one man in our
iiBrkel tins season. — Orders lelt widi Mr. Russei.l, publisher
of the New-England Farmer, will receive prompt attention
IfDm us.
Baltimore, Nov. 21.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
MACKAY PIGS.
FOR SALE, several PIGS of the genuine Mackay breed.
They are about six weeks old, of good size and form. They
will Ui soW low. Inquire at the N. E. Farmer oHice.
Nov. 25.
BREMEN GEESE.
JOHN PERRY has for sale on his fann at Sherburne, twen-
ty-six superior Bremen Geese, of pure blood. Also, a few
hundred While Mulberry trees, four years old.
For information please apply to Mr. Holli.'i, Quincv Market,
or lo the subscriber on his larm. JOHN PERRY'.
Nov. 7.
LEAD.
SHEET Lead, of all dimensions ; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
f all sizes ; Copper and Cast iron Pumps, constantly for sale
by ALBERT FEARING & CO. No. I, Cily Wharf.
Boston, Ocl. I6lh, 1S32. tf
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
nF,.\NS, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, mspccled, No. 1, new,
Co EESE, new milk,
lour meal,
skimmed milk, . . .
Feathers, northern, geese, . .
southern, geese, . .
Flax, American,
FlAXSEEII
1''luur, tienncssec,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, , . . .
Alexandria
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern y ellow, . .
Rye,
Barley
Oats, . .
Ha
llu.NEV,
Hups, 1st quality,
Lari), Boston, Isl sort, . . . .
Southern, 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" U|)per, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Ea.slern, Cargo prices.
Pork, -Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,
B< ;ie, middlings, . . . .
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full hlood, washed,
Merino, mii'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
-Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed
g f Pulled superfine,
qJ^' 1st Lambs, . . .
■allu '• . . .
o g. 3d " ...
Z I 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
pound
side
pound
side
pound
cask
ton
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cut
pound
2 00
1 30
10 0
1 12
G 87
6 ao
1; 50
1 00
3 CO
17 50
12 50
noil
2 50
1 25
10 00
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES.
Hams, northern,
soutlicrii
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs,
Potatoes, common, . . .
CinER, (according to qualitv.)
pound
u
18
dozen
bushel
barrel
2l,
35
2 00
2 50
I 62
10 50
G 37
8 00
8
12
1 25
7 CO
6 75
G G2
7 00
00
88
yo
85
3 00
20
2 70
m
25
1 OK
3 25
18 flO
13 00
3 00
1 .50
II
BRKiHTON MARKET.— MoMiAV, Nov. 2G, !a32.
Al Market this day 236(1 BeefCattle, 510 Stores, G2I« Sheep
and 67-1 Swine. About 25C0 Sheep, 100 Stores, aud 400 Swine
have been before reported.
Prices. Beef CaUle.—So particular variation in the
market from last week. We quote exlra at S5 ; prime at
i'4,50 a +,75 ; good al S'1.,00 a 4,:)3
Barrel/his t'a«/c.— Mess al jM ; No. I 31^3,25 a 3,50 ;
No. 2 al S-2,'o.
Stores.— Tko years old, at ^10,50 a'I6,00: yearlings 56,00
a 11,00
Sheep. — Market " glutted," and sales low and dull ; lots of
Pett Slieep were taken at gi a 1,25. Also lots to slaughter at
gl .38, !,•«;, 1 ,30, 1,67, 1 ,75, 2,WI, and 2,25.
.SVinc— One entire lot of ha'f harrows, were taken at 3{cls. ;
one lot 3 barrows, selected, at +}; 2 lots of barrows selected
at 4.;^ -, at retail. 4 for sows, 5 for harrows.
NEW ENGLAND PARMER'S ALMANAC.
JUST published, the New England Farmer's Almanac of
1833, by T. G. Fessende.v, editor of the New England Far-
mer— containing the usual variety of an almanac, and several
articles on agriculture, by the editor and others." Price 50
cents per dozen. ' Nov. 7
IGO
NEW ENGLAND FARMER
NOVEitlBKR 88, 183a.
MISCELLANY
Fi-oin the JVcaJ- Ywrk Mirror,
We feel honored by the preference shown us, in being; en-
abled to present the readers of tlie New-York llirror, with the
following exquisite original production, from the pen of that
distinguished young lady, who has exhibited not less genius in
her own poetry than in the manner of rendering that of others.
The subject is American, and the lines are the firstlings of her
muse in this " green, forest-land." — Eds. N. 1'. Mirror,
AVTVMTH.
Written after a riile by the SclmylUtl. in October,
BY MISS FANNY KEMBLE.
Thou comest not in sober guise.
In mellow cloak of russet clad —
Thine are no nielajicholy skies.
Nor hueless flowers, pale and sad ;
But, like an emperor, triumphing,
With gorgeous robes of Tyrian dyes.
Full flush of fragrant blossoming,
And glowing purple canopies.
How call ye this the season's fall,
That seems the pageant of the year ?
Richer and brighter far than all
The pomp that spring and summer wear.
Red falls the western light of day
On rock and stream and winding shore ;
Sort woody banks and granite gray,
AVith amber clouds are curtained o'er ;
The wide clear waters sleeping lie
Beneath the evening's wings of gold,
And on their glassy breast the sky
And banks their mingled hues unfold.
Far in the tangled woods, the ground
Is' strewn with fallen leaves, that lie
Like crimson carpels all around
Beneath a crimson canopy.
The sloping sun with arrows bright
Pierces the forest's waving maze ;
The universe seems wrapt in light,
A floating robe of rosy haze.
Oh Autumn ! thou art here a king—
And ruiuid thy throne the smiling hours
A thousand fragrant tributes bring,
Of golden fruits and blushing flow ers.
Oh ! not upon thy fading fields and fills, i
In such rich garb, doth Autumn come to thee,.
My home ! — but o'er thy mountains and thy delU
His footsteps fall slowly and solemnly.
Nor flower nor bud rcmaineth Uierc to him,
Save the faint breathing rose, that, round the year.
Its crimson bud and pale soft blossoms dim,
la lowly beauty constantly doth wear.
O'er yellow stubble lands in mantle brown
He wajidcrs through the wan October light;
Still as he goeth, slowly stripping down
The garlands green tliat were the spring's delight.
At noon and eve tliin silver vapors rise
Around his path : but sometimes at mid-day
He looks along the hills with gentle eyes.
That make the sallow woods and fields seem gay.
Yet something of sad sov'reignty he hath—
A sceptre crown'd with berries ruby red.
And the cold sobbing wind besJrcws his path
With wither'd leaves, that rustle 'neath liis tread}
And roiuid him still, in melancholy state.
Sweet solemn thoughts of deaUi ?nd of decay,
In slow and hush'tl attendance, ever w'ait.
Telling how all things fair must pass away.
SPONTAKEOUS COMBUSTION OP DUrKKARDS.
Tin- spdiiiaiieoiis conibusticm of tliuiikards is a
tact Will e.-;lablir-hed in Meilical science. The
tbllowiug are among nmnerous instances which
have been related by eminent physicians and
others.
Dr. Peter Schotield, at a late address delivere i
at the formation of a Tenipertuice Society in tl ;
township of Bastard, in the district of Johustowj,
iu the province of Upper Canada, states a case < f
spontaneous combustion which occurred in h i
])ractice. ' It is well audienticated,' says tlic Doc
tor, ' that many habittial drinkers of anient spirit i
are brought to their end by what is called spoul
taueous combustion. By spontaneous combustion
I mean when a person takes fire by an eleclrid
shock, and burns up witliout any external applicai
tion. It was tlie case of a young man tiboui
twenty-five years old : lie had been an habitual
drinker for many years. 1 saw him about nine,
o'clock in the evening on which it happened. Ha
was then as usual, not drunk hut full of liquorjj
About 11 the stuiie evening I was called to see|
him. I found him literally roasted from the crowu;
of his head to the soles of liis fei t. He was found'
in a blacksmith's shop, just across the way from
where he had been. "The owner, all of a sudden,
discovered an extensive light in liis shop, as though
the whole building was iu one general flame. Ue
ran with the greatest precipitancy, and on flilig|
ing open tlie door, discovered a man standing
erect in the midst of a widely extended silver col
orcd blaze, bearing as he deserilied it, exactly th
appearance of the wick of a burning candlt' in tin
midst of its own flame. He seized him by the
shoulder and jerked him to the door, ujion which
the flame was instantly extinguished.
' There was no fire in the shop, neither was
there any jiossibility of fire having been comniii-
nicated to him ti-om any external source. It \\as
purely a case of sjioutaneous ignition. A geiunil
sloughing soon came on, and his flesh was cuu-
sunied, or removed in the dressing, leaving the
bones and a few of the larger blood vessels stuiid-
iiig. The blood nevertheless rallied around ihe
heart and maintained the vital sjmrk until the tliir-
teenth day, when he died, not only the most Iciiilli-
sonie, ill-featured and dreadful picture that was
ever presented to human view ; but his shrii ks,
his cries, and lamentations, were enough to icud
a heart of adamant. He complained of no jiidn
of body ; his flesh was all gone. He said he was
stttfering the torments of hell ; tliat he was just
ujion its threshhold, and soon should enter its dis-
mal caverns ; in this frame of mind he gave up
the ghost. O, the death of the drunkard! Well
may it be said to beggar all description. I have
seen other drunkards die, but never .n a manner
<o awful and aftecting. They usually go oft' sense-
ess and stupid as it regards a future state 1'
Kingston Gazette,
One of the most remarkable circumstances at-
tending the fortunes of the signers of the declara-
tion of independence, says the New York Evening
Post, was the tranquility ui which their lives were
passed, and the late period to which they were
protracted. Most of them lived to a good old age,
crowiied with civil honors, bestowed by the grati-
tude of the republic, and some of them perished
by mere decay of the powers of nature. Of the
fifty-six who afiixed tlieir signatures to that docu
ment, twenty-seven lived to an age exceedm;
ivi nty years, and fnrty-oue to an age exceeding
ixty. Only two of the whole number, Gwinnet
of Georgia, who li>U in a duel, m his 43th year,
and Lynch of South Carolina, who was ship-
wrecked iu his sixtieth — dieda violeutdeath. Twen-
ty one lived to the brginning of the present century,
three were prniiitted to see the great e.xpcrhucnt
of a repre.seiilative confederacy eoufirmed by the
events of fit\y years. Of all the delegiites from
New York and New England, only one, Whipple
of New Ham))shirc, tiled at an earlier age thtui
sixty. Never in the world, liad the leaders iu
any bold and grand political movement more n^a-
son to congratulate themselves .tuid their country
on its issue. Tlie exertions, and perils of their
uihood were succeeded by a peaceful, honored
and ripe old age, iu which they witnessed the
happy result of the institutions they had aided in
t ising, and the}' were gathered to their graves
amid the regrets of the generation which wai^j
its cradle when they laid the foundations ofipK
republic. vJ^
COBiXJNDKlJMS.
Why is a creditor in Boston spjicitiiig the pay-
ent of a debt, like a particiilaBKireed of cattle?
.Ins. Because he is a SiijU'olk dun.
Why is a voter, who has just ]nit in his vole,
like tlic Galloway cattle of ijcotlaiid ?
,1ns. Because he is polled.
Marshall Sa.xe computed that, iu a battle, only
one ball in 85 takes eft'ect. Others that only one
ill 40 strikes, and no more tliau one in 400 is fatid
.\t the battle of Tournay, in Flanders, fought on
the 2'2d May, 1794, it is calculated thtit 236 miis-
J.et sliot were exjieutled iu disabling each soldier
telio suflereil.
BLACK SK.V AVHKAT.
Jl'.^T received a low bushels of llie celebrated Black Sea
Wheat, described I.y Mr, Mahvin in this week's New Kug-
laiid I'amier, and riu»ed hy hiin near Lake F,rie ; price ^3 per
hu^cl. It is thought iliis uill ]'ioee a valuable acquisition to
Ne*v England; the seed is ol remarkably line appearance,
wholly tree trom small grams on mixture with other seeds, and
we lliiiik cannot tail to give satistaction. Farmers are request-
ed to call and examine ii. Nov. iil
THE PLANTER S GUIDE.
JUST published, and lor sale by J. B. RussEi.L, at the New
England Farmer Oflice,— the Planter's Guide ; or, a Practical
Fi.ssay on the best method of Giving Immediate Ellecl to Wood,
by the removal of Large 'Frees and Underwood ; being an at-
tempt to place Ihc Art, and that of General Arboriculture on
lixetl and Phytological principles ; interspersed with observa-
tions on General I'lanting, and Uie improvement of real land-
scape. Originallv intenctcd lor the climate of Scotland. Bv
Sir Henry Slcuari, Bart. LL. D. F. R. S. E. etc. Price gS.'
THE NEW ENGLAND F.VRMBR
Is published every Wednesday Evening, al ^^3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but lliose who pay wiiiiin
sixty days I'rom the time of subi scribing, are entided to a detluc-
tion of titty cents.
Jj^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made iu advance.
AGENTS.
IVeto York — G. Thokburn &. Sons, G7 Liberty-street.
Albany — Wm. Thokburn, 347 Market-street.
PhUaMphia — D. & C. IjAndreth, 85 Chesuut-streel.
Ballinwre — I. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of .\merican Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhlkst, 23 Lower .Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. — Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin.Bol. Gar.
Middldmry, V'(.— Wight Chapsian, Merchant.
/iar«/or(i---GooD\viN & Co. Booksellers.
Springjieltl. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Newburyport — Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. H.—i. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, il/f .— C'olman, Hoi.den & Co. Booksellers.
Augusta, 7)/e.— Wji. Mann, Druggist.
HaU/ax, N. S.—P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Printed by J. Ford, No. 27, Congress Street.
NEW ENGJLAND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultdrai. WA.ij:HOTSE )— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR
BOSTON, WEDNESHAY EVENING, DECEMBER, 5, 18^2
TRAJJSPIiAJSTEVG L.AR6K TREES, OBi StR HEWKY STECART'S NEW THEORY.
The cut above is illustrative of the system recommended in " SteuarVs Planter^s Guide," for re-
moving trees of large size. Of this we have giveujsonie notices in our last paper. Tlie utility of the
art of removing large trees, witli little interruption to their growth, is too apparent to need elucidation.
Tlie object to be effected by the judicious planter,|as explained by the author of the work before us,
is " the preservation of all the paiis in as enlirc and perfect a state as possihh.'''' By reducing the art to
practice the author observes that " the mutilating system, now generally prevalent, will be rendered
unnecessary, and a method established which is absolutely superior in itself, and more agreeable to
observation and experience."
In transplanting the tree, instead of lopping and defacing the top and side branches, the wliole are
left untouched, and their fine synnneti-y is ])reserved entire.
In sjjeaking of the common errors, which injudicious planters commit, the author observes, tliat
the first is the non-adaptation of trees to their jiroper soil. " No man who knows any thing of wood,
will put down the sycamore, the lime, or tlie wild cheriy, for example, on a clayey soil ; neitlier will
he put the oak or elm on light sand or gravel, but, on the contrary, ou the deepest and loamiest land
he can find, and, in the case of the oak, even with a clay bottom : for, although that tree in that par-
ticular is the most accommodating of all plants, it is only on land of this sort that it will really thrive,
and grow to timber. But to the skilful planter the subsoil is often regarded as of more moment than
the mere texture of the surface, as the degrees of moisture, most suitable to woody plants form, per-
haps, the most i)rommeut feature in their characteristic differences. It is therefore of the utmost
importance to the planter to study those distinctions. In certain situations, where he might be anxious
for the grand effect of the oak or the chestnut, it will often be prudent for him to be content with the
the inferior forms of tlie lime, or the • beech The second error to which the author adverts i
is the having recourse to close woods and planta-
tions, for the supply of trees proper for transplant-
ing, Allured by the fine forms of trees, wliich
liaveifrowiJ under such circumstances, the tallncss
of their stems, the beaiuy of their bark, and tlieir
general appearance of iieakh and strength, we
uatui-ally form the wish to transfer them to the
lawn, or open park: but we should reflect, that
how- much soever they may please the eye, there
are no properties so unfit as these for this degree
of exposure, as they are generated solely by wannth
and shelter. As well miglit we bring forth the
native of the burning plains of Asia or Africa, and
in the light attire of those tropical climates expect
him to endiu-e a British winter.
The third error, according to our author, i,? tlie
scttuig out of plants of too diminutive a size into
the open field. Size, he affirms, offers to success-
ful removal no actual impediment farther than in-
creased exiicnditure. The same principles apply
to tlie largest trees, jnst as well as to the least.
But it is material to notice, that size implies greater
labor and contingencies, and, by consequence more
jiowerfni machinery ; and both rise in a ratio far
more accelerated than might at first be conceived
to correspond with the increased dimensions of the
trees. My own operations as to size having been
of a limited sort, (the subjects seldbni exceodmg
thirty-five or thirty-six feet high, and in the stem
from fifteen to eighteen mches in diameter,) I do
not presume to prescribe to what height others
sh^ul'l go, liecause it is altogether arbitrary.
The following extract of a letter from Mr. Laing
Meason, a gcnricman who was a witness of the
operation of transplanthig trees of a large size at
Allantou House, the seat of Sir Hem-y Steuart, will
give an idea of the expense attendant on the pro-
cess of lemovuig large trees recommended.
" I attended in March last, most carefully in the
park at Allanton, to the operation of lifting, and
placing in new situations two trees of aboutthirty
or forty years' growth : the following is the result.
Ten workmen began at six in the mornmg to re-
move the two trees, the one twenty-eight feet
high, the other thirty-two feet, by actual measure-
ment ; girth from thirty to thirty-six inches. The
one tree was removed nearly a mile, the other
about a hundred yards, and the whole operation
was completed before six o'clock m the evening.
The wages of the men amounted to 15s., so -that
each tree cost 7s. 6d. A pair of horses was used
in dragging the machhie on which the trees were
laid. Such was tlie» expense of the operation.
Now if a comparison be drawn betwi.xt this 'Ex-
pense, and that of planthig groups of j-oung jilants,
inclosing and keeping up the inclosures, for five-
and-tweuty or thirty years, losing the value of the
ground occupied by the groups or belts. Sir Henry
Steuart's system cannot be a tenth of the expense
of the common melliod. A few trees of the growth
of thirty or forty years, produce at once tliat effect,
botii for shelter and beauty that would occupy in
young jilanting an acre or two of gi-ound. On
the consideration of economy, therefore, Sir Henry's
system is most deserving of praise. But it is
wrong to consider the practice of transplanting
large trees as confined to mere ornament, in the
formation of parks and pleasure groimds."
162
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECEMBER 5, 1832.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the Niw England Farmer.
AGKICd-TXTRAI. ESSATS, NO. VII.
KEEPING A DAY BOOK. ^
Both inerchauts and mechanics are greatly in-
debted to their books of accounts, for information
and success in the several branches of their
business, by regular and correct entries. The
transaction of every day should be correctly noted.
The time when you plough, sow, plant, mow,
pidl flax, cut fuel, gather corn, potatoes, &c. aiul
the quantity and quality of manure laid on each
field, should be carefully noticed. You will then
Icnow the season when labor must be done the
next year, in those fields, and the kinds and pro-
portions of manure required to dress them.
Farmers should weigh all their pork, beef, butter
and cheese ; and measure all their grain, corn,
potatoes, &c. and indeed, everj' article they lay up
for winter ; and also the time when they kill their
creatures and the food on which they were f;;tted.
This will show the quantity they consume, what,
and how much of each article, and how much they
may have to dispose of. Days on which they hire
laborers ; the labor jierforraed on those days, and
tlie price paid for tliat labor, should be entered.
This will show what time and labor nnist be per-
formed the next year, the price of it, and the
money wliich maybe wanted to carry oiftlie busi-
ness of the farm. Every farmer sliould mark the
day on which his cows, marcs, &c. associate with
the males of their several kiruls ; he will then be
able to ])iovide proper room, &c. for the reception
of their yomig and to attend to their kee|iing in
due season, and which ought to be a little better
than common, at those periods. For want of this
attention, multhudes of calves, lambs, pigs, &.C..
are annually lost. The ages of land)s, calves, colts,
&c. should be carfully noted, and the weight of
theui when killed ; as this will point out those
ewes, cows, &c. which are best for breeders ;
which is a very material branch of knowledge, in
regard to the growth and value of a stock of cattle.
In short, the Farmer should note the business of
every day, how and where he past it, and what
tlic weather was ; and he should not forget, that
so much of the goodness of his crops depend
upon early and seasonable cultivation, that he had
better give any price for labor than be belated
more depends on this than farmers hi general
seem to be sensible of. Flax, sowed early, will
have a better coat, and more seed than when sowed
late. Barley sowed early will not be liable to
blast and mildew; ard Indian corn ])lanted and
hoed in good season, will not be so liable to sutler
from drought, and from frosts, and will be fuller
and heavier, than when planted late, poorly
ploughed, and indiflerently hoed. Grass land on
which manure is spread early, will yield a ranch
better crop, than if spread late, and one load of
grass, cut when ripe, and before it withers and
turns white in the field, will be of more value than
two loads of the same kind, cut after it is ripe,
dried away and weather-beaten : it has lost its
juices in this state, which is all that is valuable.
Our summers arc so short, that every possible ad-
vantage should bo taken for early cultivation : for
negligence and inattention in the spring, will cer-
tanly be followed by cold and hunger of the fol-
lowing winter.
But to return. A Farmer should keep a carc-
fiil entry of all his fodder ; the quantity and quality
of each kind : for he may wish to purchase and
winter a cow or two extraordinaiy — and an ac-
count of the manure made by his swine, by scrap-
ing of the roads, his yards, by mud, barn dung,
Sec. for, this will show him at once, how much
laud to break U)), and the strength he will have for
the next year's cultivation : if he neglects this
branch of good husbandly, he cannot expect to
form a just estimate, either of the labor or profits
of the next year. To avail himself of the advan-
tages which stand connected with his situation and
farm, he nmst attend to these things, many of
which may appear of little or of no consequence
in the eyes of the mass of farmers ; but they cer-
tainly deserve their very serious attention. Labor-
ers, unless upon some urgent occasions, should
never be hired by the month, nor even for a single
day, in the winter season ; when the days are short,
coltl and stormy, an<l when an industrious man
can hardly earn his living. The quantity of pork,
beef, cider and other ])rovisioiis expended, in
other words, almost thrown away, by this iuijiru-
dent jiractice, will certainly be missed, and severe-
ly felt in the following spring and sununcr; unless
an additional stock of each be laid up to support
it in the fall proceeding. The farmer may hire
labor in the spring, to get a good crop in due sea-
son ; in the .summer, to .secure his grass ; and
the fall of the year, to gather in his harvest ; but
not in the winter, when nothing can be raised,
either for the use of man or beast.
And here I observe, that every Farmer should
endeavour to cultivate and take care of his ovmi
lands ; and not let the jirofits of them depend on
hirelings more than he cannot possibly avoid
And he should never work within doors, while any
thing can be done to advantage without ; nor set
himself, or bis laborers to that work iii fair, which
can be done in foul weather.
For thr Xeie England Farmer.
THE SEASONS, CROPS, &c. Hi VERMONT.
Extract from a letter from a Correspo7ide7if, in
I'ermotit, to the Editor of the .Yeio England
Farmer.
" I WISH, Sir, that your paper could circulate
more extensively in the northern part of Vermont.
It is really painful to travel through this conntni-,
and witness our mode of farming — to see large
farm yards full of manure lying year after year,
exposed to the rains, atniosiiherc, and sun ; our
wet land* uriditched, and our dry lands but half
cultivated. The present season has not been so
imfavorable as was anticipated in the early part
of it ; the wheat crop is abundant for this country,
perhaps not more than half our usual crop of corn,
hut oats and jiotatoes are good ; the latter of very
superior (juality : the hay crop rather light, but of
good quality ; our dairies have not done as well
as usual, and but little butter has been made the
latter part of the season."
From the VennotU Chronicle.
WINTER BVTTEIR.
Messrs. Richards and Tracy, — With this, I hand
each of you three samples of butter, made within
two miles from your oflice, on the days following,
viz. No. 1 on the 3d, No. 2 on the 9th, and No. 3
on the 17th of Nov. 1832.
Though I do not think I have ever chanced to
see so good butter made at this season of the year
it is no vain or boastful desire that prompts me to
exliibit tliese samples. My only object is to com-
municate, with your leave, and through your
columns, to the public, what I consider as a
discovery in the art of making butter, and to verify
in part what I communicate, by an exhibition of
the results of the experiments already made.
Without furtber introduction, I will state the
process ; and I hope it is not the worse for being
suiijile. It is this. — Place the cream in an iron
kettle, over a clear fire, and bring it near but not
quite to a boiling heat. In doing this, observe
two things. 1. To stir the cream fretpiently, but
not while over the fire. It more readily imbibes
smoke when stirred than when at rest. 2. To
skim off all the froth* that may rise while heating.
After thus heating, stiring and skimming, remove
the cream and put it into a stone churn, and set it
away where it will not freeze, and let it remain
till the next day. Then bring it towards the fire,
and gradually and slightly warm it, — tuniiug the
churn around occasionally. It is then churned
with a uniform and rather animated motion, but
with no violence. The butter will ajipear iu about
25 minutes after the churning conuuenccs. That
was the time occupied, as we conjecture, in churn-
ing, on the said 3d and 9th of November. On the
I7th, the time, we know, was only 23 minutes.
You will observe tliat samples No. 2 and 3, are
as yellow as June butter ; and that though the pe-
culiar rich flavor of June butter may be wanting,
still there is no bitter or uiqdeasant taste in either
sample. Please to observe also, that Nos. 2 and 3
have a waxy quality and appearance, peculiar to
good butter.
The reason why No. 1, though made earliest
in the season, is not as yellow and waxy as Nos.
2 and 3, we conjecture to be this — that No. 1 wa»
wanned rather too miu-li at the time of churning..
I milked but two cows during the time men-
tioned, and was only able, after suiiplying other
demands for milk, to set about 7 1-2 quarts of
milk each day for cream. I did not weigh the
butter, but have no reason to sujipose that the
quantity was materially altered by tlie new mode
of making. The cows were fed on frostbitten
grass, hay, and top stalks, with a small allowance
of pumpkins or potatoes night and morning.
The cream churned on the 3d, had not been
frozen, but tlie grass on which the cow fed had
been frozen. That churned on the 9tli, had been
liartially frozen, and that churned on the 17th had
been all frozen. A. B.
P. S. Nov. 23, 1832. Since writing the above,
the experiment of making butter by heating the
cream as above mentioned, has been this day
again repeated, with entire success. It is per-
ha])s unnececsiiary to observe that, probably, many
things in tlic jirocess described might be varied
without injury, and perhaps with advantage. I
conjecture that the senet lies in removing the frotli.
" It may be that it is tliis froth which occasions all the
trouble in the usual way of making butter in winter. If
mi.ved with skimmed milk, this froth is said to make
good "shortening."
IVaate Lands. From an estimate lately laid be-
fore the English Parliament, it appears that above
15,000,090 acres of land are now lying waste and
uncult'vated i.i the United Kingdom, yet capable
of cultivation ; and also that there are millions of
acres v/hich now produce very little, from want
of proper cultivation, but which by judicious
management, might be rendered abimdantly fertile.
— Gtnestt Fanner.
I
i
vol,. XI. NO. 81.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
MOUNT AUBURN CEMETERY.
It is well known that the beautiful grounds of
Mount Auburn have been purehased and enclosed
by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and
that a part of them have been converted into a
Cemetery. The Society are desirous of still
further embellishing and adapting these grounds
to the purposes of an ornamental burial-place. It
is their wish also to complete the laying out of a
Garden, and to build a Cottage on the premises,
for the residence of a Superintendent and Garil-
The success of the design has, thus far, fully
equalled the expectations of its friends. The
amotmt received from the sale of lots in the
Cemetery, is about 12,000 dollars, the whole oi
which has been expended in the purchase of laud,
the construction of avenues, the building of a
fence round the estate, and other necessary char-
ges. It is very important to commence additional
improvements at an early period the next spring,
and, in fact, many of them could be carried on
during the present season, if the funds were ade-
quate ; but they are at ])resent insufficient. It
is the object of the Society to awaken the attention
to this subject, in the hope of uicreasing their
means of improving and embellishing this inter-
■esting spot.
For this purpose the Connnittee of the Hor-
cultural Society, who are charged with the manage-
ment of this property, liave issued a circular invit-
ing the public attention to it, to which they have
subjoined a list of the present projirietors of lots,
and of lots unsold, with the price and terms of sale.
Copies of this publication may be had at the Cou-
rier Office.
The price of a lot, containing .300 squarelfeet,
with liberty to use one foot in width on each
boundary, for the erection of a wall or fence, is
sixty dollars.
Any lot already laid out and unsold may be
taken by a subscriber or purchaser, and he who
first reports his selection to the Secretary of the
Garden and Cemetery Committee, will be entitled
to the preference.
A new lot will be surveyed and laid out for any
subscriber, on his paying the additional sum of
ten dollars. ,
A sufficient number of lots will be surveyed to
supply all the subscribers, and the right of select-
ing from them will be sold at auction in .une
next.
A lot is laid out in Cypress Avenue, 30 ly 60
feet, and is now being enclosed by an iron faiee,
in which single interments may be made on pay-
ment often dollars.
Oliver B.Alexander, Undertaker, has clnrge
of the receiving tomb, imder Park Street CInich,
and also of that at Mount Auburn. He masf be
found at the house in rear of St. Paul's Chtfch.
Mr. L. Lyon, sexton of the Episcopal Churcl at
Cambridge, is also engaged by the Societv.
an (1 occasionally watered. In a month the plants
will appear, and in July should he transplanted
u ito the beds of the same earth, in open airy situ-
ation, at six inches distance, and their loft to
'.lower. When in flower, the fijiest kinds should
be marked, and all the layers that can be, should,
during the time of flowering, be laid down from
them ; these will have taken root by the end of
August, and are then to be taken off and planted
out in ])ots in pairs. — E. Rudge, Esq. F. S. S.
Lou. Card. Mag.
TOBACCO.
A Correspondent who has given up the use
of Tobacco, gives the following as some of the
results :
1. I am now satisfied that it was a positive
injury to my health.
i. I can now employ the money which I for-
merly spent for tobacco, to serve some better pur-
pose.
3. I feel as well as I formerly did with the aid
of tobacco, and seven times better.
4. I can reprove a drimkard or a lover of rum
with a better face, for he would formerly turn
upon me and say, " you use tobacco, and what is
the difference ? "
5. I can sit in a parlour without jumping up
and running to the door, window, fire place, or
spit box, and shooting my head forward like a
jack-knife, to dispose of saliva.
6. I can pass by any person without disturbmg
his olfactories with my breath.
7. I feel perfectly unfettered, and have no
hankering after tobacco ; though it was several
weeks before my appetite was completely changed.
There is no question that it is very difficult to quit
— but " victory is joyful. "
8. My teeth are as sound as ever.
9. My mind is more clear and active then
when under the influence of tobacco. — Journal of
Humanity.
163
scure its lustre, which, poetical description apart,
(said Byron,) in sober prose means, that good hu-
mored smiles ought to be ready to chase away the
expression of pcnsiveness or care that sentiment or
earthly ill calls forlh. Women were meant to bd
the exciters of all that is finest in our natures and
the soothers of all that is turbulent and harsh.' Of
what use, then, can a handsome automaton be
after one has got accpiainted with a face that
knows no change, though it causes many.' This
is a style of looks I could not bear the sight of for
a week, and yet, such are the looks that pass in
society for pretty, handsome, and beautiful.
CUI-TURE OF THE CARNATION.
The flowers are jiropagated either by see< or
by layers ; the first is the method for raising lew
flowers ; the other is tlie way to preserve ind
multiply those of former years. To raise tlem
from seed; that from the best double flowers
should be selected, which will produce the
strongest plants, and should be sown in AptI in
pots or boxes of fresh light earth, mixed vith
rotten cow manure, exjjosed to the morning yn
From the Boston Traveller.
PEMAI,E INDUSTRY.
One of the most ingenious fabrics we have for
a long time examined is a silk bed coveruig, the
manufacture of Mrs. Thomas Lilley of this city,
iWhich received the premium at the late Brighton
Fair. It is made of pieces so small that 5684 were
.required to give it sufficient size, exclusive of the
border. Mrs. L. sewed together and (juilted the
whole in about five months, besides managing the
domestic concerns of a pretty large family without
any aid. There was but a single needle used in
the work, eleven spools of cotton thread, and thirty-
three skehis of basting cotton. The cost of silk
and other trinnniugs, $8 50.
POWrER OF FIRE.
A BUSHEL of coals properly consumed will raise
seventy millions of ])ounds weight a foot high.
This is the average effect of a steam engine now
working in Cornwall. The ascent of INIount Blanc
from the valley of Chamouni is considered as the
most toilsome feat that a strong man can execute
in two days. The combustion of two pounds of
coal would place him on the summit. The Menai
Bridge consists of a mass of iron, not less than
fom- millions of pounds in weight, suspended at a
medium height of 120 feet above the sea. The
consumption of seven bushels of coal would suffice
to raise it to the place where it hangs. The great
pyramid of Egypt is composed of granite. It is
700 feet in the side of its base, and 500 in per-
pendicular height, and stands on eleven acres of
ground. Its weight is, therefore, 12,780 millions
of poiuids, at a medium height of 125 feet ; con-
sequently it would be raised by the effort of about
630 chaldrons of coal, a quantity consumed in
some foundries in a week. The annual consump-
tion of coal iu London is estimated at 1,500,000
chaldrons. The eflbrt of this quantity would raise
a cubical block of marble, 2,200 feet in the side,
through a space equal to its own height, or to pile
one such mountain upon another. The Monte
Nuovo, near Pozzuoli, which was erupted in a
single night by volcanic fire, might have been
raised by such an effort from a depth of about eight
miles.
BYRON'S OPINION OP BEAUTY.
I DO not talk of mere beauty (continued Byron)
of feature or conqjiexion, but of exjiression, tliat
looking out of the soid through the eyes, which
in my ojnnion, constitutes true beauty. Women
have been pointed out to me as beautiful, who
never could have interested my feelings from their
want of countenance, or expression, which means
countenance ; and others, who were little remark-
ed, have struck me as bemg captivating from the
force of countenance. A woman's fiice ought to
be like an \\m\ day — susceptible of change and
variety ; but sunshine should ■ often gleam over it
to replace the clouds and showers that may ob-
EXPERIMENT IM HORTICULTURE.
Mr. Knight, (florist and nursery-man, in the
King's Road, Chelsea,) made the following suc-
cessful ex])eriment on a mulberry tree, which,
except one very large branch, was either dead or
decaying. When the sap had ascended, he bark-
ed the branch completely round near its junction
with the trunk of the tree, and having filled three
sacks with mould, he tied them round that part of
the branch which had been barked, and by means
of one or two old wartering pots, which were kept
filled with water, and i)laced over the sacks, from
which the water gradually distilled, the mold in
the sacks was sufficiently moistened for his pur-
pose. Towards the end of the year, he examined
the sacks, and found them filled with numerous
small fibrous roots, which the sap, having no
longer the bark for its conductor into the main
roots of the tree, had thus expanded itself in throw-
ing out. A hole having been prepared near the
spot, the branch was sa«ii off below the sacks
and jilanted with them, the branch being projiped
securely. The next summer it flourished and
bore fruit, and is still in a thriving state. Jesses'
Gleanings in Natural History, page 145, extracted
t'y A Constant Readee.
1G4
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECEMBER
From the Genestf Farmer.
OIS PLAJfTEVG A PliO^VER GARDEST.
Having in last week's Farmer offered a few re-
marks on the fonnatiou of a flower garden, it may
now be proper to give some directions for planting
the various compartments. The most efficacious
plan for accomplishing this, and making the thing
mtelligible to every one, would be by giving a plan
for a flower garden, with a list of plants, and
raferences to their proper site in every border,
chimp or parterre. Such it is in contcniplatiou to
publish in the Farmer at some future pciiod ; for
the present, a few general hints must suiSce.
There are two systems which may bo followed
according to taste or fancy — first, by planting the
border, &c. indiscriminately with various plants so
selected and distributed that they will regularly
succeed each other in tlieir time of flowering —
exhibit a variety of colors, and a difference m
height. The other method is by planting only
one kind or class of plants in each division. Which-
ever system is adopted, they may be so furnislied,
by a judicious selection and proper arrangeiueut,
as to display great beauty and taste. Whatever
may be the arrangement decided upon, the plants
geJierally selected for a flower garden are chosen
for the beauty of their ajjpearance, for beuig odorif-
erous, or for possessing some such distinguishing
characteristic. They are composed of perennial,
biennial, and annual plants. The former class are
■plants generally of very easy cultivation and easily
propagated, which is done by dividing the root, by
suckers or shoots thrown up from the roots, and by
seed. Others are multiplied by cutliugs of stalks,
shoots, or roots, and by layers, hut the first mode
is applicable to nine-teuths of hardy herbaceous
plants. Biennials and annuals are generally
grown from .'iced, in the selecting of which, it
should be chosen from the flowers which exi)auded
first, tiiat seed always being the strongest. ,
If a mixt flower garden, border or clump, be the
object in view, particular attention nuist be given
to the selection of sizes, colors, and the dlftereut
times of flowering. In planting the difterent
clump?, a proportion of ornamental flowering
shrubs may, with propriety, be admitted.l The
herbaceous plants should be such as product large
heads or masses of flowers — an equal number of
every color, and so selected that some shall always
be in flower during spring, summer, and fall| whh
as near a proportion of the difl'erent colors ai pos-
sible. All this can be effected with a very few
flowers, so that none need be deterred from Arm-
ing a flower garden, or properly distributing the
various shades of color, under the impression that
many plants are absolutely requisite to efteot it.
Much more regularity, and greater harmon^ in
colors, may be effected by a select few, thai^ by
introducing a great number of sorts into one cluinp.
For then a less distinctive or marked character
would be the result. There should bo a proper
system decided upon before a suigle plant is
planted, which will prevent the border or clump
from appearing a heterogeneous mass, without
meaning, without taste or design. In planting
" the mingled Jlower garden," it is essential that the
separate parts should, in their appearance, con-
stitute a whole ; and whatever be the ground plan,
it wiir be no barrier, if proper attention be given
to the mode of arranging the plants.
To plant a bed in the mingled style, suppose
alt the colors to be classed under four heads — red,
white, blue and yellow — and suppose the bed or
border admits of four rows in width. The lowest
plants must be placed nearest the walk, or margin
of the border ; the tallest in the back row, and tl >e
other two rows of an intermediate size, which will
give the whole an imique and regular appearance .
Before planting is commenced, mark out the
border in four rows lengthwise, and as many rows
across as the length of the border will admit of,
which will givethe site of each plant exactly the
angle of a square, whose side may be eighteen
niches. Then determine on the order which they
will flower, and plant as follows : —
red, white, blue, yellow, red, white,
blue, yellow, red, white, blue, yellow,
red, white, blue, yellow, red, white,
blue, yellow, red, white, blue, yellow,
and so on ad iiifinitum, so that with four colors,
four sizes, and six times of flowering, requiring in
all ninty-six plants, a proper flower border can be
formed ; but when there are a greater number
of i)!aiits, it may be extended to any length, and
may include any nimiber of species ; the only
point is, that those admitted possess the desired
requisites of time, of flowering, height am! color,
in each compartment. Such is decidedly the best
plan for planting a border in the mixed stjle, if
the jdants are to be examined only from one side ;
but if a double border, with a walk on each side,
or a clump to be planted on a lawn, and varied on
all sides, then fix on the number of rows, keep
the lowest plants rouud the margin and the tallest
in the centre, adhering to the order of arrangement
as given above.
For what is termed the " select floxver garden,"
a uifierent stvle of planting is adopted — planting
only one species of plant in each bed, such as
tulips, hyacinths, dahlias, ranunculus, auemonies,
pinks, &c. &c. This mode of planting is very
sini])lc, all that is requisite being only to plant them
in beds of carefully prepared soil, and mix the
colors as far as possible.
Autunm, after the plant has done flowering, or
spring, when it begins to grow, are the proper
seasons for planting and transplanting. The gen-
eral culture is stirring the soil, enriching it, divid-
ing overgrown plants, and filling up vacancies,
keeping them in neat and proper order durmg the
growing and flowering sea.son.
Annuals are sown either in the springer fall,
generally at the former season ; they are sown in
rings or patches in the borders or clumps, covering
the seeds from an eighth to an inch, according to
their size. Thin them out when they are about an
inch high, and stir the soil occasionally. Stake
and tie any that need support, which is all the
culture they require.
From the American Farme
SAW DUST FOR HOGS.
We bespeak the gravity of our readers on read-
ing the following ; they must not laugh at us for
our easy credulity, nA- reject the proposition on
account of its seeming improbability. For our-
selves, we have no doubt of the truth of the facts
stated, nor of the soundness of the principles upon
which the experiments were based. But to the
subject.
A few weeks since, two of the members of the
United Society of Shakers, at Lebanon, N. Y.
were at our ofiice. They informed us, that they
had tried an experiment in feeding hogs with the
saw dust produced in their button and other
wooden ware factory, by mixing with tlie usual
food, in the proportion of one tliird ; that is two
parts of the usual food, and one part of the saw
dust ; and that the hogs throve fully as well as
when fed in the usual way. From their experi-
m^pts they are satisfied that the saw dust was
digested by the animals, was nutritious, and an-
swered in all respects the purposes of the usual
fqod. They had endeavored to ascertain the least
quantity of the usual food necessary to the thrifty
;?Ki^vth of their liogs, and then used saw dust as a
substitute for one-third of it ; so that the objection
for the two-thirds of the usual food was probably
sufficient, cannot be raised. They have not com-
pleted their experiments, but are extending them to
ascertain whel her a still greater proportion of saw
dust may not be used, and how much more. We
believe they intend also to tiy experiments with
other animals.
These facts) may be relied on as strictly correct.
The people who tried the experiment, and those
wlio related them to us, are not given to visionary
projects -iior to marvellous story teUing. They
are generally scientific men; one of them that
visited us was one of the best botanists we ever
met with. It seems no way improbable that wood
shoidd contain a large quantity of nutritive matter.
^Vhen decomposed by fire the proportion of inso-
luble matter is very small, not greater than that ot'
any kind of farinaceous fruit or grain atYcr the water
has been evaporated. There is a large quantity
ofi saccharine matter hi most wood, or at least in
thi juices and v/e think it no way improbable that
both gluten and farinaceous matter, as well as
sugar, may enter largely into the composition of
the strluble parts of wood — even what is called by
chemists woody — -fibres and that these parts of
wooj when pulverised, may be digested and be-
come nutritious matter in the stomachs of animals.
We arc not sure that we recollect perfectly the
kind of wood used by the Shakers in their experi-
iiient, but believe it was what is commonly called
si>ft maple, acer ruhrum. They have promised us
a detailed account of the result of tlieir experi-
ments as soon as they shall have completed them.
From the Vir^jda Farmer..
MANURE.
Spring Hills, Oct. nth, 1832.
Mt. Editor, — I intend now to make a few
remarks upon my mode of cari-ying out my ma-
nure, by way of concluding my article on the sub-
ject (f manures, as published in the 12th No. of
the Virginia Farmer.
As soon as the winter stock of manure, or any
part •f it, is ready to cart out, I start my manure
carts (unless the ground is wet) to carrying on the
laud intended for corn, and get as much out as I
can, before I plough the land ; which is s])read
and jbughed under the sod. If I have any of
the previous summer manure left on hand, I pre-
fer tc spread that upon the fresh ploughed land,
and iarrow or lightly plough in, on account of its
beinf better rotted. As to manuring corn in the
hill, I do not practice it, as I always go for the
futue good condition of the laud, more tlian any
one irop.
I generally have a bit of ground to sow to oats
in tie spring, iqion which I carry out my early
sumicer manure after hai-vest, and then fallow the
same [or wheat.
WJen my corn land is ready for seeding, {which
neve/is, luitil I have gotten the corn and stalks
oft' tie ground) ray carts begm to carry out such
i
TOI.. XI. NO. ai.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
165
manure as may be on hand, to the poorest part of
my corn land, and coutiniie until I am done sow-
hig, which is generally late ; as I wait to get the
corn hauled off the ground, I am unable to com-
mence as early as my neighbors on that kind oC
land. It will not do when I have funowcd and
dressed oft" my wheat lots to be running carts in
for the corn and stalks.
As to the most economical mode of giving nia-
uure to limd, my opinion is, that it will he found
in that of applying it hi the preparation for the
wheat ci-op, but the prudent farmer nnist give it
to something just as fast as he can malte it ready,
else not only is the interest lost, but a good per
cent, of the jirincipal also.
I would here suggest an improvement in the
plan usually pursued in carting out manure upon
the land. It is this — when I am about to com-
mence the manuring process, I provide myself
with an arm full of small sticks, three or four feet
long, newly split out, that they may be the more
readily seen by the carters, which I stick down
about on the ground to be operated upou, one
where evei-y load is to go. Thus, if the limd is
jioor, and I design to put fifty loads to the acre, I
fix that niunber of sticks, regularly, or irregularly,
according to the need of the land as I myself may
judge. Thus I can lay oft' two or three days' work
for as many carts any time beforehand that suits
me. This, I think, is better than the common
mode hereabouts. The carter is directed to carry
out Ujjou a certain hill or otherwise as may be — he
perhaps puts some about and about — on ground
that would require fifty loads, he puts twenty ; and
on land that would have done with twenty, he puts
fifty loads at imsuitable distances from each othei',
tJieu, after hands are sent to spread the mamire,
perhaps a week or two before the plough goes,
and with sticks and hoes, they pull the piles about
a little, giving to some spots too much, and to
others none ; and tlie consequence is a very ii-regu
lar crop.
In order to do this spreading business well, (and
no business of the farmer is more miportant) every
hand should be providedwith a long-handle shovel;
then at a throw, they can easily spread to the half
way distance between the piles.
Success attend you gentlemen — it is late at
night, ;md I am tired, having sown wheat on a very
steep knoll of ground to day. J. T. JONES.
field. The yard should be covered in a great
measure by sheds, and the water from the eaves
carried away by spouts. Shape the ground so that
no water shall run into the yard which falls out-
side, and that none that falls in it shall rim out,
washing away the strength of the mamire. The
fermentation, or rotting of manure, carries oft' into
the atmosphere most of the ammonia and other
sails and gases which serve to fertilize the earth,
and could be saved liy ploughing in the manure
green. And it should be ploughed in as soon as
carted ouL Or if carted out sometime before
jiloughing, leave it in large heaps till ready to be
ploughed in. — Kentucky Journal.
From a Scotch Paper.
THE HOPETOUIV OAT.
No season since the discoveiy of this new va
riety in 1829 has afforded so complete a test of its
merits, as the present. Oats of every kind have a
rich luxuriant appearance this season ; but the
Ilopetoun still preserves its superiority in earli
ness, length of straw, and closeness of crop. A
small field often acres on the farm of Haughland,
near Elgin, was sown the 16th of Blarch ou a
wheat stubble, and had about ten single cart loads
of manure per acre. The whole was fully in ear
on tlie 10th of July, and should the weather prove
dry and warm, might be expected to be shorn on
the 10th or 12th of August. Last year the Hope-
toun oat was cut on that farm, the 11th of August.
Persons of skill have valued the field at 10 quarters
per acre. This variety seems therefore well de-
serving the attention and culture of farmers.
you would not think it possible that a being, like
that which we have mentioned, could for one
moment resist their fury. It is actually related of
the North American Indians, a race of men, who
are trained from their infancy, to the total sup-
jiression of their emotions of every kin<l, and who
endure the most excruciating tonnents at the stake
without signs of suff'erlng, that when they wit-
nessed, for the first time, on the western waters
of the United States the s])ectacle of a steamboat
under way, moving along without sails or oars,
spouting fire and smoke, they could not refrain
from exclamations of wonder. Hold out a hand-
ful of wheat or Indian corn, to a person wholly
uninformed of their nature, and ignorant of the
mode of cultivating them, and tell him tliat by
scattering these dry kernels abroad and burying
them in the cold damp ground, you can cause a
harvest to spring up, sufficient for a winter's sup-
ply of food, and he will think you are mocking-
lain, by vain and extravagant tales. But it is not
less true, that m these and every other instance, it
is the mind of man, possessed of the necessary
knowledge and skill that brings into useful opera-
tion, for the supply of hiunan want, and the sup-
port and comfort of human life, tlie iiropertics and
treasures of the natural world, the aid of inferior
ajiunals, and even our own physical powers.
When therefore we miprove our minds, by the
acquisition of useful knowledge, we appropriate to
ourselves, and extend to others, to whom we may
impart our knowledge, a share of his natural con-
trol over all other things, which Providence has
granted to his rational children."
MANURES.
Ik England where population is crowded, and
the price of land high, agriculture is more studied
and carried to greater perfection. Divers experi-
ments have satisfied careful English agriculturists
that a great portion of the strength of stable and
barnyard manure is wasted by evaporation. Mr.
Formby, a farmer near Liverpool, has ascertained
by carei'ul experiment, that the manure which he
purchased in the city stables, in narrow yards, and
between high brick walls, protected from the sun
and w'mds, trodden down and rooted over by pigs,
and altogether green, or unrotted, is twice as fer-
tilizing as that from his own barnyard, although
he also has pigs in his barnyard ; but his yard is
large, and exposed to the sun and winds. Blany
of the English farmers, and some in this country,
construct their barnyards with a large vault or
cistern, on the lower side of the yard, so as to re-
ceive the wash of the yard, with a large wooden
fawcet on the downhill side, to draw it directly
into vats or tubs set on wheels and drawn into the
Extract of an Address delivered before a Society of
Mechanics, by Hon. Edward Everett.
" I have the pleasure to be acquainted with a
person who was brought up at the trade of a
leather-dresser, and has all his life worked and
still works at this business — he has devoted his
leisure hours, and a portion of his honorable eani-
gs, to the cultivation of useful and elegant leani-
g ; under the same roof which covers his store
and workshop, he has the most excellent library
of English books with which I am acquainted ;
tlie books have been selected with a good judg-
ment, which would do credit to the most accom-
plished scholar, and have been imported from
England by himself — what is more important than
books, the proprietor is well acquamted with their
contents ; among them are several volumes of the
most costly and magnificent engravings. Con-
nected with his library is an exceedingly interest-
ing series of paintmgs in water colors — which a
fortunate accident placed in his possession, an<l
several valuable pictures purchased by liimsell".
The whole forms a treasure of taste and know-
ledge, not surpassed, if equalled by any tiling of
its kind m the countiy.
" It is through the mind, that man has obtained
the mystery of nature and all its elements, and
subjected the inferior races of animals to himself.
Take an uninformed savage, a brutalized Hotten-
tot, in short any human being, in whom the divine
spark of reason has never been kindled to a flame ;
and place him on the sea-shore, m a furious storm,
when the waves are roUing in as if the fountains
of the deep were broken up. Did you not know,
from actual exjierience that man from the cultiva-
tion of his mind, and the application of his useful
arts, had actually constructed vessels, in which he
floats securely on the lop of these angry waves,
Intemperance and Cholera. The number of
deaths produced by the Cholera, among the adult
population of Albany, was 336. Competent and
trustworthy persons have investigated the charac-
ter and liabils of each of tliese 336 patients, and
the particular cu-cumstances attending every one,
and the details of their examination fill an entire
sheet ot' the Albany Temperance Recorder. Of
the 336 fatal cases, 213 were males, and 123 fe-
males; 171 were native whites, 24 blacks, 138
foreigners, mostly Irish, and 3 unknown. Their
habits were as follows : —
Intemperate, 140
Free drinkers, 55
Moderate drinkers, mostly habitual, . 131
Strictly temperate, ....... 5
Members of the Temperance Society, 2
Idiot l,imknown 2, 3
336
The names, residences, and occupations of all are
in tlie possession of the publishers, but are omit-
ted in tlie publication out of regard to surviving
friends. The members of the Medical Staff" at-
tached to the Board of Health, recommend the
puMication and general circulation of this detailed
statement.
The Salt Manufacture. About 10,000 feet have
been added to the salt manufactories in this coimty
during the present year. The whole number of
feet is now about 1,425,000. The average quanti-
ty of salt manufactured to the thousand feet is less
during the present season than on the preceding.
The whole amount made m this county, during
1832, is not materially short of 356,250 bushels..
— Bamstahle Journal.
166
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECEIIIBER 5, 183a.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DEC. 5, 1832.
TO THE PUBLiIC.
The Subscriber, on account of his impaired
liealth, has sold out his interest in the New
England Farmer, and general Agricultural and
Seed business to his late clerk, Mr. George C.
Barrett. The Farmer will continue under the
direction of Mr. Fessenden, be published in the
same superior style that it has been the last two
weeks, and no exertions will be spared to render
it worthy of the distinguished support it has so
long received.
To the friends of this Establishment the sub-
scriber returns thanks for the patronage so long
bestowed on him ; and trusts that it will be contin-
ued to his successor, who brings health, activity,
and a perfect acquaintance with the business
to the task. J. B. RUSSELL.
Boston, Dec. 4, 183-2.
05^ In consequence of the above change in
the business it is necessary that all accounts for
seeds, trees, &c. should be immediately adjusted.
Mr. Barrett is authorized to settle the same.
Persons indebted to the Establishment will please
take notice of the above.
FARMER'S AVORK FOR DECEMBER.
No farmer, who carries on b\isiness on a large
scale, ought to be without a Steani B6ilei-, es-
pecially if he feeds cattle, as well as swine, with
roots. This may bo cheaply made by setting a
kettle, holding about ten or twelve gallons, in a
fin-nace of brick or stone, and over this a hogshead,
with one head taken out, and the other bo)-ed full
of holes, which is set so close that the steam of
llie kettle, when boiling, can only rise through the
holes, and thence ascend among the articleB to be
steamed in the hogshead and pass off at tie top.
In this way a hogshead of roots may be coolid at a
very small expense. The kettle should be so closed
as to prevent any steam from passing of" but
tlirough the bottom of the liogshead, and of
course a pipe or tube should be set on one|side,
through which, with the aid of a funnel, the water
may be poured as occasion reipiires. As soon as
the water has been j)oured in, the tube shouli be
stopped with a plug made for that pui-ppse.
When grain is steamed it will be necessary to coyer
the bottom with a cloth to prevent the grain from
running through the holes in the hogshead over
the boiler.
Judge Buel, of Albany, however, prefers boiling
to steaming food for swuie, and a description of
his appai-atus for that purpose may be seen in the
New England Farmer, vol. x. p. 121. It is some-
times most convenient and economical to cook
food for domestic animals on whiter evenings
over a kitchen tire, and in that case little or no
extra fuel need to " be consumed to prepare food
for that purpose.
Cattle. When young animals are pinched for
food at an early part of their growth, or fed on
such as is not of a quality sufficiently nutritious,
they never thrive so well afterwards, nor make
so good stock. You will, therefore, do well to
keep your last spriug calves by themselves, and
give them food of a somewhat better quality than
you may think proper to afford your other stock.
It is of great importance that your barn yard
should be ])rovided with pure and wholesome
water, especially if the winter food of your cattle
consists chiefly, or altogether of hay, straw or
other dry fodder. It has been ascertained that a
bullock, with water at command, will drink of it no
less than eight times a day. Cattle, which are
obliged to wander away to some distance from the
yard to water, through deep snow and slippery
paths, exposed to be harassed by dogs, and gored
by each other, and by neighboring cattle, suffer
more than is imagined. Nor is this all, rather
than adventure on such a pilgrimage, they, gener-
ally, stay in and about the yard, or loiter along tlie
highway, and injure themselves by eating snow,
which chills them, and too often is the cause of
horn distemper, a disease brought on by poor keep-
ing. You likewise lose a great part of their
manure as well as thrift. Besides, unless you
furnish some escort to your cattle, while on their
way to water, you must leave the barn yard bars
down, or gate o])en, that the animals may "wend
their weary way" to some pool or slough, which
they find, perhaps, almost as inaccessible as the
cave of Eolus, or tlie centre of gravity. It is
Mr. Lorain has the following remarks on this
subject. " Salt appears to be actually necessary
to domestic animals, if their stomachs have been
long habituated to it, nmch like whiskey or brandy
to us, or opium to a Turk ; therefore it seems
best for a farmer to give it to them ; especially if
he is fattening them.
" When hay has been badly cured, or when it
is rough, spongy and light, or when cattle, horses
or sheep, are kept on any ordinary food, which
nothing but necessity can justify giving to them
Salting such food induces them to cat more freely
of it : consequently in cases of this kind, salt is both
useful and economical. It is also useful when
cattle reject good food because they have not been
accustomed to it. This has several times occurred
in the course of my practice. They have also re-
jected with me food that they had formerly been
accustomed to, but had not eaten for some time
previously to its being refused by them. Last fall
when I commenced feeding with dried fodder,
the com tops and husks were rejected by a pair of
oxen, until it appeared that they would prefer
starving to eating them.
" I do not allow salt to be given to any of my
live stock except those which have l)een long used
to it, or as medicine, or to promote an appetite on
particular occasions. As soon as some brine made
for tlie pm-pose was sprinkled over the fodder, the
oxen ate freely of it, and became so well recon-
ciled to it, that notwithstandmg the sprinkling of
brine was omitted in the course of three or four
{lays, they have continued to feed as freely on the
therefore nmch more eligible, generally sjieakuig, l"p8 and husks through the winter as they do on
to take water to cattle in a barn yard, than to take
cattle to water.
Salt for Cattle. One would think from the re-
marks of foreign writers on agriculture that salt
as an ingredient in the food of domestic animals
was quite a rarity, and of late introduction. Sir
John Sinclair mentions it as something remarka-
able that " in America salt is given to cows, oxen,
horses, and to sheep,but not to pigs." He also says
that hunps of rock-salt might be kept in troughs,
protected against the effects of rain in the fields, by
covers but accesssible to sheep or cattle." A patent
has been obtained in England, by I\Iessrs. Martin
and Co., for a peculiar mode of preparing salt in
large cakes, by which it is rendered less liable to
melt and waste by rain than common salt. It is
recommended, by the same writer, to allow calves,
especially, to have constant access to fine salt, to
be kept in a trough near them, sejiarate from their
other food. He svipposes that it prevents and cures
the rot and flukes in sheep ; and prevents inj ury to
stock by moist food. Likewise when horses are
afflicted Avith salivation, or a running of saliva
from their mouths salt will mitigate if not cure
the complaint. But we doubt whether cattle or
sheep ought to be suffered to have at all times
access to as much salt as they will consume, for
reasons hereafter expressed.
ood hay ; which is never given to them except
when they happen to be working at a distance
from the farm."
This writer, accorduig to the tenor of some sub-
sequent observations, considers the liabitual use of
salt, may render its occasional use of the less
value ; and concludes his observations on this sub-
ject with the followmg suggestion : —
" If the farmer will omit salting a part of liis
younger live stock, and salt the remainder, as
usual, he may readily determine how he ought to
act. As this experiment will cost him neither
labor nor money, he cannot err widely by giving
it a fair and im])artial trial."
Our readers will recollect a communication for
the New England Farmer, published in vol. x. p.
268, written by John Prince, Esq. of Roxbury.
In this, that worthy aiul intelligent agriculturist,
.states that he had lost valuable shee]), and had
formerly supposed that the cause of his loss was
their eating the leaves of the wild cherry. But
circumstances there detailed led him to suspect
that his losses might have been caused by a too
free use of salt. They had salt at all times to go
to ; and by watching, it was found as soon as the
sheep had eaten salt they immediately went to
drink, and the supposed consequences were sick-
ness and death among them. "For about six
years," he contmues, " I have furnished the miner-
VOL. XI. NO. ai.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
167
al rock salt to my sheep in New Hampshire, being
more convenient and economical, they have had it
at all times to go to, both winter and summer, and
plenty of water at hand. But though for several
years ])ast we liave lost a great many, (lambs more
particularly under one year old,) we had never
thought of salt injuring them, which I now believe
must have been the cause ; and in future shall
allow only a small quantity, and not oftener than
once in ten or fifteen days. Previous to |)rocuring
tlie mineral salt the sheep had conunon Liverpool
salt once a fortnight ; at that limc our losses were
liot many."
KRRATA.
In our last paper, page 157, Mr. Gray's Report on Cows
and Heifers, liitli line from the coniniencement, instead
of" quantity ofinilk," read tjualitjj of milk.
NOTICE.
J^'cw England Fanner OJJicc, and Seed Esiahlishment.
GEORGE C. BARRETT would respectfully give
notice to his friends and the former correspondents and
customers of Mr. John B. Russell, that he hag taken
upon himself the duties and responsibilities of the jVciP
England Fanner and Seed Store, heretofore conducted
by Mr. Russell, to whom he would refer. Promising
an unremitting attention to all orders, and exertions to
sustain the former credit of the Establishment, he can
<inly add that all Subscribers, Agents for seeds, Customers
and the Public at large shall receive that attention to
their orders for SEEDS, TREES, PLANTS, VINES,
BULBOUS ROOTS, Agricultural and other BOOKS
which shall merit their satisfaction.
GRASS SEEDS of all kinds for sale, Wholesale and
Retail.
COUNTRY TRADERS supplied on liberal terms
with betes of GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS in
packages of ij^ cents each, labelled tcith directions S,-c.
warranted genuine, and of the growth of 1832.
All orders by mail or otherwise will be faithfully at-
tended to.
Boston, Dec. 5, 1832.
NE-W ENGIiASTD FAKMER, COMPLETE.
FOR SALE, al the office of the New England Farmer, 51
& 52, Norlh Markcl-slreel,
A COMPLETE set of the New England Farmer, in ten
volumes, from its commencement, Aug;ust 3, 1822 ; being the
only copy that is known to be for sale. The character of this
work is loo well known to require comment — comprising the
official accoimts of the principal Cattle Shows in New England ;
Reports of Committees ; numerous valuable essays on agricul-
ture, gardening, orcharding, domestic economy, &c. &c. by
various agriculturists in New England and the Biliddle Stales —
forjning in itself a useful library for the farmer ; neatly half
bouiid and lettered, and in very iine order, al $3,15 per volu
dec 5
FRUIT TREES.
ORDERS for Fruit, Forest, and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs,
Honeysuckles, &:c. from Winship, Kenrick, Prince, Buel k.
Wilson, and other respeclable Nurseries, received by the sub-
scriber, and executed at Nursery prices.
GEO. C. BARRETT,
dec 5 New England Farmer Office.
AMERICAN FARRIER.
JUST received, by GEO. C. BARRETT, and for sale at
the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North Market-slieot,
the American Farrier, containing a minute account of the foiina-
tion of every part' of the Horse, with a description of all the
diseases to which each pail is liable, the best remedies to be
applied in eflfecling a cure, and ihe most approved mmio of
treatmenl for preventing disorders ; with a copious list of medi-
cines, describing their qualities and effects when applied in aif-
ferent cases ; and a complete treatise on rearing and managing
the horse, from Ihe foal to the full grown active laborer; iMus-
traled with numerous engravings. By H. L. Barnum. Price
75 cents. ^^^
FRESH AVHITE MULBERRY SEED.
JUST received, at GEO. ('. BARRETTS SEED
STORE, Nos. 51 & 52 Norlh Market Slrcel—
A supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry Seed
warranted the growth of the present season, from one of the
largest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Connectiout. Short
<lirections lor its culture accompany the seed. dec 5
BLACK CURRANT WINE.
JUST received, at GEORGE C. BARRETT'S SEED
STORE, Nos. 51 &, 52 North Market Street, Boston—
A supply of superior old Black Currant Wine. — An
account ot its astringent and detergent properties in various
complaints, will be lound in the N. E. Farmer, vol. 5, page 267,
written by S. W. Pomeroy,Esq. and the late Doct. J. G. Coffin.
It is highly salutary in many summer complaints. Doct. Coffin
slates : '' lis use has been attended with remarkable success
the early stages of cholera morbus and dysentery — and ag:
also in Ihe later stages of these diseases, after the symptoms of
iiiHammation or febrile excitement had ceased. It has been strik-
ingly remedial in the low slates of typhoid and bilious fever.
The late Capt. Gilchrist, who for several years followed iheBa-
lavia trade, and who had always suHcred an attack of the severe
cholera which proves so destructive of human life in that cl'
mate, used to say that after he had this wine with him, and look
two glasses of it every morning, he escaped the disease. On
one voyage, his mate, who had not taken the wine, was seized
with this complaint, when a bottle or two stopped its progress
We have not room to enumerate many other morbid atlections
in which this wine has proved useful. In sore throat it has for
many years been considered almost a specific remedy.' — Price
75 cents per bolllc. dec 5
BREMEN GEESE.
JOHN PERRY has for sale on his farm at Shcrbunie, twen-
ty-six superior Bremen Geese, of pure blood. Also, a few
hundred White Mulberry trees, four years old.
For information please apply to Mr. Hollis, Quincy Market,
or to the subscriber on his larni. JOHN PERRY
Nov. 7.
SPLENDID BULBOUS ROOTS.
JUST received al the Agricultural Warehouse and Seed
Store, No. 50i North Market Street, a large assortment of Bul-
bous Flower Hoots, comprising the finest varieties of
HYACINTHS : (Double and single,) dark blue, porcelain
blue, red, rosy colored, pure white with yellow eye, wliile with
rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes; from 12^ to ^\ each.
TULIPS : Splendid variegated, red, yellow, and mixed
12^ cents each, ^1 per dozen ; assorted, with the colors mark-
ed on each ; (our assortment of line tulips is very large, and
we are enabled to put many sorts as low as ^6 per hundred j
an objecl to those who wish to form a superb tulip bed.)
JONUUILLES : Sweet scented, finest roots 12^ cts. each,
$\ per dozen.
POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS : Fragrant, white with
citron cups, extra sized roots, 19 cents each.
DOUBLE NARCISSUS ; Fragrant, of all colors, 12^ cts
each, $\ per dozen.
SPRL>IG CROCUS : Of all colors, &\ cents each, 50 cents
per dozen.
LARGE GLADIOLUS or SWORD LILIES, 12^ cents
each, J^'l per dozen.
The above roots are of the same superior character as those
sold by us the last season, and which gave such universal satis-
faction ; some of the double Hyacinths having produced bells
one inch and eight tenths in diameter.
Pnrchasers are requested to notice that the above roots are
not^rcliased at auctimi, zni ^rc 3X\ remarkable for their s
andifor the beauty and delicacy of lint of their flowers.
VETERINARY PUMP.
MAW'S Improved Veterinary Pump, for Administering
Clyiters to Horses, Cattle, Dogs, &,c. Also, for Injecting and
Extracting from the Stomach.
By means of this Instrument any quantity of fluid may be
injected with any requisite force, and without the necessity of
once removing die Pipe until the operation is completed.
When the animal is restless, as is usually the case in Gripes
and Inflammation of the Bowels, the length and flexibility of
the Elastic Tubeinjr affords great facility and security, as the
operator may stand ol a considerable distance, or even in an
adjoining stall.
For sie by EBEN. WIGHT, Drugyisl, 4G Mdk street.
Oct. II If **
MACKAY PIGS.
FOR SALE, several PIGS of the genuine Mackay breed.
They are about six weeks old, of good size and form. They
wiU be sold low. Inquire at the N. E. Farmer office.
Not. 25.
NE-W ENGLAND PARMER'S ALMANAC.
JUST published, the New England Fanner's Abnanac of
1833,byT.G.FEssENDEN, editor of the New England Far-
mer^— containing the usual variety of an almanac, and several
articles on agriculture, by the editor and others. Price 50
cent* per dozen. Nov. 7
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russctts,
baldwins,
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genncssee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, ....
Southern, 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" . upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . - .
Red Clover, northern, , .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool., Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ihs washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
^ r Pulled superfine,
JtT: 1st Lambs, . . .
■s^hi " . . .
JS- P"! " . • ■ •
2. [1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pjllcd wool is generally
3 cts. less per lb.
FROM TO
barrel
2 00
"
2 00
bushel
1 50
barrel
10 Oil
''
G 25
"
7 SO
pound
11
"
6
"
3
"
3
"
38
"
9
bushel
1 12
barrel
6 87
"
6 SO
6 50
"
6 75
bushel
88
"
8G
"
85
"
30
"
4f,
cwt.
62
gallon
50
cwt
23 00
pound
side
21
pound
18
side
2 50
pound
28
"
25
cask
I 00
ton
3 00
bushel
barrel
17 50
"
12 50
"
none
bushel
2 50
"
1 25
pound
cwt
10 00
pound
60
"
60
"
42
*'
33
"
38
*'
32
"
52
"
42
32
"
27
'RO VISION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES.
Hams, northern,
southern.
Pork, whole hogs, ....
POULTRV,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs,
Potatoes, common, . , .
Cider, (according to quality,)
poimd
%
'.
6
'•
!l
''
18
*'
25
dozen
2fi
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
10 so
6 37
8 CO
12
1 23
7 00
6 75
6 62
7 OO
90
88
90
85
10
!)
3 00
20
2 70
30
18 00
13 CO
300
1 60
11
11 00
3 OO
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Dec. 3, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser nnd Patriot.
At Market this day 1280 Beef Cattle, 170 Stores, about .5500
Sheep, and 300 Swine. About 1500 Sheep, and 50 Stores,
have been before reported.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — Last week's prices were fully
sustained and sales were readily made at prices corresponding
with last week. Three fine cattle were taken at ^5,25. We
quote extra at S^ ; prime al g4,50 a 4,75 ; good at $4,00 a
4,33.
Barrelling Cattle.— Mess at g4; No. 1 at 53,25 a 3,75 j
No. 2 at 52,75 a 3,00.
S(or«.— Tvro years old, at S10,50 a 16,00; yearlings S6,00
a 11,00
Sheep. — Market continues " glutted,'' and sales very low.
We noticed some /"eft S/icfp taken at 51,20. Lots to slaugh-
ter al 51,33,1,38, 1,42, 1,60, 1,67, 1,08, and 2,00. A lot of
wetheis ^vere not sold when ouf report was made up ; one lot of
500 Sheep «hich cost gl,38 in Vermont, were offered for5I,60
SwiTie. — Most of those al market were from slaughtcr-yanis
in the neighborhood. Que lot selected, half barrows were
sold at 4c J at retail, 4 for sows, and 5 for barrowi.
168
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
DECEMBER 5, 183a.
MISCELLANY.
THAKKSGIVIIVG.
We are indebted to a friend for tlie loan of a manu-
script sermon, which was preaclied in Newbury, in 1826,
on Thanksgiving Day. The text selected was Psalm
cxvi. verses 12, 13, 14.
" What shall I render unto the Lord for all his benefits
towards me.
'• I will take tlie cup of salvation and call upon the
name of the Lord.
'• I will pav niv vows unto the Lord now in the pres-
ence of this people."
Our readers may derive instruction as well amusement,
from the following extracts from this sermon, wherein
the writer depicts in homely but forcible language, the
impropriety of pursuing the rites and diversions, on that
day, which is customary in New England. — Exeter
jVcws-Lettcr.
" We are solenmly assured from tlie
pulpit and from tlie press, that there never were
such times as our own. Our fathers crept along
by star light. But we walk in sunshine. Such
amazing iniprovenients have been iutroduced into
churcli and state, that it is difficult to say wiiat we
shall be at last.
" The text savors very much of ancient times.
It pictures to us a kind of musty, formal, obsolete
religion. In those days it was the fashion for men
to be grateful. They traced all their mercies up
to God. Whatever fiivors they received, they con-
sidered them as poured out from the cup of God's
salvation. They did not hasten to forget the hour
of calamity, as soon as it was passed, nor did they
lose sight of their ovm dependence. If in the
day of sickness and sorrow they made vows aiul
promises, no sooner did health return, and prosper-
ity smile on them, than tliey hastened to pay them.
Then gratitude had a place in the human heart,
repentance working reformation, and faith made
manifest in the life. They kept ThaiikSgiving-day
with minds overflowing with a sense, of divine
goodness. Whether gratitude and rdigion are
tlie same things now as they were tUeu, I shall
not on the present occasion undertake to say — but
certainly we manifest our religion in.awry differ-
ent way. The fashion has almost entifelj changed.
Now, in order to show our gratitude rt God for
his mercies, it is the practice to get a nrge bird,
place him on a barrel, tie his lefrs tvith swings, as-
se7Me a large company, and fire at hirti in turn,
until ike poor animal dies in lingering tormres. In
the mean tune, if noise and hubbub mar be con
sidered as a thauksgi\'ing hymn, the par* are the
most grateful creatures under the sky — ^tney talk
they dispute, they laugh, they drink, — they shout
until they become such excellent niarks-nBn, that
the turkey may be considered after all in tne safest
place. Where they go when the sun sets,|or how
they spend the evening, it is impossible fo^ me to
say. Perhaps they retu-e to their several f^nilics,
road their Bibleg, sing some pious hymn, ahd talk
over the mercies which they and their friends have
received from the hands of God. Perhaps there
may be some strange connexion between shooting
turkies and growing in grace. It is not my pres-
ent concern to argue against the decoriuu or the
humanity of the custom. I shall not even say
that it is not a very proper way of manifesting our
sense of the divine goodness : all I contend for is,
that it is not the old way. They had \\;ry diflerent
customs when the Bible was written. Our modern
refinements were then unkno^vn. I cannot find
that eitlier Moses, the meekest man of all the earth,
or Job, renowned for his patience, or the pious
Psahnist, or the holy Apostles, were ever at o
shooting match. Most certainly they did not keep
their Tlianksgiving-days in this way. If there is
any goodness or wisdom in the practice, it must be
wholly owmg to our new inventions, which without
the sanction of one inspired example, are to be
traced whoUy to the amazing progress of this en-
lightened age in piety and truth."
Copy of a Letter from Lord Ponsonby to the Bishop
of Derry.
The cholera, is I perceive, making way in
Ireland, and may visit Derry ; I therefore send
you a prescription which, if taken in time, is a
certain cure for the disorder, and has been proved
to be both in Paris and Germany, to my own
knowledge. Its simplicity and the extremely
minute quantity of the doses, will probably induce
you to doubt of its efficacy ; but trust to me that
I will not deceive, and trust to this fact, that you
will have had experience of its power and virtue
before it will be in your power to obtain medical
advice, which is to say, in a quarter of an hour
or twenty-five minutes. I have, however, one re-
mark to make, viz. that if you take anything of
any sort or kind, excepting cold or iccil water, its
whole effect will be destroyed.
All you have to do is, to place the patient in bed,
and not to overload him with clothes, nor plague
him with any e.xtemal application, or baths or
steamings, but leave him to the medicine, which
you do well to see made up with your own eyes,
that the apotliecary may not deceive you or him-
self, under an idea that he knows best how the
thing ought to be done.
This medicine is one-sixth part of camphor, dis-
solved in six parts of spirits of wine.
Of this, immediately on being attacked, the
patient is to take two drops on a little pounded
sugar in a tea-spoonful of cold or iced \vater ; in
five minutes after he is to take a second dose of
two drops more in the same way, and in five
minutes more he is to repeat the same thing : he
is then to wait ten or fifteen mhiutes to see whether
or not there is a sense of returning warmth, with
a disposition towards perspiration, and a iriaiiifest
degree of sickness, cramps, &c. Then, if neces-
sary, he will take two more drops as before, and
repeat the doses at five minutes' intervals, to the
number of twelve or fourteen drops, as directed.
This will never fail if done at once, and will always
do good at any period of the disease ; but the least
foreign mcdicme neutralizes the effect of the
camphor. Yours, ever, PONSONBY.
Hints on Diet. The moans of preserving healtli
are more plain and simple than those of re.itoring it.
Quacks and self-doctorers oflen " pour drugs "
of which they know little, into bodies of which
they know less.
Great eaters never live long. A voracious ap-
petite is a sign of disease, or of a strong tendency
to disease, and not of healdi as is generally sup-
posed.— Hitchcock,
A large number, perhaps a majority, of the
standard works of English literature, were com-
posed by men whose circumstances compelled
them to adopt a very spare diet, and probably this
is one cause of their superiority. — lb.
There is nothing more ridiculous, than to see
tender, hysterical, and vaporish people, complain-
ing, and yet perjietually cramming, crying out
they are ready to sink into tlie ground, and faint
away, and yet gobbling down "the richest and
strongest food, and highest cordials, to oppress^
and overlay them quite. — Dr. Cheyne.
More nourishment and strength are imparted by
six omices of well digested food, than by sixteen
inijierfectly concocted. — Southern Revieiv.
The interior of Africa bids fair to become,
at no distant day, the scene of great coimnercial
enterprize. It is stated that the Niger is navigable
500 miles, and in the whole of this course " rolls
through a fruitful, cultivated, and thickly populated
country, studded with towns and villages, hitherto
unvished by Europeans ; and having no other
trade with civilized nations than such imperfect
barter as could be carried on across burning
deserts, by tlie agency of slave dealers, and period-
ical caravans."
Lapsus Typre. Amongst the advertisement in
a London ])aper, we read that " two sisters ivant
washing I" and that "A female particularly foud
of children, wishes for two or tliree, having none
of her own, nor any other employment."
BLACK SEA WHEAT.
JUST received a few bushels of llic celebrated Black Sea
Wiieai, describeci by Mr. Marvin in this week's New Eng-
land Farmer, and raised by him near Lake Eric ; price ^3 per
bushel. It 0 tbouglil this will prove a valuable acquisition to
New England J the seed is ot remarkably tine appearance,
wholly free from small gri.'ins on mi.\ture with other seeds, ana
we think cannot fail to give satisfaction. Farmers are request-
ed to call and examine it. Nov. 21
CATAWBA GRAi"*E CUTTINGS.
SINCLAlli & MOORE, Nurs."-;rimen, Ballimore, will
Cfocute orders lor Cuttings of the Catawba Grape to any
anoimt, at g'iO per ItXX). — Ten yeals' experience has con-
vinced us that tins is one of the most desirable grapes culti-
vated, on account of its great productiveness, and excellent
quality, for either the table or for wine. It is a very popular
market grape, $400 wortli having been sold by one man in our
market this season. — Orders leil witli Mr. Barrett, publisher
of the New-England Farmer, will receive prompt attention
from us.
Baltimore, Nov. 21.
THE P1.ANTER'S GUIDE.
JUST published, and for sale by Geo. C. Barrett, at the
New England Farmer Office, — die Plautec's Guide ; or, a I'rac-
tical Essay on the best method of Giving Immediate E6cct to
\Vood,byihc removal ofLarge Trees and Underwood ; being
an attempt to place the Art, and that of General Arboriculture
oil lixed and Phytolo^ical^principles ; interspersed with obser-
vations on General Planting, and the improvement of real land- ,|
scape. Originally intended for the climate of Scotland. By H|
Sir Henry Steuart, Bart. LL. D. P. R. S. E. etc. Price g3.
THE NEW ENGI.AND PjURMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at ,^3 per aimum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time oi subscribing, are entided to a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
Q;J' No paper will be sent to a distance without pa^Tneut
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
New York — G. Thorburh &. Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Aliany — Wm. Thorburn, 347 Market-street.
Philadelphia— O. «fc C. Landreth, 85 Chesnut-street.
Ballimore — 1. 1. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Fanner.
Cijicinnati — S. C. Parkuukst, 23 Lower Market-street.
FlusMng, N. Y. — Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gar.
Middlemnj, Vt. — Wioht Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
fiWing^cU. Ms.^E. Edwards, Merchant.
Netcburyport — Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Mf.— Colman, Holden &. Co. Booksellers.
Avgnstit, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Hdifax, N. S.—P. 3. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by John Ford, who
executes every description of Book and Fancy Printing
in good style, and with promptness. Orders for printing
may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGL.AND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warkhouse )— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 12, 1832.
ry} 1
From Stcuart's Pianter^s Guide.
SPECIFICATION OP THE IiARCilS sIZED MACHIStE, USED AT AIiLANTOST, IN SCOTIjAND, FOR TRANSPLANTING TREES.
The pole AB (Fig. 1.) is 15 feet long, inclading tlie iron ring at the point ; 6 inches broad, tapering to 34 at top ; and 5 inches thick. The iron rin"
at A is 4 In. in diameter. At the top there is a small bend EC (Fig. 2.,) 3 In. oft' the straight, in order to prevent the bark from being chafed by the
ring. Iniriiediatcly at the point, l)ut clear of tlie ring, is fixed a small block of iron at C. with rounded edges, 4 In. long, by l.J In. thick, well steeled
so as to trail along the ground, and to prevent the ix)iut of the pole, when the machine is not loaded, from cutting up the surface.
There is Ukewise, on one side of the pole, a plate of iron DC, extending from D, within 18 In. of the axle, to nearly the top at E, for the purpose of
strengthening the pole. It is 24 In. broad, | In. thick, and sunk into the wood. This plate, for the sake of greater power, should be in one piece. Its
entire length is not visible in the diagram, owing to the intervening delineation of one of the side-stays.
The iron axle FG (Fig. 1.,) and also IK (Fig. 3.^) is 54 F. long between the washers (but is nearly covered by the case,) and 3 In. square ; with a
curve of 3 In. at H, for the purpose of giving greater strength. It would not be convenient, however it might .^uit large roots or branches, to make the
axle longer than the above dimension, on account of gates, and other narrow passes, through which the machire might be taken, and that seldom exceed
9 or 10 F. wide. Tlie heads of the axle WW are 14 In. long, and fitted to the bushes of the wheels. The dusl-hoops are 1 In. broad each. The wooden
case IK (or, as it is called, the axle-bed) is 6 In. s|uare, covering the iron 2 In., and consequently showing only 1 In. of it. To tlie axle-bed are fixed
two strong hooks of iron ZZ, 64 In. long, and stronfly bolted to it, to which the horses are attached for drawing the machine.
The two side-stays FLGL (Fig. 1.) are made aB short as possible, in order to prevent interference with tie branches, behig 5 F. long, S^ In. broad
and 4 In. deep or thick, and strongly bolted to the »ile-bed and pole. The upper stay MN (Fig. 2.,) which rests upon the first stage at M, is 54 F. lonw
3j In. broad, and 4^ In. thick, and is in Uke niannef bolted to the pole.
The first stage OP (Fig. 3) rises 4 In. in the centre above the axle-bed, and is bolted to it. This stage is 5 F. 5 In. long, 6 In. broad, and 4 In. thick.
The second stage QR rises 6 In. above the first, and is in the same way bolted to the latter. It is also 5 F. 5 hi. long, 10 In. broad, and 3 In. thick. The
third stage ST rises 6 In. above the second. It is only 3 F. 10 In. long, 10 In. broad, and 3 In. thick, and i.s similarly bolted to the stage last mentioned.
The third stage is movable, as occasion may require ; and the machine Cim be used either witli or without it, according to the extent of the roots and
branches of the trees to be removed. On the stage which happens to be uppermost, there is fi.xed a firm bolstering of double mat SVT, filled with hay
or straw, of at least 6 In. m thickness, so tliat the bark of the stem can sustain no uijury.
The blocks UUUUU between these two stages, are 10 In. long, 4 In. broad, and 6 In. high. The end of the upper stay at X (or at M. Fig. 2.,) resting
on the first stage, represents, in the end view of the machine, a.iotJier block in that position ; and the end of the pole at Y is seen in the same way, and for
the same object. Wherever it can be done, the bolts, for the various puqioses above mentioned, are shown in the diagram.
The diagram relates to tlie pole-axle and frame-work of the machme, that is, to every part of it excepting the wheels. The latter it was considered
as unnecessary to delineate in the jliagi-am, as the entire machine in motion has been ali'eady given ; and any good carpenter can make the wheels on
the dimensions being furnished.
These machines are of the simplest structure. The pole is of the best oak, the axle of iron, the wheels of oak, elm and ash, as also the subordinate
parts. To the original implement has been added, among other improvements three stages strongly bolted to the cross-bar or axle-bed, and to on*
another, of which the upper stage is movable at pleasure as the extent of roots or branches may require elevation from the ground.
170
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECEMBER la, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Farmer.
AGRICCIiTURAI- ESSAYS, NO. VIII.
CONTRACTING DEBTS.
A FARMER, as his lands yield but one crop in a
year, and as the proceeds of that cannot be re-
ceived till late in the fall, or the -winter, should
take as little as possible on credit : for of all that
he raises he will have but little to spare, unless he
deprives his family of some of the comforts and
conveniences of their Uv.es. It will take a consid-
erable proportion of a large stock of cattle, as they
rise to raise even an hundred dollars, in common
times ; and these are the only times on which he
ought to form his calculations. What by over
dry, or by otherwise unprofitable seasons, he
sliould bear in mind, that eveiy seventh or eighth
year, will lie but indifferent in pouit of profit ;
and on which all his exertions will but just render
his family comfortable. Instead, therefore, of
spending all, in years of jilenty, he should en
deavor to lay up something, against those days of
scarcity. Debts may soon be contracted, and to a
ruinous amount, if care be utjt taken to avoid
theiTi. When a Fanner owes his merchant, his
schoolmaster, laborers, &c. and when he has paid
them all oft', he will find that a very considerable
iiart of his crops are dispo.<ied of and gone. Anc
he ought to reflect, when he lays himself under
pecuniary obligations to bis neighbors, that some
of them are entirely ignorant of his resources, and
of the only season in which he can conveniently
discharge them. A man who never sows, think
not of the time for reaping. Creditors may call
for their monies, when it will not be in his power
to satisfy them, without making a most injurious
sacrifice of his stock, or some other things — they
may call when his crops are on the grdimds ; or
in the spring, before they are put into tke earth :
and when ail his imlustry and labor oaiinot sa\e
him. It is greatly to the disadvantage of any
man to be in debt, most commonly, aiM to no
man more, perhaps, than to thi! Farmer. But here,
1 expect the Farmer will observe that thej-e are so
many temptations, and that such is the rtshinn nf
the times at present, that it is almost iupossilile
for him to keep clear of debts. I ackitowledgc
and lament the truth of his observation ; Uut there
arc remedies at hand, with which to cobnteract
these evils. A good share of jirudeucel and a
manly spirit of self-denial, will secure hiii, at all
timos, against them. Let him, in the fir^ place,
guard against the cry of good Ijargains, fori it has
often been the ease, that men, for a little aitl con-
venient piece of land, have paid very deal-. Either
the day of payment was not duly considereS, and
provided tor ; or the soil did not answer thir ex-
pectations— was not rich, well fenced and watered ;
or it was a purchase beyond their ability. 4S'""'
the Farmer sees his neighbor, not more wdalthy
in lands, stock, or ready money, than hiitiself,
mounted on an excellent horse, or riding in an
elegant chaise quite at his ease and pleasure ;
wliile he has but an ordinary creature, both fir his
own, and for his wife's accommodation ; and) feels
himself most sensibly aftectcd. Pride, or a desire
of appearing to an equal advantage, steps in at
OBce to the relief of his mortified ioelings, and he
immediately resolves to excel, or at least to equal
him iu outward appearance. But before he takes
a single ,step in this weiglity aftair, he ought to
consider li»e age and circumstances of the man
who he wishes to rival. He may be an older
man than liim, and have labored more years ; he
nuty have been more industrious, careful and
economical ; or his family may not have been so
large and expensive — he may have more sons, —
possess better faculties, and know how to save in
one thing, what he expends extra in another.
And if he has labored more years, and taken bet-
ter care of his lands, crops, stock, manure, &c. he
may well ride while others go on foot who have
not paid an equal attention to their farms. But if
he had not labored more years than you had — had
no peculiar advantages above you, nor been a bet-
ter husband, and you cannot aflbrd to buy an ele-
gant horse, or afine chaise, the man deserves your
pity, rather than your envy. Consider this mat-
ter, and how painful the reflections arising from
it, after a few years of gay and flashy appearance,
to be turned out of doors, and to leave your wife
and children to the cold hand of charity 1 Surely,
this must operate against tlie passion you wish to
indulge ; get the better of all these idle and fool-
ish sensations ; render you quite ea.sy, although
you see your neighbors finer than you are, and
lead you to avoid all needless and ruinous ex-
pences.
It is true, there is a peculiar pleasure in appear-
ing and livmg <:^^\\l\x\ to those of our rank and sta-
tion, and which we hardly know how to reUn-
quish ; but it is much wiser to sacrifice a little,
yea a great deal to our feelings, than to be reduced
to dependence. Nothing, indeed, can exceed the
folly of those, who live beyond their stated in-
comes, and who are ambitious to maintain an ap-
pearance, without the means with which to (h) it.
Let it thereibre be the desire of the Farmer, to
cultivate and improve the soil on which he lives,
with the greatest atl: ntion, and to confine his ej-
pences to the annii. 1 income of his lands. This
will save him from the ])aiuii of many an aiixiou.*
and distressing hour as he passes along through
life, and sotlen his pillow, when in the hoiu- ol'
death.
For the Aew Kngland Farmer.
REPORT OP COMMITTEE ON BUTTER AND
The Committee on Butter and Cheese, consist-
ing of E. HeRST DEr.BY, -GOKHAM Parsons iind
Benj. Guild, Esqs., report as follows :
For Butter there were twenty-five entries.
1 from the city of JV.ston, ^
16 do. county of Worcester, > Massachusoits.
3 do. do. Essex, )
3 do. Vermont.
2 do. New Hampshire.
No. 1 Henry Spraguc, l*rinccton.
il Boyd, Shrewsbury,
3 William Eager, Norlhboro',
4 Joseph Robinson, 2d. Hardwick
5 Samuel Sawyer, 2d. Sterling,
(i Richard Hildreth, do.
7 Oliver Johnson, do.
S Timothy Bayley, Berlin, Vt.
y Isaac Hubbard,' ClaremoutjN.H. 8 kegs.
10 Ezra B.Newloii, West Boylslon, Nol less than 300
11 John Prince, Merino Island, N.H. ii tubs.
12 Milo Furbush, Boston, IJ tubs.
13 Hector Coffin, Newburj-porl, 3boxesconl'gl2pot5
14 Moses Newell, West Newbury,
15 Richard Heath, do.
IG W. and J. Roper. Princeton,
17 Cloud Harvey, Bamct, Vl.
18 Fitch Winchester. Southboro',
19 Saml. Chamberlain, AVesboro',
20 Luther Chamberlain, do.
21 Walter Bigelow, Worcester,
22 Seth Davenport, Mcndon,
23 I.ee Prouty & Co, Barrc,
24 Gabriel Parker, Souihboro',
7 lubs.
Not less than
3001b
do. do.
300
do. do.
300
do. do.
.300
do. do.
3(10
do. do.
100
25 Au5tia& Caldwcll,Whiiingham,Vt.93lubs.
10 tubs.
8 tubs.
3 tubs.
19 tubs.
7 lubs.
G tubs.
Not less than 3001b.
C tubs.
Nol less than 300
7 tubs.
j6 tubs.
Not less than 300
Several of the competitors brought other lots of
butter for e.xliibition only. Several of these were
quite large, and generally of a good quidity ; some
of them very superior, and put up in beautiful or-
der for immediate use.
The Committee consider the exhibitioa of batter
lenerally as very good ; but they feel compelled
state, that one lot, comprising nearly six thou-
nd pounds of butter, exliibited in behalf of twenty-
ven individuals, wlio were reported a» owners,.
IS unaccompanied by any statement hi writings
the particulars of making, &c. required by the
lies of the society ; and after a full examination'
each of the lots, all of them were prooaunced tO'
of a very inferior quality and not propeu butter
ti be off'ered for sale by auction under the sanation
(a tlie society. They were, therefore, exelUdcd
rtoin the sale.
The Committee, after a veiy careful examination
of all the statements made by the several clsimants
respecting the number of cows kept upon the farm ;
tje mode of keeping, the treatment of the milk and
cream before churning ; the mode of churning,
wiiitei and summer ; the measures adopted to ex-
press he butter milk, the quantity of salt employed,
whctler salt-j)ctre or any other substances hsTe
been used in the i)rocess, the best time for chiirn-
ing and keeping butter iu hot weather, and tike
St Method of ])rescrving it in and through the
iinin er and winter, and in what vessels. Report,
■ith the exceiition of two instances, they find
no (lifTerence from the usual mode practised iu this
port of the country. In one of these statements,
(iJmt made by Isaac Hubbard of Clareinont, N.H.)
the lijilowing process has been pursued. " As soon
as lite milk comes in from the cows, it is turned
into a kettle kept for that purpose, set over the
fir? and made scalding hot, then dipt out into
paiis and set in the dairy-room. In this way the
cream rises soon, imd may be taken oft' before the
milk turns sour. As soon as the cream is taken
otf it should be churned ; and when churned it is
taken out and put into a clean bowl kept for that
purpose, luid salted with pure salt, and no more
.salt is used than to make the butter palatable ;
then; is nothing but .salt j)ut into it, no colouring
matter, &c. The next day it is worked over until
all tlie butter-milk is out, and the butter worked
down into a solid mass, then put down into kegs.
In this way butter will keep any reasonable length
of time sweet, and it need not be over-salted. The
scalding of the milk has this advantage over the
common way, the milk will keep longer sweet, the
butter comes more readily, and the butter works
do^vn into a solid mass more easily, and also it
does not injure the flavor but rather improves it."
In the other statement, made by Samuel Sawyer, 2d.
of Sterling, after describing his mode of making
the butter exhibited, he states, " that in winter he
considers a milk room so cold as to freeze tke
milk the best place to set milk ; gather the cream
from the milk into pots, and set it in some place
where it will warm gradually, and stir it several
times tintil it is nearly as warm as new milk ; then
it is put into the chum and churned moderately.
I use the same proportion of salt as I did in the
butter which I exhibit, (which is of double refined
table salt, manufactured by J. Woodruff, Salina,
lib. to 151b. of butter,) put it down in firkins, keep
it in a dairy-room, which is better than a cellar to
keep butter in through the winter. Butter should
be kept in a cool place all seasons."
The premiums on butter are awarded asfollowa;
voi4. XI. NO. aa-
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,
171
Not less than 30C lb
do
do
•M)
do.
do
m
do.
do.
309
do
do.
300
An
do
381
do.
do.
621
do. do.
do.
1st premium of 100 dollars, to Luther Chamberlain,
of Westboro', Mass. for entry, No. 20.
2d do. of 50 dollars to Cloud Harvey of Bar-
net, Veriiiom, for entry, No. 17.
3d do. 30 dollars to Richard Hildreth, of Ster-
ling, Mass. for entry, No. 6.
4tli do. 20 dollars to Oliver Johnson, of Ster-
ling, Mass. for entry, No. 7.
The premium butter sold at auction as follows :
'1st premium, 6 tubs from 43 to 434 cents per pound.
2d do. 7 tubs a 39 do. do.
8d do. 6 tubs 32 to 42 do. do.
4th do. 2 tubs 35 to 36 do. do.
There were four entries for old, and thirteen for
new cheese.
11 from New Braintree, %
3 do. Barre, / County of Worcester,
2 do. Mendon, i Massachusetts.
1 do. Southboro', ^
OLD CHEESE.
No. 1 Ebenezer Tidd, New Braintree,
2 Seth Davenport, Mendon,
3 Daniel Hunter, New Braintree,
4 John Mathews, do.
NEW CHEESE.
No. 1 Gabriel Parker, Southboro',
2 David Lee, Barre,
3 Daniel Bacon, Barre,
4 Ethan Holden, do
5 Lorenzo Converse, New Braintree,
6 Daniel Hunter, do. do.
7 Roswell Converse, do. do.
8 David N. Pierce, do. do.
9 John Mathews, do. do.
10 Job Rainger, do. do.
11 Welcome Newhall, do. do.
12 Ebenezer Tidd, do. do
13 Seth Davenport, Mendon, do. do. 300
The committee upon examination of the differ-
ent statements made respecting the cheese, do not
tind any remarks which they think would be iiseiiil
to publish. The old cheese, for which premiums
were awarded, was considered of an extra good
quality. None of the new cheese was found so
decidedly superior as to justify the committee in
awarding the first premium of fitly dollars.
The premiums on cheese are as follows : —
Old cheese, 1st premium of 100 dollars, to Daniel
Hunter, of New Braintree, entry No. 3.
do. do. 2d premium of 50 dollars, to John
Mathews, of N. Braintree, entry No. 4.
New cheese, 1st premium of 50, not awarded,
do. do. 2d premium, 30 dollars, to Ebenezer
Tidd, New Braintree, entry No. 12.
The committee were greatly aided in their de-
cision by several gentlemen of the city of Boston
and its vicinity. They would express their obli-
gation to Edward T. Hastings, John Hurd, Asa
Richardson, Greuville T. Winthrop and Newell A.
Thompson, Esqrs. The two last named officiated
as Secretaries ; and also to Messrs. Coolidge & Co.
who officiated as Auctioneers in selling the butter
and cheese. E. Hersy Derby, Chairman.
Boston, 5th December, 1832.
304
350
314
306
300
PERIODICAI. CIRCUtAR OF THE A9IERICA](
TEMPERAJiCE SOCIETY.
Dear Sir, — The Fourth and Fifth Reports cf
the American Temperance Society, contain tlte
history of the Temperance Reformation in this and
in other countries, an exhibition of the principles
involved in it, and a statement of the facts \>r
which those principles are illustrated and enforced
Persons who wish to become acquainted with this
object, will here find ample materials; and thost
who wish to promote it, will be furnished with
means to do it efficaciously, and to the best ad-
vantage. These publications are constructed, noi
on the plan of being merely annual, or temporary
Reports, btit on the plan of being permanent docu-
ments, which will be as important as they now are,
till the use of ardent spirit as a drink shall be en-
tirely done away in the community. They arc
stereotyped, and aontain about 120 pages each.
The Committee are especially desirous that a copy
of thrill should be jiossessed by every family ; and
had they the means they would give to them a
gratuitous and universal circulation, that every
child in the United States might become acquaint-
ed with the nature and effects of ardent spirit ; and
with the benefit, which would result to our
country and the world, should the use of it as a
drink be discontinued. But as the Committee
have not the means of doing this, the publications
are sold at 25 cents a copy, .$2,25 per dozen, and
.* 16,67 per hundred; and may be had, in any quan-
tity, of Aaron Russell, No. 5, Cornhill, and Perkins
& Marvin, No, 114, Washington Street, Boston;
John P. Haven, No. 142, Nassau St. New York ;
French & Perkins, No. 159, Chesnut St. Philadel-
phia ; and many other booksellers throughout
the United States. In many cases individuals
have distributed several hundred copies. In other
cases extracts from them have been read in public
meetings, and a subscription taken to put a copy
into every family in a town or county ; and the
consequences have been most highly beneficial.
What is wanted is information brought home to
the fireside, and the bosom of each individual ;
and should it be universal, there is reason to be-
lieve that it would, with the divine blessing, do
much towards changing the habits of the nation.
More than a million of our countrymen have re-
nounced the use of ardent spirit ; the government
no longer furnishes it for the army ; nor are permits
granted to the soldiers to purchase it, or sutlers al-
lowed to sell it to tliem. A similar change it is to be
hoped will soon take place in the navy ; and should
the use of it be abandoned in the United States, one of
the principal causes of pauperism and crime, sick-
ness, insanity and death, would be removed ; many
of the deepest fountains of human sorrow dried up ;
atid thousands of our countrymen annually saved
fijom a premature grave. The effect of ardent
spirit, in prod ucing sickness and death , may be seen
hjjT the following statements, viz. The physicians
0^ Annapolis, Maryland, state that of 32 persons
^Tho died in that citj', in one year, over 18 years
<j age, 10, or nearly one-third, died of diseases
occasioned by intemperance ; that 18 were males,
and that ofthe.se, 9, or one-half, died of diseases
qccasioned in the same way. And they say,
" When we recollect that even the temperate use,
as it is called, of ardent spirit lays the foundation
ftir a numerous train of incurable maladies, we
feel justified m expressmg the belief, that were tlie
use of distilled liquors entirely discontintted, the
number of deaths, among the male adults, would
be diminished one-half." Of 91 deaths of adult
persons in one year, in New Haven, Conn., 32, in
the judgment of the Medical Association, were
occasioned by strong drink. Of 67 in New
Brunswick, N. J. more than one-third were oc-
casioned in the same way. Of 4292 deaths, in
Philadelphia, 700, or more than one in seven of
the whole number, were, in the opinion of the
College of Physicians and Surgeons, occasioned
by intemperance. And medical men, extensively,
have given it as their opinion, that a similar propor-
tion has been occasioned, in this way, in otherplaces
In Albany, N. Y. a careful examination has
been made, by respectable gentlemen, into the
cases of those who have died of the cholera m that
city, during the past season, over sixteen years of
age. The result has been examined in detail by
nine physicians, members of the Medical Staff at-
tached to the Board of Health in that city, (all
who belong to it, e.xcept two, who were at tliat
time absent,) — and published at their request, un-
der the signature of the Chancellor of the State,
and the five distinguished gentlemen who corn-
pose the Executive Committee of the New York
State Temperance Society, and is as follows : —
Number of deaths, 336; viz. intemperate, 140;
free drinkers, 55 ; moderate drinkers, mostly
habitual, 131; strictly temperate, who drank no
ardent spirit, 5 ; members of Temperance So-
cieties, 2 ; — and when it is recollected that of more
than 5000 members of Temperance Soci(!ties in
the city of Albany, only 2, not one in 2500, have
fallen by that disease which has spread sackcloth
over the nations, and has cut off more than one in
50 of the inhabitants of that city, we cannot but
feel assured that the universal dissemination of
these facts, and such as are contained in our Re-
ports, would save multitudes of our countrymen
from an untimely grave.
By means of a Circular, which has been issued
and sent to every town in the United States, Tem-
perance Societies, and the friends of temperance,
have been invited to meet simultaneously, on Tues-
day, tlie 26th ofFebruary,1833, in every city, town,
and village, in the country, to hear addresses; to form
Temperance Societes in all places in which there arc
none : to enlarge as much as possible all that are
now formed ; to disseminate information, and
to take measures to extend the benign influence of
the Temperance Reformation throughout the land.
In no way, is it believed, can this be done
more efTectually, than by putting a copy of these
Reports into every family. If you. Sir, will vst
your inflmnce to do this, with regard to the families
in your vicinity, you will essentially aid the Cotti-
mittee in the great work in which they are engaged,
and perform an important service to the community.
The avails of all sold, will be devoted to the
gratuitous distribution of the publications, to the
disseminition of the facts which they contain, and
the pronotion of the cause of temperance tlirough-
out the United States.
Respectfully yours, &c.
SAMUEL HUBBARD, Pres. Am. Tern. Society.
JOHN TAPPAN, ")
GEORGE ODIORNE,
HEMAN LINCOLN, I Executwc
JUSTIN EDWARDS, I ^'""""««
ENOCH HALE, Jr. J
Boston, jVovember, 1832.
P. S. A copy of the Reports in the hand of
each legislator and magistrate, will essentially pro-
mote the good of the community ; and each in-
dividual WHO receives this Circular is respect-
fully and earnestly requested to communicate
ITS CONTENTS AS EXTENSIVELY AS POSSIBLE.
Editors of Newspapei-s throughout the United
States are resjjectfully desired to insert the above,
and if they will forward the paper containing it to
to the Ex. Committee, a copy of their last Report
shall be sent them.
All persons having communications to make to the
subscriber, are desired to address them to No. 129,
Chntou Hall, New York, until March, 1833.
JUSTIN EDWARDS, Cor. Sec. of the
Am. Tern. Society..
172
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECEMBER la, 1833.
THEORETICAI- AMD PRACTICAL PARMER.
The following article taken from an Englisli
publication, contains correct and useful obser-
vations.
There is no way in which a fanner may more
advantageouslv improve himself in his art than by
inspecting the practice of other districts and of
other countries, but as the opportunity of inspec-
tion cannot always be conunanded, the want may
be supplied by obtaining circumstantial descrip-
tions. To derive the full benefit from either
source requires caution and the powci- of discrimi-
nation ; for in no art do so many circumstances
combine in the production of the results as in
agriculture, and a difficulty generally arises in de-
termining to what cause a particidar eftect is
mainly to he assigned. Individual sagacity with-
out scientific knowledge may go a great way in
solving this difficulty, and in determining to what
extent an old course may safely be tUtcred, or a
new oiie introduced, or why failure or success has
ensued. We find that, in a certain place, the ac-
cumulated sagacity of ages has, without being able
to ascribe any general princii)le for the eftect pro-
duced, established a practice suitable u|)on the
whole to the circumstances of the sitiKition — but
if the perfecting the art in every situation be the
object, the necessity of scientific knowledge can-
net be too strongly impressed.
Theoretical and jiractical farmers liave been
sometimes contrasted to the discredit of the form-
er. A mere practical farmer is a«ian who knows
how to manage to good advantage a ceitaiu piece
of ground. A mere theoretical fernier is a man
who understands the principles on which the ope-
rations of agriculture depend, without having ac-
quired dexterity in their application. The one
may lie less successful tlian the other A first, but
place thetn in a new situation, or let mem have
to determine on the introduction of a iew prac-
tice, there can be little doubt wliicli of tiem. sup-
posing them equal in intellectual endbwmetits,
will bo most likely to succeed — or in thi descrip-
tion ol" the farm "to be here given, whiAi will be
mostly to detect what part oi" the systeik is erro-
neous;, and what correct. Experiments ii agricul-
ture are carried on under many disadtantages.
We have it not in our power to vary ai will the
circumstances in which they are tried, or lo repeat
an experiment in precisely similar circuristauccs,
and thus we may be led lo ascribe to a cause what
does not justly belong to it. Fortunately, lAwovci-,
the results in agricluture have their foundation ii
sciences, in which we have sufficient contiol o\er
circumstances, and in which the facts can
eralized, and pruiciples established with tli
pletest certainty. Chemistry and vegetable phys
iology aflbrd the only sure means by whth the
art of agriculture can be brought to periictioii,
and Davy and Sinclair have done more towtnds its
advancement, than might have been accomdlislied
in centuries by practice unguidcd by sfflence.
Much luis been done, where the knowleflge of
general principles was wanting, but their usf is to
diffuse the capacity for improvement, to mike its
progress more certain and more rapid, and If) pre-
vent the adoption of error. Some person, may,
for instance, have raised an excellent crop after
dressing his laud with salt, and thousands o^ bush-
els are immediately applied as manure, tint no
man who understood chemistry and vegetable
physiology would ever have imagined that laud
could be made more fertile by such means.
There is everv reason to expect that these effect the puiTpose, and in winter the gleanings of
sciences will soon be more generally understood.
In tovras, tlie means of acquiring the knowledge
of physics is supplied to mechanics ; and all other
classes will- be forced to keep ptice with them.
It seems absurd that any human being who can be
kept at school for eight or ten years of his life,
should arrive at the end of his education, in igno-
rance of the laws by which the events in nature
around him take place. In relation to the aptitude
of the human mind, this branch of knowledge
might well be taught ju-ior to that which is denoted
literature, at least the one should accompany the
other, and it is not difficult to conceive plans by
which it unght tbrm a part of the course of in-
struction in even every countn,' school, without
much additional demand of time or of exiieiise,
The usefulness of the luiowledge here recommended
is obvious, and it is unnecessary to insist on the
amount to which it would add" to the sources of
pleasure to all famers, whether proiirictors or
tenants. Evei-y land owner living in the country,
is to some extent a fanner, or a ]>lantcr, or a
gardener : there is not an object around him that
can occupy his attention for a moment, in which
his interest would not be much increased by th(!
uiKlorstauding of physical science, and yet what
class in society is so generally unprovided with
this fund of intellectual recreation and resource
against the tedium of idleness ?
the cow-houses answer the end. What is made
in siiriiig and summer is taken to tlie field as
often as possible, put up into heaps over which
tlie horses and carts pass, and then well covered
over with earth.
From the N
COIjI.ECTI3fG MABrCRE.
1-. Fur
A PHYSICIAN remarked to us the otlicr day, that
he never yet mqt with a farmer who considered
manure as his gold mine, the treasures of which
are to l>e collected in small grains, and most care'
fully preserved ; but that all consider it rather /is
iron ore, not worth collecting in small quantities,
nor of being preserved from tlie wastes of ex-
posure to winds, heat, and storms. T)ie follovviiig,
from the Fiu-in Rcjjorts of Kyle, in Ayrshiic,
speaks a different language : —
To increase the manure raised on a form is a
constant aim. A large portion of the straw is con-
sumed by the cattle imd horses, and no hay is ever
sold. A considerable quantitj' of vegetable matter
is collected from plantations and wa.stc places, and
with this and the refuse of straw, the farm-cuuit
and the approaches of it arc kejit littered so as to
collect the droppings from the cattle and horses.
Tlie whole is occasionally carried off to the dung
heap and new litter applied. It is suqirising how
much dung may be produce<l by constantly col-
lecting all refuse, which, if allowed to lie would
soon disappear. The hoi-ses are never allowed to
pasture, from the first of June to the end of Octo-
ber, they fed in the house on green food, consist-
ing of red clover, rye gia.ss, and vetches. The
calves that are reared are also fed in the same v\ ,iy
in a yard, and in the course of the pasturing
season, convert a great deal of vegetable mat-
ter into excellent manure. There are ah\ays,
too, at this season, a few pigs fed entirely on
whey ; and by these means much dung is maile
even in summer. There is no danger of dung
made by animals hi yards overheatmg in the
warmest season, but without considerable precau-
tion stable litter will then he veiy soon consumed
away. For the jnirpose of preventing its rapid
fermentation, peat moss was for some years used
and regularly mixed with it in layers ; but earth
of any kind, or road scrapings, will be found to
BOOK FAKSIUVG.
A MODERN writer, in giving a description £•£ the
rincrs of Wales, divides them iuto two classes,
rmere of the old school, (or jjractical nieia) and
look farmers. In sjieaking of the latter, he says,
they are the aerialists of Marshall," and " are
ose who know agriculture by reading about it.
leory is their ne plus ultra ; as they generally
i)w tired before they are much acquainted with
actice. The practice of the country they come
reside in, is all wrong, and the inhabitants all
ages. They bring ploughs and ploughmen gen-
ally from a distance ; aud when the masters re-
t^|-. , the ploughmen return and the ploughs ai"e laid
aside. They hold farmers of tlie old school (aa
they call them) in sovereign contempt, who in re-
tpni, deride all their puerihties, and, hi their own
quaint phrase, style their meffectual attempts to
Establish an improved syteiu of Agriculture, ' a
'ash in the pcm.' Their opinions of manuro
e])(nd on the book they have read last. If Je^
(1 TuU is their favorite author, soil requires noth-
; but ploughing and stirring. With A, lime is
(n)th{ng ; with his brother B, only a few miles
isiant, and on the same kind of soil, lime is notk-
!r." How often do we see specimens of tliis
me class of people in our own countrymen who
ould pass themselves off for scientific farmers, be-
irc they have even learned to be familiar wjtii the
nitst common terms made use of by ]jractical men.
Thiy talk of the difterence of soils before they
have learned to distuiguish one from the other, and
of the vast improvements which they are about to
introduce into the agricultural world, as soon as
time will ))ermit. Mauy of these aerialists are so
fortunate as to come into tlie possession of farms,
but are prevented from introduchig their talked of
imin'ovenients by ungrateful judgments, or foreclo-
sure of mortgages, put an end to the agricultual
career of these castle builders, who leave their
farms, declaring it impossible to do anything in
the business so long as they are suiTounded by a sot
of men who care nothing for improvements; who
go dressed in home spun ; make every member of
tlidr families work six days in the week ; eat or
drink nothuig but what is produced from their o^vn
farms; in short, Vi'ho are mere savages ; who never
allow their daughters to be instructed in music, or
painting, nor their sons in dancuig, both of which,
from their constant application to business, have
constitutions too gross and healthy to ever experi-
ence the delights of the dyspepsia, or the exquisite
sensations of the gout, which are often enjoyed ex-
tensively by our wunld he farmers.
Because the term Book Farmers has been ap-
flied to a class of jjeople of the above description,
let not our }oung jiractical farmers ever for a mo-
ment tliink that a man can know too much about
his own business, nor that constant reading unfits a
man for handling a plough, the cradle or thescythe j
nor that his acquaintance with vegetable physiolo-
jy will render hun less capable of raising diem in
,ierfection. A farmer should consider that his
mind is like his granai-y, most valuable when filled ;
and like it, also, great care is necessaiy when filling,
0 see that no foul or invaluable matter enters to
decrease its worth.
TOI.. XI. NO. 33.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
173
There is no class of people that are so favorably
situoted for reading as fanners, and no location or
occupation, so well calculated for contemplation.
Some our highest brauclieis of science, may be said
to have originated, or been greatly advanced, in
early ages, by this class of people. The shepherds
were the earliest astronomers ; and some of the
most promiuenl characters in botany and medicine,
have been men that iu early life were practically
and familiarly acquainted with agriculture. Unless
we are very much mistaken, there is a great
change taking place in public opinion, in favor of
tlie character of agriculturists, as a part of the body
(lolitic ; and we should not be surprised, if with-
hi a few years, there should be a prejudice in favor
of well informed farmers, as suitable characters in
our national councils. Let our young fanners de-
termine to qualify tliemselves for any station in
community, not by putting on a show of empty
trappings, but by adduig to a stock of plain com-
mon sense, a knowledge of common things ; let
(liem examine matter ; and the laws which gov
eru it, and draw their conclusions from facts. Let
them respect themselves, and claim respect fron
others. — Knapp's Lectures.
HINTS TO FLORISTS.
The roots of some kinds of Iris, if left undis-
turbed for a few years, rise to the surface of the
groimd, or even above it, and then become
damaged by the frost. Of these kinds are Ms
s:ermaiiica, and Iris Jlorentina ; and last winter the
latter, a native of the south of Europe, was so
much mjured as to bloom very sparingly tjiis
season. To prevent a recurrence, I transplanted
one immediately after flowering, setting it two or
tliree inches deeper in the soil ; and it now exlliib-
its a fresher green and a more vigorous vegetation
than those which without delay I uiteud to treat
in the same manner. — Genesee Farmer.
OdorotLS Wood. A traveller, who visited the
chateau of Tarasp, (Switzerland) was struck in
almost evei-y apartment with the perfume of the
pLiius cemhra, (stone pine) of which the wainscot-
ing and different articles of furniture consisted ;
and considering that the wainseothig, at least, must
be some centuries old, he justly considered it as
surprising that it should have continued to exhale
this perfume for such a length of time, in undi-
minished strength. Owing, it is presmned, to the
smell of this wood, apartments wainscoted \\'ith
it are never infected with bugs or moths. It is a
species of tree, however, becoming very rare in
Alps. — Bull. Univ.
PASTURING 1VHEAT.
When the months of September and October
are favorable for vegetation, early sown wheat
often becomes so large that when covered with a
deep body of snow, the foliage becomes mouldy,
and the roots arc destroyed. To prevent this,
calves, sheep, and sometimes larger stock, are
turned upon the fields to feed off the extra growth.
So far as our observation or experience has ex-
tended, this is not profitabl". It rarely happens that
a whole field has made such growth as to endanger
it, but commonly it is in some panicular spots.
If cattle are turned into a field, it will be found
that they will prefer those parts whore the growth
has been less rapid, and will feed upon the smaller
growth in preference to the latter. If there are
rank patches in a field of wheat, and it is thought
advisable to shorten them, it can be done with
more accuracy with a scythe, <ind that which is cut
ofl' may be raked up and caiTied to the yard,
where most kinds of stock will feed u])on it, or it
may l)c dried and fed to small stock durmg the
winter. — Genesee Farmer.
DRAINS.
We have noticed in passing several wheat
fields that there was a want of open furrows or
drains tor conveying the water from low places
on the surface. Wherever water is allowed to
stand, although it may not exactly cover the sur-
face, it is sure to destroy the wheat, and encourage
'the growth of chess, which delights in a damp
soil. Dm-ing the present month, fields sliuold be
examined, and all low places, which have not
drains from them, should be furuished at once ;
delay is not only dangerous in such cases, but sure
death to tlie wheat. — Ih.
meat. As far as we can learn, the quantity
of wheat sown the present season is equal to that
of tlie last year, and we thmk we have never seen
the crop look better at the same age. — lb.
To heal the wounds on Fruit Trees. " When a
tree is cut or otherwise wounded, smooth the
place with a sharp knife, and if cankered, scrape
or cut it all out ; then put half a pound of tallow
to two pound of tar, warm it over the fire till the
tallow is melted, then add one ounce of saltpetre,
and stir it together and lay on tlie parts you want
to heal."
On the pruning of Fruit Ti-ees. Partictular re-
g.ird should be paid to their health and vigor, and
not to their size and age. A vigorous tree full of
sap and twenty years of age, may be pruned with
mure safety than a stunted one fifteen years old,
because the parts cut over would heal sooner in
the former one, fi'oin its being full of sap, than in
the latter which was deficient in sap ; indeed, the
\yhole art of pruning consists in thinning out the
b^anchcs according to the size, health, and vigor
of the tree ; to have the tree as well poised with
bfanches as circumstance will allow ; and leaving
tliose branches on the tree which will assist the
general circulation of the sap." — Gardener''s Mag-
aiine.
) Shoe Blacking. It is stated in the Boston
Traveller, that the celebrated firm of Day & Martm,
Bondou, send to this country §100,000 worth of
tleir Blacking annually. The editor thinks the
Yankees had better inanufacture it for themselves,
and gives the following as the receipt by which it
ii made : — " To one pound of ivory black, in
»hich has been mixed half an ouuce of oil of
vjtriol and an ounce of sweet oil, add one pound
of pulverized loaf sugar ; mix the whole with a
gallon of vinegar, and let it stand three days,
when it is fit for use. It should be stirred often,
and kept from the air to prevent evaporation.
The cost of a gallon of this blacking is about sev-
enty-five cents."
THE INVENTION OP 1,ETTERS.
The invention of the Cherokee alphabet, the
absolute perfection which is ascribed to it by phil-
ologists, and its general adoption amongst a nation
which we denomuiate savage, appear to us to be
among the most interesting circumstances of mod-
ern history.
When, where, and by whom, letters were in-
vented, it is now uselss to unagine. Notwithstand-
ing the pretensions advanced for Hermes, Mem-
non, Cadmus, and others, there is no evidence to
authorize us to awanl the honor to either of them.
But although history has given us no authentic ac-
count of the sage, whoever he was, that Jirst dis-
sected the human voice, analyzed its soimds, and
gave to each an ajipropriate mark or character,
our own age and our own country were to wit-
ness this novel enterprise, conceived and executed
by an untutored savage, belonging to that race
whose wrongs will fill so black a page in our his-
tory. Cadimis imported an alphabet into Greece ;
Sequayah, a ))Oor Cherokee, invented one for his
native tongue, and a newspaper is now printed in
the characters which he devised. This great
genius, (for he richly merits the appellation,) is one
of the most extraordinary personages of the age
His name, when time shall have made it ven-
erable, will be coupled with the names of Franklin,
of Fulton, and other men whose inventions and
discoveries have gamed them an imperishablo
fame.
About the time of St. Clair's defeat, Sequayah,
and a party of Cherokees, found a letter on a
white man whom they had taken prisoner. This
letter was, to the Indians, something novel and
curious ; and, much to their astonishment its
nature and uses were explained to them. It was
long a question whether the talking leaf, an they
expressively termed it, was the invention of the
white man, or the gift of the Great Spirit. The
rest decided for its divine orgin. Sequayah, with
the spirit of a philosopher, maintained the con-
trary. The " leaf," however, and its origin,
were ibr<!Otten, till a painful disease disabled Se-
quayah from sharing in the pursuits of war and the
chase. Then it was that his mind reverted to the
mysterious pajjcr. Day and night did he medi-
tate upon it, till, by observations on the sound of
the humiu voice and notes of birds, aided by the
nicer ears of his wife and daughter, he succeeded
iu his enterprise. All this time, like Galileo, he
had to contend with the neglect, suspicions, and
superstitions of his countrymen ; for they had
heard of his strange occupation, and thought he
was dealiug with the Evil Spirit. After a time,
however, he succeeded iu convincing his brethren
of the unportance of his invention, and he ha.s
ever since been held by them in the deepest rev-
erence.— Salem Gazette.
Mvicc to Wives. Always wear your wedding
ring, for therein lies more virtue than is usual-
ly hiiagmed. If you are ruffled unawares, as-
saulted with improper thoughts or tempted in
any kind against your duty, cast your eyes upon
it, and call to mind who gave it to you, where
it was received, and what passed at that solemn
time.
Mitural Curiosity. We have this mornmg been
shown by Mr. Grant Thorburn, one of the most
strikiug natural curiosities that we ever saw. It
is a turnip, raised in Mcudon, Conn., which re-
sembles a man's hand so closely as to startle the
beholder as it is unrolled from the paper in which
it is wrapped. The fingers are nearly perfect ; as
also is the thumb, save that it is withered a littlo
since it was taken from the ground. The fingers
are also properly shaped, and itted to each other
even to the uatural crook of the little finger. It is
really a wonderful production. Mr. Thorburn
gave five dollars for it. — Commercial JMvertittr.
174
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECBMBBH la, issa.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DEC. 12, 1832.
On Preserving Young IVees in Nurseries, Sfc. from
Rabbits, Mice, Moles, ifc.
We have heard repeated complaints of damage
done to young fruit trees, and other trees by field
mice, especially in winter ; and have recommend-
ed treading down new fallen snow about their
stems, &c. The following from the Transactions
of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, by
William Patterson, may supply additional hints
leading to useful results.
" Hares, rabbits, and rats, have a natural an-
tipathy to tar; but tar, though fluid, contracts
(when exposed to tlie sun and air for some time)
a great dryness, and a very binding quality ; and
if applied to trees in its natural state, will occasion
them to be bound. To remove this difliculty, tar
is of so strong a savor that a small quantity, mi.\ed
with other tilings in their nature loose and open,
will give tlie whole mixture such a degree of its
own taste and smell as will prevent hares, rabbits,
&c. from touching what it is applied to.
"Take any quantity of tar, and six or seven times
as much grease, stirring and mixing them well
together ; with this compo.sition bru.'^li the stems
of young trees as high as hares, &c. reach, and it
will effectually ])revent tlieir being liarked. I be-
lieve, if a plantation of ash (of which they are very
fond) were made iu a rabbit warren, this mixture
would certainly preserve it. These animals do
great mischief amongst flowering shruba, aud are
particularly fond of Spanish broom, scorpion sen-
na, and evergreen cytisus. I have ltd tliose
shrubs eaten doNvn to a stump ; but as the mixture
cannot be so well applied to them, I lave en
closed their branches with new tarred twini putting
it several times round the shrub, which lias had
the desired effect. The twine by being exposed
to the air aud rain, will lose tlie smeill conse
quently must be removed as occasion rlquucs ;
but the mixture is always to be preferred where it
can be used."
Ditching. When bushy ground full of JBtroug
roots, is to be ditched, the Rev. Mr. Elliot Wisely
recommends begmning the ditch in the vlinter,
when the ground is frozen two or tliree niches
deep. The surface may then be chopped! into
pieces by a broad axe with a long helve, antt the
sods pulled out with a pronged hoe. The fqiiicr
may perhaps be favored with a good time to peitonii
tliis work in December, when there happens to be
no snow, and when it will not interfere with (jtlicr
farming concerns. The lower part of the 4itcli
may be done in the following summer or autlmu.
In a free and firm soil, a ditch may be begun with
a plough drawn by an orderly team that will keep
to the line. This saves labor.
To make a ditch straight and equal in all its
parts, it is recommended that the work be regu-
iated by a frame of light wood, nailed together to
the exact size of tlie proposed ditch. It may be
a rod or more in length, and as wide as it is
wished to make the ditch.
Plugging Trees icith Sulphur. A writer in the
Genesee Farmer, with the signature " A Practical
Gardener" says, that "A friend of mine, a few years
ago, tried sulphur on some hundreds of peach
trees, which were infested by the common worm,
and the experiment proved an entire failure. In
the present season I plugged two apple trees,
which were infested by the common aphis, with
sulphur, and soon after those ijisects all disappeared.
But this is not tlie whole of the story. Another
tree at the distance of a few rods, which was also
infested at the same time, and to which sulphur
was apjilied also became cleared of its inhabitants.
On one of the apple trees, after the lapse of a few-
weeks, the aphis appeared again, although on re-
moving the plug I found the sulphur still remain-
ing in the hole. Had I observed more closely, I
should probably have detected the cause of their
disappearance ; but I have ascribed it to a visit
from some of those devourers of the aphis, eitlier
the syrphus or the hemerobius.
" My pear trees have been remarkably infected
this season, by another species of aphis many of
them winged, which blackens the bark and leaves,
!Uid attracts swarms of flies, wasps, and hornets,
which come to feed on the sugw, which the aphis
deposits. Into eight or ten of these trees, — for I
wished to try the experiment fully and fairly, — I
])Ut a considerable (juiuitity of sulphur, carefully
sealing up the orifice with grafting wax. No
diminution of these insects was observed, howewr,
and the trees both plugged and unplugged contiu-
ued to be infected.
" I am therefore inclined to believe that sulphur,
jcften applied in this mamier, has no effect whatircr
on insects."
The practice of boring holes into trees, intro-
ducing sulphur, and plugging the orifices, lias
often been condemne<l by writers for the .Yew
England Farmer, as entirely inefficient as regards
the destruction of insects. Dr. Thacher, the
author of The American Orchardist, Treatise on
Bees, and other useful publications, made experi-
ments with sulphur, similar to those mentioned
above, and their results were like\vise similar.
He also found tliat the introduction of flour of
sulphur into caterpillar's nests, while the insects
were at home, appeared to give thera no special
annoyance.
A substantiaij gift.
John L. Botlston, Esq. of Princeton, Mass.,
has presented the Editor of the New England
Fanner, with a fine cheese. This, though not ex-
actly such a " Mammoth," as respects size, (viz. a
wagon load) as one which was formerly presented
to Mr. Jefferso:*, is, nevertlieless, of very respec-
table dimensions, (weighing 25 lbs.) is of an ex-
cellent quality, and we hope appropriately be-
stowed. We are much obliged to Mr. Boylston,
and shall be happy, whenever iu our power, to re-
ciprocate the favor by such articles as Editors can.
furnish for the use of Cultivators.
IMPROVED RA-\V SUGAR.
We are indebted to a correspondent, (says the
^thcnseum) for the following notice, and submit it
without at all pledging ourselves for its accuracy.
A sample of native raw sugar, prepai-ed by the
improved process of concentrating tlie cane juice
in vacuo, has been introduced into market and
jas excited great interest in every person con-
hected with this important branch of our conimer-
eial and colonial prosperity. It is raw sugar, ob-
tined in perfect pure, transparent granular clirys-
Is, developing the form of the clirystal of the
lugar, and being wholly free from any portion
«f unchrystalizable sugar, molasses, or coloring
matter. The application of this improved and
aciontific ])roccss of manufacturing, whilst it has
supplied an important desideratum, in tlie prepa-
mtion of ))ure sugar direct from tlie cane juice,
without any subsequent process of discolorization
or refining, has established the important fact,
Ihat molasses was but a product of the former op-
eration, from the intense and long continued
degree of heat employed in tlie process, ratlier
llian a direct product from the cane. This ini-
^ortiuit saving from the extensive waste in the
pruduction of molasses and imchrvstalizable sugar,
anil the deteriorated state of the sugar from the
a.xt''Msive partial decomposition in which it has
always before been transmitted to our hands, is
of the first consequence to the planter."
Liverpool, (Eng.) Aug. 4, 1832.
As this is the season for killing Hogs, the fol-
lowing observation may be useful to Farmers and
otiicrs ill this country : —
Scalding Hogs. — A gentleman of experience
and observation desires us to make known, for the
benefit of Farmers, a mode practised by him of
scalding hogs. Instead of putting cold water or
ashes into the hot water, as is the general prac-
tice, he washes tlie hog in cold water previous to
scalding it. It matters not how hot the water may
be witli which the hog is scalded, if cold water is
first used in the way prescribed, the hair can be
taken off" with ease and neatness. No danger need
be apprehended of the hair becoming set, as is
often the case when this mode is not resorted to,
owing to a particular temperature of the water.
The gentleman who communicated to us this
mode, says he has practised it for more than twen-
ty years, and has not during that time, experienced
any difliculty in scalding hogs.
In dressing a yoimg pig for roasting, he first
dips it in cold water, and then in hot, by which
process he is enabled to remove the hair with tlie
least possible trouble. — Jf'yoming Herald.
Potatoes. — We have a specimen of a new variety
of potatoes, called the Red Eye, brought from
New Hampshire. We bought a few bushels of
Moses French, 2d, of Chesterville. They are of a
good size, equal in flavor to the Butmau potato,
but much larger, skin smooth, and said to yield
well. They are of a rich yellow and white, fine
grain, mealy and not hollow like the Philadelphias.
Nicely baked brown, aud buttered, they are a
luxury equal to the " jewels " of Connaught or
MuDSter. — Kennebec Journal.
VOL. XI. NO. 82.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
175
A London writer describes Fashion in London —
fthus :
" It is exciusive to the highest degree ; abhors
the well-dressed mob that pursues it ; proscribes
nature and natural feelings ; encourages extrava-
gance and luxury ; stamps a plain woman with
•the ornament of beauty, a dull man with that of
wit ; passes off a bad book, and glosses over a bad
reputation ; makes people marry when they don't
love, gamble when they care not for play, prefer
the wives of their friends to their own, hunt when
they dislike hunting, leave a place where they are
amused, to go where tliey are sure to be bored ;
in short. Fashion is the greatest of all tyrants to
weak minds, making them commit a thousand fol-
lies, and leading them into endless scrapes."
Germination of Seeds. Mr. Bosse finds that the
■germination of seeds is accelerated by moistening
them in malic acid ; and also that covering seeds
with the pulp of rotten apples, causes them to
germinate sooner than usual. — Pruss. Gard. Soc.
NOTICE.
-Vew England Farmer Office, and Seed Establishment.
GEORGE C. BARRETT would respectfully give
notice to his friends and the former correspondents and
customers of Mr. Jons B. Rcssell, that he has taken
•upon himself the duties and responsibilities of the JVcio
England Farmer and Seed Store, heretofore conducted
by Mr. Russell, to whom he would refer. Promising
an unremitting attention to all orders, and exertions to
sustain the former credit of the Establishment, he can
only add that all Subscribers, Agents for seeds. Customers
and the Public at large shall receive that attention U
their orders for SEEDS, TREES, PLANTS, VINES
BULBOUS ROOTS, Agricultural and other BOOKS
which shall merit their satisfaction.
GRASS SEEDS of all kinds for sale. Wholesale and
Retail.
COUNTRY TRADERS supplied on liberal terms
with boxes of GARDEN and FLOWER SEEDS in
packages of 6J cents each, labelled teith directions, 4-c
warranted genuine, and of the growth of 1833.
All orders by mail or otherwise will be faithfully at-
tended to.
Boston, Dec. 5, 1832.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAl, SOCIETY.
A SPECLIL MEETING of llie .'HassachuseUs Horlicullu-
ral Society, will be held al llie Hall of the Society on Satur-
D.4V, Dec. 22d, at II o'clock, A.M.
A general aUendanco of the members is requested, as busi-
ness of importance will be then hrouehl before ihem
Per Order, R. L. EMMONS, Secrctanj.
PURE DURHAM SHORT HORNS.
FOR S,\LE, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by Admiral Sir Isaac Cojfin lo
the Massachusetts Sooicly for the promotion of Agriculture.
The pedigree of these animals can be eiven as far back as Huh
back, who was calved in I7T7, and is reputed the foundation of
this much admired slock. Also, several Cows and Heifers
bred from the same, of various grades, from half up lo seven-
eighlhs blooded animals. For particulars, inquire ofTlionns
G. Fessenden, Editor of the New-England Farmer or lo E
Hersey Derby, Salem.
Salem, Dec. mil, 1832. tf
FARM FOR SAIiE.
FOR SALE, in the lown of Leominster, County of Worces-
ter, a very desirable farm, containing sixly acres of laud, divided
into mowing, tillage, pasturing, and wood land. Il has on it a
genteel dwelling-house, with commodious out-houses ; a barn,
too feel long by oO feet wide, and a cider-mill— all of which
are in excellent repair. There is on it a thriving young
orchard of 500 white mulberry trees, of four years
growth, also a few which are full grown ; besides a large
variety of apple, pear, cherry, peach and plum-trees,
strawberries and other fruits. As the present owner is about
leaving this part of the country, il will be sold a bargain.
If application is made in a monih or two, the farming tools,
slock and household furniiure may be had with il. An e.\cel-
Iciil opportunity is now oflercd, in ihe purchase of this farm, lo
any one disposed lo rear silk-worms. For terms, apply al No
21 Central vVharf, Boston ; or on the premises lo George W
.\bbol. '
Leominster, llth December, 1832. eop6w
BREMEN GEESE.
JOHN PERRY has for sale on his farm al Sherburne, twen-
ty-six superior Bremen Geese, of pure blood. Also, a few
hundred White Mulberry trees, four years old.
For information please apply lo Mr. Hollis, Quincy Market,
or to ilic subscriber on his lann. JOHN PERRY
Nov. 7.
, NUTTAX'S ORNITHOLOGY.
JUST received by Geo. C. Barrett, No. 51 and 52, North
Market Street, Bosion :—
A Manual of the Omilhologv of the United States and of
Canada. By Thomas Nullall, A. M., F. L. S. ; with 53 en-
gravings. Price S3, 50. Dec I"
MACKAY FIGS.
FOR SALE, several PIGS of the genuine Mackay breed
Thevare about six weeks old, of gooJ size and form They
otU be sold low. Inquire at the N.l:. Farmer office,
Wov. 2o.
FRESH -WHITE MULBERRY SEED.
JUST received, at GEO. C. BARRETT'S SEED
STORE, Nos. 51 & 52 North Market Street—
A supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry Seed,
warranted the growth of the piesenl season, from one of the
largest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Connecticut, Short
directions for its culture accompany Ihe seed. dec 5
LEAD.
SHEET Lead, of all dimensions; Pig Lead; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, consianilv for sale
bv ALBERT FEARING & CO. No. 1, City Wharf.'
Bosion, Oct. lliih, 1832. if
THE PLANTER'S GUIDE.
JUST published, and for sale by Geo. C. Barrett, al the
New England Farmer Oflice, — Ihe Planter's Guide ; or, a Prac-
tical Essay on llie best method of Giving Immediate ElVccl lo
Wood, by die removal of Large Trees and Underwood ; being
an allempt to place the Art, and that of General Arboriculture
on fixed and Phylological principles ; interspersed with obser-
vations on General Planting, and the improvement of real land-
scape. Originally inlcnded for the climate of Scotland. By
Sir Henry Sleuarl, Bart. LL. D. F. R. S. E. etc. Price p.
BLACK SEA WHEAT.
JUST received a few bushels of the celebrated Black Sea
Wheal, described by Mr. Marvin in this week's New Eno--
land Farmer, and raised by him near Lake Erie ; price K3 per
bush^. It is thought this will prove a valuable acquisition lo
New England ; the seed is ol remarkably tine appearance,
wholly free from small grains on mixture wilh other seeds, and
we think cannot fail lo give satisfaction. Farmers are request-
ed locall and examine il. Nov. 21
CATAWBA GRAPE CUTTINGS.
SINCLAIR &, MOORE, Nurserymen, Baltimore, will
execute orders for Cullings of the Catawba Grape lo any
amount, at ,g20 per 1000. — Ten yeais' experience has con-
vinced us that this is one of the most desirable grapes culti-
vated, on accomit of its great productiveness, and excellent
qualit)', for either the table or for wine, li is a very popular
mark«t grape, g400 worth having been sold by one man in our
marktt this season. — Orders left with Mr. Barrett, publisher
of the New-England Farmer, will receive prompt attention
from Ds.
Baltimore, Nov. 21 .
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
Beans, while,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. I
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Gennessee, .....
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . ,
Alexandria,
Grain, Com, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,'
Hay,
HONEV,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Bosion, 1st sort, . , . ,
Southern, Isl sort, . . . ,
Leather, Slaughter, sole, , . ,
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . , ,
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . ,
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass, inspec., extra dear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, . . . .
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, norlhern, . .
" . souiheni, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full hlood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, Jths washed, , ,
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, . . . .
Native washed, . . . .
„ t Pulled super6ne,
^•u Isl Lambs, . . .
■pi hi " . . .
I§-P''." . ■ • •
2 ( 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern puiled wool is generally
5 cts. less per b.
barrel
200
"
2 00
bushel
1 60
barrel
10 01.
"
G 25
"
7 50
pound
M
*'
6
"
3
"
3
"
38
»
9
bushel
1 2
barrel
6 87
"
G 50
*'
G 50
"
6 75
bushel
88
"
8G
85
"
80
"
46
cwt.
62
gallon
50
cwt
23 00
pound
(1
21
.side
pound
18
side
2 50
pound
28
"
25
cask
1 00
ton
300
bushel
barrel
17 60
"
12 50
'^
none
bushel
250
"
1 25
pound
"
H*
cwt
10 00
pound
50
"
60
"
42
'■'
33
"
.38
"
32
"
52
''■
42
"
32
"
27
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES.
Hams, northcn,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs. ....
Poultry,
Butter, ke^ and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs,. . , . . . . . .
Potatoes, :oninion, . . .
Cider, (acfordins; to quality.)
pound
'^,
'•
c
"
a
"
18
"
25
dozen
26
bushel
,35
barrel
2 00
2 25
2 50
1 62
10 50
6 37
8 OO
16
12
I 26
7 00
6 75
G 62
7 00
90
88
90
25 00
10
9
22
3 00
20
2 70
18 00
13 00
3 00
1 50
11 00
66
30
40
3 00
VETERINARY PUMP.
MAW'S Improved Veterinary Pump, for Administering
Clysters lo Horses, Cattle, Dogs,'&«, Also, for Injecting and
Extracting from the Stomach.
By means of this Instrument any quantity of fluid maybe
injected with any requisite force, and without the necessity of
once removing the Pipe until the operation is completed.
When the animal is restless, as is usually the case in Gripes
and Inflammation of the Bowels, the length and flexibility of
the Elastic Tubeing aftbrds great facility and security, as the
operator may stand at a considerable distance, or even in an
adjoining stall.
For sale by EBEN. WIGHT, Druggist, 46 Milk street.
Oct. II If ^* '
NEW ENGLAND F.IRJttER'S ALMANAC.
JUST published, the New England Farmer's .Mmanac of
1833, by T.G. Fessenden, editor of the New England Far-
mer— conlauiinj tlie usual variety of an almanac, and several
articles on agriculture, by the editor and others. Price 50
cents per dozen. Vor. 7
BRIGHPON MARKET.— Monday, Dec. 10, 1832.
Rfported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
.It Market tliis day .528 Beef Cattle, 250 Stores, 4820 Sheep
and 300 Svinc. A few Stores, 12 or 1500 Sheep, have bccii
before repoited ; also about 320 Swine were the same we men-
tioned last week, as from the neighboring slaughter yards.
Prices. Bepf Cattle.— The best qualities of cattle were
scarce, and brought better prices, no particular variation in the
thinnest qualities. We noticed a very fine ox taken at ,g5,76.
We quote extra at g5 a 3,26 ; prime at S4,76 a 5 ; good at
,?4,a4,50. ^
Barreilim: Cattle.— Mesi at 94 ; No. 1 at R3JB a 3,75 ;
No. 2 at S2;75 a 3,00,
Stores.— Two years old, at §10,00 a IG,50; yearlings ^6,00
a 11,00
Sheep. — A little better prices were obtained. We noticed
a lot of 4tXl Pelt Sheep, some of which were very small, taken
algl,17. Lots to slaughter at gl,42, 1,50, 1,67, 1,82, 2,00
and 2,25, Wclhcrs §2,50, 2,75, and 3.
Siciiie. — One lot of 40 large barrows were taken at 4^c. ; one
lot of 10 smaller, al .5c. ; at retail for those from slaughler-houae
yards, i for sows, and 5 for barrows; those from Inc country,
4^ for sows and 5^ for barrows.
176
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
DECEMBER lit, 183a.
MISCELLANY.
THE FAITHFUL FRIEND.
My father left ten iliousand pounds,
And will'd it all to me ;
My friends, like sun-flies, flock'd around,
As kind as kind i-ould be.
This sent a buck, and that a hare,
And some the Lord knows what.
In short, I thought I could declare
No man such Iriends had got,
Thev ate my meat, they drank my wine,
In truth so kind were they.
That be the weather wet or fine,
They'd dine witii me next day.
They came — and like the circling year.
The circling glass went round ;
'Till something whispered in my car,
" Ah, poor ten thousand pound !"
" Pshaw ! stuff!" cried I, " I'll hear it not ;
" Besides, such friends are mine,
" That what they have will be my lot,
•' So push about the wine !"
The glasses rung, the jcsl prevaii'd,
■'Twas summer every day !
'Till like a flower, by blight assail'd,
My thousands dropt away.
Alas ! and so my friends dropt off,
Like rose-leaves from the stera^
My fallen stale but met their scoff.
And I no more saw them !
One friend, one honest friend remained.
When all Uie locusts flew.
One that ne'er slmmk, nor (nenishipfiign'd —
My faithful DOG! — 'twas you I
From the I.iverpoot Times.
THE TRIUMPHS OP SCIENCE AND ART.
Whether the caricatures wliich represent a steain
engine as flying like a balloon tlirough the air,
shall ever become any thing more tlitin a caricature
may be doubted ; but such have been the achieve-
ment of science and art within the la^ three quar-
ters of a century, tliat it is really diffidilt to fix any
limits to their future conquests. To justify us in
jM'onouncing any thing impossible iamachiues, it
ought to be in opposition to some law (f nature and
not merely requiring an immense ex snt or diffi-
cult application of power. And so marvellous
have been the inventions and discove ies in every
branch of science, and in all the arts, ince the be-
ginning of the last reign, that, if th y had been
predicted in the year 1760, most men would have
thought the projihecy deserved to rabk with the
Arabian story of the erection of Aladditis palace in
a single night. 1
When the pack horse with his bell viis the only
means of conveying merchandize throuali the land,
and when the carrier conducted his striiit of horses
along tracks always made to pass over tne summit
of the very highest hills, the vision ofp modern
mail coach glancing through our valleys on road.s
nearly as smooth and level as a bowling jreen, and
conveying goods and passengers at the 'ate of 1 1
or 12 miles an hour, would have been rtgarded as
the work of some supernatural beings, ntt clogged
with mortal clay. A man who should hen have
imaghied that a distance of four huncred miles
could have been performed in forty houfs without
difficulty or danger, would have been thought
worthy of a palace amongst the philosophers of
Laputa. I
A spinner at his wheel, twisting and twirling
the live-long d.iy to make some paltry hanks of
yarn would have gazed at the interior of a mod-
ern spiiiuing mill — where thotisands of spindles
are whirled with incredible velocity, moved by no
power \ isible to the S]iectator, with a su|)er.stitious
couviction that the whole was the work of un-
blessed powers. To tell him that the force which
moved the mighty ajiparatus of the factory was
earthly, yet that it was neither the force of men or
horses, neither the strength of a torrent nor thq
piping winds of heaven, but nothing more nor
then tlie steam or boiling water, would only havi
excited his indignation at the boldness of the im-
posture which it was attempted to ptxhn upon himl
To show to one of those disorderly persons whi
return from taverns after the hour of curfew, aui
who of old were wont to group through tlie EgyptJ
ian darkness of our streets to their own houses,
the splendidly illuminated street of London or
Liverpool, he would be blinded with light imd fan-
cy himself in the hall of Pandemonium, lit up
' by subtle magic,' with blazing cressets of naphta
and asphaltos. If he could understand that these
brilliant stars of light proceeded from an invisible
vapor, which circulated for miles under the
streets, he would be only the more perfectly con
vinced that he has gone prematurely into tlie
lower world.
Since the invention of printing, tlic power of
man to dissemmate knowledge has been increase^
almost beyond calculation. Even within the la^
thirty years a prodigious augmentation luis takei
place in tliis power. — Before the improvement
Earl Stanhope, from 3 to 400 sheets might
printed per hour at the press ; the steam-press whicl
now works the Times newspai)er, prints foi*
thousand sheets per hour, or more than a .shei
per second. It may be easily proved, that to wrinfe
by hand the number of newspapers circulated by
the Times, daily, would require a million and a
half scribes ; yet they are )irmtcd with ease Ijy
about two dozen men. Such is the effect of skil-
ful division of labor, that a debate of eight or ten
hours duration in the House of Commons, in:iy be
fully and ably reported, printed, and pnblislnd so
as to be retid in London within three or four hours
after its termination, and si.xty miles disuuice
from the metropolis, before the spealiers ut" the
previous night have riseu from their beds.
in navigation, as in printiug, invention slum-
bered for centuies, and then suddenly awoke in
the wondrous steam vessel. — Steam n.-ivi^ation
IS probably yet in its infancy, yet it has already
ett'ected an astonishing extension of intercourse be-
tween all parts of the British Isles, the widely sep-
arated towns and territories of the United States,
and several of the countries of Europe. It was
not uncommon a dozen years ago, to wait in this
jjort for days and even weeks before a vessel could
sail to Ireland; and often have vessels been detain-
ed in the channel days and even weeks by calms
or adverse winds. By the steam packets «c pass
daily and with certainty in a single night from
Liveqiool to Dublin ; and they operate as bridges
connecting the sister island with England. Cahns
ilo not retard their flight over the waves ; adverse
tides and winds, though they somewhat impede,
cannot arest their progress. Instinct witli power,
' they walk the waters lilce a thing of life. ' By
their aid the Voyage to India will be made, ere
many years have elapsed, scarcely a more for-
midable thing than a journey from London to Scot-
laud was a century ago.
.Such are a few of the more striking inventions
and improvements of modern times. — Yet inven-
tion is not exhausted. These seem to be hut the
commencement of an endless series ; and the late
exjiermieiits of locomotive carriages on our rail-
way gives quite a new idea of what science and
art may yet do to quicken tlie transport of travel-
lers and goods through tlie kiud. Though the
idea of moving a carriage by a mechanical power
whhin it, is not absolutely new, yet ithas never beea
stici-essfully reduced to practice till our own day ;
animate power applied either externally or mter-
nally, has always been used for the ])urposes of lo-
comution. To place a steam engine on wheels,
and to make u move both itself and an additional
weight, was a bold conception ; the first essaya
were clumsy and unpromismg, and oven tip to the
]iresent time a machine has never been seen in
operation which was calculated for the rapid con-
veyance either of passengers or conmiodities.
The perforniiuice of the Rocket and Novelty
give a sudden spur to our drowsy imaginations,,
and made our ideas fly as fa.st as the machines
lliemselves. These engines with their ajiparatus,
skiui over the earth at more than double the speed
iif the lighest and fastest mail, dra\ni by the swift-
est blooil horses, luid driven by the most desperate
coachman over the smoothest roads in England.
Ip wards of thirty miles per hour! — let us see —
at tliis rate we reach IMauchester in an hour, Bir-
mingham in three hours, London, Edinburgh, or
(;lasgow, in six hours, and you may glide along
witli this bird-lilie speed with as little discomfort |
its if ycm were in your arm-chair, re.iding a volume
of the Diamond Poets, without being disturbed by
a suigle jolt ; nay, I believe it would not be difficult
to write. If the length of the journey made it
worth while, I should expect to see rail road
coaches fitted up with libraries and escrutoires ;
iiut it will soon he nearly useless to take up a book
(or so short a journey as one or two hundred miles.
On a well constructeil railway, like that be-
tween Liverpool lUid Manchester, there is less
danger in moving at the rate of 30 miles per hour
thiui on a turnpike road. On the railway there is
not a single turn, and scarcely a single inequality ;
in these respects the engineer has boldly and wise-
ly aimed at perfection, imd there is thereby incur-
red what many regard an extravagant expense.
The chief sources of danger in travelling rapidly
on turnpike roads are, first, hills ; second, turn-
ings on the road ; third, unruly horses ; fourth,
ineetingother horses. No one of these dangers exi.st
on the railway, and, therefore, it is difficult to limit
the speed at which we may travel with safety.
THE NEW ENG£.ANp FjVRMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at ^-^ per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay witliin
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of lifty cents.
[O^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
Being made in advance.
AGENTS.
Neui York — G. Thorburn & Sons, (Ti Liberty-street.
Albany — Wm. Thorburn, 'iVl Market-street.
PhUadelpltia — D. & C. Landreth, 85 Chcsnut-street.
Baltimore — I. I. Hitchcocic, Publisher of American Farmer
Cincimiuti — S. C. Parkhurst, !23 Lower Market-street.
Flushirtg, N. y.— Wm. Princk & Sd.ns, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gai
Middlebury, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin &. Co. Booksellers.
Sprin«fetd. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchajit.
fkwimnjport — Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H.—1. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Colm.an, Holden & Co. Booksellers.
Augusta, Me. — W»i. Mann, Druggist.
Hmfax, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder
Montreal L. C. Geo. Bent.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by John Ford, who
executes every description of Book and Fancy Printing
in good style, and with promptness. Orders for printing
may be left witli Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 5:, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Aorichltural Warehouse )-T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EV:^NING, DECEMBER 19, 1832.
NO. 23.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Farmer.
AGRICUIiTCRAI, ESSAYS, NO. TX.
CL0TI11.\G AND DIET.
The earth is the jwirent of us all : her breasts
«re inexhaustible : the Farmer is her fir.st born :
and yet, how often docs he forfeit her blessing !
■Every man who tills the ground, and who endeav-
ors not to live, as niiich as possible, upon the
productions of his own labor, is guilty of this
extravagance. The Merchant may indulge in
foreign luxuries, may eat, drink and wear, such
articles as are not the growth anil manufacture of
his own country, as he imports thein, and as they
come cheaper to him, than to those who buy of
him, and consume the greater part of them. And
the Mechanic, from his profession, is ohligedito
live upon the productions of other men's labors;
but the Farmer is the most indej)endeut man in
■world, as he may raise every article fCr his own
consumption — bread, milk, pork, beef, Initter and
cheese, potatoes, wool, flax, cider, beer, — and
wliat other good things can he then stand in need
of? You will say, prehaps, a little coftee, a little
tea, sugar, rum, &c. I acknowledge, thai those
little things, all but the last mentioned, may now
and then be indulged in ; provided the Farmer,
and liis family, will be contented to perform a
considerable portion of extraordinary laboi, and
to use these things more economically, or spannc-
ly, through the year. For rmn, freely used, Nvill
soon reduce, and render poor, the most wealthy
Farmer. If he should expend but one gallon per
week, from the spring to the last of autumn, seven
mouths only — it will form a direct tax, of 14 or
15 dollars ; and which is more, perhaps, than
all his state, country, town and parish taxes put
together. I have said a direct tax ; and it often
proves as heavy an evil indirecUi/ ! that is to say, it
takes time to run to the shops fur it ; it takes time
to sit and chat over it ; and it takes time to recover
from the baneful effects of it. For it gradually im-
pairs the strength, as it weakens the powers of
the stomach, and eventually brings on prenature
old age, to say nothing of the manifold contentious
and quarrels excited by the use of it. I an now
speaking of this article used to excess, as it is but
too commonly. In hot and sultry weatlicr, a
moderate portion of it, well diluted, six p;irts, at
least, out of seven, with water, when the laborer is
greatly fatigued, exceedingthirsty, and compelled to
drink immoderately, may not be prejudicia' ; but
even then, good cider and malt liquors, are mil -h bet-
ter and more salutary, both for the body and p irse of
the Farmer. Our fathers tilled the ground without it,
were strong and vigorous, left then- farms uumort-
gaged, and died in a good old age. I wish I could
say that their descendants had not acquired very
diffeient habits, not a little imhappy for themselves
and for their children. When men of sixty, or
seventy years of age, recollect the days of their
youth, they camiot but remember how easy and
independent their fathers past their days. When
the Collector or Tax-gatherer came, and whiih
was seldom oftener than once in a year, to receive
their several assessments, he commonly found
them laid up and ready for him. It was ahnost
scandalous in those who obliged him to call a second
time for his due ; and as to those persons who
were com])elled by a course of law to pay their just
debts, they ftll into open and great disgrace there-
by. And to what was this owing — to what causes,
under God, were they indebted for their freedom,
case and independence, but their industry, and
care against contracting debts for luxuries, and
for things not necessary ; and to their making it an
irrevocable rule, not to eat, drink, nor wear scarce-
ly any thing which was not raised on their farms,
and which was not the fruit of their own labors.
In those days, when' the rites of hospitality were
peculiarly attended to, rum, tea, &c. were hardly
known : and the daughters of the most wealthy
and independent farmers, the mothers of many of
the more respectable persons now living in these
States, seldom appeared in silks. And it would be
highly advantageous to Farmers in these days, if
they would endeavor to raise more on their lands
for their own consumption, and to buy less of un-
necessary articles imported from abroad. That
Farmer who has not money at interest, and who
can only ifiake both ends of the year meet by his
own labors, before he purchases any superfluous
irticle for his fiuiiily, should look into his cellar,
corn-b.irn, &c. and consider whether he has any,
and how much gram, butter, cheese, &c. to spare
over and above that portion which must be dis-
posed of, to pay his laborers, taxes, and a number
of incidental demands. Let him reflect upon the
toil and labor those articles have cost him, which
he will acknowledge to be very considerable, and
more than enough to convince him of their value
and importance. Let the extraordinary industry
of the Farmer's daughters, with the profit of a
good yard of poultry, bear some kind of proportion
to the luxuries he purchases ; and then he will not
fcei tliose expenses so heavily, and his affairs will
cojtinue to wear a good aspect.
able, for I have not had a swarm mjured in the
least by moths since I adopted it. I suspect that
a hive alluded to by Mr. Andrews, was one in
which the egg of the moth had been deposited
previous to its being elevated. It is to be hoped
that others who have paid attention to bees will
give the resuhs of their different experiments,
whether successful or unsuccessful, that the most
profitable method may be adopted. W.
Sweden, JVou. 1832.
Note. I am tiying some experiments with
wheat, as regards the quantity to be sown, varyin"
from one to two and a half bushels per acre, intend-
ing to give the results to the public through the
medium of your paper in due tune. W.
From the Genesee Farmei
BEES.
IHr. Editor, — I noticed in the 41st No. of the
second volume of the Genesee Farmer, a commu
nioation respecting the bee moth, which I think
incorrect. As the raising of bees is of much im
portance, I think that any information resulting
from experience will be acceptable to your read-
ers, and therefore I will give my method of treat-
ment.
Until experience had taught me better, I allow-
edmy hives to be placed upon a board, as was the
practice with my neighbors. By thi» treatment I
lost several swanns, and others received much in-
jury ; for, unless the hive is nicely fitted to the
board, the moth will deposit her eggs under the
edge of the hive, and when they hatch, the worms
are so very small that they wUl crawl into the
hive during the night tune, imperceivcd Ijy the
bees ; and after they have located themselves, and
spim a few webs over tlieir habitation, they are
seldom di-iven from it by the original proprietors.
For five or six years past, my practice has been
to support my hives upon small blocks or nails
driven into the bottom of the hive, which shall pre-
vent its coming within half an inch of the bottom
board. The result of this practice has been favor-
From Transactions of Horticultural Societij in Durham, {ye.
OK THE MANAGEMENT OF PEAR AND APPLE
TREES, AND KEEPING FRUIT IN WINTER.
L\ winter pruning I cut all the long weak spurs,
leaving the strong fiiithful buds in a regular man-
ner. When my trees are in flower in the spring,
and a frosty night happens, I wash the blow next
morning, before eun-rise, with cold water, throw-
ing the water gently on the flower with the squirt,
which washes tlie frost rind off, and keeps the
flower from being damajj^^^iaianBr *
When the fruit gets the size of a pigeon's egg,
I thin them to tivo on each spur ; by doing so I
seldom have any that drop off, and those left on
get larger. _ Tiie superabundant wood that the
trees malie'in summer, I shorten back to three
eyes in the end of June, by which means the sap
flows to the fruit and spurs for the next season •
when these three eyes have grown a few joints I
stop them again, and when done growin" I cut
them close out, that the spurs for next season may
get the free sim and air. I see some who let this
superabuniiant wood grow on their trees until Au-
gust, and the sap of the tree flowing to these use-
less shoots, causes the fruit to be small, and weak-
ens the buds for next season.
When I observe the fruit on the trees to change
from the dark green to a clear blush, I take them
carefully from the tree, and lay a bass mat on the
ground, and spread the fruit thereon. I let them
remain in the sun about three days, which takes
that moisture out of them that causes them to
sweat, and they will keej) longer when treated in
this manner than when taken from the tree and
immediitely stored. When stored I find straw the
best thing to lay them in. Wji. Grav.
From the A'eir- York Farmer.
KBAREVG OP POULTRY IN BIEXICO.
" September, 1832.
Sir, — I cannot embark for Campeachy without
relieving myself by telling you not a cock and bull,
but a cock and chicken story, which may be of
service to those farmers who supply our markets
with poultn|-.
The fondness of Spaniards for eggs and chick-
ens ap])cars to be inherited to the full extent by
their American descendants, as at every Indian
hut which I have stopped at in Mexico, I could
get one or the other in default of every thing else
in the eating line. It is true they are not very
scrupulous about the number of feathers which
178
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DKCEMBER 19, 183^.
covers the pollito, nor the days it lias been free
iVom llie shell, but then you know you can eat the
more of them, and pay accordingly. But to re-
turn to my story. During the rainy season, the
rivers of the State of Tobasco overflow the banks,
and the little eminences become so many tempo-
rary islands, to which all terrestrial animals retreat
for shelter. On these little mounds, too, the m-
habitants place their huts, and it is fine sport to
"o hunting in a canoe from one inlet to another
all over the country. Monkeys, parrots, peccaries,
snakes, in short all animals of a tropical climate,
mnj- be found in the same congregation.
One afternoon, in the month of October, 1828,
in company with the Vice-Goveruor of the State,
I entered one of those huts aforesaid, to take some
refreshments and rest, when I observed before the
door a large cock with three or four dozen of
chickens around him, engaged in all the occupa-
tions usually appertaining to the hen, and appar-
ently very proud of his office. Neither man, wo-
man, child, pig, nor hen, would he sufter to mo-
lest his little ones in the slightest degree, and he
would occasionally cock his eye up towards the
birds of prey in the air with a menacing gesture,
as much as to say, " and you too had better keep
at a respectful distance from my spurs." The fol-
lawing was the account of this phenomenon given
nve by my companion. Col. Estrada.
" The cock is chosen to hatch the eggs, on ac-
count of his superior size, and to take care of the
ckickens^oi^iimHmt of his superior strength,
while the hMM^nus*ftft freeito continue filling
other nests. To qualify him to take her place, he
is first rendered intoxicated by swinging him over
and over in a hammock, under which tobacco is
burnt to keep him enveloped in tho smoke. As
soon as he becomes senseless and niotionless, the
fsathcrs are stripped frotn his broid breast, and
ho is placed in a large nest with as many eggs in
it as his body can cover, in the position taken by
the hen herself while hatching. Wheh he recovers
from the stupor, the pressure of tht warm eggs
an-ainst his naked breast, seems toloccasion an
agreeable sensation, which detains lim on the
nfcst the full period of incubation. ' (fhy he con-
tinues his care to the chickens after they escape
from the shell, is best known to hims If — but you
see the fact before you, and the pra tice of thus
substituting the male for the female i) general in
this country."
Now, Mr. Editor, all I ask of yoV and your
readers is to tiy before you deny the tiuth of the
storv. Henry Jerrike
1 the Daily AUkny Arsvs.
SCMOOI- OP AGRICULTURE. |nO. 1.
And why not a school of agriculture] as v/ell as
a school of medicine, of law, or of divii^ty ? The
objects of education should be, not onlylto qualify
youth for the discharge of civil and social duties,
but to facilitate their knowledge in the particular
business which is to form their empltjyment in
manhood. Agriculture is as necessary tojthe wants
and comforts of life, as are the learned professions,
and mainly contributes to our wealth pud pros-
perity. It gives employment to the raflss of our
population, and is the great business of our state.
Politically and morally, it is the conservative
organ of the Ijody politic. The interests of all are
consequently identified with its prosperity and
improvements. Its pursuits are interwoven with
the whole range of the natural sciences, and arc as
susceptible of being benefitted by their study and
application, as are any of the civil employments of
life. Why not extend, then, to this great branch
of industry, that sort of education which is so
eminently calculated to multiply its products, an^
at the same time to raise the moral and intellecti^
al standard of that class of our citizens, who fro
their numbers, must continue to control our politi
cal destinies, and give the impress to our characti
as a people?
It will not be said, I trust, that manual labor
incompatible with mental improvement. The e:
crcisc which labor gives, is as essential to the dd-
velopment and energy of the mind, as it is to thfe
health and muscular strength of the body. It
stimulates the head to plan and the hands to exe-
cute. Among those who tndy deserve the appel-
lation of the public benefactors, by their successr
ful exertions to render the arts and sciences benl
ficial to society, our country can boast of
Franklin, a Rittenhouse, a Fulton, a Whiti-.ey,
and others, who blended labor with .>study, and
who either followed the plough, or toiled in the
shop.
Among the subjects submitted to the special in-
quiry of a committee, by the State Agricidtural
Society, was that of the propriety of establishing
an agricidtural school, to give instruction in the
theory and practice of luisbandi'y. In anticipatiai
of the report of this committee, I am desirous If
calling the public attention to the subject: aiil
I propose to point out, through the medium (|f
your paper, Mr. Editor, some of the bearinas
which such a school is calculated to have npop
the character, prosperity and happiness of the
State 1
The bounties, like tlic burthens of tlie State,,
should be shared j)roportioually by all classes of
its population. This is not now our case in regard
to education. The benefits of the common siliool
system, it is true, are dispensed with an ri)Ual and
impartial han<l. But here the equality ceases.
Those destined to toil for a livelihood, to clothe,
to feed, and to enrich us by their labor, are turned
off to shift for themselves, like the younger sous
of an English Baron, without patrimony, wliile the
public purses continue open to those who seen)
destined, by chance rather than by merit, to enjoy
the peculiar distinctions in society. Our colleges
and academies, which share liberally of the public
bounty, are vestibides to the learned, not lo the
laborious employments, — to the fete, not to the
7nan>j. The studies which they offer are not adapt-
ed to the agricultural student j because he should
learn in youth that which he is to practice in man-
hood. These schools teach nothing practically in
husbandry; nor are their scientific instrui-tions
adequately adapted to its uses. The interests of
productive labor have but an incidental and [ireca
rious place among the studies of a college. Tlie
State has expended more than two millions of do
lars, upon what I term professional schools ; but
not a cent to advance, directly, the knowledge of
the agricidturist, the artizan, or the manufacturer,
beyond their common school instructions. Thus,
on the score of justice and impartiality, the labor-
ing classes have a right to claim, and the state are
bound to grant them, an equivalent for these pro-
fessional schools.
The business of husbandry may be likened to
the healing art. The farmer, as well as the Jihy-
sieian, may plod on mechanicidly, without the aid
of study or science — happy, if you please, in his
conceits and in his ignorance. Both may have
tolerable success, by adopting the example of en-
lightened neighbors, or following the impulse of
their own discriminating minds ; yet both would
do better were they to understand perfectly the
organization and properties of the subjects upon
which they are to operate, or are to employ, be
those subjects animals, plants or earths — medicine
or manure. Generations have been engaged in in-
vestigating the business of both professions, and
have handed down to us the result of iheir study
and experience. Tliese lessons of wisdom are
considered indispensable to the student of mcdi-
chie. They arc no less beneficial to the student
of agriculture.
And what that is useful, it may be asked, is to
be learned in an agricultural school, which cannot
be acquired in our existing seminaries, or with u
good farmer.-' This question I propose to answer
in another number. B.
Xov. 1832.
From Slamrt's Planter's Guide.
TilKlKG CP AKD TRANSPORTIIVG TREES IK-
TENDED FOR TRANSPLANTIIVG.
If there be any one thing more than another
in the remov.nl of trees that places the suiieriority
of the preservative system in a striking jioint of
view, ;t is the management of the roots. Few
planters in tho taking up of trees, make much
account of roots, provided that a large mass or
ball of earth only adhere to them. Marshall, one
of tiie most judicious writers who has treated the
sul),ect, in giving directions on this point, says, that
the length of the roots, properly speaking, should
nol be less than the fourth part of the whole
hoghth of the tree ; although probably for the
want of the means of extricating them from tlic
soil, he did not contemplate the possibility of ap-
jilying the rule to trees of any magnhude. Had
li^ been better acquainted whh vegetable physi-
ology, he would have seen that by the law of na-
tule, roots and branches must, in every case, be
rciitivo and correlative, and that the standard of
juifeing with respect to roots is not the hcighth of
thqplant, but the actual length of the side branch-
es, i If we mean that our sidjjccts should fully
pos(!ess the protecting ])roperties, in rcsi)ect to
thofe important conservative organs, they must
possess them relatively in such proportions, as
nat|ire coult?rs on all trees, which are found to
thrive in open exposures.
, loots spread theniselves in the groimd in a wav
neirly analagous to that in which branches spread
thepiselvcs in the air, but with a (;ir greater niul-
tipicity of ramification. From the principal root
prqceed the buds, that give rise to the primary
rootlet!} ; and these again give off finer ramifica-
tions, which are the true absorbents of the root.
To lake up such nnnute and diminutive shoots on
the I preservative ])rinciple, in anything like an
entire state, is obviously impossible, with the
arborienltural implements now generally in use.
Hence it became necessary to liave sonietliing
mor« effective ; and the tree-picker was some
years since invented for tliis puqjose, and is now
used in Scotland by many persons, who have wit-
nessed its extraordinary utility in my practice.
This implement is of very simple structure, re-
sembling the pick used by miners, but with only
one point or prong, which forms an angle some-
what more acute with the handle than the miner's
pick. [See Plate, Fig. 4, N. E. Farmer, vol. xi.
p. 169.] The head, which is of iron, and fifteea
VOL. XI. NO. as.
AND HOUTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
179
inches long iu the prong, is made cxtrcraely light,
.as also the wooden handle. The length of the
latter is two feet and a lialf, the entire iraplenient
weighing not more than about four and a half
pounds. In fact, it can scarcely be made too
light for the purpose in question.
Trees which have been cut round are more
easily taken up than those that have never been
so prepared. The trench made during this ope-
ration serves as a sure guide to show tlie point to
which the fibrous elongation has extended ; where-
as in subjects whicli liave undergone no such pre-
])aration, the roots must be judged of from other
;nul sometimes more uncertain circimistances.
Every experienced workman is aware in examin-
ing a tree that has never been prepared for the
purpose of taking it up, that in any tolerable root-
ing-grouud he will find the points of the roots, if
not mechanically prevented, running out to the
full extent of the branches, and .sometimes still
farther out. Hence, he should begin cautiously
to try with the spade or picker, in order to dis-
cover the extreme points of the rootlets. AVheth-
er the roots he may lay bare belong to the plant,
or to some other tree of the same species, he will
at a glance perceive from what the workmen call
" the feathering," that is the portion of the capil-
lary rootlets upon the primary rootlets and branch-
es which are always found jioiiuing outwards
from the body of the tree.
Having ascertained where the extremities lie,
the next step to be taken is to open a trench two
or two and a half feet wide and cut down to the
subsoil, or deeper should the roots have penetrat-
ed so far. The bank is then to be undermined,
in which the roots seem to lie, to the extent of
eight or ten inches, in order to facilitate tlie
operation of the picker. Two workmen are
next to extricate or scratch up the roots,
while one is sufficient to throw out the mould,
which in consequence falls down into the trench,
and thus the workmen are distributed three
and three together, according to the number
employed over the whole extent of the excavation.
As every eifort must be made to preseive the
minutest fibres, and capillary roots entire, the
difference between an experienced and an inexpe-
rienced workman is very striking in an operation
of so much nicety ; and the surprising dexterity
which some men of ingenuity and attention ac-
quire iu this department, is as valuable to tlie em-
ployer, as it is beautiful and interesting to the
spectator who examines it. The main thing
which the pickman has here to study, is never to
strike across the roots, but as much as possible
in the line of their elongation, always standing in
the right line of divergence from the tree as a cen-
tre ; that is, in such a Ime or lines, as the rays of
the sun are represented to describe, in emanat-
ing from that luminous body. In striking the
picker into the ground which must sometimes
be done pretty deeply, there is a certain dexter-
ous stroke, more easily understood than described,
which a superior workman knows how to give
with the implement ; and that, when properly ap-
plied, will more efficaciously and speedily discover
and disengage the various bearings and ramilica-
tions of the root than any other method.
It is no easy matter, even in the freest soils,
so to disengage the fibrous and capillary roots of
trees, as not to lacerate or disbark a considera
ble number of them, and yet perfonn the work
with any tolerable despatch. But it is the process
of all others which will least bear to be hurried.
There arc some departments of human labor, in
which despatch and economy are nearly allied,
aiul almost convertible terms, and where every one
of course will study to promote the former as far as
lies in his power. But in the one in question, the
greatest deliberation, or at least the greatest caution
is the truest saving that can be made.
From the United States' Gazette.
" KtllitilFICATION AND PUMPKIN PIES."
In the midst of the clouds that surround us on
all sides, and veil from us " the heavens above,"
it is delightful to catch a glimpse of the cerulean,
through a chink in the heavy masses —
' Tlie blue sky trembling through a cloud of perfect black."
We had intended to commence with the old
comparison of deserts and oa.ses, but the figure is
worn out. As the revelation above referred to, is
to the mournful gazer, such ,ire the contents of
the accompanying connnunication to one who hath
long been denied the use of the ingredient which
iu boyhood gave man'ellous comfort to the stom-
ach, and left generous deposits upon the lips and
cheeks. Ha])py days when science descends from
the laboratory to the bakepan, and ministers to
economy by dispensing with milk and eggs. The
pies made as our correspondent directs, are cer-
tainly good ; but there are those who will mourn
for the reform in the concoction, namely, those
younger members of the family compact whose
reward for good behavior and stirring the stewing
pumpkin, was to lick the pudding stick with which
they agitated the mass, and to scrape from the
dish the ingredients left when the pies were all
made. Their " occupation's gone."
Respected Editor, — Having recently travelled
through the " Land of Steady Habits," or " Pump-
kin Dominion," (I mean the New England States)
there was scarcely a family but what, in the article
of diet, when forthcoming at stated periods, would
bring up the rear with a company or platoon of
pumpkin ])ies.
My motive in this communication' is to surest
to the fair sex of that region, a plan or receipt for
miking them, far superior to any I have learned
when among them, viz :
Take any given pumpkin, and after dividing it
horizontally and ridding it of its seeds, and super-
fluous contents, place the two parts together upon
a dish or pan in an oven or stove, with a slow fire,
without the addition of water ; let it remain there-
in for two hours, or until sufficiently baked : after
^lAiich remove it, and the subject matter of the
pumpkin may be readily separated froin the skin,
and will be found to be in the precise condition
fir pies, needing only the sugar and spices, which
can be added according to the common rules of
taste.
This, for simplicity, will not only save much
labor, but exclude the milk and eggs as useless
articles : the pies according to the above rule not
only being better without tliem, but may be made
with only one-fourth of the trouble attendant on
the orduiary mode.
As I feel somewhat indebted, for the hospitality
I received, and feeling a disposition to reciprocate,
I have taken the liberty to suggest the foregoing.
A. B. C.
An eastern editor says that his subscribers
would niake excellent wheel horses — they hold
back So well.
There was lately dug up at Massillon, Ohio,
two tusks, measuring each nine feet six inches in
length, and eight inches in diameter ! the weight
of one was as nmch as two men could lift • the
outside covering was as firm as ivory, but the inner
parts were decayed. They were found iu a swamp
two feet below the surface, and were similar to
those found some time ago at Bone Lick in Ken-
tucky ; the size of which animal, from the bonce
found, was at least CO feet in length and 22 in
iieight, and 12 feet across the hips. Each tooth
found weighed 11 i)Ounds.
From Gariliuers Muxic of Nature.
VOCAX MACHINERY OP BIRDS.
It is difficult to account for so small a creature
as a bird making a tone as loud as some animals a
thousand times its size ; but a recent discovery has
shown that, iu birds, the lungs have several open-
ings communicating with corresponding air-bags
or cells, which fill the whole cavity of the body
from the neck dowTiwards, and into which the air
passes and repasses in the progress of breathing.
This is not all : the very bones are hollow, from
which air-pipes are conveyed to the most solid
parts of the body, even into the quills and feathers.
The air bemg rarified by the heat of their body,
adds to their levity. By forcing the air out of the
body, they can dart down from the greatest heights
with astonishing velocity. No doubt the same
machinery forms the basis of their vocal powers,
and at once resolves the mystery.
A LADY'S STUD.
The number of Arabian, English and other
racers belonging to the Russian Countess Orloff
Tshesmensky, amount to no less than 1,320. The
grounds attached to the stud enclose a space of
one thousand and eiglity acres, and the number of
grooms and laborers employed ui it are four
thousand three hundred and ninety-nine. The
sum realized by the sale of horses is of considera-
ble annual amount; and they iire sold, not onlv
on the spot itself, but in the regular markets, both
at St. Petersburgh and IMoscow. It lies near Bo-
brow, in llie province of Waronese, on one of the
Countess's estates, called Chrjenow ; and was first
set on foct by her father in the year 1778.
The St. John Courier says, tliat a gentleman of
that city raised 25 bushels of potatoes on 1347
feet of ground ; being at the rate of 800 bushels
to the acre. The seed was of the " early blue ;"
it was planted whole, iu liills, three feet apart.
MiRjMicHi. — Jigricultural. — On Saturday last,
Mr. Pa:rick Henderson, sent us a half bushel of
potatoes, which consisted of thirty in number, and
on putiing twenty of them into the scales, we found
their weight to be twenty-Jive pounds. Mr. H. states,
he has dug this season, out of the same field, about
fifl:y barrels of tlie same description. A corres-
pondent at Newcastle, informs us that he saw last
week a carrot, raised in a garden in the vicinity of
that towii, which measured thirteen inches, and
weighed two pounds one ounce.
From the Lowell Journal.
TROLLOPESG.
It is stated that the forthcoming No. of " John-
son's Scraps," for the year 1833, contain a series
of designs under the title of " TroUopania," in
which Mrs. Trollop is out-trollopped in high style.
"A very honest woman, but something given to lie."
These designs are said to be really ingenious, and
the subject is a good hit.
180
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECEMBER 19, 1833.
From the N. Y. Farmer.
AMERICAN HEMP.
The following article has been politely handed
to us for publication, by Gen. Lynch. It was
written to accompany the Hemp, exhibited at the
Fair of the American Institute last year ; but is
equally applicable to that exliibited at the recent
Fair.
To the American Institute of the City of JVeic
York. Abr.iham Varick, of Utica, [jrescnts for
exhibition and competition at the Fair ui the city
of New York, a bale of water rotted Ilemp, con-
tainui"; about 400 lbs. raised, rotted, and manufac-
tured by Dr. Samuel Allen, of Copenhagen, in
the county of Lewis, as his Agent the present year.
In compliance with the request of the Managers of
the Fair, Mr. Varick submits a brief statement of
the process of culture, and preparing the Hemp for
market, and will cheerfully furnish any further in-
formation which may tend to promote that branch
of agriculture, which is attended with such bene-
ficial results to the agricultural interest in partic-
ular.
It has been supposed that He(|^p requires a very
deep and extremely rich soil ; but it is now satis-
factorily ascertained, that laud which is well adapt-
ed to wheat or corn, is equally so to the raising of
Hemp, and that the same preparation and fertility
whicli will produce a good crop of wheat, is suffi-
cient to produce a good crop of Hemp. The quan-
tity of the seed to the acre, should be from two to
three bushels, according to tlie rickness of the soil,
to be sown as early in the spring as the state of
the land will admit ; but it mayj be sown at any
time until the usual time of planting Indian corn.
It is of importance that a' full comiiliment of seed
shoidd be used, to the end tliat the sti\lk should be
small, otherwise if the stalk is l.-u-ge, the quality of
the Hemp is coarse, the quantity produfced is less,
and the process of manufiicture more difficult. The
Hemp is fit to be cut when the male He«ip begins
to wither, inul as soon as the seed of tie female
hemp is formed, and before it acquires kny hard-
ness.
The Hemp is to be cut with an instrimeiit re
renibliug the common grant cradle, bii witli a
scythe and fingers much shorter, the scyilie being
onjy two feet four inches long. The Hlmp is to
remain in the swartli for one day, and tlen to be
turned and remain oue day, and on the liird day
to be bound near the butt in very small mmdles,
with a band of the Hemp. Then to be sit up on
the butts in shocks, until it becomes perfatly dry
— the quantity produced, will be from twolto four
tons per acre, which will yield about onc-lixth of
clean hemp fit for market. Vats are piepared
near the mills of about six feet deep, and eight feet
wide ; the length to be varied at pleasuie, the
bundles of hemp are then to be carefully laid in
lengthwise, until the vat is full, and pressedjdown
with any sufficient weight to keep it solid. Water
is then to be let on the top, until the vat is ^lled,
and to remain for two days to saturate the piass,
after which it is to be dra^vn oft', and a supply of
running water to be introduced, until the ivat is
filled, which is to run off contunially imtil the
hemp is properly rotted. The time ^vUl dep^d on
the temperature of the water, and will be from six
to twenty days ; the water is then to be fet ofl",
and after about eight hours the hemp is to betaken
out and set up in the field on its butts, after open-
ing the bundles against a fence or ropes runnmg
through stakes fastened in the ground for that pur-
pose. When perfectly dry, it is bound up and
taken to a dry-house where it is to be kihi dried
for about two days, from which it to be taken to
the mills for breaking and dressing. The mills
used by Mr. Allen, are a patented machine by
Daniel Ball, which is found to break and dress
hemp better than any that is known in this country,
and by the use of it, one man can jiroliably do as
much as ten men could by hand. With very litde
hand labor it is put in heads and packed m bales
for market, as the one presented at the Fair.
The quantity prepared for market, at these mills
the present year, will amoimt to about sixty tons,
which will probably be increased the? next year to
about two hundred tons.
Great difficulty has been found in indticing
farmers in the neighborhood, to enter into the c\il-
ture until the proprietor of the mill oft'ered a fixed
price according to the quality of the hemp dried as
it came from the field — in consequence of which
they have gone extensively into the business, and
find it a more profitable crop than any other they
can raise. SAMUEL ALLEN,
Agent for Abraham Varick, Copenhagen.
Lewis Coxmfy, A*. Y., Oct. 5, 1832.
From Ike I'etershurs: Inldligemer.
extraordinjVrt productions oe the
SEASONS.
We were a few days since presented with an
Apple of the second crop of this season's growth
from the same tree, in Blandfort, the eastern
suburb of Petersburg. It was one of the early
sweet species, rather elongated though dwarfish,
without seed, yet very fragrant.
Abingdon (Va.) Rcpuhlican mentions a beef
which weighed twenty pounils and eight ounces!
Likewise a Potato weighing five pounds and eight
ounces.'! Also, a Radish weighing ten pounds
and twelve ounces ! ! ! Verily, this remote conn r
of South West Virgiiua, has beaten the Kicli-
mond Norfolk and North Carolina Beets, as well
as the Winchester Potatoes, all hollow, as the
Back- Woods-Men say !
The Raleigh Register speaks of two Cabbages
whicli were presented to the Editors a few days
ago, the average weight of each of Which «as
more than thirty pounds ! And the Philade|)l)ia
National Gazette acknowledges the receipt of a
Purple Cape Brocoli, which measured three-quar-
ters of a yard in circmiifercnce.
A New York paper mentions a Cherry Tree
belonging to Mr. William Phelps, of A'einen,
which has produced two crops of ripe cherries of
good flavor the past summer : and on the 8th
of Sept. it was the third time in full blossom !
HTio can beat this '} So asks the Columbus
(Ohio) Journal, in noticing a Radish, raised in
Franklin co. in that State, and left at that office.
It is 23 inches long, 23 round, and weighing 15 IIjs.
4 oz. With the exception of a Pumpkin, weigii-
ing 196 lbs. and brought into Chihcothe, a i'vw
years since, it says, it is " the greatest vegetable
curiosity it has ever seen."
The Fredericksburg Arena, of Wednesday last,
says : — " Vegetables, this season, are disposed ' to
o'er step the modesty of nature.' We were called
yesterday to see a monstrous ■Cabbage, which
grew upon the farm of Mr. Fielding Lucas, about
six miles from town. It measures more than five
feet in circumference, and Would make Sour
Krout enough to support ' honest George Kremer,'
for a month or more."
From the New York Farmer.
SEED WHEAT.
Middlesex, Sept. 4, 1832.
Mr. Editor, — The prciiaratioii of wheat for seed,
seems to have divided the attention of our farmers
to a very considerable extent. I know no prac-
tice better than the one I have used for some years
past. It is as follows : —
Take two wash tubs, fill one of them two thirds
full of cold water, put in as much common salt as
the water will dissolve cold, pour uito this brine
about a bushel of seed wheat and stir it about for
two minutes. All the chess and light and imper-
fect grains will rise to the top and may be
^kimnied off. Then lay two sticks across the
JDinpty tub, on which set a large basket, and pour
(he wheat and brine into it, tlie brine will run into
he empty tub, leaving the wheat in the basket,
hieli may be emptied on a clean floor ; then put
another bushel of seed wheat, stir and skim as
fore, and so proceed till you have the quantity
named. Your wheat may then be spread two or
:liree inches thick over the floor, and about two
quarts of lime the bushel sifted over it stiring it
jfifjquently with a rake, in order to bring each
grain in contact with the lune. Let it lie from
pvelve to twenty-four hours and it is fit for use.
|If cockle is in the seed wheat, it should be run
jtluough a screen before it is wet ; if any rye, it
may he cut out before harvest in the field. — The
piaiu c*)ject of putting salt in the water is to in-
crease its specific gravity, so as to enable it to
iBoat the trush and light grains.
By this method, none but the best grains will
be coniinitted to the eartli, and I believe the smut
Mill eggs of the hessian fly are eflfectually de-
sdoycd by tlie .salt and lime, and that the suc-
ceeding crops will be more likely to be clean than
by any other mode of preparing the seed.
Yours, &c. R. M. W.
From the Northern Farmer.
VA1.WE OF science TO THE PRACTICAl, MAN.
That an iudividual may not become a tolerably
successful farmer or mechanic, by serving a long
apprenticeship in his particular calling, we will
not deny. So long, as he shall precisely follow
the sane beaten track, and find the same combina-
tion ofcircumstances, which had all along attend-
ed on lis formfer success, he will not feel the want
of that science, which explains the why and where-
fore ; l|ut whenever a different combuiation of cir-
cumstances shall arise he will meet with phenome-
na which he cannot explain, tmd with obstacles
which jio cannot overcome. He will, like a man
who has lost himself in the wilds of a forest, with-
out conqiass or pilot, and without confidence in
himself be found at every step, to be wandering
still further from the right road.
As strongly illustrative of the correctness of the
position here laid down, we will relate a single
fact. Some thirty jears ago, we knew a mechan-
ic, respectable for skill m the business which he
pursued. He had learned the business of making
common suction pumps : knew well how to con-
struct every part of the machinery, in a workman-
life manner ; his pumps had always worked well ;
and he had become the most popular pump-maker
ui the whole countr)'. At length unfortunately
for him, he was employed to make a pump for a
well something like forty feet deep. Tlie well be-
ing thus deep it was necessai-y to splice the timber
of which the pimip was formed ; this he did in
VOL. XI. NO. 33.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
181
the nicest and best manner ; finished his pump
and placed it in tlie well ; and, with the utmost
confidence began to work tlu pump ; but could
not raise a drop of water to the top of the well.
He now felt that his rejjutation was at stake, and
he continued to labor and tug at the punip-handle,
but the water was still obstinate and would not
rise above the lower box ; when the handle was
by great strength forced down, it would fly back
with great violence ; and, in short, it required so
much icnver to work the jnunp, that had it raised
the water, it nuist have been useless. To our
practical man, all this was perfectly inexplicable.
He had spliced pumps before, and fotmd no diffi-
culty in making them work ; and, as he supposed
the (lifiiculty in this case, must be a leak in the
jomts of his pump, lie took it up, and examined it,
and re-examined it, and calked it, and re-calked it,
and put it back again. Blit, all would not do.
The pmnp wouJd not work. And after wasting
something more than a week's labor, and sufter-
ing all the perplexities, and mortifications of disap-
pointment, he was compelled, though with great
reluctance, to give it up. Now all must ac-
knowledge, that in this case, a little science would
have been of great practical use. Had our practi-
cal man possessed a competent knowledge of the
principles of hydraulics, and of the agency of tiie
atmosphere, in i-aisiug water in a common suction
pump ; and that water could not be raised in this
way more than thirty-two feet, or to such height
as to be equal to a column of the atmosphere
in weight (which in very few situations, exceeds
that elevation,) he could not have beeu subjected
to all this chagrm and loss of labor.
From the Btirmtabk Joimi'll.
durable: fence.
Deacon Winslow Marston, has on his farm a
kind offence which for durability and beaiUy can
hardly be exceeded. On each side of the road
adjacent his dwelling, are rows of large button-
wood trees, set ten or twelve feet asunder. Into
these, when young, cedar rails were inserted as
into common posts. As the trees mcreased in
size, the wood formed closely round the ends of
the rails and firmly secured them in their places.
We have nowhere else seen this experiment tried
on so large a scale. It is (Certainly a durable and
cheap fence, because it will require no repairs at
least for one generation, and is moreover constantly
increasing in value. Were our roads lined with
this kind of fence, it would add not a little to the
beauty of the country, and the comfort of the
traveller.
GOOD TEMPER.
Mr. Abauzit, a citizen of Geneva, venerable
for a long life, devoted to study and the practice
of every virtue, had never, it is said, been put out
of temper. Some persons applied to his maid-
servant to ascertain if such was the fact. She had
beeu thirty years ui his service, and she declared,
tliat during the whole of that period, she had never
seen hun give way to the slightest irritation. She
was promised a sum of money if she could suc-
ceed in excitmg him to anger. She consented to
make the experunent, and knowing that he was
particularly fond of sleeping comfortably, she omit-
ted to make his bed. BI. Abauzit perceived if, and
the next momuig mentioned it to her ; she replied
that she had forgotten it. He said nothiug more
on the subject ; in the evening she left the bed in
the same state ; it was again mentioned the next
day, to which she replied with a pretended excuse,
worse than the former. The tliird time he said
to her, " You have again left my bed unmade : I
iippose you have made up your mind not to do it,
as you consider it too much trouble, well, after all
there is no great harm done, for I begin to get
used to it." She threw herself at his feet and
confessed the truth.
From the Family Lyceut.
CAMPHOR.
Camphor is the peculiar juice of a species of
laurel called the camphor tree, which is abundant
n China, in Borneo, and in Ceylon. It becomes
concrete by exposure to the air. It is remarkably
nflammable, and is used by the Indian princes to
;ive light in their rooms. It is pungent, volatile,
acrid, and strongly aromatic. These qualities have
rendered it useful as a medicine, and in sick rooms
to prevent contagion. It is also placed in collec-
tions, to kee]) ofl' the small insects that prey upon
the specimens.
CURIOUS MATTERS.
It is worth the investigation of the curious, to
leant the variety of little matters which are con
cocted in every village in New England. In
Pittsfield, an establishment, employing eighty
hands, is occupied in manufacturing elastic stocks
for gentlemen's nc-cks. In Lanesborough, 10,000
little wafer boxes are turned out from one estab-
lilishment alone daily ; these articles are made by
iiiachmery, in the twinkling of a bed post. In
Middlefield and Chester in this count}', immense
([uantities of green window blinds made of cane-
pole, are manufactured ; nearly one hundred iiands
are occupied in this productive branch of industry.
In Easthanipton, the reader knows what they are
about there, making wooden button moulds, and
other matters of that description, to kill. In
Williamsburg, too, lots of enterprize and industry
is building up the town ; there they make wooden
fatlier-boxes, and steel hammers, and lastin but-
tons too, oceans of 'em. In Hadley and Hatfield,
Why, what a dirty world this would be without
them, they supply half of Christendom with the
hidispeusable implement of household warfare and
lileanliness ; there's no mistake about Hatfield and
Hadley brooms. We an't duin nothin pertikler iu
this town, except a few ])adies digging a hole in
tiie canal, or rather shoveling out the dirt and leav-
ing the hole hehintl them. — JVorthampton Courier.
Peaches. In the Covent Garden market, Lon-
don, in August, peaches are quoted in a price
current, at £1. Is. a £. 10s. per dozen. Necta-
rines are quoted at the same prices.
The Hon. Mr. Woodbury, Secretai7 of the
Jfavy, has directed some of the Teak Seed to be
sent to Florida, and jilanted by way of experiment
on the Live Oak establishment ojjposite Pensacola.
The Teak is the growth of the East Indies, said to
be the most durable wood that grows, and the only
kind that is impervious to womis.
Progress of the Arts. A few years since chrome
yellow was 16 dollars a pound ; it is now made
with such ease, in Baltimore, from a mineral
fomid m great abundance in the vicinity of that
city, as to be sold at twenty cents a pound.
AU the copperas used in this country, was, until
recently imported from England ; it is now made
in several places from a mineral found in great
abundance in many parts of our country ; and
the importation, it is believed, is wholly stopped.
Fifteen or twenty years since, a pu])il of Pro-
fessor Silhnan, when out with him on a "eolou-ical
excursion in the vicinity of Yale College found
that many of the farmers there had built their com-
mon stone walls for one hundred and fifty years,
with some of the most beautiful marble in the
world, without a suspicion that it was any thing
more than cotnmon stone. — Family Lyceum.
The Cashniire Shawl Goat has been successfully
introduced into England by C. T. Tower, of Weild
Hall, Essex ; and as that gentleman by this time
must have some of his flock to dispose of, the
Gardener's Magazme thinks their introduction
among farmers, for their wool and also for their
milk, a fair subject to speculate on. This variety of
the common goat (or probably, it may be of a dis-
tinct species) is a fine looking animal, .and would
be very ornamental in a park, on a ruin, on the
side of a rock, or in a church yard. The coat is a
mixture of long coarse hair, and of short fine wool,
this latter begins to be loosen early in April ; and is
collected easily and expeditiously, by combing the
animals with such a comb as is used for horse's
inanes. The produce of a male is about 4 oz :
and of a female 2 oz : 2 lbs. of wool, as it comes
oft' the goat's back may be estimated to make one
shawl 54 inches sc]uare. Mr. Tower has this year
had three shawls made of his wool, one of which
was examined by the committee of manufactures.
The flock, consisting in 1823 of two bucks and
two does, now (1832) consists of 51 animals. Mr.
Tower states that his flock produces an average
of two ounces and one-third of down annually from
each animal.
A CASE of combustion occurred a few days
since, in the cellar of the new meeting-house, in
BrookljTi, Conn. Several barrels of unslacked
lime hod been deposited under the house, and
durmg s late storm sufiicient water had found its
way to the barrels to commence the process of
slackening. Two yoimg men on Sunday, went
into tin cellar, and found one cask on fire. Shav-
ings acruraulated duriug the building of the house,
were scattered over the cellar, which would soon
have increased the rapidity of the flames ; but
owing to the tunely discovery, the builduig was
fortunitely preserved.
Sins;ular Ornaments among the Indians. Their
females have a singular mode of ornamenting them-
selvef. They bore a hole through the upper lip,
as lew do^ii towards the chin ^s nossible, and
stick several long thongs in the aperture, with the
points jirojecting outwards. Observing that sever-
al of the tribe had decorated their lips with com-
mon pins, I gave one of the squaws a few that I
happened to have in my possession. She imme-
diatdy called to her a girl of about twelve years
old, (apparently her doughtcr,) who had not, as
yet, beeu distinguished by this ornament, pierced
her lip, with equal indifference and dexterity, with
a sharp instrument made of an algiator's tooth, and
placed the pins in the orifice. The poor girl bore
this ojK'ration with great patience, and appeared to ^
be perfectly consoled by the possession of her new- ^^
ly acquired ornament for the pain it must have •
given her. — Campaigns and Cruises in Sotith
America.
182
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECEMBER 10, 183tJ.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DEC. 19, 1832.
Profit and Expenses of Farming, Sfc. The profit
of farming greatly tlepciKls on the pcouomical
management of working cattle, witli the imple-
ments immediately connected witli them. An ac-
count shoidd be opened for teams, and charged
with the cost of the horses and working cattle ;
also the wagons, carts, ploughs, and other instru-
ments connected with them ; likewise shoeing, and
the grain, roots, hay, &c. consumed by tlicni ; and
at the end of the year allowing a proper per centage,
or premium, for the risk of their lives, the balance
may be struck. Perhaps less than five per cent,
which seems to be the usual premium, would
cover tliis risk on all kinds of live stock, if a full
supply of nutritive matter be provided for them,
and proper care be taken of them. A sum equal
to such depreciation of tlieir value as may arise
either from age or accident, should also be charged :
likewise the annual wear and tear of carts, ploughs,
and other instruments connected whh the use of
the teams, together with an average interest on
the account, which beuig previously credited with
the number of days, the horses apd o.wn may
have happened to work during the hrear, will de-
termine the cost of a day's work d^ue by one or
more of them. The farmer may be assured that
unless np more working cattle be kept than are ab-
solutely necessary, and great economy be practiced
in the management of them, and the implements
connected with them, the price of a dajIPs work
done by one or more of tlie horses or oxeiiwill so
far exceed credibility with those who havdnot in-
vestigated this important subject, that I wll omit
making the probable estimate, lest it might )e sup-
posed that it was not founded on facts that ictual-
ly exist when the genuine principles of run econ-
omy are not attended to.
An aecoimt similar to that for the horKs and
working cattle, will determine the expenke and
cost of the animals reared or bought for salel The
account of teams for the ensuing year will of lourse
be charged whh the present actual value of the
horses and oxen, together with the present Ictual
value of the implements connected witli thert.
The cxp«|»sc*of each crop will be deteriiined
by charging it with the cost of cultivation) &c.
Also an average interest on the capital employed
in it, together witli a rent for the ground, eqial to
an annual interest, on the sum it cost per £ ere :
this should be estimated by adding to the first cost
of farm, the cost of the necessary improvenjents
made to place the buildings, fences, &c. In a
proper condition for farming. But after the farm
has been put into proper order, an account should
k be opened for tlie general expenses of it, such as
m keeping the buildings, fences, &c. in order, or
such other charges as cannot be readily placed to
the debt of any particular crop, &c. and after
balance should be carried to the account of profit
and loss, at the end of the year. The whole of
the grass grounds, for any one year, will require
but one account, be the fields many or few. An
account should always be opened for such imple-
ments of husbandry as are not connected with tlie
teams, and their separate costs and repairs charged
to it ; also an annual average interest on the
amount ; likewise tlie wear and tear of the imple-
ments. After this has been done, and credit given
for the actual value of the implements on hand,
the balance should be carried to the account of
profit and loss.
»4 good method of using Straw. It is well known
th»t cattle prefer short straw to that which is long.
It is, therefore, an excellent practice to cut straw
almost as short as oats, and to induce the horses
to eat it, mix some oats or barley among it.
Sheep. Every year a flock of shee]> should be
examined, in order to find out such as begin to
grow old, and ought to be turned off for fattening ;
as they require particular management, and should
be put in a flock by themselves. Sheep may be
fattened in winter, but it is con.monly too expen-
sive, as they require a good deal of richer food than
hay. When sheep are once become fat, they
should be killed ; for it is said they cannot be
made fat a second time. The teeth of ewes begin
to decay at five, those of weathers at seven, and
those of rams not till eiiiht.
Preserving Meat in Snow. Meat that is killed
in tlie early part of winter, may be kept, if buried
in snow, until spring. This is an excellent
method of preserving fresh and good, the carcases
of turkeys, and other fowls.
Set an open cask in a cold place ; put snow
and pieces of meat alternately. Let not the pieces
touch each other, nor the sides of the cask. The
meat will neither freeze grow dry, nor be discolor-
ed ; but be good the last of March. The surfaces
of the pieces should be a little frozen before the\
are put into the snow, that the juice of the meat
may not dissolve the snow. The cask should be
placed in the coldest part of the house, or in an
out-house.
For the New England Farmer.
Mr. Fessenden, — Will you, or any of your
correspondents, be so good as to inform the sub-
scriber through the medium of the New England
Farmer, the size to which the Paradise apple
will grow, the quality of its fruit, and whether
their stocks are good for grafting as standards.
A CONSTANT READER OF TOUR PAPER.
Dec. 6, 1832.
For the New England Farmer.
NEW ENGLjVND pork.
Mr. Fessenden, — Mr. Asa Littlefield, of Fra-
mingham, slaughtered a hog last week, that weigh-
ed when dressed 678 lbs.
., , ---1, — It was weighed at the scales of Wheeler &
charging an aimual average on this account, the Stone, and sold to Sylvanus Phipps, of Framing-
hara, the hog was between eighteen and nineteen
momlis old. The lovers of fat pork arc invited
to call and see so fair a specimen of New England
production. Yours, W. B.
iDec. 10, 1832.
/ From the Genesee Fanner.
1 FATTENING HOGS ON APPLES.
JA. friend of mine had two acres of well-grown
traes of natural fruit, chiefly sour. He was going
tojcut it down, alleging that his grafted orchard
afftrded suflicient fruit. I told hitn my theory.
ABont the last of July he put in 25 hogs, 13 of
wBich were of pretty good size, the others shoats
anj pigs. The lot had on it little or no grass. No
s\clp or feed was given. At the end of two months
and a half the hogs were in fine order, and one of
thani being killed the meat was esteemed delicious.
Mi friend has given uj) cutting down his trees.
I wish some good fiirmer, who has sweet apples
to spare, would put up four pigs of the same litter
in two pens, two in each pen ; that he would weigh
and set down the weight of each ; that he would
gine two of them corn and water, and two of them
ripe sweet apples luid water, and notlimg else ; that
hewould measure and keep an account of both
the apples and the corn fed to them ; that after a
prbpir cour.se of feeding he would kill all four,
wiigli and set down the weight, that he would
salt the meat and smoke it ; and that after having
it^ quality inspected, tasted and tried, he would
publish the whole.
* From the Exeter News Letter.
GREAT POTATO STORT.
W'f. mentioned, a few weeks since, that Levi
Lant, Esq. of Hampton Falls, planted one potato
lastscason, which jjroduced 387 potatoes, making
two bushels ! Now this we tliought a pretty good
story — Init our friend Harriman, of the Haverhill
Iris, tells a better. Mr. George French, of Ando-
ver, has raised from a single potato 447, which
measured three bushels and one peck. We ac-
knowledge ourselves beat.
From the Trotj Budget.
A HINT TO FARMERS.
Mr. Kemble : Sir — I have known nuich dis-
tress averted by stripping the husks from the ear,
when the crop of corn had been touched with frost,.
so that the mould consequent upon frost was there-
by prevented, and a tolerable crop secured by the
ear becoming hard in that situation. I have
thought this hint to farmers might be useful, par-
ticidarly as the backward state of the crops of com
this year exposes it to early frosts of autumn.
Philanthropist.
From Elliot's North of Europe.
DIAMOND MILL. AT AMSTERDAM.
The diamond mill is one of the most interesting
objects in Amsterdam. It is the property of a
Jew, whose son, a clever lad, obligingly conducted
us through the rooms, and explained the various
parts of the process of polishing diamonds. Four
liorses turn a wheel, setting in motion a number
of smaller wheels in the room above, whose cogs,
acting on circular metal plates, keep them in con-
tinued revolution. Pulverized diamond is placed
on these ; and the stcme to be polished, fastened
at the end of a ])iece of wood by means of an
amalgam of zinc and quicksilver, is submitted to
the friction of the adamantuie particles. This is
the only mode of actmg on diamond, which can
be ground and even cut, by particles of tlie same
vol.. XI. NO. as.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
183
substance. In the latter operation diamond dust
is iixed on a metal wire that is moved ra))idly
backwards and forwards over the stone to be cut.
You are probably aware of the distinction between
ji rose diamond and a brilliant. The one is entire
and set vertically, the other is divided and set
horizontally. The largest diamonds are reserved
for roses, which always rise iii the centre to an
angle ; the smidler are used as brilliants, and have
a flat octagon on the upper surface.
Fro?n the Genesee Farmer,
NEWTON PIPPIN APPLE.
Irf the mouth of November, 1831, we made a
visit to Mrs. Col. Moore, at Newton, on Long
Island, solely on purpose to ascertain the origin
of this celebrated fruit. From the information
we then received, we cousidei-ed the original tree
was iu that lady's orchard, but in a very interest
iug conversation with the venerable Wm. Prince,
Esq., of the Botanic Gardens, at Flushing, Long
Island, a few weeks ago, we found we were mis
taken. The tree at Mrs. ftlooRE's being only a
sucker from the original tree, three of which were
taken from it, but the destination of the other
two we have not been able to ascertain. We
consider this exjilanation absolutely necessary hav-
ing published iu Loudon's Gardener's Magazine,
iu Loudon, that the real original tree was not in
Mrs. Moore's orchard. We thank Mr. Prince for
givhig us correct mforixiation on this subject, as
well as on several others connected with fruit:
which wi^ shall advert to at a future period.
MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
A SPECIAL MEETING of Iho MassacliuseUs Horliculiu-
ral Society, will be held at the Hall of the Society on Satur-
day, Dec. 22d, at 11 o'clock, A.M.
A general attendance of the members is requested, as busi-
ness of importance will be then brought before them.
Per Order, R, L. EMMONS, Hecrdanj,
GRAPE VINES, SCIONS, &,c.
WM. PRINCE & SONS can furnish any number of
Grape Vines at the following rales, varying according lol
Isabella; §15 to g25 per 100.
Catawba; gI8 to g30 per 100.
Alexander ; gl5 to ,g23 per 100.
^/io, Winne, Scuppernong, Bland, York Lisbon, York Ma-
deira, Garber's large Fox, Norton's Virginia, Elsingburgh, Elk-
Ion, Ilerbemont's Madeira, Cooper's Wine, and other native
grapes, at low rates, by the 100 or 1000.
Scions of Isabella, Catawba and Alexander, at ^20 per lOdO ;
and of other kinds at reasonable rates.
Any number of the Morus multicaulis will be contracted for,
from one to fifteen thousand, or any less number. The tree:
are of various sizes, and the prices will be in proportion anc
much below former rales. dec 18
PURE DURHAM SHORT HORNS. '
FOR SALE, several of the pure breed, descendants of tha
celebrated animals presented bv Admiral Sir /siwc Cofin, td
(he Massachusetts Society for the promotion of Agriculture!
The pedigree of these animals can be given as far back as Hub\
back, who was calved in 1777, and is reputed the foundation of
this much admired stock. Also, several Cows and Heifers!
bred from the same, of various grades, from half up to seven-
eighths blooded animals. For particulars, inquire of Thomas
G Fessende.v, Editor of the New-England Farmer, or to E.
Herset Derby, Salem.
Salem. Dec. Ulli, 1832. if
NEW ENGLAND PARMER'S ALMANAC.
.o^F?"^ £"'''"''<'''' '''" ^'"*'. England Farmer's Almanac of
1833, by T.G.Fessf.nden, editor of the New England Far-
me>-contamuig the usual variety of an almanac, a'id several
»rticles on agriculture, by the editor and others. Price 50
cents per dozen, 1^-^^. j
MACKAY PIGS.
Tw"' ^\^'^' "'™'='' ^^^^ of the genuine Mackay breed.
ImL ^^^'"" "? ''■'''''" "'''' "'' 5?°^ «'==« ™'l rorm: They
wH be sow low. Inquire at the N.li:. Fanner olEce
SPECTACLES.
A GOOD assortment of Silver Spectacles constantly
on hand and lor sale at fair prices by William M. Wesson,
at No. 105, Washington Street. 4t dec 13
VSTANTS A SITUATION,
AN experienced GARDENER, capable of taking charge of
a Greenhouse, and willing to do any work relating to a Garden.
Good recommendations wM be pro'duced. Apply at this office.
dec 18 eowCw
NEWT ENGLAND FARMER, COMPLETE.
FOR SALE, at the office of the New Englajid Farmer, 51
& 52, North Market-street,
A COMPLETE set of the New England Farmer, in ten
volumes, from its conimcnceuienl, August 3, 1822 ; being the
only copy that is known to be for sale. The character ol this
work is loo well known to require comment — comprising the
official accounts of the principal Cattle Shows in New England ;
Reports of Committees; numerous valuable essays on agricul-
ture, gardening, orcharding, domestic economy, itc. &c. by
various agricufturists in New England and the Middle States-
forming in itself a useful library for the farmer ; neatly half
bound and lettered, and in very ti'ne order, at ,^3,76 per volume.
dec 5
BLACK CURRANT WINE.
JUST received, at GEORGE C. BARRETT'S SEED
STORE, Nos. 51 &. 52 North Market Street, Boston—
A supply of superior old Black Currant Wine. — An
accoiuU ot its astringent and detergent properties in various
complaints, will be found in the N. E. Farmer, vol. 5, page 2G7,
written by S. W. Pomeroy,Esq. and the late Doct. J. G. Coffin.
It is highly salutary in many summer complaints. Doct. Coffin
states : ' Its use has been attended with remarkable success in
ihc early stages of cholera morbus and dysentery — and again
also in the later stages of these diseases, after the symptoms of
intlammatiou or febrile excitement had ceased. It has been strik-
ingly remedial in the low states of typhoid and bilious fever.
The late Capt. Gilchrist, who for several years followed theBa-
tavia trade, and who had always suflered an attack of the severe
cholera which proves so destructive of human life in that cli-
mate, used to say that after he had this wine with him, and took
two glasses of it every morning, he escaped the disease. On
one voyage, his mate, who had not taken the wine, was seized
with this complaint, when a bottle or two stopped its progress.
Wc have not room to enumerate many other ;norbid afTections
in which this wine has proved useful. In sore throat it has for
many years been considered almost a specific remedy.' — Price
75 cents per bottle. dec 6
BREMEN GEESE.
JOHN PERRY has for sale on his farm at Sherburne, twen-
ty-six superior Bremen Geese, of pure blood. Also, a few
hundred White Mulberry trees, foin- years old.
For information please apply to Mr. Hollis, Quiiicy Market
or to the subscriber on his larm. JOHN PERRY.
Nov. 7.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
FRESH WHITE MULBERRY SEED.
JUST received, at GEO. C. BARRETT'S SEED
STORi, Nos. 51 & 52 North Market Slrccl—
A su iply of fresh aud genuine White Mulberry Seed,
warranted the growth of the present season, from one of the
III), est Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Connecticut, Short
directions for its culture accompany the seed. dec 5
THE PLANTER'S GUIDE.
JUST published, and for sale by Geo. C. Barrett, at the
New England Farmer Office, — the Planter's Guide ; or, a Prac-
tical Essay on the best method of Giving Immediate Efi'ect 'to
Wood,by the removal of Large Trees and Underwood ; being
an attempt to place the Art, and that of General Arboriculture
on fixed and Phytological principles ; interspersed with obser-
vations on Genera! Planting, and the improvement of real land-
scape. Originally intended lor the climate of Scotland. By
Sir Henry Steuart, Bart. LL. D. F. R. S. E. etc. Price ,^3.
BLACK. SEA WHEAT.
JUST received a few bushels of the celebrated Black Sea
Wheat, described by Mr. Marvin in this week's New Eng-
land Farmer, and raised by him near Lake Erie ; price ^3 per
bushel. It is thought this will prove a valuable acquisition io
New England; the seed is of remarkably fine appearance,
wholly free from small grains on mixture with other seeds, and
we think cannot fail to give satisfaction. Farmers are request-
ed to call and examine it. Nov. 21
CATAWBA GRAPE CUTTINGS.
SINCLAIR & MOORE, Nurserymen, Baltimore, will
execute orders lor Cuttings of the Catawba Grape to any
amount, at ^20 per 1000. — Ten yeais' experience has con-
vinced us that this is one of the most desirable grapes culti-
vated, on account of its great productiveness, and excellent
quality, for either the table or for wine. It is a very popular
market grape, ^-100 worth having been sold by one man in our
market this season. — Orders left with Mr. Barrett, publisher
of the New-England Farmer, will receive prompt attention
from us,
Baltimore, Nov. 21.
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk, . . . . . .
four meal,
skimmed milk, . . . .
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Gennessce,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oals,
Hay
HONEV,
Hops, Isl quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, . . . .
Southern, 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
'* upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lihe,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, Jths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
-Uerino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
Pulled superfine, .
1st Lambs, . . .
2d " ...
3d " ...
1st Spinning, . . .
.Soutiern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. I(ss per lb.
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
cwt.
gallon
cwt
pound
side
pound
side
pound
cask
ton
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt
pound
KRO
2 00
2 00
1 50
10 OL
G 25
7, 50
11
1 2
G 87
G 60
G .50
6 76
8C
60
23 00
18
2 50
1 00
3 00
17 50
12 50
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices.
Ha.ms northern, •
iouthem,
Pork whole hogs, . . . .
PouLfRY,
Buttcr, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best
Egc
PoTiTOEs, common, . . .
CiDiR, {according to quality,)
pound
Oi
6
IE
26
dozen
26
bushel
36
barrel
2 00
2 26
2 50
1 62
10 50
6 37
8 OO
12
1 26
7 CO
6 75
C 62
7 00
90
83
90
70
52
23 00
10
9
300
20
2 70
30
56
18 OO
13 00
3 OO
1 60
30
40
3 oe
JRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Dec. 17, 18.32.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
A Market this day 818 Beef Cattle, 158 Stores, about 3300
Shffp, and 1G7 Sw'ine. About 900 Sheep, and 80 Swine,
weie reported last week. *■
Prices. Beef Cattle.— The cattle generally were of a
inurh better qualit3' to-day, than last week, and the prices, were
fuly supported, some qualities brought higher. We noticed
a Due yoke fed by R. 'Newton, Esq. of Worcester, and driven
by Mr. S. Wyman, taken at §6,25. We also noticed five
beiulifu! cattle taken at ,§6. AVe quote extra at ^5 a 5^;
prime at 5-i,75 a 6 ; good at 54.25 a 4,75.
Barrellins Cattle.— Mess at gi; No. 1 at J3 »5 a 3,76 ;
No. 2 at S2;75 a 3,00.
iilnres.— Two years old, at g 10,00 a 17,00; Yearlings g7.C0
a 12,00
S/itcp. — The market continues full, but last prices were ful-
ly sustained. We noticed an ordinary lot of Pelt Sheep.
talenal gl ; lots to slaughter at g!,37, 1,50, 1,75, 1,84, 2,
anil 2,26.
tiwijie. — Rather scarce. A few would meet a ready sale ;
one small lot of half barrows were taken at 4c. ; one lol at 4^,
and one at H ; and a few were retailed at 4^ for sows, and 0^
for barrows.
184
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
DECEMBER 10, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
THERE IS A STAR.
There is a star no gloom can shroud —
A hope no wo can sever—
A ray thai through the darkest cloud
Shines smilingly forever !
When nature spreads the shades of night,
With scarce one hope of morrow.
That star shall shed_serenest light,
To gild the tear of sorrow.
When melancholy's silent gloom
Enshrouds the heart with sadness.
That ray will issue from the tomb,
To fill the breast with gladness.
Then, humble Christian, fearless go,
Though darkest woes assail thee ;
Though dangers press and troubles flow,
This hope shall never fail thee.
I^nrBRPOOIi AND MANCHESTER RAIL ROAD.
Results. 1070 passengers per day has been the
average.
It has not been out of use a single day.
Only one fatal Occident has occurred in eighteen
months.
The fiire by coaches used to be nearly double of
what it is by Rail-road Cars.
The tittle of going between the towns reduced
from four to one three-quarter hours.
A regiment of soldiers has beenjtakeu over the
road in two hours. I
The locomotive travel safely in the dark !
Goods average about 10s. per. ton fur carriage.
On the canals they paid 15s.
The Manchester cotton raaufacturers save
$100,000 per annum in the carriage of cotton
alone.
A great deal of land along the line ha^been let
for gardens, at increased rents.
There is much way travel.
The mails are carried at two-thirds o^the old
prices.
The effects of the Rail Road. The floul of the
West, even that of the country lying immldiately
on the Ohio river, is beginning to lind itsKvay to
our State emporium, by means of the Ral-road.
We understand that a quantity of flour mfciufac-
tured at the Wheeling Steam-mill, was for+arded
to Baltimore a few days smce front thismlace.
We have no doubt that the great bulk If the
produce of the West will soon take the sameuirec-
tion. The Wheeling Transportation Ime of mgons
is now in full operation between tliis place aal the
Ohio river. We understand that it finds I re-
dundancy of employment. — Frederickstown,\Md.
paper.
and put it uito a pot of small beer, holding the land this is the place where he fixes his simple and
edge towards the nose, and drinking the beer [mgemous tra\>.— English Paper.
leisurely. — London Surgical and Medical Journal
Pidsation. The pulse m the time of Hip-
pocrates was, probably, not more than sixty beats
in a minute ; from which, probably, originates om-
smallest division of time, denominated the moment
or second, which divides the day into 86,400 parts.
As the human species refine, probably the pulse
quickens, and so completely are we machines, that
like a clock, the faster we go the sooner we are
down. — lb.
Superstilio7i. The Minorquins never venture to
pfune a fruit tree, thinking it impious to presume
direct its growth and amend tlie works of i'mv-
I FRUIT TREES.
JOKDERS for Fruit. Forest, and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs,
[fcucysucklcs, &c. from Wiuship, Kenrick, Prince, Bucl &.
Wilson, and other respectable Nurseries, received by the sub-
wibcr, and executed at Nursery prices.
T GEO. C. BARKETT,
Idcc 5 New England Farmer Office.
VSEFUIi REMEDIES.
For Extreme Costiveness. Take three tible-
spoonsftdl of sweet oil, mixed in about hi If a
pint of warm water. I have known peopk re-
lieved by this simple means, when in very : :reat
danger.
cramp, put their legs in warm water before they
go to bed, taking care to rub them well. The bed
in cold weather should be wanned.
Habits of Economy. " A slight Iviiowle.lge of
human nature will show," says IVIr. Colquhoon,
" that when a man gets on a little in the world he
is desu Otis of getting on a little further." Such is
tlie growth of provident habits, that it has been
said, if a journeyman lays by the first five shillings
his fortune is made. Mr. William Hall, who has
bestowed gieat attention on the state of the labor-
ing poor, declares he never knew an instance of
one who had saved money, coming to the ])arish.
And he adds, moreover, " those individuals who
save money are better workmen : if they do not
work better, they behave better, and are more re
spectable ; and I woidd sooner have in my trade
a hundred men who would save money, than iwi
hundred, who would spend every shilling they got. ]
In proportion as individuals save a little money,
their morals are much better ; they husband that
little, and a superior tone is given to their morals;
and they behave better for havuig a little stake in
society." It is scarcely necessary to remark that
habits of tboughtfulness and frugality are at all
times of iinmese importance.
Genius. A man's genius is always in the be-
ginning of life as much unknown to hunself as to
others ; and it is only after frequent trials, attend-
ed with success, that he dares think himself etpial
to the undertaking in which those who have stir-
ceeded have fixed the admiration of mankind. —
Hume.
In the county of Westmoreland, mole catching
for the last century has become a science of its
own, and those who wish to live by a knowledge
of it, must serve a seven years' apprenticeship.
It is from this country that Great Britain receives
her mole catchers ; and were we to examine tin-
science minutely, we should find that it fully n-
I quires seven years' hard study, 'accompanied with
I great practice, to come to moderate proficiency.
The mole is quite a philosopher in his way, and
changes his plan of life according to the lands lie
frequents; be has different modes for fallows,
mosses, pastures, and gardens, all peculiar in
form.
AMERICAN FARRIER.
ri.ST received, by GEO. C. BARRETT, and for sale at
111 I New England Fanner Office, No. 32 North Market-street,
th American Farrier, containing a minute accoimt of the forma-
ti( a of every part of the Horse, with a description of all the
di eases to which each part is liable, the best remedies to bo
aj )lied in effecting a cure, and the most approved mode of
trt atment tor preventing disorders ; with a copious list of medi-
CL Ds, describmg their qualities and effects when applied in dif-
fe Jilt cases ; and a complete treatise on rearing and managing
tb horse, from the foal to the full grown active laborer; illus-
trqleil with numerous engravings. By H. L. Barnum. Price
75ccnls
dec 3
SPLENDID BUIiBOVS ROOTS.
iUST received at the Agricultural Warehouse and Seed
re, No. 5(M North llarkct Street, a large assortment of Bul-
ls Flower Hoots, comprising the tinest varieties of
IVACINTHS: (Double and single,) dark blue, porcelain
r. nil. rosv colored, pure white with yellow eye, while wiili
T<s\ cv. . ^iiul yellow witli various eyes: from lijj to Jjfl each.
Jil Lll'.S: Splendid variegated, ret), yellow, and mixed;
ills each, g\ per dozen ; assorted, with the colors mark-
each ; (our assortment of fine tulips is very large, and
■ enabled to put many sorts as low as gG per hundred ;
aiiiiliii I to those wiio wish to form a superb tulip bed.)
JdNtiriLLES; Sweet scented, finest roots lij cts. each,
51,.T.|.,Z™.
I'tll.VANTHUS NARCISSUS: Fragrant, white with
ritroii cups, extra sized roots, 19 cents each.
DOUBLE NARCISSUS ; Fragrant, of all colors, 12J cts.
each. ^1 per dozen.
SPRING CROCUS : Of all colors, GJ cents each, 50 cents
per dozen.
LARGE GLADIOLUS or SWORD LILIES, 124 cents
each, gl per dozen.
The above roots are of the same superior character as those
sold by us the last season, and which gave sucli universal satis-
faction ; some of the double Hyacuilhs having jiroduccd bells
e inch and eight tendis in diameter.
Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots are
( ;jKrc/i(isf(i u^ rt«c(ion, and are all remarkable for their sizes
id lor the beauty and delicacy of tint of their flowers.
LEAD.
SHEET Lead, of all dimensions ; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
(if all sizes ; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, constantly for sale
1 v ALBERT FE.4RING & CO. No. I, City Wharf.
■ Boston, Oct. ICtli, 1832. tf
ground, commonly in a thicket, or beneath an old
wall, not to to be come at. The great aim of the
mole-catcher is to understand the lead of the land
so Avell that the mystic path may be known be-
tween the keep and the feeding ground, which path
„ ., „ T . 1 u- . J ♦! I is trod by the mole daily. This is the secret of
For the Cramp. Let such as are subject 1 1 the . ■' ■' , „ ,„i,„ro r,;= „;T,f.=
„... .,, -i 1 : ,.._.__ 1,.^ Ui,„„ I the science. A gas man knows where his pipes
are laid in the streets of a great city, because lie
laid them diere — no one else does ; but a properly
educated mole-catcher, by the lead of the land, and
Let those who are various other circumstances, can tell where tli
THE NE1V ENGLAND FARMER
Is lublished cvcrv Wednesday Eveniiis;, at ij.i per annum,
payable at the eiid of the year— but those wlio pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are enlitledto a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
(lj= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
beingmade in advance.^ ^^^^^_
Nno York—G. Thorbijrn & Sons, 07 Liberty-street,
^/(lann— Wm. Thorburn, 3-17 Market-street.
ri,i(addphia—D. & C. Landreth, 85 Chesnut-street.
Bdtimore—l- I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
His great fastness is remote from the feedin, <^^^^:^^^k:^^{^:Z:G..
ykldiebunj, !'(.— Wight Ch.ipman, Merchant.
'llartford—GooDvnti & Co. Booksellers.
ftnnnsMd. Ms.— v.. Edwards, Merchant.
\Victen/»ort— Ebesezf.r Stedman, Bookseller.
'Porlmonth, N. H.-J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, A/f.-CoLMAN,HoLDEN & Co. Booksellers.
ylKrtis<a, JWc.—Wm. Mann, Druggist.
H3ifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal L.
Geo. Bent.
To stop the Hiccoughs.
troubled with this complaint take a case knife, [ mole-walk is, although hid deep m the ground ;
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by John Ford, who
executes every description of Book and Fnncij Printing
in sood style, and with promptness. Orders for printing
may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the AgricuJttnal
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGIiAND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. Si, NORTH MARKET STREET, (.\t the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 26, 1832.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Farmer.
AGIIICUI.TUKAI< ESSAYS, BIO. X.
ENGAGING IN LAW-SUITS,
The Farmers of New England in general, an'
too apt to rontend with each other in the law; and
to refer, even the most trifling controversies be-
tween them, to the decisions of Courts of Justice.
But they ought to guard against this ruinous prac-
tice, as they would against the greatest disappoint-
ments and misfortunes. For if they will attend to
the fruits of this unhappy passion, they will sec
that but few, if any, have been benefitted, while
multitudes have been utterly ruined by it. So
great are the unavoidable expenses of time, counsel,
witnesses, attendance, fees of officers, and so
many the vexations of minds, that in general, a
man had better compound with his neighbor in a
quiet and peaceable manner, and give him his coat,
although he had previously taken away his cloak,
than sulimit to the manifold evils wliich may pos-
sibly arise from a process in law. But you will
.say, he may gain the cause, and then — to wlficli
it may be replied, he may lose it and then, —
Farther you may observe, that there are ceitain
characters, with which you are obliged to be con-
nected occasionally, who are so given to conten-
tion that it is next to impossible to keep up an
amicable correspondence with them. Thev will
encroach, deceive, opjiress, and pay no conjcieu-
tious regard to their conduct and engagemifna.
Doubtless there may be such characters : but if
you know them, it must be your own fault, in
some measure, if difficidties arise between you
and them. It is imprudent to have any great in-
timacy, or much to do with a man of a dishonest,
contentious spirit. iVnd yet it must be acknow-
ledged, that it may sometimes be a duty which
you owe to the public, as well as to yourself, to
oppose his base and dishonest attempts. As,
where a man challenges the title you havt to your
lands, when he might as well claim the knds and
tenements of any other neighbor — to oppise, and
if possible, suitably punish such a character, so
avaricious and wicked, every man ought always to
be ready and willing. Such men in neighbor-
hoods and in society, are like foxes and wolves in
a flock of sheep : and we have to lament th? lot of
that man who is obliged to come forward, and to
expose them at his own expense. But to aviid ihe
vexations and expenses which unavoidably follow
from suits and processes in law, " study to be
(juiet, and to do your own business — keep your
shop, and your shop will keep you." Avoid tavcnis,
horse races, shooting matches and gaming tables.
Pay all your little, as well as your greater debts
punctually. Give your laborers their hard earned
wages daily, or at least, weekly ; and close all your
accounts with every man, at the close of cvoy
year. Use the creatures and goods of your neijh-
bor, when hired, or borrowed, as carefully, or
more carefully, than you would if they were your
own — ^be truly charitable, and look upon all nen
as your brethren. Accustom yourselves to do
little favors for your neighbors, and without my
expectations of reward from them. Overhok
thuigs said and done by them, when they wre
angry, mistaken, or heated with liquor. Never
attempt to take the advantage of them, however
they may expose themselves ; but throw the
mantle of charity over their weaknesses. Remem-
ber that you also are a man ; and that benevolence
is the law of your nature. Above all things, make
it your study and endeavor, to regulate and con-
trol your passions and appetites. An example of
this kind, may be followed by your neighbors ; and
if it shouUl, it would put an end to contentious of
all kinds ; and save you from the expenses and
vexations of the law : which, though necessary and
good in itself, may prove the most permanent
source of distress, to those who rashly and wan-
tonly engage in it.
C5^ " For every thing you buy or sell, let
or hire, make an exact bargain at first ; and be not
|)utofi'to an hereafter by one that says to you,
we shall not disagree about trifles."
For ihe New Englaiid Farmer.
THE SELECTION ASTD MANAGEMENT OF A
FARM.
Upon a proper selection of his farm, the com-
fort and prosperity of a husbandman mostly de-
pend ; of course every one cannot be guided by
the same rules in these matters, but there are
some general principles which it is believed are
ajiplicable to every case, and it is to be regret-
ted that among an intelligent community they are
so often disregarded. The wretched appearances
of many of our farms — buildings ruinous and un-
sightly, soil weedy and unproductive, fences fallen
aid falling — are to be ascribed in a great measure
to one vast and prevalent failing, viz. the posses-
sion of too many acres. An extensive farm does
not consequently prove a valuable one ; it is not
the number of acres cultivated, but the manner in
vjhich they are cultivated, that should engage the
eiergies of the farmer — for the product of one
aire thoroughly husbanded is superior to the pro-
duce of six managed in the common way.
I Another oversiglit which causes much trouble
aid perplexity, is the disproportion which the dif-
fllrent parts of a farm bear toward each other,
ihe pasture is too extensive for the other grass
Itnds and hay must be purchased, perhaps at an
advanced price, to support the stock through win-
ter, or a portion of that stock must be sold to pre-
serve the remnant from starvation. The tillage is
too confined to yield the crops which are actually
necessary for the home consumption, and the barn
or the wood lot must supply the deficiency. These
ai-e staring facts, but they are nevertheless true
and of often occurrence.
Another subject which demands notice, is the
want of capital among our husbandmen at their
outset. This, though it cannot rightly be termed
a failing, is in the most literal sense of the word
an oversight. Farming requires capital as well as
any other business, and a want of it often pro-
duces disappointment and failure. Ready money
in this occiqiation as in every other breeds more,
or to say the least, makes a great saving. Build-
mgs must be repaired, tools must be purchased,
and various other matters furnished ; and if the
farmer, to answer his wants, has to part with a por-
tion of his crops at an unseasonable time, and in an
overstocked market, he feels the evil consequences
for a long time. And how is this to be avoided
ask one and another .' In this way — never pur-
chase a farm till you can pay for it without sum-
moning the last cent from your purse, unless you
have a speedy prospect of realizing a moderate
and sure income, a part of which can be saved to
defray unlooked-for expenses.
There is one more general cause of the dis-
reputable appearance of so many of our farms,
and it is the one most to be lamented — it is an
actual ignorance of many important agricultural
subjects. No farmer who reads the experiments
and suggestions of others and prosecutes observa-
tions and researches of his own, need remain in
ignorance of any division whatsoever of his em-
ployment. True, he may not be expert and
thorough in every thing, and it is not to be ex-
pected that he will, but ho may easily have a gene-
ral knowledge of the principles of every subject
included in the term. Agriculture. Tliere are
many who neither strive to better themselves by
instruction and hints from others, or by a minute
attention to tlie subject on their own part ; on
such men yon can place no hope, and you i-egret
their negligence not so much on their own ac-
count, as on account of the ruinous example they
offer to those under their direction and in their
immediate vicinity. It is not impossible for the
seeds of an evil tree to germinate, or for the va-
pors of a poisonous plant to spread far and wide.
Hav'ir noticed some of the principal causes
of bad husbandry, I shall now offer a few general
remarks on the selection and management of a
farm.
In purchasing a farm, let your main object be
to obtain one of a moderate size and suitably di-
vided. The soil of course should be a primary
object of consideration, but as there are various
kinds adapted to the growth of various crops, no
general rule can be consistently urged on this
point. A good orchard is a vast acquisition to a
farm, aid enhances its value both to the purchaser
and tin seller ; especially to the former, if he is
desirouj to escape the incessant trouble attendant
upon the management of a young orchard, and is
capable of prizing such an immense source of
pleasu-e and profit. Amongst other things to be
notice 1 in viewing a farm, is the supply and situa-
tion Of" water in pastures ; this is oftentimes over-
looked, though nothing conduces more to the well-
being of cattle, than a good and commodious sup-
ply cf fresh and wholesome drink, and a suffi-
ciency of scattering trees whose shade they can
frequent in the heat of the- day. It is a too com-
mon thing even to escape the notice of the casual
passer-by, to find poor and deficient pasturage, not
because tlie land is too barren to yield sweet and
who'csoiiie nutriment, but simply, because the
samt spot is used by generation after generation
for llie same purpose, without being assisted in
any one way — or because it is contmually over-
stocked. At the present day, a thrifty wood lot is
an indispensable appendage to a good farm. As
our forests are gradually disappearing, the value
of this important article begins to be appreciated ;
in former days, extravagance in the consumption
of wood was general, and at the present time in
186
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECEMBER 30, 1833.
some tracts of our country the waste contuiues ;
in the tliicklv settled parts a scarcity is beg.unmg
to bp felt, "and if the injudicious- and prodigal
method of felling and consuming tins article is
continued where it is now plenty, that scarcity
will increase till our markets are scantily supplied
at an enormous price. In selecting a farm, then,
bear in mind that, though an orchard can be
planted, and ^'ood and durable fences erected, yet
it is not an easy matter to make good soil; it is
not a few years which will put you in possession
of a handsome wood lot, nor generally a small suni
of monev which will supply a pasture destitute of
natural streams with a good and commodious
watering-place.
Upon the inauagemenlof a farm, too much can-
not be said ; different individuals will pursue dif-
ferent courses, but notwithstanding this circum-
stance, there are some general principles a neglect
of which will miiversallyand inevitably cause rum
and distress. In tlie first place diligence and
active untiring zeal to accomplish the tasks which
are ever before the husbaudman, are indispensably
necessary, and may be rightly termed the main-
siirin" of agricultural mechanism. A sluggard and
a loiterer never succeed ; the one begins his work
late and the other is forever about it. Again—
intelligence, an understanding of his work, is espe-
cial! v requisite for the farmer, if he wishes to per-
forin that work easily and well ; this he can only
gain by strict attention and a desire to profit by
the experiments of others, as well as by his own
experience. Let theorv and practice be combmed
in his occupations, for the one will .seldom lad to ,
detect the errors of the other, and they are often
of mutual assistance to him, the theory guiding
him in practice, and practice perfecting the prin-
ciples of the theory. In the management, then, ol
a farm diligence and intelligence arc all in all ;
the one calls you to your work in season, and the
other sets yoii about it in the right way.
Never permit the duties of one season or por-
tion of the year to run in and interfere iith those
of another," for the seasons are by no fieaus too
Icu^aiy for the farmer to accomplish |he work
peculiar to each. It was truly said by Bolomou,
" there is a time for every thing," and m no em-
ployment is this assertion oftener verified than in
that of husbandry; the cultivator of tlie iarth has
so many duties to peribrm, that this axioni by him
should never be forgotten. In spring, areUns pas-
tures and mowing lands to be top-dressediand his
fences viewed and repaired where they a* found
to be deficient, and many other duties (peddiar to
this season) to be attended to ? His th.ie it occu-
pied by other matters belonging to the past Reason.
There" was a time for these things, but it Jassed,
and the fiirmer has only to bewail his lack »! dili-
gence. Again, he has a piece of labor (no (natter i
what) to jierform, and without the benefit ^1 ad- ]
vice from others or personal experience, he ijnder-
takes it ; it is finished, and there is either arierror
or slight in the manner of its execution, fhere
was a proper and a profitable way by whi^h he
could have done it, but he was not aware (jf this
himself, and he forgot that others might ililorm
hiin. I
Upon diligence and intelligence, two "peaiis
without price," depend a farmer's success jn his
avocation ; where they rule, you can find no bar-
ren field, fallen fences, comfortless barn, or skele-
ton stock. L. L.
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
At a special meeting of the ?dassachusetts Hor-
ticultural Society, hekl on Saturday, Dec. 22d,
1332 William Hume Cowan, of Biookline,
George C. Barrett, " Ijoston,
.Joshua Crane, " "
were admitted subscription members.
Professor Tonoie, director of the botanic garden
at Naples, and William Fox Strangways, Esq.
British Secretary of Legation at the Court of Na-
ples, were elected corresponding members.
Hesohed, That the thanks of the Society be pre-
sented to M. C. Perry, Esq. for his active services
and kind attentions to the interests of this Society.
Resolved, That the box of seeds now presented
by jM. C. Perry, Esq. to the Society, be confided
to the care of "Mr. David Haggerstoii.
Resolved, That the letter from iMessrs. Baumaun
& Brothers be published in the New England Far-
mer, and that their catalogue of plants be referred
to the standing committees on fruits and flowers,
for the selection therefrom of such plants as may
be desirable for the Society.
Adjourned to Saturday, Januaiy 5, 1833.
There is a separate parcel containing catalogues
of the botanic garden at Najiles, and a list of the
roots, seeds, &.c. contained in the box.
Signed, W. F. Strangways.
To J. Nelson. Esq.
FRUITS.
Dec. 22, 1832.
Presented by Mr. Robert Manming, of Salem,
•Apples — Carthouse or Gilpin of Cox, Moore's
iSwceting, Yellow Bellflower, Pickman's Pippin,
JBlack Apple, Winter Queen, Codlin, and a Seed-
ling from the Siberian Crab about twice the size
)f the parent fruit and very fair. Pears — New-
town Vergaloue, a very desirable fruit for cooking,
|nd an abundant bearer.
, Per Order, E. VosE.
United States' ship Concord,
Portsmoidh, .V.R Dec. lOih, 1832.
Si„^ 1 transmit to the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society a box and parcel entrusted to my
charge by W. Fox Strangways, Esq. British Sec-
retary of "legation at the court of His Sicilian .Ma-
jesty, which were received by him from Professor
Tenore, director of the Botanic Garden at Naples.
You will i)lcase to observe by the cojiy of a
note (herewith enclosed), addressed by Mr. Strang-
ways to J. Nelson, Esq. U. S. Charge d'Afiairs at
Naples, that I am requested by i'rofessor Tenor.'
to bestow this collection of seeds and roots upon
one of the public gardens in the United States.
As I know of no public botanic gardens in our
country, I feel myself at full liberty to gratify my
own inclination in iilacing them at the disposal of
the Society of which I have the honor to be a
corres])onding member.
It may not he iiiqiroper for me to express the
opinion "that both Mr. Strangways and Professor
Tenore would be particularly gratified to become
corresponding members of your society. They
have the reputation of being distinguished b.>tanists,
and are gentlemen of the first respectability.
I am sir, very respectfully, your most oliedient
servant,' M. C. Perry.
To Ihe Secretary of llie
Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
Copfl of a .Vote addressed t» J. Mlson, Esq. by W.
F. Strangways, British Secretary of Legation at
J\/'aplcs.
S,R,_With this note I talie the liberty of sending
the box of seeds, &c. which Capt. Perry was M
obliging as to promise to take to America.
I find Professor Tenore has no regular corres-
pondence with any scientific establishment in^tliat
country, but on my informing him that Capt. Perry
was himself interested in botanical and horticultu-
ral pursuits, &c. he begs leave to place it at Capt.
P.'s disposal to be by him bestovwd on any public
garden he thinks jiroper.
As he understands and reads English he would
Ifeel much gratified if this opportunity should
prove a step to procuring him the correspondence
of any scientific man in America.
I HORTICUL.TURA1. PREMIUMS.
I At a meeting of the Committee of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society on Fruits, on Satur-
day the 22d December, 1832, the following Pre-
■niuins were awarded.
. For the best foreign grapes, cultivated under
rlass — from a beautiful specimen of white grapes
lalled " Horatio," to Mr. Jacob Tidd, of Rox-
lury, $5.
! For the best foreign grajies of open culture —
White chasselas, to Cheever Newhall, Estp, Dor-
thester, $5.
. For the best apples — to Enoch Bartlett, Esq.,
Roxburj', for a fine collection of fifteen varieties, $4.
The fine specimens of apples presented by Mr.
John Mackay, of Weston, were thought by the
coiimittee to be very nearly equal to those which
obtained the premium.
fbr the best strawberries, "Downton," to E.
Yose, Dorchester, $2.
For the best gooseberries, to Mr. Samuel Walker,
of Roxbury, for five valuable varieties — Bank of
England, Hopelcy's Globe, Green Gascoigne, Lan-
caster Lad, and Milling's Crown Bob, $2.
For the best quinces, orange, to E. Vose, Dor-
chester, S2.
In consetjuence of the very unfavorable season
for fruits, few specimens of jiears, peaches, cher-
ries, apricots, nectarines, or plums were presented,
and none for which the committee thought them-
selves justified in awarding a premium.
Per order, E. Vose, Chairman.
Mr.Fessenden, — In the course of the past year,
the committee on fruits, of the Massachusetts Hor-
ticultuial Society, by the request of its President,
collected .scions of fifty-one varieties of the choicest
native fruits of this country, which they transmitted
to theMessr.s. Baumann, proprietors of the ancient
and very celebrated nurseries, at Bollwiller in
Franee ; it is gratifying to learn tliat notwithstand-
ing the delays incident to the various tranship-
ments to wiiich they were subject, the scions
reached their ultimate destination in good condi-
tion. I enclose a translation of a letter received
fnm those gentlemen acknowledging their receipt,
fcr insertion in the Farmer.
Very respectfully, E. Vose.
Bollwiller, in the Department of the Up-
per Rhine, France, Sept. 20, 1832.
Sir, — With your respected letter of the 24th
December of fast year, you have done us the
favor to direct to us a box of scions of your most
cdebrated kinds of fruit trees, which we have re-
voii. XI. NO. a*.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
18T
ccived ; and although rather late in the season, the
scions were iu so good a state of preservation, that
with the care requisite in sinular cases, we have
been enabled to reproduce theui in our nurseries.
We beg you, sir, to accei)t our grateful acknow-
ledgiaientg for your very acceptable otiering. On
the receipt of your esteemed favor, it Avas too late to
propose to you any thuig of the last season, neither
could we speak to you of the extent of our collec-
tions from the i«sult of the opei-ationsof the next,
until owr general registry was complete. Since
dieu the catalogue having been published, we
hasten t« recommend it to you, and we herewith
ejjclose it to J. C. Barnet, Esq. Consul of the United
States at Paris, to be forwarded to you the soonest
possible. We beg you to receive and examine it,
and if you observe in it any thing, which may be
desirable to you, sir, have the goodness to honor
us with your commands, and we will hasten to
justify your kindness by proving to you that we
are not insensible to it.
AccejJt, in the meantime, the assurance of our
desire to be of service to you in our country, and
of the high consideration with which you have in-
spired us.
We have the honor to salute you with great
respect, and are, sir, your most obedient servants,
Baumam.n Brothers.
To H. A. S. Dearborn, Esq.
President of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, at Boston.
From the Daily Albaivj Argus.
A SCHOOL, OF AGRICt;L.TT;RE:. NO. H,
I PROMISED in my last to point out some of the
branches of useful knowledge, that may be acquir-
ed in an agricultural school, which are not atttin-
able, or but imperfectly so, either in our exiting
schools, or In the ordinary labors of a farm.
As I have already remarked, our schools afford
no practical, and our farms but very little, if any,
scientific instruction in the business of farming.
To obtain a good proficiency iu either, it is neces-
sary that they be blended together. The mind
and the body are then strivmg to reciprocate the
benefits and pleasures which each receives from
tlie other. Theory and practice are necessary in
the learned professions, to attain to eininence ; and
they are not less beneficial when combined in the
business of husbandry.
A school which shall combine with a literary
and scientific education, practical instructions in
farming and gardening, will afiibrd to the student
the following, among- other advantages, highly
conducive to his future usefulness and prosperity
as a fariuer.
He will acquire in Botany the names and rela-
tions of plants, — a knowledge of the fortiis and
functions of their respective organs — their habits
and economical properties, and their mode of
nourishnieut and propagation.
Chemistri/ will enable him to ascertain the com-
position and elements of the materials and substan-
ces employed in his labors, of combining and sep-
arating them, and of graduating his practice by
their known properties, with economy of expense
and certainty of result.
Mechanical science will familiarize to his mind
the principles upon which his machinery and
implements are constructed, and upon which
their relative value depends, — and will assist him
to discover the cause of defects, and to supply
suitable remedies.
The study of the Animal Kingdom will make
him acquainted with the anatomy of domestic
animals, with their diseases and the modes of cure,
— and with the principles of improvuig and esti
tnating the relative profits of diflereut breeds.
He may learn the properties of eartlis and soils —
their distinctive characters, — their uses in vegeta
tion, and the means of improving their quality ; —
the theory of the operation of manures, — and tin
agency of heat, light, air, and water, in the process
of vegetation.
Ho may be instructed theoretically and prac-
tically, in the very important business of keeping
farm accounls ; by which the profit and loss in
atiy particular branch of husbandry, or of any
particular crop, is readily ascertained, and by
which we can alone make of capital and labor
tlie most profitable and judicious expenditure.
A Garden, which should be attached to the in-
stitution, should contain specimens of all hardy
platits, which are useful in commerce or the arts,
— which administer to our domestic comforts, or
which are merely ornamental. This will aid in
the study of botany, and serve to illustrate the
liaracter and relative value of species and varie-
ies ; atid aftbrd instructions in the propagation
and culture of fruits, flowers, and vegetables.
An experimental department will furnish im-
portant data for future guidance. The profit and
loss on diflerent crops, and the adaptation of difler-
eut soils to their growth, the economy and appli-
cation of manures, the culture and management of
fartn crops, the utility of alternate husbandry, and
the usefulness of new plants, would naturally be
among the subjects of experiment ; and the result
would not fail of being highly instructive. There is
as much benefit in guarding against a bad practice,
as in adopting a good one. The one prevents loss,
the other increases the profit. Comparisons,
which the proverb says are "odious," are iu
husbandry the best test of whatever is excellent ;
and they may be made in every product of the
^■m and garden, with manifest advantage.
I This school will aSbrd, moreover, tlie best
pfactical instruction in the various departments of
rural labors ; and what is of incalculable impor-
tance, it will inculcate and tend to establish, in
tke student, habits of industry and frugality, (al-
most synonymous with virtue,) of system and of
usefulness ; and will tend to inculcate a taste for
scientific and literary studies, in the hours of leisure
ifhich every employment gives, that never fails to
promote the interests of humanity.
I I have thus enumerated some of the advantages
yhich the proposed school will aflbrd to the young
generation of farmers, who are to become the fu-
ture guardians of our liberties, and who are to
give the impress to our public character. The
benefits which promise to result to the coirmiuni-
ty at large from such a school, by increasing the
products of the soil, by multiplying the resources,
and augtnenting tlie revenues of the state, by giving
a new impetus to commerce, manufactures, and
the mechanic arts, and by raising the standard of
of our moral and intellectual power will form the
subject of further remark. B.
From tlie Gen£see Farmer.
TO DESTROY MICE.
Middlesex, Mi/ 20, 1832.
Mr. Goodsell — Take one ounce of Nux Vom-
ica, bruise it in a mortar, pour on to it a quart of
boiling water and let it stand from six to twelve
hours, then pour into it a quart of wheat and let
it stand again from six to twelve hours, by which
time the wheat Will have swelled and absorbed
nearly all the water, it may then be spread on the
floor to drain and dry. If a larger quantity is re-
quired, (observing the same proportion,) it may be
increased to any extent desired. This wheat inky
then be scattered over the field, and ]iut iu the
way of the mice, and in the woods if any harbor
there.
I know that this will destroy rats and squirrels,
and I believe will be found equally effectual with
mice. Yours, &c. K. M. W.
Frcrm the New York Farmer.
WASHINGTON CHESNUTS.
The editor of the Washington Globe acknow-
ledged the receipt of a beautiful young Chesuut
tree the oft'spring of a Chesnul planted by the
Father of his Country, from Maj. John Adlum
who gives the following history of it, in a letter
to the editor : —
" I send you a Washington Chesnut TreQ. The
history of it is this : On the day that the late John
Adams was inaugurated President of the United
States, General Washington and Col. T. Pickering
stood at his right hand ; and when he finished
delivering his inaugural speech, Gen. Washington
and Col. Pickering (I was present at the tune)
went out, and I followed in their wake, as the
crowd was very great. They walked down Ches-
nut street, and I turned into 5th street, and at the
corner of Market and 4th streets, I met the above
named gentlemen buying chesnuts of an uncom-
mon size from a foreigner. The General then
rode out to Belmont, the seat of the Hon. Rich-
ard Peters, and the General himself planted some
of the nuts, one of which has become a large
tree ; and from the produce of that tree the Judge
cultivated numbers, two of which he sent to me
at this place. They were one year old then ; and
one of them is now a large tree, and has borne
nuts for several years ; the other perished. So
that the nut which produced the grand parent tree
(if I may so call it) was planted by the Father of
his Country ; and the nut which produced my
tree, was planted by the Father of our Agricultu-
ral Societies ; and the nut which produced the
tree I send you was planted by myself. Yours,
respectfully, JOHN ADLUM.
P. S My Chesnut Tree was planted early in
the year 1817."
Platting Chesnuts. — After the ground has been
carefully loosened with the plough and harrow,
luies are drawn six feet apart, in which holes
about a toot in depth and in diameter are formed
at th( distance of four feet. A chesnut is placed
in eah corner of the holes, and covered with three
inches of earth. If the soil has been tliorotighly
subdued, the nuts will spring and strike root with
facility. Early in the second year, three of the
youiig plants are removed from each hole, and
only the most thriving are left. The third or
four:li year, when the branches begin to interfere
with each other, every second tree is suppressed.
To secure its success, the plantation should be
begun m March or April, tcith nuts that have been
kept in the cellar during the winter, in sand or veg-
etable mould, and thai Itave already begunto vegetate.
— Mkhaux.
The thrift of a saving man is regular and
certain.
188
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECEMBER 2fi, 1839.
From the Ameritun Farmer.
EXPERIMENTS WITH CHIKESE SILKWORMS.
Pliiladclphia, July 20, 1832.
Mr. Smith. — Sir, Having seen an abstract
published in the National Gazette, in the spring of
1858, of an experiment, by Professor Giovanni
Lavini, with Chinese Silkworms, tlie result of
which induced me to believe that they might be a
valuable acquisition to the Uuited States, I re-
solved to send for some of their eggs, that I might
put their merits to the test. The object of my
wislies having been stated to a mercantile friend,
he kindly sent my note to his correspondent in
Canton, who promptly attended to it, and in the
mouth of October, 1828, forwarded me several
sheets of the desired eggs variously jiut up, nearly
all of which arrived safely on the 4th of March,
1S29. The eggs were said to be of the silkworms
which produced the stuff" called Conglee Canton,
.'Vo. 1 Silk. They were batched for me by Messrs.
Terhevens, of Philadel|)liia county, experienced
silk culturists, with the utmost care, in a room
containing their own stock, and the temperature
of which was regulated by a thermometer day
and night, so as to secure their gradual and simul-
taneous maturation, a point by the way of great
importance, and one of which we can never be
certain of attaining, if we depend upon the heat of
the atmosphere which often varies 30 degrees in
the course of twenty-four hours. They were jiut
to hatch on the 20th of April, and they all came
out on the 27th and 2Sth of that month, just as
the white nudberry leaves were beginning to hurst.
On the 18th of 3Iny, Messrs. T. brought them to
the house I had prepared in the vicinity of Phil-
adelphia for their reception, and they were placed
on the shelves of the frames they were destined
to occupy. One of these frames was ten feet,
another fifteen feet long, and both four feet wide :
a third frame consisted of seven shells, each
three feet four inches square, imd when thfe worms
were full grown they filled the whole of both sets
of frames, the distance between the w(|rms not
being more tliau two inches. It mighll form a
problem to calculate their number. Wpen ftdl
grown they were about one inch, and (Jie inch
and a quarter long, and of the diameter of|a stout
quill. During eighteen days of the time «f their
feeding, the nights and mornings were sot-old as
to require the use of artificial heat, and during
the whole of two cold rainy days, a little f^e was
kept u]) in a sheet iron stove, to previit the
worms being chilled, the checking of their fetding,
and consequent useless increase of the duration of
their existence. The worms had thus every pos-
sible chance of success. They commenced the
formation of their cocoons on the 1st of June! and
by the 8th all who spun their silky tombslhad
finished them. The color of these was brimstone,
and their size so small that twelve hundred were
required to weigh a pound of twelve oui^es.
The worms gave mfinitely more trouble in attfflul-
ing them than the European species, for wlien
they had attained their full maturity, and shewed
by their transparent color that tliey had filled
their silk vessels with the material for tlie foitna
tion of that article, instead of mounting I the
branches carefully placed along the frames, vast
numbers laid dowu and evmced no dispositioD to
spin. Being determined to go through with the
experiments, I hired little boys to pick them up
and place them on the bushes, and thus induced
many thousands to form cocoons, which, like as
many more, would otherwise have died. The size
of the cocoons was, moreover, very diminutive,
as may be judged, when it is known that instead
of 1200 being required to weigh a pound, 1.50,
208, 200, 340^ 267, 271, 195, 306, 490, to 600
cocoons of European and American fed worms
balanced that weight.* The Chinese cocoons
were further olyectionable in being very deficient
in compactness, and when an attempt to wind
them oft" was made, the fibres broke after evei^
third or fourth turn of the reel, thus causing a
loss of time, much trouble and disappointment to
the operator, which are incompatible with either
profit or pleasure. The trifling wages paid to a
Chinese workman, if employed by the day, or
contentment on the part of the oi)erative with a
small reward for his labor, may compensate for
these defects, but it is clear, that even with the
low wages of an European workman, the Chinese
worms will never be substituted for the common
kinds. The price of free labor, or the value of
that of slaves in the United States, are totally in-
compatible with the culture of these worms.
With the view of ascertaining the result of at
tention to the Chinese worms, by others, I sent
some thousands of the eggs to two experienced silk
culturists in the South, on whose attention and
accuracy I could depend ; and from them I learnt,
1st, that the worm weighed twelve grains and a
half when ready to spin, and 2d, the cocoon
nine grains when finished ; 3d, that tlu^y lived
twenty-eight days ; 4tli, that the moth or butterfly
came out in seven days ; 5th, that the worm was
hatched in seven days after; 6tli, that they pro-
duced three crops. The first hatching was on the
13th of April ; the second, on the 7th of June
the third, on the 17lli of July. 7tli, a quarter of u
pound of the cocoons (1720 grains) yielded three
hundred and two grains of silk.
My own stock, put in the hands of the person
who bad charge of my worms, also i)roduceil
three crops of cocoons, and the moth from the
last laid eggs, which hatched, but the coM
weather (the man not using artificial heat) ])rc-
vented the worms from finishing their course.
The apparatus for feeding silkworms, makes all
the difference between a labor and an amusement,
and I therefore think it useful to state that two of
the long frames mentioned above, were filled in
with conunon house laths, or thin pine slats,
nailed on : one of them having longer legs than
the other, stood upon the frame of the latter. The
third apparatus was upon the plan (but larger) of
that described by Mr. Swayne in the 7th vol. of
the Trans. Society of Arts, London, and figured
in the 5th chapter of the Silk Manual. It answer-
ed admirably, but as I had mine very neatly nuide
and filled in by the tasteful basket-workers of
Philadelphia county, it was more expensive than
the others. It has, however, the merit of holding
a vast many worms, of facilitating attention to
them, and taking up little room, and will la.st a
life time. It cost nine dollars.
The paper that led me to the experiment with
the Chinese worms, was the following : " Supe-
rioritij of Chinese Silkworms. By certain experi-
ments made by the Prof Giovanni Lavini, on one
hundred and fifty grains of the seed of silkworms,
of China, he found that ten thousand eggs weighed
one hundred and fifty grains ; 2d, that as well
when just come to life, as in the first and second
* Silk Manual published by Congress, Chap. 13.
stages, the worms refused the leaves of the tartaric
and papariferous nuilberry, and died from starvn
tion ; 3d, that notwhhstanding by these experi-
ments so great a quantity was lost, he obtained
rwenty-eight pounds of cocoons, xohite and com-
pact ; 4th, that two hundred and ten cocoons
formed a pound in Piedmontese weight of eleven
ounces to the pound, while of the cocoons of the
common silkworms there were not required more
than 96, 100, and 104. [! ! !] From the other one
lundred and fifty grains of seed in Turin, the
quantity obtained was ten pounds of cocoons, and
these spotted, incompact, but white ; it is thought,
it the absence of the master, the worms had been
flld with damp leaves.
j " It results from these experiments, that not-
withstanding all disadvantages, the Chinese worms
ate a desirable object of cultivation ; that although
tieir cocoons do not reach half the weight of com-
mon silkworm cocoons, yet that their quantity and
v|lue are far su])erior : the care they require is
tne same, and the consumption of leaves nearly
eiual." I conclude by observing, that tlie skein
of silk reeled from the Chinese silkworms, reared
br my Southern friends, is superlatively fine, and
airacted the attention of an English silk manu-
fljcturcr, to whom I shewed h, along with another
skein from the cocoons of Genesee silkworms : but
it\\as reeled with great waste.
,' Accept my respects, James Mease.
From the American Farmer.
AMERICAN SIItK.
' Wk are indebted to J. S. Skinner, Esq. for the
opportunity of examining some beaiuiful speci-
moSs of sewing silk, made in Wayne county, In-
iliana, and forwarded to Mr. S. by D. C. Wallace,
Esq. of Cincinnati. The specimens are a jiart of
the parcel of silk to which a premium was award-
ed by the Agricultural Society of Wayne county,
in October last, and are decidedly the best we
have seen of domestic manufacture. The reeling,
twisting, coloring and finish, are equal to the best
foreign production. Indeed, we seldom meet with
foreign silk, that will compare with these speci-
mens, as to evenness and strength ; and as to
coloring, they are not often excelled.
Mr. Wallace remarks in his letter to Mr. Skin-
ner, tliat if filatures were established in the West-
ern country the raising of silk would soon become
one of the usual employments of the people. On
tills subject we have often expressed our views,
and the more we have reflected on it the more
firmly are we convinced of their correctness : be-
fore filatures can be erected there must be a suffi-
ciency of the raw material to operate on ; as soon
as there is a supply of cocoons, there will be fila-
Uires to work them up. It cannot surely, be ex-
pected that filatures will be erected before they
have any thing to work upon ! Who ever heard
of a manufactory being established before the
raw material was obtainable ? Let the people
of the AVest go to work and produce cocoons, and
they will very soon find filatures enough to work
them up.
SPOILT 1VHEAT
Many persons are aware of the deleterious eflfects
of damaged wheat upon the human constitution
when made into bread and eaten ; but it is not gen-
erally known we believe, that it is equally inju-
rious to horses. A gentleman of Putnam county
infonns us, that he lately lost four head of horses
VOL. XI. NO. 24.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
189
in one day, fVom having eaten wlieat partially
damaged. The wheat had laid in a pile in his
barn floor where it got wet from a leakage in the
roof, and had began to spoil. On making the dis-
covery, our informant had the grain thrown out to
his stock. His horses ate of it, and the consequence
was as above stated. On opening their stomachs, a
quantity of undigested wheat was found in each of
them, and the coat of the stomach considerably in-
flamed. They all died within four or five hours
.•\fter eating the graui. Hogs ate of it without any
visible bad effect. — Southern Planter.
From the Rictunoml Chrislinn Sentinel.
THE VIRGINIA PARMER.
The following picture, though not a perfect
one, may tend to show off the character of some
of our young farmers. A young man of mode-
rate circumstances, gets, what every good citizen
ought to have, a teife. He inherits two or three
hundred acres of land, or obtains as many by
marriage. At first his prospects are dazzling —
he lays his plans, and is vigorous in the execution
of them. His miud may have turned upon emi-
grating to the west, but his better half is averse
to removing from the society of her friends and
relatives, and he resolves in good earnest to set
about what he calls the improvement of his farm.
But gentle reader, perhaps you can easily divine
what this improvement consists in. If you are at
any loss to guess, then I must inform you. The
young farmer first goes to work m enlarging and
improving his dwelling and out-houses. Carpen-
ters are set to work, all is bustle and business ;
timber must be haided, hewn and cut into plank,
workmen must be fed, and paid too for their labor.
During this time farming goes on slowly- ^tWe
ditching is neglected, the fences are only patched
to answer for the present ; wheat is seeded late,
and ploughed in carelessly ; manuring, if that is
thought of, is deferred until a more convenient
season ; there is little time for fallowing, and every
thing is hurried over for the present — at the end
of the year, (and who would doubt it) the crop is
short ; and the farmer finds himself in debt in the
bargain — but he calculates to do better the year
following. Having now a comfortable house, it
would be thought strange if he did not invite his
friends to see him. He must necessarily take some
part in the politics of the day, consequently attend
courts and places of elections, his negroes mean-
while study their own ease more than their mas-
ter's interest. The farmer finds every year his
affairs getting worse, he discovers that his farm is
poor, and that there are rich lands in the Western
country — he is smitten deeper than ever with the
desire of emigrating. After some preparation he
mounts his horse, and off he goes, taking the usual
route, through Buford's Gap, along to Abingdon,
and then to Nashville, and from thence perchance
to Jackson's purchase, then turning to the loft to
view the genial soil of Mississippi, where the cot-
ton stalks grow to the height of ten feet or more.
He concludes after purchasing a quarter section of
good cotton land to return home.
He returns, advertises, sells at a considerabte
sacrifice, his stock, crop, plantation utensils, and
the plantation itself, upon a credit. At length his
wagon and team are ready, and all start IVir the
far west — this young farmer fmds a home in the
west, lives perhaps in a cabin of rude construction,
has plain furniture and plain fare, with scarcely
an acquaintance, much less a friend in the neigh-
liorhood — he applies himself to work 'from sheer
nece.ssity, because he has nothing else to amuse
him, or attract his attention abroad. He has corn
and cotton in abundance, but these do not afford
the kind of happiness which renders life agreeable.
Had he been contented with the same style of
hving in Virginia, and exercised the same atten-
tion and industry, he would have made money as
fast, or perhaps faster ; and would certainly have
heen happier, every man, woman and child of
them. Mismanagement is, in many instances, the
ground work of emigration. I am much mistaken
f himdreds who remove to the west are not more
discontented there than they ever were before.
There is always some Utopia which is yet to be
readied, where all the blessings of an earthly
paradise are to be enjoyed — the restless Virginian
thiidis that it is in Kentucky, or Tennessee ; he
gets there, and finds he has been mistaken, it is in
Mississippi, Missouri, or Arkansas; but let him go
to the utmost limits of population, and he will
imagine it is still farther on west.
From the Southern Planter.
WOODS AND CHOIjERA.
The Danvers physicians, who visited New York
to observe the cholera, remark that the disease
begins in low, damp, foggy or filthy situations
among the intemperate and the debauched, and
that as the atmosphere becomes more filled with
the choleric influence, it prostrates individuals of
better habits, and visits higher and more healthy
situations. They think the progress of the disease
in this country confirms the fact noticed by the
French physicians m Russia — " that woods, and
j)robably the fir tree [including doubtless the pine
and resinous trees] more than any other, have the
property of destroying or neutralizing that un-
known cause which generates cholera. Very
woody districts in Russia were entirely preserved
from this destructive scourge. Kristosky Island,
situated among the populous islands of St. Peters-
burg, and containing three villages, was completely
preserved from the disease although coinimmi-
clting daily with the city by a thousand barges
Dhe island is low and damp, but is covered with
saperb forests."
CURING THE AGUE.
[We are told the following anecdote of Boer-
haave's practice.] The physician who believes that
mind and matter act in unison, will remember how
tbat truly celebrated great man, on a certain occa-
sion, cured the ague. — That complaint was very
prevalent in his neighborhood, and he had treated
it with indifferent success ; when his nohle con-
ceptions of the united agency of mind and matter
suggested the following treatment. He desired
about a dozen patients whose fit of the ague came
on about the hour of the meridian, to come to him
at ten o'clock. — They were she^vn into the same
room ; and after a little while were informed that
the doctor was busy, and would wait u]>on them
as soon as possible. At the time the attendant ad-
dressed them he placed a number of irons in the
fire, which he increased to considerable size. After
the eleventh hour the servant again entered the
room, apologized again for the doctor's absence,
and turned and paid great attention to the irons
that were heating. One of the patients inquired
the use of the irons and was mformed that tliey
were heatmg for the purpose of an operation on
the patients who }iad the ague. This was soon
whispered from the one to the other. The man
had lefl the room, the doctor came not ; and more
and more were their attentions directed towards
the now red-hot irons. Surmise and conjecture
had a strong base to play upon ; the red-hot irons
were for the use of the ague patients ; every one
felt the coming crisis of his own case. They
looked ; they walked about the room ; they were
soon, every one of them, in a violent perspiration ;
and the doctor came not till one o'clock, and the
ague fit came not at all. To his inquiries he found
all well ; and the time had passed, and not one
had upon him the symptoms of his complaint.
And taking them into another room, one by one,
with care, and caution, and some trifling medicine,
be dismissed them, saying that he hoped they
would not need recourse to any violent remedy.
In truth, agitation had excited that apprehension
which completely curetLthem of their disorder.' Ih.
SPORTING ANECDOTE.
A fact. — As a respectable citizen of Heard
county, a few days .since, was engaged in remov-
ing the rubbish from a piece of newly cleared
ground, he discovered a hawk in close pursuit of
a partridge ; the latter in the rapidity of his flight,
in endeavoring to escape from the talons of the
hawk, came suddenly and violently in contact with
a sharp splinter of the limb of a tree which pierced
him through the body. The hawk, with great
rapidity closely pursuing his prey, likewise en-
coimtered the same splinter, which he also run
through his body, and thus clinched himself fast
upon the partridge. In this manner they were
both taken by my informant. Tb.
JVone of your " small Potatoes." — We have been
presented with a Sweet Potato, raised by Sir. M.
Chisholm, measuring fifteen inches and a half in
circumference, and weighing four [jounds and a
half. He produced many others equally large.
They grfw on fresh ground, but without any extra
cultivation. Ih.
To ike JEditor of the Southern Planter.
Heard C. H. Oct. 29th, 1832.
DeabSir — I send you the following invaluable
prescrifition for a cough. I have tried it success-
fully in many instances and have never known it
to fail (ffecting an entire cure in one single night.
Takf 2 table spoonsful of molasses,
2 " vinegar,
2 tea spoonsful antimonial wine,
40 drops laudanum.-
Mil them together and take six tea spoonsful on
going to bed ; if a cure is not eflfected the first
night repeat the dose the succeeding night.
If you think proper you may insert the above
in tie Southern Planter. The efficacy of the
reinfdy can be attested by twenty members of the
bar and many others on the circuit. A. B.
American JVankeen. — A sample of this article
has been shown us, made of the Nankeen colored
cotton raised in Georgia on the estate of Senator
Forsyth. It is sold at two dollars tlie piece, and
is fircr than the India Nankeen ordinarily worn
still liner samples are intended to be manufactured. ^
It differs advantageously from the India, in the im-
portant particular of not fading from wear — on the
contrai7, a sample was shown us, which had been
ui wear two years, and grown of a darker and
richer color. It is made at Paterson, N. Y.
Bait. Patriot.
190
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
DECEIIBER 36, 1838.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DEC. 2G. 1832.
WOTICE.
A SPECIAL meeting of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, will be held on Saturday, Janua-
ry 5, 1833, by adjournment at the Hall of the
Society. R- L. EMMONS, Sec'nj.
SILK.
Wk are happy to respond the srntinients con-
tained in the following extracts fVoin a letter to
the editor of the New England Farmer, from Mr.
Wm. Kenrick, of Newton, Mass.
Dear Sir, — I forward a circular received
from Westport, (near New Bedford,) from two
respectable persons of the Society of Friends. I
wish you could publish something to induce
people to forward petitions, naming the nature of
the bounties, which I suppose should br- similar
to those offered in Connecticut. Also, might it
not be well to offer some bounty for every silk
loom in actual operation. There is a silk weaver
at Newton, at work at his loom. I believe one
or more petitions will be got uj) here. Will you
urge tlic people to send them in from all quarters,
stating the bounties proposed, as named in llii.s
circular ?
Dec. 21.
CIRCULAR.
A Petition will be proposed to the Legislature
of this Commonwealth, at their next session,
praying for a bounty to encourage the growth of
the midberry tree, and the cidture of silkj if your
opinion coincides with ours that the bu^ness, if
rightly managed, will, in process of time, b« highly
beneficial to this Commonwealth, and tHe more
fully and extensively the business is commenced
the greater will be the facilities especially inougst
the middling and poorer classes of the indiktrious
part of the community. I
We ask your assistance and co-opera«on in
petitioning the Legislature with us (and if it b con-
venient to attend before the committee thf may
he appointed to consider the subject) andlmake
such statements as your better judgmenHshall
dictate, or to communicate your ideas in M*iting
to them. I
The State of Connecticut has taken theyead
and set ours an example by granting a s|iiall
bounty, and unless our Legislature do now gjaiit
some adequate encouragement Connecticut Will
induce some of our citizens to remove theit to
set up the business. We are aware that s( me
ra.iy object because Agricultural Societies giiut
some bounties, but that is a very partial thing to
encourage the business extensively; for but iw
can receive their bounties, and those generally of
the most wealthy: and notwithstanding we le-
lieve it might be made to produce a liandso lie
profit to all those who will engage in it extensive ly,
yet it necessarily requires labor, capital, and iu<)r-
mation in advance; land and trees must be po-
Tided, which the middling and poor classes l;el
not so well able to do and support tbeir fami ies
in the mean time. Therefore tbe aid of govern-
ment for a number of years to set the business a
going extensively is of the utmost importance. We
would suggest the propriety and expediency of
the Legislature granting a bounty of one cent for
every white mulberry tree that any person or per-
sons shall cause to be transplanted for standard
trees where they will probably become thrifty,
and three cents for the morus multicaulis kind
transplanted as aforesaid in this Conmionwealth,
and four cents per pound for every pound of silk
cocoons raised in this Commonwealth, aiul fifty
cents per pound for every pound of reeled silk
reeled in this Commonwealth, and one dollar for
every silk reel on a new and improved plan, that
shall be used in this Coinmouwealth, ])ayable in
one year after performing the aforesaid conditions,
by the Treasurer of this Connnonwealth in such
way and manner as the Legislature shall direct,
Finally, in this time of public excitement and
party animosities about government, or rather
men, and rivalship about almost every kind of
business, let us unite in this in which there can
be so little competition, for the more that each one
does the more he benefits his neighbor and the
public, and impoverishes none by raising mulber-
ry trees, and converting the leaves into silk, and
thereby ])romotiug health, wealth, industry, and
good morals, and ti new resource to add to the
revenue of the country, with as little risk as any
agricultural business. Please to be so acconuno-
dating as to introduce this subject to your neigli
horsand townsmen, and invite them to be i)etition-
ers with us.
With respect, ABNER BROWNELL,
JOHN MACOMBER.
Ilcslport, .VotK 183-2.
more: remarks and inquiries on silk &c.
A LADY, who prohibits our makinsf her nouic
public, after some inquiries relative to obtaining
some of Mr. Derby's Durham short horn cows,
says, " I regularly seek for more information on
the silk culture, and wish much to obtain sucli
knowledge of the improved method of accommo-
dating the worms with mounting frames, instead
of the old fashioned custom of oak branches. I
began last summer the work of feeding the worms,
and, aided by Mr. Cobb's Manual, and the work
of Dr. Pascalis, produced twelve bushels of
ocoons. • But after obtaining the reel from .Mr.
Cobb, was not able to find any one here to reel it,
and have reason to fear have lost all the silk by
not having it reeled in proper season.
" I am so well convinced of the value of the
mulberry tree that I have lately set out 3000 trees
of three and four years old — part at regular dis-
tances, and part thick in fences — ^being anxious to
improve the little spot of land about my hou.se
(22 acres) I have also set out 3600 of the best
orchard trees of gr.ifted fruit, and about two thou-
sand grape vines of the best sort for wine, with a
large portion of native or wild vines, to see what
may be done with land well stocked, well planted,
and well tilled.
" The plate of the mounting frame for the silk
worms in Dr. Pascalis' book is not such as any
common carpenter can make them by. If in Phil-
adelphia, or elsewhere, you can obtain the best
mode of superseding the branches of trees, which
spoil the floss, and require much labor to pick.
you will do tlie silk culturist an important ser-
vice ; and during the sea-son of leisure is the time
for preparing for the next summer. I visited
Mansfield, in July, when they were feeding the
worms, with the hope of seeing the best improve-
ments, but found the old way was still ))ractised.
I have no doubt that if there was an agent in this
city, [New Haven] for the purchase of cocoons, or
tlie silk reeled according to the improved reel,
many families among ilie industrious classes
would avail themselves of it. But during the last
Silk season I had many persons bring a few hun-
dred, or a few pounds of unreeled silk to me to try
to dispose of their labor, but I was unable to find a
liarket here for my own ; and for tliis cause, I
l^eard several say that they would never have
any thing more to do with silk. I am induced to
n»me this circumstance to you, sir, in hopes that
it may be in your iiower to remedy the evil and
promote the cause. There must be a maiket open
fijr all produce at the place, for small farmers can-
npt afford to send it to a distance.
, " My natural love of rural occupations has in-
(Jiced me to build my cottage out of the city,
M^ere I prefer the hum of the bee to the rolling
of « heels, and to converse with dame nature at
e«rly dawn, when her school room opens to give
instruction to her children."
% the Editor. We arc under great obligations
to the lady who favored us with the above re-
marks ; and should be happy if some fiiend to
.'Vmerican industry, who has a i)ractical as well as
theoretical acquaintance with the manufacture
of silk would oblige us with such directions as
might meet the wishes of oiu- correspondent. P.
S. Do Ponceau, Esq., of Philadelphia, in a letter
to Gen. Dearbor.n, published in the New Eng-
land Farmer, vol. i.x. pp. 57, 58, says, " I have
discovered that we have in this country, from
I'.ngland, France, Germany, and other places,
manufacturers of silk of almost every description.
W'e have silk throwsters, silk dyers, silk weavers,
silk manufacturers, all but good reelers, without
which the labor of the others must be at a stand.
These then are all waiting for employment, some
of them in very poor circumstances. All we
want is the art of reeling and eveiy thing else will
follow. As to mulberry trees and silkworms, let
but a good price be given for the cocoons, and
they will be produced as if by magic. Every thing,
as the silk brokers say, depends xipon good reeling.'"
From the Genesee Parmer.
BREAD.
Most people are fond of bread mixed with milk,
but many inhabitants of villages and cities are not
able to procure it, not keeping cows, and the cost
of milk by the quart being often too expensive to
allow them the use of it. The following cheap
substitute for milk, renders the bread such a
perfect imitation, both in taste and tenderness, to
the milk-mixed, that the nicest connoisseur would
not detect the difference. The secret is simply
VOIi. XI, SfO. 34,
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
191
this : To good empUjinss or ymst, luid sufficient
warm water to mix a batch oi'si.v or ciiflit common
sized loaves, add as much sweet hog's lard as s
table spoon will lift, or say three or four ounces,
which must be intimately mixed, and well baked
The extra cost is not more than two cents ; the
bread keeps longer, is sweeter, without crust, and
to our palate superior, when a little stale, to any
kind we have ever eaten.
From thf ForeigJi Qnarlerltf Review.
FORMATION OP THE MOIIIVTAIIVS,
It is an opinion now entertained, almost uni-
versally, by the most distinguished geologists, that
the great mountain chains have been upraised
from the bowels of the earth subsequently to the
stratification and consolidation of the exterior crust.
Now, if we admit this theory, it will follow as a
natural consequence, that the melted mutter, £^-
truded by force, acting from below, would carry
aloug with it the consolidated strata, which would
thus obtain an inclined jiosition, and form a cover-
ing to the flanks of the new mountain. The na-
ture of the strata which covers the side of a moun-
tain chain, will therefore indicate the state of tlie
surface at the epoch when the elevation took place ;
and heuce, since geologists are able to assign
certain relations, in respect of age or priority of
formation, among the diftereut stratifications, we
are enabled by the same means, to determine the
relative ages of the mountains. But it is extremely
remarkable that those chains which are covered
by strata, or sedimental deposits, belongiag to
the saine era of formation, are generally found to
range in a direction parallel to the same great
circle of the sphere ; and this relation betweeii the
direction of the mountain chains and the nature
of their covering has been foimd to hold good in
so many instances, that some geologists of distin-
guished name do not hesitate to rank it among the
principles of their science, and to regard the paral-
lelism of different chains as a distinctive character
of synchronous elevation. According to this theory,
■which was first broached by Elic de Beaumont,
and which Humboldt thinks the phenomena of the
Asiatic continent tend to support, the four great
parallel chains of Central Asia nmst have had a
conteu]poraneous formation, while the transverse
ranges of the Oural, the Bolor, the Ghauts of Mal-
abar, and the Khiiig-khan, have been elevated at
a subsequent and probably a very different epoch.
In the present state of geological knowledge, the
hypothesis of Beaumont cannot be admitted to rest
on firm or tenable grounds ; yet it cannot be dis-
puted, that even in the ])ositiou of the difterent
mountain-chains, and without any reference to the
materials of which they are constituted, we have
abundant evidence that the earth has only attained
its i)reseut form through a succession of revolu-
tions caused bv the action of internal forces.
SBEOS FOR COUNTRY DEALBRS,
TRADERS ill the oouiilry, who maj' wisli to keep an is-
sortment ofgenuine Garden Seeds for sale, are iufornied they
ean be I'urnished at the New England Farmer office, Nos ol
&. 52. North Market street. Boston, with boxes containing a
complete assortment ol" the seeds mostly used in a kitdien
garden, on as favorable terms as Ihey caii be procured in this
country, neatly done upiu small papers, at 6 cents each — war-
ranted to be of the growth of 1832, and of the renj first quality.
Ornamental Flower Seeds will be added on the same
lenns, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Earlv and
Sweet Corn, &c. of dilTercnt sorts.
[Cy The seeds vended at this establishment, are put up on an
improved plan, each package being accompanied with short
directions on its managements, and packed in the neatest style.
Traders are requested lo call aud examine lor themselves.
Dec. 2i.
THIS DAY PUBLISHED,
1?V LILLY, WAIT Sf CO., THE EDINBURGH RE-
VIEW, NO. CXI. Conte.nts— Art. 1. Lite of Sir Isaac
Newton. II. 1. Gcdiehte ; von I.udwig Uhland. Fiinfle ver-
mehrtc Aullage. 2. Reiscbilder; von H. Heine. 2te Aullage.
III. On Political Economy, in Connexion with the Moral State,
and Moral Prospects of Society. IV. Annals aud Antiquities'
of Rajasthan, or the Central and Western States of India. V.
1. Report from the Select Committee of the House of Com-
mons on Steam-Carriages. 2. A Practical Treatise on Rail-
roads and Interior Communication in General. 3. Observa-
tions on Steam-Carriages on Turnpike Roads. 4. Historical
Account of Navigable Rivers, Canals, and Railways. 5. Map
of the Inland Navigation Canals and Railroads, with the Situa-
tions of the various Mineral Productions throughout Great Brit-
aiiL VI. Arlington. VII. A Manual of the History of Philos-
ophv. VIH 1. An Account of the most Inipoiiant Public
Records of Great Britain. IX. A Plan of Church Reform. X.
1. The Life and Opinions of John de Wyclifte, D. D., with a
Preliminary View of the Papal System, aud of the State of the
Protestant Doctrine in Europe, lo the Commencement of the
Fourteenth Century. 2. The Lifeof Wiclif. XI. How will it
work ? Or the probable ElTccts of Uie ' Act to Amend iJie Re-
presentation of the People.' dec 26
NATURAI- HISTORY OF INSECTS.
COMPRISING their Architecture, Translbrmaiions, Senses,
Food, Habits — Collection, Preservation aud Arrangement
\\^ith Engravings. In three volumes. Price ,^1 per vol. For
sale by Geo. C. Bibrpitt. dec 26
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
SWEET HERBS, &.C.
FOR SALE, at the New England Seed Store, 52, North
Market Street — The following Sweet Herbs, pulverized, aud
packed in tin cannisters for domestic use, viz :
Sweet Marjorum, 37^ cts— Thyme, 33cts — Summer Savory
25 els — Sage, 17 cts — per cannisler. Also — Black Curraru
Wine for medicinal purposes, 75 els per bottle. Tomato Ket-
chup, 37^ cts per bottle, dec 26
FARM FOR SAI.E.
FOR SALE, in the town of Leominster, County of Worces
ter, a very desirable farm, containing sixty acres of land, divided
into mowing, tillage, pasturing, and wood land. It has on it a
genteel dwelUng-house, with commodious out-houses ; a barn,
tut) feet long by 30 feet wide, and a cidcr-mill— all of which
are in excellent repair. There is on it a thriving youn|_
orchard of 5(X) whitp: mulberry trees, of four years
growth, also a few which are lull grown j besides a large
ariely of npple, pear, cherry, peach aud jilum-trces,
trawberries and other fruits. As the present owner is about
leaving this part of the country, it will be sold a bargain.
If application is made in a month or two, the farming tools,
stock and household furniture may be had with it. An excel-
lent opportunity is now offered, in the purchase of this farm, to
any one disposed to rear silk-worms. For terms, apply at No.
Sl'Ceiitral Wharf, Boston ; or on the premises lo George W.
Abbot.
Leominster, \^th December, 1832. eop6w
NUTTALI/'S ORNITHOLOGY-.
'JUST receive.l by Geo. C. Barrett, No. 51 and 52, North
Jtrket Street, Boston : —
A Manual of the Ornithology of the United Slates, and of
anada. By Thomas Nultall, A. M., F. L. S. ; with 53 cu-
g|avings. Price g3, 50. Dec. 12.
LEAD.
SHEET Lead, of all dimensions; Pig Lead; Lead Pipe
cf all sizes ; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, constantly for sale
bi- ALBERT FEARING & CO. No. 1, Citv Wharf
Boston, Oct. !6lh, 1832. If
GRAPE VINES, SCIONS, &.C.
WM. PRINCE & SONS can furnish any number of
€rape Vines at the following rates, varying according lo
aze, &.C.
Isabella ; gI5 lo g25 per 100.
Catawba; ,gl8 lo ^30 per 100.
' Alexander ; j!tl5 lo ,J25 per 100.
Aiso, Winnc, Scuppernong, Bland, York Lisbon, York Ma-
deira, Garber's large Fox, Norton's Virginia, Elsingburgh, Elk-
ton, Herbemoul's Madeira, Cooper's AViue, and other native
grapes, at low rates, by the 100 or 1000.
Scions of Isabella, Catawba and Alexander, at ^20 per VXO ;
and of other kinds at reasonable rales.
Any number of the Morus multicaulis will bo contracted for,
from one to lilteen thousand, or any less number. The Irces
are of various sizes, and the prices will be in proportion and
much below former rates. dec 18
FRUIT TREES.
ORDERS for Fruit, Forest, and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs,
Honeysuckles. &:c. from Winship, Kenrick, Prince, Buel &
Wilson, and other respectable Nurseries, received by the sub-
scriber, aud executed al Nursery prices.
GEO. C. BARRETT,
dec 5 New England Farmer Office.
FOR SALE, at the Agricultural Warehoi
very superior EASTPORT POTATOES.
a few Barrels
dec 26
Apples, russells,
baldwins,
Beans, while,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, . . .
Feathers, northern, geese, . .
southern, geese, . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Geuncssee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . .
Alexandria
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barlei-,
Oats,'
Hav,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, isl sort, . . . ,
Southern, Isl sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails al . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, . . . .
Seeds, Herd's Grass
Red Top, northern, . '. .
Red Closer, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Mefino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, . . . .
Native washed, . . . .
Pulled superfine, .
Isl Lambs, . . .
2d " . . .
i I 3d " ...
Isl Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 els. less per lb.
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
cwt.
gallon
cwt
pound
side
pound
side
pound
cask
ton
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt
pound
2 00
1 60
10 0
6 25
7 50
14
I ;
6 S
6 50
6 50
6 75
88
1 00
3 00
17 .50
12 50
2 50
1 25
9-J
10 00
PROVISION MARKET,
RETAIL PRICES.
Hams, rorthern
Sfuthem,
Pork, 'hole hogs, ....
PouLTiv,
Butted, keg and tub, . , ,
lump, best, . . , ,
Eggs,
Potatoes, common, , , ,
CiDEF, (according lo quality,;
pound
%
*'
<i
"
fi
"
9
'<
18
'*
25
dozen
26
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
2 60
I 62
10 50
6 37
« 00
15
12
1 25
7 tM
6 75
6 62
7 00
9ft
18 CO
13 00
3 00
1 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— .Monday, Dec. 24, 1832.
Iteporled for Ihe Daily .\dverliser nod Patriot.
Al Market this day 540 Beef Calde. 110 Stores. 1807
Shee). and 450 Swine. A few hundred Sheep, and 55 Swiac,
have been before reported.
Pricks. Beef Cattle. — No particular variation from last
weel. We noticed 3 or 4 fine cattle taken at a fraction more
than %Ct. We quote extra at ,g5 a 5,75 ; prime al S4,75 a
5; food at g4,2S a 4,73.
Btrrelling Ca/(/t.— Mess al g4; No. I al g3,25 a 3,75;
No. : at i,'3,00.
years old, al §10,00 a 17,00; yearlings ^7,00
Stores. — Th
a 12,00
Siieep. — We noticed sales of but a few lots,
51,67,1,75,1,92, and 2,17.
fiwine. — Considerable business has been done, and the
markcl appears lo be well supplied. We noticed one lot taken
at 4c. more than half sows; one lot al i^, half barrows ; one
lot, more than Iwo-lhirds barrows, al 4 5-8e. ; at retail 4^c. for
sows, and 6^ for barrows.
192
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
DECEMBER 86, 1S32.
MISCELLANY.
CHRISTMAS.
Let ev'ry voice an ajithem raise,.
And every tongue be heard in praise,
Upon lliis happy mom ; —
Each tear of sadness chase away,
With smiles of gladliess greet the day
Our Saviour Christ was born.
Spread the glad tidings o'er the earth,
Speali of the Mediator's birth
In ev'ry clime and tongue !
Could nobler theme our minds employ
Than that which filled the heav'ns with joy.
And hosts seraphic sung.
Commission'd by the Power on high,
Celestial heralds lefX the sky
A Saviour to proclaim ;
In robes of light they took their way,
On pinions radiant as the day
The bless'd harbingers came. —
Night's sable veil hung o'er the earth,
No sound of labor or of mirth
On Judah's plains arose ;
The flocks in peaceful clusters fed.
Or rested on their verdant bed
In imdisturbed repose.
" In nistic row the Shepherds sat,"
And passed their time in sober chat,
Well suited to the hour ;
Their thoughts beyond this sphere did ri.\i-.
They gaz'd upon the worlds above
And own'd their Maker's power.
Pale grew each feature as tliey gaz'd,
In trembling fear they stood amaz'd,
When on the earth there beam'd
A ray of pure resplendent light,
A ray of glory, dazzling bright.
From Heaven's high court it stream il ;
From Heaven's high court the heralds came
A Prince and Saviour to proclaim. '
In music's sweetest voice
An Angel first tlie silence broke, j
An Angel tongue to man thus spoke. ,
" Fear not, let all rejoice."
" Fear not, I bring unto the earth
" Glad tidings of a Saviour's birth
" At Bethlehem this day : \
" You'll find the babe in humble shed, ,
" Within a manger is the bed
" Where Christ the Lord doth lay."
The Angel ceas'd, Ih' attending throng
Raised their glad voices in a song
Of gratitude and praise •,
In chorus full the notes were given.
The blissful concord rose to heaven
And reached the Throne of Grace.
" Glory to God," tlie Seraphs sung,
" Glory to God," in echoes rung
Throughout Judea's plains.
The air such music to retain,
Repeated o'er and o'er again
The heav'nly warbled strains.
Celestial strains, — such ne'er were known
Until the angelic host came down.
With joyful tidings fraught.
Blest were their ears who heard the somid.
Blest were their eyes when they had found
The Saviour whom they sought.
Glory to God, th' Eternal One,
Praise and Thanksgiving to the Son.
Our Maker and our Lord,
This day the chains of Death were riven.
This day the promis'd boon was given,
And fallen man restor'd.
THE L.ION AND THE BE.\R.
The New Orleans Empofiuin of the 23(1 ult.
has this article : — We were yesterday iuformed
that on Tuesday la.st a bear was taken to the
Menagerie now exhibiting in this city, and let
down into the cage of an African Lion, twenty-
four years of age, with the belief that it would be
immediately torn to pieces. Many people as-
sembled under the awning which encompasses
the exhibition to witness the scene, but all were
disappouited and struck with astonishment, for
although the Bear, as soon as he reached the bot-
tom of the cage, placed himself in a fighting posi-
tion and once or twice flew at the Lion, with tlie
ajjparent intention to commence the battle, the
Lion did not attempt to injure it, but on the con-
trary, after some time elapsed, placed his paw on
the Bear's head as if to express his pity for its
helpless situation, and evinced every disposition to
to cultivate friendship.
Having beard and read much of the Lion's
nobleness of disposition, and understtuiding that
the Bear was still in the cage, prompted hy curios-
ity, we visited the menagerie this mornuig and
actually saw them together. The Manager of the
Lion tells us that since the Bear has been put into
the cage no person has dared to approach it, and
tliat the Lion has not slept for three hours, but
continue* constantly awake to guard bis weaker
companion from danger. The Lion, says the
manager, suffers the Bear to eat of whatever is
throwii into tbe cage until he has enough, but will
scarcely touch food himself.
During the time that we remained, tbe Lion
once or twice walked to the end of the cngi; op-
posite to that where the Bear was lying, and some
person motioned bis baud towards tbe Bear, but
as the Lion saw it he sprang to the Bear and kept
his head resting over it for some time : he is so
fatigued himself with watching, that as soon as lie
lies down he falls asleep, but awakens again at the
first noise that is made and springs to tbe object
of bis care.
This seems to us astounding indeed, and will no
doubt attract the notice of naturalists.
citizens, who have avtiiled themselves of the oppor-
ttiiiity to augment their cabinets, by securing his
services in their behalf. — Christian Register.
A late London paper has the following — "The
labits of life acquired by the ex-King of Spain,
tiring his long residence in America, have unfit-
ej him for the late hours of our fashionable circles
n London. A proof of this was given a few
fvL'iiings ago, when a few loiterers still left in town
weie invited to meet his ex-JLijesty at the house
of a ceitain Countess. The company assembled
jftt half past ten o'clock, and found tliat half an
|hour before that period his e.x-Majesty had retired,
a\ing his fair hostess to describe, instead of ex-
ibiting the Lion, she bad promised her visitors."
NBW-BRVKSWICK.
There were on Wednesday last sixteen scpiare-
rigged vessels loading at the ship harbor near tlie
mouth of Magagtiadavic River, whose cargoes
would average 600 tons each.
Timely Repartee. A soldier of Marshal Saxe's
army being discovered in a theft, was condemned
to be liitug. What he had stolen might be \\orth
about OS. The IMarshal meeting him as he was
led to execution, said to him, " What a miserable
fool you were to risk your life for 5s !" " Gener-
al," replied the soldier, " I have risked it every
day for five-pence." This repartee saved his life.
J^aiural History. The December number of tlie
Naturalist has just been published, and contams,
says the Daily Advertiser, among other interestuig
matter, a copious abstract of the lectures recently
delivered by Dr. Spurzheim. The enterprising
editor of this useful periodical, Mr. D. J. Brown,
has just departed for the West India Islands, and
the Southern Shores of the United States, for the
purpose of malcing scientific observations and col
Iccting specimens in the various departments of
Natural History. It is pleasant to know that lie
has been enabled thus to pursue his important ob-
jects, through the encouragement of many of our
Human society resembles an arch of stone ; all
,oiild fall if one did not sujiport the other.
BREMEN OEESE.
I JOHN' PERRY has for sale on his farm at Sherburne, twen-
^-six superior Bremen Geese, of pure blood. Also, a few
llumlretl While Mulberry trees, four years old.
( h'or information please apply to Mr. Hollis, Quincy Market,
jr Ic the subscriber on his larm. JOHN PERRV.
' Nov. 7.
FRESH AVHITE MUliBERRV SEED.
JU.'^T received, at GEO. C. BARRETT'S SEED
ITORE, Nos. 51 &, 52 North Market Sireet—
.\ supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry Seed,
farriuited the growtli of the present season, from one of the
fcrf,Tsl Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Connecticut. Short
[ircclions for its culture accompany the seed. dec 5
THE PLANTER'S GUIDE.
Jl'->T published, and for sale by Geo. C. Barrett, at the
Sivv r'.ngland Farmer Office, — the Planter's Guide ; or. a Prac-
lir, [I K.^^ay on the best method of Giving Immediaie ElTect to
W .Iiv'thc removal of Large Trees and Underwood ; being
an .iH'iiipt to place the Art, and that of Gencr;tl .Vrbunculture
oil li\d and Phylological principles ; interspersed with obser-
valjoig on General Planting, aucl the improvement of real land-
scape. Originally intended for the climate of Scotland. By
.Sir Henry Steuarl, Bart. LL. D. F. R. S. E. etc. Price g3.
SPECTACLES.
A GOOD assortment of Silver .Spectaci es constantly
on 'land and for sale ai fair prices by William M. Wesson,
at Ho. 103, Washington Sireet. 4t dec 18
WANTS A SITUATION,
AN e.vpericnccd GARDENER, capable of taking charge of
. Greenhouse, and willing to do any work relating to a Garden,
.■ndations will be produced. Apply at this oflice.
eowtjw
NEW ENGLAND FARMER'S ALMANAC.
JU.ST published, the New Eiiijlaiiil Farmer's Almanac of
183.'!, hy T. G. Fessenden, editor of the New England Far-
mer— containing the usual variety of an almaoac, and several
tides on agriculture, by the editor and otliers. Price .lO
[Its per dozen. Nov. 7
THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at j!.! per annum,
ivayablc at the end of Ihe year — but lliosc who jjay within
sixty days from the time ol subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
ioii of fifty cents.
Qj^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
heinff made in advance.
AGENT S.
.Veio York — G. Thorburn & Sons, 07 Liberty-street.
Albany— Wm. Thorburn, 347 Market-slreel.
t'liiladelphia—D. & C. Lanureth, 85 Chesnut-street.
HalHmore — I. 1. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Fanner.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
J'lujhing, N. Y. — Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gar.
Mtldkbury, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant,
iiart/orrf— Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Newburyport—EBKtiE7.F.R Stedman, Bookseller.
ForUmouth, N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, jl/c— Colman, Holden &. Co. Booksellers.
^li/^j«(a, Vl/c— Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. to'.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C. Geo. Bent.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by John Ford, who
executes every description of Book and Fannj Printing
in good style, and witli promptness. Orders for printing
may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
:^EW ENGI-AI^D PAKMEK,
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH M.\RKET STREET, (at the Acrjculturai. Warkhopse.j-T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
BOSTON. WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 2, 1833.
THE NEW AMEKCAhr ORCHARDIST.
The above cuts are from a work just published,! wile, and niue inches deep. They have ready
written by William Kenkick, of Newton, Mass.,iP'' pared, a quantity of cuttings sufficient for the
entitled " The New American Orchardist, &c. ;"F " ? ^^^'^^<^ "'■" about two feet long, and from be-
published by Carter, Hendee & Co. and Rds-^''^'"'"'" ^',','^ ^ P''^'''' of old wood attached to the
^ <• f. r, .r:,- 1 F '> are called croissettes, (form of a cross,) but
sell, Odiorne & Co., Boston. This work con-n,;, «,,.,„ • .,„, „„ . . , • .■ , , m>
' ' P"i 101 m IS not considered indispensable. These
tains "An account of the most valuable varieties oAlny lay across the trench at the bottom, with the
fruit adapted to cultivation in the 'limaie of tteWj towards the wall, and at the distance of twen-
United States, from the Latitude of 'lb degrees to Sify inches asunder, and cover them with four or
degrees, loith their tises, modes of culture, and Hiare-P^' '^'^^«^ of soil, and tread them down ; at the
agement; remedies for the Maladies to which WT;! ""^^^ ™f -^S «'f "PP^^r end, which was to-
* ,- , ^ . . , , ,, -^vf as the wall, nearly to a perpendicular: then fill
are subject, from noxwus insects, and other rausesj,,,, trench two-thirds full, and spread the residue
8,-c. Also a brief description of the most ornamen-o-nv the border. They then put into the trench
tal Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Flowers, Sfc." thiee inches of manure, which keeps the plants
„, X, . ,,,,-■ i**'^^ '""* moist, and prevents the ground from be-
The Engravings represent the method of traini^oj,-^,^, j^y ^^^^ ^^^.^^
ing grapes at Thomery, in France. The plan i{ In March, (November with us,) they cut in the
from an engraving in Loudon's Magazine ; thJplant to two eyes above ground ; tbev weed, dress
wall is represented as but partially covered. I'^id water the border during the first season, if
jneedful, for the young planted grape requires a
The grape border along this wall, is dug o
manured to the width of five or sbc feet, and tcshoots of the year to some supporters, and do
the depth of fifteen or eighteen inches. If thjevery thing to favor its growth. The second year,
soil is moist or strong, they slope the border so a
throw oft" the rains from the walk ; this prevent
if any of the plants have more than one branch,
they preserve only the strongest. They bury the
gentle degree of moisture. They tie the young
the accumulation of water at the roots of tin new wood as the first year, and so on till they
vines, and is essential to success. When the bor reach the wall. At every time they lay the shoot
der is prepared, they open a trench at four fee they cut in, till they reach strong, ripe wood, well
distance from the wall, and parallel to it, two fee furnished with good eyes. It will generally take
three years before it reaches the wall, but in the
meaii time, they gather some fine bunches.
Wo have irot had leisure to peruse this book ;
but froiii asglence at its coutents, and our actjuaim-
ancc with the Author, have no doubt but it
will prove a valuable work, which ought to be
found in the library of evci-y American Cultivator.
We shall soon give further notices of this useful
book.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Farmer.
AGRICCI<TURAI< ESSAYS, NO. XI,
GOOD NEIGHBORHOOD.
It will contribute not a little to the interest and
the comfort of the fanner, to keep up a good cor-
respondence with his neighbors : and to do this
he must keep good fences, orderly cattle, and bor-
row as little as possible. A great part of the con-
tentions which have taken place among neighbors
in the country, some of which have been carried
to the most serious and distressing length, ^vill be
found, upon e.\amination, to have originated in
poor fences, unruly cattle, and borrowing. A
principal object with every farmer, is the security
of his crops ; and when he has been at great
pains and expense in enclosing his lauds on his
own part; and his neighbor's cattle, sheep, or
swine, break i'l and desUoy the fruits of his labors,
through the inattention he lias paid to liis part of
the same, it will give him not a little uneasmess :
and repeated inroads, from the same cause, will
bring on a coldness, and lead him, at length, to
seek a redress, through the disagi-eeable and ex-
pensive medium of. law. One unruly ox, horse,
or sheep, has proved the ruin of all social and
friendly intercourse, between those who had long
lived in the most neighborly habits and familiari-
ties ; the advantages and pleasure of which, ought
not to have been hazarded for five times the value
of those creatures. And many farmers, thougii
rich in lands, spend more time in running to their
neighbors after saws, hammers, awls, hatchets, a
few nais, and a little wire to ring an hog with,
&c. than would purchase all those articles ort-
right. It must be acknowledged that we are all
depeuftent upon each other, in a degree; and
that eery farmer must borrow, occasionally, or
suffer : but obligations of this kind do not arise
one-hdf so often from necessity, as from mere
carelessness, and a want of manlike attention to
things, But if you must borrow, take care lest
you aiuse the thing borrowed, and return it im-
medictcly after you have done with it ; and never
depend upon borrowing it, again and again, as
many do, but consider widi yourself, whether you
cannot make, or aflibrd to buy it. A farmer
should endeavor never to be destitute of meat,
meal, butter, cheese, &c. on any day in the year ;
and it is scarcely honest to live by wearing out
his neighbors' tools. But although he should
avoid horrowing as much as possible, he ought to
be willing to lend to every neighbor, who would
return the article lent in good order, and as soon
as he should have done with it ; and it is a breach
194
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JAlVlIA»y a, 1833.
of trust, or, to say the least, great nefrlect iu Lini
not to do it. It often i)roves a great disadvantage
to a farmer, when he has one or two men in his
service, and is engaged in a piece of labor, to
have one of his tools in this, and another in that
neiglihor's hands; he scarcely liuows where to
look for them— borrowed of him, pei'haps six, or
seven months before, and carried a mile or two
out of his way ; and which is not an uncommon
case. On this branch of the subject I shall only
observe farther, that a man ought to lend to every
neighbor, worthy of his confidence, whenever he
requests the favor, if he can spare the article
desired, and to borrow of no man, but when
pressed by urgent necessity.
I have observed, that bad fences, and unruly
cattle, are often the causes of contention between
neighbors, and to these fences wc add one or two
more, viz. a difference in religious, and in political
sentiments. In regard to the former, it is the
jn-ivilege and duty of every man to determine for
himself. And no man who lives "soberly,
righteously, and godly," can be a bad neighbor,
under whatever denomination of christians, he
chooses to be considered. To despise such a man.
incentive to virtue : It follows as a corollary, that
whatever tends to encourage industry, in the most
numerous class of our population, by extending
to it the efficient aids of science and literature,
and thereby rendering its employments respecta-
ble and inviting, and its gains more certain, has
an important influence in promoting the public
welfare. Three-fourths of our productive labor is
the contribution of agriculture. This is, as it
were, the liody, while the other avocations may
be likened to the members ; to which this gives
health, strength and character. If this flourishes,
the state prospers ; and the shock which Avithers
its prospects is simultaneously felt, whh the force
of the electric spark, to the remotest extremities
of the body politic. Look to the old continent,
and cast your eyes over the new one : Where
agriculture is in a high state of improvement,
commerce and tlic arts flourish ; and civil and re-
said, and said truly, that great cities are great
political sores upon the body politic. And history
as well as experience admonishes us, that the ten-
dency oi" professional and connnercial wealth, is
to generate that extravagance in the style of liv-
auJ those artificial distinctions m society,
which, if not incompatible with, are often dan-
gerous to civil liberty. We nmst rely upon the
virtue of the country, and upon the steady habits
and iatelligence of its yeomam-y, to counteract
this ijfluence. I would neither awaken jealou-
sies, nor excite prejudices ; yet I am persuaded,
that it would conduce to the public weal, if each
lats of our population was represented, in our
coincils, in proportion to their respective num-
boi<. But this will not be the case while the
present disparity in acquired knowledge exists
bcween the professional and laboring classes.
Avarding to the first the most honest aud jiatriot-
ligious freedom are seen to abound iu proportiun ic iutentious, either their habits, their associations.
to the intelligence and industi-y which distinguish
its agricultural population.
Wc must sow the seed before we can gather
the harvest. We must plant the tree if we would
enjoy the fruits. We nmst invest our capital ere
dnot feel interested in his welfiire, and not to Pve receive the interest. And we must instruct
treat him with all the love and kindness due to a
neighbor, although he calls himself a Baptist, or a
Soeinian, or an Episcopalian, indicates a narrow
and contracted mind. And the same observation
may be applied in regard to the [lolitical senti-
ments of your neighbor ; and who, so long as he
continues a quiet and |)eaceable subject of the
government under which you both live, deserves
your respect, and love, and candor ; although he
■does not engage in the interests of the party
which you think proper to patronize and espouse.
I only adil that these subjects deserve li degree of
attention, however trifling they may be considered
by some : not only, as they may respect the hap-
piness of the present neighborhood in which you
!ivc ; but as they may affect those who knay come
after us : for, prejudices aud opinion ofttn descend
to the third, and even to the fourth gentration.
From the Daibj AlbcLij Argns.
A SCHOOL OP AGRICUL.TURE. SO. m.
•• W'f. arc ropublicans, when wc endeavor to imbke Ihe minds
of our children with Ihc love of science, and wilhkuch kuowl-
edf 0 as may be likely, in malurer life, to make lam useful in
the" stations they are called to occupy ; and '»''♦" "e •f"''''
them to ' love Uieir neighbors as themselves.' "-\7Vic Good
Oberliv..* \
As indolence is the parent of vice, sols mdus-
Iry the incentive to virtue. Aud as knoiledgc is
power, it is of the first hnport;uice tliattfcse who
are the depositories of power, should posless this
" Ifote. "The good Oberhn." There never Was, per-
haps, a more happy illustration of the advantages of Iducation
and science in pro"motiug agricultural and moral impi ivcmeut,
than was produced by the labors of this worthy phiti ithropist
and Christian. When he assumed the pastoral ch rsfe of a
itstrict in the mountains of Alsace, he found a pe( jle who
could neither read nor write ; who had no trade, no ools, no
agriculture, few comforts, and no access by roads to i ore cul-
tivated districts. By indefatigable industry, and untiring
patience, Oberlin surmomited all these difficulties, an- render-
ed his district the wonder and admiration of all. He irocured
books and tools — taught his parishioners to read and t work —
to improve their dwellings and tlieir lands' — to constr cl roads
and to plant trees, which latter he inculcated as a religious
duty. He established, probably, the first infant schoo in about
nyO. "Education," says his biographer, " was nev :r in aiiy
other place made so general, nor, in many useful resp ;cts, car-
ried so far, as by this extraordinary and most exemj ary pas-
tor." Oberlin's useful labors excited the notice and a Imiration
of the capital. Louis XVHI. sent him the ribbon of the legion
of honor, and the Royal Agricultural Society voted him a gold
medal. The quotation at the head of this article exhibits the
g^round-work of his wonderful improvements. He died in 1826.
our youth, if we would profit by the labors of
their manhood. That the agriculture of one
country, of one county, of one district, and of
one fann, is rendered far more productive than
that of another cotmtry, county, district or farm,
6?/ the superior inklli^^^nnrc, skiil and {ndtistry of
those who till its soil, is a irtith which needs no
proof. The first impulse to improvement in the
agriculture of Dtitchess, was given by the txara-
ple of a few men of science aud enterprise ; aud
the highly cultivated counties of Pennsylvania
owe much of their im]>rovemcnt and prospejifty
to a naturalist and a civilian, whose great aim/(viis
to render science subservient to the comforts/nnd
profits of labor. Good example is always Salu-
tary, but especiiilly iu htishanilry, where it exerts
an extended influence, iu consequence of its nc
cessarily falling under the observation iit' nnui
who are interested in adopting it. I do not fiattr
myself that the whole body of yeoinaniy coull
participate, directly, iu the benefits of im agricu-
tiual school. But a hundred pupils, with tb
nmtual and practical instructions which it wnul
give, and animaterl with the laudable ambitio
which it would infuse, to excel in their busines,
aud m usefulness to society — I say, a huntU'ti
such youug men, sent annually into diflcrent set
tions of the state, would not fail to produce a
effect highly salutary to all. Moreover, if, as
verily believe, such a school should become po)
ular, aud its benefits apparent, others would I
established upon its model, to the extent of tl
public wants. Could the agriculture of the gtal
be made to approximate, in its improvements, i
that of oiu- best cultivated county, the gain to i
wealth and prosperity would be immense. An
if an agricultural school should but partially e
feet this object, the outlay for its establishmei
would be more than repaid by the increased revt
uues of our canals alone.
But there is another advantage which thi
school proftii-ses to the state, which is worthy <
serious consideration ; I mean, that resulting 1
our political institutions, from the dift'usion of th
higher branches of knowledge among that ])0)
tion of our population who, from their number.'
are emphatically its guardians. Mr. Jefferson ha
0- their interests, do not always qualify tbein, or
letve them at liberty, to consult the best interests
of a cotiunuuity, of which they form but an in-
CQisiderable portion. The majority can alone be
farly represented by its own members, whose
ftMJiugs and interests are identified ; and the more
inelligence and virtue there is in this majorit} ,
th- more wisdom and liberality there will he in
till acts of our public councils. Not that I would
ru.ke farmers all orators ; but I would endue them
will a talent no less useful — that of thinking and
juigiug correctly. Our talkers too often couipro-
111 themselves upon ex ^nr/e facts, aud become
acocates to sustain their own errors. While it is
tl; ])rofound thinkers, who hear both sides of an
agument before they publi.sh their opinions, that
lAi are to rely iqion as impartial umpires.
It results iiom the consideration which I have
gireu to this subject —
That an tigricullural school will tend greatly to
promote improvemeuts in husbandry, and to aug-
iiHiit its products ;
That the laboring classes are entitled to an-
equivalent fiom the bounty of tlie state, for the
colleges it has endowed, for the benefit of the
learned professions ;
That the instruction which it will di.spense, in
chemistry, mechanics and the natural sciences —
iu literature — in practical farming and gardening,
and in rural economy generally — will ha\e a be-
nign influence iu enlarging the sphere of useful
knowledge — in encouraging industry — iu prosper-
ing all branches of business, and in augmenting
the resources of the state ;
That its moral aud political influence will be
salutary ; and that the expense of its establish-
ment will be amply remunerated, by the increase
of revenues, to say nothing of the enhanced value
which it is calculated to confer on real estate.
(The foregoing considerations are respectfully
submitted, as the honest opinions of one who e.\-
pects not the remotest benefit from their adoption,
but in common with his fellow citizens. I will
hut add, in conclusion, my ardent hope, that some
other pen may be employed more forcibly to illus-
trate the advantages of an institution which I
have but imperfectly sketched.
Dec. 2d, 1832. B.
Nothing can exceed the folly of those who
wish to live beyond tlieir incomes, and wish to
maintain an appearance without the means of
doing it.
vol.. XI. NO. 35.
AND MOUTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
195
From the American Farmer.
IMPROVEMENT OF SHEEP.
Luchj Hit Farm, Aug. 25, 1832.
Mr. Smith : — Dear Sir, — Yours of the 17th inst.
has been very lately received. The ram you wish
to procure for Col. , can be delivered in
Alexandria, in the course of September. His
price ^vill be equal to that charged Col. Freemai
a ye.ir or two since, §50, with the incidental ex-
penses of $5.
My uniform price for a ram is $2-5, after the
first fleece is removed, when I consider him fairly
in a saleable state. Much may he inferred then,
as to the future turn out of the aninuil. Mucli
more when he shall have yielded his second
fleece — then $40 will be received. When the
third is shorn, .$50, at which period a ram will
have exhibited his excellences or his defects, whea
no breeder would think of selling animals with ma-
terial faults, since it would be too late to apologize
for them by the real or imaginary supposition,
they will outgrow it, or fill up in some particular
point, &c. &c. It will then be a matter of no lit-
tle importance to a purchasing breeder, who cau
make a proper distinction between a very good
animal and a very superior one, to obtain such as
will be as free from defects as possible, althoiigL
he pay a small additional price. I have said some-
where in the Farmer, that it is impossible for aOy
one to pronounce with certainty on the geng'al
qualities of an animal, merely from his youtlful
exhibition. I am confirmed by further cxperieice
in the truth of tlys assertion, particularly in rda-
tion to sheep. But if they have been uniforiily ^^
disposed to keep in good order on moderate kea- j^
ing, and continue to sustain their promised reputl-
tion by an exliibition of prominency in the mate\
rial points, and do not degenerate in their wool, jjjatauce of thi^
they may well be trusted at or about three years
old. I believe I may chiefly attribute my success
in sheep-breeding, to the circumstance of turning
out all my ram lambs, marking with my eye half
a dozen, more or less, of the most superior at the
first shearing when the best opportunity is aftbrded
of examining and comparing their wool — then un-
dergoing almost every day an examination and
comparison, until a second shearing tests more
fully their value in regard to wool, and afibrds a
further and more critical examination of the frame,
carriage, &c. &c. It sometimes happens, in the
course of the third year, that some one point
meets with a decline, (how or why, is more a mat-
ter of speculation than certainty. I believe, how-
ever, some of the learned may Investigate it with
philosophical precision, and decide on it with an
air of absolute truth ;) and on the contrary, that
where there has been a defect, time has so re-
modelled it, as to bring it into symmetry with the
rest.
the same
rior to any other, and his progeny do him increas-
ing credit, but this is not often the case. To in-
crease chances of improvement by crosses, I ocJ
casionally introduce some half-breed from ml
neighbors' flocks, gotten by rams loaned for tlii
special purpose of selecting a few to get a cros
or two from — then turning them away, and breoQ
ing in and in for a while, according to circun)
stances.
I have thought it proper to say thus much foj
the convenience and benefit of purchasers an
breeders; and it may be well, whenever applica^
tion is made, that the views of the breeder bi
signified, not only in regard to a prepondcrancr in
favor of mutton or wool, liut any hints which
may be advantageously ajJidicd in respect to form
as a matter of taste will not be neglected — for in-
stance, there may he two animals of the same
real value, but diffi^ring in their appearance, the
one having a longer body, the other making up in
breadth for the deficiency iu length — but here an
advantage may be derived, added to taste ; if the
flock to be improved have .short bodies, use the
ram to give tlieju more length — if long, it follows
of consequence tliat bulk will be the most appro-
pri.ite cross. But I must stop, and you will per-
ceive, sir, how difficult it is for me to deal in mon-
osyllables only, whenever this subject is touched
from abroad ; long, and frequent reflections, on
its extensive importance, and the indulgence of a
vivid and happy imagination on its practical ben-
efits, and the enchanting scenery of beautifully
white flocks spread over the deep green fields,
I trust will be accepted as an apology for detain-
ing you so long on the simple question, " will
you furnish me with a first rate ram ?" and also
for the request to give this note a corner in the
Farmer. I am, very respectfully, yours, &c.
R. K. MEADE.
but nion^ iiarlieularly
been culled the poor
From Buc/c's Beauties of Nature.
VEGETABLE INSTINCT.
Instinct is a particular disposition or tendency
in a living being to embrace, without deliberation
or reflection, the means of self-preservation, and
to perform, on particular occasions, such other
actions as are required by its economy, without
aviug any perception to what end or purposes it
acts, or any idea of the utility and advantage of its
own operation. Climbing plants aftbrd a curious
instinctive economy. Some of
\hese having very slender stems, cannot, like most
Ulier plants, grow of themselves in a perpendicular
drection ; but in order to compensate for this in-
opacity, nature has given them the power of
npving or twining their branches and tendrils dif-
fffent ways, until they generally meet with a tree
Msome other body on which to climb, or attach
Jpmselves ; and when a tendril has laid hold of a
(ilpport, it coils up and draws the stem after it.*
11 Trees and other vegetables have likewise the
Bwer of directing their roots for procuring nour-
i nnent : — for instance, a tree growing near a
(tch, will be found to direct its roots straight
(iwnwards, on the side next the ditch, untd they
1 ach the ground below it, when they will throw
I F fibres underneath, and ramify like the root on
le other side of the tree. Some curious exam-
ies of this kind of instinct are related by Lord
Ivaimes, among which is the following : — " A
(irvcn.si.t, and many other
in the last, whence it ha;
man's weather-glass.
In Watson's Chemical Essays, also, it it stated
that trefoil, wood-sorrel, mountain ebonv the Af-
rican marigold, and many others, are so regular
in folding up their leaves before rainy weather
that these motions have been considered as a kind'
of instinct similar to that of ants. — Ttippcr o7i the
Probalilit}/ of Sensation in Vegetables.
Some plants open their petals to receive rain,
others avoid it ; some contract at the approach of
.storm, others at the approach of night ; while
some expand and blossom only to the evenin-' air.
Near the Cape, certain flowers form a species ol'
chronometer. The morea unguiculata and ■undula-
ta open at nine in the morning, and close at four-
the ixia cinnamonea opens at the time the other
closes, and .sheds a delicious perfume thro
the night.
ough
T , , ,■ , y. quantity of fine compost for flowers happened to
1 breed sometimes two or three years from p , ■ , . ., ,. ',. /■ n , .
, ,•,.,,, /be laid at Uie loot oi a lull-grown elm, where it
ne ram, or as long as he is decidedly supe- ,„ i . j .. r ,
lay neglected three or four years ; when moved,
in order to be carried off", a net work of ehii fibres
spread through the whole heap ; and no fibres
had before appeared at the surface of the ground."
Many flowers also fold up their leaves on the
approach of rain, or in cold cloudy weather, and
unlbid them again when cheered by the reanimat-
ing influence of the sun. This is remarkably
exemplified in the convolvulus arvensis, anagallis
• A mistake. The tendril does not " draw the stem after
it". — it merely supports it. The stem increases in length only
from the growih at liic end. The limb of a tree and the tendril
of a vine are always at the same distance from the ground. —
Ed. Am. Farmer.
The stamina of the flowers of sorrel thorn are
so peculiarly irritable, that when touched they
will incline almost two inches ; and the upper
joint of the leaf of the dioncea is formed like a ma-
chine to catch food. When an insect, therefore,
settles on its glands, the tender parts become irri-
tated, and the two lobes rise up, grasp the insect
and crush it to death. The plane-tree exhibits the
power of exercising a sagacity for securing food
not unworthy of an animal. Lord Kaimes relates,
that among the ruins of New Abbey, in the coun-
ty of Galloway, there grew in his tmie, on the top
of one of its walls, a plane-tree, upwards of
twenty feet in height. Thus situated, it became
straitened for food and moisture, and therefore
gradually directed its roots down the side of the
wall, till they reached the ground at the distance
often feet. When they had succeeded in this at-
tempt, the upper roots no longer shot out fibres,
but united in one ; and shoots vigorously sprun'r
up from the root which had succeeded in reach-
ing the farth.
The island of St. Lucia presents a still more
curious phenomenon in the animal flower. This
organizition lives in a large bason, the water of
which is brackish. It is more brilliant than the
raarigoll wliich it resembles. But when the hand
is extenled towards it, it recoils, and retires like
a snail in the water. It is supposed to live on the
spawn )f fish.
In Jiva grows a plant, the JVepenthes distillato-
ria, reiiarkahle for having a small vegetable bag
attached to the base of its leaves. This bag is
eovei-id with a lid which moves on a strong fibre
answiring the purpose of a hinge. When dews
rise, »r rams descend, the lid opens ; when the
bag ii saturated, the lid falls and closes so tightly,
that 10 evajioration can take place. The moisture'
thus imbibed, cherishes the seed, and is gradually
absobed into the body of the plant.
AGE OP IMPROVEMENT.
Mr. F. Palmer, of Buft'alo, N. Y., has invented
a ne.v method of making nails for shoeing horses
and oxen, for which he h.is obtained a patent.
It is an invention which promises to be of great
value to the community and to the inventor, who
is at present the principal proprietor. Some idea
may lie formed of its importance, from the fact
that one man can manufacture nails, in this way,
at least as fast as fifty men can in the usual way.
The nails have been proved to be equally as good
in quality, and far superior in point of form.
196
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JANUARY a, 1833,
PRXJKIKG FOREST TREES.
The following observations arc IVoni the Sylva
Americana : —
A timber tree, as before observed, is valued for
its length, straightness, and solidity of its stem.
Judicious pruning tends greatly to assist nature in
the formation of the stem in this perfect state. In
natural forests, boles or stems possessing jjroperties
of the most valuable kind are found, where no
pruning, trenching, or any other process of culture
ever was applied to the rearing of the trees. It
should not, liowever, be concluded from this cir-
c-imistance that the processes are of little value.
If ws examine the growth of -trees, when lert to
the unassisted eftbrts of nature by the neglect of
pruning and thinning, we find that but a small
number oidy, on any given space of planted
ground, attain to perfect maturity, compared to
those which never arrive at any value but for fuel.
The like results, though varying according to local
advantages, are exhibited in the produce of self-
planted forests. Hence, instead of an average of
two or three perfect trees on any given space (sup-
pose an acre) left by the unassisted cflbrts of na-
.ture, we sliall have from forty to three hundred
perfect trees, according to the species of timber,
by the judicious application of art in tlie prepara-
tion of the soil and the after culture of the trees,
and probably on soils, too, which, without such
assistance, could never have reared a single tree.
The time at which pruning should begm, de-
l)cnds entirely on the growth of the young trees,
iu some instances of favorable soil and quick
growth of the plants, branches will be found in
the course of four of five years to require fore-
shortening, and in ease of the formation of forked
leaders, to be pruned oft' close to the stem. When
the lateral branches of different trees interfere witli
each other's growth, pruning, so as to foreBhorten,
should be freely applied in every case, iu order to
prevent the stagnation of air among the btanclies
or the undue preponderance of branches on one
side of the tree. Perfect culture, in this lespect,
requires that the plantation should be e.ximined
every year, and by keeping the trees thus in per-
fect order there will never be any danger of mak-
ing too great an opening, or depriving a tree too
suddenly of a large ])roportion of branches.l The
operation will also bo so much more quicks per-
formed, as to render the expense of nianaament
less than if the pruning were delayed, or onlt per-
formed at intervals, as is too frequently praaiscd.
By examining the trees of a plantation annual-
ly, the critical time for pruning every brancy for
the best interest of the trees is secured, qpnie
trees may be pruned with great advantage Suc-
cessively for years, while others may only remire
it every three or foiw years, and others agaiiilnot
at all.
Judicious thinning maybe said to be producive
of the same valuable effects to a plantation of t m-
ber trees in the aggregate, as those which judici )us
pruning produces on every individual tree conijos-
ing it ; by the admission of a proper circula ion
of air and the solar rays, and permitting the tee
expansion of the essential lateral branches of the
troes, as well as by preventing an imuecesairy
waste or exhaustion of the soil by the roots o^ all
supernumerary trees.
The great advantages of judicious thinningiare
not confined to the olijeet of obtaming the largest
quantity of timber of the best quality on a given
^pace of land in the shortest space of time ; but
the produce of the trees thus ihiniied out ought
to afford a return sutiicient to pay th^ expenses of
culture, interest of capital, and the value of the
rent of the land. In many instances the profits
arising from the thinnings of well-managed woods
have covered these charges before the period of
twenty years from the time of planting. Tlie time
at which the process of thinning should be com-
menced, depends on the like causes as those
which regulate pruning, and need not here be re-
peated.
In general the forest growing plantations re-
quire to have a certain nundjer of trees taken out
by the time they have attaine^.l to eight years of
growth from jdanthig. On forest tree soils of a
medium quality, the age of ten or twelve years
may be attained by the yoimg trees before thinning
is necessary : but should fifteen years elapse be-
fore the trees demand thinning, it will be found
that the plantation has been imperfectly formed.
No certain rule can be given to determine the
number of trees to be thinn»d out periodically,
which will apply to all plantations and to every
kind of forest tree in them. A well-grounded
knowledge of the jirinciples of vegetftlile i)liysio!o-
gy, and of the habits of trees, is absolutely essen-
tial, to execute with success this very inqiortaut
branch of arboriculture.
From the Genesee Farmer.
ON THE MEANS OF SUBDUING CANADA
THISTLES.
There can be no [jlcasure in writing or medi-
tating on the subject of Canada thistles ; yet the
subject claims attention, and much greater atten-
tion than has been given to it. I am thankful that
several gentlemen have iu the course of tlie season
agitated this subject in the Genesee Farmer. Es-
pecially, I am tliaukful that D. T. has deigned tt>
take it into his consideration, and to write upon It.
In No. 32, current volume of the Genesee Farmer
the reader may find an interesting conmumicntioi
by that gentleman, on this subject. D. T. wii
perceive, that Canada thistles present a more in-
portant subject than that of chess, on which lie
has written so freely and so ably, iu defence oj
sound pruiciples ; for they threaten to inliict oc
the conunuuity a far greater injury than will b(
done by chess, whatever may be the means of ii;
propagation.
It is a fact not to be concealed, that Cunad
thistles are coming in like a flood, and makin'
alarming inroads upwi the country. Too many tj"
our citizens know already, how embarrassing tlie_
are to the operations of husbandry, how oflensiv^
to the sight, and how deleterious, when unmolested
in monopolizing the soil, to the exclusion of all
useful vegetation.
It is not chiefly because Canada thistles are
more tenacious of life, and more difficult to bo
subdued, than other vegetables, that their presence
is to be dreaded more than that of many other
weeds. They are not remarkable for these attri-
butes ; perhaps not more so than Johnswort, daisies
and dock ; not more so than some of the grasses,
as red top, spear grass, &c. They do, indeed, in
the oSensiveness of their character, and in the
mischief of their effects, surpass all other noxious
weeds known to us. And, as they possess extra-
ordinary facilities of self-propagation, by broken
fragments of their roots, and by their seed, which
the wind carries in all directions, it will not be an
easy task, where they have acquired considerable
possessions, to get rid of them. Already they have
become .so prevalent in this country, as to preclude
the hope of dispossessing them without great exer-
tion, and without general and united eflbrt. As
siiggested in my former treatise on this subject,
lublished in the Genesee Farmer, legislative inter-
losition will, in this case, be indispensable. Far-
rier A. will feel little encouragement to expend
srength and treasure in attempting to subdue the
tustlcs of his field, so long as they grow, and he
expects they will continue to grow, and ripen their
s:ed, iu the field adjacent, belonging to his neigh-
l )r 1j. Perceiviug, as I do, that some interest is
f It in the community relative to this subject, and
ii dulging the hoj)e that prevalent appeals iu regard
t( it will he made to the legislature at its next ses-
sim, 1 take courag-e to resimie the subject.
It will he my object, in the remamder of this
u mber and iu the next, to detail some of tlic pyo-
ci sses by which Canada thistles may be subdued'.
lit. This may be done in the manner suggested
b; D. T. ; that is, thorough work in ploughing
ai J tilling. Yet, I believe the ordinary tilling
pccess has never been known, in this section of
tlje country, to produce that efl'ect.— Neither tlio
iimier fallow, nor the tillage incident to com
( ])otato crops, has becu known here to destroy
nada thistles, or to avail much towards thinning
eir ranks. It is evident therefore, that if attempts.
a|e to be made to subdue the Canada thistles by
tl(c ojierations of tillage, the j)rocess of tillage
sH<kild be coiulucted in a manner uuich more thor-
on:h than that of ordinary field husbandry, where
thf production of crops is the ouiY object.
f should think a naked summer fallow would bo
a letter process for destroying Canada thistles than
tfe culture of corn or potatoes. I think so, be-
cause the process of tillmg ehher of these crops
occupies too short a time, and closes too early in
the season ; that is, at or before midsummer. It
is, I believe, generally understood, that the best
time to operate for the destruction of any vegeta-
bles, is iu the latter part of the season. If" the
tenant of a field to be operated upon by summer
fallow for the destruction of thistles desires to be
veiy thorough, he may commence his operations
in the fall, that is, plough his ground at that time.
The process may be resumed in the sjiring as early
as he pleases, and prosecuted through the season,
by j>loughing and harrowing as frequently as any
thistles shall appear. I doubt not that, by such "a
process, Canada thistles may be entirely subdued
in one sea.son. Wheat may be sown, and as the
ground will have been perfectly prepared, a first-
rate crop may be exjiected. — Not unlikely the extra
labor will be amply remtmerated by the greater
value of the crop.
But if it better please the occupant to connect
his process with the culture of corn or potatoes,
it will in that case be a good practice to plough the
ground in the fall and -in the spring, to give it all
practicable tillage, jireparatoiy to planting. I am
lot sure, however, that in case a smooth, green
ward is to be operated upon, it will not be better
1 defer operations till spring, and then simjily
urn over the sward. I have nearly destroyed
(anada thistles by the act alone of turning over
svard in this manner. But at what time, or in
vhat manner soever, the proprietor or occupant
nay please to connnence his operations, his sub-
equeut practice throughout must be much more
borough than that of the ordinary culture of com
)r potatoes. During the process of tillage, special
care must be taken that uo thistles escape notice.
VOL. XI. NO. as
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
197
and remain undisturbed. And after the ordinary
process of tillage shall have come to a close, it
will be necessary to go over the field again, and
probably more than once, to combat such thistles
a.s may be found still struggling for existence.
After all, a failure, or at least a partial failure, will
probably be the result. I ant doubtful of the prac-
ticability of achieving in one season .in entire con-
<juest of Canada thistles, by the means here sug-
gested. This is not the process which I should
recommend, giving as I do a decided preference
to that of the summer fallow.
In relation to a field in such a situation, corn
•or potatoes having been the last crop, and thistles
remaining on it unsubdued, it becomes an impor-
tant question, what should be the next process-?
The field should not, as D. T. justly remarks, he
applied to any use that will preclude the operations
of tillage. To sow oats, or any other grain, on a
field in this situation, is the worst of practices.
This will give the thistles an opportimity of rcgqiu-
ing all that they may have lost in the conflicts of
the preceding season. Of this they will be slire
to avail themselves. Besides, sowing grain amiiig
thistles is objectionable for other weighty reasons,
which will be noticed in a subsequent number,
I am satisfied, therefore, that a better way to
manage a field on which corn and potatoes grew
the preceding season, and in which thistles reiiiniu
unsubdued, is to plough the ground early in the
spring and to continue ])loughing as frequenty as
thistles shall appear until nearly the middle of July,
■\\heu buckwheat may be sown. I have no diiibt
that a thick set and rank crop of buckwheat woild,
under these circumstances, utterly destroy Canida
thistles. But, if it suit tlie manager better, he iii^y
continue his ploughings until the season for sowing
wheat, and then sow wheat. The latter process
will,, with a certainty of success as unquestionable
as that of the former, do the work of destroying
Canada thistles. But if, contrary to reasonable
expectation, a few sickly roots of the thistle should
after all maintain a slender hold on life, it will be
an easy task to put an end to their existence
I close here, as to means of subdumg thistles
that may be found in the processes of tillage. It
is believed that by the means here pointed out, a
war of extermination may be successfully waged
against these troublesome and mischievous inva
thing is in order, and those of the slothful man,
where confusion reigns. With one, every step
convinces you that the possessor does not eat the
breail of idleness — that he does not neglect to
provide for his family, whereby he would prove
himself worse than an infidel. Every thing be-
speaks attention to business and comfort ; reputa-
tion and wealth follow. Not so with the other.
His fences are broken down — his yards are neg-
lected— his utensils lie scattered and broken
every thing bespeaks the man to be the slothful
servant pointed out to us as abusing the talents
committed to his charge — his character as a man
wortliy of trust or honor declines — his former
friends forsake him, and poverty and -wretched-
ness in most cases, close the scene. Now all this
difference may arise from early habits, on tlie one
hand having a place for every thing and every
thing in its place, and on the other, not having "a
place for any thing, which soon leads to not hav-
ing any thing for a place.
A NEW APPL.E.
We have received from our friend and corres-
pondent. Dr. J. S. Graham, of York, Livingston
county, two apples from a seedling tree growiun-
in t'lat town. For beauty, size, and flavor, we
have rarely seen them surpassed. The Doctor
describes the tree as being an " abundant, annual
bearer," and proposes to call the apple the York
Sweet Water. They are well worthy of cultiva-
tion for the table, and no doubt will prove valuable
for cider, as they are very juicy and well flavored.
Genesee Farmer.
secrctioii. It has been found a good plan, to give
the whole of the milk a young cow yields, to\he
calf which she roaddy does, and thus gets into a
good habit oi nulkinc."
SNOW.
Dr. RoTHERHAM, in his Philosophical Inquiry
into the natm-e and properties of water, says, " one
eflect of snow, which I can assure my readers of,
s, tliat a certain quantity of it taken up fresh from
the ground, and mixed in a flour pudding, will
supply the place of eggs, and if this proportion be
much exceeded the pudding will not adhere
together, but will fall to pieces in boiling. I as-
sert this from the experience of my own family,
and any one who tries it will find it to be a fact."
CAJTKEK WORMS.
In the year 17S9, tlie Rev. John Cushing, of
the county of Worcester, Mass., coimiimiicated
ders. Will not farmers, who have fields infested to the Academy of Arts and Sciences, a method
with Canada thistles, ponder the subject ? To de-
tail other processes by which thistles may be de
fitroyed, will be the subject of my next number,
DAN BRADLEY.
December, 1832. j
From the Genesee Farmer.
« A PLACE FOR EVERT THEVG, ASTD EVERS
THING Mr ITS PLACE." "
There is no season of the year when it is more
important to reduce the above maxim to practifce
than at the setting m of winter. Many of tie
small farming utensils, such as hoes, rakes, spades
and forks are much mjured if left exposed to tie
weather through the winter, or buried beneath tie
snow ; and even ploughs and harrows should be
put under cover as soon as the season for using
them is past. To have a place for every thing
and every thing in its place, is not only a maxim
of economy, but it adds much to the reputation of
the farmer who observes it. How difl^erent are
the impressions made while viewing the premi-
ses of a prudent, economical farmer, where every
to destroy canker worms in the egg. It is as
follows : — " In autumn before the ground be
frozen, take an iron bar, and make a number of
holes under each tree, near the body ; throw in a
few kernels of corn into each ; let in swine ; and
they will root the groimd over and over, which
will not only so disturb the eggs deposited in the
ground as to destroy them, but will be very saluta-
ry to the trees. Nothing is better to make apple
trees flourish than to have hogs turn up the ground
under them.
" This method," added Mr. Cushmg, "I had from
Mr. Edward Raymond, of Sterling, who has tried
it with success."
An accident hapi)ened at Killingly, Conn on
Thursday of last week, ou which it is mdeed pain-
ful to reflect. AVidow Abigail Stearns, aged about
75 years, was bm-ned in so shocking a manner that
she survived but a short time. The particulars as far
as we know them are as follows: — she was engaged
in cooking, when her clothes, which were cotton,
accidently took fire. She held a glass bottle con-
taining sal-£eratu8, with which she inflicted a deep
woimd in her breast, probably in attempting to ex-
tinguish the flames. She was alone in the house,
at the tune, and appearing sensible of her condi-
tion, had the presence of mind to fly to the closet
and make use of several pans of milk, but with-
out success. Soon after she was found by a
neighbor, ou the bed, which had also taken fire
from her clothes. — Brookhjn Gaz.
Dreadful Occurrence. — It becomes our painful
duty briefly to announce that yesterday afternoon,
while twenty men were engaged in the coal mine
of Samuel J. Potts, Esq. the water suddenly rushed
down from an adjoining mine, which had been for
some time unoccupied, drowned two individuals
who were unable, by reason of their situation, to
make their escape. The remamder sustained no
injury — one of whom was immersed in water up
to his chin, and saved himself by clinging to the
roof of the mine. One of the deceased miners was
a foreigner, engaged in his first day's work ou this
side of the Atlantic. — Pottsville Joxmial, JVov. 3.
A SHOCKING case of premature interment is re-
ported in a London paper. — A poor woman lost
her son by the cholera, who was buried. She was
Iso attacked. When the undertakers were screw-
ing down the coflin, she revived, pushed oft' the
lid, and very soon recovered. She immediatelv
insisted upon having her son exhumed. The child
had turned round and torn its face to pieces with
agon^.
OPENING AND DISTENDING THE BULK VES-
SELS IN A COW^.
In the northern counties of England, they wish
their cows to calve when the grass is abundant.
This, it is supposed, opens tlieir millj vessels, and
is a great means of rendering them ever after good
milkers ; which is not the case, unless nature
Pmgresa of Civilization. — In Egypt an experi-
meni has been made, which will probably have
very important effects on the civilization of Egypt
and Arabia. Two laboring men, who we believe,
had been employed near London in boring for
water, were taken to Egypt by Mr. Briggs, who
wa! at one time consul at Cairo. They were em-
plcyed under the patronage of the Pacha, to bore
foi water in the desert. At about thirty feet be-
lov the surface they found a stratum of sandstone;
wiien they got through that an abundant supply of
water rose. The water usually obtained from the
sirface is of an inferior quality, and for many pur-
{oses useless ; that which has been obtained by
loring is soft and pure. Already, in the Deseit of
Suez, a tank, capable of holding 2000 cubic feet
of water, had been made, and it is probable by this
time several others may be formed. By this dis-
fovery one great impediment to tlie fertilizing of
the country will be removed.
Cranberries. — As this fruit is largely employed
in most tainilies, some persons may be glad to be
informed, that these berries may be preserved
several years, merely by drying them a little in
ilie Sim, and then stopping them closely in dry
is early mode to have a tendency to that species of I bottles. — Parkts.
198
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JANUARY 3, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, \VEDNESDAY EVENIXC., JAN. 2, 1R33.
As a means to give uotice of the intentions of
the conductors of the N. E. Farmer in relation to
its future character, we have inserted our Pros-
pectus in the advertising column, and shall take
the liberty of sending this as a specimen number
to gentlemen whose names may occur to us.
The volume previous to the current one, is Vol. I.
New Series, and will be found a valuable and in-
teresting one ; those who desire can be furnished
with it.
If you intend your domestic animals shall be
profitably kept, you will attend to their comfort
as well as their sustenance. They must be well
lodged as well as well fed, or they will consume
much hay and provender to little purpose. If they
are well littered they will not only be rendered the
more comfortable, butthe materials with which they
are accommodated will make good manure. It is
of great consequence that the floors of your cow-
houses and stables be water tight, so that none of
the stale of the animals be lost, but it should be
conducted to some reservoir of liquid manure, to
be disposed of as we have often directed, or mixed
with earth previously provided.
Lorain says, " As it is far better under any
system of management for the cattle to riui at large
though the day, unless the weather be bad, move-
able hay-savers, or racks for holding the hay,
corn, fodder, &c. should be constructed, 4iat the
rich droppings from the cattle may be regularly
spread over the yard ; unless they be fed Under
open sheds." |
Arthur Young says, " The great points inlfeed-
ing cattle are regularity, and a ])articular care of
the wealier individtials. On this account there
' ought ever to be plenty of trough and rack-riom,
that too many may not feed together ; in wnich
very common case the weaker are not Inly
trampled down by the stronger, but they are wor-
ried, and become cowed and spiritless, than wnch
there cannot be a more unfavorable state for thrl't ;
besides, these are ever compelled to shift amcmg
the worst part of the food. This domineerilg
spirit is so remarkably prevalent among hornil
cattle, that he has a hundred times observed tit
master-beast running from crib to crib, and absa
lutely neglecting his own provender for the sakl
of driving the weaker animals from theirs. This
is, much oftener than suspected, the chief reason
Poland, TnimhuU County, O.Dec. 13th, 1832.
Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq.
Sir, — The vegetable kingdom of this western
region contains many species, not indigenous to
the New-England States. Among them, several
are interesting on account of eitlier their ornamen-
tal or useful properties; and in a few, both are
combined, as in the case of the Anona or Porcelia
triloba, of botanists, or in common language the
papaw, or custard apple. The tree is small, of
regular growth, not exceeding twenty feet in height,
the leaves are luxuri.ant, smooth and handsome,
and the general habit is peculiarly rich. Early in
May numerous dark, brownish, purple flowers put
forth, and are succeeded by clusters of fruit, which,
when fully grown, resemble the jaigonellc pear in
color, size and form. It ripens in October, and
has a flavor somewhat like that of the banapas of
the island of Cuba, or perhaps more like that of a
custard ; hence it receives one of its appellations.
To some people it is sickish, to others palatable
and delicious ; and to many birds and wild ani-
mals, it affords for a time a su])ply of food. — It
contains six or eight seeds of the size and appear-
ance of the English kidney bean.
As tlie tree is hardy it would doubtless flourish
in any climate congenial to the ])each, jirovided it
were set in a suitable soil and exposure. It de-
lights in shaded situations upon the rich alluvial
and diluvial formations along our streams of water.
The seeds, when left to themselves, will not
vegetate until the second year ; it is however pro-
bable, if treated with hot water, after the method
rcconunended for accelerating vegetation with the
seeds of the locust, they might be caused to sprout
the first season.
If art and cultivation have produced from the
wild-crab the highly flavored spitzenberg ajjple,
from the woolly almond the melting rareripe peach,
and from the bitter mazzard the rich, black Tar
tarian cherry, what valuable varieties of fruit might'
not in proc(^ss of lime be obtained by similai'
means from the papaw ?
The magnolia acuminata or cucumber is a
showy an<l ornamental tree, that, had it been a
native only of China or Van Diemau's land, would,
without a doubt, long since have been introduced
under some imposing name into pleasure grounds,
and placed alongside of the " ailauthus, or tree of
heaven."
Two years since I forwarded to you some re-
marks ui)on the different methods of protecting
plums against the attacks of the curculio, and also
a description of the plan adopted at Economy, for
arrestuig the insect, in its course U]) the trees, by
means of tarred-boards.* Having afterwards tested
the latter, I found it entrapped comiiaratively few.
While observing their movements I discovered
that they ascended indiscriminately every tree
about my orchard, and after waiting a day or two,
apparently to gain strength after their transform-
ation, they flew to such of my plum trees as were
bearing. By the time the }'oung fruit of the red
and very shameful sight, in a dairy of cows, to see
several of them gored and wounded in a dozen
places, merely from the inattention of the owner,
butt. The weaker animals should be dra^vn and
tar and all other protection about the roots were
of little use, as were also every plan that 1 could
devise to ditilodge them from the trees.
I at Icuglh cuiumcncod jarriug the limbs while
a sheet was (wtcudcd beneath, and had the satis-
faction to find that the insects would roll them-
sdves into a ball, drop upon the cloth and feign
c jath, till I coidd secure them in an empty phial.
Three persons are required to perform it suc-
cissfully, two to hold the sheet and one to jar the
li nbs ; and it must be done early in the morning,
f( r if delayed till the sun has enlivened them, they
vill fly away at the first alarm.
IBy repeating this operation every morning, for
aUnut three weeks, which was the time they occu-
pitd in dej)ositing their eggs; and by carefully
ditroying the dro)(pings, and injured fruit, I suc-
celded in saving a fine crop of plums for the two
seasons.
[)uring a more recent visit to Economy I found
thi t the tarred boards were applied to all or nearly
of the trees in the diflierent gardens, and as
th(ie were few trees besides in that village, the
pli 1 would of course be more effectual ; especially
hey are careful to pick up the droppings, which
committed to the fire.
I am, sir, respectfully yours,
.I.VRED P. KIRTLAND.
A sensible: porker.
SE Thomaston Journal relates the following"
stoh : —
A pig weighing about eighty attempted to cross
Mill River (so called) on the ice ; after proceeding
a slort distance he came to a place in the ice
neiJi<r than the rest and broke through ; when
E.tcad of drowning, as a lubberly boy assuredly
)uld, he very deliberately commenced swimming
ider the ice in a straight line for the shore he was
aiming at. The ice was about an inch thick, and
being transparent, all his motions could be ob-
served, and in this manner he swam to the shore,
four rods, and when arrived there braced himself
on the bottom and with his back burst up through
the ice, and got out without the least assistance.
of the difference so visible in a lot of beasts afle:
a winter's keep. It is, likewise, a very common imperial had attained tlie size of a large pea, these
depredators commenced making their impressions.
It was evident from day to day that theu- numbers
increased, and occasionally I saw them alighting
upon the tree, though I believe they carry on their
and the neglect of tipping the horns of those that operations most acUvely in the fore part of the
evening, especially if the weather be warm and
fed apart ; and in feeding in the yard it is a good! e'ear. It now became evident, that pavements,
method to tie up the master-beasts at their meals."
See N. England Fanner, vol. ix. p. 160.
MJ1S.4NCES IN LONDON.
Blythe, an old English writer on agriculture,
who wrote a book called " Improver Improved,"
published in 1749, says, " It was not many years
^ince the famous city of London petitioned the
Parliament of Englajid, against two nuisances, or
offensive conmiodities, which were likely to come
nto great use and esteem ; and that was New-
'astle coals, in regard to their stench, &c. and
lops in regard tlu^y would spoylethe taste of drink
ind endanger the people."
The value of race horses in England may be
Duderstood from the following passage of a recent
ac;ount of the Doncaster races.
" At two years old, Fang was purchased for
3,300 guineas, with conditions which made the
prco equal to 4,000 ; at the same age, Conrad
was bought for 2,000 guineas ; and Fraucesca for
1,200 gumeas, half the Champagne stakes and
other provisos favorable to the seller. Margrave
cost 2,500 guineas. Trustee 2,000, and Gratis
1,000 guineas! The on dils are that Lord E.\eter
refused 5,000 guineas for Belram, before it was
decided not to send him to the north — that 4,000
were oflfered for Nitocris, 4,000 for Ludlow, and
6,000 for Retainer! And yet people talk of the
badness of the times."
VOIi. XI. NO. 35.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
199
PROSPECTUS.
NEAV E]VGr.AND FARMER,, AND
HORTICUtTURAIj JOURNAI..
THIS is a paper devoted to Agriculture, Horticulture,
and Rural Economy. It is conducted by Thomas G.
Fessenden, assisted by a number of agricultural writers.
and by the observations of many of the best practical
Cultivators in New England ; and owned and published
by Geo. C. Barrett, who lias purchased the establish-
ment of its late proprietor, J. B. Russell.
The New England Farmer is printed with a new and
elegant type, and paper of superior quality, in a quarto
form, paged, making a volume of 416 pages annually, to
which a title page and inde.x are furnished gratis. This
Journal has been published ten years, during which time
the most unremitted exertions have been made by the
Editor to render it acceptable and useful to the Farmer
and Gardener.
The value of the New England Farmer is enhanced by
its being made the vehicle for publishing the results of
the discoveries and improvements which are elicited by
means of that most useful association, Tlie Mussachusells
Horticultural Society. By a vote of the members of tlpt
valuable institution, all communications on horticultural
topics, addressed to the President, are to be published
regularly in the New England Farmer, so tliat this Jour-
nal will contain tlie complete Transactions of the Society.
By concentrating all these advantages, it is thought
that the volumes of the New England Farmer will C(jn-
tain so large a collection of useful facts, and detailspr
notices of e.vperiments, connected with agriculture aid
its kindred branches of gardening, orcharding, &c. aato
be found worthy of a place in the library of every farnir.
A weekly report of the sales at Brighton — the state of
the markets, ci-ops, &c. — and occasionally drawings \f
agricultural iDipiements,&c. will be found in this journal
The New England Farmer is published every WednesV
day morning at the low price of $3,00 per annum, from
which a discount of 50 cents is made to those who pay
in advance.
Gentlemen who procure five subscribers and forward
tlie payment for the same will be allowed a sixtli copy
gratis. New subscribers can be furnished with the back
numbers of the current volume.
Editors with whom we exchange, who may feel dis-
posed to give this one or two insertions will confer a
favor, which will be reciprocated with pleasure on any
eccasioH.
Boston, Jammrij 1, 1833.
PRESH WHITE MULBERRY SEED.
JUST received, al GEO. C. BARRETT'S SEED
STORE, Nos. 31 & 62 Nojih Market Slrecl—
A supply of lix-sli and genuine White Mulbf.kry Si
IV arranlud the growlli of Ihe prcseul season, from one of the
largest Mulbeny orchards in Mansfield, Connecticut. Short
direclions lor its culture accompany the seed. dec
THE PI.AaiTER'S GUIDE.
JUST published, and for sale by Geo. C. Barhett at the
New England Farmer OiKce,— the Planter's Guide ; or, a Prac-
tical Es>,iy .ui llic h.sl method of Giving Immediate Eflecl to
AV'onil.l.y liie n \ ai of Large Trees and Underwood j being
an nliiiii|it tu jiIk .■ ihe Art, and that of General Arboriculture
on li.\ed ami I'li^ lulogical principles ; interspersed with obser-
vations on General Planting, and the improvement of real land-
scape. Originally intended for the climate of Scotland. By
Sir Henry Slcuarl, Bart. LL. D. F. R. S. E., etc. Price g3
KIMBAIili'S
Stock and Suspender Manufactory, Linen Drapery, Hosiery
and Glove Store, No. 12, Washington Street, Boston.
]VUTTAI.I.'S ORNITHOLOGY.
JUST received by Geo, C. Barrett, No. 51 and 52 North
Market Street, Boston : —
A Manual of the Ornithology of the United Slates, and of
Canada. By Thomas Nuttall, A. M., F. L. S ; with 53 en-
gravings. Price g3, 50. Dec. 12.
PURE DURHAM SHORT HORNS.
FOR SALE, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, to
llic Massachusetts Society for the promotion of Agriculture,
The pedigree of these animals can be given as far back as Hull
back, who was calved in 1777, and is reputed the foundation of
this much admired stock. Also, several Cows and Heifers,
bred from the same, of various grades, from half up to sev
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
Beans, white, . .
Beef, mess, .' .
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected, No. ], new
Cheese, new milk, ....'..
four meal,
skimmed milk, . . . .
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed, . .
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard slrecl.
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye, . . . . . . . .
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, Ist sort, ....
Southern, 1st sort, ....
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sofc. . . .
Lime,
upper, .
Philadelphia, sole,
Baltimore, sole, .
'pf.'Jrl^f ^rH^-c^Z £;:r."'",l'jrt""_!.°' "'"«»«- P"s-^ER Paris 'retails- at
G, Fessenden, Editor of the New-England Farmer, <
Hersey Derby, Salem,
Sakm, Dec. Ulh, 1832, tf
to E.
NOTICE.
A SPECIAL meeting of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, will he licld on Saturday, Janua-
ry 5, 1833, by adjournment, at the Hall of the
Society. R. L. EMMONS, Sec'n/.
NEAV AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.
JUST published and for sale by GEO. C. BARRETT Nos
51 & 52, North Market Street, "The New American Or-
CHARDIST, or a treatise on the cultivation and management of
Fruits, Grapes, Oniamallal Shrubs, and Flowers, adapted to
cultivation hi the United States.
This is recommended to the pubHc as a treatise well worthy
a place in every farmer's library, containing an account of the
most valuable varieties of fruit, and the remedies for the mala-
dies ID which fruit trees arc subject from noxious insects and
other causes. Also, the varieties of the Grape with their modes
of cuhure, &:c. Price gl. 25.
AMERICAN FARRIER.
JUST received, by GEO. C. BARRETT, and for sale at
Ihe New England Farmer Office, No, 52 North Market-streel,
the American Farrier, containing a minute account of the forma-
tion of every part of the Horse, with a description of all the
diseases to which each part is liable, the best remedies lobe
applied in elTccting a cure, and the most approved mode of
treatment for preventing disorders ; with a copious list ofmedi-
lines, describing their qualities and efl'ccts when applied in dfi-
krent cases ; and a complete treatise on rearing and manao-in''
th^ horse, from the foal to the full grown active laborer j ifius°
Iraed with numerous engravings. By H. L. Barnum. Price
75 -ents , ,|ec 5
NEW ENGLAND P.IRMER'S ALMANAC.
UST published, the New England Farmer's Almanac of
18 3, by T. G. Fessenden, editor of the New England Far-
in ■ — containing the usual variety of an almanac, and several
les on agriculture, by the editor and others. Price 50
cdts per dozen. J\ov. 7
NEAV ENGLAND PARMER, COMPLETE.
'OR SALE, at the office of the New England Farmer, 51
i", North Market-street,
I complete set of Ihe New England Farmer, in ten
■( inics, from its commencement, August 3, 1822 ; being the
01 y copy that is known to be for sale. The character of this
w k is too well known to require commeal — comprising the
of :ial accounts of the principal Cattle Shows in New England ;
R lorts of Committees; numerous valuable essays on agricul-
tl^^ gardening, orcharding, domestic economy, &;c. cSic. by
vj-ious agriculturists in New England and the Uliddle States —
fdming in itself a useful library for Ihe farmer ; neatly half
blind and lettered, and in very fine order, at ^3,75 per volume
:Iec 5
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
PoKK, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northeni, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood,' washed,'
Merino, njix'd with Saxony,
Merino, Jths washed, . ' .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
J. f Pulled superfine,
JtI 1st Lambs, . . .
:£:S<^2d " . . .
Jg. 3d " . . .
2 ( Ist Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 CIS. less per lb.
pound
bushel
barrel
cwt.
gallon
cwt
pound
side
pound
side
pound
cask
ton
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt
pound
FROM TO
2 0(
225
2 00
2 50
1 5(
1 62
10 UU
10 6»
lj 25
C 37
7 50
8 CO
I 2
G 87
6 50
6 50
(i 75
88
8C
1 00
3 00
none
2 50
1 25
12
I 25
700
6 75
C 62
7 00
90
88
90
25 CO
10
y
22
3 00
20
2 70
30
26
18 00
13 00
3 00
1 50
11
11 00
PROVI.SION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES.
AMERICAN MONTHLY REVIEW.
JUST published, bv RUSSELL, ODIORNE & CO THE
AMERICAN MONTHLY REVIEW, NO XIII ' FOR
J.\N. 1833. Contents.— Williamson's History of Maine:—
Life of Galileo ;— Translation of Longinus ^-Babbacc on
Machinery and Manufactures ;— Walton's Lives ;— Donne^an's
Greek and English Lexicon ;— President Quincy's Address ■—
BrownsGeology;— Church Music ;— Westward Ho'— FoilVn's
Fimeral Oration on Dr. Spurzheim ;— Thacher-s Indian Biog-
raphy;— J. D. Knowles's Address ;— Intelligence "
BREMEN GEESE.
J^OHN PERRY has for sale on his farm at Sherburne, twen-
y six superior Bremen Geese, of pure blood. Also, a few
mj idred White Mulberry trees, four years old.
t"or information please apply to Mr. Hollis, Quincy Market,
itto the subscriber on his farm. JOHN PERRY.
Nov. 7.
Hams, mrlhcrn,
soithcrn,
Pork, vhole hogs, ....
POULTRI',
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs,
PoTATfEs, common, . . .
Cider (according to quality,)
pound I
dozen I
bushel I
; col 3 0()
FRUIT TREES.
ORDERS for Fruit, Forest, and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs,
Honeysuckles. &.c. Irom Winship, Kenrick. Prince, Buel &.
Wilson, Mrs. Parmentier, and other respectable Nurseries, re-
ceived by the subscriber, and executed at Nursery prices.
GEO. C. BARRETT,
dec 5 New England Farmer Office.
DR. HARRIS'S ADDRESS.
The Discourse delivered before the Mass, Hor. Soc. Oct.
3, 1832, by Dr. Thaudeos William Harris, is published,
and ready for distribution at the office of Zebedee Cook, Jr.
Jan. 2.
BRGHTON market.— Mo.nday, Dec. 31, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
Al Vlarket this day 752 Beef Cattle, 48 Stores, 1240 Sheep,
(inclu<ing 200 belbre reported) and 40 Swine.
Pr ces. Beef Cattle. — The best qualities were plenty
and nere not sold so high as last week ; 3 very fine cattle were
taken at ,j(6. We quote extra at g5a5,60; prime at g4,50
a 5; jood at p,25 a 4,50.
Ba-relling Cattle.— Mess at ^4; No. 1 at g3,25 a 3,'H -
No. 2at ^3,00. '
Sto-es.—Two years old, at 510,00 a 17,00; yearlings g7,00
a 12,0J
Shiep. — We were not able to obtain the price of but a few
lots of Sheep. We noticed one lot al ^1,75, one at 2, and one
at 2,50.
Swine.— Those al market were from the neighboring slaughter-
yards, a few were retailed, and the remainder were taken in
one lot at about 3jc.
200
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
JANTIARY 2, 1833.
MISCELLANY
NEW TEAR'S ADDRESS OP THE CARRIER.
Our Muse, a notable "sky-scraper,"
To whom tlie sun can't hold a taper,
With super-sublimated lay
Salutes this annual leslive day,
And hopes your Honor may not miss
Perennial plenitude of bliss —
In full fruition ever know
All man can wish, or Heaven bestow.
And now, good sir, supposing you
And I should take a bird's-eye view,
And sketch concisely whatsoe'er
Time has within the recent year
Brought into being, which may merit a
Transmission onwards to posterity.
Since Noah's flood we question whether
Was ever such eccentric weather
As not long since breath'd desolation
O'er fruit and forest-vegetation.
About, if rightly we remember,
A year preceding last November,
Fell Winter's desolating train
Caught Nature by a coup de main,
While basking in her summer dress,
And froze her solid, more or less. —
Some say that such a blast then blew
'Twould cut a catamount in two.
And striking like trip-hammer sledges
Nipp'd bull's horns off like clipping hedges —
That frost's intensity at last
Extinguish'd llirnaces in blast,
Turn'd post and rail fence into ice,
The next thaw melted in a trice —
Made icebergs out of boiling fountains,
A veto put on burning motmtains —
Chang'd raging Etna's flaming craUir
To an immense refrigerator-
Struck through the globe, and made it freize
The feet of our Antipodes— (
But these, like travellers' narrations \
We set down for exaggerations, ;
Or tales of story-tellers trying
To win a premium for IjHng.
Still fruits and forest trees, 'tis true,
By Frost pervaded, through and through.
Lost by intense refrigeration
Their principle of vegetation.
And summer shew'd them blasted, bare,
Mere skeletons of what they were.
A new and terrible disease
Has cut off men as well as trees.
The direst plague of modern date,
Dread executioner of Fate,
More deadly llian the unseen foe
Which wrought the Assyrian's overthrow,
Extinguish'd in an hour the boast
Of insolent Sennacherib's host —
Has lately fallen, like Sodom's showers,
On this afflicted land of ours,
And mankind fall tlie liend before.
Like grass that's cut down by the mower.
Bred in some oriental clime.
The home of turpitude and crime,
On Eastern gales 'tis walled here,
To poison our pure atmosphere.
But some say Cholera's visitation
Takes off redimdant population,
(Which Malihus would be thankful for,)
With more economy than war ;
Makes mankmd's masses keep due distance
Behind their methods of subsistence,—
An instrument by Heaven design'd
To prune the stock of human kind ; —
Though sometimes with relentless power
Eradicating fruit and flower,
The Cholera Cultivator trims
Off mostly useless canker'd limbs,
W^hich, witli exceptions, past a s'oubt,
The trunk were better off without.
Why then shoidd Cholera fall behind
Other destroyers of mankind.
Your Buonapartes, Alexanders,
And such armipotent commanders.
For whom Fame's trump for ages past
Has blown its laudatory blast ;
Though meriting, from God's creation,
One general burst of execration.
Those wights who swell Bellona's train
Are hired to slaughter and be slain,
Their limbs to mangle, lives to yield
On batde's barbarous bloody field.
Because one Captain Cut-and-thrust,
Or General Gantlope said they must ; —
Are doom'd to death by strutting things,
Proud tools of emperors and kings,
Who, justice done, must do the fighting.
Which, done by others they delight in ;
But, had mankind the wit of donkies,
They'd not be cat's paws to such monkics.
But, leave the proud ferocious elves,
To go to loggerheads themselves.
Instead of hiring human brutes
To act the part of substitutes.
In fact the worst of human plagues
Are those which stand on human legs,
And Asiatic Cholera can-
Not be compar'd to choleric man.
The former mostly condescends
To let folks die among their friends.
With due appliances to wail
On body, spirit, and estate ;
But man kills man as men kill cattle.
Then boasts of murders, done in battle !
Old Hudibras declar'd that " some
Have heard the devil beat a drum,"
And certain jiuili/ters some
Say beat the devil that beat the drum ;
And surely none but goblin leaders
Could take precedence in procedures ;
Or sanction certain wild opinions
Quite ciurrent with South Carolinians.
Wiat is the essence of authority.
Except the will of the majority ?
And who are rebels but minorities
Attempting to control majorities 1
1 should be glad to find out why.
If states a law may nulii/y,
Each individual may not claim
As good a right to do the same ;
Thus make our Federal Union's band
No stronger than a rope of sand.
Supposing one's least finger should
In angry mood declare it would
No longer be at the command
Of such a tyrant as the hand —
The body being forc'd, you know.
To cut it off and let it go :
The little rebel would find out
It had not been so wise as stout.
And that, poor niJlifying elf.
It had just nullijied itself!
The nullifters too are quite
As badly off for power as right ;
Suppose a tom-tit in a rage
A lordly lion should engage !
Or that some doughty daring fly
Should undertake to " mtllify "
By dint of some unheard-of process
A mighty elephant's proboscis : —
One state against the Union pitted
By just such figures would be fitted.
But whereas we dont mean to mix
With partizans in politics,
AVould let alone all sorts of wrangling.
For fear our jingling turn to jangling , —
SPECTACLES.
A GOOD assortment of Silver Spectaci es constantly
u hand and for sale at fair prices by William M. Wesson,
I No. lOa, Washington Street. 4t dec 18
And some, dissenting from our views.
Say — What a fury for a Muse I
We'll bid adieu to said high flyers.
Nor meddle more with Nullifiers ;
But trust, for their annihilation
To Andrew Jackson's Proclamation,
In which all patriots hail with gladness
A panacea to parly madness.
But now 'tis time, as sailors say.
To dov\n with helm, and bear a« ay ;
And whereas modesty 's a barrier
Seldom surmounted by the Carrier,
He will not hint at service render'd.
With nothing therefor had or tender'd.
Of fingers nipp'd and frozen toes.
And ears that stiiTen as he goes ;
But if th' amount of your gratuity
Would serve a mouse for an annuity,
Your himible servant will endeavor
To meet vour wishes now and ever.
NATURAt HISTORY OP INSECTS.
COMPRISING their Architecture, Transformations, Senises.
'ood, Habits — Colleclion, Preservation and Arrangement.
A'ith Engravings. In three volumes. Price 51 per vol. For
ale by Geo. C. Barrett. dec 2G
SWEET HERBS, &c.
FOR SALE, at the New England Seed Store, 52, North
ilarket Street — The following Sweet Herbs, pulverized, and
tcked in tin cannisters for domestic use, viz :
Sweet Marjorum, 37.J cts — Thyme, 33 els — Summer Savory.
'i cts — Sage, 17 els — per cannister. Also — Black Currant
if me for medicinal purposes, 7a cts per bottle. Tomato Ket-
>iup, 37^ cts per botlle. dec 26
SEEDS FOR COXJNTRY DEALERS.
TR.VDERS in the rouiury, who may wish to keep an as-
TOrlment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they
can be ftirnished at the New Kn^lanH Farmer office, Nos. 61
fc 52, North Market street, Boston, with boxes containing a
complete assortment of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen
gartfen, on as favorable terms as tliey can be procured in tliis
coiuitry, neatl.ydone up in small papers, at 6 cents each — war-
ranted to be of the growth of 1832, and of the venjjirst quality.
Ornamental Flower Seeds will be added on the same
ttrms, when ordcri?d, as well as Peas, Beans, Early and
Sweet Corn, &c. of different sorts.
^y The seeds vended at this establishment, are put up on an
improved plan, each package being accompanied with short
directions on ils managements, and jjarked in the neatest style.
Traders are requested to call and examine for themselves.
Dec. 24.
LEAD.
SHEET Lead, of all dimensions ; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Casi Iron Pumps, constantly for sale
by ALBERT FEARING & CO. No. 1, City Wharf.
Boston, Oct. Itith, 1S32. tf
THE NEW^ ENGLAND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evcaing, at gi per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those w ho pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are enliUcdto a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
[[J' No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
bemg made in advance.
AGENTS.
Nea York — G. Thorburn & Sons, (i7 Liberty-street.
Albany — Wm. Thorburn, 3+7 Market-street.
Philadelphia — D. & C. Landreth, 85 Chesnut-street.
Baltimore — I. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. — Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gar.
Middlebury, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers. t
Springfield. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Netcbun/port — Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
PortsmmUh. N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Colman, Holden &. Co. Booksellers.
Augvsta, Me. — Wm. Mann, Drugsrist.
Halifax, N. S.—P. .1. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C. Geo. Bent.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by .John Ford, who
executes every description of Book and Fancy Printing
in good style. "and with promptness. Orders for printinff
may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW EMCJI^AMB FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. 15.VRRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agiucultukal Warkhodse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 9, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New E/tslcind Farmer.
AMEMORATION OF FRUITS.
Mr. Fessenden, — Will you permit me to make
a few suggestions and remarks in your paper on
the ideas that have hcen advanced upon fruits and
fruit trees, and particularly the amelioration or
introduction of new fruits. In the 8th vol. of the
N. E. Farmer, j). 221, was published a niertioir by
Professor Poiteau, containing what appeitred to be
considered as a new discovery in relation to the
production of new varieties of fruit. It was trans-
lated by the able and accomi)lished President of
the Mass. Horticultural Society, to whom may I
be allowed to pay a passing tribute of respect, and
to express the hope that he may not relinquish the
delightful scenes of the garden, to mingle in the
stormy arena of political life. Although the tiilents
of Gen. Dearborn qualify him to shine in any
sphere, yet, may he not rather leave the mainte-
nance of the great principles and interests of our
government to the Websters and Everetts, and let
his be the mor^ peaceful, exalted and enduring
lame of Duhamel, of Evelyn, of meek Isaac Wal-
ton, of Knight and Van Mous. Having mentioned
Isaac Walton, allow me to grace the pages of your
Journal with a quotation from Wordsworth's Ec-
clesiastical Sketches, in which Walton's biographi-
cal pieces are extolled in some of the sweetest
strains to be found in the compass of English
poetry.
" There are no color^iii ibe fairest sky
So fair as these. The'reather whence the pen was s'hapt^U
That traced the lives of tKese good men
Dropped from an au"^el's wine. With moisten'd eve
We read of faith and purest charity
In statesman, priest and humble citizen.
Oh, could we copy their mild virtues, then -
What joy to live, what blessedness to die !
Methinks their very names shine still and brig^ht,
Apart like glow worms in the woods of spring.
Or lonely tapers, shooting far a light
That guides and cheers, — or seen like stars on high.
Satellites turning in a lucid ring
Around meek Waltoii, heavenly memory.''
To return to the subject of fruits. Notwith-
standing the authority in support of the views of
Professor Poiteau, I canuot perceive the correct-
ness of the principles or reasoning ou which they
are based. He maintains (if I correctly under-
stand him,) that in order to produce the best varie-
ties of fruit, particularly pears, that instead of
sowing the seeds of the best varieties we should,
on the contrary, sow the seeds of the poorest and
most austere sorts; and, as a reason for this prac-
tice asserts, " that it is only progressively and
slowly that she" (nature) "grants us what we de-
mand of her, while she receives back, and immedi-
ately again causes to re-enter her domain, the ame-
liorated fruits which we," &c. In support of this
doctrine he appeals to the results of nature in this
country particularly, and likewise to the jjractice
of Van Mons, and other Dutch Pomologists.
As to the results of nature in this country, when-
ever the origin of improved varieties of fruits is
known, it has been, I believe, generally derived
from the ameliorated varieties, and when not known,
has generally been ascribed to the same source.
Neither does the practice of Van Mons, as far as I
have learned it, bear him out in his new views.
In oue statement I have seen of the process of
Van Mons in raising new ameliorated fruits, he is
a.sserted to take the seeds promiscuously, without
regard to the quality of the fruit. He indeed says,
according to another account, that tlie seeds of the
new varieties are more likely to produce fruits of
good quality than the seeds of the -best old estab-
lished kinds, but this if true may be exi>lained
upon another principle, which I shall presently
state, much more rational than that adopted by
Professor Poiteau. Indeed, does not the doctrine
of Prof. P. carry an absurdity in its very face, for
ou his theory when a S])ecies of fruit has become
improved to a certaifl degree by successive ame-
liorations, it iinniediately returns by reproduction
to its ol'igiuarausterity. Nay, he further requires
us to believe that all our cultivated sorts have ar-
rived at that particular, (and of course the same)
point of amelioration, the contrary of which we
well know ; aud of course upon his theory tho.se
which have not arrived at this point should con-
tinue to improve by reproduction, and thus de-
stroy the practical inference which he deduces
from his fheorj', or rather disprove the facts from
which he incorrectly draws his theory. It is at
war also with the analogy of other modes of vege-
table and animal existence in which it is a general
law that like produces like. What should we think
of a gardener who should direct us to save the
seeds of the poorest vegetables to plant and sow
instead of the best. It is contrary to the opinions
of distinguished writers ou vegetable physiology
and economy. Sir Humphrey Davy in his Agri-
cultural Chemistry, remarks, " A hundred seeds
of the Golden Pippin will all produce fine large
leaved apple trees bearmg fruit of a considerable
size, but the tastes and colors of the apples from
each will be different, &c. All, however, will be
much more perfect than those from the seeds of
a crab, which produces trees all of the same kind,
and all bearing sour and diminutive fruit."
That the seeds of youug and healthy varieties
will be more likely to produce good fruit than
those of old and decayed varieties of the same
quality " reposes upon well attested analogies" and
is doubtless true. This is distinctly affirmed by
Mr. Knight, and it is also asserted by a writer in
your paper, vol. 7, p. 28, to be the opinion of Mr.
Van Mons, and it is probably the ground of his
extraordinary success, connected with the discovery
that the product of a tree the first year of its bear-
ing aflbrds no fair criterion of the future merit of
the fruit. This doctrine will explain the opinion
of Van Blons before adverted to, that the seeds of
new varieties ajre more likely to produce good
fruit than the Seeds even of the best old establish-
ed sorts.
The variation of fruits produced from seed al'-
fords an interesting subject for speculation to the
horticulturist and vegetable physiologist, and is
well worthy of careful examuiation and more ex-
tended exi)eriment. From all the well attested
facts that have come to my knowledge, I am in-
clined to believe that nature acts by no fixed rules
in the production of varieties of the same species.
By some it is su])posed to be caused by an admix-
ture of the pollen of different varieties, which causes
the ofispriug to vary from the parent, but if this
were the case, how did the first varieties originate ?
There is probably a difli^rence in the tendency of
different varieties to break into other varieties, ae
we know there is in the species, and this may ac-
count for the facts that have led persons to sup-
pose that the seedling would produce the same
fruit as the parent were there no admixture of the
pollen. Every one knows that the fruit of a seed-
ling peach is much more likely to produce fruit
similar to that of the parent thau that of the apple.
Wm. R. Prince, Estp, a high authority on such
subjects, in describing a certain kind of peach,
states that it possesses the quality of producing
very nearly the same frtiit from the seed.
It will be seen that I have rather intimated my
belief in the theory of Mr. Knight, concerning the
deterioration of fruits by age. As however it is a
matter of great practical importance to cultivators
of fruits and fruit trees, I could wish, notwith-
standing the subject was formerly discussed at
considerable length in your columns, to see the
opinions of some of the most distinguished cuiti'
vators, together with such additional facts as
might be adduced in support of them. It is gen-
erally believed in this part of the country that what
is here called the Bell pear (which I suppose to be
the same with the Summer Bon Chretien) is near-
ly run out, as it seldom produces any good fruit,
»nd this is the fact, as well of the young as of the
old trees.
Why is it that the Kentish morello, or common
cherry, thrives so badly and seldom produces any
fair fruit .' Is it owing to its having been propa-
g."'ed from suckers, or is this also one of the
varieties approaching the nihility of old age. I
observe, however, they produce much better in the
more recently settled parts of the country.
Although this communication has extended to
an imexpected length, yet I cannot dismiss the
subject without referring to the facts, shown by
an examination of it, that are of practical impor-
tance to the cultivators of fruits from the seed and
these are, to sow the seeds of varieties known to be
young and vigorous ; aud other circumstances be'
ing the same, viz. age, vigor of growth, &c. to
prefer the seeds of good fruits, especially of large
and fair kinds, to those of an opposite quality ;
and not to be discouraged by the first ])roduct not
answering your expectations, but to wait a year or
two or more, for the fuller developeraent of the
qualities of the fruit. Engrafting the seedling on
an older stock likewise appears to hasten the pro-
duction of fruits. Attention is also to be paid to
the varieties sown, as it is rendered quite probable
that seedlings of some varieties of all fruits will
approximate more nearly to the parent than of
others. M. S.
Berlin, Ct. Dec. 24, 1832.
For tlir J\'ew England Farmer.
'WXLD TURKEYS.
Dec. 31, 1832.
Mr. Editor, — Should you deem the following
worthy an insertion in your valuable paper, you
will please insert it.
It is a curious fact, but one which we may every
day discover to our sorrow, that amid all the zeal
anl ardor of investigation, the plainest truths es-
cape our notice. It is the end of science to im-
prjve and enlighten mankind, by taking those steps,
202
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JAKVARY 9, 1S33.
wliicli, triviiil ;is they may ssoiii, arc yet ucccsshit
to the acquisition of truth. Any circumstance, then,
which may he detected as overlooked, will never
he thought unworthy of our attention as lovers of
science and knowledge.
" Mcleagris Gallopavo." Lijinc. _I5onap. Audub.
" Americaiius." J^arl.Trav.
" Wild Turkey."
This splendid and highly useful hird, from -which
have originated ail the domestic varieties of turkey,
it is affirmed has been unknown for a long time in
New England. Nuttall says, " from the Atlantic
states generally, they are Jiow nearly extirpated."
— Land Birds, p. 640. Audubon gravely tells us
that it is " rarely seen eastward of Virginia and
J'onnsylvania" — Ornitholog. Biog. p. 2. While
the " Prince of Musignano" affirms that "it is not
very plentiful id Florida, Georgia, aild the Caro-
liiKis, is still less frequently fouud in the western
part of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and is extremely
lare if indeed it exist at all in the remaining north-
ern and eastern ])artsof the United States ; in New
Kngland it even appears to have been already de-
stroyed 150 years hack." — Bonap. Am. Birds, vol.
1. p. 81.
The bird is, however, every year seen in nun}-
bers near Mount Tom, in this State, and a female
was surprised on her nest near the base of the
mountain about a year since. A very tine male
was lately sold in Boston from that neighborhood.
Tliirty or forty years ago, the wild turkey was a
nuisance to the farmers iu West Springfield, and
children were employed in driving them from the
fields. Massachusetts may still boast of possessing
within her limits, a bird whose usefulness and
8i)lendor of plumage united, is seldom ecjualled in
the ornithological kingdom.
The wild turkey is easily crossed with its con-
geners of the barn yard ; and every good farmer
knows the value of the result. Indeed, the males
often make iutrusions in the spring, into the neigh-
lioring farms. Au individual raised from eggs
taken from the nest of a wild bird, weighed at the
end of the season nearly thirty-five pounds. Au-
dubon mentions 36 lbs. as aometimes occurring iu
male birds. The male commonly weighs from
fifteen to twenty-five pounds.
The turkey was first introduced into Spain from
Mexico in the 16th century: into England during
the reign of Henry VIII. and soon afterwards into
otlier parts of Europe. Yours, &;c. XIOPE.
For the yew Englaxd Farmer.
AGRICUIiTXJBAI. ESSAYS, NO. XH .
EDUCATION.
It is in the power of almost every farmer who
lives in New England, to bestow such a degree of
education on his children and apprentices, as will
amount to common reading, writing and arith-
metic. And greatly to the dishonor of the father
of a family it must be, when his offspring and oth-
ers under his care, are found to he ignorant o(
these necessary and important acquisitions. And
this is but one part of the charge against such a
character: for, neglected through his inattention
and want of care on this head, they themselves are
most irreparably injured. It is like taking away
a right eye, and cutting off the right arm from
those whom natural affection, every hour admon-
ishes him in the most -persuasive language, to
guard, instruct and foster in his bosom.
Consider this matter iu great seriousness. After
you are gone off the stage of life, your sons are to
come forward and to transact the concerns of tlie
public. They are to compose iu part, the legisla-
ture of the land in which you now live ; and to go
through the same, ora moreimportantroutine of the
public services than you have done. But this will
be impossible unless they have received such a de-
gree of scholastic education, at least, as iscommpn-
ly bestowed ; and which the public, in great wis-
dom and generosity offers to every one in this land
of light and knowledge. Circumstanced as they
are, I can conceive of no apology for tho.se farm-
ers in New England wlio do not endeavor to have
their children and apprentices instructed in all the
more cuminou and necessary branches of knowl-
edge ■ as the incaus afibrded forthe.se ends arc
as common as the manna was formerly, which
fell round about tlie te.-U doors of the Israelites :
and of which heavenly .'bod every man might
freely gather as much as he wanted, or as much
as was necessary.
And yet, through ignorance, covi'^tousness, or
some other inimical mean, the children of farmers
are often brought up like the wild asses colt.
Let me request you, who are parents and heads
of families, and who are careless and unconcerned
in reganl to the instruction and inlbrniation of
those whom God has jilaced under you, to reflect
upon your conduct; and to consider how you will
be able to answer for this crimiiud neglect to your-
selves, to your country, and to God. Consider the
days of youthful innocence; in which the mind is
ready to receive the most useful impressions; i<iu\
in which, curiosity, emulation, and a desire of
pleasing and excelling, arc peculiarly influential.
And if you wish to see your sons uscfid, and
your daughters respectable, give them so much
education at least, as shall qualify them for the
common occupations and offices of the comitry in
which you live.
Do we not say," we see ?" must it not then be
unpardonable in us if we walk not agreeable to the
light of which we boa.st, and do not endeavor to
render posterity as wise and as happy as we our-
selves are ? Then let it never be said, that a man,
ora woman born and brought up in New England,
can neither read nor write, nor knows any thing
of the use and powers of figures. Allow your chil-
dren time and opportimity for improving in all the
common and more useful branches of knowledge.
A learned education is out of the question : the
writer is jileadiug only tbr that measure of infor-
mation which is really necessary, and which yon
mav, and are in duty hound to bestow upon them.
One would think it unnecessary to add any thing
more on this subject : but it may not he amiss to
observe still farther, that every farmer ought to be
qualified to keep and adjust his own accounts; and
which, altliough trifling hi comparison with those
of the ^lerchant, ought, nevertheless, to be attend-
ed to will) the greatest exactness, if he would do
justice to himself and to his neighbors, and avoid
one very fruitful source of contention. I add fur-
ther, that, as young people in general, when the
business of the day is over, will he ready to engage
in some pursuits of interest or pleasure, the sons of
those farmers who have been taught to read, write
and cypher well, instead of spending their even-
ings in idleness, or at taverns, may find a most
grateful and useful amusement, in the perusal of
some good author ; in emleavoring to improve their
hands in writing; or iu revising their past labors
in arithmetic. The fact is this, when there comes
on a stormy disagreeable change of weather, and
when little or nothing can be done to advantage on
the faru], and many such days occurevery year, a
young man will not be at a loss how to employ
those leisure hours to advantage, and to find a
most agreeable amusement at home. These nec-
essary accomplishments of a common school edu-
cation, have [iroved a source of innocent amuse-
ment 111 many, and been the means of preserving
them from various teuqjtations and misibrtnnes.
Therefore, if you regard your own happiness, the
innocent amusements of your children, and their
future usefulness, and would guard them against
the snares of vice, give tliein a good common edu-
cation, at least.
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Saturday, Jan. S, 183.3.
Fruils Presented. — Pears. A very fine ])ear by
Enoch B.irti.f.tt, Esq., called Brown St. German,
a valuable fruit fi)r the season.
Apples. By Dr. Benjamin Shurtlefk, Boston,
two varieties, called Russet Sweeting, and Smooth
Skin Sweeting. By Dr. John Willia.ms, Cam-
bridge, large orange colored apples of sweet flavor,
name unknown.
Aboltleof Sciippemong Wine was presented by
H. SuEVKE, Esq. of Boston, from a friend of his at
the South, upwards of 13 year.^ old. It wasthought
superior to any domestic wine, which has hereto-
Ibre been tasted by the Committee.
For the Committee, E. M. Rschards.
An adjourned meeting of the Mass. Hor. Soc.
will be holden on Saturday the 12th inst. at the
usual time and place.
The Standing Committee on Ornamental Trees,
Shrubs, Elowers, &c. award the following Pre-
miwuis for 1832.
For the best Hyacinths, P. B. Hovey, .«3.00
" Tulips, Samuel Walker, J.OO
" " Ranuncidus, David Haggerston, 4.00
" " Anemones, " " 3.00
" " Pinks, Messrs. Winships, 3.00
" " Carnations, John Lemist, 4.00
For the finwt Collection of Cultivated Flow-
ers, Messrs. Winshi|>s, 3.00
For the finest Ro.ses, Augustus Aspinwall, 5.00
" " Dahlias, E. Putnam, 5.00
" " Chry.santhemiuns, P. B. Hovey, 5.00
Jonathan Winship, Chairman.
A cottager at VVarson, near Mansfield, lias gath-
ered from a walnut tree in his possession, sixty
thousand ripe wahnits, allowing, as they are usual-
ly sold, six score to the hundred ; part of which he
sold at at one shilling per hundred, and the re-
mainder at teup-ence ; therefore, calculating the
whole sixty thousand to be sold at tenpence only,
the tree produced, at that rate, twenty-five pounds.
It must also be understood, that in the jiiekling
season, when green, some thousands were also
gathered, which are not reckoned in the above
calculation. — Doncasler Gazette.
BITPFAI<0 HUNTING ON THE xJlPPER IfflS-
SOURI.
A CORRESPONDENT of the Commercial Advertiser
who dates from the mouth of the Yellow Stone,
gives the following interesting account of Buflalo
hunting west of the Mississippi. We have it not
in our power to ))resent our readers with the en-
tire letter, which we the more regret as the writer
presents a very graphic description of the scenery,
VOL. XI. NO. ati.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
203
liabits, customs, anmsemeiits, &c. of the inluibit-
auts of tliis ileliglitful region of die "far West."
In speaking of the nuinefolis tribes settled I'oiiiid
the fort of tlie American Fur Cioni(inny, at tliis
place, he says, " The buftalo lierds whifli tilWays
graze upon the beautiful prairies in countless num-
bers, afford them abundance of meat ; and so much
is it preferred to all others, that the deer, the elk,
and the antelope, sport upon the prairie in herds
in the greatest security, as the Indians never kill
them unless they want their skin for a dress.
He thus treats of Mr. M'Kenzie's (the com-
mander) manner of killing his beef:
" He starts with three or four men, on liorse-
hack, whh two or three carts following at a dis-
tance, and oftentimes within view of the fort, if
not within a mile or two, they will ride amongst ti
band of them, and in a few minutes kill ten or
twelve of them, selecting the fattest of the benl.
These scenes are exceedingly S|)irited and beauti-
ful, furnishing decidedly the finest subjects for the
pencil of any sporting scenes in the world. The
liorses in this country are all trained to it, and
know exactly how to approach the animal, without
being guided by the bit. A short light gun is used
for the purpose. The rider guides his horse at
full speed, until he has selected the object of his
prey; he directs his horse to it, then drops his
bridle, and the horse at full speed approaches the
animal on the right side within eight or teii feet,
when the shot is generally given with such preci-
sion through the vital parts of the body, that he sel-
dom runs more than a hundred yards before he falls.
I rode in the midst of several of these scenes
rather to study than to slay. In one of them, how-
ever, finding my horse had brought me so fairly
alongside of a bull of the largest size, I caught, as
my horse had, the enthusiasm of the chase, and
with my double-barrelled gun so disabled liim,that
he was immediately left by the band. I halted, and
saw my comrades sweeping over the prairies,
mingling in the midst of the herd, and leaving at
every few rods the dying victims on the plains. I
was willing to stop the pursuit, for I found that I
had luckily so disabled my bull that he could make
none or but little advance upon me, although he
was continually rising upon me. Here was a scene
for the painter or the statuary, and worthy of the
sublime ideas of Michael Angelo. Not the tiger,
nor the black-maned lion of Africa, could have
looked half so furious or so frightful. I defy the
world to produce an aniinal in his looks so furious
and frightful as the buffalo bull, when he is roused
into a rage, with his long shaggy mane covering
his shoulders, and falling to the ground. In this
condition I drew my sketch-book from my pocket,
and by riding towards and around him, and ex-
citing his fury, I was enabled to catch the very
attitudes and expressions that I wanted. The
])arty returning, at length, with some anxiety for
my safety, and finding me dismounted and busily
engaged, with this infuriated gentleman before me
standing for his likeness, were not a little sur-
prised and amused. When my series of attitudes
and expressions were finished, a shot through his
head finished the scene.
From the Albany Ar^ts.
VEGET.\B1.E PHYSIOI.OGV.
Professor Lindley, in his lectures which form-
ed the subject of my late communication, lays it
down as an axiom, that flowers and fruits " are on-
ly stunted branches, produced by accumulations of
sap, or in fact) by partial disease or imperfection
in the circulation;" Whatever tends to retard the
(huscending ol' clabotated sap, in the fruit tree, in-
duces blossoms, and cblisequently friiiti This
may be eithef Hng--barking-, ligatlli'es, wounds, or
bent or Crooked bi'tinchcsi Thd beet means with-
in the reach of the gardenei-j are foinid In judicious
pruning. Those who select straight Ujirlglit grow-
ing ti'eee, or train them so by cutting oft" the hori-
zontal branches, with a view of gratifying the sight,
are often disappointed in their exjiectations of real-
izing early and abundant crops of fruit. The ali-
ment which the roots take from the soil and elabo-
rate by the leaves, goes merely to increase the vol-
ume of wood. A crooked tree, although less thrif-
ty, generally produces earlier, and is a more abun-
dant bearer, than a straight one. Fruit trees grow-
ing wild, or which are neglected to be pruned, are
imich less productive than those which are culti-
vated, or judiciously pruned. This is particularly
remarked of the grape, the currant and the goose-
berry. The object of the cultivator should be, to
give the branches of his fruit trees a horizontal or
oblique direction, which causes somewhat of a
stricture at their intersection with the bole, and
thus retards the free descent of the sap. This is
one object of training trees to walls, that their
branches may be preserved in a horizontal or ob-
lique direction. And it is this law in the vegeta-
ble economy which has suggested a new mode of
training, denominated en quenoille (distaff form),
which is done by bending and tying the branches
down in a drooping or inverted position. The
Professor relates a case of a stone being success-
fully placed in the crotch of a tree, which, by
pressing against the vessels of the descending sap
induced fruitfulness. It is a good way to divest
fruit trees, at a proper height, of their leading
shoots, and to train them low and flat. Forest
trees, on the contrary, where the object is orna-
hient or timber, require to be trimmed with a
straight clean bole, preserving, however, at least
onc'third of the height in top, lest \'ou too much
diminisli the foliage — for leaves make roots, and
roots make leaves.
This trait in the vegetable, has a familiar analo-
gy in the animal economy. The food that is con-
sumed by the cow, is secreted either in flesh or
milk. If she is a good milker, she seldom takes
on much, without extraordinary keep ; and if she
grows remtirkably in flesh, she is but a bad milker.
We cannot have an abundance of milk and meat
from the cow, nor of wood and fruit from the tree.
By the way, speaking of cows, recals to my mind
a conclusion which is the result of some observa-
tion and reflection, viz. that taking into account
the expense of keeping and the product, the little
Dutch cows of New- York are superior to tlie im-
proved breeds on the score of jirofit for dairy pur-
poses.— They are probably of the true Holstein
stock, introduced with the first Dutch settlers from
the Faderland. B.
TVie Kangaroo. When tamed, this animal is a
mischievous wag, creeping and snuffing cautiously
towards a stranger, with such an innocent expres-
sion of countenance, that roguery would never be
suspected to exist under it; having obtained, as he
thinks, a sufficient introduction, he claps his fore-
paws on your shouhlers as if to caress you and
raising himself suddenly upon his tail, administers
such a well-applied push with his hind legs, that
it is two to one but he drives you heels over head !
This is all done in what he considers facetious
play, with a view of giving you u hint to examine
your pockets, and see what hon bans you have for
him, as he munches comfits and cakes with epicu-
rean gout; and if the door is ajar, lie will o-ravely
take his station behind your chair at mealtime like
a lackey, giving you an admonitory kick now and
then, if you fail to help him as well as yourself.
Cure for the Consumption. An English chemist
of high fame, Mr. John Murray, of Hull, F. S. A.
&c., has discovered what ho firmly believer to be
a cure for the tubercular phthisic, or far-gone con-
sumption. His work on this subject, which is
dedicated to the Duke of Wellington, contains the
result of twelve years' inquiry, during which pe-
riod his thoughts have been exclusively bent to this
noble and philanthropic object. In the progress of
his investigations, he came to the very rational
conclusion, and one which has impressed many
other minds, that if any remedy should ever be
found out for structural diseases of the lungs, it
must be some one which may be brought into im-
mediate contact with the diseased surface, and
when there, have the power of subduing the mor-
bid action without diminishing the general tone of
the system. At length, Mr. Murray believesthat he
has discovered such a remedy in the vapor of ni-
tric .acid ; and this fact is the more worthy of atten-
tion, since it came from a source where empyrij
cism cannot be suspected.— ^jBo«. Med. S,- Snr. Jour.
POISONS.
The following useful directions in cases of poison
are given by Dr. J. Stone, of Birmingham, England.
1st. When the preparations of arsenic, mercury,
or any metal, or when any unknown substance or
matter has been swallowed, and there have speedily
ensued heat of the mouth and throat, violent pain
of tlie stomach, itching and vomiting — immediate-
ly drink a plenty of warm water, with common
soap scraped or dissolved in it. Two or three
quartsof warm water, with from three or fbiirounccs
of soap to half a pound will not be any too much.
2. When any of the prejiarations of opium, hen-
bane, nightshade, hemlock, tobacco, foxglove, or
stramonium, or any poisonous fungus mistaken for
mushrooms or spiritous liquors in excess, or any
other unknown matters have been swallowed, ex-
citing sickness without pain of the stomach, or
producing giddiness, drowsiness or sleep — give in-
stantly one tabie-spoouful of flour of mnslaid in
water, and repeat it in copious draughts of warm
water, constantly until vomiting takes place. If
the person becomes so insensible as not to be easily
roused gue the mustard in vinegar instead of water,
and rub and shake the body actively and incessantly.
3d. When spirits of salt, or aquafortis, have
been swallowed or spilt on the skin, immediately
drink or wash the part with large quantities of
water, and as soon as they can be procured, add
soa]), or potash, or chalk, to the water.
Auotlier practitioner observes that when mineral
poisons, technically called oxides, whctlier of cop-
per or arsenic, are taken internally, one table-
sjioonful of powdered charcoal is a complete anti-
dote, mixed with either honey, butter or treacle,
taken immediately : — AVithin two hours administer
either an emetic or cathartic : in this way the effect
of the poison is prevented.
For the poison of insects take vinegar and sweet
oil of each one ])art, strong spirit three parts, mix-
ed ; apply it very frequently.
204
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JANUARY 9, 1833.
A DISCOURSE
Delivered bclbrc llic UlassaehuscMs Hoilieiillural Sociely, on
the Celebralion of its fourlli Anniversary. October 3,"1S32.
By Thadreus William Harbis, M D.
Upon the return of this annual festival I have
the honor to present to the President and Mem-
hcrs of " The Massachusetts Horticultural Society"
the congratulations of the season.
During four years you have been associated for
the purpose of promoting Horticulture ; and, al-
thoug-h the summer has not been propitious, abun-
dant evidence of the utility of your united efforts
is afforded by the offerings of fruits and flowers
with which your tables are this day crowned.
To ensure continued success, it is necessary, not
only to study the artificial science of Horticulture
itself, and to practice it in detail, but to advert to
the close connexion si;bsisting between it and
the natural sciences of Zoology, Botany, and Min-
eralogy. In the interesting Address of your
Botanical Professor,* delivered on the last anniver-
sary, " the prominent features of Horticulture and
its associated and auxiliary studies," were in-
dicated. To ])ursue the subject so ably opened
would seem to be incumbent upon tliose to whom
in the distribution of duties, you liave assigned
the illustration of these studies. Upon the ])resent
occasion, however, it will be impossible to exhibit
a complete view of all or of any one of the acces-
sory sciences, and of their various bearings upon
Horticulture. I shall therefore endeavor only to
show the Relations subsisting between Insects and
Plants, and tlie useful results to be obtained by
the cidtivator from a knowledge of the habits and
economy of insects.
American Entomology is yet in hs infancy.
Melsheiiaer, a Lutheran clergyman in Pennsyl-
vania, may be considered as the father of tlie
science in this counti-y. His collection of insects
was very extensive, and he published a catalogue
of one order or group of them in 1806. It con-
tained merely the names of about thirteen hundred
and si.vty native species, without descriptions or a
lilstory of their haliits. The late Professor Peck
rendered no inconsiderable aid to Horticulture and
Arboriculture, by his memoirs on several insects
injurious to vegetation, illustrated by plates from
original drawings of the most faithful kind. Pro-
fessor Say, the author of an unfinished work, en-
titled " American Entomology," and of numerous
papers in various periodical publications, has been
engaged, for many years, in describing scientifically
the unnoticed insects of this country; and, by his
continued labors, has materially facilitated the
stu<ly, though he has been unable to furnish much
respecting the habits of insects. Much, therefore,
remains to be done in this department of Natural
History; much of immense importance in its prac-
tical application to the various arts of life. Some
degree of regard for the science appears to be
a\vakened among us ; and we are gradually grow-
ing sensible of the utility of the pursuit. It must
become a popular study, and be allowed to share,
with Botany and Mineralogy, a small portion, at
least, of the time devoted by a judicious, enlight-
ened, and agricultural people, to elementary educa-
tion. It is recommended to us by its intrinsic
merits, the novelties and wonders it unfolds ; it
is enforced by the powerful influence which in-
sects are permitted to exert upon our persons and
possessions.
Insects may be .said, without exaggeration, to
have established u universal reign over the earth
and its inhabitants. Their kingdom extends from
tlie torrid zone to the utmost limits of polar vege-
tation ; from the lowest valley to mountainous re-
gions of perpetual snow. Some of them have
sent forth their colonies with man, and with him
Jiave circumnavigated the globe ; while others
hold imdisputed sway where man has not yet ven-
tured to establish himself, and where their innu-
merable hosts and noxious powers have forbidden
his approach.
As insects depend for sustenance either imme-
diately or remotely upon vegetable productions,
their dispersion through various regions is subject
to nearly the same laws that govern the geograph-
ical distribution of plants.
Temperatiu'e exerts an influence u|>on them.
An increase of heat is always attended with a pro-
portional increase in the kinds and numbers of
these creatures. Altitude has the' same ettect as
latitude in diminishing the numbers of insects.
Hence the insects, like the plants, of high regions
v.'ill be the same as those of northern latitudes.
On the suuunit of the White Mountains are found
some of the plants of Lapland, and there also a
species of butterfly* occurs, which appears to be
identical with one in Lapland. The rice-weevilf
is the constant concomitant of its favorite grain ;
and, though often found alive in imported rice,
does not seem to have established itself beyond the
natural regions of its appropriate food. In all
parts of America where the sugar-cane flourishes,
the euciiij, or luminous beetle,): which lives upon
it, may be found.
The presence or absence of humidity, in a
country or district, gives predominance to certain
insect and vegetable races. Thus predatory and
stercoraceous insects arc more common and abun-
dant in dry, sandy, and hot regions, than in more
moist and temperate ones. The prevailing insects
of Africa, of the south of Europe, of the steppes
of Asia, of the pamjias and prairies of America,
are of this description ; and such also are those
which frequent dry pathways and the arid sands
of the sea-shore every where. Other tribes,
destined to subsist upon vegetable juices, and those
that iiid)ibe their food by suction, are more preva-
lent in regions of perpetual moisture, as well
as in the bogs and fens, and on the marshy
margins of rivers, lakes, and seas, in all countries.
Peculiar kinds of insects and plants appear to
be appropriated to particular continents and
countries. The laws, governing the geographical
limits of indigenous insects, are more absolute than
those already specified. It is true that countries,
possessing a similarity of climate and temperatiue,
have many insects allied to each other in forms
and habits ; but it will be found, that diflereuccs
exist among them sufficient to prove that they
could not have descended from a common stock,
or, in other words, that they are of different
species. Thus, of the tribe of butterflies, called
by the French brassicaires, because they are ap-
propriated to the cabbage, turnip, mustard, and
other allied plants, there is one solitary species in
the mountainous and northern parts of New Eng-
land devoted to these plants.§ The common cock-
•Wallhus A. Ward, M. D.
* Tile llipparchia semiilea of Say, appears to be identical
with the Papilio fortujiatus of Fabricius.
t Catandra Ort/zcc. L. J Elater noctilucus. L.
^ It now attacks the turnip and cabbage, bnt probably lived
originally upon the Arabia rlunnboidea^ The insect is the
PoiUia oUracea. Harris.
chaffer* of Europe is represented, in this country,
by our nocturnal dorr-bug,t as it is usually called ;
and the European vine-chafter| by an allied
species, § which has recently multiplied greatly,
from some unknown cause, and threatens, if un-
checked, to become as great a depredator. It ap-
pears now to be pretty well established, that coun-
tries, separated by a wide expanse of water, by
extensive deserts of sterile sand, or by an unbroken
chain of lofty mountains, possess vegetable and
animal productions peculiar to themselves, which
do not under ordinary circumstances, pass these
natural limits ; but that when two continents, or
great divi.^ons of the globe, are contiguous, or
nearly ajiproach each other, the same animals and
plants may be found in each to a limited extent.
No one species or kind could have originated on
two difterent points of the earth's surface; each
one inu.^t have commenced existence in some ono
place, from whence, in the course of successive
generations, it would have spread over the whole
globe, had it not been restrained and confined
within narrow limits by insuperable geographical
and pliyslcal barriers. From a careful comparison
of the insects of our own country with tho.sc of
other parts of the world, I luii fully convinced,
that these laws are founded in nature, and can
venture to assert that, with the exception of the
polar species, there are no insects in America
identical with those of the Eastern continent, which
have not accompanied man and his imports from
thence.
[To be continued.]
' Mflohntha vulgaris. F.
: Anomaia Yitis. L.
\ Mflohntha Qu
^ Anoytiala varia
ON THE MEANS OF DESTROYING CiVNADA
THISTLES. NO. II.
Salt will destroy Canada thistles. It will do
this by its own direct agency, and also by an agency
that is indirect. It is, I believe, generally known,
that salt applied in considerable quantities to the
roots of vegetables, will destroy their life. I have
never known it fail of doing this, except in a case
of horse radish in my garden, when I attempted,
but without success, to kill it by the application of
strong brine. When Canada thistles exist only in
small patches, this will be an easy and expeditious
way of getting rid of them. The process is very
simple; 1st. to cut oft' the thistles a little below
the surface of the ground, and then ajiply to the
stem of each root a small (juantity of salt. A quan-
tity less than a table spoon full will I think be suf-
ficient. Strong brine will answer the same pur-
pose. No matter by what philosophical principles
of action it is done, the fact is ascertained that salt,
applied in the manner here suggested, will inflict
tipon the root a mortal distemper. I have fre-
quently destroyed thistles by salt and by brine, ap-
plied in this way, the results in both ca.ses being
the same. Care, however, must be taken when
salt is used for this purpose, that no stock of any
kind run in the field at the time, nor for several
days thereafter. I salted in one day, and with
entire uniformity, three patches of Canada thistles,
two of which were in one field, the other in a
field adjacent. The experiment, as to the two
first mentioned patches, was completely successful,
while, as to the other, it was an entire failure. At
first this seemed to involve something of mysteiy ;
but the mystery was soon solved, by the consider-
ation that sheep were running in the field where
VOL. XI. NO. 86.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
205
tlic experiment foiled, while there was uo stock in
the other. The sheep had found the salt and
licked it up before there had been time for it to
perform its intended functions.
Suit, when used to destroy thistles by its indi-
rect agency, is applied to them in small quantities,
to induce sheep, cattle and other stock to feed
upon them. It may he used to advantage on a
scale much larger than wh«n its direct agency is
relied upon. In many cases, this is an easy and
expeditions method of conquering thistles, there
being no difficulty in achieving the conquest in
the course of a season. Thei>rocess is as follows,
viz. if the thistles have acquired a considerable
growth, they should be cut close with a scythe
some days before the salting process is to com-
mence. The object of this is to give them an op-
portunity of sending out young shoots, and cloth-
ing themselves with a tender and fresh foliage.
Salt is then tp be strewed on, in quantities sufii-
cient only to render the thistles palatable to the
animals that are to feed upon them. The process
of salting is to be frequently repeated, special care
being taken not to apply salt so freely, as to glut
with that article the appetites of the animals.
Whatever stock may be put to this use, it nnist be
kept all the while in a condition to be hankering
for salt. This being the case, tlie animals will
I'eqtl upon the thistles daily, and sufficiently to
keep them entirely deprived of their foliage. The
thistles, pressed in this manner, will in a little
time be under the necessity of capitulating. It is,
I believe, generally known, that but few vegetables
if any can retain life for any considerable time, if,
during the season of vegetation, they are kept
continually deprived of their foliage.
Several experiments tried by myself to destroy
Canada thistles by the means now suggested, have
produced the most satisfactory results. In no case
have I experienced a failure. Here, then, is pre-
sented to the farmer, who may have the misfor-
tune to possess parcels of Canada thistles, a cheap
and expeditious method of getting rid of them.
This process need not, as when the direct agency
of salt is relied upon, be confined to small patches ;
but it may be applied to considerable establish-
ments. The farmer who keeps a large stock, say
two or three hundred sheep, and other stock iu
proportion, might by the method now proposed,
destroy in one season the thistles of an extensive
field, although it were overrun with them. The
field to be thus operated upon, might for the sea-
son be set apart as the salting place for all the
stock on the farm, and the whole stock from time
to time be gathered into it to receive their portion of
salt, and to graze iu the field. — This, Messrs. Edi
tors, is the vision of my own mind. I have not
done it, nor seen it done, neitlier have I heard of
its having been done, yet, I have no doubt that,
by the use of such means, havoc might be made
among Canada thistles.
From the lights of my 'i\vn experience, I judge
that from the middle of June to October is the
best time to operate for the destruction of thistles.
In the manner last prescribed, I have commenced
operations against them on mowing ground, some
weeks after the grass had been taken oft', the re-
sults of whicli were their entire conquest the same
season. It has been repeatedly announced that
thistles may be destroyed by cutting them at the
tune when they are in blossom, just before a shower.
I have never availed myself of an opportunity to
test this by experiment. Yet I think considerable
confidence may he placed in the utility of such a
process. In one instance, having a small patch of
Canada thistles near a stream of water, I cut them
when they were in blossom, and then gave them
an artificial shower by sprinkling water upon them
from a water pot. It killed the most of them, and
the few that remained exhibited a sickly aspect.
In general, Canada thistles, if detected while
they are young, can readily he destroyed by the
simple act of pulling them up. I have destroyed
manj' in this way. I choose a time for the pur-
pose, when the ground is wet and loose, and have
in my hand a pointed stick which, if necessary, I
run down to assist in extracting the root.
In July last, I cominenced on a patch of Canada
thistles which had recently appeared on my pre-
mises, an experiment not before tried by myself,
nor by others within my knowledge. It was cut-
ting them oft' with a long bladed grubbing hoe
several inches below the surface of the ground,
md then settling the ground in a compact form
ihout them, by giving a few blows with the heel
)f the hoe. But few, perhaps none, that were so
treated have re-appeared. The ju-ospect is that
the experiment will result favorably. I think it
piite likely that, when Canada thistles grow on
stift' ground, or ground that is rather clayey, they
may be destroyed in this way very expeditiously.
No doubt Canada thistles may be destroyed in
the manner proposed by 3Ir. M'Vean in a late
number of the Genesee Farmer; that is, by cover-
ng them with straw or other rubbish ; but I think
that other means of less expense will generally, if
not always, be at command.
Now, Messrs. Editors, I consider that I have
redeemed my pledge. It may not have been for-
gotten by all the readers of your Journal, that at
the close of my appeal on the .subject of Canada
thistles, published m the Genesee Farmer, Vol. 2,
No. 11, I authorised the expectation that I should
write again on the subject, detailing the principal
processes by which it was known Canada thistles
might be destroyed. I have now done it accord-
ing to the best of ray abilities ; but I do not con-
sider that I have yet done justice to the subject.
The readers of your Journal are requested, there-
fore, to be patient, while I present to them the
same subject under some of its bearings, which
have not yet been brought into view. Difficulties
to be met with, in attempting a general destruction
of Canada thistles, will be the subject of my next
number. DAN BRADLEY.
December, 1832.
Mr.BuRRELi. Lyles, of Dewberry District, South
Carolina, has brought to market a few bales of a
new species of Cotton, the staple of which is said
to be superior to any seen in that section ; 1 1 cents
were refused for it. It was grown from seeds
discovered on a single stalk among Upland Cotton,
that attracted attention by its early maturity and
great yield.
Butter. With the exception of leather, we be-
lieve there is no single article shipped from this
place that bears any comparison to the value of
butter. We have been furnished with the quan-
tity of butter shipped during the last sixty days,
seven-eighths or nine-tenths of which was made
in the county of Duchess. The quantity shipped
by Penfiehl, Day & Co. 8678 firkins ; and by
Donnelly, Cooper & Co. 3186 firkins; making an
aggregate of 11,864 firkins. Supposing each fir-
kin to contain 100 pounds, which is the common
average, it would make 1,180,400 pounds. The
average price, we are told, is about 14 cents per
pound, which would amount to the sum of one
hundred and sixty-six thousand and ninety-six dol-
lars.— Cattskill paper.
Steam Power in Manchester. — In this great Eng-
lish manufacturing lovm there were in 1831, nearly
400 steam engines in operation in Manchester and
in the adjacent suburbs, besides numerous forges,
bleacheries, print works and foundries. Taking
the average of these 400 steam engines, at 14
horse-power each, and the average consumption
of coal per hour, at 13 pounds for each horse
power, it will appear that the quantity of coal
consumed by them in each exceeds 70,000 lbs.
and if the quantity consumed in the foundries,
bleacheries, and in other processes of manufac-
tures, and by the inhabitants in the dwelling-houses,
be computed at as much more, the whole con-
sumption of coal in Manchester will not fall much
short of 140,000 lbs. during each hour of the day.
The price of this important article of fuel, coal, on
the abundant supply of which the prosperity of
Manchester is so essentially depeiulent, varies from
eight shillmgs to ten shillings stcrluig per ton, de-
livered on the banks of the canal.
MECHANICS.
The cultivation and improvement of the Me-
chanic Arts, in all communities, should not fail
to excite the emulation of mechanics themselves,
and ought to meet with the encouragement of all
who are interested iu the welfare and prosperity
of the public. Mechanics form the great body
of the population of all towns and cities : tliey
have been most appositely termed the "hones and
sinews of a nation ;" they are the men who bear the
" heat and burden of the day," in all cases of exi-
gence : they supply most of the comforts, and
even necessaries of life ; and are constantly en-
gaged in exercising their labor and skill, to bene-
fit directly, their country. In the United States,
the mechanics form not only a numerous, but most
respectable class of citizens; and when properly
encouraged, never fail to increase the wealth and
stability of the place of their location. Indeed,
wherever we see numerous, industrious and thriv-
ing mechanics, we are always sure to find indica-
tions of growing prosperity. They add to the
business as well as to the convenience of a city.
The policy that would dictate a course of stinted
encouragement to mechanics, is not a true one.
They ought to be well and liberally supported.
What is expended with them is never wasted,
and seldom leaves tlie circle of the community in
which they reside. It not only enriches the me-
chanic himself, but every one around him ; for on
him principally depends the success of other classes
engaged in trade. We would wish to see the Me-
chanic Arts every where flourish and prosper, and
obtam that reward which ought to be extended to
i.NDnsTRv. — Mex. Gaz.
THE LEOPARD.
In some old writers on Natural History there
are accounts of the leopard being taken iu a trap,
by means of a mirror, which when the animal
jumps agauist it, brings dovtn the door upon him.
This story may have received some sanction from
the disposition of the domestic cat, when young,
to survey her figure in the looking-glass.
206
NEW ENGLAND FARMEti
JANUARY u, isaa.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JAN. 9, 1833.
K-ENRICK'S NKW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST,
NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT, &,c.
We have, heretofore, given our opiuion of this
work, concisely, from a cursory \iew of its con-
tents ; and subsequent perusals confirm our belief
in its utility. We shall not, at present, undertake
a formal review of the book, but would remark
that such a work was much needed, notwitlistand-
ing Thacher''s Orchardist, and other good treatises
af the kind woidd seem, in some measure, to have
superseded the necessity for Mr. Kenrick's able
production. But the science as well as the arts of
horticulture have, of late, made such rapid
jirogress that a work giving clear and condensed
views of the improvements and discoveries made
.-^jnce the publication of any similar treatise must,
of course, contain much matter which is compar-
atively new as well as useful.
The following, relative to obtaining new and im-
5)roved varieties of fruits will, we presume, be
read with interest by orchardists. Although the
opinions and theories, which it advances are not
in consonance with those of our correspondent S.
M. (whose communication on this subject is given
in thi.s day's paper) it may lead to further discus-
sion, and eventuate in the establishment of a cor-
rect theory relating to important objects tff culture.
" M. Poiteau, when speaking of the decline of
The old French varieties of Pears in the vicinity of
Paris, and the urgent necessity of a renewal of
the kinds has informed us in the Annals d'Horti-
cidture for May, 1828, that notwithstanding the
imwearied efforts which have been made in that
country during several of the latter ages, by their
most intelligent cultivators, in rearing new and
valuable varieties from the seed ; yet such at-
tempts having been conducted on wrong princi-
ples have resulted in " absohtte nothingness."
They ihiist, he asserts, look elsewhere for new
varieties to replace the old : — anywhere else but to
Iheir oien country ; — even to America, but more
especially <o Belgium.
" The same writer furtlicr informs us that the cel-
ebrated Dtthnmel, during the long course of his
scientific caVecr, planted the seeds of all the best
i'ruits which were eaten at his table, without being
able to produce a shigle fruit worthy of cultivation.
" Others in that Country — as the Alfoys, for a
succession of generations, have adopted the same
i;ourse, planting the .seeds of the very best fruits
with no better success.
" It would thus appear that all the finest
varieties of apples and pears having been raised in
successive generations 'of fruit li-oni the original
crabbed and worthless origin, that after the im-
provements has gone on for five or sis generations,
to the production of perfect fruit, it can be carried
no further ; that exhausted nature, if urged be-
yond certain bounds recedes, and a retrograde
course commences. For the seeds of the best
fruits, which are sown she generally gives back
nought but the worthless. In illustration of the
truth of this position, Mr. Poiteau has stated it as
a fact, recorded by several authors, that the seeds
of the Winter Bon Chretien always produces a
detestable fruit. And Mr. Knight has positively
asserted that the seed of the wild pear, fertilized
by the stamens of the blossoms of an ameliorated
one, will yield a better fruit than the seeds of an
ameliorated pear.
" The mode, however, adopted in Belgium
with such wonderful success in procuring new
and extrordiuary varieties, differs very materially
from the process of Mr. Knight : for it a])pears
that they commence by simply sowing the seeds,
not of the best but rather of the most austere and
indifferent varieties, for a succession of a few
generations, till the perfect sorts are jiroduced." —
Kenrick''s Orchardist. pp. 15, 16.
Again in treating of the same subject, Mr.
Kenrick quotes the following passage from the
Annals d'Horticulture, for May, 1828 : —
" The Belgians give no preference to the seeds
of table fruits, when they plant to obtain new
ameliorated kinds. When their plants api)ear,
they do not, like us, found their hopes upon indi-
viduals exempt from thorns, furnished with large
leaves, and remarkable for the size and beauty of
their wood ; on the contrary they prefer the most
thorny subjects, provided that the thorns are long,
and that the plants are furnished with many btuls
or eves, placed very near together. This last cir-
cmnstanco appears to them, and with rea-son to he
an indication that the Uee will speedily produce
fruit. As soon as the young individuals, which
offer these favorable appearances afford grafts or
buds capable of being inoculated upon other
stocks, these operations are performed ; the np
pies on paradise and the pears on quince stocks,
to hasten their fructification. The first fruit is
generally very bad, but the Belgians do not regard
that ; whatever it is, they carefully collect the seeds
and plant them ; from these a second generation
is produced, which commonly shows the com-
mencement of an amelioration. As soon as the
young plants of the second generation have scions
or buds proper for the purpose, they are trans-
ferred to other stocks, as were the preceding ; tjie
third and fourth generation are treated in the same
manner, and until there are finally produced ame-
liorated fruits worthy of being propagated. M. Van
Mons asserts that the peach and apricot treated in
this manner, afford excellent fruit in the third
generation. The apple does not yield superior
fruit before the fourth or fifth generation. The
pear is slower in its amelioration ; but M. Van
Mons informs us, that in the sixth generation, it
no longer produces inferior, but affords excel-
lent fruits intermixed with those of middling
quality."
For the Xfw England Farmer.
RECEIPT FOR OOOD HOUSE SOAP, &.C.
Having lately returned from the sea-shore,
where the house-keeper had but twenty bushels
of ashes, he informed me that he made a barrel
of su]>erior soft soap with ten bushels of clam
shells burnt, added to the above (piantity of ashes.
Clam shells not only make good soap but the
whitest and the best cement, and the best of lime
for mortar and white- wash for ceilings.
Yours, &c. H. S.
We find the following in an old almanac. We
do not ymdertake to insure its efficacy, but are-
sure that it can do no harm, and would therefore
advise its trial.
' A medical friend iuforn)S us, that after exer-
cising his utmost skill to euro, or even alleviate u
very distressing case of head-ache, in a distinguish-
ed character, in which he was unsuccessful, after
the use of bark, valerian, steel, assafietida, njagne-
sia, volatile alkali, mineral acids, mercury and
arsenic : an old woman proposed the use of njt'M',.
by. taking a tumbler three times daily, which ef-
fected a cure. A head-ache very generally pro-
ceeds from the disordered state of the liipior of
the stomach, (gastric juice.) Perhaps the milk
may |)n)diice its benefii'ial effects by neutralizing
acids and thereby removing the irritation in the
nerves of the stomach, which directly .sympathize
with those of the head.
Cellars. We should suppose the health of the
family would be promoted, and the warmth of the
cellar increased, by having it well cleaned out,
wliite-wtLshcd, and the bottom covereil with one to
three inches of tan-liark. — .Yorlhern Fanner.
Orchards. Rather than let hired help be idle,
have all the dry fuubs cut out and brought home
for fuel. If any of the trees bear a worthless ap-
ple or is so far decayed as to be of little value, cut
them down, and send to the nurseries for the very
best variety to supply their place. — Ih.
CONVERTIBILITY OF -WHEAT INTO CHESS,
A LATE number of the Genesee Farmer, has the
following observations on the much controverted
subject of the coutrovertibility of wheat into chess.
As popular, errors grow not without roots, we
have long been inquisitive why farmers have come
to so strange a conclusion ; and the various ways
in which they have been mistaken in their obser-
vations, have to us been deeply interesting. As
an instance of ocular deception timely detected wc
subjoin an extract of a letter receivc^d a few days
ago from a valuable friend in a neighboring coun-
ty, on this very subject ; and wc only regret
that he has forbidden us to adorn our columns
with his name. We can assure our readers how-
.■ver, that while he discharges the arduous duties
of a very important oflice, to the satisfaction of
men of all parties, he ir, proving on a large scale
that farming may be made a profitable business.
" A few years ago I observed a rank bunch of
rye and chess standing in a wet spot (such as is
l)elicved to convert wheat into chess) which had
escaped the scythe of the cradler. It appeared to
be one plant with different branches from the
same root. I pulled it up, and upon a sujjcrficial
examination thought here was proof positive of the
transformation, which I had so often denied to be
possible. For a moment my pride of ojiiuion was
humbled : and I felt what T h-' ""■•-•• — '^ for
vol*. XI. NO. ao.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
*if07
tlic i)niicii)lcs of II sound jjliilosopliy, was, after
all, notliiiig but an error. Since it was so, how-
ever, I determined to establish the fact beyond
the power of cavil ; and pf-oceeded with great
cure to separate the stalks of chess from the rye
in order to trace them to the very junction, in-
tending to exhibit them in demonstration of my
new opinion ; but I soon discovered that they
were entirely distinct plants, originating from dif-
ferent seeds. The event produced a lasting inj-
{trcssion on my nnnd ; and I rejoiced that 1 had,
by a little perseverance, avoided an erroneous con-
clusion, to which I should certainly have arrived,
liad I not persisted in the rxainination after the
icvidence before me seemed to render further exami-
aiation useless and unnecessarv.
BRieHTonr market, for thk year issa.
First Quarter — ending Marcli 26.
6069 Beef Cattle,— Estimated sales, gl90,087 50
■J53 Stores,
.6191 Shee|i.
S15 Swiiie,
Second Quarter — ending June 25.
.3247 Beef Cattle,— Estimated sales,
349 Stores, " •'
4316 Sheep,
3303 Swine.
10,193 50
18,573 00
,.'>75 00
5221,429 00
§126,374 00
8,725 00
9,711 00
17,310 75
gl62,150 75
Third Quarter — ending September 24.
•6736 Beef Cattle,— Estimated sales, ,g212,184 00
1972 Stores, " " 29,570 00
38521 Sheep, " " 73,960 32
1577 Swiue, " " 3,154 00
Fourth Quarter — ending DoceiBber 31.
■25755 Beef Cattle,— Estimated sales, g579,4«7 50
7112 Stores, " " 92,466 00
.51555 Sheep, ^ " ■^ 105,110 00
9302 Swine, l|W' " " 20,922 00
RECAPITDLATION.
40,807 BeefCatUc,
9,886 Stores,
•100,583 Sheep,
■14,697 Swine,
1830.
Beef Cattle, 37,767
Stores, 13,685
Sheep, 132,697
Swine, 19,639
j:795,975 50
gl,103,133 00
140,913 50
205,354 33
4a,998 75
§1,498,429 58
1831.
Beef Cattle, 33,922
Stores, 15,400
Sheep, 84,453
Swine, 26,871
FRESH WHITE MUL.BERRY SEEU.
JUST received, at GEO. C. 15.\KKETTS SEED
STORE, Nos. 51 & 52 North Market Street-
A supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry Seed,
warranted the growth of the present season, from one of the
largest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Connecticut. Short
directions for its culture accompany the seed. dec 5
THE PLANTER'S GUIDE.
JUST published, and for sale by Geo. C. Barrett, at the
New England Farmer Office,— the Planter's Guide ; or. a Prac-
tical Essay on the best method of Giving Immediate Eflbcl to
Wood,by the removal of Large Trees and Undenvood ; being
an attempt to place the Art, and that of General Arboriculture
on fixed and Phylological principles ; interspersed with obser-
vations on General Plantin"-, and the improvement of real land-
scape. Originally ijilcndcd for the climate of Scotland. By
Sir Henry Slcuart, Bart. LL. D. F. R. S. E., etc Price gS
]VUTTAI.I.'S ORNITHOIiOGY.
JUST rccei\ed by Geo. C. Barrett, No. 51 and 52, North
Market Street. Boston : —
A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States, and of
Canada. By Thomas NuUall, A M., F. L. S ; with 53 en-
Price 53, 50.
gravmgs.
Dec. 12.
DR. HARRIS'S ADDRESS.
The Discourse delivered before the Mass Hor Soc Oct
3, 1832, by Dr. Thaddeus William Harris, IS published',
and ready for distribution at the office of Zebedee Cook Jr
Jan. 2.
PRUIT TREES.
ORDERS for Fruit, Forest, and (.)rnainental Trees, Shrubs,
Honeysuckles, &-C. from Winship, Kenrick, Prince, liuel &.
Wilson, Mrs. Parmentier, and other res[>ectable Nurseries, re-
ceived by the subscriber, and executed at Nursery prices.
GEO. C. BARRETT,
dec 5 New England Farmer Office.
NEAV AMERICAN ORCUARDIST.
JUST published and for sale by GEO. C. BARRETT, Nos.
51 & 52, North Market Street, "The New American Or-
CHAKDIST, or a treatise on the cultivation and management of
FniitSj Grapes, Oniaiiiental Shrubs, and FLoweis, atlapted to
cuUivntion in the United States.
This is recommended to the public as a treatise well worthy
a place in every farmer's library, containing on account of the
most valuable varieties of fruit, and the remedies for the mala-
tlies to which fruit trees are subject from noxious insects and
other causes. .Also, the varieties of the Grape with their modes
of culture, &c. Price §1,25.
_PURE DURHAM SHORT HORNS.
FOR SALE, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by Admiral Sir Isaac Co/Jin, to
the Massachusetts Society for the promotion of Agriculture.
The pedigree of these animals can be given as far back as Hub
back, who was calved in 1777, and is reputed the foundation of
this much admired slock. Also, several Cows and Heifers,
bred from the same, of various grades, from half up to seven-
eighths blooded animals. For particulars, inquire of Thomas
G. Fesse.nden, Editor of the New-England Farmer, or to E.
Hersev Derby, Salem.
Sale7H, Dec. V2lh, 1832. If
AMERICAN FARRIER.
JUST received, by GEO. C. BARRETT, and for sale at
the New Englaiul Farmer Office, No. 52 North Market-street,
the American Farrier, containing a minute account of the forma-
tion of every part of the Horse, with a description of all the
diseases to which each part is liable, the best remedies to be
applied in effecting a cure, and the most approved mode of
treatment for preventing disorders ; with a copious list of medi-
cines, describing their qualities and effects when applied in dif-
ferent cases j and a complete treatise on rearing and managing
the horse, from the foal to the full grown active laborer j illus-
trated with numerous engravings. By H. L. Barnum. Price
75 cents . dec 5
NEW ENGLAND FARMER'S AXMANAC
JUST published, the New England Farmer's Al
1833, by T. G. Fessendek, editor of the New England Far-
mer— containing the usual variety of an almanac, aud several
articles on agriculture, by the editor and others. Price 50
cents per dozen. Nov. 7
FARM FOR SALE.
FOR SALE, in the town of Leominster, County of Worces-
ter, a very desirable farm, containing sixty acres of land, divided
into mowing, tillage, pasturing, and wood land. It has on it a
genteel dwelling-house, with commodious out-houses j a barn,
100 feet long by 30 feet wide, and a cider-mill — all of which
are in excellent repair. There is on it a thriving young
orchard of 500 white mulberry trees", of four years
growth, also a few which are full grown ; besides a large
variety of apple, pear, cherry, peach and plum-trees,
strawberries and other fruits. As the present owner is about
leaving this part of the country, il will be sold a bargain,
the farming tools.
If application is made
stock and household furniture
lent opportunity is now offered,
any one disposed to rear silk-wi
21 Central Wharf, Boston ; or c
Abbot.
Leominster, Vith December, 1832
ly be had with it. An excel
the purchase of this farm, to
IS. For terms, apply at No.
the premises to George W.
eop6w
NEW ENGLAND FARMER, COMPLETE.
FOR SALE, at the office of the New England Farmer, 51
& 52, North Market-street,
A COMPLETE set of the New England Farmer, in ten
volumes, from its commencement, August 3, 1822 j being the
only copy that is known to be for sale. The cliaracter of this
work is too well known to require comment — comprising the
oflicial accounts of the principal Cattle Shows in New England j
Reports of Committees; numerous valuable essays on agricul-
ture, gardening, ordiarding, domestic economy, iScc. *.Scc. by
various agriculturists in New England and the Middle States —
forming in itself a useful library for the farmer ; neatly half
bound and lettered, and in very fine order, at ,^'3,75 per volume.
dec 5
SPECTACLES.
A GOOD assortment of Silver Spectacies constantly
on hand and for sale al fair prices bv William M. Wesson,
at No. 105, Washington Street. ' 4t dec 18
NATURAL HISTORY" OF INSECTS.
COMPRISING their Architecture, Transformations, Senses,
Foo<l, Habits — Collection, Preservation and Arrangement.
With Engravings. In three volumes. Price ^1 per vol. For
sale bv Geo, C. Barrett. dec 26
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
Beans, white, . ...>...
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
lour meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, Isl quality
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, ....
Southern, 1 St sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
*' southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, ^ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
^ r Pulled superfine, .
i;-c 1 1st Lambs, . . .
^^Ua " . . .
Sg. 3d '• . . .
^ I 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
barrel
2 00
i'
2 00
bushel
1 50
barrel
10 5
"
6 75
"
8 00
pound
14
G
"
3
*'
3
'*
38
"
38
"
9
bushel
I 20
barrel
6 87
"
C 37
"
6 25
"
6 25
bushel
88
"
70
"
90
"
CO
'*
4«
cwt.
C2
gallon
50
cwt
28 00
pound
"
21
side
pound
18
side
2 50
pound
28
"
25
cask
1 00
ton
3 00
bushel
barrel
17 50
"
12 50
"
none
bushel
2 50
"
1 25
pound
"
%
cwt
10 00
pound
50
"
60
"
42
"
38
'•
35
"
,32
"
50
42
"
32
"
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices.
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub. . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs
Potatoes, common.
Cider, (according to quality.)
2 50
2 00
10 75
7 00
8 SO
15
1 30
7 00
6 50
70
52
30 00
10
9
22
3 CO
20
2 70
.30
26
1 08
3 25
18 00
13 00
3 00
1 50
pound
9.^
'■
9
6
"
9
18
25
dozen
26
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
3 0(1
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Jan. 7, 1833.
Roporteil for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
Al Market this day -138 Beef Cattle, 25 Stores, 10-lJ .Sheep,
and 60 Swine.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — Market very dull, and last week'«
prices hardly supported -, one fine yoke were taken at 55,84.
We quote e.\lra, at ^5 a 5,50; prime al §4,50 a 5; good at
;f!4.25 a 4.50.
' narrellinsr Cattle.— Mas $i; No. 1, 52,25 a 3,75.
tSVif,;).— bull— Wo noticed lots taken at 51,50, 1,67,1,84.
and 2— U'elhers, one lot sold at ^«;3 and one al 4.
Siriiie. — One small lot, nearly all Barrows, were taken at 5c;
at retail. '1^ for sows, and 5.^ for barrows.
KIMBALL'S
Stock and Suspender iManulactory, Linen Drapery, Hosiery
" e. No. 12, Washington Street, Boston.
ill Glo
;Sto
H.\RRINGTON'S VENTRILOQUISM, &e.
We have witnessed the feats of Ventriloquism and Legerde-
main exhibited by Mr, Harrington, al the New England Mu-
seum, aud think them superior to anything we have ever be-
fore seen. We learn that this wonderful, bulharmless magician,
will contiue to surprise and gratify beholders every evening thU
week, commencing al 7* o'clock, each evening.
208
NEAV ENGLAND FARMER.
JANUARY 9, 1839.
MISCELLANY.
The New England Society in the riiy of New York cele-
brated the landing of their Pilgrim Fathers on the 22d inst.
The following verses were sung on the occasion.
ODE
KOR THE ANNIVERSARY c'F THE LANDING OF THE
FATHERS. By Mr. Bryant.
Sung to the tune of" Old Hundred," by the whole compaaiy.
Wild was the day, the wintry sea
Moaned sadly on New England's strand,
When, first the thoughtful and the free,
Our fathers trod the desert land.
They little thought how pure a light
In time should gatlier round that day,
How love should keep their memory bright.
How wide a realm tlieir sons should sway.
Green are their bays — but greener still
Shall round their spreading fame be wreatlicd,
And regions, now imtrod. shall thrijl
With reverence when dieir names are breathed.
Till where the siui with softer fires,
Looks on the vast Pacific's sleep.
The children of the Pilgrim Sires
This hallowed day, like us, shall keep.
The following ode, composed by the Rev. James Flint, of
Salem, for the occasion, was siuig by Mr. Wright.
We have met to remember the day.
When the Pilgrims first troo tne bleak shore.
That gave them a home tar away
From the homes they should visit i o more.
We will not forget w hat we owe them.
For all they have left us in trust ;
And though fall'n in ovir virtues below thcni,
We still to their fame will be just.
We have met to remember their deeds,
The privations and toils they endured,
Tho' the heart o'er their sufleriugs bleeds.
It exults in the rights they secured.
The rights they bequeathed us we'll cherish,
A heritage sacred and dear j
And their rock-girdled refuge shall perish,
Ere their sons cease their names to revere.
We'll remember the faith of our sires.
Their sun in their sojourn of gloom.
That reflected from heaven's far spires
The bright halo of hope on the tomb.
'Twas to worship their God unmolested.
They left the loved scenes of their youth
For a land which no tyrant infested,
Self-exiled for freedom and truth.
We'll remember their wisdom, who rear'd
On the pillars of justice ami right,
A republic of sages revei^d.
And dreaded by kings in their might.
Of their skill and prophetic discerning
New England a monument stands,
In her morals, religion and learning.
The glory and pride of all lands.
The neat village, the school-house and church.
Her broad hills, her deep valleys and streams,
The tall pine, the rough oak, the smooth birch,
Arc all fresh in our day thoughts and dreams.
O New England wherever sojourning.
Thy children, in sadness.or mirth,
By distance unwean'd with fond yearning
Still turn to the land of their birth.
We can never the pathways forget;
We so ofl in our boyhood have trod.
To the school, where our playmates we met,
And the house, where we worship'd our God.
Ere we're found in our waywardness shunnmg
The lessons there taught us in love.
Be our right hand bereft of its cunning,
And, palsicil our tongue, cease to move.
MAJSNERS, CUSTOMS, &.C. IN RUSSIA.
A Peasanfs House. The whole premises consist,
generally, of a court-yard with a covered roof, of
an enclosure for the cattle, another for the hay, an
ice-cellar for the milk and meat in sunnuer, a store-
house for oats, rye and buckwheat, and a covered
porch with a door, to intercept the exit of heat
from the eezba, in winter: lastly, the eezba, that
part of the house inhabited by the peasant and his
family, and heated with a large brick oven-stove.
In Bialo Russia stoves are not so much used as
raised hearths, on which fires are kindled.
Landlord and Tenant. The peasants in Russia
were formerly, it is known to our readers, slaves
of the soil, as perhaps the greater number of them
are at this day. The lower order of tenants are
often in nearly as debased a condition. According
to the written law of Russia, the peasants can on-
ly be obliged by tlieir masters to work for them
three days in each week: btit in practice this regula-
tion is null and void.. The peasants are acluaHy
obliged to do all their masters' field work before
they can touch their own. In case of refusal, their
masters can find means to punish them us they think
[)roper.
An Extcuzion. What is called an execuzion in the
Polish Government is a quartering upon a peasant
some of the household vassals, usually the great-
est blackguards, who riot, eat and drink in the
house, till the peasant pays his dues, or complius
with his landlord's demands, as of fowls, eggs
and butter, if he wants to give a feast. Some-
times these executions are inflicted for not working
well, for rudeness to the Jew farmers and for va-
rious other causes. The preparations for a ball,
for exainple, make the villages around the Ghos-
podeen, or country gentleman, who is owner of the
district, scenes of rapine and misery. The hungry
vassals of the household act like real marauders.
They search for fowls in the chest, butter amongsl
the linen, and eggs in the bosoms of the peasants,
poking into every hole and corner, and insulting
in every possible way the poor villagers, both males
and females.
Apprentices to Mechanics. The Russian and
Polish gentry are in the practice of sending some
of the young boys and girls of their household as
apprentices to different trades in the metropolitan
cities: indcunl, almost all the apprentices of the dif-
ferent artizans there are composed of this class.
Siesta. The siesta or after dinner nap, is not
confined to southern climates. In the heat of sum-
mer, in Russia, not only elderly people in good
circumstances, but almost the whole body of tin;
people, take a two hours' nap, usually from one to
three in the afternoon : but then working people in
the summer, are in the habit of rising at three or
four o'clock in the morning. Even in winter the
custom of sleeping after dinner is by no means
unconuiion.
Drinks. Qiiass is a sour, fermented liquor,
made from rye-malt, and is the usual drink of the
common people in Russia. It is represented as a
very refreshing drink in the heats of summer.
A much more pernicious and a too common
drink, is vodky, a sort of whiskey, made from malt
and rye flour.
No one lias lived in Rlissla without npprecintin;^
the benefits of the Russiatt tea-llrn, or samovar,
which l.s not unlike the old English tea-urns in
shape, but is heated with charcoal. Wlieii the
teapot is placed on the top of the samovar, the
strength of the tea is drawn off sooner and better
than by any similar process with which we are fa-
miliar. Brick Tea, the eommonest and cheapest
sort of tea, used mostly in Siberia, is sold in pieces
of a form siinilar to bricks. It is sometimes made
a substitute for money: goods being valued by the
number of these pieces of tea.
Accommodations on the road. Their are no bed-
rooms in the houses upon the road, hut if the trav-
eller should have a bed or pillow with him, he gets
it spread out at night on the floor of the sitting-
room : if he have no bed, he can generally find
cushions or sofa or |)ieces of felt to stretch himself
out upon for the night, at least in the post-houses.
Moscow Hospilaliti/. The most prominent fea-
ture of Moscow is hospitality, or the propensity
for keeping open table. One may affirm without
hesitation that more is eaten and drunk in Moscow,
in one year, than in the whole of Italy in twice the
time. To make their guests eat and drink to ex-
cess is esteemed in Moscow tlie first characteristic
of a good accueil. To guzzle and swill to a tie
plus ultra is a sort of pleasure which even welf
bred people do not deny themselves.
One wo evr doth tread upon another''s heels. A
tradesman, being suddenly called out of his room
on business, left iijion the table a bill of exchange
which he had ju.st received. Whilst his wife vras
engaged in bathing her infant, another child, a
few years olderi^ took the bill and (Oj-e it to pieces.
The fatlicr, cnteringnt the nJplMfiiut, became so
enraged, that he gave the child aTlolent blow ou
the head, and it fell lifeless tO^tlie grotind. The
mother dropt her infant into the bailiiiig-tiil), imd
ran towards her elder child, btit her assistance
was of no avail. In her despair, she forgot the
younger child for a few minutes, and returning to
the tub found her infant drowned. — Ei\«:lis'h*Faper.
SWEET HERBS, &.C.
FOR SALE, at the New England Seed Store, 52, North
Market Street — The following Sweet Herbs, pulverized, and
packed io tin cannisters for domestic use, viz :
Sweet Marjorum, 37^ cts— 'I'hyme, 33 cts— Summer Savory,
25 cts— Sage, 17 cts— per cannister. Also— Black Currant
Wine for medicinal purposes, 75 els per boiilc. Tomato Ket-
chup. n\ cts per bottle.
dec 26
THE NE1V ENGLAND PARBSER
Is jiublished evcrv Wcilntsday Evening, at Jft3 per atinum,
payable at the end of the year— but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
[tj" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
" AGENTS.
New York—G. Thorburn li. Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Albany— Viii- Thorburn, 347 Market-street.
Philadelphia — D. &. C. Landreth, 85 Chesniil-street.
llallimore—l. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. — Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gar.
Middlel)ury, \'t. — WionT Chapman, Merchant.
/yui-(/orrf— Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Hprindidd. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Neulmnfport — Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H.—3. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Mf.— CoLiHAN, Holden &. Co. Booksellers.
^«g-'«(a,JI/i?—W.M. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. fi.—P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C. Geo. Bent.
Printed for Geo. G. Barrett by John Ford, who
executes every description of Book and Fancy Printing
in <rood style, and witli promptness. Orders for printing
may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Acricultuual Wakehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
BOSTON WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY IC, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New EngUmd Farmer.
PROFITABLE CDLTIVATIOJV, USE OF ROOTS
191 FAKAIING, &.C.
Mr. Fessenden, — Dear Sir, — Messrs. Feathci^
stoiihaugh and J. Buel, Esqs. have written so nntrav
and so ably, on the advantages of raising and feed-''
ing roots to stock, that it would he presumptumi^
in me, to say any thing more on this subject, but
as their coniniuuication induced nie to try the e.v
perinient, perhaps an account of my success, may
prevail on others to follow my example. In Eng-
land it is well understood that no farmer can pros-
per without his turnip Tield, and it is likewise be-
lieved that in this climate it is impossible to ^od
the crop out to advantage, eveu from cellars dur-
ing the severity of winter; to remedy this mcon-
venicnce, I have erected a building jiartly on the
Pennsylvania plan, 40 feet square, and sufficiently
large to hold my grain, straw and threshing ma-
chine ; uuderneath this is a stone basement laid
with lime cement, 9 feet in the clear. Across the
upper end, and next to the bank, is a cellar, occu-
pying one fourth of the basement ; this is so
arranged that it can be loaded from a .shoot and from
a tipped-up cart, and with a door below sufficiently
large to admit a wheelbarrow, which is moved on
a level from the vault to the basement, in which
the air is expected to be at all tunes so temperate
that we can feed without freezing the roots, and
when the weather is more mild the wheeibarrow
can be pushed forward into the sheds adjoining on
the same level. By these means my roots are pre-
served at all times in a sound state, and may be
fed when wanted with a great abridgment of labor.
My crop of roots occupied this season two small
fields without manure, one containing one acre thir-
teen rodsof stiff" loam, resting on gravel ; this field
was manured last year with 2-5 loads of sheen dung
and 100 bushels of leached ashes, and produced 130
bushels of corn, (see N. E. Farmer, Vol. X, No. 20.)
This season it was ploughed and harrowed with a
fine harrow to a garden mould, then rolled and
thrown into narrow ridges, two and a half feet
apart. It was planted on the l-5th of June with
mange] wurtzel, the seed drilled on the ridges at
the distance of 10 inches; as my seed fell short the
field was completed with ruta baga. Part of the
plants came up and looked well, but the most of
the mangel wurtzel failed entirely. This jiart of
the field was agaiu ploughed ou the 25th of July,
and sowed broadcast with the common flat turnip,
harrowed and rolled. The plants were thinned to
8 inches, (my order was 16, but my man could
not bear to lose so many fine plants ;) he spent two
days in thinning and hoeing the turnips, which
grew with great rapidity and soon covered the
grouud, the tops were fi-om 15 to 16 inches in
height ; and the bottoms nearly half their thick-
ness out of the grouud, aud so large as nearly to
come in contact with each other. The other por-
tion of the field that was covered with mangel
wurtzel and ruta baga, appeared very thrifty, the
plants all standing and unconmionly large. This
field excited a great deal of attention, it was viewed
by most of the villagers as a curiosity ; three fami-
lies were plentifully supplied with them from the
time they were of the size of an egg gntil harvested.
Twenty bushels were delivered on the field to pay
laborers for harvesting, two loads were taken toi)S
and all to the barn to feed, rather more that 100
bushels of the smallest were disposed of to fami-
lies in the village at 25 cts. per bushel, and IG
loads of common turnips, 10 of ruta baga, and 11
of mangel wurtzel, averaging 25 bushels to a load,
were stowed in the new cellar — but this is not all,
we fed 5 hogs with the tops of the mangel wurtzel
about 5 weeks, and 6 oxen at work at the same
time at noon v.ilh ruta baga leaves. Again, the
groimd is clean atid in good order for a crop of
barley and grass seed, and one team may easily
plough, harrow and roll the field in one day. The
tops left on the ground gave a full feed to 6 milch
cows and 200 sheep for 7 or 8 days. The other
field was an entirely different soil ; it was origin-
ally a hemlock swamp, it had been lately drained,
and the stumps drawn oft' or burnt ; this portion
was jdonghed last year for the first time, deep,
with a strong plough and 6 oxen ; it yirovcd to be
a rich vegetable mould resting on stiff" clay, and was
cropped on the furrow with buckwheat; it pro-
duced a large crop of straw aud a fair crop ol'
grain this season ; it was [iloughed once, but not so
deep as to disturb the original sod, and all sown
with oats and grass seed, excepting between half
and three quarters of an acre reserved for ruta
baga. Owing to the ground being wet, it was not
worked until tlie 2Sth of June ; it was then thrown
into narrow ridges and drilled ou the top of the
ridge with ruta baga, but it was yet too wet, the
ground baked, and the plants came up irregularly;
we were unable to work it until the 1st of August,
wheu the ground after a shower was ploughed,
hoed out, and the ridges filled by transplanting.
The groimd worked uncommonly light and mellow,
and from this time the plants grew rapidly, although
far behind the other field; we harvested them three
weeks too early, while they were in rapid growth.
Notwithstanding these draw*jacks, we pitted from
this field (the new cellar not bouig finished) 375
bushels.
If I have been more successful in my crops
than my neighbors, it is owing partly to diligence,
and adopting the maxim that what is done shall
be toe.U done, and also to adopting the practice of
my friend Earl Stimpson, of Saratoga, of deposit-
ing my manure on the top rather than the bottom
of the furrow. I begun my improvements by
ploughing deep with six oxen and a strong plough.
This is done as well to level the ground as to
bring up the stones below any future ploughing,
which are carefully picked and carted oft" the
groimd, and after the land is perfectly cleaned,
worked into a fine garden mould ; the manure is
then applied to the amount of 10 to 25 loads of
26 bushels to the load. This is spread evenly on
the surface aud well incorporated with the earth
with a fine tooth harrow ; in preparing these fields
for their regular rotations much labor is frequently
expended, but in no instance, except in the wet
clay bottom, has the crop failed, always amply re-
payuig the extra labor, as well as the labor inci-
dent to the production, and the land is at once
increased in value from .f 10 per acre, (the original
cost,) to pay the interest on at least $100 per acre.
It is womlerfld to notice the good ctt'ects of com-
paratively stnall quantities of manure applied as
above. It may he asked, How does the manure
operate ? Do nut the plants receive a greater pro-
portion of nourishment from the air than is gene^
rally allowed .' does not the manure rather serve-
to attract this iiourishtnent by its fermenting or
other properties as well as moisture to the plants?
keeping by this means the ground soft and mel-
low rather than comnmnicating direct nourish-
ment to the roots. The ai)plication of plaster and
lime warrants some such ideas as suggested above,
which I leave to far more able heads to describe.
Thus far I have given a history of my rich crops
and mode of securing and feeding them ; I believe
there is no mistake, at any rate none is intended,
aud if worthy of record you are at liberty to pub-
lish it. I am yours, respectfully,
Benjamin Butler.
Oxford, (Chenango, JV. Y.) Dec. 26, 1832.
For the A'ew England Farmer.
AGRICirl.TURE, AS COMPARED WITH OTHER
PURSUITS.
Tillage of the earth was the first employment
assigned to man, and it is of all occupations the
most pleasant and independent. It is one which
not only recjuires physical ability, but if carried to
the most profitable and praiseworthy extent, it also
requires mental exertion — and by these very requi-
sitions, it creates and preserves a healthy and
vigorous state of body and mind. No individual
need be ha])pier nor prouder than the cultivator of
the earth — to be sure he has his cloudy days ; the
seasons are sometimes unpropitious, cutting short
his crops, and grasping with an iron hand some of
his dearest interests ; — but wrecks are found else-
where than on his coasts. The merchant, and
mechanic, and manufacturer, all have tlreir mo-
ments of adversity to dread ; and perhaps with not
a single hope to cheer them on in their struggle be-
tween duty and self; the husbandman is never be-
yond hope, as long as his land exists and fertility
continues to abide in its vitals — and when did
either the one or the other fail .'
But it is not the security of the farmer which
alone recommends his situation, it is the inex-
haustible source of ])leasure always at his com-
mand. It is he, who can study to the most ad-
vantage the mysteries of nature — it is he, who has
access at all times to her charms ; the happy song
of the bird strikes pleasantly upon his ear ; the
morning breeze comes gratefully to his brow; the
rising sun, the beautiful flower aud ever-varying
foliage, the joyous hisect, aud the thousands ami
tens of thousands of objects blessed and indulged
under the guidance of a kind Father — are to hmi
scenes glorious and great. He is not confined to
a dwelling, to ])crform the mental drudgery and
make the dry calculations of the merchant ; nor to
a shop, to go through the laborious and tiresome
operations of the mcchauic — neither has he to
traverse the ocean, encountering the dangers aud
partaking of the toils and hardships of the mari-
ner; in the charming languag-e of Bloomfield,
" No wilds has lie to roam.
Cut bright euciosures circling round his home."
Such is the husbandman's lot, which so many
210
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JANUARY 16, 1833.
affect to (licad, and wliicli/ormf c/i/ so many affected
to despise ; it possesses more advantages to recom-
mend it to the notice of man, than any other em-
ployment upon the wide earth. It is an occiijja-
tion admirably calculated to improve and exalt the
Immau mind, from the very circimistauco that the
mind is continually called upon, to study and ob-
serve and admire the works and providence of a
superior Being ; there is not a particle of earth,
nor an insect, nor an herb, but which affords food
for an intelligent mind to taste and enjoy. The
great phenomena of uatme, whicli have at differ-
ent times been discovered, and whosi; discovery
has brought about revolutions and effected changes,
(the thought of which would have before startled
the very soul of inMi,) have been first observed
and made known by those engaged in the pursuit
of Agricidture — ii fact which ought to excile love
and attention to the subject.
In pursuing this avocation, man has opportuni-
ties to perfect his ac(iuaintance with many of the
sciences — which, if he was otherwise engaged, lie
might not so conveniently avail himself of. A
farm is a vast text book of chemistry, botany, &c.
j)roving their principles, and continually testing the
efficacy and value of the application of those prin-
ciples— and man in purchasing it pays nothing for
these treasures of knowledge it contains. He may
analyze soils, and discover the properties and use
of herbs and plants, and do this, as it were, in tlie
regular course of his business — without hardly
devoting an extra hour or bestowing an extra
tliought on the subject ; and moreover, a healthy
oystcm and a firm and vigorous mind bring to the
task that energy and devotion which insures suc-
cess.
It is not the least recommendation of Agricul-
ture, that those engaged in it are the most inde-
jiendent class of men on the globe. They are sub-
servient to no one, on the contrary every other
Iiusiness is supported by them ; if the vessels of the
merchant were rotting at the wharves, the sound
of the hammer was no longer heard, and the lium
of factory machinery had ceased, the husbandman
might still go on. To be sure, the market for his
luoduce might be dull and the commodity of money
scarce, but he might still live comfortably, and
every article of clothing and diet could be had,
which ought to be found on the list of comfort
And convenience ; his schoolmaster and other firnc-
liouaries whom he must necessarily employ, might
be hired as in old times, on a salary of potatoes or
pumpkins. Take it in what light you will, tlie
independence of the farmer is a just and a noble
dispensation of Providence ; it is he, who bears
the " burden and heat of the day," and vidiose
mind by tlie nature and con.staucy of his eniploy-
nieut is raised above the little trickeries and mise-
rable evasions of trade, — aiul it is lie, therefore,
aWio should stand first on the roll of merit.
I cannot better close these remarks than by ob-
serving, that at the present day tlie husbandman
is beginning to participate largely of the honors
and ofiiccs of his country. Men of thorough aca-
demic education, distiH^uished and wealthy indi-
viduals, are taking a personal interest in agricul-
ture— setting their own shoulder to the wheel, and
I'licouraging and assisting othere to do the same.
Jl is astonishing what a revolution has taken place
in rcgju'd to this subject within the last half cen-
tury ; formerly our public offices were held alto-
gether by professional men — now their seats are
pccupied by manual laborers, men who are an
honor and a light to their country. This is right
and natural ; the farming community is the largest,
and it would be singular if they were obliged to
select their representatives from any other class.
It should be recollected then by every individual
entering iipoi; life, that a choice of Agriculture as
his avocation will by no means close the gates of
popular tavor against him, but on the contrary will
be a hearty and a warm recommendation wherever
he may go, L. L.
Silver Hill, January \Qth, 1833.
For the Neiv England Farmer
GRAPES.
IMr. Ff.sse.\»f..n-, — I formerly made some in-
quiries through the medium of your journal, vol
9, p. 266, concerning a variety of Grapes, dis-
covered in Major Long's expedition to the Rocky
Mountains, and in p. 299, of the same vol. you
published a communication from Col. R. Carr, of
Philadelphia, stating that be bad some of the vines
growing from seeds •rathered in llio expedition by
Mr. J. Say. I wish, (and presume the information
would be acceptable to others as well as myself,)
Mr. Carr would inform us through the medium of
your Jounial whether they have yet produced
fruit, and if so what is tlie quality, and how it
compares with that of other native grapes.
As there are so many varieties of native grajws
in cultivation, (amounting to probably one hundred
or more in all,) would it not be advisable to com-
municate the results of those cultivated in this
part of the country whose qualities are not well
known, for publication in your paper, stating the
quality of the fruit for the tJible or for wine, where
it has" been tried, the lian.'ihood ai-.U productive-
ness of the vines ? I am well satisfied, and believe
I have high authority in favor of i.iy o;'iuioii, that
if the vine is to become, in a short ptriod, an ob-
ject of exter.sive culture in this country for w;nc-
making, it must be cither with our native vines or
hybrids, although jierhaps the Vitis vinifera may in
time become suflicicntly acclimated to produce
good and regular crops.
I have a native vine in bearing which I pur-
chased at New Haven in this State, under tlii^
name of the Bland, supi>osing it to bi^ the true
Bland, pale red. It bears well, and the grapes
are to some persons of better flavor than the Isa-
bella. They are of an oval form, and moderate
size, of a black color, and remarkably sweet when
fully ripe. I consider it of about equal excellence
with the Isabella for cultivation, though neither
the berries nor clusters are so large. Among the
native kinds that I have seen, or seen described, I
do not find any answering to this kind. It has no
foxv taste, but considerable pulp. IM. S.
Berlin, CI. Dec. 2Sth, 1832.
For the New England Farmer.
AGRICULTURAIi ESSAYS, NO. XII.
Apples, for winter, should be gathered by hand
— first of October — middle of the day, when fiiir
and dry weather — spread thin on a chamber floor,
till late in November, then barrelled up, and put in
a cool place in the cellar.
Autumn. In this season cart out your summer
dung ; and plough all your land to be seeded the
next spring. One ploughing at this time, will an-
swer for one in the spring, when your team is
feeble, and save spring labor, which is very pre-
cious.
Barley ground should bo ploughed twice, or
three times — sowed early — two bushels to one
acre — ploughed in immediately after sowing — no
grain is harder to sprout ; and none requires more
ri]iening in the field.
Bkes, Their house is too Well known to need
a description. In May and June they generally
send forth swarms ; and to manage them on thece
occasions, let your bee-house be made so tall as to
admit three tier of hives, one above another. Let
the hives be ten inches deep, and twelve or four-
teen broad. An under hive is mailo with a round
hole through the top, of three inches diameter,
covered with a sliding shutter. One of these
hives should be placed directly under ah inhabi-
ted hive, before they are disposed to send out u
new swarm. Instead of swarming they will de-i
scend into the hive below ; and when that is full,
let them find another beneath it ; they will take
possession of the lowermost. They begin at the
toj) and bnild dowaiwards. When a hive is taken
up, instead of destroying the bees, drive in the
shutter, ami run a long thin knife round, to part it
from that which is lielow it : slip (he hive otVupon
u smooth board, and carry it into your dwelling
lioHse, and open one of the windows of the room,
after the hive is laid ou its side. This must be
done in a cool morning, and when the sun gets
up and the air grows warmer, the bees will quit
the hive, and go into the liivc next to the place
whenre they were taken. Those bees which are
found among the honey, stift' and unable to fly,
may be thrown into a tub of water: they will soon
recover their activity and g» after their compan-
ions.
BuR>'ETT grows well on rhe poorest of groinnJ,
One acre will yield three loads of hay — ?ut it
twice — forty bushels of seed to an acre — better
ijian oats for h-orses — the straw, when threshed,
better than common hay. Burnett keeps green
all the winter, and grows — no frost hurts it — may
l>c cut and given to cattle in the spring, as soon
as 'he snow is gone, they vvill eat it greedily. It
niav be used fall and spring as long, and as soon
as the ground is bare. It would be proper to
have pastures of if.
Cabbages require moist, rich land. The later
taken up the better, in a dry and windy day — set
them heads down, till carried into the cellar, and
then heads up, and close together, where they
may have a little frost — warmth soon destroys
them.
Calves for veal, should be kept from the cow
— suck only two tils the first week — three the sec-
ond, and the whole after the two following weelcs
— then kill them. Those to be reared, should
come as early as April — have more or less milk
for ten or twelve weeks. After the first fortnight,
mix in skimmed milk, or hay tea, or meal and wa-
ter. When they are a month old, place some
sweet hay in cleft sticks, and they will .soon learn
to eat it. As soon as grass is grown, turn them
out — give them milk and water lor a few days,
and house them fin- a few nights — they should be
housed ejirly in tlie fall and kept warm in the win-
ter.
Cattle. If you must pinch them, do it in the
beginning, rather than in the close of winter.
They feel the first coming of cold weather severe-
ly; and the spring may open early. It hurts
them to graze in winter — should be confined to the
barn yard, and there watered — will save all their
dung. They should be housed iji cold rains,
which hurt them more than the severest dry cold
VOL.. XI. NO. ar.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL
211
To increase niaimir, some farmers keep a nuiDei-
ous stock ; but the just rule is this, no more cattle
than will eat all your foilder. In general, one
loail of hay will make one load of dung. Ksti-
niate your dung; by your fodder.
Carrots, sow on sandy, or loamy land —
])lough, or dig twelve inches <lcep — sow last week
in April. A little dmig sutficiont to dress the
ground — will yield abundantly — good for fatten-
ing cattle, swino and sheep.
Clover will grow on any soil — dry, sandy,
loamy, or gravelly — bears drought better than any
other grass, as it cotnes forward early, and has a
long tap root. Sow ten pounds to an arare — in
England they sow twenty — you may bush, or
plough it in — it requires less juanure than ai\y
other grass — mow it in June, when the lieads are
about half turned, and in the morning. Spread,
turn and rake it into cocks before night — next
day, open, spread and turn it once or twice, and
rock it again ; and let it sweat a day or two be-
fore housing. This grass requires all yoiu" atten-
tion in making it — it enriches land — lasts but two
years, and is the only hay that will fat an liorse
without provender. It is most excellent for swine
to feed on — one acre of rich land, well set with it,
will keep twenty liogs well, from the beginning of
May, to the end of October, without any other
food : and the swine will enrich the land.
Colt, to break him, never strike, but often lead
liiin by the side of another horse, with a bridle.
When he walks well, bring him to trot after him.
Then lead him often in the saddle. Then put on
a small weight, and gradually increase it. Then
let one hold, and another mount him, and ride
after another horse, in a ploughed tield, till he
learns the use of the bit, and will stop, or go on at
your pleasure. By this easy method you will
break your colt, without breaking his spirits.
Cow. Great attention should be paid to so
profitable a creature. At the lowest estimate, her
value must be more than five pounds per annum.
She should be milked morning and evouiug, at
the same time in the day, as near as possible —
wlieu near calving, put her into a pen by herself
— when calved, give her warm drink for the first
two days — if slie does not clean, give her a bucket
of warm water, in wliich some wood ashes have
been put — card her gently during the winter, till
near the time of Iier calving, then cease. Keep
HO more cows than you can feed plentifully, botli
winter and summer. Rich pastures in sunnner,
Avill affbixl an abundance of milk for butter and
cheese : and good keei)ing in winter, will give you
fat calves in the spring. Farrow cows should
have corn as well as good hay, or milking them
for twelve mouths will render them very thin and
poor. In very hot weather cows should be water-
ed three times in a day, and placed in shady pas-
tures. Farmers should bear it in mind, that a far-
row cow is not so jirofitable by one third part, as
one which calves annually.
CroNs, should be cut in February, or in 3Iarch,
and may be stuck in moist mud, or in clay. They
will keep two or three months ; but I prefer those
taken immediately from the tree. Avoid suckers.
The Melons, were the iiroduce of the garden of
Gardiner Greene, Esf], under the care of William
Sheridan and not of Mr. Senior. The Pears were
from the garden of .lonathan Phillips, Esq. under
the superintendence of Mr. Senior.
This is to reftite an erroneous statement in your
pajier of October 10th, 1832, above quoted.
I am yours with respect,
William Sheridan.
Jan. 2d, 1833.
For the Nem Eiiglaml Farnifr.
Mr. Fessende.n — Sir, I liave a valuable Ox,
wliich lias a bimch on his cheek called by the
people in this vicinity a holdfast. If you or any
of your correspondents can give any information
through the medium of your useful paper how it
may be cured you will greatly oblige an
Attentive Reader.
Dunstable, Jan. 8lh, 1833.
We would be much obliged to any friend for
observations relative to the cause and cure of the
above named disease, — Ed. JV. E. Far.
H. Duncan at Ilavorliill, or J. W. Proctor at Dan-
vers. By order of the Trnslees,
J. W. Proctor, Sec'ii.
.Tan. 1st, 1833.
N. B. Publishers of newspapers, willing to do
the Fanners of the County a favor, are respect-
fully requested to insert this notice in their paper.?.
For the Neic England Farmer.
Mr. Fessenden — Sir, Tlie assertion in your
paper of the 10th October last, relative to fruit
from the garden of Gardiner Greene, Esij. I wish
to rectify — you will find the following statement
to be correct.
For the New England Farmer.
CAUMFLOIVER.
Mr. Editor, Allow me through the medium of
your very useful periodical, to express my sur-
prise, and that of many friends and neighbors, that
our fanners do not devote more space and atten-
tion to the culture of the caulifloiver. A most de-
licious vegetable it is, and healthy and tender
withal ; but so little cultivated that the demand is
not one twentieth part supplied. A single cauli-
flower brings from 25 cts. to a dollar in our mar-
ket, and the taste for them is extending rapidly as
they are becoming more known. I trust, therefore,
that our farmers will ponder on these things, and
give us the next year an abundant harvest of" this
exquisite but expensive vegetable.
Yours, &c. Epicurus.
Boston, January, 1833.
NOTICE TO FARMERS.
The Trustees of the Essex .Agricultural Society,
continue to ofier their .Premiums, for improve-
ments and skill in husbandry, as manifested in the
management of entire farms and their appendages,
to wit : *
The best Thirty Dollars,
" second Twenty-seven Dollars,
" third Twenty-four Dollars,
" fourth Twenty-one Dollars,
" fifth Eighteen Dollars,
" sixth Fifteen Dollars —
amounting to one hundred and thirty-Jive dollars,
which will be paid the present year, if a sufficient
number of meritorious claims shall be presented
to the notice of the Committee.
They earnestly solicit those in every town in the
County, who are ambitious of doing well what
they have to do, whether they occupy small farms
or large ones, to come forward as competitors for
these premiums. By so doing they will be sure
of an adequate reward. If they should apply ad-
ditional labor and skill in the management of their
farms, they will find tlieir reward in the increased
produce, as well as in the satisfaction of having
faithfully done their duty — and when this is ap-
parent, the Society will as cheerfully award, as
they will receive the premiums ofiered.
Applications on this subject may be made to J.
Tommy Buck \vas brought up to take care of
seventeen cows, belonging to his father ; to drive n
four ox team with Tib, the old mare, at tlie end of
it ; cut wood in the winter, and raise grain in tho
summer.* But alas ! at the perilous age of sixteen a
dancing master came into the village, and Tommy
liy dint of persuading, persuaded his honest old
father to permit him to subscribe, aiid instead of
chanting obsolete psalm tunes in the chimney corner
upon a winter's evening, pumps, rufiles and a
fiddle " reigned in their stead." In lieu of flail,
pigeon wings and " right and left" were heard oi^
the barn-floor, and the oxe"n and Tib were left to
"chew the ciid" of supperless loneliness. Tommy's
idees were raised, and his wits outright descended
from his head to his heels, leaving his upper story
to let. Straightway a ball was had, and Tommy
shipped the shell of a fashionable, and wore gloves,
and fell in love. True, he was ratJier awkward in
mannerisms at first ; but then he sported a smart toe
and acquired ease and impudence — and eventually,
by activity and toe and heel exertion, capered
into the good graces' of Molly Reed, who could
weave sixteen yards of shirting per diem. Tommy
then set up for a beau after ladies' own hearts, and
went to town to sell go^vn patterns as apprentice,
(being above driving the oxen in partnership with
Tib) determined to become a marchant. And so he
did — and liis father died, leaving him the bulk
of his fortune, when Tommy determined to do
two things, viz. cut Molly and keep a curricle.
The first was the most difficult, but he had learned a
"thing or two," and after a due quantity of tears on
her part, the separation was aftected and the curri-
cle purchased. Tib, the old mare, the cows and
oxen, were translated into two greys, and TommV
from a plough boy to a fine gentleman. The fiirra,
milkmg pails, pigs, hens and ducks, were changed
to cash antl style, and the balance over this necessd-
ry expenditure invested in the house of Tommy
Buck, Landshark & Co. And then Tommy went to
the Springs and gamed, to the theatre and drank,
to his counting house and whistled, and these were
beautiful times. Tommy's credit was good, and he
used it ; liis cash Wiis plenty, and he spent it ; his
health fine, and he gave it a trial. Who like Tom-
my ? lie made love anew to a city belle, but the
sly old fox of a father said nay. He asked a poet
to write doleful ditties, and he said yea, and he paid
him. The sonnets were full of darts and crueLs —
and the girl married another. Tommy sighed, and
drank, and gamed and whistled, " to diive dull care
away," and then/ailed. Tib kicks up her lieels in
scorn at him. Molly sends four chubby children to
school and loves her husband. His lady-lo\ie of
sonnet reading memoiy does not notice him in the
street and Tommy has shipped to go to India at
ten dollars per month in the forecastle of a ship.
Moral. Pigs and cows and ducks and hens and
old Tib with a good farm and money at interest, are
better than greys and curricles, and gaming, and
theatres, and style ; unless one prefers to go to
India at ten dollars per month before the mast —
and so ends our story.
212
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
•JANUARY 16, 1S33.
A discourse;
Delivered before the Massaclmsells HnrlicnUural Sorlel.v, on
the Celebration of its fourlli Anniversary, Oclol)er 3, lS3i!.
Uy Thaddeus William Hakkis, M. D.
[Continued from page 204.]
The introduction of foreign insects, in a country
before uninhabited by tbein, is a circumstance of
more importance than at first would be anticipated.
It may occur in various ways. Man, in his wander-
ings and migrations, has been instrumental in the
dispersion and colonization of a multitude of in-
sects. They adhere to his garments and bedding,
riot ill his stock of provisious, and link among his
imported seeds, fruits, plants, and drugs. The
bed-bug, the flea, the cock-roach, the bacon-grub,*
end tlie meal-worm, f have been universal travel-
ers, and are now citizens of the world. Com-
merce brought the first of these insects to England
from the continent at an early period.} "The
Scotch," it has been said, " bewail its introduction
among thein as one of the evils of the union, and
for that reason distinguish it by the name of the
I'-nglish bug." Kalm§ observes, that it was un-
known to the northern Indians of America. The
common house-fly || is stated to have been brought
by shipping to our shores, where it had not been
s.3en before the arrival of Europeans. The sugar-
inito,1[ a native of the West Indies, is now rather
common in Europe and America. The violet-
colored borer** of the pine, originally indigenous
to our forests, is now naturalized in Europe,
Jtaviug been carried thither in timber from Amer-
ica ; wiiile, in return, we have received from
Iheuce another pine-eating borer,ft whose mis-
chievous powers render it a formidable assailant
of wooden edifices. This insect, we are informed
by Kirby and Spence,}]: docs material injury to
the ^vooll-work of houses in London, by piercing
the rafters in every direction. Its stomach seems
to have the insensibility of that of an ostrich, and its
jaws the strength of iron nijtpers : for it has been
known to perforate sheets of lead, one-sixth of an
inch in thickness, with which roofs were covered,
lUid in its stomach fragments of the metal were
discovered. The pea-bug§§ of America is now
found in England and a ])art of the continent of
JIurope. The minute-beetle, |||| so common in
ship-bread, is a native of Europe ; it is often seen
in our vessels, and occasionally on shore. The
notorious ])oplar-worm,1I1I a spiny caterpillar,
"whose falsely re])uted venomotis jrowers caused al-
most the extermination of the Lombardy poplar
*onie years ago, is not indigenous to this coimtry,
but was ])robably introduced with the tree it natu-
rally inhabits, but which it deserts in preference
for our more abundant willows and elms. The
i\ettle and thistle have brought with them from
Europe some of their peculiar insects,*** which
liappily are more serviceable than the weeds they
have accompanied. It cannot be denied that
inauy of our destructive msects are now spread
* Vcrme^itcs larctarius, L. t Teiiebno moHtor. L.
} See " A Treatise on BiiOT, by J. Southall." Evo. Lond.
nso.
^ Travels, cil. mo. Vol. 11. p. 11.
II Belknaj), Hist, of N. Hauip. Vol. III. p. 18.7.
IT tqiisiiui sacchanna. L. ** Calliditm I'iolaceum. L.
it Callidium bajidum. L.
ft '•Outlines of Entomology," (3dcd.) Vol. I. pp. 235, 236,
DOte.
^BnichKS Pisi. L. f] Ancbium pankeum. F.
ITIT The larva of the Papilio Antiopa. L.
*'»»Tho Papilin Atalanta inhabits the nettle, tho Papilio
Cardiii the thistle.
fur and wiile through those sections of tlie Eastern
continent which have had commercial intercourse
with America ; but it is evident that we have not
been gainers by an exchange ; for in this country
arc now naturalized immense numbers of foreign
insects, whose ravages are by no means compen-
.sated by the benefits derived from the Asiatic silk-
worm, at this time an object of so much interest
to stjitesmen and manufacturers, nor by those an-
nually aljstiiieted from the European honey-boe,
"the white man's fly," now, through the instru-
mentality of our forefathers, swarming even in
the We.stern wilds of this c'ontinent.
It is of the greatest consequence, in devising
remedies for the injuries of insects, first to learn
something of their economy. Were our insect
enemies at all times as apjiarent as their ravages,
preventive means might more readily be adojit-
cd ; but many of them are not only masked in
various disguises duriug the period of their devas-
tations, but carry on their ofTeusive operations only
in the obscurity of the night, or insidiously con-
ceal themselves while performing the work of de-
struction. Others, tliough their attacks are
made iu broad day-light, and though they may,
while thus employed, be constantly exposed to
our examination, soon escape from us by chang-
ing their forms. These facts show the necessity
of learning their habits and changes, if we wish
to apply a remedy to the evils they occasion.
The transformations of insects arc indeed exceed-
ingly interesting in themselves, and are almost
without a parallel in the other animal races.
Like birds, amphibious animals, and most fishes,
insects are jiroduced from eggs; but, unlike theirs,
the newly hatched young, either have not the
same number of members as their parents, or are
wholly difterent from them in liirm luid habits.
The offspring of rose-bugs and of moths are not
rose-bugs and moths ; they are grubs and cater-
pillars, which, having been hatched in situations
where the parental instinct has discovered their
appropriate food, begin iimnediatcly to devour
what is before them, and at the expiration of a
definite period attain their full size, cast their skins,
and appear in a new form. In this new form the
insects are said to be in the pupa or chrysalis
state. Their former activity and voracity cease ;
thtiy no longer use their limlw to change their
situation, but remain with tlicm folded close to
their bodies in a state of absolute abstinence and
almost complete torpidity and rest. In process
of time the delicate and tender skin that invests
their bodies hardens, the flesh with its new-grown
skin, cleaves and separates beneath the old one,
and at length the imprisoned insects burst their
useless cases, withdraw their limbs from their en-
velopes, and, in due season, emerge from their
retreats, warm and dry themselves in the sun-
beams, and launch upon their untried wings into
the air, the exact counterparts of their progenitors.
The term larva, originally signifying a mask, is
applied to all insects in the young or growing
state ; to caterpillars, grubs, and maggots, whose
future fonns are completely dLsgnised, and to the
young of bugs, crickets, grasshoppers, plant-lice,
mid some other insects, whose subsequent stages
are unattended with any remarkable changes of
form. The second state is the pupa; and, while
iu this, the insects last mentioned continue to feed,
grow, and move about like the larva?, which they
also resemble in form. The third or final change
developes all in tiicir ^cr/ect state, with new organs
and propensities. Hence two kinds of transfor-
mation are recognised. One of them seems to
consist in little more than a casting of the ex-
ternal skin, and the acquisition of additional or-
gans, with a preservation of the same general
form and habits ; this is called incomplete trans-
formation : the. other, including an eating, a qui-
escent, and a winged state, exhibits insects, in
their progress, in three distinct forms, and three
different modes of existence; this constitutes a
complete transformation.
A few examples will illustrate the transforma-
tions, or metamorphoses, of some common insects,
and present a general view of their history. The
squash-bug* passes through an imperfect trans-
formation. ■ In shape it is, while young, or a larva,
proportionally shorter and more rounded than tho
perfect insect, and its color is of a jiale, ashy hue.
When it enters ujion the pupa state its form
lengthens, and two little scales are seen upon its
back, which arc sheaths representing and actually
enclosing the future wings of the insect. It con-
tinues all this time to walk about, and to imbibe,
by means of its sharp proboscis, the juices of the
plant on which it subsists. In the perfect state
it appears with a pair of delicate, filmy ^Vinga
folded beneath two tough covers, which lie flat
upon its back and cross each other at their ends.
In this stage it feeds also by suction upon the
juices of the squash leaves ; but, with additional
organs, it has acquired new propensities, which
lead it to provide for the continuation of its
species, and, this being accomplished, it perishes.
The transformations of grasshoppers also are in-
complete ; young and old, larvse, pupse, and per-
fect insects being alike active, and partaking a
common food.
The following are instances of complete metn-
mor|>hosi9. The white grub, which is so often
turned up by the plough in fields, lives beneath
the stirface of the soil, and feeds upon the fibrous
roots of the grasses. It afterwards becomes a
piqia, exhibiting a form intermediate between that
of a grub and a beetle ; legs small and useless are
visible, a ]iair of eyes, and two little horns or an-
tenna". For some time it remains at rest in the
earth, till, ils appointed .season having arrived, it
bursts the filmy skin that enfolded its body and
limbs, digs itself a pas.sagc to the surface, and
comes forth a chesnut-colored beetle,* commonly
known here as the ilorr-bitg. In this, its last and
winged state, it devours the leaves of trees, seeks
its mate, and deposits its eggs in the ground. The
whole generation of dorr-bugs perishes within six
weeks after emerging from the earth in the beetle
form.
The borer of the apple-tree, a white worm, or
grub, devours the fragments of wood it has gnawed
in making its cylindrical path within the trunk of
the tree, and pushes the undigested refuse out of
the hole by which it has entered. When fully
grown it becomes a pupa, which, like that of the
dorr-bug, exhibits short, folded legs, wings and
horns, of no use to it while within its burrow.
Early in June the pupa-skin is ruptured, and the •
insect emerges from the tree ly gnawing through
the thin covering of bark that protected the upper
extremity 'of its hole. Ujion issuing into the air
it is found to be a beetle,t white beneath and
longitudinally strijied with brown above. In
this, its perfect state, it lives only upon the young
* Coretta orciimthis. Say. \ tSaperda bivitluta. Say.
t Mdolontha Qucrciria. Knock.
vol.. XI. NO. 37.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
213
miA tender leaves of the apple and otliei' allied
trees.
The caterpillars of the apple-tree, which are
hatched from those curious ring-like clusters of
eggs surrounding the young twigs, are, .ts you
well know, furnished with jaws, and devour the
leaves of this tree. They have also sixteen legs,
and, in crawling from leaf to leiif and branch to
branch, spin from their lijis a delicate thread,
which is a clue to conduct them back to the shelter
of their niany-contod, silken tents. From the first
to the middle of ,!une they descend from the trees,
and seclude thouiselves in various hiding-places.
Each one then weaves around its body a small
eilken shroud or cocoon, fills the meshes with a
yellowish powder, slips off^ and packs in one end
of its case its old coat, and appears in a new form,
that of a brown chrysalis or pupa devoid of prom-
inent legs and wings. Sixteen days afterwards
the i)upa-skiu is rent, a moth* issues from it,
ejects from its mouth a quantity of liquid matter
to soften the end of its cocoon, and then forces its
way out. In the moth state it is furnished with a
very short tongue, and subsists only upon the
honey and dew of plants.
The common pot.ito-worm, when it ceases feed-
ing, descends into the earth, and is there changed
into a brown pupa of a cylindrical form, pouited
at one end and rounded at the other, whence pro-
ceeds a sort of stem or hook that passes backwards
beyond the middle of the body. This stem,
which is the only external member it appears to
have, is a case enclosing the tongue of the creature.
It passes the winter in the earth below the reach
of frost, and the next summer the perfect insectf
comes forth, its robust body decked with large
orange-colored spots, and its enormously long
tongue compactly rolled up like a watcli-spring.
In the morning and evening twilight hundreds of
these insects may be seen, now darting from flower
to flower with the voiocity and sound of humming-
birds, now poising upon their extended wings over
the fragrant honeysuckle, uncoiling in an instant
their slender tongues, and thrusting them with
unerring aim into the nectared tubes of the blos-
soms.
It is unnecessary to multiply examples ; enou,
have been given to show that the forms, the
organs for taking food, the kinds of food, and the
pLaces of abode of the insects which unde-rgo a
complete transformation, vary essentially in the
larva and in the perfect state of these insects.
It should be recollected, that the winged is
tlio ultimate stage of insect life ; that the last, and
in many instances, the only function performed in
this stage of existence is to provide for a succes-
sion of the species ; and that, after the eggs are
deposited in their appropriate situations, the parent
insects, having then performed the various tasks
assigned them, and having fulfilled the last injunc-
tions of nature, universally perish, most of thenj
without witnessing the birth of the succeeding
generation.
[To be continued.]
for the future ; and the latter should be of that
diligent nature as (willingly) " mver to defer thai
till to-morrow which may be done to-day." Pro-
crastination is of serious consequence to garden-
HiD- ; aiiJ neglect of times and seasons will be fruit-
ful of disappointment and complaint. It will often
liappen, indeed, that a gardener cannot do what
he would; but if lie does not do what he ca?i, he
will be most justly blamed, and perliaps censured
by none more than by himself.
deeding. Weeding in time is a material thing
in culture, and stirring the ground about plants,
as also earthing up where necessary, must be
attended to. Breaking the surface will keep the
soil in health ; for when it lies in a hard or bound
state, enriching showers run ofl^, and the salu-
brious air cannot enter. Weeds exhaust the
strength of the ground, and if they are suffered to
seed and sow themselves, may be truly called (as
Mr. Evelyn speaks) garden sins. The hand and
hoe are the instruments for the purpose. Digging
where the spade can go, between the rows of
plants, is a good method of destroying weeds ; and
as it cuts oft' the straggling fibres of roots, they
strike fresh in numerous new shoots, and are thus
strengthened. Deep hoeing is a good practice, as
it gives a degree of fertility to the eartli.
CAUTIONS AND DIRECTIONS IN GARDENING.
E.\tracled from " Marshall's Gardening."
Gardening. The management of a garden (sum-
marily speaking) consists in attention and applica-
tion ; the first should be of that wary and provi-
dent kind, as not only to dwell in the present but
• Bombijx castrtnsis. L.
t Sphinx Carolina. L.
On the Advantages of planting Fruit Trees on De-
clivities, in a letter from the Rev. John Walker
to Lord Kamcs, dated Moffat, Feb. 18, 1773.
DoDART first observed that trees pushed their
branches in a direction parallel to the surface ol'
the earth. If a tree stands on a steep, it pushes
both towards the hill and towards the declivity;
but on both sides it still preserves its branches
parallel to the surface. As there is an attrac-
tion between t)ie upper surface of leaves and light,
I am also persuaded, though not equally certain
of it from experiment, that there is an attraction
of the same nature between the under surface of
leaves and the surface of the earth. This I con-
sider as the cause of the phenomenon.
I had long observed, that the most fruitfid or-
chards, and the most fertile trees, are those plant-
ed on a declivity, and the steeper it is, though not
quite a precipice, the more fertile will they prove.
But I was never satisfied as to the cause of it, till
I called to mind the above observation of Dodart ;
which occurred to me when I was in the town of
Jedburg. There is more fruit about that place,
and more fruit-bearing wood upon the trees, than
I have seen in any other part of Scotland : but its
orchards and fruit-gardens are mostly situated in
very steep places.
It is well known that the spreading of trees al-
ways renders them fruitful. On a plain, however,
they incline to shoot upwards ; and therefore art
is called in by skilful gardeners, and applied in
various ways to check their perpendicular, and to
promote their lateral growth. But this point,
whicli can only be gained upon a plain by art, is
obtained upon a declivity by nature. There a tree
loses its tendency to slioot upwards, and in order
to preserve its branches parallel with the surface,
is constrained to put them in a lateral direction.
Hence an in)portant rule in the choice of or-
chards and gardens.
From tlie Boston Press.
THE NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.
We have not had leisure to examine as care-
fully as we ought to, a very neat volume of 400
pages, just i)ublished by Carter, Ilendee & Co.,
and Russell, Odiorne & Co., giving a practical
account of the valuable varieties of fruit adapted
to cultivation in the climate of the United States.
This work is by our ingenious fellow-citizen,
William Kenrick, whose name is often repeated
in connexion with the Horticulture of this State.
Sensible of our entire inability to do justice to the
real merits of a work of this description, we never-
theless can admire its arrangement, simplicity
and the apparent candor with whicli it throws oft"
all the idle pedantry which is so often substituted
by pretended horticulturists, for sound knowledge.
The sole aim seems to be practical results. To
tell the cultivator who wishes to ornament his
grounds, or enrich his orchards, such and such
are the results you may rely on from such and
such varieties of fruits. This is a difficult task, but
we cannot doubt that Mr. Kenrick has executed it
as a practical and scientific gardener. If he has
done it faithfully, his work is invaluable. Think
of the disapjiointment of nursing fruit trees, en-
grafting and re-engrafting them, waiting five or
six years for the glorious results, and then find a
crab-apple, where you looked for a fruit not in-
ferior to the Pomine Finale ; or a pucker pear,
where you expected a melting Colmar.
Such disappointments have been abundant in
this country, and have greatly retarded the culti-
vation of exquisite fruits, and a general diflfusion
of horticultural pursuits. Mr. Kenrick under-
takes to obviate this dfliculty — to explode all ex-
hausted varieties, no matter how ])opular their
names have been, and to bring his researches
down to practical results adapted to climate and
circumstances. Such a work is invaluable to the
American orchardist, and if Mr. Kenrick's book bo
what we cannot doubt it is in this respect, it ought
to bo consulted by every man who is about to
ornament his grounds, or add a single tree to his
collection of fruits. Mr. Kenrick is throughout
modest and unassuming. He gathers the wisdom
of others whenever he can, and applies it patiently
and perseveringly to practical results ; always
ready to acknowledge obligations to others, and to
place his own merits in their shade. Among the
gentlemen whose aid he acknowledges in his work
we notice the name of Stephen H. Smith, Esq.,
of Providence, a circumstance which greatly en-
hances our individual estimation of the value of
the work. From personal observation, we can
speak confidently of the value of this authority, iji
matters relating to Horticulture. It is not needed,
we are aware, and can add nothing to the practi-
cal reputation of that gentleman, but the little taste
beyond the mere admiration of the eye, which we
ever acquired for horticulture, was derived from
his plain, unassuming and practical observatioDB.
The science is greatly indebted to him, and the
more so, that in the midst of other pursuits that
would absorb almost any other man, he never ha*
neglected a practical attention to the garden and
the orchard.
In a word, Mr. Kenrick's book appears to U8
an agreeable as well as useful production. .It is
full of instruction and intcrestmg facts, and will
ti.ach a man of taste bow to admire and value good
Iruit, as well as it instructs the practical orchardist
to fill his grounds with the choicest and most pro-
ductive varieties.
It often costs more to maintain one vice tban
to biing up two children.
214
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JAIVUARY 16, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JAN. 16, IR33.
FATTEIVIIVG BEASTS IN FRANCE.
According to Young's Fanner's Calendar, they
make use, in Frauce, of acul food, or food that
has fermented till it has become a litUe sour, to
feed cattle as well as swine. He says, " To fatten
a pair of good oxen, at la Ville Aubrun, would
take forty-five cart-loads of raves, a sort of turnip,
cut in pieces, and twenty quintals of hay ; when
the raves are done, they give the flour of rye or
othe^ grain, with water enough added to form a
paste ; this they leave four or five days to become
sour, and theu they dilute it with water, thicken
it with cut chatf, and give it to the oxen tlirice a
day : \\hen fed witli turnips the oxen do not want
to drink.
" At Bassie they finish with flour of rye, mixed
as before mentioned ; they assert that the oxen
like it the better for being sour, and that it an-
swers better in fattening them. They eat about a
boisseau a day (weighing twenty-two pounds) and
never give this acid liquor without chopped hay.
It is proper to remark that in coming from Paris
we have met a great many droves of these oxen,
to the amount, I guess, (Englishmen sometimes
guess) of from twelve to fifteen hundred ; and that
they were, with few cxceiJtions, very fat ; and
considering the season, May, the most difficult
month of the year, they were fatter than oxen are
commonly seen in England in the spring. 1
handled many scores of them, and found them an
excellent breed and very well fattened.
" lAmoges. Af\er tlie raves give rye jiaste as
described above, but with the addition of a leaven
(levain) to the paste, to quicken the fermentation,
and make it quite sour : at first the oxen will not
drink it, but they are starved to it ; usually take
it the second day, and after they have begun like
it much and never leave a drop.
" Usarch. Fatten their oxen with raves (turnips)
as above, and then with rye-flour made into a
paste with leaven, and given sour, as before de-
•scribed.
" Between Brive and Cresseusac they fatten
with maize, (Indian corn) but, in order to render
it tender, pour boiling water upon it, cover it up
close, and give it to the cattle tlie same day ; and,
in this method, it is a most excellent fattener, both
of oxen and poultry. But in order to make them
fatten sooner and better, they give them every
night, and sometimes of a morning, a ball of pork
grease, as large as an ap])le : they say this is both
physic and food, and makes them thrive the bet-
ter.
"The fact of hog's grease being given, was con-
firmed at SouiUiac: it is given to increase the
appetite, and answers so well, that the beasts per-
fectly devour their food after it, and their coats
become smooth and shining. The most fattening
food they know for a bullock is walnut oil-cake.
All here give salt plentifully, both to cattle and
sheep, being but Id. per jjound. But this practice
is more or less universal through the whole king-
dom.
" In Flanders, from Valenciennes to Orchies-,
for fattening beasts and for cows, they dissolve
linseed cake in hot water, and the animal drinks,
not eats it, having various otlier food given at the
game time, as hay, bran, &c. for there is no point
they adhere to more than always ts give variety
of food to a fattening beast."
ITEMS OF INTEL,I.IGENCE.
At the request of a number of our friends and
subscribers, we resume a practice (which we for-
merly made a part of our proceedings as an editor^
but have for some time discontinued) of giving
brief notices of such passing events as may serve
as sketches of the times for those of our readers,
who may not have convenient recourse to more
ample delineations. We shall attempt to con-
vey as much information relative to men and
things in as few words as can he consistent with
perspicuity, and hope that our notes may be use-
ful to those who file and bind the volumes of the
New England Farmer, by affording a sort of minia-
ture history of by-gone times ; and supply the
place of those voluminous records, wiiich too
often give ns a deluge of words with a dearth of
meaning.
Gov. Lincoln's Speech. This is a very able pro-
duction, but we have merely room to allude to
some of its leading topics. His Excellency
speaks of the pestilence which has passed over us,
and hopes its visitations may lead to inquiries by
what means its causes may be controlled. " An
inordinate appetite for the use of spiritous
liquor.'i, too often gralijied by their Jrce and unlicensed
sale, has given occasion for immediate and great
apprehension. If experience has shown that by
moral influences alone, the former cannot be cor-
rected, it becomes the more imperative, that, by
wise enactments, and their rigid enforcement, the
latter should be rflfectually restrained." He speaks
of the domestic relations of the Commonwealth as
continuing to present the most gratifying aspect.
The controversy between Massachusetts and
Rhode Island, respecting the line of division be-
tween the States is alluded to, and a settlement an-
ticipated consonant to claimsof the former. Witll
regard to the North Eastern Boundary we arc in-
formed that the award of the King of the Nether-
lauds has been rejected, but " the refusal to ac-
cept the award has been followed by no manifes-
tation of hostility or disappointment on the part of
the British Government. No new attempt has
been made during the year by the neighboring
province to extend its authority : nor by British
subjects, further to encroach upon our possessions
in this quarter." It appears that the agent of this
Commonwealth has been singularly successful and
judicious in the sales of public lands in Maine,
having in tlie course of the season, disposed of
twelve townships of the divided lands for §134,
944 37, and in conjunction with the agent of
Maine, bargained for the conveyance of other
townships for a sum of which the Commonwealth's
moiety is 838,699 10. Other sales have been ef-
fected, so that within the year not less than
$180,000, will probably be realized to the Treas-
ury. The trigonometrical and geological surveys
of this State are in successful progress. The
jurisdiction of the Court of Common Pleas has
been beneficially enlarged. That " noble charity E
relating to a State Lunatic Hospitat is nearly com- "
pleted." Improvements made in the State Prison,
by providing for the seclusion of the convicts, are i
spoken of with much approbation. A concise de- . *
scription of the Epidemic Diarrhoea which broke *
out among the convicts, is given. In speaking of
the state of the finances of the Commonwealth it
is said that the disbursements are lessening, and
the income increasing. Unless disastrous public
events should occur to call for extraordinary e.\-
penditures, or interrupt the usual receipts, the
revenue from provided soin-ces may safely be es-
timated as suflicieut to meet 'the wants of the gov-
ernment withoiit resort to a direct ta.x the current
year. The claim of Massachusetts for Militia
services, and money expended during the late war,
appears to lie in a train for satisfactory adjustment.
With regard to Warren bridge, his Excellency
recommends no change till the case now in suit,
relating thereto, shall have been*Hecided. The
necessity is stated of providing for the represeu-
tation of this Slate in a new Congress, if one
should be specially convened, and a Senator of
the United' States, after the third of March. The
Speech next presents a very able "synopsis of the
principles, jucasurcs, resolves, and thrcatenings"
contained in tlie proceedings of a Convention of
the Delegates of South Carolina. The absurdity
of the reasoning, and the pernicious deductions
which they derive from their false premises arc
exposed in a mastcily and conclusive manner. It
is shown that those delegates, by attempting to
pronounce on the unconstitutionality of the laws
of Congress, usurp the poweis of the judiciary,
and that " Resistance to the Union is treason
against the people." That South Carolina has had
her share in enacting the laws, which she now
declares to be void, and whose execution she is
determined to resist;
The Protecting Policy is thus characterized.
"It lies at the foundation of true National Indepen-
dence. It will enable the Country, in theextrem-
cst time of external jiressure, to rest upon her own
resources, to disregard the commercial restrictions
of other'uations, the cupidity of foreign monopoly,
the capriciousness of trans-Atlantic legislation. It
will clothe her armies in war, and furnish supplies,
occupation and necessary supports to her people
under every emergency." At the conclusion of
this very able address his Excellency states his
" intention to decline being considered a candidate
for re-election" — a determination, which must be
received with regret by those who wish for and
rejoice in the prosperity of the Commonwealth,
and entertain a due regard to the high standing of
Massachusetts as a member of the Union.
^tullificalion condemned in Aforth Carolina and
Georgia. Resolutions disapjiroving the measures
of the South Carolinians have passed the Senate of
North Carolina by a large majority, and it is ex-
vol.. XI. NO. 27.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
21;
pected they will meet a similar result in the llous(\
Similar resolutions have also passed the Senate in
Georgia.
Kuropcan dates have been received to the 4tli
of December. The French army, composed ol'
nearly 60,000 men, had appeared before the cita-
del of Antwerp and sunnnoned Gen. Chasse to
.sunondcri but that commander expressed his reso-
lution rather to be buried uuder its ruins than give
it up. I
The British Parliamenl wtis dissolved by royal
proclamation on the 3d of Deceinlicr, and writs
Were directed for assembling a new one.
Rail Roads. It appears from the rejiort of
the directors of the Boston and Lowell Rail
Koad laid before the Senate, that tlie work is
in a state of successful and rapid progression.
Since the commencement of the undertaking
to , the 20th ult. there has been expended
$325,799 55. It also appears from a report made
at the same time to the same body that there has
been expended on the Boston and Providence
Rail Road $18,619 28.
.in American abroad. It appears by an article
])ublished in the National Intelligencer that Henry
Eckford, Esq. of New York, is still busy in the Sul-
tan's Navy Yard, and that with his- characteristic
energy he has connnenced three seventy-Tours, and
one very large line-of-battle ship of the highest
rate. The Sultan has presented him with bis
own hand Cashmere Shawls of great price, and a
gold snuft-box set with diamonds.
Baron Chasse, the Governor of Antwerp, is said
t'> be the grandson of Paul Jones.
There was a report iu town yesterday, which
we were nnable to trace to its origin, that the
Company of Rangers, under the command of
Captain Boone, bad been attacked by a party of
Caninianchees, somewhere on Red River, and de-
feated. The account is, that there were fourteen
of the whiles killed, and the survivors forced to
retreat. From the manner in which the report is
said to have been received, we apprehend that it
is at least well founded, if not precisely accurate
as to details. — SI. Louis Beacon.
CURE OP A WEN.
Take alum salt, dissolve it, make a strong brine,
simmer it on a fii-e, in which wet a piece of cloth
and apply it successively for thirty days, and it
will carry it away. I had heard of this simple
remedy some years since without placing nnich
confidence in its efficac}% but having a negro wo-
man who had been afflicted with one of those
tumors for sometime, I determined to fry it, and
to my great satisfaction find that it has eftt-ctcd an
entire cure. Richard Franklin.
Sumner County, Ten. .Voti. 10, 1832.
fSres and Alarms in Boston, commencing Jan. 6,
to Dec. 31, 1832, inclusive. — Fires 50; estimated
loss $50,562 34 ; insurance $22,442 34. False
alarms 60 ; Fires and alarms out of the city, at
which the Fire Department were turned out, 18 ;
estimated loss $25,650; insurance $12,300; making
in all 128 turns out.
MAXIMS REI,ATIISG TO HEALTH.
It is an ill cu.«tom to drink out of proportion
to the solid food we eat. When more liipior is
taken than is sutficient, with the saliva, to dilute
the aliment, it wears on the secretory organs, (by
which perspiration is aflected) hastens on old age,
and brings decline the sooner.
There can be nothing more true than the
simple maxim that exercise is indis|iensable to
health. They who do not make use of exercise,
either for profit or amusement, soon find them-
selves advancing on the downhill of life. They
who do not work must not eat ; or if they do eat
will sufliisr by dyspepsia.
Lotteries — Are at their last chance. Virginia,
Pennsylvania, and New York, are about to put
them down. Then conies, we hope, contentment
with labor, moderate earnings, and gradual and
retained accumulation.
Scouring in Calves. Young's Annals say that
powdered chalk and wheat-meal, worked into a
ball with gin will cure scouring in calves. A
little air slacked lime will answer as well as ])ow-
dered chalk.
The wife of Mr. Holt, keeper of a Hotel in New
York, in addition to the cares of a large establish-
ment, has made up with her own liands within
the last six years, 1500 towels, 400 pair of sheets,
400 pair of pillow cases, all rnfiled or pointed, 250
bed ticks, and 300 patchwork bed quilts. Surely
a man with such a wife may well build his house
of marble, and fill it with luxuries.
A son of Mr. E. Bobbins of Brewster was drown-
ed about a week since, having broken through the
ice while skating.
In Taunton, on the 30th, two boys fell through
the ice, while skating, and one, who knew how to
swim, rescued both himself and the other.
Paris, JVov. 10. — The Courier Francais states,
as a curious fact, that the Emperor of Russia has
lately granted to Charles X. a pension, to be paid
out of funds proceeding from confiscated property
in Poland, belonging to the defenders of liberty.
In our paper of last week there was an important error in the
communication relative to makings soap — For twenty bushels
ashes read two husliels hard wood ashes.
FOR SAI.E,
THE Bull COLLINS, got by Bolivar— dam Voung Flora,
by Coelcbs ; Granddam the imported Cow Flora — dropl Aug.
30, 1221)— Colour red and while. This Bull is one of the finest
animals in .America, and will be sold low. Apply at this office.
Jan. Ifi tf
EASTMAN'S STRAWCUTTER.
FOR Sale cheap— one of Eastman's Strawcutters, new
in November, a perfect machine and in good order, not having
been used more than a dozen limes. Il will be sold cheap, or
exchangeil for neat stock. Inquire of KENDALL BROOKS,
Saddler, Ro.xbury Street, near the Boston line. jy Ifi
MADDER SEED.
THE Subscriber has for sale 60 Bushels of Madder Seed,
so called, consisting of a small portion of Top Rootj with the
buds attached to it; the yield is immense) it is dug once in 3
years. The culture sample and the pli\nt perfectly hardy. Di-
rections will be given to all who purchase — price froin four to
si.x dollars per bushel. Quantity of seed to plant an acre, from
four to live and a half bushels. Time for planting, fall and
spring. The subscriber is preparing eight acres for planting —
Orders enclosing the cash will meet wilh prompt attention — a
sample of the article may be seen in the hands of Mr. Jesse
WiNSLOW, Newton, Upper falls, Mass.
RUSSEL BRONSON.
Bridgewater, Oneida Co. N. Y. Jan. 3, 1833.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russelts,
baldwins,
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, , . , .
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort
Southern, 1st sort
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
'* upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec. extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,.
Bone, middlings, ....
.Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
g, f Pulled superfine,
^^■6 I 1st Lambs, .' .
:S=<^2d " . . .
Jg. 3d •' . . .
Z (, 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
EROM to
barrel
2 00
2 CO
bushel
1 50
barrel
10 5
"
C 75
"
8 00
pound
14
*'
fi
*'
3
"
3
"
38
"
35
"
y
bushel
1 20
barrel
6 50
"
6 26
tt
5 87
"
6 25
bushel
88
"
70
"
90
"
66
"
48
cwt.
62
gallon
60
cwt
28 00
pound
side
21
pound
18
side
2 50
pound
28
'*
25
cask
1 00
ton
3 00
bushel
barrel
17 50
"
12 60
'*
none
bushel
2 60
"
1 25
pound
cwt
10 00
pound
48
"
60
*i
40
tt
37
ti
34
't
32
tf
50
't
40
3«
"
27
PROVISION MARKET,
retail prices.
Hams, northern,
southern, .....
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . ,
lump, best, ....
Eccs, ....,..,.
Potatoes, common, . , ,
Cider, (according to quality.)
pound
dozen
bushel
barrel
2 50
2 50
2 00
10 75
7 00
S 50
15
4.3
\t
1 .-iO
6 75
G 60
6 37
6 50
90
78
95
70
22
3 00
20
2 70
30
26
1 OS
3 26
18 00
13 00
3 00
1 60
11
11
11 00
3 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.- Monday, Jan, 14, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market tliis day 4C4 Beef Cattle, 635 Sheep, and 560
Swine.
Prices, Beef Caltle. — The quality of cattle at market to-
day was much belter than last week, consequently more w^re
sold at die highest prices. We noticed 8 or 10 taken at $6.
We quote extra, at S5,25 a 5,50 ; prime at S'1.75 a 5 ; good at
S 1,25 a 4.60. ^
Barrelling Cattle.— Mess at gi; No. I, at §3,75.
l^heep. — in good demand ; lots were taken at ^2,12, 2,33,
2..50, and 2,88. Wethers, gia. 5; 8 fine cosset wethers were
taken at gS each.
Sieiiie. — One lot of about 80 were taken at 4^ for sows, and
5c. for barrows : at retail, 5 for sows, and 6 for barrows.
KIMBAifS
Slock and Suspender Manufactory, Linen Drapery, Hosiery
and Glove Store, No. 12, Washingtim Street, Boston.
NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS.
COMPRISING their Architecture, Transformations, SensM,
Food, Habits — Collection, Preservation and Arrangement.
With Engravings. In three volumes. Price gl per vol. For
sale by Geo. C. Barrett, dec 26
216
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
JANUARY 16, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
DOItlESTIC lOVE.
Domestic love ! not in proutl jialacc lialls,
Is often seen lliy beauty to abide :
Thy dwelling is in lowly collage walls,
That in the thickets of the woodbine hide,
With hum of bees around ; and from the side
Of woody hills some little bubbling spring.
Shilling along through banks with hare bells dyed;
Ajid many a bird to warble on the wing
When Morn her saffron robe o'er heaven and earth doth flii
O! love of loves! to thy white hand is given
Of earthly happiness tlie golden key!
Thine are the joyous hours of winter's even,
When the babes cling around their father's knee j
And thine the voice, that on the midnight sea
Alelts the rude mariner with Ijiougiils of home,
Peopling tl)c gloom with all he longs to see.
Spirit ! I've built a shrine and thou hast come
And on its altar closed — forever closctl lliy plume !
From FauUliiig's New Novel of n-esln-ard Ho I
AN e:arthq,vake:.
While the argonauts of the broad horn «ere
gathering drift wood along the sliorc, Raiiisford,
accompanied by Capt. Sara, strolled to the confines
of the Great Prairie, as it is called, which extends
for many miles from tlie borders of the Missis-
sippi. As they stood admiring the rolling ex-
panse of vapor which gave to its vast surface the
appearance of the distant ocean in a calm, and
coursing with their eyes the dead and noiseless
solitude, a distant rumbling sound caught their at-
tention for a moment — ceasing for a moment, and
in a moment beginning again, apparently nearer
than before. It was succeeded by a vast cloud of
dust, which all at once obscured the air and hid
from their view the face of the world.
"Cut dtirt, stranger, for your life, there's a
whirlwind coming," cried Capt. Sam, suiting the
action to the word.
But scarcely liad he spoken when the earth
opened between them, and they stood rocking to
and fro on either side a yawning chasm. The
ground rose in waves, like the sea 4n a storm ; the
vast trees that skirted the bare prairies of the end-
less plain, nodded and struck their bough heads
together with a crash, and lashed each other with
their giant limbs; the earth burst its strong ribs,
and rose, and split into vast ravines ; the waters
burst through their bouuds, and while they form-
ed new channels in some places, in others they left
/arge spaces high and dry. Anon the waves of
the firm, fixed earth, subsided for a moment, and
she lay trembling and quivering as in the pa-
roxysm of an ague.
During this appalling interval, Rainsford and
his comi)anion rose from the ground, where they
■ had been thrown by the resistless force of the vi-
brations, and instantly sought reftige they knew
not whither. The captain made towards the river,
as being his natural element ; while the other
climbed one of the lofty trees that skirted the
bounds of the intermediate plain, from the vague
apprehension of the waters, which as well as the
earth, seemed struggling to fi-ee themselves froL„
the fetters of nature's inflexible laws. He had
scarcely done this, when again the same appalling
noises approach from another quarter, and, again
the firm set earth began to heave and curl itself
into a sea of waves tliat seemed to aj)proacl
■from a distance, gathering strength, and in raisins
higher and higher, until they burst, scattering vast
volumes of water and sand high in the air, and
leaving the ground seamed with deep chasms,
which the traveller still surveys with astonish-
ment and dismay. In a few moments the earth
seemed changed into a diftcrent element, and to
become an ocean. A large portion of the district
around was covered with the waters, and the trees
on which Rainsford sought refuge, stood rocking
to and fro in the midst of them. Darkness or at
least an obscurity like that of an eclipse, came over
the world ; and such was the dismay of all anima-
ted nature, that a little bird came and sought
refuge in the bosom of the young man, where it
lay quiet and tame in the trance of terror. He
could feel its little heart against his own, and the
conmiunion of sympathy between him and the
panting flutterer was not unsoothing in this terri-
ble horn-.
Casting his eye towards the town of New-Mad-
rid, he beheld the houses tottering and tumbling
to pieces and the peojjle fleeing to and fro in all
the desperation of overwhelming terror. Turning
to the Mississijjpi he siuldenly observed it in one
particular si)ot boil up, and overflow its banks,
carrying boats and every thing that floated on its
surface far over into the fields, were they were
left perfect wrecks. Nay, it spared neither the
livin;;- nor the dead, for all at once he saw the lit-
tle grave-yard of the village, with its mouldering
bones and quiet inhabitants, raised, as it were,
from its resting place, and hurleil into the torrent,
where it and thi-y were scattered, never to be
associated again in time or in eternity.
It look(!d like the last agony of ex|)iring nature ;
as if the Onniipotent lind resigned his empire of
the ;miverse, and left the rebel elements to strug-
gle for mastery.
COI.OSSAI. STRKNOTH.
The French army numbers in its ranks an ath-
letic personage, whose |>rodigiou3 stren^h might
seem to revive the miracles of Samp-^on, or the
astonishing labors of Hercules. Hitherto this
strength has not found objects worthy of it, and is
only exercised in the stables and prisons ; but let
the opportimity oflVir itself and our enemies would
have line sport. This new Goliah is a curassier
of the 1st Regiment, and is five feet seven inches
in height. When he is angry nothing can resist
him; his hand can break iron as easily as glass, or
give a large horse a blow on the shotdder, and
place him just where he wishes him to be. One
day in the month of last July, he was ordered by
his Lieutenant to attend to the horses newly arriv-
ed. He complained of injustice, saying it w«s not
his turn. His superior insisted, and on his refus-
ing ordered him in custody for four days at the
hall of the police. He at length went there quiet-
ly, but no sooner was the door locked than he
broke the iron bars and the doors to pieces, and
was at once set at liberty. He was persuaded to
moderation by some of his comrades, and was by
order of the Lieutenant conveyed to the prison of
the corps. He broke out again with new fury,
and destroyed all the camp-beds and the bars. of
the window, while the wall and the door were de-
stroyed like the walls of Jericho. He was oi"coiase
again at liberty, but was by order of the Lieuten-
ant conveyed to a dungeon ; where he was com-
pelled to remain tranquil, in consequence of the
injury done to his hands in demolishing the prison
and the hall of the police. — Li Voleur.
INDIA RUBBER CI<OTH.
A FEW weeks ago we published from a Boston
pa])er, a notice of an invention which has been
made to cover cloth with India rubber — gum elas-
tic. This week, the author of the invention — a
subscriber — Mr. Reuben Bracket, of Unity, Me.
has called upon us and exhibited some specimens
of his work. And really we were pleased with
tlie exhibition. The rubber is spread exceedingly
thin upon cloth of any texture, from the coarsest
woollen to the finest silk, without injuring the
material, and presents a siirfiice at once beautiful,
elastic and impervious to water. A pair of gloves
which he showed us, we secretly coveted to ride
in during the storms of the present winter. Wo
believe this invention is a desideratum. We can
now have shoes, boots, gloves, mittens, and cloth-
ing of any kind we choose, through which no wa-
ter can ever find its way; tmd the cloth is as light,
elastic and soft as you please. — Eastern Chranicli.
LAZINESS.
Dr. Hai.es \ised to say that " Laziness grows
on people ; it begins in cobwebs and ends in iron
chains. I have experienced (he observed) that the
more busin<-ss a man has, the more lie is able to
accomplish ; for he learns to economize his time ;
that is a talent committed to everyone of yon, and
for the use of which you must account."
gAVEET HERBS, &.C.
FOR SALE, at the Ki-w England Seed Store, 52, North
Market Street — The follow ing Sweet Herbs, pulverized, aud
packed in tin eaunisters lor domestic use, viz ;
Sweei Marjoruni, ;i7j^cls — 'I'hyme, 33cts — Summer Savory,
!25 cts — Sage, n cts — per cannister. Also — lilack Currant
Wine ti)r medicinal purposes, lb els' per bottle. Tomato ICci-
chup, 3*^ cts per boitlc. dec '26
SEEDS FOR COUNTRY DE.AI.ERS.
TRADEKS in the country, who may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden St'cils lor sale, are inlbrnied they
can lie furnished at the New England Farmer olficc, Nos. 61
&. 3tf North Market street, boston, with boxes containing a
complete assortment of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen
garden on as favorable terms as ihey can be procured in this
country, neatly done up in small papers, at (j cents each.— war-
ranted to be ot the growth oi 183'.^, aud ol the very Jirst qtiahty.
Ors.iMkst.vl Fi-owKR Sef.ds will be added on the same
terms, when ordered, as well as Pkas, Bkans, Early and
Sw KKT Corn, &-c. of differen sorts.
tnr The seeds vended at this establishincut, arc put up on an
improved plan, each package being accompanied with short
directions on its managements, and parked in the neatest style.
Traders are reiiuested to call and c.\amiiic for lliemselves.
Dec. 21-.
THE NEW ENGr.AND PARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at ,tf3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, arc entitled to a deduc-
tion of lifty cents.
[J^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
AVw York — G. Tiiorburn &. Suks, C7 Liberty-street.
.4/AaK!/— Wm. TiroRBURN, 317 Market-street.
Philaddphia — D. & C. Landretii, 83 Chesnut-street.
ildltviwre — 1. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
Cincinnnti — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flmtung, N. F.— \Vm. Princi; & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gar.
Middlelmnj, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin ik Co. Rooksellcrs.
Sprinr/icld. jMs.—E. EnWARns, Merchant.
Newlmnjjiort — Ebenezi^.k Stkdhian, liookscller.
Portsmouth, N. II.—}. W. Foster, liookscllcr.
Portland, Me. — CoLMAN, HoLDE.v <fc Co. Booksellers.
.4iiimsta, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.—l'. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C. Geo. Bent.
Printed for Geo. C Barrett by John Ford, who
executes every description of Booh und Piinry Printing
in good style, and with promptness. Orders for printing
may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52. North Market Street.
]\EW ENG1.AND FARMER.
PUBLISHED 1!Y GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. .5:, NORTH M.ARKET STREET, (at the Acricui.tuh.m. Wakkhousf..)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, Jx\NUARY 23, 1833.
NO. 28.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For tlie New England Farmer.
STIMULATION OP SOILS.
The theory of vcf;otatioii presents a great field
lor discovery. What constitutes the food of plants ?
lu what degree is nutrition derived from the'^il .'
in what from the ati.'iosphere ? To what extent
does manure operate on the soil? ]io\v on tlic
atmosphere ?
This is an important as well as intricate subject,
and much may be expected from tlie increasing
light and knowledge of the age, and from the dili-
gent sjiirit of inquiry which is now in progression.
' '^K Yon ha\ 0, yourself, Mr. Editor, broken a lance
in the controversy with a scicntitic cultivator of
Albany on the effects of time on so\l. '•
Dift'ercnces of opinion, like thos^ exercised in
this case, must doubtless lead to th^ extension of
knowlc<lge. But the danger is thai wliilst very
opposite theories arc strongly urged, an improper
<listrust may be excited. The subject, though iin-
|)ortant and beneficial may thus fall i^ito peglect
and disuse, whilst a decision is waittd for, at
which we may .liever arrive with the wished for
accuracy. ^ i
From a frequent perusal of the beuefiti( (terlved
■ from lime in its applicatiou to soil in Kjiope, I
have been induced for niore than a score of^ears,
.successively, to make use of it for agriMtural
pnr|)Oses to tlie extent of more than cue hihdrcd
casks annually. \
One of my first experiments arose from a oasire
to give a top-dressing to a piece of land, wlife it
was otherwise inconvenient to do. The soil was
a heavy black loam. Having a quantity of hlack
earth from a trench, (or top stratum) I procured
a quantity of lime. A bottom offburortivc buck
loads of earth was first placed ; then a coujile of
casks of lime were spread thereon ; then earth
and lime again, till my materials were used, or
the quantity needed was had at the rate of eight
or ten casks to the acre. Thus a cask being sup-
posed to produce about five bushels of slacked lime,
the cost of which, if the casks are swelled and the
lime partly slacked is eight to ten cents a bushel.
This is the most moderate application in Europe,
and the cost is about the same.
This mixture after lying twelve or fourteen days
was shovelled over, and after some days being
found fine and well nfi.xed was spread from the
cart on the ground. To my surprise I found the
effect produced to be equal to what is usual from
connnoii compost manure !
In England, whore lime is most used foi- ajiri-
cultural purposes, it is considered that in its crude
state, or uucalciued state, it is most beneficial, if
pounded or made fine. This, where limo.^toilc
abounds it is well to know; but there is liule of it
in this neighborhood. Encouraged by this ex-
periment, 1 coutinuetl jo purchase and ajiply con-
siderable quantities of damaged and air slacked
lime* in my cultivation, particularly for a low , flat
piece of land. This being intersected with small
ditches, furnished the earth. I was not able
* i..iTiiG loiii^ exposed to tlie air, such as sweepings of slorcs,
&c. is oC less value aud more chcaj)!/ obtained.
otliervvise to procure to mix With the lime. It is
not well, however, in such cases, to lower the
surface by taking 'oft' more than will keep the
ililches open. When the earth is tough with
sward, &c. it may bo made finer by being carted
out and put in heaps on the ground, and spread
afterwards. Indeed this is. done to great advan-
tage in the winter. The poaching the land or
making a roiigh surface for the scythe being then
well avoided. ;'. ,
As this laud cannot advantageously be ploughed,
I liave in ap))lying every third yeaWS^fifop-dressing
as my custom is, alternated, giviu j^i^^a dress-
ing of earth aiv.1 lime, aud at the e^^atifti of
three years, a coat of compost manure.
This has been / done on the prmciplfe that a
more judicious mixture would be iriade, and a
better composition of soil be had. I have been
gtiided herein from general reasoning — not from
any proof tiiat the lime might not be j-epeated.
It seems, however, to be a prevailing opinion,
where lime has been most in use, that it opens
the sod and makes it more porous^iving therJP^P
better action to other manures, which a judiciou
husbaiidr}' shoidd in succession Wply.
apphcation of lime to a grass sward, in a deep
springy soil, I have been ^k a Img time well
satisfied. It was several ye^Wxeii^B undertook
the same practice on a light soil, an^l did it with
less ex))ectation. But I was somewhat surprised
to find it equally beneficial.
So fir lime has been mentioned as a component
article in lop-dressing for a green sward. Its ef-
fect v.ill be shown on ploughed land, and in a
grain crop.
With a view of increasing fertility, I frequently
have applii'd on the side of the hills of Indian corn
a small handful of slacked lime. I so placed it,
lest the caustic quality of the lime should prove
injurious to the tender plant when it first started
from the .soil. This is my opinion and practice.
Though I have often since seen large pieces
slacken aud expand on the soil without injury to
the grass, which in a lively green color pierced
through it. This application of lime to the hill
I continued .for some time, and though small in
quantity or effect, I still thought it of .5ome advan-
tage. I was led, however, to a more extensive and
satisfactory experiment.
I had a piece of ground of about four acres, of
rather light soil, which gave promise of a very
small crop of grass. Being without the m'eans of
obtaining manure, as I had a quantity of earth of
the top stratum, taken up on building a wall, I
forthwith procured a quantity of lime and mhlBd
it in the manner before mentioned. About the
middle of .Tune I had the grass mowed and the
land ploughed. The lime compost was tfeep
spread and lightly harrowed in. An early sort of
yellow corn, Avhich when ripe husked itself was
procured. And my neighbors, who knew th
process, werp, in the fall of the year, much sitr-
prised by the stout ears of golden grain thus unfold-
ed to view ! ! !
I trust enough has been said to show the bene-
ficial use of lime. Whether it acts on the atmos-
phere only, or a.s a stimulant to the soil, or actual-
ly contains (as is strongly maintained by some)
within itself the food for plants is well worthy of
discussion.
Btit whether cither of these causes separately or
they altogether condtice to the nutrition of plants,
an advautageou.s eftiict of the use of lime on soil
seems conclusively to follow. I have endeavored
to avoid nice discritniuations and have stated my
practice plainly, not from its novelty to many of
your readers, but because not only a great wa.ste
is made of this article but it is believed that at its
average price in good condition, about ten cts. it
may be used to good advantage. So also it is with
mortar, rubbish of walls and chimneys, plaster, &c.
from old buildings. These, (and it is somewhat
relative to this discussion) I have made u.se of as
a top-dressing to low soil to %'ery good effect.
It has been observed that if lime is a fertilizer*
of soil why is it that where it abounds and often
forms ajB^ under stratum a greater fertility does not
prevail?' To this it may be answered that lime is
a constituent principle, it is believed in all soil, aud
ftiy be supplied, where from experience a defi-
ciency is Ipund. But when it superabounds as in
_.^ most 4||^f things excess may be iujurious. In all
In this' "bis more experience is wished for as the only
safe aniprofitable guide. ,
* Yours, &c. JOHN WELLES.
The following able dissertation, on an obscure
but important stibject, will be read with pleasure
by every person, who can realize the truth that
improvements effected witli regard to cultivated
vegetables m^ of still more consequence to the
cultivator than introducing improved breeds of
animals.
For the New England Farmer.
POMOLOGICAL.
I accept, Mr. Editor, the invitation of your
correspondent, M, S. and send you my opinions
and observatio^fcfs to the cause of the variation
of fruits, &c. pPduced from seeds.
I consider t]£t plants are governed by as fi.xed
laws in rcg^K to propagation, as animals are ;
that the charter of the progeny, in both, partake
oftlii^ qualities of the parents, and of these alone;
and that a cross of two varieties of fruits, of like
specie?^, may be obtained with as much certainty,
as a rnjss from two varieties of the satne species
of animal. There is this difference — though the
progeny of the aliimal can have but one father,
tliat ot' the vegetable may have a phtrality of
fatbits. Henee the uncertainty of seeds, of which
different va^@ties of the same species flower at the
same time in the yicinitj of each other, producing
like the female pai»ut. The female organ of an
ajtple blossom may be fecundated with the pollen
of fifty different kinds, iu the space of half an
hour. The seeds of all plants where but a single
variety is cultivated or grows in the neighborhood,
as the butternut, chesimt, wheat, corn, &c. will
uniformly produce their kind. An isolated tree,
far removed from all others of its species, say of
the apple or pear, will do the like; and the peach
prodtices its kind with more certainty than the
apple, from the fact, that a siuglo variety, or
single tree, is more frequently grown at a distance
froiiJi other varieties than is the apple. We see
218
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JANUARY 93, 1833.
this law of the vegetable kingiioiii beautirnlly illus-
trated in our corn-fields. When there is but one
Idud jilanted, as the white, yellow, flint or gourd,
there will be hut one kind in the product. Where
there are two kinds in adjoining row.*, they will
■intermix. The pollen of the male organ of the
blossom must come in contact with the pistil or
female organ, or the seed will be abortive. Cut
oft'flie tassels as they begin to develope, of a hill
of -corn standing alone, or cover or destroy the
silk of a particular ear, so as to prevent the con-
tact of the pollen, and you will find at harvesting
nothing but a naked cob.
Upon this law of the vegetable kingdom florists
liave based their practice of multiplying the varie-
ties of the most esteemed flowers, as the rose, the
dahlia, the comelia, geranium — the new varieties
being the product of artificial or accidental fecun-
dation of the pistil of one with the ])ollen of another'
variety. And the experiments of Knight and other
pomologists have left no room to doubt upon this
subject. The distinguished gentleman I have
named has not only, by artificial crossing, produc-
e<l new and superior varieties of garden and
orchard fruit, but many new varieties of culinary
vegetables. I have in my grounds several of l^s
apples and cherries produced in this way, and
know the parents from which they were lymdnced
go far as I can now judge, the wood^rtake
more x>f the female, and the fruit of the male'
parent. The Faxley and Siberian HnrveJ|ai)ides,
from theseedof the Siberian crab, fecundated with
the pollen of the golden harvcy, resemble in liard-
iness of wood, shape of tree, and beauty of foliage,
the nude parent ; while the size of the fruit, in
the new kinds, is generally intermediate between
that of the parents. It is worthy of remark that
the wood of all the new kinds is remgjkably clean
and healthy, and would seem to strerigthen Mr.
Knight's theory, of the deterioration of old va-
rieties.
In regard to the fecundating process, your cor-
respondent asks, by way of doubt of the generally
received opinion, " how did the first varieties ot
fruits originate ?" I am a yanke^and will ansu-cr
his question by asking, how did^first varieties of
animals originate ? A solution of my question will
afford an answer to his. 4L
1 believe with Mr. Knight an^r. Van Mons,
that the seeds of young and healthy varieties will
be more apt to produce good fruit, than those ot
old and dccaj'ed varieties of the same quality ; be-
cause the progeny, as I have ol)served, will
])artakc largely of the youthful vigor ot'if^
juale parent — and I suspect your corrcs])oiWI«nt
has misapprehended Prof. I'oiteau ; and that the
Professor prefers seed of austere pears, not on
account of the quality of the fruit, which, I con-
ceive, is not likely to be perpetuated' llty the seed,
for the reasons l have stated, but because the
poorer sorts grow only upbn "Seedlings, or young
and healthy varieties — poor pears never beiug
perpetuated by grafting and budding. ^
Tliere is a fact in vegetable physiology which
to me is inexplicable, and which I should be very
much obliged to any of your correspondents for
an explanation, it is this : — It is well known to
nurserymen that the roots of a grafted or budding
tree take the habits of the scion, that is, they are
numerous and ramified, horizontal or deep, ac-
cording to the habits of the variety from which
the variety is taken, and generally conform in
their direction and volume to the shape and abun-
dance of the top; and yet the sprouts which
spring from these roots invariably, I believe, take
the character of the original stalk. I will state a
case : bud a peach on a plum-stalk at the surface
of the ground, when it has but a few inches of
root, the bud not only gives a character to the
branches and fruit, but apparently to the roots
which succeed, and which are alone produced by
the sap elaborated in the peach leaves, and yet the
sprouts which shoot from the roots will be plum
sprouts. jMy wonder is why the roots should re-
tain the character of the stock, after they have
beeu enveloped and seemingly lost in the growth
produced by the scion. The quince and the
paradise apple are the only cases that I remember
in v\'hich the character of the roote are not materi-
ally changgtf^. the scions engrafted into them.
The ^^^of obtaining good fruits from seed,
is tedious and uncertain. Perhaps not one in a
thousand will be worth preserving, and years
must ellipse ere the question can be solved.
Whereas by grafting good kinds may be obtained
with certainty. Our nurserymen make it their
business to collect and propagate all the good va-
rieties, whether native or foreign ; and any gentle-
man who is not acquainted with their relative
lerits, and vcrv few are, will find it his interest
f^i^nfide to th*n, partially or wholly, the selec-
'ion of his fruit trees. The difference in the
profit of eultiWling good or bad fruit is inunense.
A lu'ighbor this year sold pears from two trees
for §45 ; v^i^a od|^ neighbors did not realize
this amoun(B|PlpTmy trees of" bad or indifferent
fruit. ' 1^-
Jlbanii, Jan. 12, 1832.
made use of. We do not expect to see an exten-
sive lawn, or park, attached to every farm-house ;
this, we are aware would be impracticable : but
what we want to see, is a tasteful display of
skruKbery and flowers, which will cost little or no
expjBse, while it adds immensely to the value and
aMjff nmce of the place, as well as to the pleasure
of its owner. We anticipate a great retbrm in
this branch of rural economy from the influence
of om- Horticultural Society. It has already ac-
complished much, but still much remains to be
done. And as tcm])erance has banished from many
of our towns the use of ardi'it spirits, we think a
small portion of the money formerly expended in
the purchase of this destructive article, might be
more satisfactorily devoted to the embellishment of
houses and farms. J. S. M.
Far lite New England Farmer.
RURAL TASTE.
Mr. Editor, — In riding through most of the
towns and villages of New England, I have been
surprised at the almost total want of rural taste
which is manifested by a large portion of our re-
spectable, and in many instances, wealthy farm-
One would supiwse that the pronencss to rural
life among the higher classes of society, would
have a salutary effect in producing a taste for pic-
turesque gardening in the minds of our country
people. Nothing woidd be easier than to make
our villages appear like those of Europe, if the
owners of our soil were disposed to have them so.
A very little labor combined with taste and judg-
ment in decorating, might make the habitations of
om- farmers, equal those of die English yeoman-
ry. There the poorest laborer attends to the embel-
lishment of his little cottage. The green hedge,
the grass plat before the door, the little flower-bed,
the "rape or woodbine trained against the wall,
and covering the lattice with its cooling shade, the
pot of flowers in the window, all bespeak the in-
fluence of taste, refinement and industry. What
adds more to the appearance of a house than a
few trees tastefully disposed around it, or what
looks more repulsive, than one destitute of these
natural ornaments ? Trees planted along the sides
of our roads, would also greatly improve the ap-
pearance of our coimtry, and aflTord refreshing
shade and comfort to the traveller. When our
forests offer so many splendid varieties of trees,
ornamental as well as useful, at no expense, other
than the trouble of transplanting them, it is a mat-
ter of wonder that they are not more frequently
Fm- the New England Farmer. ^
AGRICUIiTDRAI. ESSATS, NO. XIV. •
DrxG. There are several kinds of dimg, as
there are of soils on which to lay it.
Ashes. Best for low, mossy lands, spread
evenly on the ground. A few bushels, sowed just
before a rain, a good top dressing for an acre —
fifteen bushjls a full dressing — it will be seen for
several yea-s — peat ashes best — fifteen bushels to
an acre. Door-dung for melons — cow-dung for
a warm, sandy soil. IIogs-dung for flax, corn
and potatoes, and for all kinds of vines. Horses-
DU.Nt; for a low, wet soil. Human-ordure mixed
with a jreat quantity of soil, for cold, sour land,
and tVr recruiting old pear-trees. Sheep and
Fowi,;-Dr.NG, for a wet sour soil. Slaughteu-
hous.-dung is very excellent. And beside these
sevexil kinds of dung, there are other manures,
suci as LIME, for a cold stiff' clay soil, 120 bushels
to ail acre — it destroys mo.ss, mixed with green
swurd, in layers, the composition will be fit for
use in six months, in summer. Urine, or stale
is also excellent manure, and when saved, of as
much value nearly, as the dung itself of the stock.
And to save it in summer, as soon as your bani-
yard is cleared out, in the spring, take the first
leisure hour, and take care to find such an hour,
to cai-t in a large quantity of loam, mud, clay, rub-
bish, broken peat or even sand ; which will absorb
the ijrine, and being mixed with the dung, makeu^
most excellent manure. In winter, a great part ot
the Stale may be saved, if you have a tight floor, by
giving the cattle a jilenty of litter : every night a
fresh layer of chaff', flax-dressings, or what ever the
barn affords. Mun from ponds, in the opinion of
some Farmers, is equal to good dung for Indian-
coiTi, planted on a dry gravelly soil : sea-mud
Iso is very good ; but all kinds of mud are better
when laid "in the barn-yard and trodden into the
liiAgand stale of the cattle. They should be
shovelled into licajis and lay a few days before
they are carried into the fields for use. Some
Farmers have long and narrow cow-yards by the
sidesof roads, or elsewhere, in which they yard
their cattle every niglit ; and evei-y two or three
days they plough thein deep. This mixture of
soil,dung and stale, is said to be equal to any ma-
nure which is made. It must be very good for
grass land, spread as soon as the crop is mowed
off.
Ewes. Breeders should have long and fine
wool. From October first, to November twentieth
keep the males from them— feed them well for
some davs before yeaning. Let them have good
feed from their first going to pasture, tiUthe mid-
VOL. XI. NO. as.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
219
(lie of July — this will iiiako fat lambs, and tlif
eu'cs ttemsclvcs will be fit for market. ^
Flax, a most useful and profitable crop^ the
farmer — does best in moist land — at nineWenee
per i>ouud, one acre will gain six pound^Weiir
profit. Aller the ground is wdi inauured^|lli
old and rotten cow-dung, or witntlie contents ol'
the hogstye, plough and mix the soil well — it can-
not be too nnich pulverized, and then, in early sea-
son, which will give the best coat to the flax, sow
from seven to eight pecks of seed on ati acre —
IVesb and new seed every year, and from a good
distance, the crop will be the better. Pull it when
the leaves are fallen from the stalk, and when,
they begin to have a bright yellow color, and the
l)olls are just beginning to have a brownish cast.
If you water rot it, pull it when the blosson)S are
generally fallen. If yon dew rot it, when it is
done sufficiently, the coat -svill separate from the
stalk, at the slender branching parts, near the top
ends.
Foals should be fed when weaned with sweet
hay, oats and wheat bran. For the first winter
allow one sixteen bushels of oats ; afterwards he
will do with good hay. A late foal should not be
weaned before March, and have oats all winter.
Within one month after the foal is dropped, it
receives its shape, &c. which it will ever after re-
tain— you may then see your future horse in
miniature.
Fowl-JIeadow Grass docs best on low lands,
swamps, &c. — keeps green a long time — bears
a great burden — is excellent fodder especially for
horses, and may be mowed, from last of 'July, to
first of October.
Foddering should not take place till really
necessary ; and then only in mornings. — Thb>worst
fodder should be given out in the coldest wsather.
Never lay so nmch before your cattle as will serve
to fill them — fodder twice in the morning and twice
in the evening. The leavings of horned cattle may
be laid before horses, and the leavings of horses
before those who divide the hoof; they will eat
after each other. If any thing be left in the
mangers of the cattle, carry it out into the open
air, and spread it on clean snow. Young and
hardy stock will winter well on coarse njeadow
Iiay and straw. Every farm-yard should liave a
long shed, and a rack under it, in which to fodder
in a clean and profitable manner — very necessary
for sheep.
Goose, more profitable than a dung-hill fowl.
Pluck your goose but once in a year, and at
moulting time, or when they shed their ([uills.
Grazing. Kill grass fed beeves by the first
of November, for, after that the grass soon loses so
much of its virtue, tliat it will not fatten cattle at
all — they will fall away. — Vales for tillage, hill for
pasture.
HINTS TO FARMERS. NO I.
Preliminary. — Now that the bustle of election,
and the shouts of the victors, have somewhat sub-
.sided ; our crops secured, and the bleak wim's of
December have driven the husbandman from his
fields to his fireside, I propose, Mr. Editor, to de-
vote an occasional evening to the entertainment,
and I would fain hope to the improvement, of your
agricultural readers; provided you are disposed to
second my efforts by publishing what I may rlmncc
to write: For as yet 1 feel the wish, without being
conscious of the ability, either to instructor cuter-
tain them.
Bly essays shall never be tediously long. They
may sometimes be practical, sometimes tlicoreli-
cal, and, perchance, sometimes political; but par-
taking neither of personal or party politics.
Youhave now my proposition, sir: and I shall
consider you as according to it when you publish
these preliminary remarks, and shall proceed with-
out any delay to fifi^ my task;. 15.
IVtsitrlo, Dec. 12, IS^v!
The adapting crops to the. soil and market, are
among the first considerations which present them-
selves to the discreet farmei;. The same soil that
will produce a profitable crop of one kind, may
not repay the labor of cultivating anollicr. The
hills and mo^fclains that make the riftjicst pastures,
may be illy Mipted to the prodtictio.n ^of ^rain.
And the same larm product that is profitfiWc to the
farmer in the vicinity of towns or navigable waters,
may be wholly unprofitable in a distntt remote
from tliera. In newly settled Jistricts, wHere the op-
portunities of interchange and marketing are pre-
carious, it becoines in a measure necessary, that
the farmer should adapt his husbandry to the im-
mediate waut£ of the family, and produce bis own
bread, meat and clothing. Lik^auses ofte:
der it necessary that he shoidcffiilso be hii
mechanic — as carpenter, shoemater, &c
tance, bad roads, and the want 9 means, leavi
him no other alternative. But in old aettled dis-
tricts, where the facilities of intercourse and trade
are abundant, considerations Of economy suggest
a wiser course — that the farmer should ajiply his
labors to such objects as will ensure him the
best profit.
If we look to our fields and woods, wc shall
see that the natural products vary in different soils ;
that many ti-ees and plants which spring up spon-
taneously in clayey grounds, are not to be found
in those which are sandy, and vice versa ; that
some are peculiar to wet and others to dry
grounds ; and yet that there is a constant tendency
to alternate or change — ^new species of trees and
plants taking the place of other species which
have been felled or have died. This is not the re-
sult of chance; but it is in accordance with a law
of nature, which has endued plants with different
habits andwants, and proyided in different soils
the food best suited to those habits and wants re-
spectively. It is analogous to what we see in ani-
mals— almost every class of which, as the ox, the
dog, the hog, &c. has its pcculiafi food. Those
who would profit from the works of infinite wis-
dom, therefore, will do well to study the ajitncss
of their soils for particular crops, and to select
those for staple culture, which promise the best
reward.
HSavy and cold grounds are found to be most
congenial to wheat, oats, timothy, peas, &c. ; light
and warm soils to corn, barley, rye, and turnips ;
moist grounds to potatoes and fibrous rooted gras-
ses; dry grounds to clovers, lucerne, turnips and
other tap-rooted plants. Yet all these crops fail,
or are comparatively worthless on lands habitually
wet. Hence it is of the first importance, in order
to obtain good tillage crops, or the fine nutritious
grasses, upon wet lands, first thoroughly to drain,
and, if flat, to ridge them. The farmer who un-
dertakes to raise all kinds of crops upon one kind
of soil, misapplies his labor. He had better con-
fine himself to those which make the best return,
sell the surj)lus, and buy with a part of the pro-
ceeds that for which his neighbor's soil is better
adapted tlian his own. If his land will yield per
acre twenty-five bushels of wheat, and only twen-
ty-five of corn, he had better raise more wheat
and buy his corn ; for his corn costs him double
what his wheat crop does: and is, withal, but a
little more than half as valuable. If it will not
produce good barley, let him forego the culture of
that grain, and if his situation is near market, he
should raise more grain, vegetables and fruit, and
less stock.
Tlie expense of traiisporiing his surplus produce
to market, is an important consideration to the far-
mer. A bushel of wheat is worth to the grower in
Chenango, less than to the grower in Albany, by
the expense of its transportation to market, whicli
may be two shillings, or twenty-five per cent. A
bullock, on the contrary, may be as profitably
fattened by a farmer in Otsego as one in West-
chester, the expense of driving him from Otsego
to New- York being counterbalanced by the enhan-
ced value of his feed, and of the land which pro-
duces it, in Westchester. Upon the banks of the
Hudson a bushel of potatoes is worth from two to
four shillings; while their value, for market, in
«e interior, is scarcely half this; because they
ill not bear distant transportation, and find a pre-
carioi^ynarket at home. While again, the wool,
chee^Pjutter, cattle, horses, hogs and sheep, from
e hills of Delaware or Lewes, from the cheap-
ness o^fconveyance or transportation of these arti-
cles, and the relative cheapness of lands, are able
to compete successfully in the market, with like
products from the counties of Dutciiess and
Orange.
Frora^this view of the subject it would seem to
result, as a general rule, that farmers contiguous
to markets .or navigable waters will best consult
their iiitlUpts* by confining their labors, so far as
regards their marketable products, to tillage crops,
hay and fruits^ and that it would comport with
the policy of tdose more remote, to rely upon cat-
tle and sh8p nusbandry as the main source of
wealth. The^^uggestions derive force from the
wise provisioi^Bt' Providence, in adapting the
valleys to gra^JBd the hills and mountains to the
subsistence c^Kcks and herds. B.
We mentWBB a few weeks since the invention
fa machineflror cleaning rice from the hxdl, by
lome ingeniols mechanics of this town. At that
time the trial of its capacities had hardly been
tested fnirly, as it was not perfected in all its parts
or its exaclj powers graduated. Within a few
days, however, o machine has been completed, and
all the impvoveineuts which experience had
suggested beeh donOi and a trial of its powers
made in the. preseucirof a large number of our
citizen!'. It performcdjts task to the admir.ation
of all, and goes by horse, steam, water or any
other ])ower. It works rapidly, cleans the rice
in the best possible manner, without, as has been
the leading difficulty with all other machines,
rcaking up the grain. — .Xorthampton Coitr.
.Yew manufacture. — A new article of commerce
namely. East India Flour, is coming extensively
into use, for the mal;ing of size and starch ; it is
cliicfly imported by the Calcutta Flour Mill com-
])any, and is found to answer better than American
Hour, which has hitherto been considered the best
fur this i)Urpose. — English Paper.
No man blight lo be contented with any evils which he can
remedy by bis owu industry and exertion.
220
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JANUARY 13, 1«33.
A DISCOURSE
Delivered before the Massacliuselts Horticultural Society, on
tlie Celebration of its fourth Aniiiversar.v, October 3, 1832.
By Thaddeus William Harris, M. D.
[Continued from page 213.]
Insects are profusely scattered over vegetation.
Several kinds are often found upon one plant.
Leaves, blossoms, aud fruits are alive with them;
the branches and trunks afford conceahnent and
nourishment to thousands of intestine eneiriies,
and the roots are sapped and destroyed by them.
Our present concern is with some of those which
are injurious to the Ivitcheu and flower garden, aud
to the fruitery.
The products of tlie kitchen-parden, thoujrh
formerly thej' received less attention titan those
of the field, are growing more into general favor ;
.1 result owing to the change of purstiits in a por-
tion of our population, to the low price of farm-
produce, and especially to the recommendations
and example of the horticultural societies of the
country, aud the improvements which thej' have
introduced.
The pea is universally esteemed one of the
most palatable of our vegetables. At its first a^
pearance in the markets it coniDiaiids a hi",
price; and its first appearance on tlic isihlj^ i.^ imt
only an object of pride to the.gardcni-rf'liiit (dj
pleasure to the partaker. Few, howe\Lr, wliil?
indulging in the luxury of early pease, aA aware
how many insects they unconsciously consume.
When the. pods are carefully examined, small, dis-
colored spots may be seen within them, each one
corresponding to a similar spot on the opposite
pea. If this spot in the pea be opened, a minute,
whitish grub or. maggot will be discovered. It is
the insect in its larva form, which lUBfi uBftn the
marrow of the pea, and arrives ari^^wll^pe by
the time that the pea becomes drvA It then bores
a round hole quite to the hull, wmch however is
left untouched, as is also the Mji'^f the future
sprout. In this hole the insect pa«;s the pupa
state, and survives the winter ;^^ the expiration
of which, its last change bein^^fciploted, it has
only to gnaw through the thii^^K and make its
exit, which frequently is not ac^Kplished before
the pease are committed to the grflSd for an early
crop. Pease, thus affected, are o^jniiinated bvs-
gy by seedsmen and gardeners : and the little iiw
sect.'i, so often seen within them in the si)riiig, ai^
incorrectly called bugs, a term of j-cproach indis-
criminately applied to many kinds of insects w^ch
have no resemblance to each ether in appparajnce
and habits. The pea Bnichxis,* for sticli is its
correct name, is a small beetle, a native of this
continent, having been unknown in Euij)pe before
the discovery of Atnerira. Early in the spring,
while the pods are yeung aud tender, and the
pease are just beglnuing to swell, it makes small
perforations in the epidermis or tliin skin of the
pod, and deposits in each a minute egg. These
eggs are always placed opposite to the pease, and
the grubs, when hatched, soon penetrate the pod,
and bury themselves in the pease, by holes so fine,
that they are hardly perceptible, and are soon
closed. Sometimes every pea in a pod will be
found to be thus inhabited ; and the injtiry done by
the pea Bruchus has, in former times, been so
great and universal as nearly to put an end to the
cultivation of this vegetable. That it should pre-
fer the prolific exotic pea to our indigenous, but
* Bruchus Pisi. L.
less productive pidse, is not a matter of surpri.se,
analogous facts being of common occurrence; but
that, for so many years, a rational method for
checking its ravages should not have been practised,
is somewhat remarkable. An exceedingly simple
one is recommended by Deane, but to bo success-
ful should be un^taeally a(Jfpted. It consists
tiierely in keeping Mftjeas^in tight vessels over
one year before plai^^ them. Latreille recom-
mends submitting thern to the heat of water at
sixty-seven degrees of Fahrenheit, by which the
same results might he obtained ; and if this was
done just before the ^ease were to be put into the
ground, tlie^woufc then be in a state for immediate
planting. Mffiyialtimore Oriole, oj^ hang-bird, is
one u\' the natur.-il enemies of the^fiichus, whose
,Jaw« it -detrc i,j, jiicks from the fRen i)ease, and
dcvutirs. How wonderful is the instinct of this
bird, whifih untaught by experience, can detect the
lurking etJprit within the envelope of the pod and
pea: and how much more wonderful that of the
insect ; for, as the welfare of its future progeny
depends upon the succession of a cro]) of ])ease
the ensuing season, the i-ostelluni or sprout of the
uea is never injured by the larva, and couscqucnt-
lytnt' ptilse wil^geriuiuate, though deprived of a
third of its substance.
f Kuois are iJjtlonbtedly the most important ))ro-
ductions.'of fie vegetable garden; and, among
these the potato stands first in point of utility and
value. I ami not a\^are that it is ever very serious-
ly injured by insects, though many appear upon
its leaves. The common potato-worm has already
been noticed. A small, striped beetle,* of the
size and shape of that appropriated to the cucimi-
ber, is found in abundance upon the j.-otato ; and
its numerous larva\ creeping about under buck-
loads of filth, riot upon the luxuriant foliage. Oc-
casionally ])Ot!ilo ptttches are ravaged by two or
three sjiccies of C'onlharides, or blistering-beetles.
It is only in the perfect state that they are injn-
riotts to the potato-vine, for the larva' live in the
earth upon the sniall roots of varkius kinils of her-
bage. Their appearance on the peAno is occa-
sional only, for they devour iheJeavcs of several
uiher ))lants. These native CaWmaridcs are stic-
cessfiijly employed in medicine instead of the
r^paiiish Cantharides, and, were not the price of la-
lior among us so high might be ]Jroci!red in sulTl-
lient quantity to supply the demand in the markets
fur this imiiortant medicinal agent. I regret to
observe that tire ash-colorod Canlharisf has recent-
ly ai)peared in great profusion upon hedges of tlie
l]oney-locust,t Vkhich are almdst defoliated by
them. For many years past the same insects
have invariably attacked the Windsor bean in thi'
garden of a friend of mine in this vicinity. , This
summer they were neglected ; aud the conse-
quence was, that they entirely stripped the foliage
from the stalks, so that but a small, and impover-
ished crop of beans was gathered, and the pros-
pect of a second crop, usually obtained from the
suckers after the stalks are headed down, was en-
tirely ruined. Should the devastations of the Can-
tharides increase, it would become an object to at-
tempt to diminish their numbers by collecting them
for medical use.
I am disposed to rank the turnip, as a root, next
in value to the potato. In many countries it
forms a large part of the vegetable sustenance ol
' Crioceris trilincala. Oliv. t CatUliaris ci
\ Gleditschia Iriacanthos. Willd.
man and of his domestic animals. It is stated thai
in England, soon after the turnip appears above
grotjaj, a host of little jiimjiing beetles, called h\
the^mers the jTy,* attack and devour the seed-
l^MB, so thai on account of this destruction, the
llwi is often <||>liged to be resown, and fre-
quently with no better success.f The consequent
loss sustained in tlie turnip crops of Devonshire,
in the year 1786, is estimated, in Young's " An-
nals of Agriculture," to amount, at least, to one
hundred thousands pounds sterling. In the same
country the caterpillar of the cabbage-butterflyj
attacks the turnip also in great numbers. Insects
allied to these arc found upon the turnip in this
country. The leaves, in all stages of their growth,
are eaten through and through with numerous
holes by a small, black, jumping beetle, a species
of Nallica. Some of these insects infest several
of our useful plants, such as the horse-radish, the
mustard, the radish, the cucumber, &c. The
same means for protecting these plants are to be
used, because the habits of all the Halticas are
similar. It has been recommended to soW a
quantity of radish seed with the turnip seed ; for
the jumping beetles are found to be so much more
fond of the radish than of the turnip leaf, that
it will desert the latter for the former. Air-
slacked lime, sifted or dusted over plants, in some
instances preserves them, and sprinkling with
strong alkaline 8olutions§ will kill the insects with-
otit injtiriug the plants.
The native hisect allied to the European cab-
bage-butterfly has been already mentioned. Like
its coiii;eners, it can subsist upon matiy and per-
haps all of the cruciferious plants, among which
arc the cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, radish,
inustatd, aud turnip. It is of a beautiful white
color, with dusky veins beneath the hinder wings,
and iu size it is larger than the small yellow but-
terfly of tlie New England States. Hitherto it has
been observed only in the hilly regions of New
Hampshire, and ol'tlic northern part of 3Iassachu-
setts. There arc two broods iu a season. About
the last ofBIay and the beginning of .Tune the white
butterfly may he seen fluttering over plantations
of cabbages, and turnij) and radish beds, but seems
to prrftr the tmniip leaf for the |ilace of depositing
its eg#s. ' These are hatched between the .seventh
and tUe tenth day. The caterpillars attain their
full size in twenty-one days, and are then, on an
average, one inch and a quarter in length. IJcing
of a pale green color, they are not readily dis-
tingu&hed from the leaves under which they re-
side, lind upon which they subsist. When they
have completed the feeding stage, they quit the
plants, and retire beneath pailings, or the edges of
stones, or into the interstices of walls, suspend
themselves by the tail and a loop aroiuid the body,
and become jiupaj. This state lasts eleven days,
at the expiration of which the insect comes forth
a butterfly, which, during the month of August,
lays the foundation for a second generation, iiiiii
perishes. The caterpillars of the second brood
become pupte or (-hrysalids in the autumn, and re-
* Haliica niTnomm. F.
t Kirby & Spence's Introduction to Entomology. Vol. (3d
ed.) p. 188.
X Poniia Brassica. L.
§ The solution may be made by dissolving one pound of
hard soap in twelve gallons of the soap-suds leU alter washing,
aud it should be applied twice a day with a water-pot or garden
engine.
VOL. XI. NO. 3R.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
221
main in this form until the iioxt sprinsr. In gardens
«n(l fields infested by these cater))illni-s, hoanls
.shonld be ])laceil hoiizontalh' an inch or two
.iliove the surface of the ground ; thesa woiihl
■ rni a temi)ling shelter for the pupa;, and r&der
it easy for tlie farmer to collect and destroyrthem.
Another American butterlly,* originally appro-
priated to onr native umbellate plants, has discov-
ered the natural affinities of those of foreign origin,
.•;inl made them subservient to the support of its
progeny. The carrot, i)arsley, and celery of the
garden appear now to be more subject to its at-
tacks, than the coniuni and cicuta of the fields,
tliough these troublesome and poisonous weeds
are suffered to grow in unchecked abundance.
This butterfly is one of onr most common species ;
it is of large size, of a black color, ornamented
above with yellow, and beneath with tawny spots;
and the caterpillar, from which it proceeds, is a
pale green, smooth worm, checkered with black
and yellow spots. When irritated, this caterpillar
has the power of projecting from the fore-part of
its liody a pair of orange-colored feelers, which ex-
Iiale an intolerably nauseous odor, and hke tliose
of the snail, can be withdrawn and concealed at
pleasure. This scent-organ is given to it for re-
pelling its enemies, and it has, undoubtedly, made
the insect.kuown to many of you. Like the cater-
j)illar of the turnip, this retires from the plants
when fully grown, suspends itself in the same way,
and, in process of time, becomes a butterfly. The
only nieans that occur to me for destroying this
insect, consist in carefully picking it, in the cater-
pillar state, from the plants which it iphabits.
It is evident, however, that this can be done only
to a limited extent ; and, fortunately, it can be
necessary only with respect to the parsley, (ox the
abundant foliage of the other plants renders them
less liable to sufter by the loss of a portion of it.
[To be continued.]
From the Albany Argus.
AGRICtJIiTURAL, MEMORANDA FOR 1833.
Adapted for the Couuty of A!ban_v.
The last winter was remarkable for the long
continuance of severe cold weather. During nearly
fifty successive days the tliermonieter scarcely rose
above the freezing poii^t. Its influence was mipre-
eedentedly severe upon fruittrees, destroying thou-
sands, and seriously injuring the fruit buds of many
which survived. Our peach, plum, and pear crops
were consequently trifling; yet of apples there has
been an ordinary yield, and cider is abundant at
fair price.
As the severe cold was preceded by mild weather
and snow, the ground was not frozen when it set in
and the sap vessels were consequently distended
with sa]). The cold was so sudden and severe
that it is believed the sap froze ere its volume was
diminished, and that the expanding influence of the
frost burst the vessels asunder. In many instances
where the trees were of some size, the injury
extended only to the descending sap vessels, and this
sometimes but on one side of the bole; while in the
other cases the sap vessels in the alburnum a|)|ieared
to be rupttired, and the vitality of the |)lant de-
stroyed. I had several trees which put forth their
foliage, bore fruit, and appeared to be healthy till
towards autumn, when their leaves became yellow
and prematurely fell. On examination, I found a
ring of bark about where the surface of the snow
* PapUio asterias. F.
hail lain, completely dead and separated from the
truidi. The Iruits which sufliered most were the
peach, pear, apricot, and quince. AVhat renders
this circumstance njore singular are the facts, that
many tender trees, as the ailanthus, catalpa, &c.
which dropped their folitige early, and had probably
assinned their winter habit, suftered less than in
ordinal^ winters; and that the injury, to all, was far
less severe upon clay than upon sand soils.
IFheat suffered less from the winter than was ap-
prehended. The crop has been a fair one, and the
quality of the grain good. This staple, I am afraid
will continue to decrease among us till we adopt a
better system of manuring, and appreciate more cor-
rectly, the utility of a rotation of crops. This grain
exhausts an o<;dinary soil of \1JM(t I term specific
food, or aco©r(ilng to Lindley and Macaire, deposits
a poison, which unfits the soil for another crop until
the specific food is restored, or the poison removed.
i?!/e has been rather a light crop, and the grain
inferior to that of common seasons.
Barley. From the high price which this grain
commanded last v/inter, large quantities were sown
and the crop has been more than a medium one.-
Although the price has greatly fallen, yet I think
upon our soils it still pays better than wheat. , It ex-
hausts less, and yields upon light loams aboj^^ou-
ble the quantity that wheat does.
Coni, the farmer's main dependence for kitchen,
barn and sty, proinised very unfavorably, but finally
turned out pretty well, where it escaped the early
frosts, which in some districts did great injury. The
wet spring did not admit of early planting, and the
simimer being backward, it was much later incom-
ing to maturity than usual. There are two maxims
which my experience in the culture of this crop has
suggested, wiiich I venture to recommend : — one is
to plant only on manured, warm and well drained
grounds; the other, to cutand stock the whole crop
as soon as the grain is well glazed. An observance
of the first has insured me good crops, while the se-
cond has ever saved them from the effects of auttmi-
nal frosts, and materially increased my stock of fod-
der. There is another suggestion which I will make
in regard to this crop, and that is, to plant double the
quantity ofseed usually ]iut into the ground, and to
reduce the plants at the first hoeing, which will en-
sure a full complement of stalks in each hill. This
is seldom the ease in a field of corn. If we allow
fourlo bcaprojjernumber, we shall find that in most
cases there is a deficiency of one-foia"th, and olteM|,i
a half of corn-bearing stocks in d field. There aye J
always more or less feeble or sickly plants that
never produce grain. These may be distinguished
and thrown out in the weeding process. Few
fanners appreciate the advantage of close planting,
when the habits of tbfi grain and the strength ol'
the ground will admit of it. It is common to
plant here at the ^istauce of three feet each way.
I place my bills, at 3 by 2 J. At the South, and
East, it is usual to plant at 4, 5 and 6 feel. The
following exhibits the diSerence in the number of
hills, and consequently in the product of the
diffiirent modes: —
An acre planted at 6 ft. by 6 will give 1210 hills.
do. do. 5 by 5 1742 "
do. do. 4 by 4 2722 "
do. do. 3 by 3 '■ 4840 »
do. do. 3 by 2i 5S08 "
By this scale it appears that if the product at 4
feet would be 27 bushels, at 3 feet it would be 45,
and at 3 by 2.-^; 58 bushels, or more than double
the first; while the product at 5 feet would be to
that of 3 by 2J, nearly in the diminutive ratio of
one to three and a half, or about two sevenths. In
September I measured 33 feet (4 rods) square in
the best part of my cornfield, which embraced 11
rows one way, and 13 hills the other, and contained
143 hills and 572 stalks. The corn was picked,
busked, and after rejecting some half a dozen smutty
ears carefidly weighed. Its weight was 232i lbs.
A seventh part of this product, (33 lbs. 2 oz.^ was
immediately shelled, and the grain found to weigh
23 lbs. 7 oz. This, at GO lbs. to the bushel, gave at
the rate of 109 bushels i)er acre. The indication
by metisuremettt, was still higher, the memoran-
dum of which I have mislaid.
Potatoes have been a bad crop, especially on
moist grounds, where they generally do best.
Those late planted were particularly light.
The smmner having been wet and cool, Oals
are pretty abitudant and heavy. The increased
consumption of this grain, however, has sustained
the price above those of ordinary years.
Hay has been more than an ordinary crop; though
it is principally manifest in recently stocked grounds.
The experience of some years would seem to
strengthen the opinion, thatthe practice of keeping
grounds in perpetual meadows, is manifestly bad so
far at least as profit is concerned. Grasses do and
wilt alternate ; the cultivated or finer kinds will run
out; coarse kinds and mosses will come in ; the solo
of the grass will become thick and tough, and
impervious to heat, air and the other agents of veg-
etable nutrition. Meadows begin to deteriorate,
generally, the third or fourth year after they are
laid down, and by the sixth, their product is often
diminished to one-half, or one-third of a fair crop.
JVew meadows ought to average 3 tons of hay per
acre ; old ones seldom exceed half that quantity.
The productions of the garden have been abun-
dant, with partial exceptions. On account of the
backwardness of the season, which retarded vege-
tation two weeks later than usual, tlie grape did
not ripen well, and the hardier kinds, which were
left uncovered, suftered severely from the winter.
Sulphur is successl'ully applied, in a dry state, to
this fruit about Boston, to prevent mildew. Melons
like most o^er vegetables, came on late; and but
few that ripened well v/ere eaten, on account of
the Cholera.
On the whole, the products of the soil have
ecu abundant, and aflbrd great cause of gratitude
lUiid thankfulness, to the beneficent God of the
harvest. ■
THE MONARCH OP THE WOODS.
A FKW weeks ago we accompanied a friend on
a visit to Upper Darby Township, Delaware coun-
ty, where we were shown a large chcsnut tree,
on the plantation of Jonathan Owen, the circum-
ference of which, three feet from the ground, was
thirty-two feet seven inches. The tree was at
the time full of chesnuts. We remember having
seen the large walnut tree that was exhibited in
this city a few years since, the dimensions of
which we forget, but do not think it was so largo
as the tree on Mr. Owen's property. The poet has
truly said,
■ Tli.il Nature revels in the land that's free,
And here lier greatness shows, in man, in stream, and tree."
Penn. Inquirer.
Repair all your farming utensils, now yott
have leisure.
222
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JANUARY 83, 1833,
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, \VT:DNESDAY evening, JAN. 23, 1R33.
PARMER'S AND GARDENER'S "WORK FOR
JANUARY AND FEBRUARY'.
Provide a sufficient qiiautity of bean poles and
pea rods, which you may preserve iu a corner of
your wood house, or oilier place suitable for your
purpose. Many people, who neglect to procure
these implements in season, are induced by the
hurry of business, to pei'mit their peas and beans
to trail on the ground,^n which situation they will
not produce, especi|iljy the tall growing sorts, one
third part so many' as they would if tliey were
properly supported by poles and rods. The length
of your pea rods should be in proportion to the
sorts of peas for which you intend ihcjii. The
same kinds of rods, wliich the tall growing peas
require, will answer for the generality of running
kidney beans. The Lima beans will need strong
poles from 8 to 9 feet high.
Manure may be carried into those places where
it is needed, if the frost will permit, left in a heap,
but not spread. Wherever and whenever the snow
is oft' the ground, rake together and burn the rub-
bish of last year's crop. Inspect and lepair your
fences, rub or thrash out and clean seeds. See
tliat your garden tools, &c. are in good repair,
and procure such new ones as may be necessary.
Prepare materials for hot beds. Attend to your
fruit in your fruit room or cellar, on shelves or in
boxes, and if necessary pick it over and cull what-
ever may be defective.
Far the New England Farmer.
HORTICUr.TURE.
Extract of a letter from a lady in Brooklyn,
New York, upon the cft'ects of Horticultural pur-
suits.
I perfectly coincide with your excellent opinion,
which you mentioned iu your kiud letter, that
horticultural tastes have a very great Ifendency to
improve the mind and refine the manners, for I
have invariably noticed that I never saw an ill
natured person embellish his residence, and taking
pleasure in cultivation. :^
For the New England Farmer.
moval. It is necessary to know whether it is a
boney or soft tumor, and whether it has the ap-
pearance of containing matter or not.
Respectfully yours, &c. T. H. SMITH.
Veterinary Surgeon.
Boston, Jan. 21, 1833.
COL.TS.
" We often hear it lamented, that our breed of
horses is so bad. But I am conviticed that as our
colts are managed if we had any other breed we
should soon make it appear to be as mean as our
own if not worse. The abusing of colts iu the
first winter, is the principal cause of their proving
so bad. For our farmers seldom allow ^their
weaned colts any food besides hay, and that is not
ahvays of the best kind. So that they' seldom fail
of being stinted in their growth iu the first winter
to such a degree, that they never get the better of
it. A colt that is foaled late, should not be
weaned till February or March, and should have
oats during the whole of the winter. In some
counti-ies they allow a young colt fifteen bushels.
We need not grudge to feed them with meal, oats
and bran, besides the best of clover hay ; for they
will pay for it in their growth. Alter the first
wiiij^ they will need no extraordinary feeding
till they arc grown up. Were the above direc-
tions observed, we should soon see an improve-
ment of our breed of horses. They would be
capable of doing much greater service, and be
likely to hold out to a greater age." — Deune.
ITEMS OP INTELLIGENCE.
A Monument to Washington. There has been
a late meeting in New York for the purpose of
erecting a Monument in that city to George
Washington, in which it was determined to peti-
tion the legislature for an act to incorporate an as-
sociation for that purpose.
Resolutions have been introduced into the Ken-
tucky Legislature denouncing nidlijicaiion.
Symptoms of Discord. It is said that the great
and little folks at Washington look askance and
stand aloof ; and that the ibrm and substance of
social intercourse are threatened witli nullification
in consequence of the belligerent attitude ofSoutli
m lOkrolina, and matters and things thereunto apper-
taining.
Sir, — Observing in your paper of the jast week,
a request from a correspondent at Dunstable, in
regard to a tumor on the face of a ^alJ|tnble ox ;
as far as I am able to answer his inquiries, I feel
a pleasure in doing, — although the description he
has given of the nature of the disease is not such
as to lead to any definite opinion.
The term holdfast, is one of those which is not
described iu any work on the diseases of horned
cattle, nor can it be relied upon as one of suffi-
cient evidence of auy specific disease.
Cattle are liable to tumors of various kinds,
and on various parts of the body, but before we
can with safety, or any degree of certainty, pre-
scribe any plan of treatment, it is necessary for
us to know their exact nature.
If your correspondent will inform me through
your paper or otherwise, of the situation, and na-
ture of that which he describes as a holdfast, I
will endeavor to prescribe a remedy for its re-
The Pennsylvania Legislature printed five thou-
sand copies of the President's Proclamation against
Midlifiers, &c. in English, and three thousand in
German.
Lyceums. According to a Ijte ntimber of the
Family Lyceum there have been Lyceums found-
ed, which are now in successful progress, iu Vir-
ginia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Illi-
nois, Missouri, Louisiana, North Carolina and Mis-
sissippi States :
.Yullifitrs. The New York Standard states that
many letters have been received from South Car-
olina, which are decidedly warlike. The nuUifi-
ers are every where organizing their volunteers,
arming and drilling, while the Union Party are
also preparing for defence. The newspapers and
orators are more violent than ever, and every thing
seems tending to open violence.
Tlie Missionaries, imprisoned in the Georgia
Penitentiary have at length been discharged.
Deaf and Dumb. The Centinel asserts that the
deaf and dumb in the United States, have been as-
certained to be 6112, or 1 to every 2000 inhabit-
ants. There was an interesting exhibition lately
of the pupils of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum at
Hartford, in presence of the Governor, Lieut. Gov-
ernor, and most of the Members of the Legislature,
besides a number of ladies and others, spectators.
The exhibition was conducted by BIr. Weld, who
was formerly a teacher in the Philadelphia school,
and since the resignation of Mr. Ganladet, has oc-
cupied his jilace iu the school at Hartford. The
exhibitions in the manual alphabet, grammar, ge-
ograpliy, arithmetic, &c. &c. are highly spoken of.
There is an instance in Philadelphia, where one
of the first lithographic artists is deaf and dumb;
and 12 individuals, who have led the asylum at
Hartford, have become heads of families.
Fires within a week or ten days past have been
numerous. On the evening of the 18th inst. about
10 o'clock, a fire broke out in a carpenter's shop
in Portland Street, Boston, which for a time threat-
ened very serious consequences ; but after destroy-
ing several shops and small ten feet buildings, it
was at length extinguished by the great exertions
of the Firemen of Boston, Charlestown, Cambridge-
port and Roxbury. On the same evening, and
while the Fire Department were at work, an in-
cendiary was arrested in the cellar of the grocery
store of Mr. Clement Willis, corner of High and
Federal Streets, while collecting combustibles for
the purpose of setting lire to the building over the
cellar. On the morning of the 19th inst. a fire
broke cut in the sugar house in Atkinson Street,
owned l)y E. T. Andrews, Esq. and recently oc-
cujjiedby Mr. Ephraim Hall', which was consumed.
Two steamboats were burnt on the 4th iust. at
N. Orleans. •
Money, on first rate securities, is only two per
cent, per annum, in London. This very low rate
of interest is submitted to because ca])italists can-
not be induced to vest their money in stocks, in
the present unsettled state of politics.
SWIFT TRAVELLING.
The " Experiment," the new engine lately put
upon the Mohawk and Hudson Rail Road, per-
formed on the 24th ult. the distance from the head
of the plane to the halfway house, in 12 minutes,
which is at the rale of 35 miles an hour. This
is, says the Schenectady AVhig, the fastest travel-
ling which' has yet taken place on the road.
A gentleman who latelyicrossed from New Cas-
tle to Frenchtown, states that the trip was perform-
ed in 47 minutes, or at the rate of 21 J miles an
hour! This was considered about the orduiary
.speed of the vehicle at a full load — Genesee Farmer.
voii. XI. NO. as.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
223
Large Beets. Mr. John Fuller raised iu his
ganleu, in Hume, Alleghauy County, the season
past, four beets that weighed 71 pounds, the
lightest 15 pounds, and the heaviest 23 pounds
measured 2 feet 10 inches in circumference. — ihid.
From Manchester to Birmingham, with the ex-
ception of the coal regions of Wolverhampton, and
anotlier few miles of poor land the whole country
is a garden. An American farmer knows nothing
of English husbandry. The difterencc is too wide
for liim to be able to ap))reciate it. Select the
most cultivated ground of the rich soil on Manhat-
tan Island, or behind Brooklyn, or in the imme-
diate vicinity of Philadelphia, or of Boston — and
they are only ordinary specimens of English farm-
ing.— English paper.
Slaves. The following may be looked upon
as a tolerably correct estimate of the number of
human beings held in slavery : — British Colonics
800,000: French Colonics, 200,000; Cuba and
Porto Rico, 500,000 ; other Foreign Colonies,
75,000; United States, 1,650,000; Brazil, 2,000,
000. Total 5,225,000.-/6.
Aristocratic Wealth. It is said that the vast
estates of the Duke of Buccleuch (supposed to be
worth £250,000 annually) produce his grace a
greater income than is the privy purse of the
king, the allowance to the queen, and the salaries
of the great officers of the household. — 76.
Good Fruit. The price of good fruit was fixed
by Deity himself, when he created man and placed
him in the garden of Eden. Even then and iu
that virgin soil the condition was that he " dress
the garden and keep it ;" and one may venture to
say, that since then the price has never been
abated. T. Matlack, Esq.
SWEET HERBS, &c.
FOR SALE, at the New Engla.ul Seed Store, 52, North
Market Street — The following Svvccl Herbs, pulverized, and
packed in tin cannisters tor domestic use, viz ;
Sweet Warjortun, 37^ ctS' — Thyme, 33 cts — Summer Savory,
25 cts — Sage, 17 cts — per caniiistcr. Also — Black Currant
Wine for mcthciiial purposes, 75 cts per bottle. Tomato Ket-
chup, 374 cts per bottle. dec 21)
SEEDS FOR COUNTRY DEALERS.
TRADERS in the country, who may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds Ibr sale, are informed tliey
can bo furnished at the New England Farmer office, Nos. 61
tfc 52, North Market street, Boston, with boxes containing a
complete assortment of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen
garden on as fa\'orabIe terms as they can be procured in this
country, neatly done up in small papers, at G cents each' — war-
ranted to be of the growth of 1832, and of tlie veryfrst qualUij.
Ornabiental Flower Seeds will be added on the same
terms, when ordered, as \vell as Peas, Beans, Earlv afid
Sweet Corn, &c. of di'fferen sorts.
fCr The seeds vended at this establishment, are put up on an
improved plan, each package being accompanied with short
directions on its managements, and packed in the neatest style.
Traders are requested to call and examine forlhemselves.
Dec. 24..
FRESH WHITE MUIiBERRY SEED.
JUST received, at GEO. C. BARRETT'S SEED
STORE, Nos. 51 &, 52" North Market Street—
.'V supply of fresh. and genuiue White Mulberry Seed,
warranted tlie growth of the present season, from one of the
largest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Connecticut. Short
directions for its culture accompany the seed. dec 5
THE PLAKTER'S GUIDE.
JUST published, and for sale by Geo. C. Barrett, at the
New England Farmer Office,— the Planter's Guide ; or. a Prac-
tical Essay on the best method of Giving Immediate Eft'ect to
Wood.by the removal of Large Trees and Lhiderwood j being
an attempt to place the Art, and that of General Arboriculture
ou fixed and Phytological principles ; interspersed with obser-
vations on General Planting, and the improvement of real land-
scape. Originally intended for the climate of Scotland. By
Sir Henry gtcu.irt, Bart. LL. D. F. R. S. E., etc. Price g3.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE
JVUTTAI.L.'S ORNITHOLOGY.
JUST received by Geo. C. Barrett, No. 51 and 52, North
Market Street, Bostijn : —
A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States, and of
Canada. By Thomas NuUall, A. M., F. L. S. ; with 53 en-
gravings. Price g3, 50. Dec. 12.
Ostrich Eggs. Tliese will sometiines weigh
about three pounds. They are reckoned a deli
cate article of food, and are dressed in various
ways for the table. Owing to the thickness and
strength of their shell, they are easily preserved
for a great length of time, even at sea, and with-
out the trouble of constantly turning them. At
the Cape of Good Hope tlroy are usually sold for
about sixpence a piece, and from their large size,
one of them will serve two or three persons for
a meal.
FOR S.\IiE,
THE Bull COLLINS, got by Bolivar— dam Youjig Flora,
"by Coelebs ; Granddam the imported Cow Flora — dropt Aug.
30' 1829— colour red and white. This Bull is one of the finest
animals in America, and will be sold low. Apply at this office.
k;
tf
THE dUARTERIiY REVIEW, FOR OCT. 1833.
JUST PURLISHED, by LILLY, W.ilT. COLMAN
If HOLDEN, No. XCV. Quarterly REViEw-r„«to„-
ing Tod's .\ruials and Antiquities of Rajast'han — Dr. Cii.ilmers
on Political Economy— Greek Elegy — The Works of the Rev.
Robert Hall— Earle's Residence in New Zealand and Tristan
D'Acunha— Novels of Fashionable Life — Flint's Ten Years iu
tlie Valley of the Mississippi — Count Pecchio's Observations on
England — Prince Polignac, Revolution of the Three Days.
jan 23
GARDENING.
WANTS a Situation, a NURSERYMAN and HORTI-
CULTURIST, who has had many years experience. He is
a ftlember of the Edinburgh and Berwickshire Horticultural
Societies. Would be glad to have immediate employ.
jan 23
FRUIT TREES.
ORDERS for Fruit, Forest, and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs,
Honeysuckles, &c. from Winship, Kcnrick, Prince, Buel &
Wilson, iMrs. Parmentier, and other respectable Nurseries, re-
ceived by the subscriber, and executed at Nursery prices.
GEO. C. BARRETT,
dec 5 New England Farmer Office.
Apples, russctts,
baldwins,
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk,
four meal, '.
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Badey,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality
Lard, Boston, 1st sort
Southern, 1st sort, ....
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . •
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
! Pulled superfine,
1st Lambs, . . .
3d " '.'.'.
Isl Spinning, . . .
led wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
pound
bushel
barrel
NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.
JUST published and for sale by GEO. C. BARRETT, Nos,
51 & 52, North Market Street, The New American Ok-
chardist, or a treatise on the cultivation and management of
Fntits, Grapes, Ornamental Shntbs, and Flowers, adapted to
cultivation in the United States.
This is recommended to the public as a treatise well worthy
a place in every farmer's library, containing an account of the
most valuable varieties of fruit, and the remedies tor the mala-
dies to which fruit trees arc subject from noxious insects and
other causes. Also, the varieties of the Grape with their modes
of culture, &c. Price g 1,25.
AMERICAN FARRIER.
JUST received, by GEO. C. BARRETT, and for sale at
the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North Market-street,
the American Farrier, containing a minute account of the forma-
tion of every part of the Horse, with a description of all the
diseases to which each part is liable, the best remedies to be
applied in effecting a cure, and the mo.st approved mode of
treatment for preventing disorders ; with a copious list of medi-
cines, describing their qualities and effects when applied in
ferent cases ; and a complete treatise on rearing and manat ...,^
the horse, from the foal to the full grown active laborer; illus-
trated with numerous engravings. By H. L. Barnum. Price
75 cents . dec 5
NEW ENGLAND FARMER'S AX.MANAC.
JUST published, the New England Farrier's Almanac o
1833, by T. G. Fessenden, editor of the New England Far
mer — containing the usual variety of an almanac, and several
articles on agriculture, by the editor and others. Price 50
eents per dozcu. Nov. 7
pound
side
pound
side
pound
cask
ton
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt
pound
2 00
1 60
10 5
6 75
8 00
14
35
9
1 20
6 37
6 12
5 87
6 12
16
2 50
24
23
1 06
3 00
17 50
12 50
none
2 50
1 25
9J
10 00
2 60
2 eo
10 75
7 00
S 50
lb
43
43
12
1 30
6 62
6 %',
6 37
6 25
90
7S
96
3 00
19
2 70
18 00
13 OO
3 on
1 50
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES.
Hams, northern. . .
southern, . .
Pork, whole hogs, .
Poultry, ....
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best, .
Egc
Potatoes, common. . . .
Cider, (according to quality,)
pound
dozen
bushel
barrel
2 CO
3 CO
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Mo.vDAY, Jan. 21, 1833.
Reported for the li^Wy Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 370 Beef Cattle, 520 Sheep, and 195
.Swine, 125 Swine were reported last week.
Prices Beef Cattle. — The quality of cattle not so good as
last but rather better prices were obtained for the same quality.
We notice 6 or 8 taken for ^6. We quote extra, at 55.26
a 5,50; prime at jCS; good at 4.50 a 4.75.
Uan-eUing Ca«/e.— Mess at p ; No. 1, at ^3,75.
Sheep. — A large proportion were ordinary, and a part were
at market several weeks since, we did not obtain the price of
any lot.
Sjrine. — One lot of about 30, two-thirds Barrows, were taken
at 4^c ; at retail, 5 for sows, and 6 for barrows.
KIMBALL'S
Stock and Suspf^nder Manufactory. Linen Drapery, Hosiery
nd Glove Store, No. 12, Wasliiiiglon Street, Boston.
NATURAL HISTORY OP INSECTS.
COMPRLSINCi their Architecture, Transformations. Senses,
Food, Habits — Collection, Preservation and ArrangemeDt
With Engravings. In three volumes. Price gl per vol. For
ale by Giko, C. Barrbtt. dec S6
224
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
.TANUARY 33, 1S33.
MISCELLANY.
THE PETITION.
Unbar the door — the rain pours fast —
The storm is liowluig wildly !
Take pity ou t!ie poor outcast —
Look on Ills miseries mildly j
Relieve misfortuue's lowly child —
Give pleasure for his sorrow j
Oh say — (for once his day beams smiPd)
Be thine a cheerful morrow.
Unbar the door — chill blows the wind —
The heath looks bleak and dreary ;
Be kind to him — who e'er was kind
To wretches worn and weary !
Ah ! once a brighter day was mine —
.4nd friends to aid were pressing —
Friends fled with fortune ! give, and thine
lie every earthly blessing I
THE REPLY.
What voice so weak and plainti\-ely
Sues at the Woodman's door ?
Who braves the storm, who bows the knee,
A suppliant sad and poor ?
Thy prayer's allowed, come child of wo,
Come enter freely here ;
Forget thy wretched lot — forego
The soul subduing tear.
If thou art friendless, if no heart
Of gr,^ndeur's dazzling form,
Solac'd nor baile the clouds depart,
Nor cheer'd the gathering storm,
If thou a mother's cheering voice,
A father's fostering care
Hast early lost — still, still rejoice,
Life's bud defies despair !
Though here no tapestry is seen —
No tailored anthems swell ;
Yet nature rob'd in mountain green,
Here pleas'd delights to dwell ;
Too humble for the court of kings.
Here scattering leaf and flower.
Content a wreath dress'd beauty brings,
An oftering Ibr each hour.
From the Libranj of EnUrtciining Knowledge.
DOGS.
Wb cannot qtiit tlie stiltjpct of dogs witliout ad-
vertiog to that lamentable cifcumstauce, their oc-
casional madness. Tliis disease is not common
to dogs in, all climates ; acc-.ording to Mr. Barrow,
canine madness is unknown in South Afri^o.
Other temporary diseases are oftentimes mistaken
for this fearful malady ; and we, tliereforc, subjoin
the symptoms of hydrophobitt, as described by
M. M. Chaussicr and Orfila, who hSre written a
scientific work on this disorder : —
" A dog at the commencement of madness is
sick, languishing, and more dull than usual. lie
seeks obscm-ity, remains in a corner, does, not
bark, but growls contiuutilly at strangers, and,
without any ajiparent cause, refuses to ent or drink.
His gait is unsteady-, nearly resembling that of a
nian almost aslee)). At the end of three or four days,
'le abandons his dwelling, roving continually in
every direction: he walks or runs as if tipsy, and
frequently falls. His hair is bristled up; his eyes
haggard, fixed, and sparkling; his head hangs
down; his month is open and full of frothy slaver ;
his tongue hangs out, and his tail between his
legs. He has, for the most part, btit not always,
a horror of water, the sight which scen<fflfeeneral-
ly, to redouble his sufferings; He elfieriences
from time to time transports of fury, and endeav-
ors to bite every object which presents itself,
not even excepting his master, whom indeed he
begins not to recognise. Light and lively colors
greatly increase his rage. At the end of thirty
or thirty-six hours he dies in convulsions." After
various remedies for this terrible malady have been
tried in vain, it seems now agreed that cutting or
burning out the bitten part is the only one to be
relied oil.
KEGLIGENCE.
Inattention to small matters brings with it
often a succession of losses. The following nar-
rative by the celebrated Say, in his "Essay on
Political Economy," illustrates this truth in a very
satisfactory mannei-. "I remember," says this
writer, "when I was in the country, witnessing'aii
instance of the losses to which a household is ex-
posed by negligence. For want of a latch of
trifling value, the gate of the farm-yard which
opened into the fields was often open. Whoev-
er went out pidled the gate after him; but as there
was no means of shutting it, this gate was always
a-jai-. Many of the farm-yard animtds had been
on this account lost.
" One day, a fine young pig got out and reached
the neighboring wood. .A.I1 were immediately in
chaSe of the animal. The gardener was the first
who got sight of it; and he, in jumping over a
ditch to stop its further passage, received a dan-
gerous wound, which confined him to his bed for
a fortnight. The cook found on her return from
the pursuit, that tlic linen which she had lefl at
the fire to dry, was burnt ; and the dairy maid
having left in a hurry the cow-stable without
fastening the animals in it, a cow in her absence
broke the leg of a colt which tlicy were raising in
the place. The tlays lost by the gardener were
worth twenty crowns; the liuen and colt were as
valuable. Here then in a few minutes, for want
of a fastcnitig which wotild have cost a few cents,
a loss of forty crowns was encotintered by persons
whose duty -t was to exercise the most rigid econ-
omy, without our taking into account the suflijr-
Itigs caused by the disea.se 'w the uneasiness and
other inconveniences in addition to the expense."
A SEED FARMER.
Ay honest son of Erin, who had saved money
enough by his industry to purchase a small farm
undertook to manage it himself. He accordingly
l)ought his seeds at a seed store, and planted them
all done u]) in pa))ers — just as they came from the
store. A bystander Avho observed him, began to
laugh at him, and told him he was' doing wrong.
"Ah, let me alone for that," said Pat, "lam making
it SEED garden ; did ye nevgr see seeds grow aH
p.-iperod and labelled jist as they sell them in the
■-l'>'I' '■"
SOMETHtlTG CERTAIKLY AEW UKDER THE
SUN.
NEARLY opposite otir office there are exhibited
by W. C. .Paituer,^M. D., two noudiics.
1st. A cot for invalids, which ' by. m^ns of a
gum elastic reservoir filled with water, beneath
the bed or mattrass — actually places the suffeier
upon a bed of water, which being displaced at
every movement aflbrds ease, and respite, atitl
change of ' position to the worn and wearied
frame. It seems to us a capital uiventibn.
2d. A gutn elastic batliuig cot which folds up,
and is as portable as finy ordinary cot and therefore
is easily transferable from room to room, as needed ;
and which with less water than is requisite in
ordiuai-y bathing tubs, insures .an excellent bath.
We commend these really usefulgimcraci* to public
attention. — Detroit Journal.
Marriage Ceremoi^ Extraordinary. On Moiida\
last a woiiian without arms was married at Bury ;
the ring being placed by the bridegroom upon one
of the bride's toes. [This indeed is taking a wife
in toe-toe "for better, for worse."]
Longevity. Died, at Columbia Co. Geo. Capf.
Thomas Cobb, aged 120 years! He was a Captain
under Washington, and marched against the forts
on the Kenhawa, then in possession of the French
and Indians, several years before the defetit of
Braddoek. When 100 years of age he freqttentlv
rode -1 5 miles in one day ; and only 4 years agn
he rod,e to Augusta, 40 miles one day.
Curiosity. The proprietor of a coffee house in
Paris, has ofl'ered Mademoiselle Boury, tl^e young
woman who is stiid to have turned aside the pis-
tol levelled at the King, 40,000 francs to serve as
bar maid for six months.
Slcam-hoat Accident. One of the flues of tht!
steain boat Scotland, collapsed between Memphis
ami Natchez, and killed one mtni, and severely
scalded three others. — LoiiisvitU Herald, \7th insf.
EAST.UAIX'S STRAA\ CUTTER.
FORSale cheap' — ujie of ICasimau's SrHAUcuTTKHs, new
in November, a perfect machine and in good order, not having
beeji used more than a dozten times, ft « ill be sold cheap, or
exchanged for neat slock. Inquire of KEiV'UALL BROOKS,
Saddler, Rosbury Street, near the Boston line. jy 16
MADDER SEED.
TIlESuhscriber has Ibr sale .5U Bushels of Maddkk Seku,
.so called, consisting of a small portion of Top Root, with the
buds attached to it ; the yi(^ld is immense j it is dug once iu S
years, 'i'he culture sample a.ud the plant perfectly liardy. Ui-
reclioas will be given to ail who purchase — price from (bur to
six dollars per bushel. Quaniily oiseed m |ilaiil an acre, from
lour to live and a half bushels. Time l.>r plmriuig, fall and
spring. TJie subscriber is preparing eiylit acies for planting —
Orders enclosing the cash wilf meet wiili prompt attenliun — a
sample of the article may be seen in the hands of Mr. Jkssk
WiNSlow, iNcwlon, Upper Falls, Mass.
, RUSSEL BRONSON.
Jiriijrnenl, r. Oneida Co. N. Y. Jan. S, 1833.
f
i SPECT.4CI.BSl
A CjOOD assortment of Silver Spf.ctaci,es constanil\
on hand and for sale at fair pricts by William M. AVi;sso-
at No.^OS. Washington Street. 4t dec I'd
' THE aiEW ENGLAND PARMEK,
Is pul^ished every Wednesday Evening, at ,s;.i per aimum,
payade at die end of tbe ycar^but those who pay within
sixty flays from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of iifty cents.
Q^iP No paper will be sent to a distance witliout payment
beinlMnade in advance.
< ' AGENTS.
Nae^York — G. Thorbcub &; Sons, (57 Liberty-street.
Albany — Wai. Thokburs, .'5+7 .Vlarkct-slrecl.
J'hiladelphiii — ,D, & C. L.VNi'itETH, 85 Cliesnut-streel.
UaUimore — I. 1. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Fanner.
CitU^niuUi — S. C. I'AKKni'Ssr, 23 Lower Market-street.
I'lusUnz, N. r.— W »i. I'uixcE & So.NS,Prop. Lin.Bot.Gar.
Middleliury, Vt. — \\i6ht CuArMAN, Merchant. .
/■/a^{/b«/—Gooi)Wi.>('& Co. Booksellers. ' jp
'" ■ ' id. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant. '
njpoit — Ehe.nkzkr Sted.man, Bookseller.
. _._.i<Mrf/i, .V. H.—}. W. Foster, bookseller.
I'omind, iUf.— roLMAN, HouDEN Sf Co. Booksellcrs.
Aiigusl:!. Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Hdtfcr. N. ,^'.— P. J. HOLLAND) Esq. Editor of Recorder.
MtiUreul, L. <-. (iKo. Bent. *
Printed tor Gko. C. Barrett by Joi-.n Fokd, who
executes evevv description of Book ar,d I'ai'.cy JfrCntnii:
in good slvle.';nd with promptness. Orders for trbitiiig
may be Icil v.itli Geo. C. Barrett, at ifio Ag-riculttual
Wai-ehousc, No. -W, North Market Street. •
PUBLISHED EY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultukal Warf.i.ouse.)-T. G. FK,^J?i;^w, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEOIVESDAY EVBNING, JANUARY 30, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the Neto England Farmer.
AGRICULTURAIi ESSAYS, NO. XV.
Hemp i-equircs a rich and well prepared soil —
bears drought well — plough deep iu the fall — dung
as for Indian corn — sow as early as the season and
soil will admit — sow the last year's seed, three
bushels to an acre. On the last of July pull that
which has the flowers on it, when growing yellow
at the top, white at the root, and the leaves are
withered. Put it into a pond, four or five days
when it will be rotted enough ; thcu spi'ead and dry
it iu the sun. Seed hemp is not ripe till five or
six weeks after, when the seeds turn brown ; and
\vhich must be combed out.
This hemp will require almost three times as
much watering as the first. It may be rotted and
<lressed like flax : when ten or twelve, feet long it
may be cut in the middle to make it handy for dress-
ing. Stalks too thick for the break, m:iy b? peeled by
hand. Hemp is a profitable crop ; is liiible to no
disease, nor will any creature crop and e&t it ; and
it will grow well in almost any northern (Jimate.
Farm. One hundred acres of laud are enough
for one — a tenth of that tillage land — mum less
will do near a market town-small farms an best
when labor is dear — those which aflbrd a plenty
of good sweet grass, best for a dairy. Never \ver-
stock your farm — this will prove a great loss tqyou
better have fodder left in the spring, and lay Tver
for another year — and if you feed close, the \oil
will soon become bound. V i
Herds-grass, as good and profitable as any.
Gi'ows well on any soil, except sandy and gravelly;
when mixed with clover, as that decreases, this
increases, so that the crop of grass, will hold out
for several years — cut it just before it goes out of
blossom or a little sooner.
Horse, a good one, high neck, full breast,
and a lively eye — strong back, full buttocks, ribs
reaching near to the hips, and rather large hoofs,
— small horse most profitable ; but large ones best
for the chaise and plough — horses are great eaters,
require the best of hay and pasture — a small farm
can hardly keep one — if he labors all summer
should be fed with green grass mowed, and brought
in a basket, as he wants it — nor so nmch trouble
as leading him one quarter of a mile to pasture— a
small spot of long and thick grass will feed him,
for by the time the whole is mowed over, you may
begin again. In this manner cows are fed all sim-
mer in some places, where the soil is lich — it saies
all their dung, and they live well with very litle
pasture. This is called soiling of cattle — -m this
way, one acre will feed several cows.
Indian Corn improves by standing in the
field so long as there is any moisture iu the aaik
or even in the cob — should be harvested by the
first of November. When it ripens late, and is
uncommonly green, cut it up close to the gro'ind
aiidset it up in small shooks in the field ; ami it
will ripen well, and take no damage. In a dry
season hoe your corn iu the morning and even-
ing. Take your seed out of the middle of your
fairest corn — plant no corns with black eyes
eight or ten will do in the hole, and produce a
tolerable crop.
Lambs, if they cannot come at the teat, cut
away the wool and tags — if the ewe will not own
him, shut them up together, two or three days, in
a close pen. They should not bq weaned till
seven weeks old ; and then have the best of pas-
ture.
Lands worn out by tillage, maybe recruited by
seven ar eight years pasturing, only ploughin
and sowing clover, to be fed, not mowed off. Or
you may turn up the fresh sward, dung it and
plant potatoes the first year — Indian-corn, well
dimged the second year — lay it down to clover
the thiid year, for two years, plant potatoes the
fourth year — flax and corn the fifth year — and
then clover. It is not judicious to take two crops
of Indian-corn, following each other.
Mares for breeding, should be strong, high
spirited, well shaped, and of a good color — not
breed before they are seven years old — go to the
horse iu the latter part of June. When with foal,
housed early in the fall ; fed well till they foal,
and not used for two or three months before
that time. They go eleven months, and as many
days over that time, as the mare is years old.
Meadows must not be fed late in the fall nor
early in the spring. Poor water-grass should be
cut rather before it is grown to its full length, it
may be cut a second time.
A DISCOURSE
Delivered before the Massachusetls Horticultural .Society, on
the Celebration of its fourth Anniversary, October 3, 1832.
By Thaddeus William Harris, M. D.
[Continued from page 221.]
The lettuce and cabbage, in common with
almost every plant, are subject to the attack of their
pecidiar aphides, or plant-lice. The fecundity of
these insects surpasses that of any known animal ;
for Reaumur has proved, that, in five generations,
one individual may become the progenitor of near-
lysix billions of descendants; and many generations
succeed each other in a single season. What is
still more singular in regard to these insects is
their mode of increase. The first brood is hatch-
ed in the spring from eggs laid in the preceding
autumn, but all the other broods during summer
are produced alive.* Aphides, in all their stages
are active, and live by suction. They are furnish-
ed with a tubular mouth or proboscis, with which
they pierce the leaves, buds, and annual stems of
plants, injuring and even poisoning them by their
numerous jjunctures, and exhausting them by ab-
stracting tlie sap for their own nourishment. Dif-
ferent methods of destroying plant-lice have been
suggested, all of which may undoubtedly be use-
ful. The preference, in my opinion, is to be giv-
en to strong soap-suds, or to a mixture of that with
tobacco-water, thrown warm upon the infested
plants, which afterwards should be thoroughly
drenched with pure water, if their leaves arc to be
used as food. It is said that hot water may be
employed with perfect safety and success to des-
troy these noxious insects, wherever lliey exist.
DUt twentv loaH« nrHiino- f.n ,>i.,. oo»o :<• j *Forsome other particulars a paper, by tlie author, mav be
put iweniy loaas pi dung on one acre, if spread— consulted in " The New England Farmer," Vol. VI. p. 3a3.
An insect, called the cut-worm is the pest of
the cabbage yard. It is a naked caterpillar, the
larva of a moth or JVodua, so named from its'noc-
turnal habits. It passes the first two states of its
existence in the earth, and in the last, or moth
state, flies only by night. In the night, also,
the caterpillar issues from its retreat, and attacks
and eats off the young cabbage at its root. In the
morning the enemy may usually be discovered an
inch or two beneath the surface of the .soil, imme-
diately about the roots of the cabbage. Rolling
the roots and stems of the plants in ashesor ground
plaster before transplanting, as well as surround-
ing them with paper cylinders, has proved a pre-
servative against the cut-worm.
Cucumbers in England enjoy ap' immunity
from insect assailants, but with UB .they are de-
prived of this privilege. Besides the minute black
TfaZ&o or jumping beetle, which is so injurious
to it immediately after the expansion of its seed-
leaves, the well-known cucMmier-^i/,* a little beetle,
striped with black and yellow, devours its loaves
in the spring and summer, but is particularly ob-
noxious in the early part of the season. The
metamorphoses of this insect have not yet been
traced, but I have reason for believing that they
take place in tlie earth. Various means have
been tried to protect the vines, and to destroy tlie
insects upon them. Dr. Bartonf says, that " noth-
ing has been found so beneficial as a mixture of
tobacco and red pepper sprinkled over the vines."
Some have advised watering them with a solution
of one ounce of Glauber's salts in a quart of
water. One writer, in " The New England Far-
mer," applies ground plaster ; a second, slacked
"me; and a third extols the use of charcoal dust.
Some protect their young vines with niillinet
stretched upon small frames ; and others stick in
the ground at night torches of pine knots, or
splinters of tar-barrels, to attract and consume the
insects.
The squash, pumpkin, and mejon vines are oc-
casionally attacked by these insects, but not to so
great an extent as the cucuinber. They are, how-
ever, more infested by some other noxious insects.
Among the.se the most redoubtable is the large
squash-bus; already noticed. This insect conceals
itself on the approach of winter in any crevice
which will afford it shelter, and remains torpid
untd the ensuing spring, when it issues from its
winter-quarters, and deposits its eggs in clusters
beneath the leaves of the vine. These ought daily
to be sought for and crushed. Whatever contri-
butes to bring forward the plants rapidly, and to
promote the vigor and luxuriance of their foliage,
renders them less liable tc Buffer by the exhausting
punctures of the young bug.s. Water drained from
a cow-yard and similar iJieparations have, with
this intent, been applied with benefit.
During the month of August the squash and
other cucurbitaceous vines are frequently found
to (lie suddenly down to the root. The cause of
this premature decay is a little whitish worm or
caterpillar, which begins its operations near the
ground, perforates the stem and devours the inte-
* (latcntra vrittata. F.
t Fragments of the Natural History of Pennsylvania.
. Tables, p. 4.
226
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JANUARV 30, 1833.
rior. It afterwards enters the soil, forms a cocoon
of a coarse, silky substance, coveretl with particles
of earth, changes to a chrysalis, and comes forth
the next summer a perfect insect. The insect,
thus disclosed, is nearly related to the peach-tree
borer, and belongs to the same genus. It has been
described* by the name of JEgeria Cucurbita, the
trivial name indicating the family of plants on
which the larva feeds. It is conspicuous for its or-
ange-colored body, spotted with black, and its
hind legs fringed with long orange-colored and
black hairs. From the tenth of July till the mid-
dle of August I have seen it hovering over the
vines, and occasionally alighting upon them close
to the roots to deposit its eggs. From what is
known of its habits^ periods, and place of attack,
it is probable that smearing the vine around the
roots with blubber, repeatedly, during the mouth
of July, may repel the invader.
So far as my own observations extended, the
annual and perennial flowers that embellish our
parterres and pleasure-grounds seem less exposed
to insect depredations, than the produce of the
kitchen-garden. One of our greatest favorites, the
rose, often has its foliage sheared by the leaf-cut-
tor bee, which uses the scalloped fragments in the
fabrication of its patch-work nest. That general
despoiler, the rose-bug, which receives its name
from its fondness for the petals of the rose, will be
noticed in another place. For tire extermination
of the Aphides that infest this and other plants, in
the garden, the parlor, or the green-house fumi-
gations and decoclions of tobacco, or solutions of
soap, may be used with advantage, as already
recommended.
Housed plants are considerably hijured by an
oval bark-louse, the Coccus Hesperidum of Linna;-
us, which has been introduced from abroad. It
looks like an inanimate scale adhering to the plant
and is furnished witii a proboscis beneath the
breast, through which it draws the sap and de-
prives the jjlant of no inconsiderable portion of its
nutriment. By piercing them with a pin they can
be made to quit their hold in the early stages of
their life; but later they become inunovably fixed,
the males in order to undergo their last metamor-
phosis, and the females for the purpose of deposit-
ing their eggs. The body then hardens and be-
comes a shell, under which these operations take
place. Subsequently the males, which are very
small, and furnished with wings, issue backwards
from their shells ; but the females perish without
acquiring wings, leaving beneath them the eggs,
vchich their lifeless bodies shelter till they are
hatcJied. Another foreign bark-louse, called the
mcalij-hug, is naturalized in our greeu-houses where
it does much injury. It is the Coccus Adonidum,
and is at once distinguished from the former by
the white dust with which it is covered, and by
the cottony substance with which it envelopes its
eggs. Bark-lice of w^j^^kind may be destroyed by
the apphcation of a ley of ashes, or a solution of
potash.
An infinite number of noxious insects invade
our fruit-bearing trees and shrubs. It will be pos-
sible to notice but a few of them. Passing by,
t'lerefore, the minute bugs which revel upon the
juices of the raspberry and strawberry, and make
themselves known only by their abominable odor
when crushed ; — the ants, wasps, and flies which
unite to rob us of our ripe grapes, cherries, peaches
and pears ; — the saw-fly, an imported insect,
whose gregarious larvee devour the leaves of the
gooseberry ; — the JEgeria* also a foreigner, which
in the caterpillar state, perforates the stems of
the currant-bush ; — the muscle-shaped bark-louse
which adheres to the limbs, and the moth whose
caterpillar lives in the fruit, of the apple-tree, both
ajiparently introduced from abroad ; — passing by
these, and a host besides, we must advert oidy to
some of the insects, whose threatened, repeated,
or extensive ravages render them peculiarly, obnox-
ious to the lover of good fruit.
From a period of high antiquity, the culture of
the grape has occupied the attention of civilized
man. In regions favorable to its growth, it forifis
a very considerable portion of the daily food of
the inhabitants ; to the well it is one of the most
wholesome and nourishing of fruits, and to the
sick and feeble the most innocent and grateful.
As a staple conunodity it is an ini])ortaut source of
national wealth and happiness, affording employ-
ment and support to a great pojjulatiou engaged
in its cultivation and in the manufacture and ex-
portation of its valuable products. The insects,
which prey upon this noble i)lant, have always
been viewed with great solicitude, and, at times,
the most vigorous individual and united eftbrts
have been made for their destruction. In our
own country, where the foreign vine is now suc-
cessfully cultivated, and the native sorts have
already been brought to yield a profitable vintage,
some progress has been made in devising and put-
ting into execution the means of limiting the rav-
ages of insects. The more perfect our knowledge
of these insects, and the more general and united
our pursuit of them, the greater will be the suc-
cess that will crown our eflbrts.
[To be continued.]
The Couunittee of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society, on the products of the kitchen gar-
den, make the following report, as the result of
their examinations of the few truly iine vegeta-
l)les offered for premium the past unpropitious
season.
To Mr Lema.v, of Watertown, for the best
Forced Cucumbers, $2,00
To N. Davenport, of Milton, for the best
Early Dutch Turnips, $2,00
To Richard Wap.d, of Roxbury, for the best
Lima Beans, $2,00
To Capt. Daniel Chandler, of Lexington, for
a specimen of the Scymetar Pea, from Scotland,
being a new variety, rather earlier than the com-
mon Marrowfat, (piite as prolific, and of a more
dwarf habit, so as to answer well without stick-
ing, a gratuity of $2,00
For the c'ommitfee, J. B. RUSSELL
» New England Farmer. Vol . VII. p. 33.
From tlie Farmer's Chronicle.
FENCES.
It is a most erring policy, that induced farmers
under the name and notion of economi/, to inclose
their grounds with temporary and defective fen-
ces. It is in truth the very worst of economy, or
rather, the very reverse of economy. It would be
well for those who feel inclined to negligence, or
to be governed by the "do-for-the-preseut" doc-
trine, to open an account of debt and credit with
their fences for a few years: and if that should not
cure them, they might be given up as incurable.
* ^geriu. tipuli/ormis. F.
Perhaps some of our readers might be edified
by a sight of such an account at any rate, if it
should not happen to suit their own experience, is
may give them some idea of this sort o{ Book-keep-
ing: and here it is.
"^"Cornfield FENCE Dr.
To corn destroyed by horses, cattle and hogs at
different times, supposed 100 bushels, say $25.
To time lost in stopping hog-holes, repairing
fences and mending water-gaps say si.x days, in
harvest — $5.
To wounding one of the plough horses, in
breaking over the fence, by which his services
were lost for 10 days when they were most want-
ed, say, $5.
To price of a hog of my neighbor Hodge, for
which I had to pay, having dogged it in my corn-
field, so that it died, $3.
To time lost in attending a law suit, about said
hog, and costs of suit, $5.
To loss of a valuable Dog which I supposed
Hodge had killed, in revenge for the killing of his
hog ly said dog, but which I could not prove, $5.
To perpitual loss of Hodge's friendship, which
had hern steadfast for twenty years amount
not known.
To th( spoiling of my young horses. Smith's
cattU^ and Hodge's hogs, so that I shall never be
abl(! to fence them out effectually liereafteri — loss
not known.
To keeping me in bad humor, fretted and crab-
bed narly all summer, — damage incalculable.
Tital, exclusive of the three last items, $48.00.
Crelit,
5y 500 rails, the number wanting to make
th( fence good : but which as they must be fin-
isled next spring, are only saved for one year, so
iltU the interest on their cost is the only saving —
cost $10 — interest at 10 per cent, is $1. 00.
By labor which would have been required to
put the fence in good condition ; say $10 at most,
hut which having still to be done, is only entitled
to a credit to the amount of interest as in the
former case $1. 00
Total $2. 00
Balance against bad fences $46. 00
And the said debtor (bad fences) being utterly
insolvnl, the whole amount is irreparably lost ;
except, that it has taught a lesson which may be
useful hereafter. SYLVESTER SLOVEN.
What came to pass in the ease of neighbor
Sloven, has happened to many others and will
continue to happen, until proper attention shall be
paid to what should be a farmer's first concern,
good enilosnres. Nothing can be more unbearably
provoking, than after having toiled all the season
to raise a good crop, then to have the whole de-
stroyed in a single night.
But besides the security and actual gain of good
fejces, nothing more than this contributes to the
neatness and good appearance ofa farm, and with-
oui this it is impossible to do away a repulsive
and condemning aspect of a slovenliness which
indicates any thing rather than good husbandry.
Bnt if he is censurable, who neglects the enclo-
suies about his fields, meadows and pasture grounds
what shall we say of him whose very garden — a
spot which should of all others be iocrcrf and secure
is constantly "])rofaned by vandal swine," and suf-
fered to be trodden down by the " beasts of the
field ?" If he attempt his defence by saying
ihcre is nothing in his garden worth protecting wo
taj this too is his fault, and no less a one than
VOL. Xl. NO. 29.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
227
flie other. It is like iiuiking drunktnness excuse
thcfl.
By the way, t!ic subject of neatness, taste and
iitility in family gardens, deserves a fuller notice,
and shall ere long have a full chapter. In the
mean time let us improve tlie Iqisure of this win-
ter in preparing to make all our enclosures sub-
stantial and secure before the vernal planting
comes about.
tempeRjVKce in the navy.
The following letter from the Secretary of the
Navy to the Corresponding Secretary of the Mas-
sachusetts society for the Suppression of Intem-
perance, contains information which will be inter-
esting to the friends of the Society.
JVai'i/ Department, Vlth June, 1832.
Dear Sir: — I have received two copies of Mr.
Sullivan's able Address " before the Massachu-
setts Society for the Suppression of Intemper-
ance." In it I find a friendly notice of an order
from this department on the subject of the spirit
part of the rations, and in the Appendix, a vote
of thanks to myself by the Society.
Allow me, through you, to make my acknowl-
edgements to both him and the Society for these
kind civilities. It gives me great pleasure to state
that the Pacific, as well as Mediterranean Si^uad-
ron, has almost entirely abandoned the usB of ar-
dent spirits, and that the subsequent improwment
in health and conduct among the crew (if the
former squadron has become a topic of reraaik by
both the surgeons and other officers. The schoon-
er Experiment, now on our own coast, had iliost
if not all of her men selected with a view to a fur-
ther and full experiment on this interesting sub-
ject; and by perseverance in holding out induce-
ments, or a voluntary abandonment of the use of
daily poison, I trust the waste of life, and the fre-
quency and severity of punishments, will not only
be lessened, but a great moral revolution will in
time be permanently established among a class of
men, who have hitherto been to often considered
irreclaimable. Respectfully yours,
Levi Woodbort.
Rev. Hosea Hildreth, Cor. Sec. of the Mass.
Society for the Sup. of Intcmp., Boston, Mass.
ITEMS OP ECONOMY, ARTS, &c.
Preserved Ice. One of our exchange papers,
(and we cannot say which, having inadvertently
cut out the paragraph, without noting the tit!e of
the paper in which it was printed,) informs 'hat
" Any body may have an ice-house without ex-
pense, by heaping a large cone of well pounded
ice or snow in the winter, and causing it to be
thatched with barley straw about twice the thick-
ness usually laid upon a stack of oats. In this
way ice may be preserved for three years.'' A
better way still might be to pack ice in a ccllir in
a wooden vessel and surround it with chafli", straw,
or other non-conductor of heat.
Hydrostatic Bed. This is said in Dr. Jjrr oil's
Elements of Physics to be one of those happ/ in-
ventions that have sprung from the practical ampli-
cation of science to the wants of life. It not only
delights us by its ingenious novelty and great sim-
plicity, but commands a still deeper interest vhcn
we consider the relief which it will afford ir in-
numerable cases of protracted suffering, where
hitherto the patient has been considered in a great
measure beyond the power of the physician.
The bed is constructed in the following man-
ner : — A trough, six feet long, two feet six (or nine)
inches broad, and one foot deep, is filled the depth
of six or seven inches with water, and a sheet of
water proof India rubber cloth placed u])on it. It is
fixed and firmly cemented at the upper part of the
trough, being of such a size as to hang down
loosely in the inside, and floating on the surface
of the water, which admits therefore of the most
perfect freedom of motion. A light hair mattrass
is placed upon the water proof cloth, upon which
the pillow and bed clothes are to be laid. When
the patient rests upon it, he at once experiences
the surpassing softness of the hydrostatic bed ; he
is placed nearly in the same condition as when
floating in water, the fluid support being prevented
from touching him, however, by the peculiar man-
ner in which it is sealed hermetically, as it were
within the water proof cloth, and by the interven-
ing mattrass.
A lady, who had suffered much from prema-
ture confinement, from a combination and succes-
sion of low fever, jaundice, &c. and whose back
had sloughed (mortified) in several places, was at
length so much exhausted in consequence of the
latter, that she was considered in the most immi-
nent danger ; she generally fainted when the
wounds in her back were dressed, and was pass-
ing days and nights in uninterrupted suflering, as
the pressure even of an air pillow had occasioned
mortification. Dr. Arnott reflected "that the sup-
port of water to a floating body is so universally
diffused that every thousandth part of an inch of
the inferior surface has as it were its own separate
liquid pillar, and no one part bears the load of its
neighbor — that a person resting in a bath is near-
ly thus supported, ordered a bed to be made on
this plan, and the patient placed in it. She was
instantly relieved in a remarkable degree, and en-
joyed a long and tranquil sleep — awoke refreshed.
She passed the next night much better than usual,
and on the following day her physician found that
the sores had assumed a healthy appearance ; the
healing from that time went on rapidly, and no
new sloughs were formed."
The hydrostatic bed will be useful, not merely
in extreme cases, such as the above, but also in
every instance, where there is restlessness or wawf
of sleep, from the irksome feeling communicated
by the inequality of pressure which is necessarily
perceived in every conmion bed, and to which the
body becomes so remarkably sensible when fatigued
or enfeebled or when suffering from disease.
The sensation, which is experienced by a person
reclining on a hydrostatic bed, is uncommonly
pleasing* It is easy to change the position with a
very feeble effort. The patient can always take a
little exercise at pleasure with the slightest exer-
tion, from the facility with which the water can be
moved — a circumstance which will prove highly
grateful to those who have been long confined ia
bed.
CURING HAMS.
The best way of curing hams that we know of
is, as soon as they are separated from the body of
the animal, they are to be closely packed in a
clean, common sized barrel ; and to a full barrel,
add a pickle by dissolving eight quarts of Liver-
pool salt and four ounces of saltpetre, in a sufli-
cient quantity of rain or brook water, to cover the
whole. In this situation they are to remain until
removed to the smoke-house, which should be
from eight to twelve weeks. The smoking pro-
cess is to be conducted altogether with the wood
of the sugar maple, or hickory, the former prefer-
red. And when sufficiently smoked, those that
are intended for immediate use, may be hung up
in a dark garret, or if the weather is cool, in the
cellar; as freezing, particularly, if often repeated is
very injurious. Those that are intended for sum-
mer use, are to be well whitewashed with lime,
and when dry wrapped in paper and packed away
in new dry house-ashes, and then set in a cool
place in the cellar. Particular care is requisite to
prevent its becoming heated too much while in
the smoke-house, as this is very destructive to its
fine flavor. — Southern Paper.
ARTIFICIAL, HUMAN EARS.
Never say a word about Yankee Ingenuity
after this. Wooden nutmegs, wooden pumpkin-
seeds, wooden axes, wooden hams, avaunt. Wc
have a little man in our city who has beat the
whole of our eastern ' artists' — no one more nor
less than Dr. Scudder, the Oculist, the same who
is so celebrated in inserting artificial human eyes
— and by the bye, one whose inventive genius
will, when put on the test, effect almost any thing,
— but to the point. Dr. Scudder has recently suc-
ceeded in making an artificial Ear, and to give to
our readers an idea of it, we subjoin the following
description : — A mould of a real ear is made of
Plaster of Paris, in which is cast an artificial one of
fluid Gum Elastic or India Rubber, which by ex-
posure to the air becomes of the proper consisten-
cy. The ear is fastened on by a spring passing
over the head, under the hair, and the place of
jointure is not easily seen, particularly if the wear-
er be blessed with a goodly pair of whiskers.
The artilirial ear is then coloured to suit the com-
plexion of the wearer, and is of the same elasticity
as the real ear. On the whole it is very ingeni-
ous, and no one but Dr. Scudder would ever have
thought of such a thing. Gentlemen who have
been "cropped or gouged" can now have both de-
ficiencies remedied, by applying to the Doctor,
who we verily believe will yet undertake to build
an artificial man. The case we mention of the
artifici.il ear is the third Dr. S. has fitted. — JV*. Y.
Mvocate.
Secession. Sir, said a distinguished 'praetical
man "a State has no more right to secede from th«
Union than a stave has to secede from a cask."—
This Mr. Editor seems to me a very good illustra-
tion of the good Jhr-nothingness of the doctrine of
nullification and disunion, and I beg you will lay
it before your numerous readers, for further spe»-
ulatiou and notice. — JV. Y. Standard.
Tom CopriH..
228
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JANlfARY 30, 1S33.
The following is from a very useful little work,
lately pulilished by Carey & Hait, Philadelphia ;
Carter & Heiidee, Boston, and other booksellers,
entitled The Complete Cattle Keeper, or Farmer's
and Grazier's Guide, S,-c. By B. Lawke.vce.
Of the ])ropcr treatment and food of neat cattle
generally, and of coivs in particidar.
The profit and advantage that are to he derived
from the keeping of neat cattle, or from the pro-
duce of the dairy, depand greatly on their treatment
and management. Soil has a sensible effect on
the quality of the pasturage, and this also operates
similarly on the animals which graze thereon. In
Exeter, the butter is excellent, but the cheese the
woi"st in the kingdom ; while in Somersetshire the
reverse is the case ; — the cheese there manufactured
is of a very superior quality while the butter is
uniformly indifferent or bad. The riijuiess of
the butter made in Scotland, is generally attributed
to the cows feeding upon the sweet and short
pasture in the glens; the soils of other parts of the
kingdom have also a similar effect on the animals
fed thereon ; but generally speaking, old pastures
are the best ; new laid ones being often productive
of disease.
In natural pastures, there is usually a suiRcicnt
variety of good herbage ; and if the animal be al-
lowed to rove about, it will select such only as
instinct points out to be proper or agreeable to its
palate ; and in doing this uses such a degree of
exercise as is conducive to health and perfect diges-
tion. This is almost invariably the case where the
animals, are inured to the soil and climate ; but
when the farmer or dairyman is obliged to have
recourse to artificial food and confinement, the
animal becomes essentially different: an unlim-
ited quantity of food is a temptation which few
animals can withstand ; and when it is not ac-
companied with a due portion of exercise often
proves of bad, if not of fatal consequences. It is
a fact, equally applicable to the brute, as it is dis-
graceful to the human being, that where the inor-
dinate appetite for food is indulged, an inclination
or sensation of thirst, is invariably felt ; and that
by freely indulging in either extreme, a capability
for extension of appetite is iiigeudered, which soon
paralyzes the powers of the digestive system, and
])roduces a train of disorders injurious to the
whole animal economy in their existence, and
totally destructive in their effects.
When neat cattle, but particularly cows, are
brought from a distant county to the farm or
dairy, they will require particular care and atten-
tion until accustomed to the soil, food, and other
local circumstances connected with their new
residence. If they have travelled far, they should
at first be put into the stable, or cow-house, and
allowed a large quiintity of litter, but must be
taken out of the stable several times a day, for the
benefit of fresh air. They should also be well
rubbed and brushed all over the body, particularly
about the joints ; and if they seem fatigued, their
legs may be rolled in bandages kept wet with
warm water, in which a little vinegar has been
mixed.
They must not be put too quickly upon any
particularly diet ; but gradually inured to that
system of feeding which it is intended tijey shall
follow. At first, food that is easy of digestion,
is decidedly the best ; and if cooked, it will be
better still. Too much must not be given at any
one lime; let tliem have it in sujall quantities, and
frequently. The water which they drink should
at first have the raw chill taken off, and a little
bran or meal may be put into it, together with a
small quantity' of salt.
If cither of the cows should be near calving,
let her be bled, but not too profusely ; this will
render her calving more easy, and less liable to
accident.
The most healthy stables are those which are
open to the east; or have an eastern aspect, and
are built on a dry and elevated situation. It is a
common practice to build them too close ; and it
is an equally erroneous opinion, that cold is in-
jurious to cows, or that they should be carefully
guarded against it : this opinion is productive of
many of the worst disorders with which they are
afflicted. The cow-house is, in general, not only
very low, and with narrow ojsenings, but it is also
shut u]> closely as possible, if the weather happen
to be a little severer than usual. A more per-
nicious or more fatal practice can scarcely he con-
ceived. Experience has proved that cows kept
in the open air, without the slightest shelter, siif-
fer but little inconvenience, except in damp or
wet weather ; it is better, no doubt, to keep them
in a more sheltered situation ; but the stable
SHOULD NEVER BE COMPLETELY CLOSED OP, HOW-
EVER COLD. THE WEATHER MAY BE, although it is
desirable that strong draughts of cold or damp air
shouhl be guarded against, especially iji winter.
It may be held as a general nde, that the stable is
too close, when, on entering, the breath is affected,
or any smell of urine can be perceived.
If it be important to keep cow-houses or cattle-
stables well ventilated, it is no less so to keep
them clean. Dung, if left therein, soon renders
the air unwholesome, and engenders a trahi of
putrid disorders. Cows in a stable should not be
too close — a square si)ace of six feet each way
should be allowed to each cow. Two or throe
ventilators near the ground on the north side, af-
fords, at a trifling expense, an excellent way of
renewing or sweetening the air in stables in the
sunnnertimc: and on the south side, in winter,
without occasioning draughts: and these may be
shut when necessary, cither by means of straw or
otherwise. The ground of the cow-house should
be of brick work or stone ; with the sides elevated
just suflicient to cause it to drain towards the mid-
dle, where there should be a gutter, to carry off
the urine and excrement, and convey them into a
water-tight tank, or at all events, into a large cov-
ered hole on the outside ; and by no means, as is
too frequently the case, into an open ditch, on the
outside. By tliese simple means, the ani;nals,
and their habitations may always be kept clean
and sweet.
From the Albany Argits.
HIHTS TO FARItlERS. NO. II.
Society is made up of different classes, each
possessing an identity of habits and interests, dis-
tinct, yet not incompatible with each other ; and
all contributing, when properly regulated, to make
up aharmonious whole. Yet it is essential to the
preservation of this harmony, that each, while it
claims and maintains its own, should respect the
rights and interests of the others. Of th^se classes
the agricultural far exceeds, in numbers; the ag-
gregate of all the rest. This, cpnsequently, wields
the giant power, and is amenable to posterity for
its discreet exercise. History does not record an
instance of the political power of a state being so
emphatically in the hands of its agricultural popu-
lation, as it is in this country; nor does it afford
us an example of an agricultural population so well
qualified, by its intelligence and the tenure of pro-
perty, to protect and preserve the liberties entrusted
to its charge. The fee of nearly all the lands on
the old continent, belongs to the privileged orders,
or to the mercantile and professional classes ;* who
there, also, wield the political power of the culti-
vators,— the farmers are mere tenants, and conse-
quently in a measure dependents, of the higher
orders. Here the reverse is happily the case : our
cultivators are the lords of the soil, anil the depos-
itaries of political power. The spectacle which
our coimtry exhibits is one of momentous concern
to the interests of humanity ; and the eyes of the
world are fixed with intense interest upon' the
novel experiment we are making in civil govern-
ment. Under the high responsibilities which these
considerations present, it is wise to look ahead,
aiW scrupulously to guard agjvinst every iiinova-
tion which may impair the purity of the govern-
ment, or poison the fountains of its power.
The dangers most to be apprehended, are likely
either to grow out of the wealth and prodigality
incident to our ])rosperity^ — to arise from tlie en-
croachments of and)ition, — or to result from the
want of intelligence and vigilance in the people.
The suitable precautions against these dangers, are,
first, an imyielding determination to preserve sim-
pliiity and economy in the administration of the
goicrninent. 2. A fair representation, in our
coiucils, and at all times, of the great agricultural
ii:tcrest ; and 3, the moie general diffusion of
knowledge among this class, to qualify them to
fulfil the high trusts connnitted to their charge.
In no class are the moral and social duties of
life more strongly enforced by example, than in
the agricultural. Their frugal habits, imrenjitting
industry, and unassuming pretensions, — their at-
taolunents to their avocations and their homes,
and the experience of the past, all forbid the ap-
prehension of danger from their use or* abuse of
power. But we must discredit the unerring testi-
moiiy of history, ere we can award a like excul-
pation to all the other employments of society.
Coiuniercial and professional wealth, and the cx-
tra\agance and profligacy which they are apt to
generate, have a strong tendency to impair the
purity of our democratic habits and institutions.
No exclusively commercial Slate has ever long
withstood their corroding influence. Even Eng-
land, whose wealth, connnerce and arts are so
often held up for our admiration, presents rather
a beacon than an exaniple for our imitation. She
exhibits a melancholy picture of gorgeous misery:
of yrasteful extravagance and pinching want. One-
seventh of her population are paupers ; and the
labors of four-fifths of the residue go to support
the remaining fraction in luxurious idleness. It is
to the intelligence and firmness of the fainiers, that
we sre to look for a counterbalance to this baleful
influence among ourselves. Nor should we lose
sighf of the maxim which teaches, that it is easier
to prevent, than to cure an evil — easier to extin-
guisli the lamp, than to overcome the fire, after it
has enveloped our dwelling in flames. B.
» Tlicrc are but 20,000 landholders in England, seCliDg aside
ihe c/ergy and corporations ; and, I believe, 16,800,000 inhabit-
TOt.. XI. NO. 39.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
229
From the Genesee Farmer.
CUIiTIVATIOlV OF THE WlIiLiOW.
Little jittentioii lias been paid to the cultiva-
tion of this genus of trees and shrubs in thiscoun-
, try, farther than for shade, and perhaps, in some
instances, they have been set on the banks of
streams and dikes^ to secm-e them from being worn
away by the force of the water. By studying the
diflerent varieties of this family of plants, it will
be found that jiiany of them are of consequence as
connected with the arts. We imiiort yearly into
the United States, articles manufactured from the
willow to a large amount, most of which is done
by that class of laborers for whom ive. have not at
all times sufficient employment, or not of thai
kind which gives as great a profit as the manufac-
ture of different kinds of willow ware would. To
render each variety of soil, whatever be the loca-
tion, productive of the greatest net profit, should
be the constant aim of every farmer, who feels
that love of country, blended with a wish for the
welfare of every individual in it, which we hope,
characterizes every reader of our paper. In al-
most every neighborhood in our country, there
are particular places which appear to be peculiar-
ly adapted to the cultivation of willows: in short,
there are but few in which they may not be seen
already growing in greater or lesser quantities.
Although among those that are found thus grow-
ing upon the banks of small streams, or in low
marshy places, few of them are suitable for that
kind of manufacture which we have alluded to,
yet, as the habits of most of this genus are the
same, it goes to prove that where less valuable va-
rieties spring up spontaneously, the more valuable
ones would flourish were they once introduced.
Of all the varieties of trees and shrubs natural to
our climate, none are more easily propagated than
the willow, as cuttiugs of all lengths from a few
inches to ten or fifteen feet, when placed in a fa-
vorable situation, readily strike root and grow,
often making shoots of considerable length the first
season. When willows are once established, they
will continue to produce young shoots from the
crown each year for a great length of time, with-
out a])|)areut injury to the roots, although they are
cut away annually during the winter. The manu-
facture of what is generally called tinllow ware, as
cradles, market and work baskets, the covering of
many glass vessels, &c. is peculiarly calculated
for, and is performed mostly in EngUuul, by that
class of people who are collected in poor houses,
asylums, aud such places where females and chil-
dren constitute a great proportion of their num-
bers; and we recollect having vigited a blind
asylum, where many of the inmates were engaged
in this kind of manufacture, and were surprised
at the accuracy and neatness with which they
performed it.
Now, our particular object at this time, in in-
troducing this subject, is to call the attention of
our supervisors, and others having charge of pris-
ons, poor houses, asyliuns and houses of refuge,
to it, as a means of giving profitable employment
to such inmates as may enable them not only to
support themselves, but to assist in defraying the
expenses of building such establishments. The
employment is such as the most delicate constitu-
tions may engage in with safety, and nothing has
been discovered attending it which has been deem-
ed unhealthy. If our farmers would give this
subject a little attention, our country might be ma-
terially benefitted by it, even if no more ground
was appropriated to the growth of willows than is
now permitted to be covered by them. In select-
ing varieties for cultivation, respect should be had
to the use to which they arc to be applied, as no
one variety will be found suitable for all purposes.
Those intended for the frames of larger work,
should be such as not only grow long but their
thickness or diameter should be consulted — while
those for small articles should have length and
elasticity, with the least possible thickness. Three
or four varieties, well selected, will be found suf-
ficient for stocking most grounds, and the varia-
tions of their shoots will be found sufficient for all
the common purposes to wjiich they are applied.
From, the Genesee Farmer.
CANADA THISTLES POTATOES.
I HAVE read with attention and interest all the
numbers and articles published in the Farmer on
the subject of Canada thistles, but am not yet ful-
ly satisfied with the mode proposed by any one of
the writers to destroy them ; not but that I believe
any one of the methods proposed would destroy
them if put into thorough practice ; indeed I know
something from experience on the subject: I once
stocked down about ten acres to timothy, which,
to my great sorrow, the following season, I found
must have contained thistle seed, for my field was
well sprinkled over with them. I turned the field
to pasture — mowed them twice a year, (always en-
deavoring to do it just before a rain,) for three
years, which destroyed them root and branch. I
have since, as I have been clearing new land, found
small patches of them, say a hundred or two of
|)lants in a patch, which I have destroyed forth-
with by cutting oft" near the surface of the ground
with my knife, and by applying a moderate dose
of old beef or pork brine, out of an old coft'ee pot;
like my friend Bradley, (I claim every person as
my friend who is an enemy to Canada thistles, let
his politics be what they will,) I failed once iti
one of the most formidable patches I ever had, by
carelessly letting my sheep remain in the field
during the operation, which caused a second ap-
plication and a double dose ; for my sheep eat
thistles and earth below where the salt |)enetrated
and a most luxuriant crop sprung up the second
year. Now I am going to propose an amendment
to Mr. McVean's plan ; but in order to get at it
in my round about way, (I write so seldom that I
can't make short turns,) I find myself uhder the
necessity of treating awhile on the culture of ])ota-
toes. My object in the outset was, (as the saying
is,) to kill two birds with one stone, as an induce-
ment to destroy the thistle ; and I wish I might
also in my attempt to get at it. I last spring cut
my potatoes, and sowed them broad cast, on
near half an acre, on green sward, and covered
about ten inches deep with straw. I likewise
turned over about one-fourth of an acre, and har-
rowed it down pretty smooth, and sowed and cov-
ered in like manner, only deeper — I should think
about fourteen inches. In the first mentioned I
failed, in not putting on depth of straw enough,
for the grass grew up through it more or less ;
yet I am convinced that that quantity would be
sufficient for ploughed groimd. The crop was a
fair average one. The pther was uncommonly
fine ; potatoes were large, clean, and as fair as ap-
ples— grew in clusters of three to eight. Manner of
gathering — take an iron tooth rake, and two hands
w ill gather veiy fast — one rake and the other pick
lip. Although the season was uncominonly dry,
there was no time when it was not sufficiently
moist under the straw for vegetation.
But to return to the subject first under consider-
ation. My amendment is: Whenever the patch
of Canada thistles is so situated that it Can be
made a potato patch of, plough it well once
harrow it down ])retty smooth — cut your potatoes
in the usual way — sow them broad cast. It will
then perha|)s be necessary to go over the grotmd
and regulate them a little — some places may be a
little too thick, others too thin ; I think the pieces
of seed ought to be six or eight inches apart ; then
cover them with straw from twelve to fifteen inches
deep, which I tliiidi will be sufficient to keep
down, and nearly, if not quite, destroy the thistles
the first year. Your land, instead of being ex-
hausted, will be vastly enriched. The greater pan
of the straw used in the above process, will, by
stacking it up dry, be suitable for a second crop.
The land is left in fine order for any crop what-
ever. In the case above alluded to, there was not
a blade of grass, nor no living vegetable whatever,
grew upon it, except the potatoes, while the land
cultivated adjoining it was very foul.
There seems to be a great apathy in farmers, I
believe I may say in general, in trying to destroy
this noxious weed. One would suppose that
most of them considered it wholly lost labor in
spending a few hours in a year in mowing them
down. I had occasion, in October last, to ride out
about eighteen miles from home, and I counted
by the way-side twenty-three patches of the Can-
ada thistle ; only six of them had the appear-
ance of having been mowed or molested during
the season.
Indeed, I am inclined to believe that, unless
there can be some immediate profit grow out of
the attempt to destroy them, it will not be done
without some legislative enactment on the subject.
I should therefore be decidedly in favor of a law,
making it imperative on some person, in each
town, to efiect their destruction ; and at the ex-
pense, too, of those who permitted them to grow
on their lands, imlessthey would do it themselves.
Fowhrvilh, Dec. 26, 1832. J.
EXTRAORDIIVjUIY NERVE.
A shopkeeper had in his cellar a barrel of gun
powder, in a vault with some meal, &c. His sis-
ter went, one night last week, to get some of the
latter article, and, not knowing which barrel it
was in, ojiened the gun-powder first aud did not
re-cover it. She presently after re-ascended.
"Where is the candle.'" said the brother. "I
have left it sticking up in that black sand," was
the rc]ily. He instantly descended, and putting
his hands together like a fimnel, he placed them
round the candle, and thus extracted it from the
barrel of gunpowder! When he came up stairs
he fainted.
A Useful Volume. Let thy thoughts and obser-
vations he committed to writing every night, and
so, in a short time, thou wilt have a book of pru-
dence and experience of thy own making. How
many fine thoughts hath the best of us forgotten.
A Tunp, called the Fanny Kemble, was lately
sold at Croydon to a florist in Chelsea for £100.
So great at one time was the tulip mania in Hol-
land that £500 has been given for a tulip, and a
single root was considered an ample fortune for «
young lady in marriage.
230
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JABTUARY 30, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMEK.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JAN. 30, IR33.
FARMER'S WORK.
Cutting Trees for Reproduction. General J.
Nevvhall, of Lynnfield, Mass., states, that " Hav-
ing wood land from which I have cut annually,
for several years past, from twenty to fifty cords
of wood, it has been my practice to have it cut at
tlie time and in the manner that would best insure
a strong and vigorous growth of sprouts. To ef-
fect this purpose I never allow a tree to be cut till
after the autumnal frosts have caused the leaves to
fall, and the sap to descend to the roots, nor later
in the vernal season than the middle of April.
The manner of cutting is to leave the stumps
uearly on a level with the surface of the groimd,
from which the suckers are much more strong
and vigorous, and less liable to be injured by high
winds, than a growth from stumps rut twelve or
fifteen inches high, as is the practice of some.
" Pursuing this course I have never been dis-
appointed, and have now on land, from which
trees were cut in the midst of winter, a growth of
sprouts of the most vigorous and promising ap-
pearance.
" Respecting large trees, the growth of cen-
turies, cut tliem at whatsoever season you please
there is scarcely one stump in a thousand that
will produce suckers.
" In a community where fuel is an expensive
article every proprietor of woodland should manage
it in such a way, as not only to be profitable to
himself, but as shall preserve the growth for the
generation to come."
QAIjVES.
Those which are brought forth early are gen-
erally best for raising, as they will endure the
first winter better: and, if heifers, will gener-
ally be with calf a year sooner than those which
are calved late. The most promising calves
should be selected for rearing, and the rest fatted
and killed. There are three methods of feeding
calves; the first is, to let them run about with
their dams the whole of the first year ; a plan,
which is productive of the best cattle, though not
the least expensive. A second mode, recommend-
ed by Dr. Deane, is to take the calf from the cow
the next day after it is calved, and let it have only
two teats of the cow to suck during the first week,
three during the second, and all during the third
and fourth ; and m this way he says they will be
fatter in the end than if they had all at first. The
teats which are not given them should be previous-
ly milked.
Mowbray says " the calf may be sold (or taken
away from the cow) ai soon as it has drawn
off the beastingg, or first milk, unless any coring
or defect in the cow's udder or teats may render
it desirable for the calf to suck a few days, in
order that the action may clear off any obstruc-
tions, for which the hutting of the calf's head is
generally the best remedy. If intended to be fat-
tened for the butcher, it must be kept in a pen,
particularly dry and clean, suckled twice a day at
egular hoius, always have the first, which is the
thinnest of the milk, and not be permitted to over-
charge its stomach. Lumps of soft chalk are
usually placed for the calf to lick, as an absorbent
to neutralize those acidities engendered in the
stomach from feeding on milk. It seldom pays
to fatten a calf beyond ten or twelve weeks.
Weaning and rearing Calves. A calf may Ije
weaned by being gradually accustomed to suck milk
in a pail through the fingers. Many are reared on
very little milk mixed with hay-tea, linseed or
other slops ; fed on straw in the winter, and in
summer on the common — such cannot be expect-
ed to turn to much account. The best cattle are
reared from the teats well wintered in good shelter,
and full fed, until they attain their proper growth.
Warmth and dry lodging are of the utmost con-
sequence to the improvement of all young ani-
mals. Calves may, however, be reared to good
profit by being suffered to suck a very moderate
quantity daily, the bulk of their food consisting of
skimmed milk thickened with oat or wheat-meal ;
their winter food being carrots or Swedish-ttu-nips
sliced, and oat-straw, with a small quantity of liay
daily.
For the New England Farmtr.
DISEASE IN OXEN.
Mr. Fessenden. — Sir, in answer to you and
your correspondent, at Dunstable, as to the cause
anil cure of a holdfast — I believe it is always
caused by either a tooth, or teeth, irritating the
inside of the cheek, or a severe injury done to the
pait. As to the cure, in the first case, the far-
mers in this vicinity liave cured their cattle by
extracting the tooth or teeth that caused the irri-
tation, and consequent callous. After the offend-
ing tooth or tcetli are extracted the holdfast sub-
sides by degrees until it ultimately disappears.
As to the instrument for extracting the teeth of
cattle any ingenious blacksmith can make one of
iron something similar to tliose used by dentists,
only larger. As to the latter cause I should think
it rSther diflicult to cure on account of the injui-y
done the bone — I shall however have as much
faith in the application of some stimulating oint-
ment as any thing. If your correspondent suc-
ceeds in curing his ox I wish he would give the
public the facts. Yours, C. B. H.
L., J\r. H., Jan. 21, 1833.
ITEMS OP INTEL.L.IGE1\'CE.
President's Message. Tise Presideirt of the
United States has communicated to Congress a
long and able Message relative to the present
aspect of South Carolina policy. To give a
synopsis of this would be as impracticable for us
as it is unnecessary. Some brief sketches of the
facts it asserts and deductions drawn from such
fects are all we shall attempt.
The Message asserts tlie S. C. Convention on
the 24th of Nov. last, passed an Ordinance de-
claring certain acts of Congress therein mentioned,
within the limits of that State to be absolutely null
and void, and jnaking it the duty of the Legisla-
ture to pass such laws as woidd be necessary to
carry the declaration into effect from and after the
1st of February next. It asserts also that the
State authorities of S. C. are actively organizing
their military resources— that a recent Proclama-
tion of the Governor, of S. C, has openly defied
the authority of the Executive of the Union, and
general orders from the liead-quartcrsof the State,
have announced his determination to accept the
services of volunteers, to "hold themselves in
readiness to take the field at a moment's warning,"
and a rendezvous has been opened for the pur-
pose of enlisting men for the magazine and muni-
cipal guards. That the Conns of the U. S. shall
have neither original nor appellate jurisdiction in
cases arising out of die nullification-ordinances and
laws. After stating many other acts of similar
nature and tendency the Message continues.
" By these various proceedings, therefore, the
State of South Carolina has forced the General
Government to decide tlie new and dangerous al-
ternative of permitting a State to obstruct the exe-
cution of the laws within its limits, or seeing it at-
tempt to execute a threat of withdrawing from the
Union." It is then shown that allowing the acts
complained off are oppressive and unconstitution-
al, the uullifiers have mistaken their remedy. " If
the Federal Government exercise powers not war-
ranted by the Constitution, and immediately af-
fecting individuals, it will scarcely be denied that
the peculiar remedy is a recourse to the judiciary."
South Carolina " has set her own will and author-
ity above the laws, has made herself arbiter in
her own case, and has passed at once over all in-
termediate steps to the measures of avowed re-
sistance, which, unless they be submitted to can
be enforced only by the sword." The Message
shows the absurdity of South Carolina's claiming
to be a component part of the Union, and partici-
pating in the national councils, and sharing in the
public benefits, without contributing to the burth-
ens ; "asserting the dangerous anomaly of con-
tinuing in an association without acknowledging
any other obligation to its laws than what depends
upon her own will."
The duties of the President and Congress in
such a crisis are then pointed out, and the revival
of former laws with some modifications, which
were enacted to enforce obedience to the laws of
the United States is recommended. The prosper-
ity, which the nation has enjoyed under the Fed-
eral Union for forty-four years is adverted to ;
and the Message c.oncludes with an aspiration
" that tlie Great Ruler of Nations may so guide
your deliberations and our joint measures as that
they may prove salutary examples, not only to
the present, but to future times, and solemnly
vol.. Xti^ NO. 89,
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
231
proclaim tlial the Constitution and tlie laws are
supreme and the Union indissoluble.''''
The house of representatives directed 25,000
copies of this Message to he printed. Mr. Cal-
houn said he would not notice all the errors in the
Message, but declared the movements of S. C.
were not hostile to the Union.
Pennsylvania in favor of the present Tariff. A
resolution, offered by Mr. Miller, has been adopt-
ed by the Legislature of Penn. expressing their
opinion that the bill now under consideration in
the House of Representatives of the U. S. ought
not to become a law, and that no reduction of du-
ties ought to be made calculated to afl'ect the suc-
cessful prosecution of our domestic manufactures,
or in any way to impair the faith of the Govern-
ment, by which the enterprise of our citizens
would be checked, and successful competition re-
tarded.
Pensions. The superintendent of the Pension
Office, Washington, notified officially that there
are in his office on file 12,000 claims for pensions
under the act of June 2, 1832.
Title to a Bill. The New York Advocate pro-
poses that the title of Mr. Verplanck's bill, now
before Congress should be — "A bill to prostrate
the industry of the free people of the United
States, and to substitute the industry of the de-
pressed population of Europe, particularly the
.pauper-labor of Great Britain."
A violent eruption of Mount Etna took place
on the 17th and 18th of November, which destroy-
ed Bronte, a town situated nine leagues from Ca-
tania, and containing a population of 10,000 per-
sons.
Meetings are announced or have been held, in
the New York and Philadelphia papers to remon-
strate against the reduction of duties on imported
articles, and oppose the passage of Mr. Ver-
planck's Tariff bill.
Union Meetings. The Southern papers give
accounts of meetings of friends of union, in all
parts of the Southern States. These meetings are
particularly numerous in South Carolina.
The United States Gazette says "the nullifica-
tion men of South Carolina have mounted the
^^blue cockade." It will impart a portion of its own
hue to its wearer."
The number of deaths in New York last year
was 10,359, being 3996 more than ever occurred
before in any one year; 3515 died of cholera, chol-
era morbus 93, consumption 1415, convulsions
501, intemperance 119, small pox 89.
The Jeffersonian, a New York paper, has a
large rat-trap placed' over the list of marriages.
EXPRESSES.
The Richmond Compiler of the 8th inst. says:
"We hear rumors of two expresses having passed
through this city from Washington for the south ;
but wko sent them, and what is, their errand, is not
even conjectured. And, indeed, the previous
question seems yet to be settled, viz: whether there
were any expresses at all."
The Petersburg' Intelligencer of the same date
remarks: — "On Saturday morning last, about ten
o'clock, a government express from Washington
city passed through the town, and proceeded south
in great haste, but where bound or whether its
errand was 'wicked or charitable,' this deponent
saith not.
The Alexandria Gazette copies the above and
a<lds: — "We can throw no light on the nature or
character of these expresses ; but we have heard
that relays of horses have been placed at different
stations on the southern road from this town, by
order of the government."
We beard it mentioned in Philadelphia on Sat-
urday, that the rmnored expresses were for the
arrest of some of the leading nullifiers of South
Carolina. This is, however, altogether improbable
as no overt act has yet been committed. Still, it
is evident that there is some mysterious business
in the wind.
Remedy for the Fever and Ague. 30 grains of
salt of wormwood, — 20 grains Virginia snake root,
— J an ounce of red bark — 1 gill of molasses.
The above is to be properly incorporated and
one-third of it taken when the fit comes on, one-
third in four hours afterwards, and the remainder
in the next succeeding- four hours.
A FARMER WANTED.
A sing^le man or a man wilh a small family to take charge
of a Fai-m 10 miles from Boston, coulaining an orchard of
2o0 lo 300 trees, &.c. The owner wishes to oljtain a man who
is well acquainted with the best method of the cultivation of
Fruit Trees, and in all other respects is master of his business
a-s a farmer, one who would do the same for his enipIo3'er as
for himself, he must be a true temperate man who abstains en-
tirely from the use of ardent spirit j to such a man a fair com-
pensation will be ottered either in wages by the year, or to let
the Farm on shares.
Apply at this office. jnn 30
SPECTACLES.
A GOOD assortment ot Silver Spectaciks constantly
on hand and for sale at fair prices by WiLLiAAt M. Wesson,
at No. 103, Washington Street. 4l dec 18
AMERICAN FARRIER.
JUST received, by GEO. C. BARRETT, and for sale at
the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North Market-street,
the American Farrier, containing a minute account of the forma-
tion of every part of the Horse, with a description of all the
diseases to which each part is liable, the best remedies to be
applied in effecting a cure, and the most approved mode of
treatment for preventing disorders j with a copious list of medi-
cines, describing their qualities and effects when applied in dif-
ferent cases) and a complete treatise on rearing and managing
the horse, from the foal lo the full grown active laborer j illus-
trated with numerous engravings. By II. L. Barnum. Price
75 cents. dec 5
THE PL,.4^NTER'S GVIBE.
JUST publishc.l, and for sale by Geo. C. Barrett, at the
New England Farmer Office, — the Planter's Guide ; or, a Prac-
tical Essay on the best method of Giving Immediate Effect to
Wood, by the removal of Large Trees and Underwood ; being
an attempt to place the Art, and that of General Arboriculture
on fl.xed and Phytological principles ; interspersed with obser-
vations on General Planting, and the improvement of real land-
scape. Originally intended for the climate of Scotland. By
Sir Henry Sieuart, Bart. LL. D. F. R. S. E., etc. Price ,?3.
NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.
JUST published and for sale by GEO. C. BARRETT, Nos.
51 & 52, North Market Street, The New American Or-
CHARDIST, or a treatise on the cultivation and management of
Fruits, Graphs, Ornamental Shrubs, and Flawers, adapted to
cultivation in the United Stal/es.
This is recommended to the public as a treatise well worthy
a place in every fanner's library, containing an account of the
most valuable varieties of fruit, and the remedies for the mala-
dies to which fruit trees are subject from noxious insects and
other causes. Also, the varieties of the Grape with their modes
of culture, &c. Price £1,2^.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
Beans, white,
Beee, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, , , .
Feathers, northern, geese, . .
southern, geese, . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Floi/r, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
■ southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort
Southern, 1st sort, ....
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navv, Mess,
Bone, middlings, . . . .
Seeds, Herd's Grass,". . . , .
Red Top. northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southeni, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'dwith Saxony,
Merino, |lhs washed,
Merino, half blood, .
Merino, quarter, . .
Native washed, . .
^ r Pulled superfine,
Jt3 1st Lambs,
O Q. JO
Z. I 1st Spinning, .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
barrel
2 00
2 00
bushel
1 00
barrel
10 5:
i; 75
"
8 00
pound
14
'*
8
"
s
"
.•!
"
.•is
"
y
bushel
1 20
barrel
e 37
"
r, 12
"
5 87
"
6 00
bushel
88
"
70
"
90
"
65
"
40
cwt.
G2
gallon
50
cwt
28 00
pound
side
21
pound
16
side
2 50
pound
25
"
23
cask
1 06
ton
3 75
bushel
barrel
17 50
"
12 50
"
none
bushel
2 50
"
1 25
pound
"
%
cwt
10 00
pound
48
i(
60
"
40
"
37
"
34
"
32
'f
50
'*
40
"
32
"
27
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices.
Hams, northern,
southeni,
Pork, whole hoj
Poultry, . .
BtJTTER, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs,
Potatoes, comraon, . . .
Cider, (according to quality.)
2 50
1 37
10 76
7 00
S 50
16
43
12
1 30
6 62
6 25
6 37
6 12
90
78
96
70
45
70
fi2
30 00
10
9
52
3 00
19
2 70
28
25
1 12
4 00
18 00
13 OO
300
1 50
11
II
11 00
60
65
42
pound
9^
9
"
6
"
9
*'
18
"
20
dozen
25
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
40
3 00
NE^V ENGLAND FARMER'S AL,9IAIVAC.
JUST published, the New England Farmer's Almanac of
1833. by T.G.Fessenden, editor of the New England Far-
mer— eonlaining the usual variety of an almanac, and several
articles on agriculture, by the editor and others. Price 50
cents per dozen. Nov. 7
EASTMAN'S STRAWeUTTER.
FOR Sale cheap— one of Eastman's Strawcitters, new
in November, a perfect machine and in good order, not having
been used more than a dozen times. It will be sold chcap.o r
exchanged for neat stork. Inquire of KENDALL BROOKS,
Saddler, Roxbury Street, near the Boston line. jy 16
KI.1IB ALL'S
Stock and Suspender Manufactory, Linen Draperr, Hosierr
id Glove Store, No. 12, Washington Street, Boston.
NUTTALIi'S ORNITHOLOGY.
JUST received by Geo. C. Barrett, No. 51 and 5i, Nortk
Market Street, Boston : —
A Manual of the Ornithology of the United Stales, and of
Canada. By Thomas NuUall, Ai M., F. L. S. ; with 53 «b-
gravingsi Price gS, SO. Dse. It.
232
NEW ENGLAND FARMEk.
JAKVARY 30, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
TO THE "WISDS.
By BERNARD BARTON.
Ye viewless minslrcls of the sky !
I marvel not, iu times goue by,
That ye were deiticd ;
For, even in this later day.
To me, oft has your power or play
Unearthly thoughts supplied.
Awful your power ! when by your might,
You heave the wild waves, crested white,
Like mountains in your wrath :
Ploughing between them vallies deep.
Which to a seaman, rous'd from sleep,
Yawn like Death's opening path !
Graceful your play ! when, round the bower
Where beauty culls Spnng's loveliest flower.
To wreath her dark locks there;
Your gentlest whispers lightly breathe
'J'he leaves between, flit round that wreath,
And stir her silken hair.
Still, thoughts like these are but of earth.
And you can give far loftier birth ! —
Ye come ! we know not whence !
Ye go ! can mortals trace your flight?
All imperceptible to sight,
Though audible to sense.
The Sun — his rise and set, we know !
The Sea — we mark its ebb and flow ;
The Moon — her wax and wane ;
The Stars — man knows their courses well ;
The Comets' vagrant path can tell : —
But You his search disdain.
Ye restless, homeless, shapeless things,
Who mock all our imaginings.
Like Spirits in a dream ;
What epithets can words supply
Unto the Bard who takes such high
Unmanageable theme ?
But one ; — to me when Fancy stirs
My thoughts, ye seem Heaven's Messengers,
Who leaves no path untrod ;
And when, as now, at midnight's hour,
I hear your voice in all its power,
It seems the Voice of God.
BANICIIVG.
Abstract of a Lecture, delivered lefore the Bosto.n
Mechanics' Institution, on Thursday Evening,
Jan. 21, 1830, by Hon. Willlam Sullivan.
Banks are of three kinds, banks of deposit,
banks of discount, and banks of circulation. When
an individual provides himself with a secure place
for keeping, and gives notice that he will take
charge of people's money, it is called a bank of
deposit. The banker pays the depositer bis mon-
ey when called for, either in specie, or gives him
his promise on paper, which is called n bank-bill.
When the banker owns monies himself, and offers
to lend them for a certain amount of interest which
he deducts from the depositer's cash, it is a bank
of discount. In this country, these three differ-
ent banks are united ; our banks arc banks both of
deposit, di.scount, and circulation.
The first bank was established at Venice, about
650 years ago. A number of individuals, when
they enlisted under the banners of the Cross, be-
fore they started for the Holy Land; looked about
for some secure place to deposit their treasures;
and as Venice was then a rich and prosperous
city, they |)laced them there : this was therefore a
bauk of deposit. The second bank was establish-
ed at Amsterdam, 220 years ago, and was also a
bank of deposit. The third and most important
bank that was ever founded is the Bank of Eng-
land, which was established about the year 1683,
which was the period when the British national
debt commenced, and the Government, for the
purpose of raising mouej', granted certain privi-
leges, and among others, that of Banking. The
bank of Englantl had at one time in circulation
£24,000,000. It is rather difficult to realize
what an amount this is. If it were brought into
American dollars, and they were placed So that
the edges would touch, they would occupy a
plain containing 253 square miles! If they were
piled one above another, the colunni (allo^ving
$10 to an inch) would be 168 miles high! If
tliey were placed iu teams, and dra^\^l by oxen,
{allowing 1 ton's weight to each ])air of oxen) it
would take all Boston Common for the oxen to
stand upon I
The British Debt at present amounts to £785,
000,000. The whole number of inhabitants on
the earth, according to the most acciu'ate calcula-
tion, is 737,000,000. Consequently, if the Brit-
ifih debt was equally assessed, upon evei:y inhabi-
tant of the earth, they would each be required to
pay £1, Is. 3d !
EXTRAORDIJiARY OAK.
Perhaps the most magnificent oak tliis country
ever produced was lately felled at Tooley, in Lei-
cestershire. It will hardly bo credited, hut it is
nevertheless true, that this tree, when cut down,
covered three roods, the ground on which it fell
being immediately measured. The quantity of
timber which it contained amounted to 1100 solid
feet. The butt was about ten feet long, and it
had five large branches, one of which contained
200 solid feet of timber. The tree when fairly
butted, measured at the bottom nine feet in diame-
ter. It produced the enormous quantity of three
tons, 18cwt. of bark. Another striking feature of
this most wonderi'ul j)roduction of nature is, the
quality and beauty of the wood, which is allowed
to be superior to any thing of the kind ever seen ;
it bears a polish etpial to the finest lualiogony, and
the grain is of a most curious and fantastical de-
scription. Nearly the whole of the tree has been
manufactured into various articles of drawing and
dining room furniture, which now occupy the res-
idence of several families of the first respectability
in tlie neighborhood, where, when standing, it
had long been an object of admiration and won-
der.— JVational Gazette.
Sugar refiners are exposed to more heat than
almost any class of operatives. The teraperatin-e
in which they work is 70, 90, and sometimes 120
deg. ; and that of the stoves is 150, 180, and often
200 deg. Germans, bearing the heat better than
Englishmen, are 'almost exclusively employed.
Though dressed only in flannel shirts and linen
trousers, they ]>erspire profusely : on coming out
of the stoves, however, they take care to rub the
skin dry. A disagreeable acetous exhaliation,
arises during the process, but does not appear to
aflect health. The steam also is sometimes so
great as to prevent the men from seeing each
other.
There was a custom in Abyssinia, when fac-
tions were violent and ready to tear each other in
pieces for mutual wrongs, to compromise the quar-
rel by means of a camel. It was agreed that no-
body in all Abyssinia had been to blame on either
side, but the whole mischief he it what it might,
was the work of the camel. The camel had set the
town on fire ; the camel had threatened to burn the
Aga's house and the castle ; the camel had cursed
the Grand Seignior and sheriff of Mecca; in sliort,
whatever evil had befallen the state was all the
doing of this luckless camel. Accordingly the
poor animal, though actually the most useful
thing in the whole country, was despatched, each
man transfixing him with his javelin, and so going
his way in peace. The church scents to be just
now the Camel of England. — Quarterly Review.
A swell. A dandy, at Dover, was lisping out
his wish to cross over to Calais. " But," said he,
" I am terribly afraid of the consequences, shoulil
there he a heavy sea." "And you may be sure
there will," said one, "if you go, for there could
not be a greater swell in the channel."
Taking Snuff. " I don't care if I take a pinch of
that," said a man to one who held an open box ;
" I don't care if you don't," said the other, putting
his box in his pocket. Who snufled .' — LoicelL
Comjjcnd.
FOR SALE,
THE Bull COLLINS, got by Bolivar— dam Young Flora.
byCielcbs; Graiiddam (he nnported Cow Flora — dropt Aug.
30, 18-!)— colour red and white. This Bull is one of the finest
animals in America, and will be sold low. Apply at this office.
Jan. 16 tf
GARDENING.
WANTS a Situation, a NURSERYMAN and HORTI-
CULTURIST, who has had many years experience. He is
a Mejnler of the Edinburgh and Berwickshire Horticultural
Societies. Would be glad to have immediate employ.
janiJ
Itl.'VDDER SEED.
THE Subscriber has lor sale 50 Busliels of Madder Seed,
so called, consisting of a small portion of Top Hoot, with the
buds attjchod to it ; the yield is immense ; it is duir once in 3
years. The culture sample and the plant perfectly hardy. Di-
rections will be given to all who purchase — ^tjrice from four to
six dollar? per bushel. Quantity of seed to plant an acre^ from
four to £ve and a half bushels. Time for planting, fall cmd
spring. The subscriber is preparing eight acres for planting —
Urilerseiclosing the cash will meet with prompt attention — a
sample of the article may be seen in the hands of Mr. Jesse
Wi.-isi.oiv, Newton, Upper Falls, Mass.
KUSSEL BRONSO.N.
Ilridgewfler, Oneida Co. N. 1'. Jan. !i, la33.
THE NEW ENGI..4ND FARMER
Is publiihcd every Wednesday Evening, at 53 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those wlio pay within
si.xty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion (if hfty cents.
(1:7= No paper wiU be sent to a distance without payment
beiiiff made in advance.
" AGENTS.
Neil) York — G. Thorburn & Sons, G7 Liberty-street.
Albany— Vfu. Thorburn, 347 Market-street.
Philaddphia — D. & C. Landbeth, 85 Chesnut-street.
Baltimore — I. L Hitchcock, Publisher of American Fanner.
CinciiOMti — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. F.— Wni. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gar.
Middlebury, Vt. — Wight Chapma,b, Merchant.
Hartford— GooBW in & Co. Booksellers.
Springfeld. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Newburyport — Eeenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Fortsmoutli, N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Colman, Holden &. Co. Booksellers.
Aiio-itsla, Me. — Wai. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.—P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C. Geo. Bent.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by John Ford, who
executes every description of £00/1: tind Funnj PrirUivg
in good stvie, and with promptness. Orders for printing
may be Ici't with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGLrAND FAKMER.
PUBLISHED Py GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultukai. VVARKHOUsr,.)-T. G. FESSENDEN. EDITOR
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 6, 1833.
NO. 30.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Farmer.
AGRICUIiTtTRAIi JESSAYS, WO. XVI.
Mowing late uo advantage, as the days grovv
.shorter, and heavier dews fall — but mow close, or
you wiH lose more than your wages every day
you mow. Comeings, as they are called, are a
disgrace and a loss to the former. Cut the tliick-
est grass first ; the thinnest next ; and then that
which is middling — mow early in the morning,
and late in the evening.
Mowing Land when bound, if not convenient
to plough it, may receive a severe harrowing. A
top dressing of old cow dung in the fall, or of
other dung in the spring, bushed over to break it
small, will increase your crop surprisingly as it
will be almost double; and all mowing land should
be thus treated, once at least in every two years.
If you do not dress them, feed off the crop
once in three years, never feed them in the
spring, nor close at any time. If your lands be
rich the drought will have little effect upon them,
and you will often have two good crops in the
year. It is not the quantity of land, but the care
which is taken of it, that increases hay.
Measles in swine, to cure. Take half a spoon-
ful of spirits of hartshorn', two ounces of bole
armoniac, mix it with meal and water, and give it
in the morning, fasting or when he is lumgry ;
and repeat it four or five days going.
NuRsERT should not be placed on a soil quite
so rich, as that on which the young trees are to
be transplanted — should not be on a spot where
large trees have lately growed ; nor on a soil very
wet or very dry. To prepare the soil, plongli, o"i
dig deep, in the latter ])art of summer. I'lanl
either seeds, or stones in the latter part of October,
Apple seeds may be sowed in the pomace. When
two or three years old you may place then in the
nursery, in lines three feet apart, trenching in pro-
portion to the length, &c. of their roots ; ta) roots,
and all small fibrous ones to be trimmed of — take
up the stock with as many roots as possille let
them be placed in the trenches 12 or l-J inches
asunder. Never cut the main branch for llie top,
side or lateral branches should be pruned iff, and
in proportion to the roots. Let the stock sand in
this position, until they are six or seven fe-t high
— when they will be fit for transplantirg into
orchards, until which time, hoe, or dig iimong
them every spring and fiiU — root out all gnss anil
weeds, keep off all suclvrs and buds.
obtain for the very best, more than a quarter part
of the lowest price your correspondent names, and
sometimes they woidd not sell at any price. Now,
Mr. Editor, under the discouragement I had de-
termined to raise but very few, if any, tlie next
sununer. Not being a regular attendant on the
Boston market, perhaps your correspondent may
give me some valuable information about the sale
■of this vegetable, which will induce me to alter
niy determination, and thereby have my heart
made as light by the sale of them in 1833, as my
purse was lightened by their culture in 1832. 1
agree with " Epicm-us" that it is a " healthy" and
" most delicious vegetable."
Quantum Sufficit.
Cambridge, Jan. 1833.
For the New England t-jrm-r.
CAULIPLOWER.
Mr. Fessenden, — Permit me througi your
valuable paper to ask your correspondent " I'^pi-
curus" at what season of the year " Caulifowrrs"
will " bring from 2.5 cents to a dollar" n Bos-
ton marker, and what sort they ought D bo to
command it. I procured the last sumiier the
most ai)proved seed from your office, aid de-
yoted much time and space to the culture of the
cauliflower, and raised some that were acelleni,
notwithstanding the season was so unpnpitious]
but to the mortification of my purse, if notliin;.'
more, after this trouble and expense, I ould not
CUIiTURE OF HEMP.
We presume that the length of the following
Essay will not prevent its being read with atten-
tion, sanctioned, as it is, by the signature of so
eminent a man as Henry Clay, and containing
results of his experience as an Agricuhurist. The
Editor of the American Farmer, iii some remarks
on this Essay, observes as follows: —
" The plan recommended by Mr. Clay of stack-
ing and sweating, is getting more generally into
favor in the West and appears to answer an ad-
mirable purpose. We have seen a good deal of
the hemp thus prepared. About three years ago,
we received a lot of it from Kentucky, which we
sold at a price approaching to that of the best
Russia. In color, strength of fibre, and softness,
it appears fully equal to Russia hemp ; but whether
it will prove, on a fair trial, to be equal in du-
rability, we believe is not certainly known, though
so far every thing seems to indicate equality, il'
not superiority, even in this respect. It is sup-
posed, by some, th^t there is an acid in the fibre
of hemp, ^vhich must be got rid of, or it will
cause the ropes made of it to rot internally, (sim-
ilar to the dry rot in timber;) and hence that hemp
prepared by any of the new and expeditious pro-
cesses will not answer for durable ship rigging ;
and that the processes of water rotting and stack-
ing and sweating, (according to the plan of Mr.
Clay,) either destroy or neutralize this acid. The
experiment mentioned by Mr. Clay, in which
the ropes were found rotten, seems to favor
this idea ; or rather to confirm the opinion, that
there is some principle (whether an acid, an oil,
or something else, it' matters not) that requires to
be corrected by processes similar, as to time and
application, to stacking and sweating and water
rotting.
We ought to have mentioned, that, in a letter to
the Editor of the American Farmer, of recent date,
Mr. Clay reiterates the opinion that the sweating
process is superior to all others. He has discov-
ered nothing, since the date of his paper, by
which the njethod of culture and management of
hemp, as therein given can be improved ; nor has
his subsequent experience required him to ex-
punge or amend any part of the process.
From the Western Agriculturist.
HEMP.
Sir, Having promised you some account of the
method of culturing and preparing hemp in this
state, I now proceed to redeem it. 1 shall en-
deavor to describe the general practice of the cul-
tivators, without noticing all the deviations of par-
ticular individuals.
The district of country in which the, plant is
most extensively cultivated, is the Elkborn region
around and near Lexington, which derives its
name from a stream discharging itself into the
Kentucky river, whose branches are supposed to
resemble the horns of an elk. It is also produced
in considerable quantities in the counties of Jeffer-
son, Shelby, Mercer, Madison, Clarke, Bourbon
and Mason. The soil of that region is a rich, deep
vegetable loam, free from sand and with but little
grit. It lies on a bed of clay, intersjjcrsed with
small fragments of iron ore, and this clay in its
turn reposes on a mass of limestone lying many
feet in depth in horizontal strata. The surface oS^
the country is generally undulating. The rich
land, (and there is but little that is not rich,) in
this whole region, is well adapted to the growth
of hemp, where it has not l^gen too much exhausted
by injudicious tillage. The lauds which produce
it best, are those which are fresh, or whicli have '
lain some time in grass of clover. Manuring is
not yet much practised. Clover is u.sed in lieu of
it. Lands whicli remain in clover four or five
years witk(out being too constantly and closely
grazed, rect)ver their virgin fertility. The charac-
ter of the sokl in tlie other counties above mentioned,
does not vai-; -.aterially from that in the Elkhorn
district.
The preparation of the ground, for sowing the
seed, is by the plough and horses, until the clods
are sufliciently pulverized or dissolved, and the
surface of the field is rendered even and smooth.
It should be as carefully prepared as if it were for
flax. This most important point, too often ne-
glected, cannot be attended to too nmch. Scarcely
any other crop better rewards diligence and care-
ful husbandry. Fall or winter ploughing is prac-
tised with advantage— it is indispensable in old
meddows, or old pasture grounds intended for pro-
ducing hemp.
Plants for seed are ordinarily reared, in a place
distinct from that in which they are cultivated for
the lint. In this respect, the usage is different
from that which is understood to prevail in Europe.
The seeds which are intended to reproduce seeds
for the crop of the next year, are sowed in drills
about four feet apart. When they are grown sul^
ficiently to distinguish between the male and female
stalks, the former are pulled and thrown away,
and the latter are thinned, leaving the stalks sepa-
rated seven or eight inches from each other. This
operation is usually performed in the bloomings
season, when the sexual character of the plants is
easily discernable ; the male alone blossoming, and,
when agitated, throwing ofl" farina, a yellow dust
or flour which falls and colors the grotmd, or any
object that comes in contact with it. A few of the
male plants had better be left, scattered through
the drill, mitil the farina is completely discharged
for an obvious reason. Between the drills a plough
is run sufficiently often to keep the ground free
from weeds and grass ; and between the stalks in
each drill the hoe is employed for the same object.
284
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
PEBRl^ARY 0, 1S33,
The see,d plants are generally cut after the first
smart frost, between the 25th September and the
middle of October, and carried to a barn or stack-
yard, where the seeds are easily detached by the
conimon thrail. They should be gathered after a
slight, but before a severe frost ; ami, as they fall
out very easily, it is advisable to haul the plants on
a sled, and, if convenient, when they are wet. If
transported on a cart or wagon, a sheet should be
spread to catch the seed as tliey shatter out. After
the seeds are separated, the stalks which bore
thera being too large, coarse, and liarsli, to pro-
duce lint, are usually thrown away : they may be
profitalily employed in making charcoal for the
use of powder mills. In Europe, where the male
and female plants are promiscuously grown to-
gether in the same field, both for seeds and for
lint, the male stalks are first gathered, and the
female suffered to remain growing until the seeds
are ripe, when they are also gathered, tlie seeds
secured and lint obtained, after the rottiug, from
both descriptions.
After the seeds are threshed out, it is advisable
^o spread them on a floor to cure jirojierly and
prevent their rotting, before they are linally put
away for use the next spring. Seeds are not gen-
erally used, unless they were secured the full pre-
vious to their being sown, as it is believed they
will not vegetate, if older; but it has l:eeu ascer-
tained that wlien they are properly cured aud ivei)t
dry, they will come up after the first >ear. It is
important to prevent them from heating, which
destroy tlie vegetating property, and for that pur-
pose they should be thinly spread on i sheltered
floor.
The seeds — whether to reproduce seeds only,
or the lint — are sowed about the same time.
Opinions vary as to the best period. It depends
a good deal upon the season. The [)laut is very
tender when it first shoots up, and is affected by
frost. Some have sowed as early as the first of
April ; but it is generally agreed, that all the
month of 3Iay, and about the 10th ofit especially,
is the most favorable time. An experienced and
successful hem])-grower, in the neighborliood oi'
Lexington, being asked the best time to sow hemp,
answered immediately before a rain. And un-
(iouljtedly it is very fortunate to have a moderate
rain directly after sowing.*
UTien the object is to make a crop of hemp,
the seeds are sown broadcast. The usual quan-
tity is a bushel and a half to the acre ; but here
again the farmers difl^er, some using two bushels
or even two and a half. Much depends on the
strength and fertility of the soil, and the care with
whicli it has been prepared, as well as the season.
To these causes may be ascribed the diversity oi
opinion and practice. The ground can only sus-
tain and nbnrish a certain quantity of plants; and
if that limit be passed, the surplus will be sinotli-
ered in the growth. When the seeds are sown,
they are ploughed or harrowed in ; ploughing is
best in old ground as it avoids the injurious eftect
of a beating rain, and the consequent baking ol
llie earth. It would be also beneficial, subse-
quently to roll the ground with a heavy roller.
After the seeds are sown, the labors of the cul-
tivator are suspended, until the ])lants are ripe.
[•Would it not be well to soak the seed in water a few hours
previous lo sowing? We have (bund this lo answer nearly as
good a purpose as rain after sowing, wilh all seeds wilh wliich
SVC have tried it. The veeclatioii of mangel wurtzel is wonder-
fully accelerated by it, — Ed. Am. Fanner.]
and in a state to be gathered — every thing in the
intermediate tiine being left to the operations of
nature. If the season be favorable until the plants
are sufliciently high to shade the ground (which
they will do in a few weeks, at six or eight inches
height,) there "is strong probability of a good crop.
When they attain that height, but few articles sus-
tain the etiect of bad seasons bettor than hemp.
It is generally ripe and ready to be gathered
about the middle of August, varying according to
the time of sowing. Some sow at different pe-
riods, ui order that the crop may not all ripen at
the same time, and that <i press of labor, in rearing
it, may be thus avoided. The maturity of the
plant is determined, by the evaporation of the
farina, already noticed, and the leaves of the plant
exhibiting a yellowish hue: it is then generally
supiwsed to be ripe, but it is safest to wait a few
days longer.' Very little attentive observation will
enable any one to judge when it is fully ripe. In
that respect it is a very accommodating crop : for
if gathered a little too soon, the lint is not mate-
rially injured, and it will wait the leisure of the
farmer some ten days or a fortnight after it is en-
tirely ripe.
Two modes of gathering the plants are prac-
tised, one by pulling them up by the roots, an easy
operation with an able bodied man, and the other
by cutting them about two inches (the nearer the
belter) above the surface of the ground. Each
mode has its partizans, and I have pursued both.
From a ([uarter to a third of an acre, is the com-
mon task of an average laborer, whether the one
or the other mode is practised. The objections to
pulling are, that the plants with their roots re-
maining connected with them, are not aflerwiuVis
so easily handled in the several operations which
they nmst undergo ; that all parts of the plant do
not rot equally and alike, wlu'n exjiosed to the
dew and rain ; and, finally, that before you put
them to the brake, when the root should be sepa-
rated from the stalk, the root drags off with it
some of the lint. The objection to cutting is, that
you lose two or three inches of the best part of the
plant nearest the root. Pulling, being the most
ancient method, is most generally practised. I
prefer, upon the whole, cutting — and I believe
the ninribcr who prefer it is yearly increasing.
When pulled, it is done with the haiul, which is
better for the protection of an old leather glove.
The laborer catches twenty or thirty plants to-
gether, with both hands, and by a sudden jirk,
draws them without mucli diffieidty. The opera-
tion of cutting is performed with the knife, often
made out of an old scythe, resembling a sickle,
though not so long, but broader. This knife is
applied much in the same way as the sickle, ex-
cept that the laborer stoops more.
Whether pulled or cut, the plants are carefully
laid on the ground, the evener the better, to cure
— which they do in two or three days, in dry
weather. A light rain falling on them whilst lying
down is thought by some to be beneficial, inas-
nmch as the leaves, of which they should be de-
prived, may be easier shaken off or detached.
VVhen cured, the plants are set up in the field in
which they were produced, in shocks of convenient
size, the roots or butt ends resting on the ground,
and the tops united above by a band made of the
plants themselves. Previous to putting them up
in shocks, most cultivators tie the plants in small
hand bundles of such a size as that each can be
conveniently held in one hand. Before the shocks
me ii)rmed, the leaves of the plants shouW be
rapidly knocked oft" with a rough paddle or hooked
stick. Some suffer the plants to remain in these
shocks until the plants are sj)read down to be
rotted. Others, again, collect the shocks together
as soon as they can command leisure, (and it i»
clearly best) and form them into stacks. A few
farmers permit these stacks to remain over a
whole year, before the plants are exposed to be
rotted. I have frequently done it with advantage,
and have at this time two crops in stalks. By re-
maining that period in stalks, the plants go through
a sweat, or some other process that im|uoves very
much the appearance, and, I believe, the quality
of the lint, and this improvement fully compen-
sates the loss of time in bringing it to market.
The lint has a soft texture and a lively hue, re-
sembling w.nter rotted hemp; and I once sold a
box of it in the Baltimore market at the price of
Russia hemp. In every other respect, the plants
are treated as if they were not kept over a year.
The method of dew-rotting is that which is
generally ])ractised in Kentucky. The lint so
spread is not so good fm- many purposes, and espe-
cially for rigging and ships, as when the plants
have been rotted by inunersion in water, or, as it
is generally termed, water-rotted. The greater
value, and consequently higher price, of the article,
prepared in the latter way, has induced more and
more of our farmers every year to ado])! it; and,
if that prejtidice were sidjdued, which every Ameri-
can production unfortunately encounters, when it
is lirst introduced and comes in rotuact with a
rival Etropean commodity, I think it probable
that, in a few years, we should be able to dis])ense
altogether with foreign hemp. The obstacles,
w hich prevent the general practice of water-rotting,
arc, the want of water at the best season for the
0|)er6tion, >yhich is the month of Scqitcmbcr ; a
repugnance to the change of an old habit ; and a
persuasion which has some foundation, that hand-
ling the plants, after their sidiinersion in water
dm'iog that month is injiu'ious to health. The
first and last of these obstacles woidd be removed
by water-rotting early in the winter, or in th&
spring. The only difference in the operation,
performed at those seasons and in the mouth of
Septenber, would be, that the (ilants would have
to remlin longer in soak before they were suifi-
cientlyrottcd.
The|{)lants are usually spread down to be dew-
rotted It-om the middle of October to the middle of
Dccenjper. A farmer who has a large crop on hand
|)Uts tlpin down at different limes fur his conve-
nience in handling and dressing them. Autumnal
rottindis more apt to give the lint a dark- and un-
sightlycolor, than winter rotting. The best ground
to cxplse the plants upon is meadow or grass
land, Uit they are not uufrequently spread over
the sane field on which they grew. The length
of lime they ought to remaiu exposed, depends
upon tic degree of moisture and the temperature of
the weither that prevail. In a very wet and warm
spell ive or six weeks may be long enough.
Whethir they have been sufficiently rotted or not
is detertniued by experiment. A handful is taken
and brffceu by the hand or applied to the brake,
when i: can be easily ascertained, by the facility
with wkich the lint can be detached from the stalk
if it be properly rotted. If the plants remain on
the groind too long, the fibres lose some of their
strengtl^, though a few days longer than necessary,
in cold iveather, will not do any injury. If they
VOIi. XI. NO. 30.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
are taken up too soon, that is before the lint can
be easily separated from the wootly part of the stalk,
h is harsh, anil the process of breaking is difllciilt
and troublesome. Suow rotting, that is when the
>)lants, being spread out, remain long enough to
rot, (which however requires a greater length of
time,) bleaches the lint, improves the quality, and
makes it nearly as valuable as if it had been water-
rotted.
After the operation of rotting is performed, the
jilaufs are again collected together, jiut in shocks
■or stacks, or which is still better, put under a shed
or some covering. When it is designed to break
and dress them immediately, they are frequently
set up agahist some neighboring fence. The best
j>erio(l for breakhig and dressing is in the months of
February and March, and the best sort of weather
fi-osty nights and clear thawing days. The brake
•cannot be used advantageously in wet or moist
■weatlier. It is almost invariably used in this state
out of doors and without any cover, and to assist
its operation, the laborer often makes a large fire
near it, which serves the double purpose of drying
the plants and warming himself. It could not be
used in damp weather in a liouse without a kiln or
some other means of drying the stalks.
The brake in general use is the same hand brake
which was originally introduced, and has been
always employed here, resembling, though longer,
than the common flax brake. It is so well known
as to render a particular description of it, perhaps,
unnecessary. It is a rough contrivance, set upon
four legs, about two and a half feet high. The
brake consists of two jaws with slits :u each, the
lower jaw fixed and innnovable, and the upper
one movable, so that it m.iy be lifted up byaieaiis
of a handle inserted iuto a head or block at the
front end of it. The lower jaw has three slats or
teeth made of tough white oak, and the upper two
arranged approaching to about two inches in front
and in such manner that the slats of the upper
jaw play between those of the lower. These slats
are about six or seven feet in length, six inches in
depth, and about two inches in thickness in their
lower edges: they are placed edgeways, rounded a
little on their upper edges, which are sharper than
those below. The laborer takes his stand by the
side of tiie brake and grasping in hisleft hand as
many of the stalks as he can conveniently hold,
with his right hand he seizes the handle in the
head of the upper jaw, which he lifts, and throwing
the handful of stalks between the jaws, repeatedly
strikes them by lifting and throwing down the up-
per jaw. These successive strokes break the
woody or reedy part of the stalks into small pieces
or shoes, which fall oif during the process. He
assists their disengagement by striking the handful
against a stake, or with a small wooden ))addle,
until the liiit or bark is entirely clean, and com-
pletely separated from the woody particles.
After the above operation is ])erformed the
hemp may be scutched to soften it, and to strength-
-en the threads. That process, however, is not
thought to be profitable, and is not therefore gen-
erally perforjned by the grower, but is left to the
manufacturer, as well as that of beating and heck-
ling it. Scutching is done by the laborer taking
in his left hand a handful of the lint, and grasping
it firmly, then laying the njiddle of it upon a semi-
circular notch of a perpiudicidar board of the
scutching frame, and striking with the edg<> of the
scutch that part of the lint which hangs down on
die board. After giving it repeated strokes, he
shakes the handful of lint, replaces it on a notch,
and continues to strike and turn all parts ofit, un-
til it is sufficiently cleansed, and the fibres appear
to be even and straight.
The usual daily task of an able-bodied hand at
the brake is eighfy pounds weight, but there is a
great diflerence not only in the state of the weath-
er, and the condition of the stalks, produced by
the greater or less degree in which they have been
rotted, but in the dexterity with which the brake
is employed. Some hands have been known to
break from 150 to 200 pounds per day. The la-
borer ties up in one common bundle the work of
one day, and in this state it is taken to market
an<l sold. From what has been mentioned, it
may be inferred, as tlie fact is, that the hemp of
some growers is in a much better condition than
that of others. When it has been carelessly hand-
led or not sufficiently cleansed, a deduction is
made from the ])rice by the purchaser. It is
chiefly bought in our villages, and manufactured
into cotton bagging, bales, and other kinds of un-
tarred cordage. The price is not uniform. The
extremes have been as low as three, and as high
as eight dollars, for the long hundred — the cus-
tom.ary mode of selling it. The most general
price during a term of many years, has been from
four to five dollars. At fi"e dollars it compen-
sates well the labor of the grower, and is consid-
ered more profitable than any thing else the far-
mer l.as cultivated.
The most heavy labor in the culture of hemp,
is pulling or cutting it, when ripe, and breaking it
when rotted. This labor can easily be performed
by men. Various attempts have been made to
improve the process of breaking, which is the
severest woi-k in tlie preparation of hemp. A
newly invented machine was erected for that pur-
pose oa my farm six or eight years ago, to dress
hen)p by dispensing with rotting altogether, simi-
lar in structure to one which was exhibited about
the same time at Columbus, during the sitting of
the Ohio legislature. It was worked by horse
power, and detached the lint tolerably well, pro-
ducing a very fine looking article, equalling in ap-
pearance Russia hemp. A ton of it was sold to
the navy department, which was manufactured
iuto rigging for the ship of the line, the North
Carolina, prior to her makiug a voyage of three
yc^ars in the Mediterranean. Upon her return, the
cordage was examined and analyzed ; and although
its exterior looked very well, it was found, on
opening it, to be decayed and affijcted somewhat
like the dry rot in wood. I considered the ex-
periment decisive; and it is now believed that the
process of water or dew-rotting is absolutely ne-
cessary, either before or after the hemp has been
to the brake. There is a sajipy or glutinous prop-
erty of which it should be divested, and that is
the only process that has been hitherto generally
and successfully employed to divest it.
Aiv ingenious and enterprising gentleman in the
neighborhood of Lexington, has been ever since
the erection of the above mentioned machine,
trying various experiments, by altering and improv-
ing it, to produce one more perfect, which might
be beneficially employed on rotted hemp, to dimin-
ish the labors of the l)rake. He mentioned the
other day tliat all of them had failed; that he had
returned to the old hand brake, and that he was
convinced that it answered the pur|)ose better than
any substitute with which he "was acquainted. 1
observe Mr. H. L. Barnum has recently advertised
a machine, which he has constructed for breaking
and dressing hemp and flax, which can be pro-
cured at the establishment of Mr. Smith, in Cin-
cinnati. I most cordially wish him success: but
the number of failures which I have witnessed, du-
ring a period of thirty years, in the attempt to su-
persede tnanual labor by the substitution of that of
machines, induces me to fear that it will be long
before this desideratum is attained.
The quantity of net hemp produced to the acre,
is from 600 to alOOO weight, varying according to
the fertility and preparation of the soil and the
state of the season. It is said that the quantity
which any field will produce, may be anticipated
by the average height of the plants throughout the
field. Thus — if the plants will average eight feet
in height, the acre will yield 800 weight of hemp,
each foot in height corresponding to a hundred
weight of the lint.
Hemp exhausts the soil slowly, if at all. Aii
old and successful cultivator told me that he had
taken thirteen or fourteen successive crops frond
the same field, and that the last was the best.
That was probably however owing to a concurrence
of favorable circumstances. Nothing cleanses and
prepares the earth better for other crops (especially
for small grain or glasses) than hemp. It eradi-
cates all weeds, and when it is taken ofl^, leaves
the field not only clean, but smooth and oven.
The rich lands of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois,
arc, I have no doubt, generally well adapted to
the cultivation of this valuable plant; and those
states enjoy some advantages for the cultivation of
it, which this does not possess. Their streams do
not dry up as nuicli as ours, and they consequent-
ly employ better than we can, the agency of wa-
ter, in the preparation of it. Their projected ca-
nals, when completed, will admit of its being car-
ried to the Atlantic capitals at less expense in the-
transportation than we can send it. On the other
hand the unfortunate state of slavery among us,
gives us, at present probably a more certain com-
mand of labor than those states have.
I am, with high respect, your obedient serv't.
Henry Clay.
Distinction between Invention and Discovery. The
object of the former is to produce something
which had no existence before: that of the latter,
to bruig to light something which did exist, but
which was concealed from common observation.
Thus we say. Otto Guericke, invented the air-
pump ; Sanctorius invented the thermometer, New-
ton and Gregory invented the reflecting telescope ;
Galileo discovered the solar spots and Harvey dis-
covered the circulation of the blood. It appears,
therefore, that improvements in the arts are prop-
erly called "inventions," and that facts brought to
light by means of observation, are properly culled
"discoveries." Dufcald Stewart.
We find the following paragraph Lu the Globe
of Saturday ; it is worthy of special observation.
" Deception is one of tyranny's most efficient
weapon.'*. When bad men seek to gain the ascen-
dency, they begin by misleading the people. Hav-
ing thus obtained power, they turn it upon those
who have been deluded into bestowing it, and re-
duce them to slavery, or a condition of depen-
dence and suflering little superior to it."
CoTETouSNESs, by a greediness for gelling, deprives ilself
of ihe Hue cud of gelling — it wreslelh enjoyment of what it lialb
23G
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
FEBRUARY O, 1S33.
A DISCOURSE
Delivered before the Massacliusetls Horticultural Society, o«
tlie Celebration of its fourth Anniversary, October 3, 1832.
By TiiADDKUs William Harris, M. D.
[Contimiecl from page 22G.]
It is said,* that some persons Lave entifely
abandoued their vines in consequence oftlie dep-
redations of a small insect, which, for many years
was supposed to be the vine-fretter of Europe.
So far from being identical, it does not belong
even to the same genus, and its economy is widely
different from that of the vine-fretter, puceron, or
Aphis. It is described, in the "Encycloptedia
Americana," f by the name of Tdtigonia litis.
In its peifect state it is nearly one tenth of an inch
long, is furnished with four wings, the under pair,
when at rest, being concealed by the ujjper pair,
which are straw-colored, with two broad scarlet
bands across them, and a black spot at the tips.
On turning up the leaves of the vine cautiously,
the insects will be seen in great numbers with
their puncturing tubes thrust into the tender epi-
. dermis. When the vine is agitated, the little 7\t-
tigonifB leap from it in swarms, but soon alight
and rccomtncnce their destructive o|)eratii)ns.
The infested leaves at length become yellow, sick-
ly, and prematurely dry, and give to the plant, at
midsummer, the aspect it assumes naturally on
the approach of winter. These insects pass
through all their metamorphoses upon the plant ;
the wingless larviE and pupre are active, have a
general resemblance to the perfect insect, and feed
together in the same manner beneatli the leaves,
where also are found adhering inuumeralile emi)ty
skins, cast off" by them in their progress to maturi-
ty. They survive the winter in the perfect state,
hybernating beneath sticks, stones, and fallen
leaves, and among the roots of grass. The Tetti-
gonia of the vine is more hardy, and more viva
cious than the Aphis; hence the api)liGations that
have proved destructive to the latter are by no
nieaus so efficacious with the former. Funiiga
tions of tobacco, beneath a movable tent placed
over the trellises, answer the purpose completely.
They require frequent repetition and considerable
care to prevent the escape and ensure the destruc
tion of the insects ; circumstances which render
the discovery of some more expeditious method an
object of great importance to those whose viue
yards are extensive.
The natural history of the rose-bug one of the
most powerful assailants of the vine, was for a
long time involved in mystery, but is at last fully
c:leared up.J Fabiicius, a German naturalist, was
the first to give a scientific description of this
insect, which he received from America, and ap
plied to it the name o{ Melolontha subspinosa. Its
prevalence upon the rose, and its annual appear-
ance coinciding with the blossoming of that flow-
er, have gained for it the popular name by which
it is here known. For some time after they were
first noticed, rose-bugs appeared to be confined to
their fiivorite, the rose; but within twenty years
tliey have prodigiously increased in number, have
attacked indiscrhninately various kinds of plants,
and have become notorious for their extensive and
deplorable ravages. The grape-vine in particular,
the cherry, plum, and apple trees have annually
* Fessenden's New American Gardener, (iili ed. p. 299.
t Vol. Vni. p. 43. Article Locust.
tSee The Massachusetts Agricultural Repository (for July,
l^Vh,,^"'- ^ P- '■ ^"^ > '"^o Hie New England Farmer.
Vol. VI. pp. 18, 41, 49, &,c.
uftered by their depredations ; many other fruit-
trees and shrubs, garflen vegetables and corn, and
even the trees of the forest and the grass of the
fields, have been laid under contribution by these
indiscriminate feeders, by whom leaves, flowers,
ind fruits are alike consumed. The simultane-
ous ap|iearance of these insects in swarms, and
their stidden disappearance, are remarkable facts
in their history. They arrive early in June, and
continue for about a month. At the expiration of
this time, the males become exhausted, fall to the
ground, and perish, while the females enter the
earth, lay their eggs, and also die. The eggs laid
by each female are about thirty in number, are de-
posited from one to four inches beneath the sur-
face of the soil, and are usually liatched in twenty
days. At the close of summer the larvce, which
are whitish grubs, attain their full size, being then
nearly three quarters of an inch long, descend be-
low tlio reach of frost, and pass the winter in a
torpid state. In the spring they approach the
surface, form little cells or cavities by compres-
sing the earth around them, and become pupre.
This change occurs during the month of May ;
and in the begiiming of June, having divested
themselves of their ptipa-skins, they emerge from
the earth in their perfect state. Such being the
metamorphoses and habits of these insects, it is
evident tliat we cannpt attack them in the egg, the
larva, or the chrysalis state ; the eueiny, in these
stages, is beyond our reach, and is subject to the
control only of the natural but inscrutable means
appointed by the Author of Nature to keep the in-
sect tribes in check. When they have issued from
their subterranean retreats, and have congiegated
upon our vines, trees, and other vegetable produc-
tions, in the complete enjoyinpnt of their ])ro])cn-
sities, we must unite our efforts to seize and crush
the invaders. They must indeed be crushed,
scalded, or burned, to deprive them of life, for
none of the applications usually found destructive
to other insects seem to afJ(;ct these. Experience
has proved the utility of gathering them by hand,
or of shaking them into vessels. They should be
collected daily during the period of their visitation.
Mr. Lowell* states, that in 1823 he discovered, on
a solitary ajiple-tree, the rose-bugs " in vast num-
bers, such as could not bo described, and would
not be believed if they were described, or, at least,
none but an ocular witness could conceive of
their numbers. Destruction by hand was," in this
case, "out of the question." He put sheets under
the tree, and shook them down, and burnt them.
Rose-bugs are day-fliers, and do not use their
wings readily during the night, which would
then^fore be the most suitable time to perform the
opiration mentioned by Mr. Lowell. Dr. Green,
of Mansfield, whose investigations! have rendered
the history of this insect complete, proposes pro-
tecting particular plants with millinet, and says
that in this way only did ho succeed in securing
his grape-vines from depredation. A strong mix-
ture of black pepper and tobacco in water was ap-
])lied by him with a brush to the leaves and fruit ;
but it came short of the end desired. Air-slacked
lime or flowers of sulphur, dusted upon and be-
neath the leaves when wet with dew, have, in sev-
eral instances, under my own observation, partial-
ly screened them from attack. Of late years the
rose-bug has perceptibly diminished in numbers;
* Mass. Agr. Rcpos. Vol. IX. p. 145.
t New England Farmer, Vol. VI, pp. 41, 49, &c.
but I regret to observe, that it is likely to be re-
placed by a destroyer of the same geiins, with
similar habits and powers. This inse<:t is of «
broad oval shape, of a rust color, and rather
larger in size than the rose-bug. It is the Melolon-
tha vannns of Fabricius, and is closely allied to the
vine-chafl't'r, so destructive to the vine in Europe.
The leaves of the wild gi-ape-vine are its natural
food, but, like the rose-bug, it is not particular in
its choice. In the year 1825 I first observed it
on the fi)reign grape-vine, in a garden in this vi-
cinity. In a late visit to the same spot, I Ibnnd it
in great numbers on this vine, and also upon
several kinds of garden vegetables. A muck
larger beetle,* of a brownish yellow color, with
eight black spots on its back, also feeds upon the
leaves of the cultivated and wild grape. These
insects are to be combated by the same means that
have been found successful against the rose-bug.
The hirviE of three species of Sphinx,^ whose
metaniorphosos are similar to those of the potato-
worm, devour the leaves of the vine. They are
large, flesliv, naked caterpillars, feeding mostly at
night, and remaining at rest during the day-time,
when they will sit with the head and lore part of
the body erect in the most self-sufficient and dog-
ged manner fi)r hours. From this odd attitude,
resembling that of the fabulous Sphinx sculptured
by the ancient Egyptians, the genus received its
name. Three or four of these insects are able to
devotir every leaf uiion a vine ; but their ravages
early betray them, and render it easy to arrest
theiii in their career.
Omitting several other insects of minor powers,
I sh:ill close my list of the assailants of tlie vine
with a few observations upon a species of Tenthre-
ilo,\ in- saw-fly whose gradually increasing ravages
I have long noticed. This insect does not appear
to have been named or described, at least it is not
to be identified by any description accessible to me.
In its perfect .state it is a little four-winged fly, of
a jet-black color, except the thorax, or iiart of the
back between the wings, which is red, and the
legs which arc variegated with jiale yellow. The
body of the female measures one-quarter of an
inch in length, that of the male is somewhat short-
er. Small iiiid apparently innocuous as these in-
sects are, e.tch pair may become the progenitors of
forty or fifty dcstrut-tive larvae. The flics rise
from the ground in the sjjring, not all at one time,
but at irregular intervals, and deposit their eggs
beneath the terminal leaves of the vine. The
larvte, unlike those of the saw-fly of the cherry-
tree, are long and cylindrical, resembling cater-
pillai'S; they feed in company, side by side, be-
ne .ith the leaves, each fraternity consi.-.ling of a
dozen or more individuals. Commcnciug upon
the first leaf, at its edge, they devour the whole of
it, then proceed to the next, and so on succcs.sive-
ly down the branch, till all the leaves have disap-
peared, or till the insects have reached their full
size. They then average five-eighths of an inch
in length ; the head and tip of the tail are black,
and tlie body is pale green, with transverse rows
of minute black points. Having finished the feed-
ing state, they leave the vine, enter the earth,
form for themselves small oval cells, change to
pupte, in due time emerge from the earth in the
[lerfect state, and lay their eggs for a second brood.
^ Melolontha punctata. L.
t SphiiLX Cianlor, Cramer; iS. saieilitia? Drury; and
S. pamvinjtrix, .Smith.
} Tenthredo ( Sdandria) Vitis. Harris.
VOIi. XI. NO. 30.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
237
The larvse of this second brood are not trans-
formed to flk'S until the ensuing spring, but re-
main torpid in their earthen cells through the
winter. During the present summer many %incs
have been entirely stripped of their leaves by these
insects, and the evil seems evidently on the in-
crease. Air-slacked lime, which is fatal to these
larva;, should be dusted upon them ; and the
ground beneath the vines should also be strewed
with it or with ashes, to ensure the destruction of
those that fall. A solution of one pound of com-
mon hard soap in five or six gallons of soft water,
is used by English gardeners to destroy the Ten-
thredo of the gooseberry, and might perhaps be
equally destructive to that of the grape-vine. It
is applied warm, by means of a garden engine,
early in the morning or in the evening.
[To be continued.]
From the Allumy Argus.
HINTS TO FARMERS. KO. III.
The Garden is at once a source of profit, of
substantial comfort, and of high intellectual gratifi-
cation. Its fruits and its vegetables constitute the
most grateful delicacies of our tables. Its flowers
exhibit the exquisite pencilings of nature, calcula-
ted to gratify our senses, and to awaken the finer
feelings of our nature. Its employments elevate
the mind, reveal to it new sources of delight, and
give health and vigor to the body. Its charms are
alike calculated to temper the passions of youth,
and to solace the infirmities of age. In fine, its
pleasures afl:ord one of the best illustrations we can
possess, of the happiness of our first parents in
their primeval abode. So apt am I to couple in my
mind the culture of the garden with whatever is
commendable in life, that I never, in travelling from
home, see a neatly cultivated spot of this kind,
without intuitively imputing to its cultivator the
active exercise of the social aiid relative virtues.
Half an acre of well cultivated garden, will go
farther towards subsisting a farmer's family, than
perhaps any three acres upon his farm, with the
further advantage that while its products serve to
gratify a diversity of taste, they materially contri
bate to secure the blessings of health. Its labors
may be managed by those who are too young or
too old to share in the heavier toils of the field, by
the female inmates of the family and the occasional
aid of the workmen, without impeding the opera-
tions on the farm. My first essays at gardening
were made during a period of comparative indi-
gence and of active mechanical employment, which
left me little but the usual hours of rest to devote
to my garden. My rural labor did not infringe
upon my ordinary business; and yet I managed to
raise, with a trifling expense, all the garden pro-
ductions necessary for my family. My zeal for im-
provement in this new business, attracted the at-
tention of that excellent philanthropist, the late
Chancellor Livingston, who encouraged my efforts
by presenting me trees and scions of new fruits,
which he had recently brought from France. I bud-
ded and grafted, and though my first eflbrts were
bungling, yet I nevertheless succeeded, with the
occasional purchase of [)lants from the nurseries in
establishing in my grounds an excellent assortment
of garden and orchard fruit. Thirty years' experi-
ence has fully satisfied me, that a garden is not
only profitable, but that it affords comforts and
pleasures which wealth cannot purchase. The pas-
sion for rural culture has increased with my years ;
and I look forward to its employments, should my
life be mercifully spared, as the best conservator
of health, and the prolific source of future enjoy-
ments.
In many parts of Europe, the garden is not only
a connnon appendage of the farm, but even of the
humble cottage ; and while these little improve-
ments effect a great economy of labor in furnish-
ing human subsistence, their floral decorations ex-
cite peculiar interest and admiration in the travel-
ler, and are the theme of high commendation. In
Wirtemburg, Badei.i, and some other of the Ger-
man states, this branch of labor has iiarticularly
engaged the attention of the governments, and
forms a branch of education in the primary schools.
A knowledge of gardening is made an indispensable
qualification in teachers of schools, who are required
to instruct their pupils, in the hours of vacation,
in a garden which is attached to every district
school. B.
Dec. 19, 1832.
From the Gejiesce Farmer.
THE NECESSITY OP LEGISLATION OBI THE
SUBJECT OP CANADA THISTLES. NO. IV.
No doubt, I think, need be entertained, that it
is yet practicable to arrest the progress of Canada
thistles, and ultimately expel them from our soil.
Yet I have not the least expectation that these
resuhs, or either of them, will be realized, if no
other agency for the purpose is to be put in ope-
ration than such as may result from individual
enterprise. It is in vain, or almost in vain, to
publish the results of experience in relation to
the practical means of subduing Canada thistles,
unless we may expect to have laws on the sub-
ject. It is not enough to publish practicabilities.
To whatever extent this may be done, ahd in
a manner how satisfactory soever, not more than
one out of ten will be influenced to make any
eflicient eflbrt to check the progress of thistles.
Any thing that a minority can do in this case
will avail little or nothing. General and united
effort is, from tlie nature of the case, indispen-
sable.
In writing my appeal on this subject, publish-
ed in the Genesee Farmer, Vol. 2. No. II. it was
my object to awaken the public mind to a sense
of the importance of legislative action on the sub-
ject. A schedule of a plan of operation was then
iven. It was not supposed that I had devised, or
could devise, an unexceptionable plan, or one that
ought to be adopted, without material modifica
tions. It was hoped that my humble efforts might
lead to useful investigations of the subject. It did
not appear, hov/ever, that my views were second-
ed at all. Perhaps they were considered, and just-
ly too, as visionary altogether. Be that as it may,
the case, in my view, had become nearly desper-
ate. As there appeared to be no prospect that
such means would be brought into use as would
save the country from the universal dominion of
Canada thistles, I had been laboring to prepare my-
self for submission, and thought of writing no
more on the subject.
Late publications in the Genesee Farmer, on
the subject, and especially that of D. T., whose
views, so far as relates to the importance of legis-
lative interposition, appear to agree with my own,
have encouraged me to resume the subject.
Something obviously needs to be done, and I yet
indulge a glimmering of hope, that something will
be done to save fhe country from so great a
calamity as that of being overrun with Canada
tbistlea.
There is an abused class of citizeLS who have
strong claims to the compassionate regards of the
legislature. There are, I am glad to say, in all
parts of the country, farmers in greater or less
numbers who desire to keep their farms in a neat
condition, and to «|iractise neat husbandry. If
they have done it hitherto, it must have required,
at least in many places, great exertion. They
will not be able to do it much longer, if Canada
thistles are to be free commoners.
Although I feel a deep conviction that nothing
less ought, in this case, to be aimed at than the
entire expulsion of Canada thistles from the coun-
try, yet if it be thought too nmch to attempt this,
then let enough be done to prevent their spread-
ing by the dissemination of seed. It will not be
difticult to devise a system of public measures that
will secure such a result, nor will its execution
involve great expense. This, if nothing more can
be done, will afford great relief to thousands of
our b^st farmers, who are now suffering grievous
abuses, for wliich no remedy is provided. This
too will encourage individual effort to eradicate
thistles, and it may be hoped, will be the means
of ultimately expelling them from the country.
Some farmers talk of Canada thistles as though
they were quite harmless things. They are not,
say they, very bad weeds — they can be subdued
without much difficulty, and they don't trouble
themselves much about them. Such farmers talk
very unadvisedly. They are altogether ignorant
of the dangerous character of Canada thistles.
Beyond all dispute, Canada thistles are, by many
degrees, the most troublesome, the most mischiev-
ous, and the most dangerous weeds that grow in
this country ; probably the worst that ever did
grow on tlie face of the earth. They inflict on
the ground the severest curse to which it was
doomed by the fatal apostacy. "Thorns also, and
thistles shall it bring forth unto thee."
As was remarked in No. 1, it is not merely be-
cause Canada thistles are tenacious of life and dif-
ficult to be subdued, that they are to be dreaded so
much more than other foul weeds ; but this results
chiefly from their extraordinary facilities of self-
propagation. Otherfoul weeds, such asjohnswort
daises, docks, &c. are bad enough to be sure, but
they are susceptible of confinement. They may
grow in one of my neighbor's fields without tres-
passing upon me. Or they may grow in my own
fields without contaminating all the others. Not
so are Canada thistles. To them fence is no bar-
rier. The seeds of this weed, taking wings ascend
into the atmosphere, and there, in the car of Eolus
are wafted and distributed in all directions.
Talk not then of the inofieusiveness of Canada
thistles. I hazard nothing in predicting, that if
unmolested, or if no elVorls be made to molest them,
except such as may result from individual pru-
dence, they will ere long become a tremendous
scourge to the country.
I have been trying to discipline my patience so
as to make it hold out while I could write another
number on the subject of foul weeds generally, but
I cannot do it. I am tired of the contemplation
of bad weeds. It 'is fair to suppose my readem
will be tired too. DAN BRADLEY.
December, 1S32.
Keep your barn and stable clean — see that yo«
waste no fodder — Card your oxen and horse*
every day — look to your beea.
238
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
FEBRUARY 6, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEU. fi, 1R33.
MASS. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Committee of the Massachusetts .Is-ricultural
SociH}/, " Oii vegetable and grain crops,'^ having
attended the duty assigned them, award a-sfuUoivs : —
To V/illiain Carter, of Fitcliburg, in the comi-
ty of Worcester, for )iis crop of Potatoes, being
69 1^ bnslicls to the acre, the premium of twenty
dollars.
To Adams Knight, of Newbury, in the county
of Essex, for his crop of Winter-rye, 45^J bushels
the acre, twenty dollars.
To Hooker Leavitt, of Greenfield, in the county
of Franklin, for his crop of Winter-ivheat, being
38 bushels and 22 quarts on an acre — or rather on
3 rods short of an acre, twenty dollars.*
To Henry Sprague, of Princeton, in the county
of Worcester, for his crop of Barley, being 54^
bushels to the acre, twenty dollars.
The Committee, in justice to other claimants,
and thinking it may 'be useful, deem it jiroper to
notice the applications for premiums of llie fol-
lowing persons, — and to recommend that the sev-
eral statements, as to the mode of culture, not
only of those to whom premiums have been given,
but of the unsuccessful candidates, be jiublished
as part of this report. — In tlie judgment of the
Committee they are all of them well deserving the
attention of farmers.
Gideon Foster, of Charlestown, county of Mid-
dlesex, 38 1-16 bushels of Jlinter-rye the acre.
Tristram Little, of Newbury, county of Essex,
45 bushels and 20 quarts of Winter-rye the acre.
Nathan Smith, of Koxbury, county of Norfolk,
4S}r bushels of ll'inter-rye the acre.
Payson Williams, of Fitcliburg, county of Wor-
cester, 613 J bushels of Potatoes on an acre.
All which is respectfully submitted.
P. C. BROOKS, per order.
Boston, Jail. 12, 1833.
aiR. CARTER'S CUI-TIVATIOIV OP A PREMIUM
CROP OF POTATOES.
Fitchbwg, Jan. 4, 1833.
Hon. Peteu C. Brooks, — Sir, youi-s of the
2-5th ult. requesting information respecting my
crop of potatoes, is received.
The soil iipon which the potatoes were raised
is a warm deep loam sloping to the south-east,
and for five years previous to the last has been
grass-land, and mowed eacli year. The land was
ploughed in the month of November, 1831, har-
rowed and cross-plouglied iu the month of May,
1832. I then spread forty cart loads of horse
manure upon the funowsaiid idoughed it in ; and
then furiowed two and a half feet apart, and
planted the seed in rows or drills. The seed was
twenty bushels of the long red potato, and twenty-
five bushels of common blue. Tlic planting was
quite the last of 3Iay. As soon as the tops ap-
peared, the laud was ploughed and hoed; and
when they were about 12 inches high, ploughed
and hoed again. I kept no mrnutes of the expense
of cultivation, and am therefore unable to state it
particularly. Tliere was no further labor or
manure expended, than as above stated, and no
extra expense, or more pains taken than in ordi-
*'VUc quantity of land required is an acre, but Mr. Lcavitl's
land came so near to it, and his crop was so good, lliat tlie
Committee were induced to wave Ih.; rule.
nary cases. Very respectfully vour ob't. serv't.
" W. CARTER.
I, Joseph Smith, of Fitchburg, in the county of
Worcester, and Commonwealth of Massachu-setts,
of lawful age, do depose and say that 1 was pres-
ent and assisted to dig and ineasure the potatoes
raised on one acre of land the present season, sit-
uated in said Fitchburg, and owned and cultivated
by Mr. William Carter, of said town, being the
same acre measured and surveyed by P. F. Cow-
din, as appears by the certificate hereto annexed,
and the whole quantity of potatoes raised on said
acre of land was six hundred and ninety-two and
one-half bushels. JOSEPH SMITH.
Fitchburg, JVov. 19, 1832.
CO-MMONWEALTH OF MASSACHtJSETTS.
Worcester, ss. JVov. 19, 1832.
Then the above named Joseph Smith, person-
ally a|)|)eared and made oath that the above writ-
ten afildavit by him subscribed, w-as true.
Before me, Ebenezer ToRnEV, Jus. Peace.
JK'ovemher 28, 1832. I, Willum Carter, the
owner of the same acre of land referred to in the
above affidavit of Joseph Smith, was present and
assisted to dig and measure the crop of j)otatoes
raised the present season thereon, and th;it the
quantity, and ali the facts set forth in said aflidavit
by said Smith are tnie. WM. CARTER.
" Worcester, J^ov. 28, 1832. Then the above-
named William Carter made oath that the above
statement by him subscribed, is true.
Before me, Ebr. Torrey, Jus. Peace.
This is to certify, that I, Philip F. Cowdin, be-
ing sworn surveyor of the town of Fitchburg, have
this day measured apiece of land for Win. Carter,
whereon potatoes grew the present season, and
find it to contain one acre and no more.
PHILIP F. COWDIN.
Fitchburg, JVov. 14, 1832.
Xeivbury, Oct. 29, 1832.
To Jonathan W'ixship, Esq. Secretary of the
Massachusetts Agricultural Society.
Sir, I send you a statement of my method of
raising a crop of winter rye, on one acre of land
the present year, which 1 wish to enter for a pre-
mium. The soil is a gravelly loam, rather dry
than otherwise. The land was planted with corn
iu the spring of 1831, and manured in the hills
with about six cords of manure to the acre, of
common quality. In the month of August follow-
ing, said acre was sown with three pecks of seed
and hoed, in the usual manner. In the month of
August of the present year, the rye was reaped
and threshed, and found to measure forty-five
bushels and five .eighths of a bushel. There is'
standing on said acre of land seventy-five ajjple-
trees, from two to six inches through at the root.
ADAMS KNIGHT.
I hereby certify, that I assisted in reaping,
threshing and measuring the abovementioned rye,
and there was forty-five bushels and five-eighths
as above stated. TIMOTHY K. NOYES.
I hereby certify that I measured the land on
which the abovementioned crop of rye was raised,
and found it to contain one acre and no more.
WADE ILSLEY.
Essex, ss. Oct. 29, 1832. Personally appeared
the aforenamed Adams Knight, Timothy K. Noyes,
and Wade Ilsley, and made oath to the truth of the
above certificates before me,
SILAS MOODY, Justice of the Peace.
ITEMS OP HVTELLIGENCE.
The last news from Euro[ie is tliat the Citadel
of Antwerp was surrendered to the French on the
24th of December, but it was believed that the
diflferences between Holland and Belgium will not
be settled by this capture.
The next English Parliament, it is supposed,
will contain a majority of Reformers, amounting
to 257 for England alone, and that Scotland will
increase the number, so that the whole will
amount to 300.
The Charleston nullifiers arc suspending their
operations for the ])resent, apparently waiting to
sec if Congress is sufficiently frightened to adopt
the measures which they advocate. At a great
free-trade, alias nullification meeting, at Charles-
ton, Gov. Ilainilton, who heads the party op-
posed to the U. S., made a long' and animated
speed], in which he recommended temporary for-
bearance out of courtesy. It appears that he has
ordered some sugar to be imported for the purpose
of trying the question relative to tarifi' duties..
' The recent Messag* of the President, (he observ-
ed,) by which all intentioh of the immediate use oS
force is disclaimed, marks a course of forbearance
free from any difficulty that a most fastidious
sense of honor could suggest. We are in tact in
the tranches, resting on our own arms, and ui a.
|)ositio;i in which moderation and forbearance will-
give a vastly argumented efficiency to our resist-
ance, when we are called upon to make it.'
Mild Weather in Philadelphia. The U. S. Ga-
zette of the 30th ult. observes that the state of
the weather has given new activity to the steam-
boats. ■ They begin " to walk the water" again,
and we may now hope for regularity iu intel-
ligence from the south and east.
JVeifl Rail Road. The Journal of Humanity in-
forms that a Rail Road is contenijdated from
Andover to Boston, to connect with the Boston
and Lowell Rail Road at Wilmington, a distance
of seven miles from Andover. Most of the dis-
tance being nearly level, the expense it is estimated
will not exceed .$100,000. The amount of money
actually paid, for transportation of passengers and
ba"-ffage from Andover to Boston, is estimated to
be .at least $40,000.
Three expresses have been established by the
New York papers to bring on the news from
Washington daily in advance of the mail.
Remarkable instance of Presence of .Mind. In
the awful and destructive hurricane which occur-
red in the vicinity of Liverpool, in October last,
and which caused the loss of the ship Grecian, of
Boston, the English ship William Neilson struck
on the banks, went to pieces, and every person
on board perished ! The letter-bag was picked
up on shore the following day ; and on opening
it, it was found to contain a quantity of chaf,
which the Captain, with a presence of mind in
VOIi. XI. NO. 30.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
239
the hoiu- of deatli seldom paralleled, knowing the
impomnee of the letters which it contained, was
supposed to have placed there for the piu-pose of
rendering it buoyant!
A New Jersey paper states that the Manganese
and Anthracite coal have been found in digguig
the feeder of the Delaware and Raritan Canal,
-nndiii other parts of the State. — Hopes "the
Legislature will not rise without making provision
for the geological survey recommended by both
Governors." New Jersey is undoubtedly possessed
of immense wealth in her mineral resources,
■*vhi<:h a scientific survey would develope and ren-
■der available,
Boston Mercantile Journal. The first number
•of a new daily paper with this title has just been
published by J. Ford & Co. Congress St., Boston.
In its Prospectus it is stated that this periodical is
to be " a jiaper, which shall make the moral ele-
vation of community one of its chief objects —
which shall advocate openly the cause of temper-
ance, and every other benevolent enterprise ;
wliich shall discourage all such public or private
practices and amusements as are injurious to pub-
lic or individual character, even at the sacrifice of
of pecuniary profit," &c.
J3n Amusing Book. We have been gratified
in perusing a small volume, recently from the
press of Lilly, Wait, Colman «Si Holdcn, Boston,
entitled " Buonaparte's Voyage to St. Helena ;
comprising the Diary of Rear Admiral Sir George
Cockburu, during his passage from England to
St. Helena, in 1815. From the original manu-
script, in the hand-writing of bis Private Sec-
retary."
This Narrative will possess great interest with
all who would like to be fully apprised by un-
impeachable testimony of the kind of stuff which
enters into the composition of mankind's favorites,
who have gratified their admirers by a full devei-
opement of the "organ of destructivcncss,"
" Heroes are all the same it is agreed,
From Macedouia's madman to the Swede !"
but under different circumstances they may
present different traits of character worthy of the
attention of those who believe
" The proper study of mankind is mjin."
■WANTS A SITUATION,
OR A FARM BY SHARES. A single man, capable of
managing a farm, and who will make liimself generally useful,
wishes to he employed as overseer or manager to an estate. He
is perfecti}' acquamted with feeding and breeding of cattle and
sheep, draining, &c., has no objections to going to any part of
the U. States, or will take a farm by the shares. For further
iutormation apply at the olfice of this paper.
Boston, Feb. 1833. 3t
VAI-UABLE BOOKS.
FOR SALE at the N. E. Farmer OIHce and Seed Store,
' Georgical Dictionary, ^2.o0
1.00
1 .,'jO
each 1.00
1.25
7.j
3.JU
1..5(K
1.00
3.00
Dcane's New England Farmer
Thacher's Treatise on Bees,
New American Gardener (a valuable work),
The Farmer's Own Book,
Frugal Housewife,
Prince on the Vine,
" Pomological Manuals (2 vols.),
New American Orchardist {see other adv.)
Moubray on Poultry, &c.,
Cobb's Manual on the Culture of the Mulberry,
Nuttall's Ornithology,
" Introduction to Botany,
Forsytlt on Fruit Trees,
The Planter's Guide (new work)
The Complete Cattle Keeper,
Calcareous Manures,
Hind's Farriery,
Pocket Farrier, 1^
History of Insecis, (3 vols.) each 1.01
.\nccdotes of Natural History (an interesting work) 87.J
'IVces and Fruits and Vegetable Substances (2 vols.) each 1,00
.\rchitecture of Birds, 1.00
Sylva Americana, * 2.50
Cobbett's Works, &c. &c.,
All works on Agriculture, Horticulture and rural economy
can be supplied to libraries and others on favorable terms.
CATALOGUE OF THE AGRICULTURAL WARE-
HOUSE AND SEED STORE, FOR 18.33,
Just puDlished, comprising a list of Agricultural Implements,
with descriptions ;.and Garden, Field and Flower Seeds, Flow-
Roots, &c. &c., with directions. Gl-pp. Gratis.
1.00
1.00
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE
SEEDS FOR COUNTRY DEAr.ERS.
TRADERS in the country, who may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they
can be furnished at the New England Farmer office, Nos. 51
&: 52, North Market street, Boston, with boxes containing' a
complete assortment of the seeds mostly used in a kilcln-n
garden on as favorable terms as they can be procured in tins
country, neatly done up in small papers, at 6 cents each — war-
ranted to be of the growth of 1S32, and of the venjjirst qualUij.
Ohn.\jii:.")tal Flower Seeds will be added on the same
terms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early and
Sweet Corn, &c. of different sorts.
(13^ The seeds vended at this establishment, are put up on an
improved plan, each package being accompanied with short
directions on its managements, and packed in the neatest style.
Traders are requested to call and examine for themselves.
Dec. 24.
Apples, russctts,
baldwins,
Beans, wliite,
Beef, mess,
prime,
. Cargo, No. 1.
Butter, inspected, No, 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal
skimmed milk, , , , .
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . ,
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, , .
southern yellow, , ,
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hat
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
ton, 1st sort
them, Isl sort, ....
Slaughter, sole, . . .
" , "Ppef; - •
Dry Hide, sole, . . .
upper, . . ,
Philadelphia, sole, , .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,. , ■. . . .
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, , . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, , .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, ^ths washed, , .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, . , . .
Native washed, . . . .
.- C Pulled superfine,
"^■6 1 1st Lambs, . . .
11. I 3d " ! ', '.
^ [ 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
Lard,
So
Leather
FOR SALE,
THE Bull COLLINS, got by Bolivar— dam Young Flora,
bv Coelebs ; Granddam the imported Cow Flora — dropt Aug.
30, 1329— colour red and white. This Bull is one of the finest
animals in America, and will be sold low. Apply at this ollice.
Jan. Hi tf
GARDENING.
AVANTS a Situation, a NURSERYMAN and HORTI-
Cf^LTURIST, who has had many years experience. He is
a Member of the Edinburgh and Berwickshire Horticultural
Societies, Would be glad to iiave immediate employ,
jan 23
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
cwt.
gallon
pound
side
pound
side
pound
cask
ton
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt
pound
2 tt
1 00
10 S
G Id
S 00
14
1 20
G 3'
70
90
65
40
62
60
28 00
1 CC
3 75
17 SO
12 50
none
2 50
1 25
9J
10 CO
2 50
1 37
10 75
7 00
S 50
15
43
12
1 30
6 62
G 25
G 37
6 12
90
78
95
30 00
10
9
22
3 00
19
2 70
25
1 12
4 00
18 CO
13 CO
3 00
1 50
11
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES,
POSTPONED COMMUNICATIONS.
Want of room compels us to defer to our
next several useful articles; among which ai-e
Taluable practical directions on the culture of
Indian corn, and remarks on and a remedy for a
disease in oxen, called a " holdfast."
FRESH WHITE MULBERRY SEED.
c-S^"^ received, at GEO, C, BARRETTS SEED
STORE, Nos, 51 & 52 North Market Street—
A supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry Seed,
warranted the growtli of the present season, from one of the
largest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Connecticut. Short
airectious for its culture accompany the seed. dec 5
AMERICAN MONTHLY REVIEW.
JUST published by Russell, Odiorne &,Co., Boston, Thc
American Monthly Review, No. 14, tor February, 1833.
Contents. — Calmet's Dictionary of the Bible-, Macfarlane's
Romance of History ; Murdock's Mosheim ; Channing's Dis-
courses ; Wood's Treatise on Railroads ; Chalmers's Political
Economy; Adams's Demiot Mae Morrogh; Harris's Horti-
cultural Discourse ; Medical Magazine ; Jacob's Greek Read-
er; Dillaway's Liber Primus; Metcalf's Address ; Mrs. Sand-
ford on Female Character. Feb. 5.
NE1V AMERICAN ORCHARDIST.
JUST published and for sale by GEO. C. BARRETT, Nos.
51 & 52, North Market Street, "The New American Or-
chardist, or a treatise on the cultivation and management of
Fruits, Grapes, Ornamental Shrubs, and Flowers, adapted to
cultivation in the United States,
This is recommended to the public as a treatise well worthy
a place in every farmer's library, containing an account of the
most valuable varieties of fruit, and the remedies for the mala-
dies to which fruit trees are subject from noxious insects and
other causes. Also, the varieties of the Grape with their modes
of culture, &c. Price £1,25.
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, , , . ,
Poultry,
BuTTEii, keg and tub, , . .
lump, best, , , , ,
Eggs,
Potatoes, common, , , ,
Cider, (acceding to quality.)
pound
'^
"
6
u
K
"
2C
dozen
25
bushel
3£
barrel-
2 OC
40
3 00
BlilGHTON MARKET.— -Monday, Feb. 4, 1833,
Eeported for the Daily AdycrtJEcr nnil Patriot.
At Market this day 523 Beef Cattle, 6 Cows and Calves,
and 1280 STieep. Alioul 20 Beef Cattle (all of which are
ordinary) remain unsold.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — Last week's prices were hardly
supported ; we shall vary our quotations on some of the quali-
ties, %Ve quote prime at §5,50 a 6,00 ; good at 6,00 a 5,25^
thin at 4,00 a 4,73.
Toil's and Calves.— One at §22, and one at 526.
Sheep. — A large number were at Market for the season ; we
notice one lot of Store Sheep at JJKSO; one lot, pan Weth-
ers, at S2,75 ; one at §3,25 ; one at SX,33 ; one at 5 1,00 ; and
a lot oriirime Cosset Wctiicrs al §6,00,
Siri7ie. — None at Market,
KI.IIBALIi'S
Slock and Suspender .Manufiiriory, Linen Drapery, Hosiery
and Glove Store, No. 12, Washington Street, Bostoii.
]VrTTAl.l.'S ORNITHOLOGY.
JUST received bv Geo. C. Barrett, No. 51 and 52, North
Market Street, Boston ;—
A Manual of the Ornithology of the United Stales, and of
Canada. By Thomas Nullal'l, A, M., F. L. S. ; with 53 en^
gravings. Price £3, 50, Dec, ISv
240
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
FEBRUARY fi, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
WINTER.
BY T. G. FESSENDEN.
Rough Winter over earlh and sky
Is rudely domineering,
And warring winds their pinions ply
Through frozen realms careering.
Tall trees, which skirt the wilderness,
To rapt imagination, ■
Seem giant-sentinels, which guard
The koine of desolation.
Terrific storms rush on as if
The Prince of Air impell'd them.
Musquilo-nets and ladies' fans
Are therefore used but seldom.
Officious and obtrusive imps
Of Frost are omnipresent :
And here and there and evcr^^vhere
Officiously malfeasant.
A boundless screen of silver sheen.
Their magical machinery
Has thrown you see, o'er shrub and tree,
To burnish rural scenery.
AXECDOTE OP BENJAMIN PRAIVKMN.
Not long after Bciijaiiiiii Franklin bad com-
menced editor of a newspaper, he noticed witli
considerable freedom the public conduct of one or
two influential persons in Philadelphia. This
circumstance was regarded by some of his |)atrons
with dispprobation, and induced one of them to
convey to Franklin the opinion of his friends with
regard to it. The Doctor listened with patience
to the reproof, on an evening which he named ;
at the same time requesting that the other gentle-
men who were dissatisfied with hijn should attend.
The Doctor received his guests coiMlially — his edi-
torial conduct was canvassed, and some advii;e given.
Supper was at last announced, and the guests in-
vited to an adjoining room. The table was only
supplied with two puddings, and a stone pitcher
filled with water. All were helped, none could
eat but the Doctor. He partook freely of the
pudding, and urged his friends to do the same ;
but it was out of the question — they tasted and
tried in vain. When their host saw the difficulty
was unconquerable, he rose and addressed" them.
" My friends, any one who can subsist on saw-
dust pudding and Avater, as I can, neids no man's
patronage." — Wheaton's Annals of Philadelphia.
HYPOCHONDRIA CURED.
The wife of a respectable farmer having suf-
fered much from this disease, fancied that she
should die, ijnd often assembled her friends about
her to witness her closing scene. After repeated
false alarms they becatne convinced that she labor-
ed under a disease of the mind, and advised her
husband to favor her belief about dying. Not
long afterwards she was attacked with her old dis-
ease, and posted off a boy to the cornfield for her
husbanil to come and see her die. The husband
hastened to her bedside, wliere he found her ap-
parently in the last stage of life. She informed
him that in one hour her soul would whig its way
to the mansions above, and before her death she
wisheil to know what he would do with the chil-
dren when her care of them should be at an end.
A thought str\ick him to try the power of vexation ;
he told her his thouglits had been very an.xiously
employed on the subject ; but at length he came to
a resolution, for the sake of the dear innocents
which he trusted would set her mind at rest on
their account ; in short, he had resolved, as soon
after her death as decency would permit, to marry
Molly Brown, (an old maid to wliom she had a
peculiar dislike.) This was too much — the good
mother instantly jumped up and declared Molly
Brown should never be a stepiuother for her chil-
dren. A complete cure took place, and the image
of Molly Brown never ftiils to check the least
symptoms of relapse.
CURIOSITIES.
It is very surprising, that two of the greatest
natural curiosities in the world, are within the
United States, and yet scarcely known lo the best
geographers and nattu'alists.' The one is a beautiful
water fall, in Franklin county, Georgia; the other
a stupendous precipice m Pendleton district. South
Carolina ; they are both faintly mentioned in the
late edition of Morse's geography ; but not as they
merit. The Tuccoa falls is much higher than
the falls of Niagara. The column of water is pro-
pelled beautifully over a perpendicular rock, and
when the stream is full, it passes down without
being broken. All the prismatic effect, seen at
Niagara, illustrates the sjiray of Tuccoa. The
Table mountain in Pendleton district. South Caro-
lina, is an awful precipice of 900 feet. Many per-
sons reside within five, seven, or ten miles of this
grand spectacle, who have never had curiosity or
taste enough to visit it. It is now, however, occa-
ionally visited by curious travellers, and some-
times men of science.-Very few persons who have
once cast a glimpse in the almost boundless abyss,
can again exercise sufiicieut fortitude to approach
the margin of the chasm. Almost every one in
looking over, involuntarily falls to the groiuid
senseless, nerveless and helpless; and would inev-
itably be precipitated and dashed to atoms, were
it not for measures of caution and security, that
ave always been deemed indispensable to a safe
indulgence of the curiosity of the visiter or specta-
tor. Every one, on proceeding to the spot whence
it is usual to gaze over the wonderful deep, has in
his imagination, a limitation, graduated by a ref-
lifence to instances with which his eye has been
familiar. Btit in a moment, eternity as it were, is
presented to his astounded senses; and he is in-
stantly overwhelmed. His system is no longer
subject to his volition or his reason, and he falls
like a mass of mere matter. He then r(^vives,aud
in a wild delirium surveys a scene which, for a
while, he is unable to define by description or
imitation.
Tl>c Ruling Passion. A lady, who had been
"cheapening" a ^ of an ounce of sewing silk at
one of our stores, called shortly after at the Po.st
Office for an advertised letter. The clerk after
examining the files reported three with her ad-
dress, the i)0stage of which was 18 cents. The
lady surprised at finding more than one, and un-
willing to take them without one effbrt to " beat
lown," earnestly inijuired of the clerk, "how low
he would put them if she took the three out." —
Boston Transcript.
A FATHER was Saying,
To his son disobeying.
No father e'er had so wicked a son ;
" Yes, yes," says the lad,
" I remember good dad.
My grandfather — he had just such a one."
Di-yden and his ff'ife. His marriage, which
was far from a happy one, brought Diydcn high
connexions, without making him any real friends.
His wife the daughter of the Earl of Berkshire, was
luore than suspected of irregularities in lier youth,
and though she brought no further dishonor upon'
the poet, her ine(|nality of temper was suclr as to
imbittcrmany of his days: — "The alliance between
a dependant poet and the daughter of an earl was
too unequal to hold out much reasonable prospect
of happiness, after the first bloom of affection and
desire had passed away. Tlie lady was violent
and capricious in her temper, and weak in tmder-
standing: she brought but little fortune to compen-
sate for her deficiencies in the qualities expected
in a wife. Dislike was aggravated by jjo^crty.
She did not share in the general admiration of her
husband's genius, nor lighten the toils by which it
was supported. She seems to have possessed nei-
ther sweetness of disposition, generosity of mind,
nor attraction of person. A man of genius, of all
others, can hope for happiness only when uuitedto
a woman of sense. What can be expected from
narrowness of understanding, prejudices of views,
and sullenness of tenqier, but conflicts, alienation
and misery ! Dryden never lost an opportunity
of venting such bitter sarcasms against the matri-
monial state as too plainly bore evidence to his do-
mestic misery. Indeed he never wanted a sub-
ject for satire, when marriage was to be derided,
or the clergy ridiculed.
Jl Predicament. Slaves escaping from one
State into another are now reclaimable by their
master, whenever found within the Union. Slaves,
however, from a foreign country are not so treated.
Of course South Carolina, if she S(!paratc from the
rnicin, is in a fair way to lose all her slaves; in
olher words, more llum one-half her popidatiou. —
Ponl.iiin.
A PARlttER WANTED.
A single man or a man with a small famii}' to lake charge
of a l''ann 10 miles from Boston, containnig an orchard of
'ioO 10 300 trees, iSic. The owner wishes lo ol.lain a man who
is well acquaiuied with the best mclhod of the cultivation of
I'Vuil IVees, and in all other respects is master of his business
as a farmer, one who would do the same Un- his employer as
lor himself, he must be a true temperate man who abstains en-
tirely trom the use of ardent spirit ; lo such a man a fair com-
pensation will be offered either in wn^es by the year, or to lei
the l''ami on shares.
Apply at this office. jaii 30
THE NEW ENGL..1ND PARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at ,J>3 per annuls,
payable at the end of the year — but tiiose who pay within
sixty days from llie lime of subscribing, are entitled to a dedue-
lion of fifty cents.
lij" No paper » ill be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
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Iliiliimore — I. I. Hitchcock, I'hM hi d \iiiiii(mii Farmer.
Cir.rinmti — S. C. Parkhurst. ,'.; !..,«, i .\l,irkit->trecl.
Flushing, N- 1'.— Wm. Princk iV «oNs,Prop. Lin.Bot. Gar.
MiiJfllebunj, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
/y».(/orrf— Goodwin & Co. IWiksellers.
.^prin^eld. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Nr-irhuryport — Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, 3/e.— Colman, Hoi.den &, Co. Booksellers.
Aii'n'sta, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C. Geo. Bent.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by John Ford, who
executes every description of Book iivil I'lincy Printing
n good style, .ind with promptness. Orders for printing
may be leit with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. &a, North Market Street.
NEW ENGI^AND FARMER.
ARX
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. oi. NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural VVAhEHOUSE.)— T. G. FES.SENUEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON. AVKDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 13, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
Wk are liappy in the receptian of the |)llo\\ -
in" valuable conimmiication. As it rclates.to ini-
pi-oveineuts in cultivating one of the most useful
products whkh ever rewarded the skill and in-
dustry of the husbaudniim,. we hope that the ex-
ample of our correspondent will induce other prac-
tical and intelligeut cultivators to state their nnth-
ods of obtaining crops of the "Prince of Vegita-
bles," worthy of being recorded in the annals oi'
improved husbandry.
For thf New England Farm/::
CUI.TURE OP CORN.
Princeton, (M J.) Jan. 2S, 1833
Mr. Editor, — The idea has often occurred to
me, while perusing your valuable paper, tiat
farmers might be mutually benefited by makiig
public through its columus their mode of cnltivit-
ing the various crops which they grow upon thir
farms. Under that impression I have talcen ip
luy pen with the intention of devoting an ev.en!ig
in giving you my views and j)ractice in ciiltiyathg
a crop of Indian corn. ' Our soil, principal!' a
saudy ioam, in some places inclining a litth to
gravel with a clay subsoil, is well adapted to;he
growth of that plant, and we consider it the nost
profitable crop we cultivate. In the fir^wee
we j)refer a sliffherds-grass sward, (by yo'.^led
rcd-to]), or berd-grnss,) and clover; ai; ' fepc-
rience has taught us that a field which hasbeen
pastured for two or three years is much inort cer-
tain of producing a good crop of corn than uie of
the same quality which has been kept up and
mowed for hay the same length of time, thai it is
so with us does not admit of a doidit. Wesup-
pose it is owing in part to there being fewer in-
sects in the pasture-land, — the droppings of the
cattle adding more recent animal manure ti the
soil, and some suppose that the soil having been
rendered more compact by the cattle tram])liig on
it for two or three successive years facilitatts the
growth of the young, plant by enabling it topush
forth its roots more readily, as a certain dcgce of
compactness in the soil appears to be necesaiiry to
enable a yoimg plant to send forth its roots with
facility. After trying various modes of pre|nring
my laud and tending the crop, I have for tie last
two or three years adopted the following, vhich
appears to me to be the best I have yet praci.srd.
I plough my land in the spring as early a> con-
venient, regulating the depth by the depth of the
soil, after ploughing put on a roller drawn ly one
yoke of oxen and roll lengthwise the furrow after
rolling, harrow twice along the furrow, vith a
heavy harrow six feet wide with iron teeta well
sharpened, drawn by two able horses. Thw take
a small plough, drawn either by one or two iiorses
and form the field in ridges by throwing two fur-
rows together 4.V feet distant from each other
across the original furrows, being carcfil the
plough does not reach the sward to tmii ;t up ;
this cannot be leell clone without the ground has
been previously rolled. I then furrow crssswise
the ridges last formed, with a sled made for
the purpose of two inch plank with three runners,
each runner having a hole an inch in diaiiictcr
bored in the bottom about cqui distant from either
end and, a peg of good hard wood driven therein
to extend about one and one-half inches below
the runner, the part extending below the runner
to be twice the diameter of that inserted in it.
With this machine, with a tongue or pole firndy
attached to the middle runner, one man with two
Iiorses can with ease furrow more than twenty
acres per day ; — as be makes three furrows at
once he must, consequently, furrow as fast as
iliree men with ploughs, and it leaves the furrow
in a fine state to drop the corn on, the grain not
being so liable to scatter and roll as when dropped
OH the hard furrow made by a plough. The
ground is then prepared for planting squares 4i ft.
Iiy 4 ft., and at this distance we put four grains
or kernels in each hill. We find a staall quantity
of ashes on or in the hill of considerable advantage ;
it causes the young plant to come up strong and
vigorous. ' When the corn has been up a few-
days, we put a small quantity of plaster to each
hill, and commence harrowing with a small har-
row 3J feet wide, drawn by one horse, twice
through each row one way, which prepares the
ground handsomely for ploughing, and by which
a careful hand can losen the soil close to each
hill. In a very few days after the harrowing is
completed we commence ploughing by throwing
a furrow from each row, ploughing as close to
the corn as can be done without covering it up,
leaving the middle or spares between the furrows
in that direction untouched, we then commence
ploughing crosswise throwing the furrow to the
corn unless it should be quite grassy, when we
throw it from the corn as before, and in either
case plough the middle or spaces left between
the rows in the direction last ploughed out innne-
diately, throwuighalf to each row. After laying in
this state some days, we put on the small harrows
again and harrow twice through each' row, or
rather space between the rows one way — in this
state it may bo left for some days untouched, un-
less there should be a heavy fall of rain, hi which
case experience has taught me that it is of decided
advantage to the corn to stir the ground again
with the harrow, that a free communication may
be kept up between the soil and the atmosphere.
As it is all important to the health of an individual
that the pores of the skin should be kept open, so
it appears to me with the soil, that th? slight crust
formed upon its surface after a rain, should be
again broken with the harrow or some other im-
plement.
When the ears are beginning to set I commence
ploughing for the last time, throwing the furrows
to the corn and leaving the spaces between the
rows well )iloughed out ; by this system you will
perceive the hoe is in a great measure dispensed
with, and I can assure you I can keep my field as
clean without it as you would wish to keep your
garden, unless the spring should lie very wet and
warm when we occasiuually find it necessary to
use the hoe. One man and a horse will (dough
around (as we call it) five acres of corn hi a day,
or complete, by ploughing the middle out, 2i
acres. If there should be a considerable fall ot
rain or heavy showers soon after the last plough-
iiii', I almost invariably put on my small harrows
agjiin, unless the crop should be too forward, but
at the last harrowing wc raise the corner teeth of
th(i harrow (which is of a triangular form) so that
nejr the hills they merely break the surface.
W)ien the gorn is nearly ripe, and, if possible, be-
foijc it is killed by the frost, we cut it up by the
ground and set it in stacks to be husked at leisure,
th| stalks are haiih-d and stacked at the barn-yard
toibe food through the. winter months.
;1 have said nothing on the subject of apply-
ing manure to the crop, having already extended
tlis communication to a much greater length than
I intended when I commenced, and I fear it will
►o.ccupy more sjiace in your columns than it merits,
liut I leave it with you to publish the whole or
my part thereof that you may consider calculated
to promote the cau.se of agriculture. A. C.
For the New England Farmer.
DISEASK IN OXEN.
Mr. Fessekden, — Sir, I have recently become
a reader of your valuable paper, and I am happy
1 to see the generous and liberal spirit manifested
by many of your correspondents : this willingness
to conjuiunieate usefid information is certainly
highly commendable.
I observed in your last paper a communication
from C. B. II., in answer to the inquiry relating
to tli3 cure of a holdfast. From my limited
knowledge of such diseases in oxen, the remedy
fii-',irescribed, that of extracting the tooth or teeth
is no', m my o])iiiion, in this case, the most ad-
visable; for, in the first place, if caused by irrita-
tion from the teeth it would have increased in
size, or separated before any considerable length
of time ; ferhaps my opinion may be somewhat
biased on atcouut of the great prejudice I have to
this operatim. But as to the latter course recom-
mended, I am of the opinion it would be the
most servicaible (that of applying some stimulat-
ing ointinenti and would present the following
recipe as one of the best not only for swellings of
this kind but for sprains, &c. on man or beast.
Take of neits-foot oil, one gill ; spirits of cam-
phor, two ouEces ; oil of origanum, one ounces
water of ammonia, one and one-half an ounce ;
N. E. rum, one gill ; mix and apply two or three
times a day, and rub it in with the hand for five
or ten minutes each time.
In return from you or from some uf your kind
friends 1 would inquire the best mode of arrang-
ing and conducting a farm of about fifty acres,
(fifteen of which is wood land) also a list of the
most useful agricultural implements and some of
the most approved authors, being somewhat un-
acqiiaiiued with the improvements which hare
been made, and having a desire to pursue farming,
I should be glad to receive some instruction
through the medium of your paper.
Very respectfully 1 remain yours, &c.
Jan. 30, 1833. - L. M. P.
For the New England Farmer.
AGRICULTURAL. ESSAYS, NO. XVII.
Oats cannot be sowed too early — 3 bushefe
to one acre — tlie poorer the soil the more eeed
must be sowed on it — plough them twice — one«
242
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
FEBRUARY 13, 1S3S.
may do — mow them early, the straw not wholly
turned yellow. Neither rake nor stir them in the
middle of the day or when they are dry — morning
and evening best to move them — are apt to shell
out.
O.MONS sow on a moist, sandy soil, manure with
old rotten cow dung, ashes, or which is better, ,vith
soot, sow last week in April — bury the seed one
inch deep — middle sized best for use — hoe tfieni
three or four times — when all the greenness is
gone out of the tops, take them uj) and lay them
in the sun to harden, for eight or te1i day.^— put
them in a diy and cool cellar — they bear the cold
well a great spirit in them — sear the small fib'ous
roots, and they will not sprout.
Paks.nip sow early in March, if possible, n a
rich mellow soil — dig eighteen inches deep — set
them six inches apart — a little fine manure jvill
answer — they grow till the tops are dead, or kiled
by the frost — dig them in November — neither sia^
nor cut their tops close — no frost hurts them wlien
housed — keep them cold and covered with dry
sand.
Pastures should be divided into 4, 8, or 12
acre lots, bordered with trees, not fed till 20th «(
May — feed the driest first, and shut it up in 15
(lays — beat the dung in it ; six weeks will recruit
it. Every farmer should have four pastures a
least, in the latter part of October the cattle ma)
run through them all in common ; keep up tht
fences all wintei- — laud grows richer hy being pas-
tured ; these pastures should be mowed once in
three ov four years, and some mowing lot be fed,
feeding pastures in rotation makes one acrelbettei-
than two not so fed. '
Ploughing should never be done whei the
soil is so wet that it will not crumble — eVcepi
green sward, nor wlien it is very dry — it is hard,
and the furrows will not turn. In general farmers
do not half plough their ground ; neither do they
jdough in the right seasons-by ploughikgonly, you
may restore an old held, and bring it to any de-
gree of richness. Always i)lough ii your corn
when the dew is on. Plough new ands in the
latter part of summer, that they may -ot well. All
tillage land should be ploughed in th; fiill — Indian
hills split and dec]>. All above the )an, will In-
conic dark earth, in a year or two — never plough
an hill up and down, lest it wash aid gully away.
Ribbing hills, eight or ten feet apar, is beneficial-
•will catch the rain and retain moisture.
For the New England Farmer.
IMPROVEMEIVT IN COFFEE.
Mr. Fessende.n, — To the lovers of good coffee,
a simple, practicable, and easy method, can readily
be adopted to insure an iraproveuieut in this de-
lightful beverage.
Every one knows the difficulty of getting a cup
of good coffee at any of the city or country hotels,
or on board our steam-boats. Not one time in a
hundred, will he succeed, (and by the bye, if he
gels it good at home he does well.) 1 have for a
long time made use of a German preparation (im-
ported I believe only at Baltimore,) which is tlie
heat thing I have yet seen. For the want of a sup-
ply of this article, I have been induced by the re-
commendation of a friend, to sulistitute prepared
carrot, and, much to n^y surprise and satisfaction,
1 find, with the exception of the |TecuHar spicy
flavo)-, the carrot possesses all the properties of the
German coffee. It improves the color, smooths
the sharp angles, and makes a rich, nutritious and
uxurious beverage.
To prepare the carrots for use, as a matter' of
course, you will wash them clean, slice them in
pieces the thickness of a dollar, spread and dry
them, and after the bread is ^\itlidrawn, place
them in the oven, on sheets of tin, and let them
remain until they become slightly brown, when
they are fit for use, and may be bruised in a
mortar, or used without, as you prel'er. But be
careful not to attempt grinding them unless you
wish to dull your mill.
I have heard of a score of substitutes for coffee,
rye, corn, and potatoes, the only recommendation
of which, was economy, and after all it was rye-
coffee and nothing else. This not only embraces
economy, but at the same time, furnishes you
with coffee, and a right good article too, with the
addition of cream, which every one should have,
you will equal the Delmonico's.
I make use of two partsof prime old Java coffee,
(five years old the better,) and one part of bruised
carrot.
Although a trial of it cannot fail to he approved,
yet being lefl to the management of domestics,
those who have a full bag to go to, will, to save
themselves the trouble, neglect this valuable pre-
paration.
The best time to prepare it is late in the fall,
after the files have taken up their winter quarters,
All know that carrots are among our most healthy
and nutritious vegetables.
A most valuable article, and which should be
in every family, is a patent cylindrical cofl'ec-toasl-
er. Yours respectfully, H. G. Bowers.
.yorthampton, Jan. 30', 1833.
tor tut i\ew A^itgtand Farmet
A LITTLE book is kept for extracts ami occa-
sional remarks, designated the Horticultural Gar-
land, or bouquet of useful and amusing trilles, prin-
cipally relative to the garden ; liom which book
the following articles are taken. A. VV
The destructive spread of the cholera, in and
about the city of Albany, prevented the usual
monthly visits to the gardens of Messrs. Buel and
Wilson, till about the 23d of Septcnd)cr. Found
rhe fiower-gardcn highly embellished with a
lieautiful collection of all that is choice and rare
iiut more particularly the assortment of dahlias,
which was found to comprise a very superb collec-
tion of the finest kinds.
Mr. Wilson selected some th e ^ or four dozen
.lahlias, which were carried home in good per-
fi-ction, placed in the flower-vases, where they re-
mained eight or ten days. Noticing how nmch
their lustre was faded, and their brilliancy nearly
all gone, they were about to he cast away. A. wo-
man, who was assisting by a day's work, request-
ed them to grace her i)arlor. She took them
carefully home. A neighboring lady seeing them
a (hiy or two after was thankful to obtain them hy
a present of six or seven shillings in value.
This little recital is made to show that Messrs.
Huel and Wilson have some uucoinmouly tine
dahlias ; that flowers are furnished, and admired hy
the rich and the poor — that we are all pleased
with flowers. " Happy are those who love and
cultivate them."
THE GARDES DECEMBER.
AOne of the most interesting spectacles ever
vvitft^ssed in the garden at tbia dreary season.
(when nature has stripped vegetation of its glories
and consigned her lovely offspring to their season's
repose) was noticed the cariy part of this month.
A liglit fall of snow has been suddenly melted liy
the power of the sun's rays, whilst the thermoni-
etor was below the point of freezing. The con-
sequence of this confirct between the two eontend-
ng powers of heat and cold was that the whole
remains of the vegetable tribe v/ere suddenly con-
verted into a mass of shining chrystalizaiioB,
Every tree, every shrub, and everj- ornamental
fixUire were all in the space of a fow hours com-
pletely enveloped in an icy coat of mail, of the
most dazzling transparency, which during two
days defied the power of the solar beam.
A group of weeping trees, particularly attracted
attention: gazing on their pendent slender hranch-
esloaded with the iiurest icicles led imagination
roring over the classic recollection of the weeping
ddties, whom Ovid described as being converted.
iiiK) trees, and their tears into amber. They
mfelit indeed be called the tears of nature on the
stjru appearance of winter ; and yet as the sun-
himis elegantly danced among the branches, re-
flictcd from every spray, she seemed to be smiling
tijiough her tears. The armor of the three
tllorned locust exhihited its spikes peculiarly ele-
g(nt. The crimson fruit of the barberry ap-
piired like a cornelian enclosed in a diamond,
'ije blackberry of the prism, the delicate snowber-
r_\l and the large lucious plum-tree berries were
pifuliarly beautiful, whilst the humble box and
till towering evergreen had their color heightened
hylheir case of chrystal, and more than equalled
thun in beauty. But how soon, how very soon
are these frail fabrics seen to melt away, and
invilve in their desolation so many gems.
'fate garden scene so lovely induced a stroll to
a ne'^lhhoring forest. There all was found chilling
and unearthly : nature had dressed the whole
wolds as if for her own aniusemcut — all was aw-
full; grand and impressive. The idea occurred
tlia the whole surface of the earth had been
dcalened hy the j)aralyzing touch of winter. In
llicaltempt to explore tlie woods the progress was
slov through the brush wood — the branches neith-
er yielding nor resisting, but snai)ping asunder
on 1 moderate |)ressure, scattering fragments of
chrstal in all directions.
\'hat a grand subject for the pencil I Every
obje;t around had received its iiortiou of decora-
lion The very fences and stones were tastefully
fesKoned, and fringed, assunung a very pic-
tureiqiie appearance. Such a scene as this in-
dues the reflection that if winter has its horrors,,
it hai its beauties too.
" Let Winter come with stormy voice.
Let snow-wreaths crown the highest hUl j
Hk bids thee in the storm rejoice,
He sees, protects, and I'eeds thee still."
Ltnsingburg, Ith Jan. The weather mild and
pleasmt. The thermometer notes 53. Many
persons are noticed seated in their stoops. Flies
continue in our dwellings. Very little frost tho
last ttn or twelve days. Ice out of the river. To
day look some pleastint e.xcrcise in my garden,
dressing borders, transplanting trees, &c. Pluck-
ed quite a bouquet of flowers of the hearts ease.
The buds of the English liine, filbert, sassafras and
Daphne Mezerian are far advanced in vegetation.
Yoi say in your Farmer, Jan. 2, " A certain
quantity of snow taken up fresh from the grouad
VOI^. XI. NO. 31.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
243
and mixed in flour pudding will supply tlie place
of eggs." This quantity is a tnhle-spoonfid of snow
for each Cffg tltai might be necessari/: this is known
to be the proportion from the expciimeuts of ray
faniilv. A. W.
MASS. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MR. liEAVITT'S CULTIVATION OF A PREMIUM
CROP OP ■\VIIVTER-\VHEAT.
Greenfield, .Yov. loth, 1832.
To the Directors of the Massachusetts AgricxiUural
Society.
Gentlemen, I send you, for premium, a state -
ir.eut -of a crop of Winter-wheat, which I Have
raised the present year, in t)iis town. The land
on which it grew is a thin soil of sandy loam, and
has been improved as a mowing lot for fifteen
years next preceding 1830.
The grass was taken oft' about the middle if
Juno 1830, and potatoes planted on the whoe
ground, the 22d of the same mouth, which yielt-
ed nearly 500 bushels, although the season, froii
that time, was unusually dry.
In the spring of 1831, the land was manuret
and sowed with hemp, from which I had 4539 lbs
of cut stem, when dry. After removing the hemp,
the land was lightly manured with compost madf
of turf and weeds, with a small portion of the litte-
from a stable and hog-pen ; thwi ploughed twicf,
and harrowed after each ploughing; then sowel
with wheat and orchard grass seed, harrowed ani
rolled, and strewed over with about 4 bushels tf
line air-slacked lime. The wheat is a red heardtd
kind, grew thick and large, and was badly lodgd,
■with the exception of small parts where it was en-
tirely winter killed. f
It was thrashed the laUer part of August IW,
and measured when cleaned 38 bushels and ?2
quarts, exclusive of the rye, which was culled ojt,
and which would probably have made, the whae
quantity about forty bushels, it weighed 39
pounds to the bushel, and^ I have sold tlfe
whole of it, for seed, at .$1.75 per bushel. Qi
the 17th of September the stubble and grass wele
mowed, the product of which, when cured, I soU
at the estimate of one and a half ton of clean hat'.
The laud was measured by Col. John Wilson, jif
Deerfield, and foOud to contain three roods aild
thirty-seven rods. Hooker Leavitt.
Franklin, ss. jVov. IQth, 1832. Personally ap-
peared Hooker Leavitt and made oath to the tru;h
of the above statement by him subscribed. Bb-
fore me, Ala.nson Clark, Jus. Peace.
P. S. The abovesaid lot of wheat was fre-
quently and seriously molested and damaged jy
fowls and swine. H. L.
I, John Wilson, of Deerfield, in the County of
Franklin and Commonwealth of IMussachusel!s,
certify, that about the lOth of October 1831, 1
sowed a lot of land belonging to Hooker Leavitt,
Esq. in Greenfield, to wheat and orchard grass
seed, at the rate of about IJ bushel each, to (he
acre ; — that I have recently measured the same
land, and find it to contain three roods and thiriy-
seven rods.
I have examined the wheat said to be produced
thereupon, which is fair, though much shrunk.
The shrinkage I impute to its great growth.
Aot). 15, 1832. John Wilson.
Franklin, ss. Aon. I5ik, 1832. Personally ap-
2>eared John Wilson, Esq. and made oath to the
trutli of the above cei-tificate, by him subscribed.
Before me, Elisha Root, Jus. Peace.
T, Henry E.Wells, of Greenfield, in the Comity
of Franklin, certify, that I assisted in harvesting
and threshing a lot of wheat, the present year, for
Hooker Leavht, Esq. of this town.
I measured the product, when cleaned, which
was 38 bushels .and 22 quarts, exclusive of the
i\e, which I culled out before fhreshing. It
weighed, notwithstanding it w,is badly shrunk, '59
lbs. to the bushel. I also assisted Col. John Wil-
son in measuring the land- on which said wheat
grew, which was found to be three roods and
thirty-seven rods.
It is my opinion, that if no part of it had been
winter-killed, the product would have been, at
l.-ast, 45 bushels. Henuy E. Wells.
.\oi'. 10, 1832.
Franklin, ss. jVow. 10th, 1832. Personally ap-
peared Henry E. Wells, and made oath to the
tiuth of the above certificate by Ijim subscribed.
Before me, Alanson Clark, Jus. Peace.
MR. SPRAGIJE'S CULTIVATIOIV OF A PREMIUM
CROP OF BARLEY.
We, Henry Sprague and Albert H. Sprague, of
Princeton, County of Worcester and Common-
wealth of SLossachusetts, do testify and say, that
the crop of barley raised by the said Henry Sprague
and ofl'ered for premium the present season, was
raised on a piece of land containing one acre and
one hundred thirty-six rods, and is the same piece
of land on which a crop of corn was raised in
1831, and offered for premium the same year.
Said piece of land was measured by Joseph Mason,
a sworn surveyor, m the fall of 1831, and his cer-
tificate lodged with Benjamin Guild, Esq. and the
said Sprague, for the admeasurement of said piece
of land refers to the certificate aforesaid.
We further testify and say, that the ground on
which said crop of barley was raised, was in the
same state last spring that it was left last fall, after
removing or gathering the corn, (in Indian hills.)
That the product the preceding year was 202
bushels and 22 quarts q|" Indian corn, and the
quantit}' of manure used' last year w,as 37 loads
spread upon the ground, and 23 loads put in the
hills, as will appear by a former affidavit of the
said Henry Sprague.
There has been no manure used on the land
the present year, and none since the corn was
planted in the spring of 1831.
The quantity of barley sown was six and a half
bushels. The seed was sown the last week in
April, and the crop gathered or taken off on the
13th day of August. The crop was measured by
the said Henry and Albert H. Sprague, and con-
tained one hundred one and a half bushels.
Henri Sprague,
Albert H. Spragoe.
Worcester, ss. Dec. 1, 1832. Sworn to before
me, Charles Russell, Jus. Peace.
MR. GIDEON POSTER'S CULTIVATION OF
WINTER RTE.
To the Committee of the Massachusetts Agi-ievltural
Society, on Jigricultural Experiments.
Gentlemen, The following is the account of
the culture and product of a field of Winter-rye,
measuring as per the accompanying certificate of
a sworn surveyor.
1 acre, 2 quarters and 19^ poles ; by Gid«on
Foster, of Charlestown, Mass. The land is bor-
dering ou and near the mouth of Mystic river.
The soil is principally a black loam with clay bot-
tom.
In 1831 it was planted with potatoes, with a
moderate supply of njanure, and yielded an ordi-
nary crop. The ])otatoes were removed the hist
week in Sept., the land well ploughed, and har-
rowefl in the usual way, with li bushels of seed
or 29 quarts to the acre. I owe my success prin-
cipally to the use of night manure, and to that in
consequence of its being well prepared by age,
and thoroughly mixed with a large proportion of
earth, and frequently removed bj the fork and the
shovel. So that being in this .way ripened for
use, it went immediately (not to burn as when ap-
plied green or new, bin) to nourish and fertilize
the soil. There was early in the spring of the
present year, spread on said field, about S cords
of the above-described manure. The field was
harvested the latter part of August, the grain
tliieshed soon after, and measured by the pur-
chaser, whose certificate follows, showing the pro-
duct to be Ql^- bushels, or 38 bushels and 2 quarts
to the acre. I am, gentlemen, very respectfully
yours, Gideon Foster.
Middlesex, ss. JVov. 15, 1832. Personally ap-
peared the above-named Gideon Foster, and made
oath to the truth of the above statement by him
subscribed. Before me,
Isaac Fisher, Justice of the Peace.
I, Aa'ou Locke, of CharJestown, in the Comity
of Midt'lesex, do testify and s.iy, that in the latter
part of August, A. D. 1832, I purchased a certain
quantit; of rye of Gideon Foster of the same
Charlestown, then in the barn, under the care of
said Foster in said Charlestown, said to have been
raised by him on the within mentioned field ; I
also testify that I measured the same, and there
was of said rje sixty-one bushels and three pecks.
Aaron Locke.
Middlesex, ss. Miv. 10, 1832. Personally ap-
peared the above-named Aaron Locki', and. made
oath to the truth of the above affidavit by him.
subscribed. Before me, Isaac Fisher,
Justice of the Peace.
The term " sovereign," as iipplied to an indi-
vidual State, is a solecism. The States are sov-
ereign only in matters of which their local Legisla-
ture may take cognizance. In all essentials which
constitute national sovereignty, they are entirely
deficient, having voluntarily surrendered them
without the reservation of a right to resume them
at will. W^e have the a\ithority of Dr. David-
Ramset, a name dear to South Carolina her.self,
for saying (2 vol. Ramsey's history, p. 174,) tliat
" the Act of Independence did not hold out to the
world thirteen sovereign States, but a common
sovereignty of the whole, in their united capa«-
ity." — Lynchburg Virginian.
Medicines. — One of the most ettectual means for
curing a cut, bruise or burn, is said to be the in-
side coatuig of the shell of a raw egg. Apply the
moist surface to the wound ; it will adhere of itself,.-
I(^ve no scar, and heal any wound without pan*
more speedily than any plaster or salve in the
universe.
Death has nothing terrible in it but what Ufa Las
made so.
Do not trust nor contend, nor borrow nor lend^
and you will live in quiet.
244
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
FEBRITARY 13, IS33.
«A DISCOURSE
Dslivercil before Ihe Massaclmscus Horlicultural Society, on
the Celebration of its fouftli Anniversary, October 3, 1832.
By Thaddeus William Hakris, iVI. D.
[Continued from page 237.]
The sing-worm, wliich in some seasons does so
much injury to the cherry, pear, and phini-trees,
is a speciesof Tenthredo, agreeing in its nietanior-
phoses with that just mentioned, but differing from
it in sonie of its liabits and in its appearance.
The excellent and well-known liistory* of this in-
sect by Professor Peck, has left for me nothing to
say, excejjting that ashes or lime, sifted upon the
trees by means of the simple apparattis recom-
mended by Mr. Lowell, is fully adequate to the
destruction of the -slugs.
The cherry-tree annually suffers to a greater or
less extent from the destruction of its foliage by
the beetle or dorr-bug.\ From the middle of May
till the end of June, myriads of theie large brown
beetles congregate at night uiion our fniit-trees ;
the air is filled with sv/arms of them rushing witli
lieadlong and booming fligiit, and impinging
against every obstacle ; while the very grass be-
neath our feet seems alive and rustling with the
new-born beetles issuing from the soil, essaying
their untried wings. The metamorphoses of these
insects have already been explained. Their larva?
continue in the soil three years, devour the roots
of the grasses, and destroy them sometimes ti)
such an extent, that the turf may be raised and
rolled up like a carpet.J In the evcnin;,' these
beetles may be shaken from our young fruit-trees,
and gathered in cloths spread to receive the|n. A
writer in the " New York Evening Posi," ob-
serves, that on the very first experiment tw(\ pails
full of beetles were thus collected. '
Cherries, in common witli most other «tone-
fruits, are often found to contain grubs within them ;
and it has been confidently and repeaiCilly assort-
ed, that these were produced by the May-beetle,
or Mdolontha just mentioned. This is one of the
many errors committed by |jersons unacquainted
with Entomology ; and its correction is of im-
portance to nomenclature, and, in its results, to
horticulture. The real source of this mischief is
.1 kind of weevil, called by llorbst, its first de-
scrilicr, Curculio nenuphar, and re-described bj
Professor Peck,§ by the name of RkynchtBuus
Cerasi. This insect is one-fit'tb of an inch long,
of a dark browu color, clothed with minute reddish
and white hairs, and its wing-sliells are covered
with tubercles. It is ftirnishcd with a curved
rostrum or suout, with which it inflicts its noxious
punctures. Repeatedly has this insect been raised
from the larvte or grubs, that are so well known
to occasion the premature ripening and fall of the
plum, cherry, nectarine, apricot, and peach. Pro-
fessor Peck also obtained it from the grubs that
inhabit the excrescences of the Cherry-tree; and
heuce there is reason for believing, that tliose
which are found iii similar excrescences, that de-
form the limbs of the pluin-tree, are produced by
the same insect. Further observations are requi-
site to clear up this point. The larvte, whatever
they iftay be, leave the diseased branches near the
end of June ; hence is established the expedieucjk
of extirpating and burning the tumors early in
that month. Those that inhabit the fruits above
mentioned, enter the earth soon after the fall of
the fruits, and pass through their last changes in
the course of three weeks afterwards. Fallen
stone-fruit should therefore be gathered without
delay, and be given to swine.
Peach-trees once were the glory of our gardens
and orchards, yielding their rich fruit in such a-
bundauce, that not only were our tables amply
sup(>lied, but it was used by the distiller for the
purpose of being converted into spirit, and by the
former to feed his swine. These valuable trees
are now the victims of disease and the i)rey of in-
*' Natural History of tlic Slug-worm. 8vo. Boston. 1799.
t Melol&iuha Querciita. Knoch.
; Tliis actually happenoil on the faini of John Prince, Esq.,
at lloxLury.
^ Mass. Agr. Repoj. &. Journal. Vol. V. p. 312.
sects. From persons skilled in vegetable physi-
ology and meteorology we have yet to learn, how
far solar, attnospheric, and terrestrial influences
arc concerned in exciting the various diseases
with which they are annually attacked and con-
taiuii>ated ; what treatment can be adopted for
those which are ujion the decline ; and what
changes in soil, aspect, and managemeiit, vvill en-
sure the continued health of the young and vigo-
rous. It is certain that Aphides and a species oi
Thrips attack the leaves, luincltirc, jioison, and
exbatist them, and occasion tlietn in time to curl
up, thicken, and perish. The enemy is readily
discovered, living in numbers within the little hol-
low, red convexities, that deform the leaves: but
it is not equally certain that these insects are the
cause of the sudden disease, which, like a pest"
lential miasm, jiervadcs the foliage, rtipidly changes
its structure, susi)euds its vitiil functions, and
causes it prematurely to wither and fall. In some
instances that have fallen under my own observa-
tion, uo insects could be discovered beneath \he
leaves; and the syinptoins of disease were too re-
cent and sudden in their appearance to have origi-
nated from such a source. The means of destroy-
ing Aplddes are readily obtained and applied. So-
lutions ofsoaji, and weak alkaline litpiors, used
warm, and thrown up by a garden engine, are the
proper remedies.
Nor is it diflicult to guard the peach-tree ng.tinst
the borer, which attacks it near flie root, or at
that place denominated the neck, tlio most vital
part of the tree. More than six years ago the fol-
lowing means were pointed out,* and success has
uniformly attended their use. Kemove the earth
around tlie neck of the tree, crush or burn the
cocoons and larva; existing there, a|)ply the co^n-
uion composition or Witsh for fruit-trtes, and sur-
round the trunk with a strip of sheathing-paper,
eight or nine inches wide, which should extend
one or two inches below the level of the soil, and
be secured witli strings of matting above. Fresh
UiOitar should be placed around the root, so as
tu confine the paper and prevent access beneath
it, and the remaining cavity may be filled with
IVesh loam. This plan, if pursued every summer,
will efl'ectually protect the tree from being girdled
at its most vital part; tmd although the insects
may occasionally attack tlie unprotected trunk and
limbs, the injury will bo comparatively slight and
never fatal. Scaldmg water, and also soap-suds,
poured round the root, have been highly recom-
nundcd, both for destroying the grubs ;uid for re-
storing the vigor of tlie tree. This remedy, from
its simplicity, is deserving of furtlicr trial. Tiie
peach-tree borer is entirely distuict, in all its
stages, metamorphoses, and habits, from thai
which perforates the apple-tree. It is a whitish
cater|)illar, furnished with legs. Soon after it is
hatched, it penetrates the cuticle, and lives upon
the inner bark and alburnum or new wood, bein<'
often involved in great quantities of gum which
issue from the wounds. During the winter it re-
niiiins torpid ; but in the course of the sprin"^ it re-
stimes its operations, and sooner or later con-
structs a cocoon from grains of the bark cemented
by a glutinous matter, becomes a chrysalis, event-
ually bursts open its cocoon, and is changed to a
four-winged insect. It deposits its eggs ui>on the
bark of tlie tree near the root, soon after its ulti-
tnate metamorphosis is completed, which has been
observed to take place from the middle of Jidy to
the last of September. lu the "American Ento-
mology" of Mr. Say, this insect is correctly figur-
ed iuid described by the name of Xgeria exiliosa.
None of Our fruit-trees are so long-lived as the
pear, and none have been so free from insect
assiiilants. The slug of the saw-fly, as already
mijitioned, occasionally robs it of its foliage, anil
a liuimte wood-eating insect has lately preyed
uiBii its limbs. The latter insect, named Scolytus
Ffri by Profes-sor Peck, who detected the culprit
initi withered branch of the pear-tree, has pro-
duced a great deal of discussion in the horticidtu-
lijl papers, which it is not my intention or desire
tnniicw. Permit me however to remark, that,
tlUtgh long and carefully sought for in the blasted ■
lilibs tmd trunks of these trees, neither the insect
ii^qucstion nor its track has been found by me,
iu\\ that the only specimen in my possession was.
w|b nuuiy odiers, discovered by a friend in Wor-
ciiter in the diseased lind)s of his pear-trees. It
is,lherelbre, not in my power to add any thing to
iha account published by Professor Peck.* His
trslmony, drawn from personal inspection of tlie
se:iiwid mode of attack selected by the insect,
otbtre have confirmed by their own observations
heietoforc made public ; and there can be no doubt
tint the Scolytus is capable of doing extensive in-
juy; indeed, from what we know of the habits of
il^ nearest allies, we have every reason to fear,
tint, If permitted to increase in number, its ])owers
wll eventually be beyond control. It is generally
ainiitted, if the leaves on the extreme branches of
tin pear-tree should suddetdy wither in the months
ofJuly and August, that it is highly important
ill mediately to cut ofithe aflected and blackened
liiibs at some distance below the apparent extent
of the injury ; and if, on a careful examination,
thisc limbs arc found to contain insects, they
should undoubtedly be burned without delay.
r* the iidiabitants of New England, and even
of the Middle States, the apple-tree is far more,
ustfiil and important than any, and perhajis aJl,
of be other fruit-bearing plants. This invaluable
foreigii tree has continued to flourish in despite of
the numerous insect foes, that have come with it
to ciSim the rights of naturalization, and of those
indigenous to the coimtvy, wiiich have never
ceased to molct it and dispute its claim to the
soil. Among the former may be enumerated
-several kinds of Aphides, which infest its leaves;
the muscle-shaped bark-lou8e,f and another spe-
ciesof Coceus,\ of a larger size, and broader form,
both sufficiently described in " The New England
Farmer" ;§ the caterpillar, that lives beneath tho
rugg-cd bark of the tree, and is ultitnately changed
* iNew England Farmer, Vol. V. p. 33.
" WassacliuscUs Agricullural Repository, Vol. IV. p. 206.
t Coccus arbot-um linearis. Geoffi-oy.
X(^oci:u$ cryptogamus? DaUnaua.
J Vol. VU. pp. m, 289,
VOL. XI. NO. 31.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
245
so a molh ;* auother caterpillar,! called here the
apple-vvonn, that feeds in the centre of the apple
and causes it preirmtureiy to fall, ati insect well
known both iu England and France; the tent-
inakins insect, called here, by way of distinction,
ibo caterpillar,^ \vh\ch is also an imported species ;
and the misnamed Ameriran blis^hl,§ au Aphis
clothed with a cottony fleece, whidi has. been
known in this country comparatively but a. short
time. Not to detain you by any further remarks
upon these insects, I will only state, that the apple-
worn is not, as has been asserted, the young of a
curculio, nor of the beetle or May-bug ; but tliat it
proceeds from a moth, of which an account, by
Joseph Tufts, Esq., was printed iu the Journal of
the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, || and that
it has also been described by the Europeau natu-
ralists Rose] and Reaumur. These worms orcater-
pillars instinctively leave the fruit soon after it falls
from the tree, and retire to some place of conceal-
ment to become pupa; ; in order, therefore, tc get
rid of these noxious vermin it is necessary daily to
gather wind-fall apples, and make such immediate
use of them as will ensure the destruction, or f re-
vent the metamorphoses, of the insects.
A sketch of the history of the common catsr-
pillar of the apple-tree lias already been givau.
Crushing them while young and within their en-
campments, is the best mode of dostroyiug thiui.
the use and merits of the brush, invented by Col.
Pickering, are too well known and appreciated to
require any additional recommendation. ' II is
much to be wished, that some penalty coald be
enforced against those who neglect to employ the
■appropriate means for destroying cateriiillarj in
the proper season, and thus expose their ntigh-
bors' orchards tp cominued depredations. ^
It is highly probable that the cankerworrn ttothll
will prove to be identical with the PhalcEnwbru-
mata, or winter-moth of Europe ; their extarnal
appearance and habits correspoiul, and the difer-
euce in the season of their occurrence iu the Jpr-
fect state may be occasioned only by dili'orenc* of
climate. The cankerworm is very irregular iq its
visitations. For a long period our orchiirds may
be entirely exempt from attack, and then, duing
several successive years, immense numbers Ivill
appear, overspread fruit and forest trees, and(de
prive them of their leaves at midsummer, wlien
the loss is most serious in its consequences. It is
state<l,** that whole forests have perished, when
thus stripped of their sheltering foliage. Aliliost
all insects, in the perfect state, are furnished ivith
wings: this insect is an exception; for, as you
well know, the female is witliout them ; a depri-
vation that fortunately confines the individual within
a limited space, and renders the migrations of the
species slow and precarious. It was for a while
sni)posed, that these insects rose from the earth
only in the spring ; but it is ascertained that many
of them do also appear iu the auluum or early
* Tinea rortica/is. F.
t Tort.ix poniaria. F. Sec Uoscl, Vol. I. Class IV. PI 13.
J Boinbljx castrcTisis. L.
5 -iphii la]iig:era. F. Eriosoma Mali. Leach.
11 Vol. IV. p!" set.
11 PhaUena (GeomHra) vernaia. Peck. See liis Prize Es*
«ay, pulllished m ilie ■' Papers of Ihe Massachiisells AgrlniUu-
ral Sociely" for 1796. See a'so the Rev. Noah Alw.iier's
Prize Essay, ibid.; Dr. IMiicliell's Kcniarks on Ihe Canker-,
Worm, in tlia " New York Ma-azinc," Vol. VI. p. "iOl, wiih a
plale ; Dr. R. Greene on Ihe same insect, la ," The Medical
and Agricultural Register"' lor 1806, p. 1J4.
»• Kalm. Travels, Vol. II. p. 7.
Part of winter. In this vicinity* more were seen
^'uring the month of October, 1831, than in the
'"nsuing spring. Irregularities in the period of the
'ast development of insects are not unfrequent, and
they are evidently designed to secure the species
from extinction. Complete exemption from the
ravages of the cankerworm will depend upon keep-
ing the wingless females from ascending the body
of the tree to deposit their eggs. Many ex|)edients
to this end have, at various times, been suggested ;
lint on trial none have stood the test of experience
so well as the application of tar around the trunks.
This should be used both late in the autumn and
early in the sprinjg, according to rules which are
sufficiently understood. Attempts have been madef
to destroy the insects in the pupa state by turning
up the soil, and exposing them to the action of the
frost, and by covering the earth an inch thick, and
to the extent of three or four feet around the tree,
with lime.t Should this practice supersede the
tiecessity of tarring, it will not only be an import-
ant saving of time and expense, but will am|)ly re-
munerate the farmer by the improved condition of
tlio land, and the greater atiiount of the fruit.
[To bo continued.]
CUIiTURE OP SIIiK.
From the Report recently submitted to the
House by Mr Wheelock of Warwick, we learn
that this important branch of industry, is becom-
ug an object of increased attention, and, that suc-
cessful eflbrts in raising it have been made in al-
most every County of the State. The consump-
tion of this article in the United States is believed
to amount to no less than $10,000,000 annually ; of
which Massachusetts alone is believed to copsume
not less than $300,000. One acre of full grown
Mulberry trees, it is calculated, will produce S200
worth of silk — and the Committee are further led
to believe that a gr^at portion of the labor of pro-
ducing the article, "requires only the efforts of
females, children and aged persons, in and about
their homes, and that the atiiount of such in this
Commonwealth is very considerable, and that a
field is here opened for a species of industry
which at present is scarcely available at all, but if
slightly encouraged might greatly add to the gen-
eral mass of productive employment and wealth.
Almost every farm in this Comtnonwealth is cajia-
ble of being made to produce the leaves of the
wliite mulberry-tree, which by a natural process,
are converted into the rich and dtirable material
of Silk. Every farmer might raise in his family,
at least, enough of tliis article to pay his ta.xcs,
without materially iuterforing with the requisite
labors of the fartu, or diminishing the usual a-
tnount of other agricultural productions." If ea('li
farmer in this State would devote a little attention
to the raising of the mulberry-tree, and allow his
daughters to raise the silk-wortns, the profits to the
State in a few years would amount in the aggre-
gate to many hundred thousand dollars. Millions
of dollars worth of raw silk are itnportcd into
France and England every year. The Committee
recommend a bounty of one dollar on every pound
* I noticed their occurrence iu l,he au"umii in Caniltndge,
where, in the open winter of ISSJ — 31 , an intelligent friend oh-
sctved them ascending in every month.
tSce a paper by tlie Hon. John Lowell in the fourth volume
of "The Mass. .^t i.epos. ;" also, one l>y Mr. Roland How-
ard, in " The New England Farmer." Vol. IV. p. 31)1 ; and
Pro;cssor Peck's comuiunication, iu " The Mass. Agr. liepos."
Vol. IV. p. U'J.
} Mass. Agr. Repos. Vol. IU. p. 317.
of Silk reeled in this Commonwealth, that is capa-
ble of being manulactured into various silk fabrics;
also a bouiity of one dollar a hundred on whitf;
midberry-trees, transplanted in a proper manner
for the growth of the leaf The art of reeling
from the cocoons is rather difficult and discourag-
ing at first; so that without some public aid few
will be found to tmdertake it. To obviate this
diffictilty the proposed bounty is recommended. —
Boston Traveller.
ROBERT HAL,r,'S OPINION UPON EDUCATING
THE LOWER CLASSES.
Some have objected to the instruction of the
loiver classes from an apprehension, that it would
lift them above their sphere, make them dissatisfied
with their station in life, and by impairing the
habits of subordination, endanger the tranquility of
the state; au objection, surely devoid of all force
and validity. It is not easy to conceive in what
manner instructing men in their duties can prompt
them to neglect those duties, or how that enlarge-
ment of reason which enables them to comprehend
the true grounds of authority and the obligation of
obedience should indispose them to obey. The
admirable mechanism of society, together with
that subordination of ranks which is essential to its
subsistence, is usually not an elaborate imposture,
which the exerci.se of reason will detect and ex-
pose.— This objection implies a reflection on the
social order equally impolitic, insidious, and unjust.
Nothing, in reality, renders legitimate governments
so insecure as extreme ignorance in the people.
It is this which yields them au easy prey to seduc-
tion, makes them the victims of prejudice and false
alartns, and so ferocious withal, that their inter-
ference in the time gf |)ublic commotion, is more
to be dreaded than the ertiption of a volcano.
WATER WHEEL,.
Mr. Joel Eastman, of Bath, N. II. has lately
made an improvement in water wheels which is
likely to supersede most others iu use. It is con-
structed likf, Ihe ordinary gig wheel — and runs in
either a verticul or horizontal position. The wheel
is inclosed in aspiral shell, to prevent the water from
being thrown oft' by its centrifugal force directing it
towards the shaft in the centre, whence it is dis-
charged. We are infortiied, by those who have
seen it in operation that the water exerts a power
on a wheel of tliis description, to an equal degree
that it would on an overshot, and to nearly twice
that of a tub or reaction wheel. Mr. E. has ob-
tained a patent for his improvement, and appointed
Messrs. McCord & Ilines, mill-wrights, of Sandy
Hill, Washington co. N. Y. agents for the States ^f
Delaware, New Jersey, and New York, (Clinton
and Essex counties excepted.) From the ease
and cheapness of its construction, there can be
little doubt of its going into general use. —
Genius of Temperance.
The notion of the Indian loxia lighting up its
nest with a glow-worm, has usually been consider-
ed a popular fable, but the conductors of the Library
of Entertaining Knowledge state, that an infor-
mant of theirs, a gentleman long resident in India,
tried various experiments on the subject, and
always found when he took away the glow-worm
out of a nest, that it was rc])laced by the bird with
another, which was not used for food but was stuck
on the side of the nest with clay for a lamp. —
KnoxviiU Reporter.
246
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
PEBRtlARY 13, 1S33.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEB. 13, 1R33.
FARMER'S WORK.
Sheep. Your sheep I hope are of the best
breed ; but it would not be possible to give direc-
tions to a proper choice, in that respect, which will
apply in all cases to every cultivator. Mortimer, an
English writer, says " the farmershoidd always buy
his sheep from a worse land than his own" and it
is, no doubt, the case with sheep, as with cattle,
if any breed be brought from a rich to au inferior
soil it must necessarily decrease in value and con-
dition. We shall not specify the numerous breeds
of this animal, which are, or have been celebrated,
but believe that every judicious farmer may, and
ought to have a good breed of his own, by select-
ing the best animals to breed from, instead, as is
too often the case, killing or selling to the butcher
the best, and breeding from the poorest of the
flock.
Among the most valuable breeds of sheep, may
be numbered the Bakcwell or Dishley brped;
which originated with the celebrated Bakewell,
and if every sheep fanner would use similar means
he might attain similar results. His practice was
as follows: —
Mr. Bakewell selected from his own flock, [md
from the flocks of others, those sheep to brted
from, which possessed in the greatest degree tiiat
perfection of form which he was desirous to retain
and perpetuate. By judiciously crossing them,
and selecting the most perfect of their jirogeny,
he at length succeeded in forming the breed,
which has been distinguished by the naine of the
New Leicester, or Dishley breed ; and having at-
tained his object, he carefully gnari^eti against
any future intermixtures with other brepds. This
breed exceeds all others in its propensity to fatten ;
jmd by crossing byranis with this breed, a very
considerable ])ortion of the long-wooUed sheep
in England have been greatly improved in this
respect.
Wintering Sheep. With regard to winter food
for sheep, we have some facts, inducing a belief
that gpod economy would lead to the. use of other
Articles besides hay, more frequently than has
been general. Mr. Jedediah Mmg.ui, of Cayuga,
New York, in a letter to Jesse Buel, Esq. publish-
ed in Memoirs of the Board of Agriculture of the
Slate of JVew York," vol iii. p. 118, observes insu b-
stance, that in consequence of a severe drought,
his mowing'land did not yield more than one third
the quantity of hay obtained in ordinary seasons.
His flock of sheep consisted of about 500 includ-
ing about 120 lambs.
"About the fifteenth of December," he observes,
"I commenced feeding them, at which time I
had only about nine tons of fine timothy and clo-
ver hay. . I divided my sheep into flocks of about
100, and commenced giving thera, say half a gill
of corn each per day, in the ear, dividing it so as
to give half of it in the morning, and the residue
in the evening, except that to the lambs I gave
nearly the same quantity of oats in the sheaf. I
fed in this way, until about the 1st of January fol-
lowing, when the quantity of grain was a little in-
creased: so that between the 15th of December
and the 15th of April following I actually fed to
my 380 sheep, 145 bushels of corn ; and to the
120 lambs 40 bushels of oats, which would be
something less than a gill of corn and oats per
head, i)er day, to both sheep and lambs during the
winter. The flock had little more than enough of
hay to form a cud, except that in extreme cold
weather, I directed them to be full fed on hay.
"In this manner 500 sheep were wintered,
with the loss of only three lambs; and at the open-
ing of the spring, they were in better health and
condition than any flock I ever wintered in any
former season since I have been engaged in rear-
ing sheep and growing wool.
I estimate the expense of keeping my flock of
500 sheep through the winter, as follows: —
Nine tons of hay at $7.00, . . .$63.00
145 bushels of corn at .*0.31, . . 44.95
40 do. oats at .$0.19, . . . 7. GO
S:dt with the hay, &o 5.00
Attendance of sluphord . , , . , 20.00
$140.55
Salt for Slieep, fyc. Various opinions have been
expressed relative to the use of salt for sheep, but
most writers have recommended giving sheep ac-
cess to it at all times. Of late, however, it has
been suspected that a too free use of salt has been
the unsuspected cause of disorders, which have
often proved fatal to the animals. John Prince,
Esq. in a paper, published in the N. E. Farmer,
vol. X. p. 268, has stated facts and circumstances,
which lead to the conclusion that his sheep had
suffered greatly by having unrestrained access to
salt. . Perhaps, however, salt in proper quantities
may prove useful. Dr. Cooper, in the last Ameri
can edition of Willich's Domestic Encyclopcdii
says, " A quarter of an ounce of salt per day to
sheep, and one ounce per day to cows and oxen,
is an allowance ample enough." A judicious
(iructical cultivator assured us that in giving salt to
his cattle and sheep he always mixed it with un-
liached wood ashes, at the rateof one quart of fine
salt to one half bushel of ashes. To this compo-
sition his cattle and sheep have alwaVs access: and
lie believes that the mixture preserves the health
and promotes the tliriving of the animals.
Cow houses and Stables should be well ventilated.
Mr. Lawrence says "a stable should never be
completely closed up, however cold the weather
may be, although it is desirable that strong
Iraughts of cold or damp air should be guarded
against, especially in winter. It may be heUl as a
general rule that the stable is too close, when on en-
tering, the breath is aftccted, or any smell of urine
can be perceived.
"If it be important to keep cow-houses or cattle
stables well ventilated, it is no less so to keep them
clean. Dung if kft therem soon renders the air
unwholesome, and engenders a train of putrid
disorders. — Cows in a stable should not be kept
too close — a square space of six feet each way
should be allowed to each cow."
For the Neio England Farmer. *
CAtJIjIPI.OWER.
Mr. Editor, — Your Cambridge correspondent
must have been particularly unfortunate or un-
wise in t)ie disposition he made of his eaidiflowers
last year, if he got hut fourpence a \nece for them.
I wish I could advise him to a more jirofitable
course jn the year to coinc, but I can only state
facts, and he may perhaps turn them to his advan-
tage.
Dufing the season for this delicious vegetable,
I have usually had it on my table two or three,
and smictimes four times a week. I always ])ur-
chasfl at the Qnincy market, but at different stalls.
Durilig the last season, with au experience as ex-
tensile as before mentioned, I have never been
able ;o procure a single flower, of moderate size,
for less than 25 cents, and generally have paid
niucli more for them. Once, not finding any at
the Ciiincy nuirket, I went to the IJoylston market:
there were none there, but I found a brocolti for
which I paid a few cents only — five or six. — I
will (Illy add my regret that I was not so fortu-
nate a^ fall in with the cauliflowers of " Quantum
Siifficil^^ Epicukus.
Bosbn, Feb. 6, 1833.
ITEMS OP 1NTEI.L,IGE1VCB.
Th"; last accounts from South Carolina are al-
most dtogether notices of nullification and union
uieeti)gs" arguments, arnuuncnts and wars of words
preluling or threatening weapons and missiles of
a Icssharmless ch;iracter. It is thought, however,
that tie storm will blow over with more thunder
than ightning.
TIr, Tariff. The Washington correspondent of
the U S. Gazette, in a letter, dated Feb. 2, says
there has been nothing done to day towardsbring-
ing th) Tariff discussion to a close, and the fate of
the bill may be considered as decided." There
are it seems two modes of despatching Mr. Ver-
planck's bill under consideration ; one is to smoth-
er it with amendments, and the other is to talk it
into non-entity.
Sonthem Anti-XuUificniion. The Charleston
Courier has commenced the publication of "«oJ-
emn truths" timon^ which are numbered the follow-
ing:— "The tariff' laws have an equal operation
upon every State in this frta and happy Union.
Washington believed the tariflf constitutional,
and he was as wise and good a man as ' Uayna
or Hamilton, McDuflie or Dr. Cooper."
GIGANTIC OX AMERICUS.
The largest Ox, it is believed, that was ever
reared in this or any other country, may now ba
seen for a few days in a temporary »hed, erected
VOt.. XI. NO. 31.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
247
for liis reception at the west end of Faneuil Hall,
IJostou. TJiis animal is said to be only five years
vjld ; and from liis present size, and rapid growth
it is tliought he will sooa attain the weight of 5000
pounds! He is as remarkable for symmetry as
^ize, and has all the poinis which amateurs are ac-
customed to admire in fine cattle. He is of the
Durham short horn breed, and wo doubt whether
^ly nobleman in Great Britain does more credit to
his lineage than this magnificent ox.
The famous Durham ox, so much celebrated in
the annals of British Agriculture, at 5 years old
weighed 30'24 pounds only, fidling more than 1000
ibs. short of Americus.
MR. FI-INT'S ADDRESS.
We have received the Address of Waldo Flint,
Esq. delivered before the Worcester Agricultural
Society, and shall show our high estimation of its
merits by its republication in our paper.
COME ON.
The following 'short and pithy' resolutions were
unanimously adopted on tlie 5th ult. by the 1st
Company of the 1st Regiiricnt of South Carolina
militia counnanded by Capt. D. Oyley, of Green-
field district :
Resolved, 'That the Federal Union must be pre
served,' or we will perish in the attenjpt to pre-
serve it.
Resolved, That iu defence of the Federal Union,
we have drawn our swo7-ds and flung away tht scab-
bards.
Resolved, Tliat we will take up arms under no
Qth.ir standard than 'the star spangled bennrr,*'tand
if fight we must we will strike for the Union i|r 'a
glorious grave.' \
Resolved, That in answer to the epithets of Sub-
inissionists, Cowards and Tories, so unjustly and
frequently applied to the Members of the Union
Party, we have but two words by way of rcjily'to
tlie Nullifiers, which are these: 'Come on.'
Bank of JVcuj Orleans. — We learu from die
Message of Governor Roman, that the Capital of
the Banks in that city, amount to the enormqus
sum of nearly lwenti/-si.v millions of dollars.
AMERICAN FARRIER.
JUST received, hy GEO. C. BARRETT, and for said al
the New Euglainl Farmer Office, Mo. 32 North Markel-.^treel
the American Farrier, containing a minute account ol the Ionia.
tion of every part of the Horse, with a description of all tlie
diseases to which each part is liable, the best remedies to be
applied in elTecling a cure, and tlie most approved mode ol
treatinonl for jjrevonting disorders ; with a copious list of rnfdi
cines, describing their qualities and effects when applied in dil
ferenl cases ; and a complete treatise on rearing and managin
the horse, from the foal to the full grown active laborer; illus
Irated with numerous engravings. By H. L. Barnum. I'nr
75 cents.
dec 5
FOR SAI,E,
THE Bull COLLINS, got by BoKvar-dam Young Flor;
by Coelebs ; Granddam the imported Cow Flora dropt Au<
30, ISiy— colour red and while. This Bull is one of the line';
animals in America, and will be sold low. Apolv at this oflici
Jan. 16 If '^'^ ■'
THE PLANTER'S GUIDE.
JUST published, and for sale by Geo. C. Barrett, at thi
wew t,ngland Farmer Office,— the Pl.-intcr's Guide ■ or a Prac
Ileal Essay on the best method of Giving Immediate Efl-ect l<
V\ ood.by the removal of Large Trees and Underwood • bein.
an attempt to place the Art, and that of General Arboriculiur^
on h.iced and Phyiological principles ; interspersed with obscr
valions on General Planting, and the improvement of real land-
scape. Originally intended for Ihc climate of Scotland By
Sir Henry Sleuart, Barl. LL. F. D. R. S. E., etc. Price ~
WANTED,
A .STEADY si)igle Man, perlectly capable of managing
» whole work of a small farm of 20 acres, with a good Garden.
No one will be engaged who cannot produce the best recom-
endations as to sobriety, honesty, and having experience in
the most improved system of Agricullure. A member of the
Temperance Society, and a pious character, will be preferred.
\pplicalion addressed to Mrs. Reddic,r<cw Haven, post paid,
.vill be answered. ' feb 13
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE
GRASS SEEDS.
Herds Grass— Red Clover, (Northern and Southern) Red
Top — Fowl Meadow — Orchard Grass — Tall Meadow OatGrass
—Lucerne— White Dutch Honeysuckle Clover, for sale b3'
Gko. C. Barrett, No. 51&5'2 North Market Street, Boston.
feb 13 tf
PEAS.
EXTRA EARLY PEAS (warranted the earliest in the coun-
try.) Early Washington, do. J Early Charlton, do.; Early Hot-
spur, do. J Early Frame, do. ; Dwarf Blue Imperial, do. ; Large
Marrowfat, do. ; Knicht's Tall and Dwarf, Bishop's Dwarf, and
the Dwarf fecymetarrea ; the latter a new and very valuable
variety. For sale wholesale and retail, by Geo. C. Barrett.
feb 13
VA1.XJABLE BOOKS.
FOR SALE at the N. E. Farmer Office and Seed Store,
Piice.
Deane's New England Farmer or Gcorglcal Dictionary, $'2.50
Thacher's Treatise on Bees, 75
New American Gardener (a valuable work),
Tlie Farmer's Own Book,
Frugal Housewife,
Prince on the Vine,
'* Pomological Manuals (2 vols.),
New American Orchardist (see other adv.)
Moubray on Poultry, &.C.,
Cobb's Maima! on the Culture of the Mulberry,
Nuttall's Ornithology,
'* Introduction to Botany,
Forsyth on Fruit Trees,
The Planter's Guide (new work)
The Complete Cattle Keeper,
Calcareous Manures,
Hind's Farriery,
Pocket Farrier, 15
History of Insects, (3 vols.) each LOO
Anecdotes of Natural History (an interesting work) 87.^
Trees and Fruits and Vegetable Substances (2 vols.) each LOU
Arrhitecluro of Birds, LOO
Sylva Americana, 2.50
Cobbeti's Works, &c. <fec..
All works on Ao;riculture, Horticulture and rural economy
can be supplied to libraries and others on favorable terms.
CATALOGUE OF THE AGRICULTURAL WARE-
HOUSE AND SEED STORE, FOR 1833,
Just puDJlshed, comprising a list of Agricultural Implements,
with descriptions ; and Garden, Field and Flower Seeds, Flow-
er Roots, &-C. &c., with directions. tJ4 pp. Gratis.
LOO
L50
each LOO
37^
3.60
1.50
LOO
3.00
87A
[LOO
LOO
GARDEN SEEDS, &c.
WM. PRINCE &. SONS, Flushing, near New York, have
imported by the last arrivals s,everal thousand dollars worth of
seeds of the choicest varieties of vegetables known in the dif-
ferent countries of Europe, and will lurnish supplies to venders
at very reasonable rates. These seeds are of a quality rwt to
he surpassed. They have also 200 lbs. Yellow Locust, or Ro-
benia pseudacacia seeds, of the line Long Island variety, sc
celebrated lor ship timber, at a low price.
•Priced cataloo:ues will be furnished on application direct per
mail or otherwise. Catalogues of Fruit trees. Greenhouse
Plants, &CC. with the reduced prices will also be sent gratis to
every applicant. 2t tcb 13
AVANTS A SITUATION,
OR A FARM BY SHARES. A single man, cnpabl.
managing a farm, and who will make himself generally useful,
wishes to be employed as overseer or manager to an estate. He
is perfectly acquainted with feedinfi^ and breeding of cattle and
sheep, draining, &c., has no objections to going to any part of
the U. Stales, or will take a farm by the shares. For further
information apply at the office of this paper.
Boston, Feb 1833. 3t
k:ij>ibali.'S
Slock and Suspender Manufactory, Linen Drapery, Hosiery
and Glove Store, No. 12, Washini^Mon Street, Boston.
A FARMER WANTED.
A single man or a man with a smnll family to take charge
of a Farm 10 miles from Boston, containing an orchard of
250 to 300 treps, &c. The owner wishes to obtain a man
is well acquainted with the best method of the cultivation of
Fruit Trees, and in all other respects is master of his busmess
as a farmer, one who would do the same for his employer as
for himself, he must be a true temperate man who abstains en-
tirely from the use of ardent spirit j »o such a man a fair com-
pensation will be oftered either in wages by the year, or to let
th© Farm on shares.
Apply at this office. jan 30
Apples, ruBsetts,
baldwins,
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspepled, No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flouk, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hat,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard^ Boston, Ist sort, ....
Southern, 1st sort, ....
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
** uppdr, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
l^IME,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . ,
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
'Pulled superfine, .
Isl Lambs, . . .
•I=<!2d " . . .
3d " ...
1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
barrel
bushel
pound
bushel
barrel
pound
side
pound
side
pound
cask
ton
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt
pound
FROM T
2 00
2 (JO
1 OIj
10 a
30
!i 00
38
3S
9
1 20
(i 37
6 12
5 87
6 00
88
70
90
Co
16
2 50
2a
23
1 06
3 75
17 50
12 50
none
2 50
1 25
11
2 fiO
1 37
10 75
7 00
6 50
16
43
12
1 30
6 62
a 25
6 37
6 12
90
78
10
1)
22
3 00
19
2 70
28
23
1 12
4 00
18 OO
13 00
3 00
1 60
12
11 00
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES.
Hams, northern, . .
Pork, whole hogs, .
Poultry, ....
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best, .
Egcs,
Potatoes,
Cider, (ac
ording to quality.
pound
%
9
"
6
It
fi
"
IS
"
2(1
dozen
25
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
3 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Feb. U, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
Al Market this day 4S7 Beef Cattle, (including 22 unsold
last week) 20 Stores, 1438 Sheep, and 96 Swine. About 50
Swine have been before reported.
Prices Beef Cattle.^Lnsi week's prices were fully sus-
tained, some qualities may have brought a little belter prices.
We noticed two fine Callle from Northampton taken al ,$6,25.
We quote prime at g5,50 a 6,00 ; good at 5,00 a 5,50 ; thin
at 4,25 a 5,00.
Cows and Calves.— Sales were noticed at g24, 525, and
,g27,50.
Sliecp. — Market full and sales dull; we noticed sales at
g2,75; S3; S3,50; g4;5V5; g5, and g5,75.
Sipine. — No lot was sold ; a few were retailed at 4^ a 5 for
Sows, and 5^ a 6 for Barrows.
NnTTAl.I.'S ORJHTHOI.OGY.
JUST received by Geo. C. Barren, No. 51 and 62, Nortk
Market Street, Boston : —
A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States, and •{
Canada. By Thomas Nultall, A, M., F. L. S. ; with 53 e».
grariogs. rrice gS, 60, Pe«. IS.
248
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
FEBRUARY 13, 1B33.
MISCELLANY.
A WISH.
If I could breathe a wish and know,
Thai wish were not in vain,
That Heav'n upon me would bestow,
What I should ask him then ;
WHiat would I ask 1 not for a crown
To settle on my head,
I'd cast the splendid garland down,
And look on it widi dread.
But I would ask some shady spot.
By some fast murm'ring brook,
Some little humble unknown cot
Where angel's eyes might look.
And I would ask for one I love.
With me to call it " Home,"
So near 'twould rival bliss above,
I could not want to roam.
Open not thy bosom to the trifler ; repose not
thy head on the breast which nnrseth envy and
folly, and vanity. Hope not for obedience where
the passions are tunauied ; and expect not honor
from her who hoiiorclh not the God that lyadc
her.
Though thy place be next to the throne of prin-
ces, and the countenance of royalty beam upon
thee though thy ricliesbe as the pearls of Omar,
and thy name be honored from tlio east to the
west little will it avail thee, if darkness and dis-
afipoiutinent and strife be in tliinc own hahitation.
There nmst be passed thine hours of solitude and
sickness — and there must thou die. Reflect,
then, my son ere thou choose, iUid look well to
her ways whom thou would'st love ; for though
thou be wise in other things — little will it avail
thee, if thou choosest not wisely the wife of thy
bosom.
and the sick daughter was soon laid hy the side of
her mother, and in a few years most of the mem-
bers of the family folio wcil. — Portland Courier.
CHOOSE -WISEIiY THE WIPE OP TITi' BOSOM.
Go, my son, said the eastern sage to Talmore,
go forth to the world ; be wise in the pursuit of
knowledge — be wise in the accumulation of riches
he wise in the choice of friends ; yet little will
this avail thee, if thou choosest not wisely the wife
of thy bosom.
When the riders of thy people echo thy sayings,
and the trumpet of fame sounds thy name abroad
ajiiong the nations, more heautifully will the sun
of thy glory set, if one bright cloud reflects its
brightness, and sullied forever will be the splen-
dor of the rays, if like a dark spot she crosses its
surface.
Consider this, then, my sofa ; and look well to
her ways whom thou woiild.<t love ; for little will
all else avail thee, if thou clioosest not wisely the
companion of thy bosom. See yonder the maid-
ens of Tinge. They deck themselves with the
gems of Golconda and the rose of Ivashmire —
themselves more brilliant and beautiful ; but ah !
take not thVm to thy bosom ; for the gem will
grow dim, and the rose wither and naught remain
to thee of all thou didst woo and win.
Neither turn thyself to the i)roud one who
vaunts herself on having .scanned llic pages of Ve-
das, and fathomed the mysteries of the holy tem-
ple. Woman was not born to wield tlie sceptre,
or direct the counsel ; to reveal the mandates of
Brama, or expound tlic sacred verses of 3Ienu.
Rather be it hers to support thee in grief and
sooth thee in sickness ; to rejoice in thy prosperity
and cling to thee in adversity. Reflect then my
son ere thou choosest, and look to her ways whom
thou wonkiest make the wife of thy bosom.
A wife I what a sacred name! what a responsi-
ble oflice! slie must be the unspotted sanctuary to
which wearied man may flee from the crimes of
the world, and feel that no sin dare enter there.
A wife! she must be as pure as spirits around the
Everlasting Throne, that man m.iy kneel to lier,
even in adoration, and feel no abasement. A
wife! she must be the guardian angel of his foot-
steps on earth, and guide them to heaven; so firm
in virtue that should he for a moment waver, she
can yield him support, and replace hiin upon its
firm foundation ; so happy in conscious innocence,
that when from the perplexities of the world he
turns to his home, he may never find a fro>VTi
where he sought a smile. Such, my son, thou
scekest in a wife ; and reflect well ere thou choos-
est.
lATEMPEKAKCB.
We yesterday witnessed in the npper part of
the city, a lamentable instance of tlie misery and
degradation induced by this vice. An aged and
hoary headed man, dressed with more than ordi-
nary neatness, was seen tottering from side to side,
the object of the shouted derision of a crowd of
jeering boys. Having lost his hat, his white hair
streamed over his wrinkled forehead, and his eyes
gleamed through the rheum of age with the dull
idiocy- of intemperance. A young rosy lad at-
tempted to lead liim to his home, but from terror,
shame, and weakness, was unable to sustain him.
The hoary drunkard, loosed from his hold, and
reeling, retching and cursing, sunk to the ground,
his head falling heavily against the curb stone.
Tlie boy regarded him lor a moment — and then
burst into tears. It was his father. The scene
artbrdcd an impressive and aft'eciing lesson. The
wretch who thus degrailed himself and his species,
had accunmlated, by a long life of honesty indus-
try, a competency. His character was unhlem-
islied, and lie had raised in the District as fine a
family as ever gladdened a father's fire side. He
had been a moderate drinker, but the measure
gradually increasing, he sunk into intemperance,
and became a curse to himself, and a reproach to
his familv. — A'ational Intdligcncer.
The march of matrimony hits made no progress
in the parish of Elmsthorjie, which contains only
four houses, occu])ied by ihirly-fom- individuals,
the whole of whom are living in a st.ile of single
blessedness ! The rectory of this parish is a com-
plete sinecure, no service having been performed
since the year 1798, and then only when the rector
read himself in! The church is now a fine pic-
turesijuc ruin, richly clad vviih ivy.
Public Worship in London. Tlie Tourist gives
the I'ullowing statement of the various jilaces of
worship in the English metropolis; — Episcopalian
Churches and Chapels, 200 ; ludcpendcnt Chap-
els, ad; Weslcyan Methodist Chapels, 36; Baptist
Chapels, 32; Calvinistic Methodist ('hapels, 30;
Presbyterian (Scotch and Unitarian) Chapels, 16;
Roman Catholic Chapels, 14 ; McLtiiig Houses of
the Friends, 6.— Total, 400.
SEEDS FOR COIKTUV DEA1.J!.RS.
TR.'VUF.RS in iho country, wlio may uish lo keep an as-
sorimcnl of genuine tinrden Seeds h>r ^ale. arc inlornied they
can \'c furnished at the New England Fanner office, Nos. 51
&, 0-, North Market street, Boston, with boxes contaiuliiga
cuniph-tc assortment of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen
garden on as favorable terms as they can be procured in this
couiiiry, neatly done up in small papers, at IJ cents each— war- ■
riinuii lo be ol the growili ol liio-, and ol the. vei ijjitst quality.
t)KNAMK[«TAL Fi-owER Skeus will be added Oil the Same
liriMs. when ordered, as well as Pka-S, Beans, Earlv and
S« r.LT Corn, &c. ot difierenl sorts.
II j" The seeds vended at this esiablishnient, are pot up on an
improved plan, each package being acconipahied with short
(hrcriions on its maiiagenienls,and packed in the neatest style.
4>;Uers are requcstt^d to call and examine for Iheinselves.
Ik-c. i>l.
SUPERSTITION.
One of the popular superstitions of New England
and how iiumy other countries we kjiow not, is that
when a person dies of consumjnion some part ol
the body does not decay, hut still lives, and jireys
upon the relatives of the deceased till the whole
family one after another sink under the same
disease and drop into the tomb. The superstition
goes further and says, if the decaying body is taken
up and the living part discovered and consumed by
fire, the sick member of the family vvill recover.
The editor of this paper was once present himsell
when two bodies were disinterred for this purpose,
one alter having been buried about a year and the
other ihr^c years. They were a mother and a
daughter, both of whom died of consumption.
Another daughter was fast sinking under the
same fatal disorder, for .whose benefit the exhuma-
tion was undertaken. The examination of the
bodies was made by two regularly educated physi-
cians ; not because they believed in the su|)crsti-
tion themselves hut for the satisfaction of die
family. Nothing was discovered in the bodies
however, more than ordinary appearance of decay,
JSEW AMF.RICAN ORCHAROIST.
jySTpulilished ;iiid lor sale bvfiKU. I'. li.A KKKTT, Noji
j1 & 52, North Murkcl Street, 'The New Abiekican Or-
BDisT, or a Irealise on ilie cultivalion and niaitagenienl of
F-itiU, drapes, Onuimcutil Shriilis, and Flomeis, adapted to
ciltivalion in the Uiiilcd Slates.
This is recommended lo the public as a treatise well worthy
a place in every (ariner's library, containing an account of tin-
most valuable varieties of fruit, and Iho remedies for the mala-
des lo \\hich fruit trees are subject liom noxious insects and
o her causes. Also, the varieties ol the Grape wiih their modes
cullure, .<cc. Price SljSo. .
FRUIT TREES.
ORDERS for Fruit, Forest
Honeysuckles, &c. Irom Win
\''ilson, Mrs. ParmeniLcr, ami
ccivcd by ibc subscriber, and
dec .5
aird Ornamenlal Trees, Shrubs,
hip, Kenrick, Triiicc, Buel .V,
jlher rcspeciable Nurseries, re-
ixeculed at Nursery prices.
GEO. C. B.-VKRi; IT,
New England Fiitni.r Ollice.
THE NEW EKG1.AAD F.VU.llEU
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at ,s'3 per aiuium,
poyable at the end of the year — but those who pay wiihin
sijiy days from the lime ol subscribing, arc entitled to a deduc-
ticn.of fifty cents. .
aj" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
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.4lbany — Wm. Thorbur.n, 347 Markel-slrccl.
Philadelphiu—D. & C. Lanureth,85 Chesnul-slrcel.
Baltimore — I. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Fanner.
Cwinnati — .S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-slrcet.
Fluthing, N. 1'.— W ji. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin.Bot.Gar.
.Mvldlebunj, Vl. — W'ioht Chapman. Merchant.
Hartford— GnuDwu: & Co. Booksellers.
S'pnitjrfitld. Ms. — E. Edwards; Merchant.
Newbu'ryport — Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, iV. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Coi.man, Hiii.DEN & Co. Booksellers.
Aui'usta, .)/.-.— W.M. Mann, Uruggist.
Halifax, N. S.—l'. i. Hoi.i.ANi)", Esq. Edilor of Recorder.
Montreal. L. C. Geo. Bent.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett hy John Ford, who
executes every description of Boole iivd Fnvrij Printing
in CTOod stvle, and with promptness. Orders for printing
may be kit with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Wareliouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 32, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural VVarkhouse.)-T. G. FESSENDEN. EDITOR.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 20, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Famier.
AGRICCI^TURAI. ESSAYS, JV O. XVIII.
Potatoes. Tlie liest grow hi a dry soil, but a
wet one will yield the most. Plough deep, and
the more pulverized the earth, the bett(!r the croj) ;
except the green sward, which produces at one
ploughing, the greatest crop of any land. Poor
land, well cultivated, will yield 100 bushels per
acre. Hogs dung, mixed with a great proportion
of straw, rubbish, &e. excellent manure for them.
As they will grow almost any whi>re, they are apt
to be neglected; but no crop will pay the farmer
better. Cut seed better than whole ; a middling
potato will give si.v pieces, with oue, or two eyes
in each piece: and any part, even the rind, and
heart will produce, put three pieces in an hill six
inches apart, and cover them deep. The shooting
part of a potato like a tree; the bntt end of it,
the stumj) — therefore cut length wajs as much as
you can, in hoeiug do not earth them iip too much,
and let the last hoeiug be when they >rc in blos-
som ; when parboiled, very good for swine, not so
good raw — they increase milk in cows. A gen-
tleman in Nova-Scotia used to wash, nnd cut
them, and give them in plenty to his fattcrtag cat-
tle : he informed me, that a bushel would Hake a
pound of tallow in a creature so fed. \
Sow. If she will not call for the male, Vive
her a little bit of rennet. Feed her a few day&ie-
fore she pigs, plentifully; it will prevent her de-
vouring them. She should pig in Maixh or April
if the pigs are to be reared.
S.EEDS not natural to the climate degenerate —
By the Editor.
PEAT FOR MABIURE.
A FRIEND has obliged us with an Agricultural
Tract, originally published in Edinburgh, entitled
" Directions for Prepwing Manure from Peat."
As there are few topics of more importance to
Auierican Husbandry than that which would teach
farmers to convert a substance so abundant as peat,
into food for plants, we shall transfer the more
material parts of the Essay to which we allude to
the pages of the JVew- England Farmer.
In the Preface, the autlior informs that his ob-
ject is to announce to Scotch farmers a discovery
of considerable importance to them, — that com-
mon peat, fit for fuel, was convertible into a jiu-
trescent manure, equally powerful as farm-yard
dung in the cultivation of the ordinary crops; and
giving instructions for conducting and accomplish-
ing the process requisite for that purpose. The
process consisted generally in bringing on the pu-
trid fermentation in peat-earth, (otherwise naturally
in a very gradual and nearly iujperceptible state of
decay,) by the inteimi.vture of not less than oue-
fourtli part of farm-yard dung, and then giving to
the compound, time, massiness, and turning, so as
to favor or regulate the fermentation much as in
an ordinary dunghill. In this way it was confi-
dently stated, that after making all reasonable allow-
ance for evaporation and waste of every descrip-
tion, the farm manure of Scotland might be tripled,
wherever there was access to peat fit for good fuel,
and time, industry, and attention bestowed for con-
ducting the preparation with tolerable accuracy.
Since the communication was made, the prepa-
ration has been amply subjected to the test of ex-
perience in most quarters of Scotland ; and, as far
should be changed annually, if only from one
field to another. A considerable distance b(5tter. »^ ''"^ ""''""" '^^" '^^^ ^''^ nowhere failed, except
Flax, and most early seeds, carried 100 miles i "'''"'^ compliance with the directions concerning
north, do well— late ones carried as far south, do, " '"'^'^ ^''''" S^°^^b neglected,
well also. Corn, barley, oats and seeds of all ^f""" '''««'' ''"'' «°™*= °t^"^'" Prefatory remarks,
kinds, should be changed every year; it will pay '''^ ''"^''°'" Proceeds with
the farmer fourfold for all his trouble in doing it. ' Directions lor making Compost Dunghills from
Sheep. Buy them, and indeed all cattle, fron1 j ^^"* *^""*' '*^'"'='' ''"*'<' ''«'=" "^"'^ '"^ Meadowbank
a soil poorer than your own. Buy large boned '" Mid-Lothian, and been found to stand cropping,
ones, with long, fine, greasy wool. Dry land good ^^''«t''«'- "^y Corn (gram) of all sorts. Hay, Pasture,
to feci them on, and so are salt marshes. They Tares and Potatoes ; and whether on Loam, Thin
go with lamb 20 weeks. One male sufficient for ^''*>^' S^"'^''' °'" Gvavel, at leas* equally well with
20 ewes, or more. Propagate those which have
large bodies, with long, silky wool. Shady pas-
tures, and free from l)ru.sh, best for them. The
more a sheep drinks the faster he fats. Once fat,
kill them, never will be so fat again. Wash them
in a warm day, in the middle, or last of June.
Let them run three or four days in the pasture,
and sweat in their wool, before you shear them:
and then avoid pricking and cutting them. If a
cold rain falls soon after shearing, house them
Fai-m-yard Dung
I It is proper to state in the outset some general
Facts concerning the preparation of Manure, which
Bvery practical farmer should be acquainted with.
1. All recently dead animal or vegetable matter,
if sufficiently divided, moist, and not chilled nearly
D freezing, tends spontaneously to undergo changes,
ihat bring it at length to be a fat greasy earth,
which, when mixed with sands, clays, and a little
phalk or ])ounded limestone, forms what is called
Black wool is never so strong, nor fine, as white. '^"='' '°'""' °'' S^rden mould
Salt-hav may be cut one d.iy, cocked the uext,i ^- ^" vegetable matter, when amassed in quan-
and housed the third— throw straw between each "'''^^' ""^^'^ changes are at first attended with very
layer, in the barn. A iiortion of it excellent fori considerable heat, sometimes proceeding the length
cattle in the winter. 1 of inflammation, but which, when not exceeding
_^ blood heat, greatly favors and quickens the changes,
I have known men grossly insulted in their af- both in animal matter, and the farther changes in
fairs, depart peased, at least silent only because vegetable matter that are not sensibly attended with
they were injured in good language, ruined in ca- ''le production of heat. The changes attended
reses, ami kissed while they were struck under with heat are said to happen by a fermentation,
the fifth rib. — South. named from what is observed in making ale, wine,
or vinegar, i-mioks or ace/ous fermentation, and pu-
trefactive fermentation from what takes place in
dead animals, damp grain, bread, &c.
3. Besides moderate moisture and heat, and
that division of parts which admits the air in a
certain degree, circumstances which seem to be
necessary to the iiroduction of these changes, stir-
ring or mechanical mixture favors them ; and a
similar effect arises from the addition of chalk,
pounded limestone, lime rubbish of old buildings,
or burnt lime brought back to its natural state ; and
also of ashes or burnt coal, peat or wood, soap leys,
soot, sea shells, and sea-weed. And on the other
hand, the changes are stopped or retarded by pres-
sure or consolidation, cxcludingair,by much water
especially when below the heat of a pool in sum-
mer ; by astringents, as tan ; and by caustic sub-
stances, as quick lime, acids and pure alkalies, at
least till their causticity is mollified, by combina-
tions with, and consequently probable loss as a
manure, of a part of the animal and vegetable
matter to which they are added.
DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING A COMPOST OF PEAT.
Let the peat-moss of which compost is to be
formed, be thrown out of the pit for some weeks
or months, in order to lose its redundant moisture.
By this means it is rendereif the lighter to carry,
and less comjiact and weighty, when made up with
fresh dung for fermentation ; and accordingly, less
dung is required for the purpose, than if the prepa-
ration is made v ith peat taken recently from the pit.
The peat taken from near the surface, or at a con-
siderable depth, answers equally well. And the
more compact the peat, and the fitter to prove
good fuel, so much the more promising it is to be
prepared for manure.
Take the peat-moss to a dry spot, convenient for
constructing a dung hill, to serve the field to be
manured. Lay the cart-loads of it in two rows,
and of the dung in a row between them. The
dung thus lies on the ana of the compost-dunghill,
and the rows of peat should be near enough each
other, that workmen in making up the compost
may be able to throw them together by the spade.
lu making up, let the workmen begin at one end,
and at the extremity of the row of dung, (which
should not extend quite so far at that end as the
rows of peat on each side of it do,) let them lay a
bottom of peat, six inches deep and fifteen feet
wide, if the ground admits of it. Then throw for-
ward, and lay about ten inches of dung above the
bottom of jieat ; then add, from the side rows,
about six inches of peat ; then four or five of dung,
and then six more of peat ; then another thin layer
of dung; and then cover it over with peat at the
end where it was begun, at the two sides, and
above. The compost should not be raised above
four feet or four feet and a half high, otherwise it
is apt to press too heavily on the under part, and
check the fermentation : unless the peat when di-y,
be very putly and light; and then {i much greater
height is desirable. Neither should it be much
lower, otherwise it will jirove wanting in com-
pactness, and soon also if the weather is very dry,
in the moisture required for the ingredients of
which it consists, to act chemically on each other.
When a begiiming is thus made, the workmen will
2)0
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
PEBRITARY 80, 1S33.
proceed working backwards, and adding to the
column of compost, as they are furnished with the
three rows of materials, directed to be laid down
for them. They should take care not to tread on
the compost, or render it too conjpact ; and of
consequence in proportion as the peat is wet, it
should be made up in lumps, and not much work-
ed or broken. [To I'C conlinucd.]
From the Neiit Eii'J.nid Artisan.
THE PREED03I OF LABOR DEPEIVDS UPON
THE FREEDOM OP THE SOIL..
The advantages which industry lias enjoyed in
this country, beyond perhaps any other, have been
principally owing to the circumstance that the first
settlers became the free and full proprietors of the
land which they cultivated, and the ncv/ and un-
appropriated lands opening the same assurance to
their children — they became also freeholders, work-
ing their own farms, and taking the full income of
them, free from rent to great landlords, or money
charges to great capitalists. They provided against
the accumulating of great estates in lands, by the
law of distribution, and the mighty power of capi-
tal, as it now exists, liad not then come in to dis-
turb the balance of their economical interests.
It was in this state of things, and under such
an institution in regard to land and labor, that the
New England community was framed and grew ;
and it was by men who sprung up under this in-
stitution, that the Revolution was achieved. The
free political institutions which they established,
will be of little avail to their posterit\, if the do-
minion of the soil, or, which is the same thing, its
clear income, shall pass out of their hands, leaving
to them the toil but not the profits which thtir
estates might yield in recompense to their labor,
and robbing them of tliat high sentiment of perso-
nal independence which, without artificial refine-
ment, gave them that force and elevation of char-
acter which is in itself a pledge of national and
individual security. And this was not the attri-
bute of a few. It was a sentiment which pervad-
ed a community, and made it capable, as was
manifest in that instance, of a spontaneous effort
at first, and then of an unconquerable moral force,
which comes afterwards to fulfil the purposes of
unsophisticated minds.
The laboring class must fall into dependence,
penury and degradation, when circumstances shall
be so changed that the income of the land shall go
into the hands of non-laborers, let them exist un-
der whatever name they may. It may be thought
perhaps, by some, that a change of this kind
would affect agricultural labor alone, but it should
be understood that the recompense of labor ujion
tlie land, regulates wages in every other branch of
industry. It is then the interest, it is more, it i:
tlie salvation of every working man in every em-
ployment, to hold off' the laud, and the income of
the land from the grasp of a non-laboring class.
The produce of the earth belongs to those who
work, and not to the idle. And it belongs to those
who work to guard that produce, and the eaith
from wliich it S|)riugs.
That such a change in regard to the land is tak-
ing place, and has gone far ahead, is a fact which
has not escaped the notice, it is presumed, of any
discerning farmer, but it has not been generally
seen in its results, as affecting vitally the wuok
laboring class.
The average income of farms may be stated at
four per cent. If deduction was made for bad
seasons, and for losses by the death of animals and
other accidents, it would probably fall short of it.
The interest of money is six per cent., and many
stocks yield a still higher profit. A man who has
two thousand dollars has an income of 120 dollars.
A man who has a farm worth three thousand dol-
lars, if its income be four per cent, has the same
income. Here is a difference between the capital-
ist and the freeholder of one third in point of in-
come. But if the freeholder's farm is subject to
a luortgage of one thousand dollars, the clear in-
come, after paying the interest on the mortgage,
will be but sixty dollars, being three per cent only
on his interest in the form, and just one third of
the income of the ciii>italist. But this is not all,
he is taxed for his A^hole farm in all the State,
county, and town charges, thus ])aying one-third
more towards all the public charges than the capi-
talist. Is tliere any good ground for this distinc-
tion ? Is there any 'reason why the owner of real
estate should be taxed beyond the value of the
interest he has in it ? And this is not the case of
a single individual only, but of a large and increas-
ing class of hard working, honest men. What
may be the quantity and value of the real estate
so mortgaged and the amount charged upon it, no
one has been able to ascertain, but it is res|)ectful-
ly suggested that all the facts connected with this
whole subject ought at least to be laid before the
public by those intrusted with tlie administration
of its affairs.
But mortgages have other and more important
effects. Tliey take from real estate the perma-
nence which belongs to it. By a sort of magical
power they strip land of its imiriobility, and give
the permanence and security which belongs to it
to unsubstantial stocks and mere nominal values
expressed upon |)aper. They invest them, unpro-
ductive as they are in themselves, with the power
of drawing away the values which the land yields
by nature in recompense to the industry of man.
It was the early policy in this country to protect
the landed estates against the sudden demands of
trade, and that too when the currency consisted ol
substantial and almost unvarying values. And the
[lassion for speculation was in some measure kept
liaok so long as the land was held from its grasp.
This protection was in some measure effected by the
special provisions of a law still existing, by wliicli
lands are exempt from sale on execution. The
same exemption was also extended to mortgaged
estates, and the equity of redemption was not for-
merly subject to sale at auction. But it often haii-
pens that those who need protection most are the
least sure of it, and the poor mortgager was de-
prived of this protection by an act subjecting his
right to an auction sale, with exorbitant costs
and charges, by any man who should get a dc-
land against him. Mortgages have now beconn
so prevalent that much of the landed estate has
been ]ilaced without the limits of this ancient pro-
tection. And while equities of redem|)tion are
lirought under the hammer, and sales forced in
this way, the estates not mortgaged must come un-
der the general depression, and be passing one af-
ter another, under the same sort of incumbrance,
and the tenants into the same thraldom. New en-
couragement is thus given to speculation, addi-
tional inducement will arise to over-issues of pa-
per money, prices of products will oscillate, by
which labor is always the loser, and industry will be
discouraged by the loss and uncertainty of its reward.
It is a sound principle that taxes ought to be
proportioned to income. How so wide a depar-
ture from this principle could have taken place in
any free state, we attempt not to explain.
This single view of the subject will go fartoac-
unt for the depressed condition of the Landed
Interest, and is a good reason why no capitalist at
the present day is willing to be the owner of real
estate at its fair value to the working farmer.
In the nature of things, real estate should b0
held exempt fron. suddeu pressures in the money
market, arising from over trading and fluctuations
in the currency, now so frequent and great as to
become an alarming evil to the creators of the ctir-
rency themselves.
The income of the land is limited, but there is
no limit to the cipital which is growing up to be
charged upon it. This very cajiital is created by
the productive class, and passing into other hands,
fastens itself as a perpetual charge upon the land,
and takes just so much from the fund which
would otherwise remain for the support and use
of that class. When this process shall have ex-
hausted the rhole clear income of the land, the
race of propnetors who improve their own soil,
will become extinct; and what will be the reward
of labor? What the condition of the laborer?
What will hi the fate of all that has been built up
here? Conpared with this, of how little impor-
tance to tl« laboring class, are all the questions
which an agitating the connmmity ?
No niJrc can at present he attempted than a
partial v'iew of this most important subject. The
objectis to indicate for consideration, some meth-
ods aike consistent with justice and sound policy,
by vhich the evil may at least be mitigated ; and
for .his purpose it is recommended, 1. That the
rate of interest on debts secured by mortgage
should be reduced to five per cent. In France it
is limited to 5 per cent, on mortgages, while it is
6 on commercial transactions ; and in Russia it is
5 on real iiroiierty, but unlimited on other trans-
actions. 2. That the mortgagees should pay taxes
for their debts, charged upon lands in the towns
wherein the lands lie, as their just part of the as-
sessment upon such lands. The injustice of mak-
ing the tenant mortgagor pay the full tax upon the
(State, when he in fact receives but one half of
the income, must be manifest to the discernment
of every mind. There is also a reason for this as
it relates to the towns. Why are inhabitants of
towns taxed for the lands whhin their respective
limits? The mere circumstance of their lying
within a geograjihical line does not make a reason.
It is because they are sujiposed to yield an income
to the tenant, which enables him to meet the
charge. It is on this ground that lands are re-
(piired to be taxed iu the towns where they lie ;
but the reason fails iu case of mortgages so
far as the income is withdrawn to meet the an-
nual charge of the mortgage. There is no reason
why a non-resident should pay taxes on his lands
in the town where they lie, which docs not apply
to a mortgagee, who retains the security and re-
ceives all the benefit of ownership.
Messrs. Ives — In jiity to the suffering infant
;omniunity please publish the following recipe
for throat distemper and scarlet fever, or canker
rash. A tea made of red rasjiberry and mullen
leaves, given very freely, sweetened with honey;
and also sulphur and cream of tartar, one tea spoon-
ful in honey, at night and in the morning. — Salem
Observer.
VOt. XI. NO. 32.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
251
MASS. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
MR. TRISTRAM I<ITTI.E'S CULTIVATION OF A
CROP OF RYE.
To the Committee on Agncultiiral experiments.
Gentlemen, In sending you this connnunica-
tion I do not tliinli of givins^ much information to
the farmers generally ; luit the result I think will
prove the common opinion erroneous, that the
crop of Rye will not or cannot grow on clay soil.
The land on which the crop was cultivated is, of
that denomination generally. And in addition to
the Clay Veto, there were set out in the spring of
1822 forty five apple'trces, which are now capa-
ble of bearing as many bushels of fruit. The sea-
son of 1831 it was planted with Indian corn, with
about six cords of yard-manure ploughed in. It
yielded about sixty bushels of corn. At the last
hoeing which was about the first of August, there
were five pecks of rye hoed in, the following
spring I examined it and found it thick enough to
appearance, but quite small (or low), in the months
Of April and May there were spread on three cart
loads of cinders and sea-coal ashes which were
])rocured from the blacksmith's shop, which upon
frequent trials, I think is valuable for grain crops.
It was reaped in August, and one load (which was
about one-third) was secured without rain; but
the scarcity of labor was such that the other part
had to remain in the field through a week of bad
weather which had to be turned and overturned
about every other day (to keep it from spoiling),
and with all the care possible, there was a vaste
in my opinion of four or five bushels. It was
threshed at different times in the months of Septem-
ber and October, and when winnowed there \tere
forty-five bushels and twenty quarts of good grain
with a quantity of refuse, caused by the bad
weather when in the field. The straw was sold,
and weighed, its weight was thirty-eight cwt.
Yours, Tristram Little.
J\rewbury, JVov. 28, 18.32.
This may certify that the above statement is cor-
rect. Henry Little, Assistant.
This may certify that I measured the above
land cultivated with rye, and found the same to
contain one acre. Pike Noyes, Surveyor,
Personally appeared, Tristram Little and Henry
Little, and made oath to the truth of their state-
ment above, before me, Silas Moody,
Justice of the Peace.
MR. NATHAJV SMITH'S CULTIVATION OP A
CROP OP RYE.
Roxbary, Dec. 20, 1832.
The piece of land on which I raised rye the
present season is situated in Roxbury, on the farm
of John Heath ; and is a stiff strong clay, has been
in tillage for seven years past, and has been plant-
ed and sown with potatoes, cabbage, and barley,
alternately, with manure each crop except barley,
when no manure was used.
In the Spring of 1831, I ploughed and sowed
with barley about two-thirds of said piece with-
out manure, and the remainder with potatoes, witl
manure in the hills. After harvesting the barley and
potatoes, brought on where the barley grew about
four cords of coarse stable manure, and ploughed
it in. After ploughing and harrowing it again, I
sowed about two bushels of winter rye and half a
bushel of grass-seed and harrowed it again.
About the first of Aug. 1832, I harvested the
crop, and at sundry titnea threshed it out, beiu
exposed to hens, rats, &c. which probably wasted
considerable, and likewise three rods killed by the
water standing on it, which produced nothing'.
There were, likewise, thirty apple trees on the
piece, middling size, which injured the crop. It
was found after measuring the ground and measur-
ing the grain there were 72^^ bushels of rye, weigh-
ing 58 lbs. per bushel, ou one acre two roods*
24 rods, or 264 rods, and upwards of three tons of
straw.
The entire expense of cultivation is estimated at
forty dollars. Nathan Smith.
I, Charles Wentworth, of Roxbury, testify and
say that I was present at the measurement of the
grain within mentioned raised byMr. Nathan Smith,
and know the same is correct.
Charles Wentworth.
commonwealth of MASSACHUSETTS.
JVorfolk, ss. December 28, 1832. Personally ap-
peared the aforenamed Nathan Smith and Charles
Wentworth, and made oath, the facts stated in
their statement and affidavit are just and true.
Before me, Joseph Harrington, Jus. Peace.
The land on which rye was raised this season
by Mr. Nathan Smith, ou the farm of Mr. John
Heath, measures one acre two quarters and thirty-
two rods, six rods of which was cut green, leaving
1 acre 2 quarters and 24 rods harvested.
Stephen P. Fuller, Surveyor, Boston.
Roxbury, J^ov. 27, 1832.
To the Committee of the Massachusetts Agricultural
Society on Agricultural Products.
Gentlemen, In pursuance of the objects of the
Society, I lay before you a statement of the man-
ner of cultivating an acre of jwtatoes, and for
which I claim the premium offered by the Trus-
tees of said society for the year 1831. Late
in the fall of 1832, the sward was broken
by Hitchcock's Patent Cast Iron Ploiigh, drawn by
one yoke of oxen ; the field (one acre) had pro-
duced the summer previous, about one ton of hay.
In the middle of last May, sixteen cords of unfer-
mented manure, mostly from the sheepfolds, were
evenly spread over the field, and immediately turned
under with the plough across the first furrows. In
order to do this effectually, the furrow was made
8 inches at least in depth ; boys in front of the
team with i)rong hoes hauled into the previous
furrow the manure; (being strawy) by this ])ro-
cess it was buried deep. The harrow now passed
over the field to even down the sods, after which
it was marked out one way with the plough in
rows 2 feet 6 inches distant from each other. The
seed was planted in these furrows, one foot apart
and lightly covered with the hoe. In a week or
ten days, the plants beginning to break ground,
the horse plough passed twice between the rows,
the hoe following to draw down the furrows, cover
up weeds, &c. About the firstof July, the second'
and last dressing was completed by a similar pro-
cess; the vines being at this time about 6 inches
high and in the bud. The last of July the vines
presented the even appearance of a clover field —
to rows or ground discoverable at a little distance
— all weeds were of course nullified.
In October and first part of November the crop
\'as harvested, when by a careful measurement it
was found to be six hundred thirteen bushels and
five eighths of a bushel on one acre, and on 87-
160lh of said acre, or one half acre and 7 rods of
' A rood is one fbuitb of an acre.
the abovementioned field, the product was by care-
ful measurement found to be three hundred and
thirty three bushels and three fourths of a bushel.
This part of the field was planted with the La
Plata Reds. The other portion of the field were
in part the Pennsylvania Blues, part were of the
Canterbury Whites, regenerated from the ball 5 or
6 years since by Maj. B. P. Williams, of Roxbury,
Mass. Although the.se do not yield equal to the
reds or blues, yet in quality they very much re-
semble the celebrated Irish apple potato — their
yield surpasses any other white potato I am ac-
quainted with. I also planted a few of the almost
extinct red or crimson potatoes (for I know of no
other name for them) which took the lead for ex-
cellence 40 or 50 years since. The product from
a little over a peck, was one barrel of fine sized
potatoes of fine flavor. It will be recollected that
these potatoes were usually reserved for the next
spring eating, their relative yield, side by side of
the blues were 36 feet length of row, the blues
•29 do. The quantity of seed used to i)lant the
field was about fifty bushels ; the largest cut ; the
smaller ones, say the size of a hen's egg, planted
whole. I saw no difference in the product ; other
things being equal.
Yours, &c.
Payson Williams, Owner.
Jackson Durant Williams, Assistant.
Worcester, ss. JVov. 27, 1832. This day, per-
sonally appeared the above named Payson Wil-
and Jackson Durant Williams, and made oath that
the above statement by them subscribed, is true.
Before me, Ebenezer Torrey, Jus. Peace.
Expenses of Cultivation of one acre Potatoes.
Turning over the sward, li, days work for
one yoke of oxen, myself and son, 4.00
Carting on 45 loads or 16 cords manure, 6.00
Ploughing in ditto, - - 3.00
Harrowing and marking out for ploughing, 1.00
50 bushels seed, at Is. 6d. per bushel, 12.60
Planting, 5 days work, at 4s. - 3.33
Ploughing, for 1st hoeing, half day, horse,
man and boy, - - 1.00
First hoeing, 2 days work, - 1.50
Second hoeing, process similar, - 2.60
Harvesting the crop, 20 days work, at 75 cts.
per day, - - - 15.00
Ox work, to cart the same to the cellar (be-
ing very near,) - - - 1.00
The proportion of manure drawn by the crop,
I judge to be 33 pr cent, say 16.00
$66.83
If I recollect right, the nine crops of potatoes
given in by me the la.st 13 years, eight of which
(I believe, for I speak from recollection only,) have
drawn the Society's premium, have in the amount
of expense been quite as high as this ; while
to my astonishment I have seen the expense of
others given of less than one half this amount.
Of one thing lam certain, that of the items above
I know not where I could deduct one cent from
the expense, notwithstanding the field is but a
stone's cast from the house. Other fields at greater
distance would demand a greater expense, and yet
the crop would be a profitable one, for this coun-
try at least — say 613 bushels at 20 cts. per bushol
cash in our market, would be $122.60 cts.
Deduct for expenses, 66.83
$65.77
P. W.
252
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
FEBRTTARY 20, 1S33.
A DISCOURSE
Delivered before the Massacbusclls Horlicultural Society, on
the Celebration of its fourth Anniversary, October 3, 1832.
By Thaddeus William Harris, M. D.
[Concluded, from page 244.]
Apple-trees, throughout our country, are sub-
ject to the attack of a borer, a native insect; nor
is there any one so extensively and constantly
prevalent. Notwithstanding the exertions an-
nually made to banish it from the orchard and nur-
sery, year after year it makes its appearance. The
reasons of this are to be found in the economy of
the insect, and in individual neglect, neither of
which has excited sufficient attention. The com-
mon use of the term borer is deceptive and incor-
rect ; but, when coupled with that of the (ilant
upon which it preys, is admissible. There is, in
fact, an immense number of kinds of insects, all
agreeing in their habits of boring the trunks and
limbs of trees, but differing essentially from each
other in appearance, periods, and metamorphoses,
and as much in their choice of food. No one ever
reared the JEgeria exitiosa from the apple-tree
borer, nor could the latter subsist in the pe;icli-
tree. Certain species of borers are confined
absolutely to one species of plant, while other .sjie-
cies live indiscriminately upon several plants of
the same natural family ; but there are few or
none which exceed these limits. The borer of
the apple-tree, or, in other words, the striped
Saperda,* lives, in the larva state, within the
trunks of several pome-bearing plants, such as
the apple-tree, quince,f medlar, and ths near allies
of the last, the June-berry, and choke-berry bush,
with other species of Crania. Indigenous pliints
of this last genus are its natural food, the perfect
insects being fomid upon their leaves, and the
larv!e in their stems. This Saperda, tifter its final
change, leaves the trunks of the trees to fulfil the
last injunctions of nature. It is then furnished
with ample wings beneath its striped shells, that
give to it considerable powers of flight, which il
does not fail to use iu searching for the tender
leaves and fruits of plants, upon which for a sliort
period it subsists, in seeking a mate, and in select-
ing a proper place for the deposition of its eggs.
Many orchards suffer from the neglect of their
proprietors ; the trees are permitted to remain,
year after year, without any pains being taken to
destroy the numerous and various insects that in-
fest them ; old orchards, especially, are overlooked,
and not only the rugged trunks of the trees, bill
even a forest of unpruned suckers around them,
are left to the undisturbed possession and per-
petual inheritance of the SaperJa. Did this slov-
enly and indolent practice affect only the owner
of the neglected domain, we should hive no reason
for complaint; but when the interests of the com-
munity are exposed by the harboring of such hosts
of noxious insects, which annually issue from their
places of refuge and overspread the neighboring
country, when our best endeavors arfe thus frus-
trated, have we not sufficient cause for serious ac-
cusation against those who have fostered our as-
sailants? No plants are more abundant in our
forests aiid fields, that the native medlars or aronias,
that originally constituted the appropriate food of
the striped Saperda. Taking into view, therefore,
the jirofusion of its natural food, its ample means
of migration, and the culpable neglect of many of
our farmers, we cannot be surpristd that this in-
♦ SupenU bwilt.ihi. Siiy.
t Also the Hawthorn and Mountain Ash of the same family.
sect is so generally and constantly prevalent. On
the means that have been used to exterminate it
I shall make but few remarks. Killing it by a
wire thrust into the holes it mhabits, is one of the
oldest, safest, and most successful methods. Cut-
ting out the larva, with a knife or gouge, is the
most common practice ; but it is feared that these
instruments have sometimes been used without
sufficient caution. A third method, which has
more than once been suggested, consists iu plug-
ging the holes with soft wood. To this it has
been objected, that the remedy is applied too late,
or after the insect has issued from the tree. Now
this is a gratuitous assumption, and made without
adverting to the habits of the insect. The pres-
ence of the borer is detected by the recent castings
around the roots of the tree ; and upon examina-
tion it will be found, that these castings proceed
from a hole or holes, and that they are daily
thrown out by the insects to give themselves room
in their cylindrical biirrows, as well as to admit
the air. Before comi>leting its last metamorpho-
sis, the borer gnaws, from the other end of its
tube, a passage quite to the bark, which, however,
it leaves untouched until the month of June, when,
having become a winged insect, it perforates the
covering of bark, and makes its exit from the
tree. It cannot turn in its burrow, nor does it
ever leave it at its lower orifice. Those persons,
who have recommended plugging the holes, never
contem|)lated sto|)ping any but those where the in-
sects enter, and from whence they expel their ex-
crementitious castings. By what I have seen of
this practice I am persuaded, that, if done at an
early period of the insect's life, it will be followed
by successful results.
Some of the remaiks made ui)on the immunity
enjoyed by this Saperda and upon its powers of
migration, will apply to many other noxious in-
sects; and hence it becomes a serious question,
what further steps shall be taken to .secure the
productions of the garden, orchard, and field, from
llieir ravages. As an essential pre-requisite, every
opportunity should be employed, and every facility
aftbrdeil, for obtaining a thorough knowledge of
Kntomology. Vain will be most of our attempts
to repel the threatened attack or actual invasion of
these crcejiiiig and winged foi^s, unless we can
detect them in their various disguises, and discover
their places of temporary concealment. Those
who would undertake to investigate the history of
insects, should go to the task with minds previous-
ly disciplined by habits of close observation and
discrimination, and stored with the results of
others' labors in this department of science. Art
is too long and life too short to permit or justify
unaided devotion to any science. If a liberal and
enlightened community make the demand, our
public institutions will no longer be without the
works of those who have preceded thj rising gen-
eration in these scientific pursuits ; and the first
principles of Entomology will no longer be omitted
among the elementary studies of the young. Let
us look to all branches of Natural History, and
discover, by a more intimate knowledge of them,
wherein through ignorance we have gone astray,
and let us, if possible, retrace our steps. Were
the services of the feathered race sufficiently known
and duly appreciated, the exterminating war now
waged against them would cease. But it is not
to birds alone that we are indebted for diminish-
ing the numhcrs of noxious insects ; various
quadrupeds, reptiles, and fish contribute to keep
them iu check, some living partially, and others
entirely upon insect food. Among the advantages
that may be expected to arise from associations
like yours. Gentlemen, is the adoption of univer-
sal and simultaneous efforts to repel and destroy
noxious insects. Should your own example and
influence be ineffectual, it is not unreasonable to
expect legislative aid. If in the season appointed
for the annual visitation of each destructive kind,
it were to become an object of pursuit and exter-
mination, and if every proprietor were obliged to
destroy the more common insects on his own
grounds, our gardens, nurseries, orchards, and
fields would no longer be despoiled of their best
productions. The animals that assist in keeping
the insect tribes in check, deserve and sliould
receive protection, and may well be permitted to
glean from our abundant harvests their scanty re-
muneration.
When their merits are better understood, we
shall be in no danger of mistaking our friends, of
the insect race, for the foes whose ravages we
deplore. Of insects that are indirectly beneficial
to us, may be mentioned those that remove animal
and vegetable nuisances. Through the unremitted
exertions of these little scavengers, all oflensive
animal substances and decayed vegetation are re-
duced to their primitive elements, and incorporated
with the soil, which is thus rendered more fertile,
while the air above it becomes pure and salubri-
ous. Others are the lions, the tigers, the exter-
minating animals of prey, of the insect world ;
livin;^" wholly by rapine, and chiefly too upon those
insects that are destructive to vegetation, they ap-
pear destined to restrain their ravages, and are
therefore to be accounted benefactors to ourselves
and to the u.seful animals that depend upon the
products of the soil for support. Besides being
the appropriate food of many beasts, birds, and
fishes, and being useful to the sportsman by aflbrd-
ing him various tempting baits as well as lines for
bis hooks, insects are' actually employed by man
us nutritious and palatable articles of sustenance
in many parts of the world. It has been remarked,
that " probably a large proportion of insects were
intended by Providence for food, and that, if we
will not cat them, it is unreasonable to complain
of their numbers." To insects are we indebted
for many valuable drugs employed in medicine
and the arts, and to them also for materials for
clothing, unrivalled in richness and durability by
any animal or vegetable fabric.
In addition to the obvious and salutary influ-
ence which insects are appointed to exert in keep-
ing within due bounds the luxuriance of vegetation,
they are of immense importance to plants in dissem-
inating the fi^rtilizing principle of blossoms. This
principle, a yellow dust, called pollen, is brought
through the agency of insects that frequent flowers,
into immediate contact with the organ which con-
tains the yet unformed or infertile seeds, that after-
wards expand and are brought to perfection. With-
out this agency many plants would never mature
their fruits, and others would yield no fertile seeds.
Notwithstanding all that has been said to the con-
trary, it is evident that the bee was as much made
for the blossom, as the blossom for the bee. Are
not the beauty and harmony of the creation, and
the mutual dependence of its various portions,
strikingly exemplified in the relations subsisting
between insects and plants? Allured by the at-
traction of flowers, insects confer an immediate
benefit upon them by ensuring the fertility of their
VOIi. XI. NO. 33.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
253
seeds, while, by a virtuous theft, they seek to rifie
tliem of their sweets.
The coiise<)ueiices resulting from the actual or
anticipated introduction of insects into various
countries are of very consideralile importance in
political, mechanical, and agricultural economy.
It is related that Kalm, the Swedish traveller,
after his return from America, was filled M'itli
consternation upon discovering the pea Bruchus
in a parcel of pease brought from this country,
fearing, and very justly too, that he might be the
instrument of introducing so noxious an insect
into his beloved Ssveden. Greater was the panic
and more serious were the consequences to ti+c
British nation, arising from ignorance and error
respecting the Hessian-fly. In 17S8 the ravages
of this insect had become so great in New York,
New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, that an alarm was
excited in England by an unfou)ided fear of im-
porting it in cargoes of wheat from this country.
After the subject had occupied the Privy Council
and the Royal Society a long time, during which
despatches were forwarded to his majesty's minis-
ters in France, Austria, Prussia, and America,
and expresses were sent to all the custom-houses
to search the cargoes, — a mass of documents,
amounting to above two hundred octavo pages,
was collected, which, so far from affording any
correct information on the subject, led only to the
obnoxious and mistaken policy of prohibiting the
importation of American grain, and ordering that
which had arrived to be seized and stored. In
the mean time the celebrated Dr. Currie, of Liver-
pool, who ha<l resided in this country, and knew
something of the history of our miscalled Hessian-
fly, pointed out to the committee of investigation
the errors they had fallen into ; but, in conse-
quence of political prejudice, it was not till many
months afterwards, upon a confirmation of his
statement being received from America, that the
British government saw fit to reverse its orders,
and take upon itself the expensa to which it had
put the parties by its ignorance. If, as soon as
the ravages of this insect had become «otorious in
American, entomologist could have been found to
trace out its metamorphoses and the brief duration
of its existence, this panic and expense would
have been avoided. So true is it, that a thorough
knowledge of insects will serve to dissipate inauy
unnecessary alarms, or will point out when and
how preventive means may most effiictually be
adopted. One of our greatest philosophers, yea,
one of the greatest that modern ages has i)roduced,
Franklin, did not deem it beneath his dignity to
descend from the region of the clouds and investi-
gate the transformations of a musquito : nor were
his investigations without a useful result ; for, by
directing us to cover our rain-water hogsheads
and cisterns, he taught us how to put a stop to
the multiplication of these insects around our
dwellings. But the most remarkable triumph of
science over the powers of insects was that
achieved by Linnaeus. Being employed by the
king of Sweden to discover the cause of the rapid
decay of the timber in the dock-yards, he traced it
to the operations of insects ; and having ascer-
tained the period of their metamorphosis, he
directed the timber to be immersed in water
during the time tliat the insects deposited their
eggs, and thus secured it against further depre-
dation.
Horticulture and Agriculture have already
derived some benefit from Entomology ; and more
is to be expected, when a larger number of individ-
uals shall be found to undertake the necessary in-
vestigations. Guided by a knowledge of the
habits, changes, and period of existence of each
noxious insect, the cultivator will find the way
for successful experiment clearly marked out to
liim. Correct descriptions and scientific names
of insects will obviate much of the confusion ex-
isting in regard to them, and will enable the
the future investigator to transmit to others, with-
out the risk of mistake, the useful results of his
observations. The prejudices of mankind have
attached an idea of insignificance and worthless-
ness to the pursuits of the Entomologist; but these
prejudices can no longer rest in any but contract-
ed minds. However minute or mean, insects,
individually considered, may seem, they cannot
he accounted beneath our notice when they are
found able to lay waste our most valuable pos-
sessions, to counteract our agricultural plans,
and to deprive us of the pleasure and profit of our
labors.
UPON THE BENEFICIAL. EFFECTS OP PRO-
TECTING THE STEMS OP FRUITS TREES
PROM FROSTS IN EARL,Y SPRING.
From a Reaiew of the Transactions of the Lortdon Horticul-
tural Society in the Gardener's Magazine.
Circumstances have led Mr. Knight to believe,
that whenever a very large portion of the well-
organized blossoms of fruit trees fiills oft" abortively
in a moderately favorable season, the cause of the
failure may generally be traced to some previous
check which the motion and operation of the vital
fluid of the tree has sustained. A severe frosty
night, or very cold winds, during the barking sea-
son, is known to give such a check to the flow of
sap in the oak tree, as to prevent it from being
separated by the peelers till the return of milder
weather.
" Neither the health of the tree, nor its foliage,
nor its blossoms, appear to sustain any material
injury by this sudden suspension of its functions ;
hut the crop of acorns invariably fails. The apple
and pear tree aj)pear to be affected to the same
extent by similar degrees of cold. Their blossoms,
like those of the oak, often unfold perfectly well,
and present the most healthy and vigorous charac-
ter; and their pollen sheds freely. Their fruit also
appears to set well ; but the whole, or nearly the
whole, falls off" just at the period when its growth
ought to commence. Some varieties of the apple
and pear are much more capable of bearing unfa-
vorable weather than others, and even the oak
trees present, in this respect, some dissimilarity of
constitution.
" It is near the surface of the earth that frost,
in the spring, operates more powerfully, and the
unfolding buds of oak and ash trees, which are
situated near the ground, are not unfrcquently de-
stroyed, whilst those of the more elevated branches
escape injury ; and hence arises, I think, a proba-
bility that some advantages may be derived from
protecting the stems or larger branches of fruit
trees, as far as practicable, from frost in spring."
In support of this conclusion, Mr. Knight refers
to an apple tree, which having had its stem and
part of its larger branches covered with evergreen
trees, had borne a succession of crops of fruit ;
whilst other trees of the same variety, and growing
contiguously in the same soil, but without having
liad their stems protected, had been wholly unpro-
ductive : and to a nectarine tree, which havin"
sprung up from a seed accidentally in a plantation
of laurels, had borne, as a standard tree, three suc-
cessive crops of fruit. The possessor of the nec-
tarine tree, with the intention of promotin" its
growth and health, cut away the laurel branches
which surrounded its stem in the winter of 1823-
4, and in the succeeding season not a singlefruit
was produced.
" Never having known an instance of a standard
nectarine tree bearing fruit in a climate so unfa-
vorable, I was led to expect that the variety pos-
sessed an extraordinary degree of hardness ; but hav-
ing inserted some buds of it into bearing branches
upon the walls of my garden at Downton, in the
autumn of 1822, I have not any reason to believe
that its blossoms are at all more patient of cold
than those of other seedling varieties of the necta-
rine."
A China rose, sheltered by the stem of a plant
of Irish ivy, grew and flowered with more than
common vigor ; and Mr. Knight suggests, that as
the ivy, when it has acquired a considerable age,
and produced fruit-bearing branches, exhibits an
independent form of growth, which these branches
retain when detached, if these were intermixed with
plants of the more delicate varieties of the Chinese
rose, or other low deciduous and somewhat tender
flowering shrubs, so that the stems of the latter
would be covered in the winter, whilst their foliage
would be fully exposed to the light in summer, it
is probable that these might be successfully culti-
vated in situations where they would perish with-
out such protection : and the evergreen foliage of
the ivy plantsin winter would be generally thought
ornamental. Detached fruit-bearing branches of
ivy readily emit roots, and the requisite kind of
plants would therefore be easily obtained.
As a ftn-ther experiment with reference to Mr.
Knight's reasoning, we would suggest to such as
have lately planted an orchard of standard trees,
to clothe the stems and principal branches of half
of them, during the months of March, April, and
May, with loose bands of straw, and to observe
the effects in comparison with the other half
From the Gennessee ( Yt.) Farmer.
TO CURE WOUNDS ON HORSES AND CATTLiE.
As there are many usefid receipts hidden from
the public for the sake of speculation in a small
way, by many who would be thought something
of in the world, I am induced to lay before the
public a receipt for making King of Oil, so called,
which perhaps excels any other for the cure of
wounds on horses or cattle, and which has long
been kept by a few only in the dark. Feeling a
desire to contribute to the good of the public, but
more especially to the Farmers of Gennessee, I
send you the following very valuable receipt for
publication : — 1 ounce of green copperas, 2 ounces
of white vitriol, 2 ounces of common salt, 2 ounces
of linseed oil, 8 ounces of West India molasses.
Boil over a slow fire fifteen minutes in a pint of
urine ; when almost cold, add one ounce of oil of
vitriol, and four ounces of spirits of turpentine.
Api)ly it to the wound with a quill or feather,
which will immediately set the sore to running,
and perform a perfect cure. Yours respectfully,
STEPHEN PALMER.
Loss and Gain. — A man of wit once said, right-
ly enough, " He who finds a good son-in-law gains
a sou — be who finds a bad one loses a daughter."
254
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
FEBRUARY 20, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FAR3IER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEB. 20, IR33.
FARMER'S WORK.
Milch Coivs. The following, according to the
" Farmer's and Grazier''s Guide," is the manner in
which cows are managctl in the neighborhood of
London, for the purpose of furnishing milk for
that metropolis.
The cows during the night are confined in
stalls ; about three o'clock in the morning each
has half a bushel of grains. From four till half-
past six, they are milked by the retail dealers.
When the milking is finished, a bushel basket of
turnips is given to each cow, and soon afterwards
the tenth part of a truss of fine soft grassy hay.
These feedings are all given before eight o'clock
in the morning, at which time the cows are turned
out into the farm yard, or home stead. At twelve
o'clock, they are again confined to their stalls,
and a similar quantity of grains allotted as in the
morning. At half-past one, the milking again
commences, and lasts till about three, at which
time the same quantity of turnips, and afterwards
hay, is given as before. This mode of feeding
continues during the whole of the turnip season,
which is from September to April or May. During
the other months of the year they are fed with
grains, cabbages and tares, instead of turnips,
•with the same quantity of rowen or second-cut
meadow liay, and are continued to be fed and
milked with the same regula;-ity as before de-
scribed, until they are turned out to grass ; when
they continue in the fields all night, and even
during this season grains are given to them, which
are kept sweet and palatable, by being buried in
deep pits for that purpose till wanted. -
The calves are generally sent to Smithfield at
two or three days old ; when they are bought by
jobbers and others to be reared and fattened for
the butcher. Those cows that give the most
milk are not foimd, in general, sufficiently pro-
ductive to be kept longer than three or four years ;
when they are fattened and sold to the butcher.
The quantity averaged from each cow is estimated
at about nine quarts per day.
Besides the keep already mentioned, the cows
on these two dairy farms have a portion of dis-
tillers' wash, now and then mixed with their dry
provender. Their food is also occasionally varied
with j)otatoes and mangel wurtzel, great quantities
of which are now consumed by the cow-keepers
in the vicinity of the metropolis, and sometimes
procured from places many miles distant.
The milk is conveyed from the cow-house in
tin pails, which are carried principally by strong
robust Welch girls and women, who retail the
same about the streets of the metropolis. It is
amazing to witness the labor and fatigue these
females will undergo, and the hilarity and cheer-
fuhiess whichprevail among them, and whicli tend
greatly to lighten their very laborious employment.
Even in the most inclement weather, and in the
depth of winter, they arrive in parties from diflfer-
ent parts of the metropolis by three or four o'clock
in the morning, laughing and singing to the music
of their empty pails : with them they return loaded
to town ; and the weight they are thus accustom-
ed to carry on their yokes, for a distance of two
or three miles, is sometimes from one liundred to
one himdred and thirty pounds.
The quantity of turnips, mentioned above, (two
bushels a day, besides grains and hay) is, we be-
lieve, much greater than what Vve are accustomed
to allow to milch cows in New England. But
perhap.s, more liberality in that respect might lie
goodeconomy. With warm, dry, wholesome lodg-
ings, and plenty of roots or other nourishing food,
cows may be made to give nearly or quite as
much milk in winter as summer ; with much less
injury to the constitution of the animal than is
sustained by milking them when poorly fed.
For the feeding of dairy cows tiic following di-
rections are given to the cow-feeder in an im-
proved dairy establishment near Farnham, in
Surry, England.
Go to the cow-stall at six o'clock in the morn-
ing winter and summer ; give each cow half
a bushel of the field beets, carrots, turnips, or po-
tatoes cut ; at 7 o'clock, the hour the dairy maid
comes to milk them, give each some hay and let
them feed till they are all milked. If any cow re-
fuses hay give her something she will eat, such as
grains, carrots, &c. during the time she is milk-
ing, as it is absolutely necessary that the cow
should feed whilst milking. As soon as the wo-
man has finished milking in the morning turn the
cows into the airing ground, and let there be
plenty of fresh water in the troughs ; at nine
o'clock, give each cow three gallons of a mixture
composed of eight gallons of grain and four gal-
lons of bran and pollard ; when they have eaten
that put some hay into the cribs; at twelve o'clock
give each three gallons of the mixture as before ;
if any cow looks for more, give her anot,hcr gal-
lon ; on the contrary if she will not eat what you
give her take it out of the manger, never at one
time letting a cow have more than she will eat up
clean. Mind and keep your mangers clean that
they do not get sour. At two o'clock give each
cow half a bushel of carrots, field beets or turnips;
look the turnips, &c. over well before you give
them to the cows, as one rotten turnip, &c. will
give a bad taste to the milk, and most likely spoil
a whole dairy of buttei". At four o'clock put the
cows into the stalls to be milked ; feed them on
hay, as you did at milking time in the morning,
ever keeping in mind that the cow whilst milking
must feed on something. At six o'clock give each
cow three gallons of the mixture as before. Rack
them up at eight o'clock. Twice in a week put
into each cow's feed at noon, a quart of malt dust.
Dirr.etions to the Dairy Maid. Go to the cow-
stall at seven o'clock ; take with you cold water
and a sponge, and wash each cow's udder clean
before milking ; dowse the udder well with cold
water, winter and summer, as it braces and repels
heats. Keep your hands and arms clean. Milk
each cow as dry as you can morning and evening,
and when you have milked each cow, as you sup-
pose, dry, begin again with the cow you first
milked, and drip them each ; for the principal
reason of cows failing in their milk is from negli-
gence in not milking each cow dry, particularly
at the time the calf is taken from the cow. Suf-
fer no one to milk the cow but yourself, and have
no gossipping in the stall. Every Saturday night
give an exact account of the quantity of milk each
cow has given in the week. — Farmer's Mag.
vol. V. 314.
For the A\'w England Farmer.
ORCHARD GRASS.
SoriiF. difficulty having been experienced with
Orchard Grass on account of the seed not growing
well, it may be useful to mention an easy mode of
preparing the seed so that it will come up and
grow as well as any other grass seed. It is only
to moisten the seed before sowing by spreading it,
not very thin, on a floor, and with a watering pot
sprinkle the seed pretty well, then mix all well to-
gether with a rake ; if it does not ajipear damp
enou^'h next day add more water, (the seed being
light .iiid chafly it will absorb a good deal,) and
imnirdiately before sowing spread as nmch plaster
of I'iir'i* as will bring it to a good state for sowing.
In tins manner I prepared some and sowed, with
barley, and some alone, in an orchard, which all
iircw freely ; part was sown with clover, for which
it is an excellent companion, and part without. •
The hay from that ])art mixed with the clover was
excellent, and nmch easier cured than clover alone,
or mixed with timothy, or as you call it herds grass.
That without the clover was short, and did not
produce much the first year, but now covers the
ground completely, and looks likely to produce a
large crop the present season. The great dura-
iiility of this grass, and its known excellence for
pasture, make it pccidiarly valuable, and with the
above precautions in sowing, it may be as easily
raised as clover or other grass.
Hugh Hartshorne.
Rahway, .y.J. Fch. Uth, 1833.
Jl^ricidtural papirs are coming into existence
in various quarters of the Union, and, we believe
bid fair to become as prosperous as they are use-
ful. We hail their appearance as auxiliaries and
fellow laborers with the New England Farmer in
the great field of cultivation ; and our companions
in the pleasing profitable pursuits of the rural econ-
omist. Though some, who have been accustomed
to lend us a helping hand, and to enrich our col-
umns with the fruits of their science and experi-
ence may transfer their patronage and correspon-
dence to some of our "co-working men," yet we
shall be gratified so long as the public is benefit-
ted. If the light does but shine we care but little
from what quarter it radiates ; and if the objects
VOli. XI. NO. 32.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
255
of iiiiproveil liusbaiuliy are eflected, it is a matter
of no consequence by whose agency tliey are ac-
coinplislied.
Among the most ably conducted Agricultural
Journals in this, and probably any other country,
may be numbered IZ'Ae Genesee Farmer, which de-
serves, and we believe receives a good degree of
encouragement, both as respects subscriptions and
cornniunications. The following extract from a
handbill lately issued from the office of that paper,
will indicate its character and prospects.
" The great mass of the two published volumes
consists of original articles, prepared by the Edi-
tors, assisted by the correspondence of more than
one hundred gentlemen, residing in various parts
of this and the adjacent states, wha have favored
us with interesting articles on almost every subject
within the wide circle of Agricultural and Horti-
cultural science. They have been in nearly .all
cases Practical Treatises by Practical Men, and
afford precisely such information as will be useful,
and is needed by an Agricultural people."
Although we rejoice in the brilliancy of this
Star in the West, we hope that our correspondents
will enable us to emulate its brightness, and that
New England Cultivators will be contributors to
the New England Farmer, till we can also count
" one Hundred gentlemen" on the catalogue of our
correspondents.
ITEMS OF ECONOMY, ARTS, &C.
Feeding Cattle on Fish. The cattle at Prov-
incetown feed on fish with apparently as good a
relish as upon the best kinds of fodder. It is said
that some cows, kept there several years, will,
when grain and fish are placed before them at the
same time, prefer the latter, eating the whole of the
fish before they touch the grain. Like one of old,
we were rather incredulous on this subject, till we
had the evidence of ocular demonstration. We
have seen th'i cows at that place boldly enter the
surf in pursuit of the offals thrown from the fish
boats on the shore, and, when obtained, masticate
and swallow every part except the hardest bones.
A Provincetown cow will dissect the head of a
cod with wonderful celerity. She places one foot
upon a part of it, and with her teeth tears off the
skin and grisly parts, and in a few moments noth-
ing is left but the bones. — Barnstable Journal.
Query. What sort of milk would be given by
a cow fed on fish.
To Correspondents. We have several valuable
communications, among which is one on Mr. Per-
kins' mode of healing by hot water, one on manure,
&.C., which we are obliged to defer to our next.
NOTICE.
A Special Meeting of ilie Mussachusetts HorlicuUural Soci-
ety will be held on Salurday, February 23d, at 11 o'clock
A. M. at llie Hall of the Society.
R. L. EMMONS, Sec'u.
feb20
SEED TEA WHEAT.
A few bushels of this very valuable variety of Spring Wheat,
for sale at the Seed Store No. 51, North Market Slreel, raised
in llie vicinity of Lake Erie.
One kernel of this Wheal was found in a chest of Tea, al
St. John, N. B. in 1823, from which this variety was raised.
(See N. E. Farmer, vol ix, pa^ 105, and vol x, page 105.)
f ersoas in want of it will please apply soon.
febSO
PARTNER WANTED.
A Gentleman, now well established in the Nursery business,
in Ohio, having a good assortment of Fruit Trees, &.c. grow-
ing, is desirous of taking as an active partner, a gardener ti-om
the vicinity of Boston, who is thoroughly acquanited with the
business, and can give unquestionable testimonials as to his ca-
pacity, integrity and devotion to business. The location is one
of the best m the Slate, having a water cnnimunication north
to the Lakes, south to the navigable waters of the Mississippi
Valley, and east and west by the great National Road. For
further particulars, apply personally, to Mr. Barrett, Publisher
of the New England Farmer, Boston. feb 20
ORCHARD GRASS.
Just received, and for sale at the Seed store, No. 51 and 52
North Market Slreel, 50 bushels prime Orchard Grass. See
page 254 of this paper.
WHITE CLOVER SEED.
Just received at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 51 and 52 North Market Street, Boston,
1000 lbs lincst White Dutch Honeysuckle Clover Seed, im-
ported irom Rotterdam.
N. B. The quality of this Seed is considered superior to
any that has been otVered in this city for many years, being re-
markably bright, pure, and free Irom that great pest, Caiiada
thistle, which is frequently found in white clover seetl of Amer-
ican erowth. Farmers are requested to call and examine it.
^ feb iO
SCIONS FOR IIVGRAFTING, &c. &c.
Limicean Botanic Garden and Nurseries.
WM. PRLNCE & SONS, proprietors of this establishment,
having" annexed thereto, very extensive Specimen Orchards,
containing' all the varieties of Fruits enumerated in their cata-
logues, will, to accommodate distant correspondents, furnish
Scions, suitable for ingrafting of any varieties, that may be re-
quired on the terms slated at page 3y of their Fruit Catalogue,
—viz. 50 cts per doz. for Scions of aiiy one kind, where the
price of a tree does not exceed that sum, and where il does,
the same price for a dozen Scions as for a tree— In no case, is
a less charge made than for a' Dozen— Scions of Grape Vines,
ai.d of various trees and shrubs can be supplied. The great
advantage of the above is their small bulk, and cheapness of
Irajisporlalion.
Tliey have also imported by the last arrivals several thou-
sand dollars worth of Vegetable Seeds, of the choicest varieties,
and will furnish supplies to venders at low rates, and of a
quality Tzoi to be surpassed.
They have 200 lbs. of the Yellow Locust, or Robenia pseu-
dacacia seeds, of the tine Long Island variety, so famed for
ship timber, and expect by first arrival 100 lbs. Finest White
Italian Mulberry seed, for Silkworms.
Priced Catalogues of every department will be furnished on
application direct, by mail or otherwise, and the prices have
been much reduced.
N. B. No articles are guaranteed by them, unless the In-
voice has their printed heading and signature.
2t feb 20
SBEDS FOR HOT BEDS.
Just received at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Olfice, No. 51 & bt, North Market Street,
Boston,
The greatest \ariely of Early Vegetable and Flower Seeds
to be found in New England, many of which will soon be
wanted lor Hot Beds. The finest assortment of Cabbage,
Cauliflower, Broccoli, Sweet Portuguese Marjorum,and Early
deep Scarlet Sliort Top Radish Seeds, &c. &-c. Among the
European Cabbage Seeds are the true Early May Cabbage,
(very early) the true Early Salisbury Dwarf Cabbage, (very
dwarf and early) also Early York, Early London Battersea,
Savoy and other Cabbages, Early Curiecl Silesia, and Head
Lettuces, Mignonette, Long Turkey Cucumbers for forcing,
(v/hite and green) Early White Dutch Turnips, Tomatos, Li-
ma Beans, Early Peas, Beans &lc. comprising every kind ui
Seeds wanted in New England — warranted of the very first
quality.
ALSO,
200 varieties of very handsome annual, biennial and perennial
Flower ^e.ds, raised by one olthc first Florists ol il.e country,
and warranted true kinds. — '20 varieties for ^\. if feb 20
GRASS SKKDS.
Herds Grass — Red Clover, ( Northern and Southern) Red
Top — Fowl Meadow — Orchard Grass — Tall Meadow OatGrass
— Lucerne— White Dutch Honeysuckle Clover, for sale by
Geo. C. Barrett, No. 51 &52 North Market Street, Boston.
feb 13 if
AVANTS A SITUATION,
OR A FARM liY SHARES. A single man, capable of
managing a farm, and who will make himself ^enerajly useful,
wishes to be employed as overseer or manager to aii estate. He
is perfecUy acquainted with feeding and breeding of cattle and
sheep, draining, &c., has no objections to going to any part of
the U. Slates, or will take a farm by the shares. For further
information apply at the office of this paper.
Boston, Feb. 1833. 3l
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE
Apples, russetis,
baldwtns;
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Botter, inspected, No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, .....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, Isl sort, . . . .
Southern, 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
*' upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes; Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass^ . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |lhs washed,
Merino, half blood, .
Merino, quarter, . .
Native washed, . .
j_ f Pulled superfine,
i- r^ 1 1st Lambs,
5jhd "
S S. 3d "
^ [ 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
barrel
2 00
"
2 tC
bushel
1 6t
barrel
10 5
"
G 7o
*'
8 00
pound
14
**
li
"
6
"
3
"
3i;
"
35
"
y
bushel
1 20
barrel
6 37
"
6 12
"
5 87
'<
6 00
bushel
80
"
70
"
90
"
GO
"
40
cwt.
62
gallon
60
cwt
28 00
pound
«
20
side
pound
16
side
2 50
pound
25
"
23
cask
90
ton
2 50
bushel
barrel
17 50
"
13 00
"
none
bushel
2 50
1 25
pound
"
11
cwt
10 00
pound
48
"
60
40
<'
37
"
34
"
32
*'
50
"
40
tt
32
"
27
TO
2 60
2 60
2 00
10 75
700
S 50
15
43
12
1 30
6 62
6 25
6 37
6 12
90
78
96
30 00
10
3 00
19
2 70
28
26
1 04
3 75
18 00
13 50
300
1 50
12
12
11 00
60
PROVISION MARKET
RETAIL PRICES.
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs,
Potatoes, common, . . .
CtDER, (according to quality,)
pound
9*
"
9
'<
6
il
')
"
18
"
21;
dozen
18
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
40
3 00
"" BRIGHTON MARKET.— AIoNDAV, Feb. 18, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
Al Market this day 378 Beef Cattle, 12 Cows and Calve«,
706 Sheep, and 266 Swine.
Prices Beef Cattle.— The quality of cattle was better
llian it was last week, but prices for the same qualities were
hardly supported ; our quotations will vary a little. We
noticed one ox only taken lor more than gR. VVe quote prime
at §5,50 a 6,00 ; good at 5,00 a 5,25 ; thin at 4,23 a 4,75.
Cows and Calves.— We noticed sales at S?3, §25, ,g27,«0,
£28, gS% and ,g40.
S/ifcp. — " Dull ;" we noticed one lot taken at ^2,58 ; one at
§2,75; one at ^3; one at g4; one at g5, and one al g6,60;
a few fine Cosset Wethers at 5^,25.
f^wine. — No lots were sold; about CO were retailed (some of
wliich were very small) at 5c. for Sows, and 6 for Barrows.
FRUIT TREES.
ORDERS for Fruit, Forest, and Ornamental Trees, Shmbs,
[^oneysuckles, &c. from Winship, Kenrick, Prince, BucI t
kVilson, Mrs. Parmenlier, and other respectable Nurseries, re-
:cived by the subscriber, and executed at Nursery prices.
GEO. C. BARRETT,
dec 5 Mew Englaiud Farmer Office.
256
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
FEBRUARY 20, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
SBTOWING.
BY MISS GOULD.
It snows ! it snows ! from out the sky,
The feathered flakes, liovv fast they fly,
Like little birds that Jon'l know why,
They're on the chase from place to place,
While neither caii another trace.
It snows ! it snows ! a merry play
Is o'er us on tliis heavy day.
Like dancers in an airy hall
That hasn't room to hold them all.
While some keep up, and others fall,
The atoms shift, then thick ajid swifl.
They drive along to form the drift,
That, weaving up, so dazzling white,
is like a rising w^all of light.
But now the wind comes whistling loud.
To snatch and waft it as a cloud,
Or giant phantom in a shroud ;
It spreads — it curls — it glides and whirls ;
At length a mighty wing unfurls ;
And then, away! but where, none knows.
Or ever will.— It snows '. it snows !
To-morrow will the storm be done,
Then, out will come the golden sun;
And we shall see upon the run.
Before his beams, in sparkling streams,
What, now, a cur.tain o'er him seems.
And thus with life, it ever goes —
'Tis shade and shine. — It snows ! it snows !
The following patriotic and beautiful Ode was composed
for the celebration of the 4th of July, 1832, by llie Uni9n Party
in Charleston, and sung on that occasion.
Air — *' Scotts who hae «ji' Waltace bUdP
HiiL, our Country's natal morn !
Hail, our spreading kindred born!
Hail, our banner not yet lorn,
Waving o'er the free !
While this day, in festal llirong.
Millions swell the patriot song.
Shall we not thy notes prolong,
Hallow'd Jubilee ?
Who would sever Freedom's shrine ?
W'ho would draw the invidiotts line ?
Though by birth one spot be mine ?
Dear is all the rest ;
Dear to me the South's fair land, ■
Dear, the central," Mountain band.
Dear, New England's rocky strand,
Dear, the prairied West.
fey our altars, pure and free,
By our Law's deep-rooted tree,
By the past's dread memory.
By our WASHINGTON;
By our common parent tongue,
As our hopes, bright, buoyant, young,
By the tie of country strong,
We will stm be one.
Father ! have ye bled in vain ?
Ages ! must ye droop again ?
MAKER! shall wo rashly slain
Blessings sent by THEE ?
No ! receive our solemn vow,
While before thy throne we bow.
Ever to maintain as now,
"UNION— LIBERTY."
A WOMAN ui' loituiie being tised to the handliii;
of money spends it judiciously ; but a woman who
gets the conunand of money for the first time upon
her marriage, has such a gust in spending it, that
she throws it away with great profusion Johnson^
nvVAHIABLE IJTVENTION.
We, on Saturday last, witnessed the practical
effects of a contrivance by which a pair of horses,
at the option of the driver and in an instant are
disengaged from a carriage. It is so contrived
that nothing is taken from the carriage — not even
the swingle trees : but the traces are sepai-ated
from all these, and the horses go free, leaving the
entire carriage and its fi.vtures, tongue and all,as if
they had not been attached to it.
In all other inventions of this sort to save hu-
man life, either the fore wheels were disengaged
from the axletree, or the swingletrces from the
crossbars — but in the first, the fall of the carriage
would precipitate all in out: and in the la.st the
horses carrying after them the swingle trees wei-e
not only cut, but alarmed, and forever ruined as to
all purposes of coach horses in future.
This discovery is free from all these evils, and
presents to our view one of the safest, simplest,
and most admirable plans that has ever been hit
upon, and we doubt not that every owner of a car^
riage, whether private or public, will avail himself
of the right to use this great and certain method
of .saving human life.
The carriage used and the harness were taken
as they were found, without the entire preparation
which the plan embraces. Yet it worked without
a single impediment, to the surprise aud admiration
iif liundieds. We have never seen a more useful
invention. — Paulson's Adv.
HEIGHT OP DIFFERENT GIANTS.
Byr.nf,, tlie Iri.sh giant, who lately died in Lon-
don, measured eight feet two inches, j
Cornelius Hagarth, who died in the year 1760,
measured seven feet eight inches.
Edwtird Malone, another Irishman, was seven
feet seven inches, and was nearly equal in stature
and size to Daniel Cardaniis, the Swedish giant.
The celebrated Dr. Cheselden, the famous
analomist, speaks of a skeleton, discovered in a
Roman camp, near St. Albans, and near to an
urn inscribed Marcus Antoninus, which he judged
to have been eight feet four inches.
Goliah, of Gatli, the champion of the Philistines,
(who was.'ilain by David,) measured six cubits and
a span, which, according to Bishop Cumberland,
is eleven feet English.
Maxiininius, the Emperor, was nine feet high :
and in the reign of Augustus, lliere were said to be
many others as tall.
A MOUSER.
Some years since a large black snake accidentally
found its way into the cellar of a gentleman of our
acquaintance, in Northtmiberland county, where it
has ever since remained much to the annoyance
of the rats and mice in the neighborhood, who
can never venture on the premises, except when
his snakeship has retired to winter quarters. It
has become domesticated, and is quite a favorite
with the family. — Liverpool (Pa.) Mercury.
NO PRIEKD TO CELIBACY.
" If you are for pleasure — Marry !
If you prize rosy health — Marry !
And even [{money be your object — Marry."
"A GOOD WIFE is ' Heaven's last best gift to
man ;' his ans;el and minister of graces innumera-
ble ; his Sal Polychresium or gem of many virtues ;
his Pandora, or casket of jewels ; lier presence
forms his best company ; her voice, his sweetest
usii ; her smiles, his brightest day ; her kiss,
the guardian of his innocence ; her arms, the pale
of his safety, the balm of his health, the balsam of
life; her industry, his surest wealth; her
economy, his safest steward ; her lips, his faith ful-
est coimsellors ; her 5oso?ft, the softest pillow of
of his cares ; and her prayers the ablest, the ad-
vocates of Heaven's blessings on his head!"
Jeremy Taylor.
Dissembled holiness is iloulile iiiiipiity.
Disputations have truth in the middle, and party
at both ends.
Those who bequeath unjo themselves a pomp-
ous funeral, are at just so much expense to inform
the world something that had much better been
concealed, viz.: that their vanity has survived
themselves.
WANTED,
A STEADY single Man, pctfccily capable of managing
the whole work of a smalt farm of '20 acres, with a good Garden. Jt
No one will be engaged who cannot produce the best rccom- ^
mendiiiions as to sobriety, honesty, and having e.\perience in 1
tlie most improved system of Agriculture. A member of the
Tcmpcrajice Society, and a pious character, will be preferred.
Apply at diis office. feb lA
VALUABLE BOOKS.
FOR S.\LE at the N. E. Farmer Otfice and Seed Store,
Deane's New England Farmer or Gcorgical Dictionary, S2.50
Thachcr's 'Trealise on Bees, 75
New .Vmorican Gardener (a valuable work), 1.00
The Farmer's Own Book, 50
FrM^r.,1 Housewife. iiO
I'riiiic on llie Vine, 1.50
• runiiildsical Manuals (2 vols.), each 1.00
N<\v .Vniericft]! Orchardist {see other adv.) 1.25
M..ul>rav on Poultry, &c., 75
Col.l.'s Manual on the Culture of tlie Mulberry, 37.4
Nuitalfs Ornithology, 3.60
Introduction lo Botany, * 1.50
Foi..ylh on Fruit Trees, 1.00
The Planters Gui.h- (new work) . 3.00
The Complete Cattle Keeper, 87J
Calcareous Manures, ' , 1.00
Hind's Farriery, 1.00
Plnkct Farrier, 15
lIi>i.H V cil 111.., 1-^, (.'', vols.) each 1.00
Am , ifiii. - ••! \,itijr,d Ilislorv(an interesting work) 87*
I'll.- .mil I iiiiNiud Vegetable Substances (2 vols.) each l.CO
.4rcliilectuii ol Buds, l.OO
Sylva Americana, 2.50
CobbeU's Works, Sec. &c..
All wfarks on Agriculture, Hortirullure and rural economy
can be supplicil to libraries aud,otlicrs on lavorablc terms.
CATALOGUE OF THE AGRICULTl^RAL WARE-
HOUSE AND SEED srOKE, FOR 11)33,
,lust puDlishcd, comprising a list of Agricultural Implements,
wilh dcscripllojis; and Garden. Field nn<l Flower Seeils, Flow-
er Roots, iScc. cVc, with dircclions. (it pp. tiralis.
THE NEAV ENGL.IND PARBIER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at g3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from Uie lime ol subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
[^y No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGEN'DS.
New York — G. Thorburn & Sons, ri7 Liberty-street.
.•I/A«7iiy— Wm. Thorburn, 347 Market-slreel.
/'hilutUlphia — D. Si, C. Landreth, 85 Chesnul-slreel.
tiaUiinore — I. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flusidng, N. Y. — Wm. Prince &, Sons, Prop. Lin.Bot.Gar.
MiJdIelmnj, Vl. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
I lart/ord— Good win & Co. Booksellers.
Sfnringfield. Ms. — E. Edwarus; Merchant.
Neinlmrypon — Ebene/.er Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. //.—J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Colman, Holden &. Co. Booksellers.
Awrusta, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.—P. .). Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Mrmtreal, L. C. Geo. Bent.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by John FoRn, who
executes every description of Book and Fannj Printing
in n-ood style, ajid with promptness. Orders for printing
may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the Nem England Far.
MANURE.
The manure-heap is the farmer's gold nine,
which lie should constantly strive to increasejuid
enrich, inasmuch as his avocatiou cannot belfol-
lowed up with any degree of success withoujthe
possession, and intelligent ajiplication of its bre.
Although the collection and making of manui; is
of primary importance, and has been rightly ter
the first step in good husbandry, yet our fan
are noted for their inattention to the subject ;
lections in treuches by the roadside and in ^iic
barnyard are made, it is true — but the sink wjsh-
ings, the accumulated riches of ponds and ditck!s,
the inexhaustible supply of leaves in our wotls,
and innumerable other sources from which ;iey
might obtain a sufficiency are overlooked ; r if
remembered, rcjnembered oidy to be negleted.
When this state of things shall have passed a 'ay,
and not till then, shall we have reason to e»ect
prospei-ous farmers and well-tilled farms; — intur-
therance of this event, permit me to offer afew
remarks on the collection and application of Ma-
nures, which (although they may have alreadybe-
come familiar to the agriculturist,) will still save
in a humble measure to encourage their introd c-
tion into his practical operations.
The barn yard is the first spot to which he
farmer looks for a supply of manure, and it er-
tainly is the principal reservoir upon which \je
should depend — and on that very account, in hs
selection or construction he should raauifi;st his
foresight and intelligence. Some select a spot per-
fectly level, and others one with a considerable
outward slope, and in either case their judgment
is thoughtless and incorrect. A place should be
chosen which has a natural slope towards the cen-
tre, inasmuch as it prevents all rich liquid matters
from finding their way out, and wasting themselves
upon ground annually which does not require their
fertilizing properties ; if the husbandman' cannot
find a place of this description in a situation con-
venient, and well sheltered for the cattle which are
to inhabit it ; he should not grudge the small ex-
pense attendant upon constructing one elsewhere.
Let him rectify the natural deficiencies of the spot,
and aimually, either in Spring or Autumn, cart in
a substantial layer of loam, or meadow mud that
he may obtain in ditching ; this in the course of
the season becomes amazingly enriched by the
rains, washings, and droppings of the cattle — and
constitutes a strong and excellent manure when
mixed with ashes and horse dung, for corn, the
top-dressing of grass lands, &c.
Another mine which should be diligently ex-
plored and worked, is the hogstye ; from this |)lace,
the farmer has an excellent opportunity of supply-
ing his fields with a valuable and feilile dressing.
In its situation or construction it should be similar
to the barn yard, and should also be well filled
■with loam, potato vines and other refuse portions
of the crops — which being rooted over and mingled
together by the swine soon become a manure ex-
ceedingly precious and acceptable. Their house
should also be continually supplied with leaves or
vines, which not only tends to make tliem com-
fortable and expedites their fattening — but being
wet through in a few days and thrown into the
outer stye contributes vastly to the increase and
betterment of the manure there made.
The washings of the sink are generally permit-
ted to rim without guidance where they list, or are
thrown out of the kitchen door into the very path,
to the no small annoyance and objection of every
visiter; if instead of this unprofitable and slovenly
custom our farmers would consent to spend a little
time and money, they might boast of tidy door-
yards and a small addition of exceedingly rich
manure. Let them dig a small square pit of foiu'
or five feet in depth under their sinkspout ; stone
it well as they would a cellar, and throw into it
two or three loads of loam, which would absorb
the washings, become fertilized by them, and at
the close of the first year would yield him a return,
equivalent at least to the labor he spent in prepara-
tion of this receptacle. The same course might be
advantageously pursued in regard to our vaults; it
would in a slight degree lessen their unpleasant
ertluyia, increase the quantity taken therefrom, and
render it more fit for immediate service — inasmuch
as the strength of this kind of manure forbids its
iVee usage, till it has undergone a partial decojn-
|)osition — the rapidity of which, this method would
in a small measure assist.
The sweepings of ditches and ponds, which are
drained off, or become dry in the course of the
season, form an excellent acquisition to the farmer's
stock of manure. These sweepings very few who
have the opportunity avail themselves of — eitlier
Wcause they imagine that they have matters ol
Veightier importance to attend to, or because they
aJect to doubt their superior value ; — the first ob-
jation a farmer should never urge, for he certainly
h* time to collect all the manure his lands can
afi>rd in any shape, and it is of vital importance
th t he should do it, — in regard to the second, I
hafe merely to state, that these sweepings contain
aolimmense quantity of the putrid matter of de-
cafed vegetables, which have been gradually gath-
erjig and imbedding themselves there, and which
neeessarily form in their separate state, or when
inked with other substances a strong and profita-
btt manure.
The last method of making manure which I
sllall here recommend, is the collection and use of
l^ves. With little difficulty the husbandman can
sipply himself with these from our woods and
firests, and I therefore lament to see them so sel-
(bm used. Twenty substantial loads would be
atfficient for the daily and thorough litter of u
aock of eight or ten cattle, from the time they
Vere housed in the fall tUl they were pastured in
be spring, and a few days spent in collecting them
vould be nobly repaid by the extra quantity and
>stra quality of manure. Let them he put under
.■ome sheltered shed where they will be protected
from the winds, and dealt out in the necessary
ijiantify ; when the cattle floor is cleaned, they
siould be chopped up finely with the dung, and
tirown out upon the heap — there after awhile they
(.^compose and become fit to carry out to the fields.
The fertilizing properties existing in this kind of
nanure are truly astonishing, and I do not hesitate
io affirm, tliat a field in which it is used will pio-
duce a crop of potatoes one fourth greater than the
crop harvested from another spot of the same size
which was planted with any other manure. In
another respect, leaves maybe made to augment and
improve the farmer's stock of manure ; before filling
his yard, stye, or any other place of deposit, he
would be vastly benefitted by throwing in a heavy
layer of leaves, which being completely covered
by loam or whatever else he may cast in, soon
begin to decompose, and add not a little to the
value of the stuff when removed.
The a|>plication of difil-rent manures to the va-
rious soils, which lias been so ably treated of by
Kirwan n his admirable essay upon Manures — is
a subjecttoo extensive, and requiring too thorough
a knowledge, to be entered upon here. The effect
we look for in the application of manure is not
only an abundant production of crops at the time,
but a lasting fertility; and therefore it is better to
manure moderately lor a succession of seasons,
than to crcwd an over quantity at once upon the
land which may not again receive assistance for
years; this should be attended to, especially if the
subsoil is ofa spongy nature — for in this case, the
manure though it produce a heavy crop tlie first
year it is api|lie(T, will be gradually drawn in till it
entirely disa|ipf-ars ; thus the only reward you
reap for youii liberality, is one or two copious har-
vests which feave the soil more barren and unpro-
ductive than before. Your arrangements should
be such as to allow a thorough annual dressing to
all lands under cultivation, and a gradual reclaim-
ing of waste lands by ditching and draining — for
these operations (in addition to oiliers «ljlct. I>o»o
fit land,) are in<luded in the general tertfl manure,
as well as substances which have the same ten-
dency. In this way, you enter upon a system of
improvement and an application of means, the
good eflccts of which bedome yearly more observ-
able, and undoubtedly hive a salutary influence
upon community. L. L.
By the Editor^
PEAT FOR, MANURE.
[Conlinued fron page 250.]
In mild weather seven cart-loads of common
farm-yard dung, tolerably fresh made is sufficient
for twenty-one cart loads of peat moss ; but in
cold weatlier, a larger proportion of dung is de-
sirable ; at least it is prtdent to omit putting any
peat between the two upper layers of dung, and
rather thicken the outer coating with peat. It is
also proper in winter, if ground with a dry bottom
can he converiently employed for the purpose, to
increase greatiy the breadth of the dunghill, which
in that case may be done without any limit, by
adding, all round the dunghill, circles consisting of
layers of pea dung and peat of seven feet in
breadth. And if the mass of the dunghill is thus
enlarged, thcr« is little occasion to exceed the pro-
portion of dung recommended for making up to
pn pare in the milder season ; especially if a cov-
ering of cotrse vegetables of any sort, siiih as
waste hay or straw, rushes, broom or furze, or
brush wood of ever-greeus, is thrown over the
dunghill. Iq fact, a covering of this sort is scarce-
ly less useful in summer, to prevent the escape of
moisture, than in winter to exclude cold.
258
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
FEBRUARY 37, 1S33.
To every twenty-eight cart loads of the com-
post, when made up, it is of use to throw on
above it a cart load of ashes, either made from
coal, peat or wood ; or if tliese cannot be had,
half the quantity of slacked lime may be used, the
more finely powdered the better. But these addi-
tions are not essential to the general success of
the compost, provided a sufficiency of time is al-
lowed to the preparation to compensate for the
want of them.
The dung to be used should either have been
recently made, or kept fresh by compression ; as
by the treading of cattle or swine, or by carls pass-
ing over it. And if there is little or no litter in
it, a smaller quantity will serve, provided any
spongy vegetable matter is added at making up
the compost, such as fresh weeds, the ruhhish of
a stack-yard, potato-shaws, sawings of timber,
&c. And as some sorts of dung, even when fresh,
are much more a<lvanced in decomposition than
others, it is material to attend to this ; for a much
less proportion of such dung, especially i'ahound-
ing in animal matter, will serve for the compost,
provided care is taken to keep the mass sufficient-
ly open, either by a mixture of the abovf-mention-
ed substances, or, if these are wanting, by adding
the peat ' piecemeal, that is, first mixiis; it u)) in
the usual proportion of three to one of dung, and
then, after a time, adding an equal quaitity, more
or less, of peat. The dung of this character of
best quality is shamble dung, with «lii<h, imder
the above precautions, six times the quantity ol
peat or more, may be prepared. TIk same holds
as to pigeon-dung, and other fowl-duig; and to a
certain extent, also, as to that which is collected
from towns, and made by animals that feed on
grain, refuse of ilistilleries, &c.
The compost, after it is made up, gets into a gen-
eral hoot coonor or iatci, aCCOrdingtO the Wonthcr,
and the C(iudition of the dung in summer, in ten
days or sooner ; in winter, not perhaps for many
weeks, if the cold is severe. It always, however,
has been found to come en at last,* and in sum-
mer it sometimes rises so high as to be mischiev-
ous, by consuming the nuterials (fire fanging). In
that season, a stick shouk be kept in it in different
parts, to pull out and fee now and then ; for if it
approaches to blood heat it should either be wa-
tered or turned over; aid on such an occasion,
advantage may he taken to mix it with a little
fresh peat. The heat sihsides after a time, and
with great variety, accorling to the weather, the
dung, and the perfection of the making up of the
compost ; which then imy be allowed to remain
untouched, until within hree or four weeks of
using, when it should Je turned over, upside
down, and outside in, and all lumps broken : then
it comes into a second hcjt, hut soon cools, and is
fit to be taken out for use. In this state the whole,
except bits of the old decayed wood, appears a
black free mass, and spreads like garden mould.
Use it weight for weight as farm yaril dung; and
it will be found, in a course of cropping, fully to
stand the comparison.
Let it be observed, that the object in making uj)
the compost is to form as large a hjt-bed as the
quantity of dung employed admits of, and then to
surround it on all sides, so as to have the whole
fejnefit of the heat and efiluvia. Pea:, nearly as
dry as garden mould, in seed time, may be niixed
with the dung so as to double the volume and
iiiore, and nearly triple the weight, and instead of
hurting the heat, prolong it. Workmen must be-
gin with using layers ; but, when accustomed to
th.e just i)roportions, if they are furnished with
peat moderately dry, and dung not lost in litter,
they throw it up together as a mixed mass, always
coating it, however, with more peat ; and they im-
prove in the art, so as to make a less proportion of
dung serve for the preparation.
The addition recommended of ashes, or lime, to
the compost, is thought to favor the general per-
fection of the preparation, and when the composi-
tion is turned over, to hasten the second heat.
The lime laid on the dunghill, as directed, is ren-
dered mild by the vapors that escape during the
first heat.
Compost, made up before January, is generally
in good order for the spring crops ; but this is not
to be expected in case of a severe long frost. In
summer it is ready in eight or ten weeks ; and
if there is an anxiety to have it soon prepared,
the addition of ashes, or of a little lime-rubbish of
old buildings, or of lime slaked with foul water,
applied to the dung used in making up, will
quicken the process considerably.
Lime has been mixed previously with the peat ;
but the compost prepared with that mixture, or
with the simple peat, seemed to produce equally
good crops. All the land, however, that it has
been tried on, has been limed more or less within
these twenty-five years.
The rich coarse earth, which is frequently found
on the surface of peat, is too heavy to be admitted
into this compost; but it makes an excellent top-
dressing, if previously mixed and turned over with
lime. [To be conlinucd.]
* III order lo liriiig on the Ileal more expetliliously, in a com-
pos! made up in lro>l, a nanow addilioii ol' dui<; and peat has
sometimes, aller the Irost has gone off, been laid along the sides
af the compost, scraping down a little the coaling of peal
mpoo it.
For the New England Farmer.
DISEASE IN CATTLE.
Mr. Editor, — In regard to the Dunstable .0.\
mentioned in your paper, which has the " holl
fast" on his jole, I think the disease is righty
named, for I believe it will hold fast, till his bon s
go to dust again. I believe it is what we call a
hone cancer. I have known a number in our qua--
ter, and I never knew one to be cured. As soin
as we discover a bunch growing upon the joh,
we go to feeding in order to make beef for tie
butcher; for the bone will grow very fast, becone
painful, and the joles will become tender, so tlut
the animal will not eat any thing that is hard, anl
not taking sufficient to support nature, will ful
away and die.
I had a cow that had a rose cancer in one o^
her eyes. I discovered it in the fall. In the sprinj
her eye began to swell out of her bead, and by tin
tirst of June it was as large as a very large goost
egg. She had a calf, which ran with her at tin
time. She appeared to be in great pain, would
not stand to eat three minutes at a time, but kept
continually walking. I took the calf off, and the
cow into the barn, hove her down, took a shoe-
maker's knife and cut the cancer, eye and all,
from the socket, so that her eye-lids shut to as well as
those on the other eye. I let her get up, and gave
her some hay. She stood and ate as well as sIr
ever did. I went to feeding her, made her good
beef by the last of September, and sold her to the
butcher for $27. The cancer had grown again by
that time as large as a hen's egg, A Yankey.
'IHverton, Feb. 19, 1833.
For the New Engl'md Farmer.
AGRICUI.TIIRAI, ESSAYS, K O . XIX.
Sh.ndleworm on Indian corn, is killed by
spriii\ling the corn with a weak lye of wood ashes.
SviNE, profitable. Every family should keep
one, to take off the weeds of the garden, and re-
fuse of the kitchen. Carrots good for thein
shoiid have a change of diet and be fed in a
cleaily manner. Some farmers throw their corn
to tlem in the durtiest of pens, where it is buried
at oice in filth, and almost entirely lost. Noth-
ing lan be more slovenly. Keep them in a small
pastire, or orchard, well fenced and watered ;
witlia close warm stye to retreat to. Keep them
alwivs in a middling good plight ; yokes prejudicial
to tlem ; but no hog should eve»- be seen without
a riig in his nose. Put them up to fatten in Sep-
temler, and kill them middle of November or
sooKr. He who fats a hog in winter must be a
lose — meal better for them than corn — green corn
out )f the field, excepted. Give them faiy water
for Irink — the wash of the kitchen, worse than
noting for fatting hogs. Let them have no more
food at a time, than they will eat up clean. If
many, pour oil on their backs. Give them litter
in Jilnty, and keep their issues open, or they will
not ttteu. The Chinese breed very good to prop-
agat.
TiRKET. Plunge the chick into cold water, as
sooi as hatched, or the next day after, and force
do\n one whole pepper corn, and give it to its
moier to be brooded ; it will be as hardy as the
chik of a hen. If they droop while young, view
the rumps, anil you will find two or three feath-
ers, whose quill parts are filled with blood, —
drav them, and the chick will soon recover.
"uRNiP. Sow on a light, sandy soil, not very
rich. New cleared land ])roper. Sow middle of
July, when the ground is moist; not when it is
dry. One pound of seed to an acre. House, and
bury them in dry sand — it will prevent their grow-
ing corky.
Wheat. Sow one bushel and an half on an
acre, on a loamy soil well pulverized. Manure
with old dung, and change your seed annually.
Wash it before sowing, and sow in the latter part
of August, and never when the earth is very dry.
Plough it in with a shallow furrow, and leave the
land rough. Spring wheat should be sowed as
early ns possible, and only harrowed in. Never
IVed grain, unless it be likely to ear out in the
fall.
Wool. Divide it into three parts, or setts. 1.
The neck and btick, called mother wool. 2. Tails
and legs. 3. Breast and belly, should not be
mixed in sjiinning. The two best qualities in
wool, length and fineness.
For the New England Farmer.
Mr. Fessen-df.n, — The Massachusetts Agricul-
tural Society having awarded a premium of $20 to
Mr. Wm. Carter of Fitchburg for his crop of 692J
bushels potatoes to the acre, it is presumed he will
cheerfully promote one of the objects of the society
in giving the public all the information in his power
respecting his mode of cultivating and jjrodueing
a crop so enormous. It is desirable to know how
many cords his " forty loads of horse manure"
contained ; also whether his forty-five bushels of
seed, were taken promiscuously of all sizes, and
planted whole, or whether they were selected of
the largest and cut in pieces — and how far distam
VOIi. XI. NO. 33.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
259
he placed the potatoes, or pieces, from each other
in the drills. His reply through your useful jour-
nal will gratify A Practical Farmer.
Hortkultund Hull, Feb. 16, 1833.
The followiug fruits were forwarded hy Stepheu
H, Smith, Esq. of Providence :
Apples. — Seek no further. A large red apple,
roundish oblong; the size of the Baldwin; flavor
sweet, relieved by a slight acid. It ripens from
October to March, and the tree is a prodigious
bearer. There are many varieties of this name ;
this variety has existed in Rhode Island during
several generations.
Dartmouth Sieeeling, — rather large ; of a pale
green color, slightly stained with red next to the
sun -, of a sweet, rich and excellent flavor, wth a
slightly perceptible and agreeable acid. The tr(;e
is productive, and the fruit keeps till May. This
variety is esteemed by many the best of all sweet
apples, and by some the best of all npples.
Mnrygold. A medium sized fruit, flattened in
form ; striped and stained with pale red on a yel-
low ground; the flesh yellow, firm, sacchai-ine,
stibacid and fiue. This fruit keeps till June. The
tree is productive, but does not suddenly come iu-
to bearing.
Belle el Bonne. A small, yellow, round fruit,
spotted, and slightly colored with red next tc the
sun; the flesh firm, sweet and excellent; it kseps
till April, aud the tree is very productive.
William Kenrick.
I5y Gen. Lynch. Agriculture, Coimnerce and
Manufactures, mutually dependent — Their success
is essential to the independence and comforts of a
nation.
By Mr. Walsh. Our President, Le Ray de
Chaumont — His motto is our motto, "The Plough
is of no party."
By Mr, Briggs. The old fashioned doctrine —
Principles, not men.
By a gentleman. Men who support principles.
By Mr. Grove. Albrecht Van Thayer, the cel-
ebrated agriculturist of Mocgelin, in Germany.
By Mr. Viele. Our yeomanry, the lords of the
soil — the true nobility of the country.
By Mr. A. Knickerbacker. Agriculture, Hor-
ticulture and Manufactures — corner stones of the
Union, may they be protected.
By a gentleman. The wool-growers of the
United States — They merit the patronage of the
government, and conduce to the real independence
of a nation. Albany Argus.
GEOLOGY OF MASSACHUSETTS.
The Geological Map of Massachusetts is an
honor to the Legislature which ordered, and the
Professor who executed it. It is one step, and a
very important step, towards extending a know-
ledge of the very interesting and very practical
science of Geology, through our whole commu-
nity ; and by this knowledge to acquaint our
citizens with the productions and the resources of
the mineral kingdom. — Family Lyceum.
The Montgomery (Alab.) Journal of the 26th
ult. says : A very destructive tornado passed
through a part of this county on Wednesday last.
Its ravages in some places were very great. We
have heard but little as to the particulars of the
loss sustained by our citizens who were the suffer-
ers.— It passed over the plantation of Dr. Samuel
C. Oliver about ten miles distant from this ])lace,
and levelled every building to the groimd. We
understand that with the exception of the Gin
House, (which) was situated some distance from the
other buildings not a house is left standing! — Dr.
Oliver had just built a new dwelling house. His
family, we understand was in the house at the
time it was blown down, but the kind interposition
of the hand of Providence preserved them almost
uninjured, amidst the wreck surrounding them on
all sides. — Some of Dr. O's negroes were injured.
We understand that Mr. Birch, on the Lime Creek
Road has suflered, but we are not informed to
what extent.
WOKDERS OP NATURE.
There was lately dug up, at Madison ; Starke
county. State of Ohio, two large Tusks, measur-
ing each nine feet six inches in diameter! the
weight of one was as much as two men could lift ;
the outside covering was as firm and hard as ivory,
but the inner parts 'were considerably decayed.
They were found in a swamp, about two feet be-
low the surface of the ground, and were similar to
;hose found some time ago at the Big Bone Lick,
'u Kentucky; the size of the animal, from the
tones found, was at least 60 feet in length, and 22
t»et in height, and 12 across the hips. Each tooth
found weighed 11 pounds. This animal as much
aupasses the Mammoth as the Elephant does the
Ox. — Clearjield Banner.
A LATE New Orleans paper says: — "But our
<ity is yet in its infancy ; its resources are not de-
i'elo|)ed. We have even now a Levee near five
iniles in length, crowded with ships, steamboats,
keel boats and flat boats ; their number is in pro-
portion to the quantity of produce which is receiv-
ed from the western territories. Who can then
calculate the extent, the importance which our
city will attain, when those territories are filled
with population."
Oregon. The great portion of the party which
ing; the friend and associate of Washington in our proceeded last year on an expedition for Oregon,
revolutionary conflict— the patriot and "the states- 1 we understand, have returned, after reaching the
man, whose pride it was during a long life, to aid American Alps, the Rocky mountains. It is said
and foster the agriculture of his country. llicy found them covered with 8 or 9 feet of snow,
BvMr. E. Savage. Agriculture, the father and and a snow storm prevailing when they arrived
mother of all arts— "Honor thy father ami thy there, though it was midsuunner. Capt. Wyeth
moth.^r, that thv davs may be long in the land." and 13 men reiuained to prosecute their original
By Mr. B. Knower. Manufactures and the Me- determination. The Rocky mountains are said to
clumic arts— the sons and daughters of Agricul-jbe 400 miles from Oregon. There was consider-
ture. able suffering before they reached the mountains.
By Dr. Beekman. The Farmers of the state of and two men had separated from the company.
New York. — Cent.
AGRICULTURAL. DINNER.
On Friday last, duriug the meeting of the State
Agricultural Society, several gentlemen partock of
an Agricultural Dinner at the Mansion House, pre-
pared l)y Mr. Bradstreet, in his best style ; the Hon.
A. Spencer presiding. Three samples of excel-
lent American wine, comprising a dozen bottles,
were furnished for the occasion, by Maj. John
Adlum, of Georgetown, District of Cokunbia, from
his vintage of 1831. After the cloth was remov-
ed, the following sentiments were given:
By the President. John Adlum — He has de-
monstrated to us that our country is as capable of
producing good wines as it is good bread. He
merits and receives our thanks, for the book and
the box which he has presented to us, to instruct
us in our practice, and to exhilarate us on this oc-
casion.
By Mr. Le Ray. The promotion of temper-
ance, by every farmer producing his own wine.
By Judge Buel. Agriculture, the first and best
pursuit of man — a trade, an art and a science.
The triple powers of strength, skill and science,
are necessary to develope all its benefits to man.
By Judge Hickock. The Farmers — the liberal
supporters of every interest but their own.
By Mr. Webster. The late Timothy Picker-
A if'olf caught. A large wolf was killed in this
town last Satmday, within a mile of the State
House. His track was discovered in the north-
western part of this town, and followed by a party
of hunters from the West Parish, for nearly a
week, until the wolf was driven into a swamp
south of the village, which was surrounded and
he was shot by Caj)t Enoch Dow, one of the party
who first started in pursuit. — JV. H. Patriot.
The following from Naples, is of Dec. 22 : —
" For two days the eruption of Vesuvius has
assumed an alarming character ; the flanks of
the mountain are furrowed in every direction
by vast torrents of lava. We can perceive three
small craters that have formed themselves in the
centre of the great crater, the edge of which is in
several places rent by crevices 30 or 40 feet wide,
and 15 or 20 deep. Anew stream of lava, which
Ibrmed itself in the night of the 20tli, has taken
the direction of Portici."
J^ews. Few persons, we believe, even among
the learned, know any thing of the true derivation
of the word news. Its leal signification is deno-
ted by the cardinal letters of which it is composed.
N. E. W. S. ; — the initials of North, East, West,
and South — which njeans " Intelligence from the
four quarters of the globe."
Social intercourse. We should make it a princi-
ple to extend the hand cf fellowship to every man
who discharges faithfully his duties, maintains
•rood order — who manifests a deep interest in the
welfare of general society — whose deportment is
upright, and whose mind is intelligent, without
slopping to ascertain whether he swings a hammer
or draws a thread. There is nothing so distant
from all natural rule and natural claim as the re-
luctant— the backward sympathy — the forced
smile — the checked conversation — the hesitating
compliance — the well oft' are too apt to manifest to
those a little down; with whom, in comparison of
intellect and principles of virtue, they frequently
sink into insignificance.
Cut timber for building aud fencing. Secure
your grain from rats. Cover your horses after
severe exercise in cold weather,
your poultry and feed them.
Look well to
260
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
FEBRUARY 37, 1S33.
From the Albmuj Argus.
HINTS TO P,\RMERS. NO. IV.
The planting of Trees, for oraamcnt and profit,
for fruit, fuel and thiiber, lias for a long time
engaged the aotive attention of tlie cultivators,
and even the governments of Europe. The ex-
isting forests of England are said to have been all
planted by the hand of man. The highlands of
Scotland, after having been, by a reckless policy,
stripped of their timber, have again been re-clothed
■witi) wood and beauty, by the indefatigable labors
of the present and last generations. And to such
a pitch has the taste for planting been carried in
Germany, that the public highways, for hundreds
of miles, present continuous avenues of fruit and
ornamental trees, from which the traveller regales
himself with freedom, and which contribute to
tlie comfort and wealth of the inhabitants. The
press has been enforcing the duty of planting, and
furnishing directions for rearing of forests, and
beautifying parks and ornamental grounds. A re-
cent Plantir'/; (lidle, hy Sir Henry Steuart, has
just been repulilished by the Messrs. Thorburns,
at New York, and excited much public attention.
I have not seen the work ; but the extracts from
it, which I have read, seem but illy adapted to
our practice. They relate principally to an ex-
pensive mode of removing large trees from the
forest to the |)ark ; an operation suited neither to
our habits nor our means. It undoubtedly con-
tains, however, useful instructions for planting, re-
moving and pruning forest trees ; and 1 hope it
may be the means of awakening in our country-
men a more provident care of at least the trees we
have left. For our taste has hitherto run coimter
to that of Europe. While they have studied to
increase, we have been wantonly lavish in destroy-
ing, these lords of the forest. But we begin to
perceive our error, and evince a disposition to cor-
rect it ; the first evidence of which that I remember
to have witnessed, was in the" county of Berkshire
— where the Jirst Agricultural society of practical
fanners, tvas established in our country, and where
it yet continues to disperse unnumbered blessings.
One of the early acts of that society was to
encourage the )>lanlingthe sugar maple, particu-
larly by the road sides; and the wise foresight
which prompted the imirovemeut has now become
apparent to all. I was acquainted with the valley
of the Housatonic more than forty years ago. 1
knew it when its Agricultural Society was estab-
lished ; and I have traversed it with delight with-
in the last few months. I know no district which
has surpassed it in the measure of its improveineiu
during the last twenty years. Its agricultural
features, — its flocks and its herds; — its moral
condition, — the intelligence and enterprise, the in-
dustry and happiness, of its population, surpassed,
in my mind, any thing I saw in joui-neying five
hundred miles. And most of this prosperity and
improvement, I ascribe, emphatically, to the
benign influence of its agricultural society. How
gratifying, to the Fathers of this society, must
be the reflection, that they have been thus instru
mental in increasing the measure of human hap
piness, and of liuman virtue. I would not ex
change the honor which belongs to them for the
pageantry of a court, or the renown of a saugnina
ry victor.
Instead of adopting Sir Henry Steuart's system
of removing large trees, we would do well to pre-
serve them, wherever they are not likely to inter-
fere with the econonjy of the farm ; and to plant
small trees whenever they will conduce to orna-
ment or use. In retaining, however, the second
growth is preferable to the first. The habits of
the first, like the habits of the aborigines, are bet-
ter adapted to the forest than to the field, and
when their tall forms are bared, by the labors of
cultivation, they are apt to be prostrated by the
winds. The second growth or small trees, grow
up with more strength and beauty, and soon adapt
their habits to their security. There are many
grounds that are not profitable in tillage, which
may grow trees without prejudice, and even to ad-
vantage, as pasture lands. A growth of forest or
fruit trees is highly beneficial, upon the north and
west side of farm buildings, in breaking off the
cold winds in winter, and affording refreshing
shade in summer. The borders of enclosures and
highways, aftbrd also the means of at once en-
hancing the value, and beautifying the scenery of
our farms. Besides, planting trees is a sacred
debt which we all owe to posterity. B.
cows in the fall and purchasing in the spring
equal to the difference between driving a cow or
trans|)orting two tons of hay the same distance,
dlowing the prices of both were regulated by the
same market?
• From the Genesee Farmer.
ON FODDER.
There are none of the farming operations that
require more attention than feeding cattle through
the winter, and yet by many no one thing is more
neglected. We do not mean that farmers neglect
to feed their cattle, but that they neglect making
calculations as to the profit and loss attending it.
We have remarked that in this vicinity a good
milch cow bears the same price as two tons of hay.
:Most good farmers we believe will allow, that a
cow, fed u])on hay alone, will consume two tons
during the winter, or from the time when they
connnence feeding them until they are turned out
to grass in the spring. The inquiry then arises,
s not the loss equal to the worth of the cow in the
fall, when so fed .' We answer yes, together will'
the trouble of feeding them. In the neighborhoo I
of large towns, where hay commands a large prici,
we consider it a bad policy for farmers to kcfp
more cows than they can winter upon such kinls
of food as are produced from the farm, and vill
not connnand ready cash. This observation vill
not always apply to farms distant from niarkft,
nor to the keeping of dairies near large towns "or
the purpose of supplying them with milk. Thtre
are many kinds of feed which may be prepand,
both for horses and cows, by labor during tie
winter, wherewith they may be fed at less expense,
or will consume less of the merchantable produ'e
of the farm, than when fed on hay, by which tke
labor of winter becomes more valuable than whui
this is omitted. Straw, when chopped fine an I
soaked or boiled with a small quantity of meal,
potatoes, pumpkins, carrots or cabbage, makes an
excellent feed for cattle or horses, and milch cowi
fed with such food will give more milk than when
fed with hay alone.
In our long northern winters, sheep require
some food of the kind, otherwise they are apt t<.
become costive and feverish, which never fails to
give their wool that yeUow cotted appearance,
which is commonly called the effects of being hide
liound. We call the attention of farmers to this
subject, wishing them to pursue that course whicl
shall he found profitable. From the price hav
bears in the country, it cannot be transjiorted l>)
land to any considerable distance to market with-
out loss, but the same amount of property may be
driven at a small expense. We would ask, why
is there not a sure profit attending the selling ol
F.IT CATTLE.
It has been dull times with the cattle feeders
for some weeks past, but the prospect has recently
brightened a little, and there is now some nniinar
tioii among them. There are purchasers in this
vioiiiity for three markets — New York, Boston and
Providence. A drove of 78 excellent cattle, iiur-
chascd in Hatfield and Deerfield for the New York
market, passed through this town last week. The
New Yorkers represented that they paid only 6
dolars per hundred for them (estimated Brighton
we.ght ;) but some of those who sold them intend-
ed to get, and think they have got, over 6 dollars.
A drove of o.xen started from this place for
Brghtou on Monday. A pair fattened by Thad-
deis Clapp, Esq. of Eastliampton, weighed 4135
pounds — said to be the heaviest pair fed in this
vicinity the jiresent season. Another pair belong-
ing to Mr. Clapp weighed 3880 jiounds. — JVorth-
amjtun Gazette.
From the National J^^s.
TROUT.
The wise men of our State have seen fit to pro-
vide sundry laws for the iirotcction of fish and
fo.vl of various kinds within the limits of this
C«iiimonwealth, but with all this careful legisla-
tiig to prevent fish being taken in an improper
iruiiner and at wrong seasons of the year, trout,
tlie best fish by far in our streams, have been much
ncj;lected. Those persons who are conversant with
the nature and habits of this delicious fish know
that it is best at certain seasons of the year, being
then fat and as anglers say "in season." During
the winter the trout is usually found most abun-
dant in ponds ; they resort to the brooks at the
coming on of warm wcaUier in the sjiring and
continue in tliem during the summer for the pur-
pose of feeding and spawning. In the winter the
trout may readily be taken in large numbers iu
ponds where they resort, hut they are of little value.
Isaac Walton who published a treatise on angling
in the reign of Charles the 2d, of England, which
work is more highly esteemed than any other that
lias ever been published, as well for the cAcellence
of the instructions it contains for angling as fur its
simple and unaffected style and the p.urily of senti-
ment pervading the work, says in speaking of the
trout, " and next you are to note, that till the sun
gets to such a height as to warm the earth and the
water, the trout is sick and lean and lousy and
unwholesome ; for you shall, in winter, find him to
have a big head, and,' then, to be lank and thin
and lean ; at which time many of them have stick-
ing on them sugs, or trout lice, which is a kind of
worm, in shape like a clove, or pin with a big
head, and sticks close to him, and sucks his mois-
ture; those, I think, the trout breeds himself: and
never thrives till he free himself from them, which
is when warm wtather comes; and, then as he
"rows str</nger, he gets from the dead still water
into the sharp streams and the gravel, and there
rubs oft" these worms or lice, and then as he grows
stronger, so he gets hhn into switter and swifter
streams, and their lies at the watch for any fly or
minnows that come near to him, and he especially
VOL. XI. NO. 33.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
261
loves the, inay-tiy wliicli is bred of the cod vvoriii,
or cadis; and these make the trout bold and histy,
and lie is usually fatter and better meat at the end
of that month (May) than at any time of the year."
For our own part if it be deemed necessary to pro-
tect any kind offish in our streams and ponds we
see no good leason why trout are not entitled to a
full share of that jirotection. It will be hut a few
years time ere'thc streams in this vicinity will be
exhausted of trout if llie practice of fishing for
them through the ice be not prevented. We can
liardly think, however, that our citizens will be
willing to purchase for the use of their families,
poor, lousy fish, and such is the state of trout
caught in the winter, merely because they can be
got cheap. We never knew a lover of the angle,
one who professed to be at all scientific in taking
trout, who would disgrace the art piscatorial by
catching them with a net or by taking them
through the ice in any way ; it would be taking as
much advantage of the fish as it is for a sportsman
to shoot a woodcock silting, a proceeding which
has always been held to be disreputable in a
shooter.
ITEMS OF ECONOniY, ARTS, &c.
Preserved Ice. It is remarked in the Genesee Far-
mer that " there is one important point hi packing
away ice which does not appear to be well under-
stood. We mean the temperature of the ice when
it is put into the ice-house. It is well known that ac-
cording to Fahrenheit's thermometer 32 degrees is
denominated the freezing point, or that degree at
which water congeals. If the temperature is raised
but one degree above this the water melts, but to what-
ever degree below the temperature is reduced, no
change takes place. Now it takes nearly the same
quantity of heat to raise the temi)eratiu'e of a body
one degree when it is below 32 degrees, that it does
when it is above. From this position it is plain that
the colder the ice when packed in the ice house, the
greater would be the quantity of heat required to
tliaw it, or a greater length of time in the same
temperature. Su|)pose one ice-house was filled
when the temperature of the ice and atmosphere
was of thirty degrees, or two degrees below the
freezing point, and another was filled when the
tenqjerature of the atmosphere and ice were at
zero, then would it not require fifteen times the
quantity of heat to melt the ice in the latter that
it would in the former, and if the heat was com-
municated in the same manner, would it not require
time in proportion? If so, then it is all important,
at whatever temi)erature the ice is collected, it
should only be packed in houses when at the
lowest temperature. Now the contrary of this is
often pursued. The gathering of ice is at best a
cold business, and most people omit doing it until
the last of winter, and then prefer those days
which are most pleasant, and proceed to jiack the
ice in the house as it is gathered or drawn from
the water. There can be no objection to gather-
ing or drawing the ice to an ice house in pleasant
weather, but it should never be packed down, but
when the mercury indicates extreme cold, as in
proportion to it will be the durability of the ice
under the same exposure.
•/t Porlahle Ice-house. A vrell framed wooden
box, 6 feet by 3 feet. Another wooden box 2
inches larger every way. Put the smaller into the
larger, surrounded by charcoal dust at the bottom
and on the sides ; a cover to fit close ; a hole at
one corner to let out any water of melted ice ;
with a cock or plug. At the first frost put in two
inches of water, add to it during the winter till it
is frozen solid, cover it. Thi-ow a blanket over
the top. Put it under a shed so as to be screened
tiom the sim. — Domestic Encyclopedia.
Starching. Some of our female readers, would,
we presume like to have us record some of the
facts which we now and then pick up in conver-
sation. If they wish to make a brother or a son
look a little smart on some particular occasion,
they must, after having boiled the starch, and
while yet hot, stir a little tallow in with it, or,
what is better, a small bit of sperm candle. The
linen should be pretty wet when ironed, and the
iron hot. Heated in this manner starched apparel
looks nmch better and keeps clean longer. — W. 1".
Farmer.
Heaves in Horses. A writer for the New York
Farmer, with the signature T. C. asserts that his
old horse, who is now in his 20th year, has been
cured of a disease called the "heaves," by the use
of ground ginger. A table spoonful was given
him daily for several weeks, mixed in his mess of
Indian meal and cut straw. The horse had been
troubled with wheezing and a hard cough for a
year or two, and had lost flesh so much that he
seemed to have nearly finished his term of service.
Since the use of the powdered ginger he has be-
come quite fat, and appears to be years younger,
and in good spirits.
TRANSPARENT SOAP.
Tallow is the basis of all soaps for the toilette
known under the name of Windsor ; because olive
oil forms a paste too difficult to melt, and has an
odour too powerful for mixing with perfumes.
Tallow soap dissolved in alcohol, returns to its
solid state on cooling. It is this fact that has led
to the discovery of transparent soap. When well
prepared, this soap should have the appearance of
fine white sugar candy. It may also be colored,
and vegetable colors are for this purpose prefer-
able to mineral. Any person may make the soap,
by putting into a thin glass phial half a brick of
Wiudsor soap cut small, filling the phial half full
of alcohol, and placing it near the fire till the soap
is dissolved. This mixture put to cool in a mould,
gives the transparent soap. — Edinburgh Journal of
Science.
TO COLOR BLACK.
Few parts of domestic economy are more defi-
cient than the art of colormg ; I therefore pro-
pose to give some directions.
To color black, say for ten pounds of yarn,
take one pound of nut-galls in coarse powder,
five pounds of logwood, put into a kettle with ten
or twelve gallons of water. Take 3 lbs. of Cop-
peras ; 2 ozs. of Blue Vitriol, dissolved in a gallon
or two of water, and wet the yarn in this mordant
for lialf an hour, then hang it in the air. After
the coloring stuff has been boiled about an hour,
take out the wood and pour on hot water, letting
it drain in the kettle through a sieve or cloth.
As soon as all the coloring matter is exhausted,
the wood may be thrown away, and the tea boikd
down about one-third. Then the yarn may be
put it, while the tea is hot, and let it remain about
one hour, when it should be taken out, and hung
for half an hour in the air, and the tea boiled down
again and the yarn put in for half an hour longer,
taken out and hung in the air, and so alternately
put in and taken out several times, and the cop-
peras and vitriol water added to the coloring stufT.
By this process a standing black may be obtained.
— JV. ¥. Farmer.
STEAM CAR.
Mr. Benjamin Phillips, Architect, of Philadel-
])hia, proposes to construct a .Steam Car to travel
on livers at a speed of 20 to 25 miles ])er hour, to
carry one hundred passengers, to draw 15 inches
water, to be only oue-third the weight of any other
ordinary steamboat of the same dimensions now
afloat ; of far superior strength and safety, con-
structed on entirely new principles ; the whole
materials, except the engine and boiler, not to cost
above .$1,500, completely furnished and ready for
operation by the first day of May next. — Railroad
Journal.
Domestic Yeast. Boil one pound of good flour,
a quarter of a pound of brown sugar, and a little
salt, in two gallons of water, for one hour. When
milk warm, bottle it and cork it close. It will be
fit for use in twenty-four hours. One pint of this
yeast will make eighteen pounds of bread.
Tomato Catsup. — One pint of salt to one peck
of tomatoes ; bruise them and let them stand two
days ; afler they are strained, boil them until the
scum stops rising; add two ounces of black pep-
per, two ounces of allspice, one ounce of ginger,
one ounce of cloves, half an ounce of mace.
Among the prizes awarded by the Paris Acade-
my of Sciences, at their last sitting, was the fol-
lowing:— "To Israel Robinet, workman, for the
substitution of the action of a machine for that of
the human lungs, in glass blowing, 8,000 francs.
By means of this valuable invention, the health of
the glass-blower will, in future, be preserved, and
the product of his manufacture greatly improved,
both as regards accuracy of form and the capabili-
ty of making articles of greater dimensions than
was formerly possible."
Infringement of a Patent Right. — Doctor Nott
has obtained a verdict of S850, (which in pursu-
ance of the statute was trebled by the court)
against Silvester Parker, for an infringement on
his Patent rights for his improvements in stoves
for burning anthracite coal.
THE SCOTTISH THISTLE.
This ancient emblem of Scottish pugnacity,
with its motto, J^emo me impune lacessil, is repre-
sented of various species in royal bearings, coins
.-ind coats of annor; so that there is some diffi-
culty in saying which is the genuine original this-
tle. The origin of the national badge itself is thus
handed down by tradition: — When the Danes
invaded Scotland, it was deemed unwarlike to at-
tack an enemy in the pitch darkness of night,
instead of a pitched battle by day ; but on one oc-
casion the invaders resolved to avail themselves of
this stratagem ; and in order to prevent their tramp
from being heard, they marched barefooted. They
had thus neared the Scottish force unobserved,
when a Dane unluckly stepped with his naked
foot upon a superb prickly thistle, and instinc-
tively uttered a cry of pain, which discovered the
assault to the Scots, who ran to their arms, and
defeated the foe with a terrible slaughter. The
thistle was immediately adopted as tlie insignia of
Scotland.
262
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
PEBRUART ar, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEB. 27, 1R33.
HEATIJtCt BY HOT 'WATER.
Fiirthe Neto Enghmd Farmer.
Mr. Fessenden, Sir, In one of your papers of
the last year some acconlit was given by my friend
Gen. Dearborn, of ihe Hot Water Pipes used in my
green house.* Tliose if you recollect, were of the
kind recommended, and indeed first applied to the
pupose of heating liot houses, by Mr. Mkinson of
London, an account of wliich is also given in Lou-
don's Gardener's Magazine. From the experience
of two winters, 1 am satisfied, that there can be
uo heat applied, better suited to the preservation
and growth of green house plants than tliis; which
is, if you recollect, composed of a boiler ami reser-
voir of about 80 gallons each, and about 220 feet
of iron pipe of 4J inches bore, the whole contain-
ing when filled, between 3 and 400 gallons of
water. Tlie heating of this (piantity of water ne-
cessarily takes some hours ; with good fuel, about
three hours brings the water up to the desired
heat of 180 degrees of Fahrenheit. AVIien once
heated it is found to keep the house at the desired
state with a moderate fire, and is pronounced by
my gardener as the best heat he has used for ex-
otics, and giving but little troul)le to the gardener.
From a notice in one of the English periodicals,
and the observations of a friend in England, who
had seen it in operation, I have been inihiced to
import a new invented apparatus, by Mr. A. SI.
Perkins, son of our countryman Jacob Perkins,
Esq. which is described in Loudon's Gardener's
Magazine, No. 38, for June 1832. The machine
consists of what Mr. P. calls a coil (somewhat re-
sembling the worm used by distillers) which con-
tains about 130 feet of pipe. This coil is jjlaced
in a cavity in the stack of the furnace, and sur-
i-ounds it, so that the heat is communicated through
the brick work, and also passes directly from the
furnace to the pipes by an open door. The top
of the coil, and the bottom of it, are connected
with the pipes which lead into the house; and as
the heat is raised in the coil, the water is driven
by its expansion into the tubes in the house, and
thus the water in all the pipes, is kept in a high
state of heat and rapid circulation. The whole
length of the pipes, including those in the cod, is
about 450 feet, by i an inch bore of wrought iron,
and they i^ontain, when filled, about _^een gallons
of water. There is a pipe to sufi'er the expansion
of the water. When the pipes are filled with
water, the whole is liermetically sealed up by a
screw ; and if there is no escape of the water at
the joints by steam, it is said by Mr. Perkins, that
there is not the loss of a thimblefull of water from
the beginning to the end of the season. It has
been in operation but a short time — during the cold
weather in the early part of thi.« month, when the
thermometer was at 10 degrees in the open air,
the heat in the house was 75 degrees in an hour
after the fire was applied. As far as I am enabled
to judge froui the report of my gardener, there is
a greater economy of fuel in this mode of heating,
than where a boiler or flues are used. I should have
mentioned that the coil is 4 feet long, 2 feet wide,
and 26 inches high, or thereabouts.
If you consider the above as worthy of commu-
nicating to the luiblic, through the niedium of the
* See iN. Ji. Farmer, vol. x. p. oti.
paper you so ably conduct, you are at liberty to
do so. Your obt. servt., T. H. Perkins.
P. S. The room heated with the small pipes is
60 feet long and 15 feet wide, and appropriated to
grapes altogether. T. H. P.
By the Editor. We are always happy to be the
herald of any improvements in the economy of
heat ; one of the most useful topics, which can
occupy the faculties of the student of nature.
Without the art of producing and distributing heat,
a large part of the earth, which is now so popu-
lous, powerful and highly civilized, would be meet
for nothing but the haunts and habitations of quad-
rupeds, and other irrational beings. It was there-
fore well observed by the celebrated Lord Bacon,
" It is certain, that of all powers in nature, heat is
the chief both in the frame of nature and the
works of ar<."
The improvement introduced by Col. Perkins,
and described above, has met with much approba-
tion in England. The conductor of Loudon's
Magazine, in the No. for April last states, tliat
" this is one of the most extraordinary improve-
ments that have yet been m.ide in heating by this
fluid. The advantages which are expected to result
are great economy in the first erection, as there is
no boiler, and the pipes in which the water is cir-
culated are not thicker than a man's thumb ; a
power of conveying heat to a greater distance than
by any mode hitherto in use, and producing a
much higher temperature than has hitherto been
done by either water or steam, even to the extent
of 400 degrees or 500 degrees ; lastly, a more uni-
versal apidicability of hot water as a medium for
conveying heat."
The conductor n)entions a number of buildings
in and about London, in which Mr. Perkins's in-
vention had been introduced with great success, and
says " we are so highly satisfied with the plan that
we shall have our small hot liouse and green house
heated by it before this magazine sees the light."
The June number, p. 292, contains Mr. Perkins's
plan engraved, in a communication from the in-
ventor to the conductor. In this Mr. Perkins ob-
serves as follows :
" I beg leave to submit to your judgment my
l)lan for heating hot houses by circulating hot water
in hermetically sealed tubes of small diaujeter. In
the infancy of this plan, in consequence of my
successful application of it to the heating of the
juinter's plates of the bank of England, John Hors-
ley Palmer, Esq., the governor, very liberally pro-
posed to erect an apparatus in one of his hot-
houses, with a view of ascertaining its power of
heating it. I therefore put up an apparatus, con-
sisting of a series of pipes of only an inch in diam-
eter, so connected together as to form a complete
circuit round the house. The result was a gradual
rise of the thermometer in the house from 45 de-
grees to 90, in four hours, without once stoking
[replenishing] the fire from the time of light-
ing," &c.
The conductor of the Magazine again expresses
his high opinion of this improvement, and observes
" it is stated that the water may be circulated, un-
der ordinary circumstances of attention to the fire
at from 300 degrees to 600 degrees ; and with ex-
traordinary strengtli of pipe and apjilication of fuel
to a still higher degree. It is found that 400 de-
grees will roast meat. The workmen of the bank-
note printing office of Messrs. Perkins and liacon
have dressed a beef steak at the farther extremity
of the ])ipe of hot water, used for heating the steel
l)latcs ; and Mr. Perkins is constructing for him-
self an oven for roasting by hot water."
Water in an open vessel sustains the pressure
of the atmosphere equal to about 15 lbs. to a
square inch ; with this weight upon it it boils as
soon as it is heated to the temperature of 212 de-
grees, and unless it is confined it cannot be heated
above that degree, however great the quantity of
heat applied. The boiling point, however, of all
liquids, is found to depend on the degree of pres-
sure to which the fluid is exposed. If the pres-
sure be diminished the liquid boils at a lower tem-
perature; if it is increased a higher temperature
is nccessiiry to produce ebullition. From the ex-
periments of Professor Robison, it appears that,
in a vacuum, all liquids boil about 140 degrees
lower than in the open air. Thus water in an ex-
hausted receiver will boil at 72 degrees, alcohol at
44 degrees, &.C.* By the mere removal of atmos-
pheric pressure ether will boil and be converted
into vapor at any temperature above 20 degrees.
Water, when raised from the common temper-
ature of the atmosphere to 212 degrees, or boiling
heat, occupies about one-twentyfiflh part more
s[-,ace than it does before it is heated. In other
words 24 quarts of ice-cold water will fill a vessel
holding 25 quarts of boiling water. It is this ex-
pansion or tendency to expand, which causes the
circulation in hot water pipes. In closed pipes,
like those of Mr. Perkins, room must be left for
this expansion. And even then we should apjjre-
hcnd danger from the greatest j)ossil)le ap|)lication
of adding heat to the Coil around the furnace.
We admire the invention, but hope the inventor
will discover some method of measuring and adapt-
ing the power applied by heat to the strength of
his pipes. And in using this apparatus, in our
climate, we should think care would be necessary,
in very severe weather, not to let the water freeze in
the pipes, as water in freezing expands with still
greater power than in boiling.
We have received ilip, " Mdrcss to the Members oftlie
Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, by
James Richardson, Esq." which well deserves attentive
])erusal as well as general circulation. We shall soon
give it a place in our columns.
' Black's Lectures, vol. i. p. 151.
TOIj. XI. NO. 33.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
263
ITEMS OF UTTElililGENCE.
Jfullification about to be J^idlijlcd. The " Enforcing
Bill," or the Bill to clothe the President with power to
annihilate nullification has passed the Senate of the
United States, with but a single dissenting vote, that of
Mr. Tyler, of Virginia.
The NOTION of South Carolina. An Address by the
Washington Society of South Carolina to the people of
that State, has been published, in which its proved that
the price which disunion would cost that would-be inde-
pendent principality in time of profound peace, would
iiot be less than $1,. 500,000 per annum. Moreover South
Carolina, with all these expenditures, would be " placed
in a situation to invite hostilities, which would plunge
her into further pecuniary difRculties." History will
record the notion, but will ever be silent as respects the
JYation of South Carolina.
Fire at Liccrpool. On the nightof the 14th of January,
fifteen warehouses, and from 10 to 1 200 bales of cotton,
and a large amount of other produce, were destroyed by
fire.
The President's Proclamation, relative to South Caro-
lina affairs, has been published in the London papers en-
tire, and is highly commended as an able and interesting
state paper.
Oporto was bombarded by Don Miguel, on the 7th of
January, and much damaged.
The affairs of the Turkish Sultan are said tobe on the
decline, and a grand battle between his forces, and those
of the Pacha, of Egypt, is soon expected, which it is
thought will decide the fate of the Turkish Empire.
Cost of NuUifcation. A southern paper asserts that
the late preparation of South Carolina to resist the laws of
the Union, and to provide peaceable remedies for non-ex-
isting grievances, had already cost that State $428,000 !
And all for nothing but to injure themselves in a ten-fold
proportion to any injury they can inflict on the Union.
A Steam Boat, called the Mediterranean, has lately
been built at Pittsburgh, which is said to be the largest,
swiftest, perhaps the most beautiful steam boat ever con-
structed in America, perhaps in the world. She measures
in keel 175 feet ; in beam 30 feet ; depth of hold 10 feet;
and carries 5814 tons. The whole cost amounts to a
sum a little short of $40,000.
Woollen Manvfactvres. A report which has been made
to the House of Representatives in Pennsylvania by the
committee on Agriculture,' states the capital vested in
woollen manufactories in the United States at $40,000,
000. It estimates the capital directly vested in the
growth and manufacture of wool at $145,000,000.
Plymouth County Agricultural Society. The Trustees
of this Society have elected Rev. Joseph Richardson of
Hingham, as their first Orator, for the next anniversary,
and Dr. Anthony Collamore of Pembroke, as second.
Debt and Credit. A writer in the Boston Courier pro-
poses to abolish getting in debt. He says truly , that the
present practice of indiscriminate small credits is the
great cause of ruin to thousands. "Falsehood, dishon-
esty, extravagance, and intemperance, flourish un-
der the system." He docs not suppose that the giv-
ing of credit can be wholly dispensed with, but thinks a
change can be made which would be of great advantage
to the community. Oliver Oakwood said the man who
invented a Leger deserved to be hung, in effigy-, with his
book dangling at his heels.
yVew York, Providence and Boston Railroad Company.
This company is incorporated by the Legislatures of
Rhode Island and Connecticut, for the purpose of con-
structing a Rail Road from Providence to Stonington-
Long Island Sound, ia cpntinuation of the Boston and
Providence Rail Road. They were induced to carry it
to Stonington, from the fact, tliat the harbor of that place
is never closed by ice, as that of Providence sometimes is.
Chinese skinless Oats. This grain was imported into
Holland about 4 years ago from China, it has been since
introduced into Ireland, and was brought from thence by
Mr. Gibbons, to Cape Breton. It is said to yield 20
barrels of 296 pounds each, from an Irish acre of ground ;
and can be used without grinding, but is better made
into meal. It is in its nature very hardy, and well
adapted to the climate, and one bushel is equal to three
of tlic common kind, for all purposes that oats are used.
It should be sown early in May, and will be ripe the
latter end of August.
Some of the above grain can be had at Mr. Edward
Warren's, Halifax, N. S. — Halifax Paper.
Sagacity of a Horse. A few nights since, a girl in
Abercorn street, was passing the end of the house where
she lives with a horse and cart, when the horse, ail at
once, stopped as if it had seen a bogle. It being quite
dark, the girl could see nothing, and though she attempt-
ed to urge the horse forward, it would not move a step.
The girl dismounted to see what was the matter, and to
her surprise, found a man lying drunk straight across
the path. As soon as he was removed the horse passed
quietly on.. — Paisley Advertiser.
Mr. Clay's JVeiD Tariff Bill. Mr. Clay has introduced
a new Tariffbill,' which contemplates a gradual reduction
of the duties on imported goods, and the complete re-
duction of the tariff to the revenue standard in Septem-
ber, 1842. This bill is opposed by Mr. Webster, and
other friends of the present Tariff", and it is thought will
not pass at least the present session, nor ever while
South Carolina preserves her present menacing attitude.
— Albany Argus.
Gales &■ Seaton, editors of the National Intelligencer,
have been elected printers to the House of Representa-
tives ot the next Congress.
A melancholy accident occurred at Bath, on Sunday
of last week. A young man by the name of Harding,
in sport threw a snow-ball at a young man by the name
of Donnell, which hit him on the temple and caused in-
stant death. Let this serve as a warning. — Hallowell
Paper,
A great Temperance Meeting has been proposed, and
no doubt has taken place at Washington, on the 2t)th of
February, for the purpose of organizing a Congression-
al Temperance SociExy- Col. Richard M. Johnson
was engaged to apply to the House for the use of the
Capitol for a Temperance Meeting, and among the leaders
in this laudable project are named Messrs. Webster,
Wilkins, Dallas. Grundy, &c. &c.
FOR SALE,
60 busiiels of prime four rov.ed Barley for Seed.
at the N. E. Farmer Oflice.
Apply
feb27
3t
SITUATION WANTED.
As manafjer of a Farm, a married man, natives of Scotland j
his wife capable of mana^in^adairy.can produce g^oodrecom-
mendaiion, a-s lo character, and the "best nielhod of Agriculture.
Apply at this office.
feb 27 is4t
HIVE OF BEES.
Wanted a good thriving Hive ofBees. Inquire at the N. E.
Fanner Office, Nos. 51 & 52 North Market Street,
feb 27
SEED TEA 'WHEAT.
A few bushels of this veryvaluable variety of Spring Wheat,
for sale at the Seed Store No. 61, North Market Street, raised
in the vicinity of Lake Erie.
One kernel of this Wheat was found in a chest of Tea, at
St. John, N. B. in 1823, from which this variety was raised.
(See N. E. Farmer, vol ix, page 105, and vol x, page 105.)
Perioiu in want of it will please apply s«od,
fob SO
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russelts,
baldwins,
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, ....
Southern, 1st sort, ....
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
*' upper, . . .
Philadelphia.'sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, fall blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
^ I" Pulled superfine,
^ -o I 1st Lambs, . . .
SljSd " '. '. '.
^ ( 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
cwt.
gallon
cwt
pound
side
pound
cask
ton
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt
pound
2 CC
I 5t
10 5t
6 lb
a Ot
14
3t;
33
9
1 20
6-37
6 87
5 87
C 00
75
65
2 30
2 00
10 73
7 00
S 50
15
43
12
1 30
6 62
6 23
6 37
0 12
80
68
95
80
45
70
52
30 00
10
2 70
28
1 04
3 76
18 00
13 50
3 00
1 50
12
11 00
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices.
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, w-hule hogs, ....
Poultry.
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according to quality,)
pound
n
"
H
"
6
tt
0
• '
18
"
20
dozen
18
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Feb. 25, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Ad»ertiBer and Patriot.
At Market this day 273 Beef Cattle, 90 Sheep, and 300 Swine.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — Sales rather quicker, and prices
a little higher. We quote prime at g5,75a 6,23; good at 5,25,
a 6.75 ; Ihin at 4,50 a 5.
Sheep. — Those at market were not sold when our report wa*
made up.
Swine. — One lot of 150, two-ihirds Barrows, were taken on
a contract at about 4^c.; a few were retailed at 5c. for Sows,
and 6 for Barrows.
FOR SAI.E,
THE Bull COLLINS, got by Boivar— dam Young Flora,
by Ccphbs ; Granddain the imported Cow- Flora — dropt Aug.
30, IB29— colour red and white. This Bull is one of the finest
animals in America, and will be sold low. Apply at this offic*.
Jan. 16 tf
GREEN HOUSE GLASS.
Boston and other glass suitable for Green Houses, of any
size or quanuiy, may be had of LORING & KUFPER,
No. 10, MercbauU Row.
264
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
FEBRUARY 37, 1S33.
MISCELLANY.
TO MY SON.
From the new edition of Lord Byron's Works.
Those flaxen locks, those eyes of blue,
Bright as thy mother's in llieir hue ;
Those rosy lips, whose dimples play
And smile to steal the heart away,
Recal a scene of former joy.
And touch thy Father's heart, my Boy !
And thou can'st lisp a Father's name,
Ah, William, were thine own the same,
No self-reproach — but, let me cease —
My care for thee shall purchase peace ;
Thy mother's shade shall smile in joy.
And pardon all the past, my Boy !
Her lowly grave the turf has prest,
And thou hast ktiown a stranger's breast.
Derision sneers upon thy birth.
And yields thee scarce a name on earth ;
Yet shall not these one hope destroy, —
A Father's heart is thine, my Boy !
Why, let the world unfeeling frown.
Must I fond Nature's claim disown f
Ah, no— though moralists reprove,
I hail thee, dearest child of love.
Fair cherub, pledge of youth and joy, —
A Father guards thy birth, my Boy !
Oh, 'twill be sweet in thee to trace,
Ere age has wrinkled o'er my face.
Ere half my glass of life is run.
At once a brother and a son ;
And all my wane of years employ
In justice done to thee, my Boy !
Although so young thy heedless sire.
Youth will not damp parental fire :
And, wert thou still less dear to me.
While Helen's form revives in thee.
The breast, which beat to tbrmerjoy,
VV^iU ne'er desert its pledge, my Boy !
SONNET.
God's works are very bgaulilul ! The sky.
Blue, vast, and cloudless in its broad e.xpanse.
Or fleeced with golden vapors ; the bright glance
Of waters, flashing 'neath the sun's warm eycj
Meadows, and viue-hung erags, and towering high,
The forest foliage, shadowed like a dream
In its rich moulding, with the sunset gleam —
The sheen of moon-beams, sleeping quietly
Upon the earth, and swift wings glancing by
In the gay sunshine ; — but too oft more fair
To man is sordid Mammon's yellow glare,
Albeit purchased with the torturing sigh
Of his poor victim brother ! Wretched slave !
Eartlv's fairest spot for thee, too olt'-n, is the grave.
From ti,e Wor/dmr-Men's Shield.
A MILLION OF PACTS.
BY SIR RICHARD PUII^LIPS.
Among the clijver books we have receutly re
ceived from Lomloii, is one with the above title,
containing a vast variety of information in a small
space. It will possibly be re|)riuteil in America,
but as that is yet problematical, we oft'er a few
extracts front it, whicii will serve to e.xliibit its
character, while they convey some useful informa-
tion.
The sea is to the land, in round millions of
isquare miles, as 160 to 40, or as 4 to 1.
Fraimhoifer, in his optical experiments, made a
machine in whicli he could draw 32,900 hues in
an inch breadth.
There are 7,700 veins in an inch of colored
mother-of-pearl. Iris ornaments of all colors are
made by lities of steel from 200 to the 1,000th
part of an inch.
Bodies are transparent, says Newton, wlicn the
pores are so small as to prevent reflection.
The apprehension of the failure of a supply of
coals in England, is delusion. In Yorkshire, alone,
there are exhaustless beds, which are sold at 4s.
or 5s. per ton.
The coal mines, which, in Staffordshire, have
been burning for 200 years, consist of pyrites,
subject to spontaneous combustion. Water will
not extinguish them, because when drawn oft', or
absorbed, the pyrites burn more than before.
The odorous matter of flowers is inflammable,
and arises from an essential oil. AVhen growing
in the dark their odour is diminished, but re-
stored in the light ; and it is strongest in sunny
climates.
A chestnut-tree grew at Tamworth, which was
52 feet round ; it was planted in the year 800 ;
and ill the reign of Stephen, in 1135, was tnade
a boundary, and called the great chestnut-tree.
In 1759, it bore nuts which produced young trees.
Botanists record 56,000 species of various
plants ; and 38,000 are to be found in the cata-
logues.
The lieight of mountains in the moon is consid-
erable ; ten are five miles, or nearly ; and eight
are from 3 to 4 miles. Three of the hollows are
from 3 to 4 miles ; ten arc from 2 to 3 miles, and
as many are nearly 2 miles.
Teeth are phosphate of lime and cartilage, but
the eiiaincl is without cartilage.
The imiscles of the human jaw exert a force
of 534 pounds, and those of mastifts, wolves, &o.
fur more. The force is produced by the swell-
ing of the muscles in the middle, and dilating
again.
Tho nnmVier of ribs vary, being twelve or thir-
teen on a side.
From the Fanner's (UhioJ Chronicle.
GRUMBLEmS.
In regard to the complaints not tinfrequently
made on account of the large ])roporlion of agri-
cultural matter contained in our paper, we have to
luiswer all such geiierallti and pariimkirlij /'excepting
always our pretty friend Amanda,) that the paper is
conducted in conformity with the prospectus ; if
however, the readers generally of the Chronicle,
prefer sotncthing of less value, we can accommo-
date them to their heart's content.
And as to the fair, smooth termagant, who
lashed us so unmercifully last week, she must ex-
cuse us, if we ask her leave to delay an answer
to her pretty, pouting lecttire, till we feel less sore
than now from tlie eftl'Cts of castigation already s('
inanfuUt) admiuistered. We will, however, humbly
implore her jiardon for having oft'eiided her sciis-i-
tive oil-factorits, by bringing within their reach,
(though innocently) the repulsive effluvia of the
coio-yard. It is by the bye, believed that the
'■'■cow-yard," was not found in the Chronicle till
introduced by Amanda ; nevertheless, we nio.st
readily confess the fact, whether true or not,
through pure gallantri).
oitioiiNiAL, ANL:cuorE:.
Some five and tliirty yi^arsago, when this coun-
try was almost entirely new, and our inhabitants
were few and far between, an enterprising black-
smith came into the town of Blootiifield, and
being unable, for want of time and utensils, t
ereet a shop, put up his anvil, and set fire and
bellows going out of doors. Not long alierwards
one of his distant neighbors, hearing that there
was a blacksmith in town, started ofl^ to go and
employ him, but not fimling the way, inquired of
a man whom he met on the rotid, "how liir it was
to Mr. B's blacksmith shop?" — "You are in the
shop now," replied the wag, " but it is three miles
and a half to his anvil."
PARTNKR WANTEB.
A Gentleman, now well establislied in tlie Nursery business,
in Ohio, having a good assortment of Fruit Trees, &e. grow-
ing, is desirous of taking as an active partner, a gardener li*om
the vicinity of Boston, who is thoroughly acquainted with the
business, and can give unquestionable testimonials as to his ca-
pacity, iiiiegrily aiul devotion to business. The location is one
of tlie best in the Slate, having a water cnmmunieation north
to the Lakes, south to the navigable waters of the Mississippi
Valley, and east and west by uie great National Road. For
further particulars, apply personally, to Mr. Barrett, Publisher
of the New England Fanner, Boston. feb i!0
WANTED,
A STEADY single Man, peilecily capable of managing
the wiiole work of a small larm of iU acies,with a goofl Garden.
No one will be engaged who cannot jiroducc the best recoiu-
meiidaiioiis as to sobriety, honesty, and having experience in
the most improved system of .\griiuliure. A member of the
Tenijierance Society, and a pious cliararter, will be preferred.
Apply at ihis office. leb 1 J
GRASS SEEDS.
Herds Grass— Red llover, ( Northern and Southei-n) Red
Top— Fowl Meadow— Orchard Grass— Tall Meadow OalGrass
-Lucerne— While Dutch Honeysuckle Clover, for sale by
Gku. C. Harbett, No. 31 & 52 Nortli Market Street, Boston.
lib V.i If
SCIOAS FOR INGRAFTING, &c. *,c.
Linnccan Botanic Garden and Nursei-ics.
W'M. PRINCE At SO.NS, proprietors of this establishment,
ha\ iiig ainiexed thereto, very extensive Specimen Orchards,
coiiiainiug all the varieties of Fruits eiiuinrraieil in tlie.r cata-
logues, will, to accommodate distant coiT.'spon.leiiis, Itiriiish
Scions, suitable for ingrafting ol any varieiies, iliai may be re-
qiiiied on the terms staled at page M ol their Fruit Catalogue,
— \iz. 50 els per doz. for Scions of any one kind, where the
(iriee ol a tree does not exceed lliat sum, and where it does,
the same price for a dozen Scions as for a tree — In no case, is
a less charge made than Ibi a Dozen— Scions of Grape Vines,
a.d of various trees and shrubs can be supplied. The great
advantage ol the above is their small bulk, and cheapness of
Irausportatiou.
They have also imported by the last arrivals several thou-
sand dollars worth ol Vegetable Seeds, of the choicest varieiies,
and will lurnish supplies to venders at low rales, aud of a
quality not to be surpassed.
They have !200 lbs. of the Yellow Locust, or Robenia pseu-
ilai acia seeds, ol the line Long Island variety, so lamed for
ship timlicr. aud expect by firsl ainval 100 lbs. Finest White
lialian Mulbtirry seed, lor Silkwomis.
Priced Catalogues of every deparlincnt will be furnished on
application direct, by mail or otlier>tisc, aud the prices liave
hern nmch reduced.
N. U. No articles are guaranteed by Ihcm, unless the In-
voice has their printed headinj; and simialure.
THE NEW ENGLAND PARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at )y,6 per aniiuin,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
Sixty days from the time oi subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of lii'ty cents.
117 No paper will be sent to a distance without paymen»
being made in advance.
* AGENTS.
.Vfu' Yort—G. TnoRBUKN .V So.vs, 07 Liberty-street.
Albany— Wm. Thorhcrn, .J47 Market-street.
!'hitndelphia — D. & C. Lanorkth, 85 Chesiiul-Slreel.
/tallimort — 1. L HiTCHtocK, Publisher of American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. — Wm. Pri.ncf. &. Sons, Prop. Lio.Bot.Gar.
Middlebunj, Vt. — Wight Ch.vp»ian, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. P.ooksellers.
Springfield. Ms.— v.. Edwards, Merchant.
.Virterypo ■(— Ebenkxf.r Stf.dman, Bookseller.
I'orlsmoulh, N. tl.—J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me.— Col man, Hoi.den & Co. Uookscllers.
.(«ir«sfa,il/e.—WM. Mans, Druggist.
Hulifaic, N. S.—P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, I,. C. Geo. Bent.
Printed for Geo. C. Bakkett by Juiis Komi, who^
e.\ccutos every description of Book and Vnnrij I'rmtmg
in troiid style, and with promptness. Orders for prinUng
nay be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGL.AND FARMER.
PUiJLlSHED 1!Y GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. .5J, NORTH MARKET. STREET, (at thk Agricultural VVarkhuuse.)— T. G. FESSENUEN, EDITOR.
V?. BOSTON, WED>fESnAV EVENINtt, MARCH 6, 1833. jn
COMMUNICATTONS.
For til! New Engtiivd Farmer.
ARABLE LANDS; GKEEN CROPS FOR MA-
NURE, <fcc.
Princeton, JVcw Jersey, Fehruary 21, 1S33.
Dear Sra, — A.s you have deemed my remarks
on tlie culture of Iiidiun corn worth an insertion
in your paper, I will proceed to state what I con-
sider a judicious and protitahledisposilion of a por-
tion of the laud, which has heen occupied hy the
corn crop. It may he necessary to say in the fir.si
place, the farms in this section of the country are
i;cncrally large, varying from 200 to 400 acres,
and frojii 20 to 50 acres on each farm is annually
planted with corn; a portion of this is set off in
the ensuing s(>nng for potatoes, pumpkins, &c. say
from 2 to .5 acres. And with the exception ol
those who still pursue the old system of open or
suunner fallows, the remainder is usually sown
with oats; but the system of oat-liusl)audry it ap-
pears to me nmst give way to a course of croiis
which I consider better calcidated to promote tin
farmer's interest, and of which I shall now proceed
to sp.^ak.
\Vlien the corn crop has been ploughed the lasi
time, say in the month of July, put on the small
harrows, of wliich I spoke in a former coinmuni-
catioji anil harrosv the corn twice through ea«;h
row one way ; let another hand follow after tin
harrow anil sow the land with clover-seed at thi
late of about 10 pounds per acre ; in coriSo-
quence of the luxuriance of the corn at this sea-
sou one row only can be sown at a cast and the
seed nuist be thrown low or a considerable por-
tion of it will be olistructed by the leaves and
lodged around the stalks. After the seed is sown
harrow crosswise twice through each I'ow ; the
seed will soon come up, and if the season is favor-
able get considerable top before the winter sets iiL
The next summer it may be pastured until har-
vest, and then ploughed for a crop of wheat ur rye
which is to be sown in the fall.
Wheat is decidedly a surer crop sown on land
pi-epared in this way, than any other which I
have seen |)ractisi;d. If it is desirable to iiiow tin
clover for hay or liir soiling cattle, the grouud may
be prepared to mow by cutting the corn stubs
closj to the ground, and causing it to he rollen
with a heavy roller early in the spring. I saw a
field mowed last year, the' first crop of which, 1
suppose gave from one and a half tons to two tons
cured hay per acre. The second crop ploughed in,
the land mumired, anrl the ground now occ.uideil
with whe.it promising a fine crop.
This system of husbandry may be fiuniliar to
yon and many of your readers, but to me it is in a
measure new, having quite recently heen intro-
duced among us. It has beeo practised a few
years in some sections of I'BUDSylvania, and in
Warren county, in New Jersey, with great suc-
cess. In Warren county it is customary to plimgli
thi! land twice before sowing the wheat, whiili 1
believe is an advantage, provided the last plough-
ing can be comjileted two or three weeks bcfiin
sowing, liut from my little experience 1 woulii
rather risk once iiloughiug, than to have th.
second performed immediately before the seed is
i-iinunitted to the grouud, as, besides the benefit
which it derives from the atmosphere, 1 consider
it highly important that land shoidd lay some
lime that it may settle and he rendered more com-
pact hy the rains which may fall, which is per-
haps of more .advantage to a clover sward than to
laud which has been occupied by any other crop,
owing to its extreme mellowness. That the
quantity of roots in land well set v.ith clover, and
that too at the most vigorous stage of its growth,
say one year old, must be immense no one can
doubt ; and this immense quantity of vegetable
matter, and the crop of clover, is attended with
little more expense than the seed, as 1 consider
the benefit which the corn crop derives from
stirring the ground, equivalent to the labor be-
stowed in preparing it for the reception of the
seed.
I must say a few words on the subject of i)lough-
ing in green crops, and more for the purpose ot
obtaining some information from you, than froiu
my light which I shall pretend, or expect to
throw upon the subject.
For the benefit of any cro(> I would rather have
the same quantity of vegetable matter which has
^rown beneath the soil, than that grown above
ihe soil, or in other words would rather have the
loot than the top of the clover to plough in ibr
iiiauure, unless the land has been recently limeu
or a dressing of lime can be applied at the same
■ime. In this opinion I may perhajis be singular,
and am willing to admit the fact that I have never
heard the same idea suggested by any other in-
iliviilual. I will, however, give you my reasons
fiir forming this opinion, and if wrong, 1 beg you
or some of your able correspondents to set me
right.
It appears to tne the portion of a plant growing
above the soil must imbibe from the atmosphere a
portion of its oxygen, and combining with the
juices of the plant form an acid which is rather
injurious to vegetation than otherwise: or per-
haps, whicli is quite as plausible, an acid may be
formed in the soil during the decomposition ol
the vegetable matter, the fermentation of which
must be quite rapid where heavy crops are turned
iiiidir, as the weather is generally warm when
this operation is performed.
I should be much gratified to see your ojiinion
upon this iioint, as I have no doubt it would be
nrthoilox. My opinion is founded on the fidlow-
ing facts: — having seen various green crops
ploughed ill, viz. buckwheat, oats, and clover,
and the land sowed with wheat or rye, I have
watched closely the results, and where land thus
prepared, has been sown with rye without rnaiiun
I have nover seen any benefit from the vegetabU
matter thus buried in the soil, but in one or twi
instances when the green crops have been luxuriant
it appeared to injure the succeeding crop <if grain.
Where manure has been applied with the green
ilrissiiig, and ulieat or rye sown, it appeared to bi
of considerable advantage, and when tiiis operation
has been tried on land recently limed, or a dress-
ing of lime ploughed in with the vegetable matter,
.sii fir as my obs rvation has extended it has been
itteiided wiih uiiiliirm success. One tact which
has led to confirm ineiu this opinion, is that in the
linestone districts of Pennsylvania and New Jersey
farmers frequently plough in green crops, and con-
siiler it of great advantage, not only to the land,
but to the succeeding crop, while in other districts,
intelligent farmers who do not use lime have tried
the experiment, and after being laughed at by their
neighbors for throwing away a good crop, have
abandoned it, believing they derive little or no
benefit therefrom. In the county of Warren, they
lime the land after they have turned under the
clover sward, barrow, and then jjlough for seed.
But, whether right or wrong, there is some niys-
teiy about this matter which ibr want of a knowl-
edge of chemistry I am unable to solve.
My opinion in relation to it has been that the
lime corrects a certain acid which may have beea
(brnied in the soil, sweetens the vegetable matter
ploughed in, and prepares it to become food for
the succeeding crop. Manure I suppose to act
in the same manner though in a less degree.
If you think the above communication contains
any thing calculated to promote the interest of the
farmer it is at your service. But I fear I have
been tedious. If, however, it should only be the
means of drawing from you some remarks on the
subject S()oken of, I shall (eel myself amply com-
pensated lor the little time and labor spent in its
preparatinn. With respect, yours, A. C.
Our cnirespondent has entered on a wide field
of investigation, and most of it so far as our knowl-
I'dge extend , has been but little explored. Some
old agricultural writers have denied tlie possibility
of any acid existing in soils. They say the term
sour soil, so frequently used by farmers, means
nothing more than any barren soil. Later writers,
however, maintain that vegetable acids, as well as
mineral acids, have existence in some soils, and
are often unsusp>cted causes of sterility. Dead
acid plants are the most efl^ectual in promoting
;he growth of sour living vegetables. And "the
growth of sorrel is not only peculiarly favored by
the application of vegetables containing acids al-
ready formed, but also by such matters as will
(brm acid in the course of their decomposition.
Farm-yard manure, and all other putrescent ani-
mal and vegetable substances, form acttic acid as
tin ir decomposition proceeds. If heaps of rotting
naiiure are left without being spread, in a field
the least subject to produce sorrel, a few weeks of
growing weather will bring out that plant close
around every heap — and for some time it will con-
titiue to show more benefit from that rank manuring
than any other grass." * * » » »
" All vegetable acids, (except the prussic) how-
ever diflTereut in their properties, are composed of
,he sams three elementary bodies, differing only
III their proportions,* and consequently are all re-
.solvable into each other. A little more or a little
iiss of one of these ingredients may change the
icetic to the oxalic acid, or that to any other.
> tJaibuu, Oxygeu a&d Hydrogen.
266
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MjVRCH G, 1S33.
We caniiol doubt but that such simple cliaiiges
may be iM-oihiced by the chemical powers of veg-
etation, when others are eftecteil far more difficult
for us to comprehend. The most tender and fee-
ble organs, and the mildest juices, aided by the
power of animal or vegetable life, are able to pro-
duce decompositions and combinations, which the
chemist cannot explain, and which he would in
vain attempt to imitate.
"This inn-redicnt of soils which nourishes acid
plants also poisons cultivated crops. Plants have
not the power of rejecting noxious fluids, hut take
jip by their roots every thing presented in a solu-
ble form. This acid also enters the sap-vessels
of cultivated plants, stunts their growth, and
makes it impossible for them to attain that size
and perfection, which their proper food would en-
sure, if it was presented to them without its pois-
onous accompaniments."*
Acid is always produced in one of the stages of
fermentation, previous to the putrid or destructive
stage, which terminates in the decomposition of
the fermenting substance. Animal, as well as veg-
etable substances, generally, become sour before
they become putrid, and it is only during or after
the last stage that they can become food for plants.
Lime in suitable quantities promotes the destruc-
tive fermentation by neutralizing the acid, vvhicli
retards or prevents such fermentation. Besides
there are acids in vegetables existing previous to
fermentation such as the gallic acid in oak leaves,
taijners-bark, &c. the malic acid in pomace, &c.
which poison a soil unless lime is used with them
as an antidote. — Ei.
For Hie Nea Englafid Farmer.
Mr. Fessenden, — Sir. I have a valuable Horse
which is afflicted with a bone spavin. If you or
any of your correspondents, can give any informa-
tion through the medium of your useful paper how
it can be cured {if there is any cure) you will
greatly oblige a Young Farmer.
Franklin, Marrh lal, 1833.
Fiom I ii? Boston Courier.
CUIiTURE OP SILK.
Since the cojumoncejucnt of the present session
of our Legislature, numerous petitions have been
received fromditFerent parts of the Commonwealth,
praying encouragement for the cullivatiim ol
tlie white mulberry, and the raising of silk-worms.
These petitions were referred to the couimittee on
Agriculture, and it is some weeks since that com-
mittee made a re|)ortiu favour of legislative ai<l, ac-
companied by a l)ill proposing some sn)all premi-
ums by way of encouragement. After a short dis-
cussion on Friday last, the bill was recommitted,
for the purpose of being amended and remodelled.
An auginentiUion of premiums was also suggested,
and the consideration of the connnittee called to
that sul>ject. Another suggestion was also niaile
to the committee during the debate — that it might
he well to e.vtend the premiums projjosed in the
bill to the cultivation of other varieties of the mul-
berry, an(l especially to that by the name o^Mogus
yiulticaulis.
The MoTus Mutticaulis, or Chinese Mulberry,
according to Kenrick's "New American Orchar-
dist," (a book which is invaluable for the variety
and accuracy of information it contains, and which
should be in the possession of every person who
owns a rood of ground) is a native of China, and
is represented as possessing such decided superiori-
ty over all other species of the mulberry, for the
nourishment of the silk-worm, as to render it prob-
able that it will speedily be substituted for them in
every region of the globe. It is not known that
any of these plants have yet borne fruit in our coim-
try. It was unknown as afruil tree in France till
the year 1830, in which year it produced its fruit
in great abundance. The fruit is long, black, and
having an intermediate taste between the red
and black mulberry. The leaves are large, ordina-
rily six inches in breadth and eight in length, and
in some rich soils they have been more than ten
inches in length. They are curled or convex on
their upper surface, of a deep, shining green, and
extremely beautiful.
The history of the introduction of this plant in-
to Europe and America is somewhat singular and
interesting. Perrottet, a member of the Linnwan
Society of Paris employed by the government as a
traveling botanist, found it growing in the garden of
a Chinese cultivator at Manilla, the capital of the
Philippine Islands, to which place ithad been trans-
planted from Canton. Perrottet introduced it in-
to the Isle of Bourbon, and thence into Cayenne
and France, about the year 1824. Subsequent-
ly it was sent from France to Martinique anil
(Jaudaloupe, and other places. — We presume
it is in greater perfection at Madame Purmen-
tiers's Horticultural establishment on Long Island,
than in any other [)art of the United States. Mr.
Kenrick introduced it into Massachusetts from
(hat establishment, and from the garden of Messrs.
Prince, on Long Island, in the spring of 1831, and
has also received some of the i)lants from France.
It has multiplied beyond all calculation. The lui-
mernus plants which are now disseminated in the
diverse climates of Africa, Europe and America,
have all been produced from the two individuals
procured by Perrottet at Manilla. It grows most
luxuriantly in light, rich and humid soil, but will
j:row wherever there is depth of earth to make a
covering for the root.s. M. Perrottet left it flourish-
ing in Cayenne in dry and barren soils. It also
braves the most rigorous winter. It is easily pro-
pagated, either by layers, by cuttings, or by a single
iye, placed beneath the surface, and sha<led from
(he noou-daysun. We do not learn from Mr. Ken-
rick how or when it was transplanted to the United
States, but it was probably very soon after its in-
troduction into France. He states that, at Mail-
une Parmenticr's garden it had withstood the rig-
)rs of the last six winters uninjured and unprotec-
second crop were of a much larger size than those
of the first crop, were of the whiteness of snow,
and had a most beatitiful shining appearance. Mr.
Kenrick saw the silk-worms feeding with avidity
on the leaves of this species of mulberry, and
was informed that they had left eleven other spe-
cies to feed on that.
We annex an extract froin the remarks of M.
Perrottet, published in the Annales de Fromont.
Among the number of mulberries, now cultiva-
ted by the Chinese, for the education of silk worms
the .Morus MulticauUs appears to be the most es-
teemed of all, not only for the facility with which
it is propagated and grows, but still more tor the
essentially luitritive pro])erty which the leaves pos-
sess. We have been enabled to verify this impor-
tant fact iluring the five years which we passed in
Seueg.il. The characters which essentially distin-
guish this mulberry from the other varieties, are
those which result, l.st, from the remarkable prop-
erty which the roots jwssess of throwing up nimier-
ous small flexible stalks, without forming a princi-
pal inmk; 2d, from the gi-eat length which these
stalks assume in a very short time ; 3d, fron) the
remarkable developement which the thin, tender,
and soft loaves speedily acquire, and the prompti-
tude with which they are renewed; and 4th and
lastly, from the extraordinary facility with whicli
the stalks and branches strike root, as cuttings, with-
out particular care, even before they have acquired
a ligneous consistence.
Besides the advantages which have been already
nami'd, we may still add, that they are admirably
calculated for forming regular plantations; it not
being natural to grow tall or form any trunk prop-
erly so called, they can be placed very near
without an injurious effect; and by heading down
the stalks amuially near the ground, a rich vcgeta-
tation is produced with a compleK! developement of
vigorous branches and leaves; ami finally it is easy
to multiply them by thousan<ls from the roots in
the course of a year, and to form vast and regular
|)lantations of tliein the second. But a few years
then are sufficient to obtain considerable fields
of them in full vigor, suflicient to support an im-
mense quantity of silk-worms, and that with the
greatest facility, as they are reproduced in a man-
ner almost indefinite. Regular plantations of it
can be found without difliculty, by planting the
shrubs at a distance of six or eight feet from
each other, a space sufficient for the extension of
the branches, to facilitate the culture and for col-
lecting the leaves. This last operation is so facil-
itated by the flexibility of the stalks, that a child
is sufficient for furnishing the food of a large es-
tablishment of silk wcinus.
* Ruliin's Essay on Calcareous Manures.
In the establishment last mentioned two crops
iif silk were produced in the summer of 1832. —
The fir.st were fed promiscuously on the Morus
Multicaulis and other mulberries. The cocoons
thus produced were about two-thirds white, and
I he remainder of an orange color. A suitable por-
cion of these cocoons were collected for seed, with-
out regard to color, which, being subjected to the
batching process, produced a second crop on the
30th of July. These last were fed exclusively on the
Morus Multicaidis, and passed through the differ
TO PRJBSEHVK EGOS.
Apply with a brush, a solution of Gum Arabic
to the shells, or immerse the Eggs therein, let them
dry, and pack them in dry charcoal dust. This
prevents their being affected by any alteration of
temperature.
Or, mix together in a tub one bushel of quick
lime, two pounds of .salt, half a pound of cream of
tdrter, with as nmch water as will reduce the com-
|iosition to a sufficient consistence to float an egg.
l*ut the eggs in this composition and let them re-
main till wanted for use. They will keep perfectly
sound for at hast two years.
An itinerant preacher, who rambled in his ser-
nt stages of their larva existence in the short space I mons, when requested to stick to his text, replied,
of twenty-six days. The cocoons obtained from this I "that scattering shot would hit the most birds,"
vol.. XI. NO. 34.
AND HORTrCLLTURAL JOURNAL.
267
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
EXHIBITION OP FRUITS.
Saturday, Feb. 23, 1833.
From Capt. D. Chandler, Lexington, a natnral
apjile raised from seed in Marlborongli colour red
and of good flavor.
From CheeverNewhall, Esq. a yellow apple with
a slight tinge of red, smooth skin, uanie unknown,
fine table fruit.
From Stephen II. Smith, Esq. Providence, four
sorts of apples. The French Nonpareil, Belle et
Bonne, Honey sweeting, (a valuable fniit) and the
Seek-no-farther, a handsome red apple rather
over ripe.
From C. A. Olmsted, Esq. of Cleveland, Ohio,
the Belmont ajiple, raised, from seed in Behnont,
County, Ohio, a large, handsome yellow apple,
broad at the stem tapering towards the eye,
external appearance is beautifid, its flavour fine,
and would be a great addition to any collection of
apples, however choice. Mr. Olmsted also exhib-
ited beautiful specimens of Yellow Corn grown in
the north part of the State of Ohio.
For the Committee. Robert Manning.
Providence, Feb. 20, 1S33.
Dear Sir, — AVith this I send you a basket of
Apples, containing four varieties. Should any of
them be new to you and meet your approbation, I
will fmnish scions of such, at your request, for
disiribution.
On top you will find 2 pale striped apples, the
French Nonpareil — ri[(e in October, past maturity.
In the same layer 5 large red apples, the Seek-
no-farther, in eating from October to March.
The next layer is the Honey Greening, teeps
till June. The tree is healthy and very produc-
tive.
The bottom layer is the Belle et Bonne, very
productive.
I am very respectfully, your obt. servant,
Stephen H. Smith.
Mr. Cheever JVewhall.
NOTICE.
A STATED MEETING of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society will be held by adjournment, on
Saturday, March 9, at 11 o'clock, A. M. at the
Hall of the Society. Per order,
" R. L. EMMONS, Secretary.
THE GENTLEMAN'S POCKET FARRIER.
We have perused a small tract, entitled "7Vte
Gentleman's Pocket Farrier showing how to use
your Horse on a Journey, and ivhat remedies are
proper for common accidents, that may befall him on
the roal. By F. Tuffnell, Veterinary Surgeon.
Published by Carter & Hendee.
The author asserts that "The remedies this lit-
tle tract prescribes are simple and easily obtained,
and never fail of a cure when tne disorder is cura-
ble ; therefore no man who values his horse should
presume to travel without it.
"Small as this tract may appear, it will be
found to inform gentlemen,
I. What methods are best to be used, if their
hoi'sis f;dl lame ;
II. What medicines are proper to give them
when sick; — .and
III. How to direct the operations and escape
the hnpositious of ignorant men.
"In short, by the lielp of this treatise, gentle-
men will be able to prevent a groom or farrier
from injuring their horses by improper applica-
tions, and mistaking one distemper for another.
"The recipes are tew and cheap, and contrived
on jjurpose to prevent trouble and expense, by
pointing out the best remedies at first, such as are
easiest to be got, and such as make the speediest
cures ; and the reader may be assured they have
been experimentally confirmed by a practice of
sixty years.
,,The book is drawn up in a manner calcidated
for a gentleman's pocket, supposing him upon a
journey ; and no man who values his horse should
travel without it."
THE FOLLOWING ARE SPECIMENS OF THE WORK.
Setting out on a Journey. Whenever you in-
tend to travel, hunt, or only ride out for the air,
let your horse's feet b' examined sometime before,
to see that his shoes are all fast and set easy on
his feet, for on that depends the pleasure and safe-
ty of your journey.
Directions for mounting. Before you mount
look round your horse to see if his bridle, curb,
saddle, and gii-ths are all fitted in their proper
places. Always accustom your horse to stand
firm and without a motion, till you are fixed in
your seat, and your clothes adjusted.
Directions for going. When you would have
him go, teach him to move by pressing close your
knees or, speaking to him, without using whip or
spur; for a horse will learn anything; and a good
quality may as easily be taught him as a bad one.
Correction ill timed. Correction welt timed. Jin
easy rein. Most men whip and spur a horse to
muke him go faster, before they bid him. But
this is cruel treatment to beat a generous animal
before you have signified your mind to him, (by
some token, which he may be taught to under-
stand), who would obey you if he knew your
pleasure; it is time enough to correct him when
he refuses or resists you. Do not haul his head
about with too tight a rein, it deadens his mouth ;
besides he will carry you safer, and take better
care of his steps with an easy hand, than a heavy
one, much depends on the quietness of the bridle
hand. Keep your elbows steady, and you cannot
hurt his mouth. Again, nothing discovers a bad
horseman, (even at a distance) so much as throw-
ing his arms and legs about; for it is easier to the
horse and rider, and he can carry you farther by
ten miles a day, when you sit steady upon him as
if he were a part of yourself.
any squealing into his sled, wagon or whatever
vehicle he had, and away he went. When lie ar-
rived where he wished to deposit his hog, he
knocked oft' the top board, tinned down the bin
and exit hog, without any further trouble.
TO CURE BUTTER.
Beat up and blend well together two parts of
best common salt, one part of brown sugar and
one part of salti)etre. One ounce of this prepara-
tion is well worked into every pound of butter,
which is then to be put up for use, in a close ves-
sel.
Butter thus cured will appear rich and marrowy
and will have a fine color, and never acquires a
brittle hardness nor tastes salt. It will keep good
for three years, only observe that it must stand
some 3 or 4 weeks after put up before used.
Heavy Oxen. A pair of oxen, fattened by Mr.
Elisha Graves, of Northampton, weiglied 4185 lbs.
It is stated that 50,000 bushels of barley are
grown annually in Springfield, Ohio.
Juvenile Rambler. A weekly newspaper with
that title has been published about a year, is well
conducted, and has obtained extensive circulation.
Weather. A snow storm commenced in this
place about four o'clock on the morning of the
1st inst. This like other north east storms, (ac-
cording to Dr. Franklin's theory,) made its debut
in Philadelphia about 24 hours before it began
to puft' and blow in tliis latitude. On the 2d,
the weather became excessively cold, and on
Sunday morning at sunrise, in Boston, the ther-
mometer indicated 5 degrees below zero. In some
places in the vicinity it sank to 13 below 0. On
Tuesday morning, the 5th inst. in this city, the
temperature was 9 degrees below zero !
From the Kennebec Fanner.
HOW TO NAB A HOG.
Mr. Holmes, — I was once acquainted with a
man who us.;d sometimes to remark that a little
thing was often larger than a great one ; by which
he inteniied that there was more saved by little
things, which often occur, if done right, than by
large ones that were not of frequent occurrence.
I have lately seen a hog of considerable size mov-
ed from place to place without being tied or hand-
led in the following manner. The owner, or tlie
person enq)loyed prepared a bin of suitable size.
When desirous of removing his swine he placed
it near him, turned on one side into which lie
threw some corn or any food which the animal
was fond of, and he would soon enter. The man
stood by and righted the bin, and immediately
placed on it a board and nailed it down.
He would then put his ben hog and all, without
ACUTENESS OF HEARING IN ANIMAL
Cats and dogs can hear the movements of theit
prey at incredible distances, and that even in the
midst of noise, which we should have thought
would have overpowered such effects. Rabbits,
when alarmed, forcibly strike the earth with their
feet, by the vibrations of which they communicate
their apprehensions to burrows very remote. — As
an instance of the discriminating power of the
car of the elephant, we may mention a circum
stance that occurred in the memorable conflict of
shooting the maddened elephant at Exeter Change.
"After the soldiers had discliarged thirty balls, he
stopped and deliberately sunk on his haunchc?.
Mr. Herring, conceiving that a shot had struck
him in a vital part, cried out, 'he's down boys!
he's down !' and so he was only for a moment
He leapt up with renewed vigor, and at least eigh-
ty balls were successively discharged at hhn from
diflerent positions before he fell a second time.
Previous to this he had nearly breught down the
building of Exeter 'Change by furious lunges, fly-
ing round his den with the speed of a race horse.
In the midst of the crash of timberand the halloo-
ing of the assailants, he recognized the voice of
tlie keeper in his usual cry, ^Chaunee bite — Chaurif
bite!'' which was his command to kneel, and th^
iiolile beast actually knelt, and received a volley
111' balls that terminated his existence. — Gardentr't
Music of Mature,
268
NKW ENGLAND FAT^MER,
MARCH fi, 1«33.
AJV ADDRESS
Delivered al Brklgcwaler, Nov. 7. 1;>32, before the Plj-mouili
Couuiy Agritullural Society, by Rev. Jon.vthan Bigk-
Low, of llocliester.
The ultimate design of Agriotiltur.il Societies
is improvement. Witli them all else ought to he
either subsidiary or siil)or(linate to progress in the
art, and improvement in the various methods and
products of agriculture. Among the various means
which this Society has adopted to suhserve these
objects, is the institution of a ptiblic Address on
the day of anniversary. I regret that the lamented
death of the distinguished individual* whom yon
selected for your first orator, has devolved this
duty on one but poorly qtialitied, either by a study
of the science, or by practice in the great and diffi-
cult art of agriculture, to add any thing to the
stock of present knowledge or present improve-
ment. I have thought, however, that i)erhai)S the
half hour before us might nOt be unpleasantly, nor
altogether unprofitably spent by noticing, 1st. the
moral tendency and effects of agriculture on those
engaged in it.
2d. Advert to the fact that agriculture is and
from the nature of the case ever must, to a great
Extent be a progressive art and science; adverting
also to some points where improvement is still
needed.
I shall first notice the moral tendency and ef-
fects of agriculture upon those engaged in it. 1
use the word mural here, in its widest latitude ol
meaning, embracing all effects produced on mind
and character.
That occupation it will be conceded is tlie most
■favorable to moral developemeut which is attend-
ed by the fewest temptations, which ftirnislies the
most salutary lessons of instrtiotiiui, and winch i.-s
most favorable to a perfect developemeut of tlie
'bodily as well as mental powers. I say bodily as
well as mental, because the mind sym[)athi2es
with, and in its character, thoughts and seiitiinenls,
is very much affected by the body with wliii-h il
is connected. Probaltly no mind ever received a
full developemeut of all its powers, connected with
a physical system deranged; or only partially de-
veloped. The various labors of the agriculturist
bring all the muscles of tlic human system into
daily action ; thus causing a simultaneous develope-
mentof them. This keeps up that just balance in
the system which is indispensalile to health, vigor
and cheerftilness; and the fact that all his labors
are performed in the pure air of heaven, gives
tone, energy and durability to the system. — The
result is that the firmest and most enduring con-
stitutions, the finest modelled forms, aud limbs ol
most nerve and power, must be sought fi)r among
an agricultural i)0|)ulaiion. There too, yon wil,
find the greenest old age, the most uniform health,
the most unaffected and constant cheerfuliiiiss and
■content, as well as the most frequent instances ot
longevity. Each of the professions and almost all
•other oecupatious and fnirsuits either give an un-
■due exercise to some 7nuscles, while they leave others
<Jormaiit, or else the individuals engaged in them
are confined in unwholesome air; either of which
is sufficient to lay a foundation for disease and
jn-emature old age. If proof were demanded J
would refer you to the fact, that while one in forty
■dies annually in our most healthful cities and man-
ufacturing villages, not more than one in sixty five
or seventy die annually iu the most healthful agri-
cultural districts.
' Calvin Tilcien, Esq. of Hanson.
Agriculture beyond doubt, is |)re-eminently con
dueive to health, robustness, vigor, energy, cheer-
fulness and longevity. " But what," yon may ask,
" has all this to do with the subject — with moral
developemeut?" I answer, no one will ask this
question who has suffered years of misery from a
derangeil system, from feeble nerves — or from any
other of the ills incident to sedentary habits, either
in the study, at the ineicliant's desk, on tlie work
bench, or from the unhealthful air and deafening
din of a factory. Such will instantly recal theii
own experience, and by it will be convinced that
a healthful mind cannot exist in a diseased body ;
that a mind brave as CiEsar's, must be united to a
body as robust aud enduring as was Cspsar's ; else
when the spirit begins to burn and brace up itself
to brave danger, it will find the flesh cowardly.
Courage, fortitude, decision and energy are incom-
patible with, .ind never exist in perfection exce])t,
in minds united with bodies fully, harmoniously
and healthfully developed.
Moreover, agriculture is not only pre-emiuently
fiivorable to- moral develojiemeiit by training lor
the mind abody thoroughly adapted to all its wants,
ready to second and execute all its pnri)oses, and
capable also of enduring its most powerful and
long continued eflbrts ; it is also pre-eminently
favorable, by presenting to the mind an endless
variety of topics of thought and objects for exam-
ination. The agriculturist has to do with nature
in all her variety of productions, in all her diversi-
ties of soil, in all her |)rocesscs of vegetation. The
atmosphere with all its changes, the seasons in all
their alteriuitions, are constantly soliciting his at-
tention.— His companions in the field, are the gay
songsteis revelling in all the luxuriance of life and
joy. H(i is constantly associated with nature in
all her richness of beauty, loveliness, l>urity, niajes-
ly and cheerfulness ; be has therelbre the best op-
portunity for studying nature in all her i)roce.sse.'s
and in all her productions both animal and vegeta-
ble ; not in books which often are but mutilated
copies or bad translations, but in the original, lb
stands at the fountain — at the spring-head, and
drinks, or may drink the waters of knowledge fresh
bubbling from their hidden scnircc. lie lives and
moves and breathes, not among the images and
creationsof poetry, but in the sacred temple wbin
the i-calities are enthroned, of which poetry in its
.sublimesi, sweetest, nio.st melting, <u- most spirit-
stirring numbers is oidy a poor description — a
temple whose lofty arch is filled with the wonders
aud lighted up with the glories of its author, and
whose apartments are all filled with the stores ot
his goodness and his love.
And moreover, the agriculturist lias induce-
ments greater than any other can have, to listen in
and ponder the instructions which nature presents
to every sense, to awaken indeed every sense te
drink in her beautiful, melodious, odoriterous aiifl
palatable, and not less useful than palatable, in-
structions. His interest demands it, his success
demands it, his happiness demands it. He cannot
be an adept either in the art or science of agricul-
ture without it. That, whicli curiosity or amuse-
inent ])i-ompts others to examine, profit requires
him thoroughly to investigate, and what is not less
favorable, his sidijects can never be exhausted.
Every repeated investigation presents some new
wonder. On the other hand, the mechanic, tin
machinist, the manufacturer, the niercliant, arc
confined by their emiiloyment to a comparativeh
few objects — tlie properties, parts and powers ol
which, as far as his employment demands, arc
.soon learned, and the principal effort which the
mind is afterward required to make, is the acqui-
sition of skill in execution.
Further, agriculture is pre-eminently favorable
to moral developemeut, because it presents fewer
tcmjitations than perhaps any other employment.
It is said that " every trade has its cheat," and it
was a maxim esteemed by the ancients wcrtliy of
recording for posterity, that "helwein buying and
selling tliere sticketli iniquity" — certain it is that
there is room for temptation to enter. Agriculture
on the other hand does all that can be doiie to
keep the door closed by which temptuticn tnters
it removes the individual from the tbioiiged streets
and the haunts of the idle and vicious, aud keeps
him constantly employed — away from sctnes un-
favorable to virtue. Still more, nature is perfectly
honest and fiiithfnl in all her jnoeesses, and he
who holds daily communion with lier cannot hut
imbibe her spirit. The vending of the products of
agriculture, as well as their cultivatien, dees not
admit of much deception. — The articles cannot be
niaile to speak more than the truth, so that the
agriculturist is obliged to form the habit of honesty
and iiiir dealing.
Agriculture is also the parent and miitiirer of
|iatriotism ; not that patriotism which ,\amin th it-
self, while it all the while seeks iis own, I iit that
patriotism whit h leaves the plough midway the
furrow, seizes the sword and flies without stt pping
to change its dress, to the point invaded, and
wliieh brings up the rear of the slowly retiring
still fighting hand, as it reluctantly let.vi s in the
hands of the enemy the battle hill covered with the
slain. Or rather, that patriotism which identifies
its interest with its country, obeys its call, raises,
as well as c<ni;mands its nrmit s — |ilans as well as
executes, without reward — delivers its eenntry,
raises il to independence, and then, whi n a crown
is within its grasp, spurns it and retires again to
the [leacefnl and pure pursuits of agriculture, as
the actne of earthly desire.
We do not mean to say that patriots are not to
to be found among all classes and engaged in every
pursuit. The history of our country proves that
patriotism is peculiar to no class and no profession,
l>ut we do say, thsit it is agriculture's Ifgitimato
etl.spring. Agriculture attaches the indi\idual to
the -soil, locates him, makes bim feel that bis own
interests are iiidissolubly united with the intertsts
of his country for his property is an integral jiart
of the country. He cannot, as does the nurehant,
go from city to city, wheie gain happens to invite,
stay so long as profit dictates and flee tlic moment
danger lower.s. lie is the owner, and lie well
knows that when the emergency comes, he must
he the d( fi nder of the soil. His feelings, senti-
ments, )iur|ioses and plans from cliililhood are
formed and fiishioned on this supposition ; his
labors in the field give bim the muscular ability,
his interest, when all nobler principles fail, give
bim the inclination an<l tlie requisite courage. It
will ever be true, that agriculturists are the natural
.safeguard and d( fenders of a country, and I hough
hey may not be the first " to scent the apjuoach
of tyranny in every tainted breeze," they will be
the first to defend and the last to relinquish their
rights, their iminuuities, and wiiat jilain sense dic-
tates to be their country's weal. Like the sated
lion in repose, not easily roused, but wbui aroused,
they are like the same lion, when he leajic th from
the jungle and roareth upon his prey. Thus did
VOL. XI. NO. 3*.
AND IIOIITTCULTUTIAL JOURNAL
269
theii-eiifiiiies (iiul tlietii on the plains of Lexington
and on the lieiglus of Charlestown. — These were
Farmers' batiks.
I miglit go on to show that .agriculture is emi-
nently calculateil to nurture all their moral virtues
in their genuine simplicity and sincerity, and though
it does not give that artificial refinement and grace
to manners called politeness, it gives what is more
valuahlc, an open, manly, generous sincerity ol'
manners.
The agricultural arrangements of New England
have done more than most are aware towards form-
ing that inexplicahle and unique character, which
distinguishes NewEngiandmen and their descend-
ants from all others of the hmnan family, and
makes them to foreigners a riddle not easily solved.
The hearing of a New-England agriculturist is not
that of a southern planter, formed hy commanding
slaves; nor that of the English landholder, formed
by " grinding the faces," and receiving the sup-
plications of a dependant tenantry. Nor does the
New England day-laborer exhibit any thing of the
obsequiousness and servility of spirit manifested hy
the slave or the tenant. The New-England char-
acter and spirit were formed, by being both the
owner and tiller of the soil ; a character which is
the result of feeling that the individual is an equal
among equals, combining in it necessarily all the
elements of liberty and self government.
(To be continued.)
From the iVezp York Farmer.
OIPORTAXCE OP SILK CULTURE ; AID PROM
THE CiENERAL GOVERNMENT REQUIRED.
The Chinese, knowing the great value of the
«i!k manufacture, closely guarded the secret of its
management by the most rigid penal enactments,
by which means they were enabled for many cen-
turies to keep the silkworm from spreading over
the world, consequently monopolized the whole
business, which was a source of much wealth to
their em|)ire.
Many fruitless attempts were made by crowned
heads to obtain the worms, and to learn the mode
of their management, but for a long time without
success.
The prospect of great reward at length put a
few eggs of the silkworm in possession of the
Emperor Justinian. From this small beginning
all the silkworms in Western Asia, Europe, and
America, have been produced. England, Holland,
Germany, Russia, and Sweden, are fully aware of
the importance of the silk business. France more
than any other nation of Europe, is deriving her
power and greatest resources from the culture and
manufaciure of silk.
Our treasury returns for several years past,show
that the silk imported and consumed in the States
is more in amount than the bread stuff" exported.
Silk may be successfully and advantageously culti-
vated in every state in the Union. Experiments
have sliovvi! American silk to be superior in color
and texture to the silk of any nation. Other agri-
cultural labor will not be lessened by such culture.
The condition of the poor will be much improved;
the young and infirm will make good silk cultu-
rists.
The climate of England is too damp and cold
to propagate the silkworm. America may yet reap
great profit on the raw silk as an article of export.
Jay made no mention of cotton as an article ol
American production, in his treaty with England,
1794. Tlie present year's crop of cotton is worth
about thirty millions of dollar;.!.' Many of our citi-
zens, who about 38 years ago planted cotton seed,
may be living witnesses of the fact that cotton is
the first staple in the states. A large portion of
those who are now planting the. mulberry seed,
niay live to see raw silk the second grand staple
of our country. The state of Connecticut has
taken the lead in the growth and manufacture of
silk. Many of her citizens are entitled to great
credit for their persevering and patriotic eflxirts.
Mansfield has been engaged more or less in the
raising of silk ever since 1760, and the quantity
gradually increasing. Windham and Tolland coun-
ties have ])roduccd for the last year raw silk snffi-
cieut to employ fifty five looms, which would
manufacture about 30,000 yards per year, say
vesting and other broad goods.
Considerable quantities of silk goods have been
produced by the enterprising perseverance of Mr.
Rapp of Economy, in Pennsylvania. Superior
specimens of what misrht be accomplished by a jiuli-
rious JVational fostering were exhibited last Winter at
If'asliington, by the venerable and learned Mr. Du-
ponc.eau. Many other parts of the Union have pro-
duced specimens of silk stuffs and sewing silk; the
latter article is found the most profitable, yet in
manufacturing this, a great drawback to profit is
experienced from not systematically nnder.standing
the art of filature, or reeling the silk from the co-
coon.— In other countries, where sewing silk is
manufactured, the tow of the silk is worked in,
but we are obliged to make use of the best part of
the fibre. Our sewing silk is stronger than the
Italian, but in consequence of our defective reel-
ing it is very wasteful, diflicult to keep from tan-
gling, &c. The finishing of piece goods suffers
from the same cause.
It must be obvious that something is materially
wrong in the silk operations of our people, or the
manufacturing of it would ere this be entered into
much more generally.
The culture of silk was attempted in Virginia a
century and a half before cotton was brought into
notice. The growth and manufacture of cotton
has progressed with astonishing rapidity — the value
of our cotton manufactories is immense.* It is
now oidy 2.5 or 30 years since it was thought the
ingenuity of our people would not he equal to man-
ufacture as good and as cheap goods as the once
celebrated India Baftas and Huinnnuns. A very
short period of experiment drove this very inferior
trash from our shores. The bare mention of such
fabrics being once in so general use in our coun-
try, causes almost as much risibility as the fact of
importing building brick from Holland. Our cot-
ton goods now find their way to the Indies; our
bricks are equal to any in the world ; and with a
little national protection, we will soon cease im-
porting silk, and have raw silk to spare for.a profit-
able export.
Many of the states, by their public acts, have
shown their very decided opinion of the immense
importance of the culture of silk, as a great and
conmianding National object ; yet still, this grand
object lingers.
The chairman of our Congress Committee on
Agriculture, 1832, speaking of the manufacture of
silk, remarks, " On an experiment untried in this
country, and requiring considerable cai)ital, a re-
liance on individual enterprise woidd be at least
problematical ; and it is not to be expected that the
several states will ever be found to act in concert
so as to attain the result which a national opera-
tion is calculated to procure."
If the manufactureof silk should ever be under-
taken upon an extensive scale in the United States,
Congress must give us a National School, to teach
the whole process of silk work, but more particu-
larly the important art of filature.
The eight millions of dollars sent annually out
of the country lor si Ik, in its various forms, can
be saved, and it is as well to begin now as wait
another century. A. W.
■h, Jan. 1, 1833.
ITEMS OF ECONOMY, ARTS, &c.
Bituminous Coal. The United States Gazette
states in substance that a company called the
"Philipsburg and Juniata Company" has been
formed to open a direct comniniiication between
the inexhaustible mines of bituminous coal in
Clearfield, and the Philadelphia market. Anthra-
cite coal is not suited to many of the purposes for
which bituminous coal is used, and it is intended
by the Company to supply not oidy Pliiladelphia,
but New York, Boston, and Baltimore with that
valuable combustible.
Protection of Lambs and Geese. It is but little
known, but is nevertheless a fact (says the Portland
Mirror) that a little tar rubbed on the necks of
your lambs or geese, will prevent the depredations
of foxes among them, these animals having an un-
conquerable aversion to the smell of tar.
Jin Entire Sivine. — John Satterthwaite, of
Wayncsville, Warren co. Ohio, recently sold a
hog of his feeduig, for $2.5. The animal is only
three years old, and is said to weigU fourteen hun-
dred pumids — bis length from nose to root of tail,
seven feet six and a half inches — circumference
round the loins, seven feet ten and a half inches.
Increase of American Tonnage. — It is stated in
the New York Courier and Enquirer u|)on what
is considered to be good authority, that there are
now on the stocks in the United States, one hun-
dred and thirty ships, averaging more than three
hundred and fifty two tons each. Of this number
it is said that upwards of seventy are built east of
Boston.
Railway Anecdote. — A manufacturer from Man-
chester left home in the morning for Liverpool to
buy cotton ; having completed bis purchases, he
found on his return at noon, that his partner had
made some large sales in his absence; and after a
short consultation, it was determined that he
should immediately go hack to Liverpool, and se-
cure the remainder of the parcel, which he did,
and was at home again early in the evening, hav-
ing travelled a distmice equal to one hundred and
forty-four miles by the turnpike road, in twelve
hours, besides transacting important business. —
.\Iiles on Railways.
To Restore Manuscripts become Rlegiblefrom
Time. — Moisten the writing gently with a decoc-
tion of gall-nuts, in which a little vinegar has been
infused.
* Tlie liomo cuLisunipiioii ot Fllw cuUon has increased 600
per ceiil, wl.hin ilie last IG years, vviiile itiat of Great Brilain
lias onljr increased 220 per cent in 21 years.
The land ujion which Cincinnati, (Ohio,) ia
built, is said to have originally cost $49. It con-
tained 640 acres, or a quarter section. Now, (in
1832) some part of it is said to be worth 30 dol-
lars a foot.
270
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MARCH 6, IS33.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH G, IS33
PARMER'S AWD GARDEIVER'S WORK FOR
MARCH.
Early Peas. It is no niHtter liow early in the
season peas are sown, provided tlie ground can be
stirred and put in proper order. The soil for peas
should be light, but need not be very rich, espe-
cially for the dwarf kinds. Butj; those which grow
high require a strong and deep soil. Peas are
rather injured than benefitted by fresh cow yard
manure. "A fresh sandy loam (says Loudon,)
or road stuff, and a little decomposed vegetable
matter is the best manure for peas." Soaking the
seed in some fertilizing liquor, such as the <lrain-
ings from a dung heap, or water leached from
yard manure, and drying it with lime and plaster
will be of service to the crop. If they are infested
with bugs, put them for a few seconds in this
liquor, made hot ; dry them in the manner above
mentioned, and sow them immediately. If this
precaution is used, and new fields selected for
their culture, it is said the crop will not be buggy."
, Dickson's Farmer's Companion, an English work
of reputation, states, that "It is observed, that the
common pea, whether white or grey, cannot be
reared to perfection in any field which has not
been either naturally or artificially impregnated
•with some calcareous matter. Aud hence it is sup-
posed to happen, that peas nre rarely cultivated
universally as a field crop, unless in those parts of
the country where either line, marl or .chalk
abounds, or upon strong clays; except indeed on
the sea coast, where shell fish are often caught in
abundance, aud where the fields are ujanured with
their shells in a state of mixture with dung. But
it is remarkable that a soil that could scarcely have
brought one pea to perfection, although richly ma
nured with dung from their running too much to
haulm, and, after blossoming dying away without
becoming ripe, if it has once had lime applied to
it, is capable, when properly prepared in other
respects, of producing plentiful crops of peas ever
afterwards."
The quantity of seed must be diOeront in dif-
ferent cases and circumstances. It will depend on
the sort of pea, the time and tnannur in which it
is put into the ground, &c. Of the small early
kinds, one pint will sow a row of twenty yards ;
for the larger sorts, for main crops, the same
measure will sow a row of thirty-three yards. The
allowance of seed, when sown broad cast, is from
one and a half to three bushels per acre. Loudon
says, " In Kent, where immense quantities of
peas are grovvn, both for gathering green and for
selling ripe to the seedmen, thev are senerally
sown in rows from eighteen inches to liuce feet
asunder according to their kind, and well culti-
vated between. Pease, laid a foot below the sur-
face, will vegetate ; but the most ajiproved depth
is six inches in light soil, and four inches in clay
soil ; for which reason they ought to be sown un-
der furrow when the ploughing is delayed till
spring."
Dearie's JVew England Farmer observes, " that
changing the seed for peas is a matter of very great
iiTiportance ; for peas are apt to degenerate more
ra])idly than almost any other plants. Seeds should '
be brought from a more northern clime ; for those
which ripen earliest are best. I would change
them yearly if it could be done without much
trouble or cost. Once in two or three years is ne-
cessary." It has also been advised to set apart a
row or two for seed, and select for that purpose
the earliest pods as soon as they become ripe.
Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia observes, that
" It is a great error in those persons, who sow the
rows of tall growing jieas close together. It is much
belter iu all those sorts which grow six or eight
feet high, to have only one row, and then leave a
bed ten or twelve feet wide for onions, carrots, or
any crops, which do not grow tall.
" The advantages to be derived are, that the
peas will not be drawn up so much ; be stronger ;
will flower much nearer the ground, and in wet
weather can be more easily gathered without wet-
ting yourself."
The same work recommends sowing pease in
rowsof circles, three feet iu diameter, with a space
of two feet between each circle ; and if you want
more than one row of circles, leave a bed of ten
or twelve feet before you begin another.
"The mode of culture must conform to the cli-
mate; conseqiiently our plan or mode must vary ia
many respects from those farmers no further South
of us than Massachusetts. Our peculiar situation
also, having a surplus of good soil, — a comparati-ve-
ly spare population— high labor, and funds not
over abundant, must necessarily cause our mode
of management and general economy to be very
different from that of our sister states."
We have no doubt from a perusal of such num-
bers of the Kennebec Farmer as we have been fa-
vored with,thafit will prove a valuable accession
to the agricultural and mechanical hiterests of
Maine,and would recommend it to the patronage of
all who would suiiport and confirm those pillars of
lual happiness, and national prosperity.
iiid
* Farmer's Gu
KENSTEBEC F.4RJ>IER AND JOtJRIV.\Ii OP THE
USEPUIi ARTS.
We have received several ninnbers of a paper
with the above title recently established in Win-
throp. Me. It is conducted by E. Holmes, hereto-
fore favorably knowna s a man of science, and
published by William Noyes &, Co.
The following extracts from the introductory
a<ldress in the first number, ably develope the
views and motives, which led to the undertaking;
are well calculated to propitiate the public mind, to
.111 enterprise, which promises great benefits cheap-
ly conferred, and to enrich the conununity for a
trifling compensation, compared to the value of the
efforts by which the good results are effected.
" We have been gravely told that there are al-
ready more nevispapers than are beneficial for tlu
people — that we are crowding the market, and en-
tering upon a bootless enterprise. It is true that
every party, sect and creed, have their papers in
abiiiKlance, and the Farmer and Mechanic support
them, while, if we mistake not there are in thi
United States but six devoted particularly to the
dissemination of knowledge in their respective em-
ployments. This little band have done much, very
much in improving the condition and true inter-
est of the country." * * * *
ITEMS OF I]VTEL.I,IGE]VCE.
TiiK last news from Washington, is such as to induce-
a belief that both the Enforcing Bill and Mr. Clay's Ta-
riff Bill, have before this time become laws of the land.
IVarrm Bridge. A special committee of the Mass.
House of Representatives have reported " that the pro-
prietors of the Warren Bridge have been re-imbursed the
money expended by them in and about the building of
said bridge, and other necessary expenses, with fiveper
cent interest thereon, and that, by the terms of the char-
ter, the Commonwealth has acquirod an absolute property
in said bridge, and is entitled to the possession thereof"
Temperance Meeting at Washington. Extract of a letter
to the Editors of the Boston Courier, dated Feb. 26. We
had a uoble Temperance Meeting in the Capitol last eve-
ning, and it continued till .after 10 o'clock, and held a
l.irgo audience with the most intense interest. The
speakers were Cass, Edwards, Cooke, Briggs, Sewall
Condict, Stewart, Wilkins, Reed, Tipton and Frelintr-
huysen. The proceedings of the meeting with the ad-
dresses are in the press, and arrangements are made to
send them over our whole country. Tomorrow, it is the
intention, unless the tremendous press of business should
prevent, to form a Congressional Temperance Society.
Lotteries in Massachusetts. An able report in favor of
the suppression of Lotteries by statute has been submit-
'ed to the Legislature of this State by J. T. Buckingham,
Chairman of a Committee appointed to take the subject
under consideration.
The Washington Globe says, " Mr. Clay has now
ibandoned the principle of his American System, and
Mr. Calhoun has betrayed nullification. They are
[)artners in a contra dance. For some time, they
turned their backs on each other — they now change
sides and set to each other. They will make a match of
it. In plain English, we have a new coalition."
niack List. The merchants of Batavia have united
ind agreed tt) defray the expense of advertising every
runaway debtor. This is a good plan, and one that we
should like to see adopted by our merchants here. We
shall advertise every person that defrauds or refuses to
jiay us, whether they run away or not. — Le Hoy Gazette.
.9 paragraph for the Ladies ^Doctor Mussey states
that greater numbers annually die among the female sex
by the use of the corset, than are destroyed among the
other sex by the use of spirituous liquors in the same
time ! It has been estimated that more than fifty thou-
sand men die in the United States every year in conse-
ucnce of the immoderate use of ardent spirits. For
fear of being accused of exaggeration upon this fearful
VOL.. XI. NO. 34.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
271
subject, let it be stated that thirty tliousand females die
in tlxis country every year in consequence of wearing
corsets. This is doubtless below the number which
should be set down ; but it makes enough to excite the
attention of every head of a family, and of every well
wisher of the human race, Thirty thousand per year
makes eighty-four for every day in the year, sacrificed
at the cruel altar of fashion ! — This, we venture to say.
is a sacrifice of life which knows no parallel. — Stute Her-
ald.
CHIIVESB MULBERRY.
A COBRESPONUE.VT wlio sigiis " A Subscriber," and so-
licits information respecting the purchase of the genuine
seed of the Morus Multicaulis, is informed that we be-
lieve this kind of mulberry is rarely if ever propagated
by seed, which is very minute and produced in very
small quantity. But it is easily reproduced by slips,
layers, or cuttings. These will be for sale this spring at
the New England Farmer office.
SEED TEA WHEAT.
A few bushels of this verv valuable vanciy of Spring Wheat,
for sale at the Seed Store fio. 31, Norlh Market Street, raised
m the vicinity of' Lake Erie.
One kernel of this Wheal was found in a chest of Tea, ai
.St, John. N, B. in 1823, from which this variety was raised.
(See N. E. Farmer, vol i,v. page 105. and vol .v. page 105.)
Persons in want of it will please apply soon.
feb 20
GREEN HOUSE GL..>VSS.
Boston and other glass suitable for Green Houses, of any
•ize or quantity, may be had of LOKIMG &, KUPPER,
No. 10, Merchants Row.
FOR SALE,
60 bushels of prime four rowed Uarley for Seed. Apply
at the N. E. Farmer OHice.
Icb 27 3t
SEEDS FOR HOT BEDS.
Just received at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Office, No. 51 &, 52, North Market Street,
Boston,
The greatest variety of Early Vegetable and Flower Seeds
to be found in New England, many of which will soon be
wanted lor Hot Beds. The finest assorlmei;) ot Cabbage,
Cauliflower, Broccoli, Sweet Portuguese Marjoruin, and Early
deep Scarlet Short Top Radish Seeds, &c. ikc. Among the
European Cabbage Seeds are the true Early May Cabbage,
(very early) the true Early Salisbury Dwarf Cabbage, (vciy
dwarf ami early) also Early Yoik, "Early London Battersea,
Savoy and other Cabbages, Early Curled Silesia, and Head
Lettuces, Mignonette, Long Turkey Cucumbers for forcing,
(white iind green) Early VVhite Dutch Turnips, Tomalos, Li-
ma Beans, Early Peas, Beans &c, comprising every kind ot
Seeds wanted in New England— warranted of the very first
quality.
ALSO,
200 varieties of very handsome annual, biennial and perennial
Flower Setds, raised by one ol the first Florists ot the country,
ami wananted true kinds. -—20 varieties for KL If leb 20
SITUATION WANTED.
As manager ot a Farm, a married man, natives of Scotland,
his wife capable of majiaging a<lairy,can produce good recom-
mendation, as to character, and the best method of Agriculture.
Apply at this olfice.
Icb 27 is4t
PARTNER W^ ANTED.
A Gentleman, now well established in the Nursery business,
in Ohio, having a good assortment of Fruit Trees, i&c. grow-
ing, is desirous of taking as an active partner, a gardener li-om
the vicinity of Bostoii. who is thoroughly acquainted with the
business, and can give unquestionable testimonials as to his ca-
pacity, integrity and devotion to business. The location is one
of the best in the State, having a water communication north
»o the Lakes, south to the navigable waters of the Mississipp,
Valley, and east and west by the great National Road. For'
further particulars, apply personally, to Mr. Barrett, Publisher
of the New England Farmer, Boston. feb 20
PRAMINGHAM NURSERT.
W. BUCKMINSTER offers for sale at his Nursery in Fra-
mingliam, English Cherry trees. Peach trees. Pear trees, and
Apple trees ol the first quality. Also, a few Isabel a Grape
Vines. March,5, 1833.-
' WANTS A SITUATION,
AS A F.\RMER, a man with a small family who is well ac-
)uaiiitcd with his business, and can produce good rccommenda-
lons. Apply at this Office. 31 m3
GRASS SEEDS.
Herds Grass— Red Clover, ( Nnrtlurn and Southern) Red
Top— Fowl Meadow— Orchard Grass— Tall MeailowOatGrass
— Lucerne— White Dutch Honeysuckle Clover, for sale by
Gko. C. Barrett, No. 51 & 52 North Market Street, Boston.
feb 13 If
AVANTS A SITUATION,
A GARDENER, who is well acquainted with his business,
lid can produce, good recommendaUons. Apply at this olfice.
3w
PRUNING.
THE Subscribers would be glad to undertake the Pruning of
Fruit Trees, cfcc. &,c. Their practical experience in Horticul-
ture for many years, in England and America, recommends
ihein to give satisfaction to their emplovers. Apply at this
olhce. W1LUT&. WILSON.
SITUATION WANTED.
A M.4N with a family, who is well acquainted wiUi farm-
ing, and particularly the management of truit trees, wishes a
situation as foreman. Good recommendations can be given.
Apply at this office. m 5
MANURE AND HAY PORKS,
FOR SALE, at the Agricultural Ware House, No. 51 and
52, Norlh Market street,
20 doz. Willis' Patent socket and strap, cast steel manure
Forks,
50 doz. do. do. German steel do. do.
100 " Goodyear's 4, 5 and 6 prong do. do.
100 " Common do. do. do.
50 " Simmons' shear steel Hay Forks,
100 " Goodyear's German do. do.
50 " Common do. do. do.
50 " Three prong do. do. do.
60 " Bay do. do, do.
m 5 J. R. NEWELL.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
FOR SALE,
MILCH Cows, Onions, Rula Baga, &c.
75 bushels White Portugal and Red Onion,
400 do. Ruta Baga.
100 do. Chenango, Long Red and Pink Eye Potato.
50 do. best Vetlow Corn.
20 tons best English Hay.
Cabbages of various kinds. Beets, &c.
Aiso^
2 new Milch Cows, excellent milkers.
A covered Milk Wag'on and Harness.
Do. Market do. do.
12 two gallou Milk Cannisters, nearly new ; Tunnel and
Measures.
Chaise and Harness. — An approved Horse Rake.
BENJAMIN BLANEY,
Near the Reed farm, Swanscot.
Lynn, March 5th, 1833. 3t
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, norlhern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hat,
Honey, -
Hops, 1st quality,
Lari>, Boston, 1st sort, . . . .
Soudiem, Islsort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, ,
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, . . . .
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , ,
Red Top, northern, . . ,
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . ,
Tallow, tried, « ,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony
Merino, Jlhs washed, .
Merino, lialfblood, . .
Merino, quarter, , . .
Native washed, ...
^ C Pulled superfine,
b:-d Isl Lambs, . .
■S=<;2d "
S g. 3d " . .
^ [ 1st Spinning, . ,
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
bushel
barrel
pound
2 5t
1 37
6 7,
8 OC
3 00
2 50
11 60
7 00
S 50
15
BROOKS S PATENT DOMESTIC SILK SPINNER
AND TWISTER.
FOR Sale, at the Agricultural Warehouse, 51 & 52 North
Market Street, Brooks's new invented Silk Reeling, Doubling
and Twisting Mac.iine. This machine is very plain and simple
in its construction, is found on trial to be the most perfect and
easy operating Machine that has been invented, to effect both
processes of doubling and twisting at one operation, which is
done well with great despatch, and is no way liable to get out
of order. It may be worked by any girl of common capacity of
12 or 15 years ol age.
Specimens of the work may be seen at the above place.
J. R NEWELL, Agent to tlie Patentee
m 5
QUARTERLY RBVIEW^, NO. XCVI.
FOR October and Djcember 1 832 — Containing Philosophy
of Apparitions ; Amendments of the Poor-Laws ; Public Car-
riages— the Road ; Salt ; Zohrab the Hostage ; History of
Chariemagnc; Memoires de Louis X VIII. ; Inieresting_Evcnls
in the Lile ol Sir E. Seaward ; Mrs. Trollope's Refugee ; Mi
Ouseley on the United States ol .imerica ; La Fayette ct 1
Revolution de 1830 ; How will it work ; Church Reform ;-Just
published by LILLY, WAIT, COLMAN & HOLDEN
m 5
pound
cwt
pound
«
35
43
"
9
12
bushel
I 12
I 26
barrel
6 25
6 60
"
6 87
fi 25
"
5 87
6 37
"
(i no
6 12
bushel
75
SO
"
65
68
"
90
95
"
iib
70
"
M)
46
cwt.
62
70
gallon
50
S6
cwt
28 00
30 OO
pound
10
9
"
18
20
side
3 00
pound
16
19
side
2 5C
2 70
pound
24
26
tt
2S
25
cask
I OC
1 25
ton
3 87
4 00
bushel
barrel
17 5C
18 00
"
13 00
13 50
('
none
bushel
2 5(
3 00
1 50
20O
11
10 00
60
40
37
34
32
50
40
12
11 00
65
PROVISION MARKET.
reta
Hams, northern, . . .
southern, ...
Pork, whole hogs, . .
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, .
lump, best, . .
Eggs, .
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according to quality,)
pound
'.^1
u
6
*^
9
tt
18
"
20
dozen
16
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
23
23
18
40
3 00
AMERICAN MONTHLY REVIEW,
JUST published by RUSSELL, ODIORNE & CO., THE
AMERllJAN MONTHLY REVIEW, NO. XV. FOR
MARCH, 1833, Contents.— Duiiglison's Human Physiolo-
gy ; — Journal of Massachusetts Convention ; — Bush on the Mil-
lennium ; — Kenrick's New American Orchardist ;■ — Worcester's
Dictionary ; — Dckinson's Version of the New Testament ; —
Caspar Hauser; — Francis's Discourse; — Tour in England,
&c. ; — Workingmen's Library ; — Sayings and Doings at the
Tremonl House ; — Ware's Life of the Saviour ; — List of New
Books.
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, March. 4, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 382 Beef Cattle, exclusive of 26 which
were purchased in the country expressly for butchers, in the
vicinity of Taunton, and were driven through Brighton. 460
Sheep, about 40 of which have been before reported. About
75 Beef Cattle remain unsold.
PRicF.<t Beef Cattle.— 'fio particular variation from last
week, we shall quote about the same, viz. prime at g5,75 a
6,25 ; good at 5,25, a 5,75 j thin at 4,76 a 5.
SIteep. — We noticed one lot which we have before reported,
taken at 52.50 each ; two or three lots were sold, prices not
known to us, probably from gS, to 4. Also some beautiful
wethers at S5,50, 6 and 6,50.
Swine. — None at market.
■WANTED,
A STEADY single Man, perfectly capable of managing
the whole work of a small farm of 20 acres, with a good Garden.
No one will be engaged who cannot produce the best recom-
mendations as to sobriety, honesty, and having experience io
the most improved system of Agriculture. A member of tbp
Temperance Society, and a pious character, will be preferre<J
Apply at this office.
feb 13
272
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
MARCH 6, l<i.13.
MISCELLANY.
THE D1SENTHRAI.L.ED.
BY J. G. WHITTIER.
He had bowed down to drunkenness,
An abject worshipper ;
The pulse of manhood's pride had grown
Too faint and cold to stir;
And he had given his spirit up
To the unblesl thrall;
And bowing to the poison cup
He gloried in his fall.
There came a change — the cloud rolled off,
And light fell on his brain —
And like the passing of a dream
That comelh not again.
The shadow of his spirit fled,
He saw the gulf before —
He sliuddered at the waste behind.^
And was a man once more.
He shook the serpent folds away
That gathered routid his heart,
As shakes the swaying forest oak
Its poison vine apart ;
He stood erect — returning pride
Grew terrible within ;
And Conscience sat in Judgment OD
His most familiar sin.
The light of Intellect again
Along his pathway shone ;
And Reason like a monarch stood
Upon its golden throne ;
Tlie honored and the wise once more
Within his presence came —
And lingered ol\ on lovely lips
His once forbidaen name.
There may be glorv in the might
That treadeih notions down-
Wreaths for tho crimson conqueror-
Pride for the kingly crown —
But nobler is that triumph hour
The disenthralled shall find,
When Evil passion boweth down
Unu. the ffodl ke m:tk.
HUMAN I.IFE.
MOORE.
See how beneath the nwonheam's smiltj
Yon little lulloui heaves its lireusl —
And foams and sparkles/or awhile,
And, mnrmun'ji^, then subsides to rest.
Tlius Man, the sjiort of bliss and care
Rises on Tiine^s et'e7tt/ul sea —
And, having sweliKl a moment there,
Tims sinks into Eternity !
MIRACLE WORKING.
How Don Miguel rii:iy li.ive continued to oper-
ate against the invader, itKl.'pendentiy of niilitnrx
means may be conjiM-tnred hy means of the follow-
ing pleasant story wliieli we inarketl iu reading a
recent British work.
"1 have be '11 favored by a very intelligent
friend, who was nn eye witness of it, with the fol-
lowing anecdote. The narrator, a man of veraci-
ty, is himself a Roman Catholic. For sometime
after the as.siiniiitic.n <]f the crown of Portugal by
Don Miguel, his party had recourse to stratagem
to impress the minds of the lower classes who are
still full of ignorance and fanaticistn, and believe
in miracles, with the lecrality .ind divine right ol
his sovereignty. For two Sundays in succession,
a friar of the Convento da Graca, ascended the
pulpit fronting the altar on which had been placed
a figure of the Saviour as large as life, carrying
the cross. Under his gown was concealed a boy,
who held a string attached to the head of this figure.
Aftcrsoineprernninary discourse, the friar informed
his congregation that he was going to apply to the
image to know' whether Miguel was, or was not,
the legitimate sovereign of Portugal ; being satis-
fied it would perform, a miracle to work convic-
tion in the incredulous. He then turned to the
figure and said, ' Is Don Pedro our Sovereign?'
to which he received no reply. 'Is Donna Maria ?'
no answer. 'Is Don Jliguel ?' upon which last
interrogatory the figure nodded its head three
times iti token of assent.
On the third Sunday of this pantomime, the friar,
on repeating his two first questions, as previ-
ously, received no answer; but on coming to his
third the same silence unaccompanied by the ex-
pected motion of the head, continued ; itidignation
soon took the place of surprise and disappoint-
ment, and |)utting his question for the third time,
in a loud and angry tone, the innocent agent of this
farce, emerged from beneath the Saviour's gown,
and itiforined the audience with genuine, but fa-
t!il simplicity, that his ntiracle working string was
broken." — JVnf. Gaz.
Morse, being at a loss, without dottijt, for some-
thing else to say about us, most eruditely observes,
"there is not a single tree of natural growth on
the island" — a fact (which by the way is not a
fact) about as characteristic of the place, as it
would be of the dome of the I'oston State House,
or of a cylinder in a carding it aeliine.
A '1 fc-idPtRAl^CE jilVl!.* UOTE.
A FEW weeks since, while riding in the coach
between Boston and Gloucester, the conversation
of the passengers turned upon the subject of tem-
perance. A sailor, who hud followed the seas for
iliiity or forty years, observed that he belonged to
a teniperance society; upon hearing this the other
pa.ssengers were surprised, ]iercei\ing that he was
then tibont half seas over. He was asked why he
still continued to drink, if he belonged to such a
society. O, said he, I did not join it with the in-
tention of stopping myself, — it does me good and
1 will drink. He was asked, ' If yon are still de-
termined to drink, why did yiti sign the constitu-
tion which requires abstinence?" O, said he, I did
It to set a s^ood example to the risintr s:emratwn.
F.om the Naiducket Inquirer.
NANTUCKET.
'Oh no, Ihcy never nicniion it, the name is never heard.'
CoMAtcNiriKS, as well as individuals, not iiiifre-
ipiently huvi; to smart uinler the lash of neglect.
This is piirticularly the case with respect to Nan-
tucket. It is a town compactly built, with eight
thousand iidiabitants engaged in conmiercial en-
terprise that spans the whole earth, employin|
large capital, a multitude, a fleet of ships manned
by two thoustmd setimen that bring more real
wealth into the nation than ten times their nnm-
lier em|doyed iii any other business; that such a
place should be tmknowu in its own country, is,
not to say provoking, at least very humiliating
Yet it is true, and why?
The sources from which its true history ought
to he learned, are silent or worse than silent on
the subject. Geographers and the ptihlishers ol
maps are ignorant of us. Asa consummation ol
their ignorance it may be seen that, in attempting
to swell the list of large toums, they rake out scon s
'd" little, insignificant, backwoods, log htit settli-
m iits, whose pojinlation can be guessed up In m
two thousand to twenty five hundred, while tin
f)nieih town in population, and jirobably the twen-
tieth ill wealth in the Union, is passed over — not
neglected, but unthought of — not omitted, but uti-
Uiiown. We ask any iierson that has by chance
lieard our name, and by another chance may read
these lines, what idea he has of Nantucket, deriv-
ed from books. The answer, we venture to .s.n
is, "iliiit it is a little, miserable, sandy, fishint
concern, situated somewhere, possibly on Cape
Cod, coiitaiiiing it may he, two or three hundred
^leople subsisting precariously by hook and line."
The President of the first College iu America,
once asked a poor wight who had been detainiN;
here by the ice, after the expiration of a wiutei',-
vacation, 'Why did you not come by land. Sir?
The same Presiilent would undoubtedly be able ti
give a better description of many an unheard ol
Vlahoinetan village, than our "poor sandy God-
lorgotten spot," though the latter has, beyonn
doubt, lighted his way to classic lore, for which
he is so justly honored. Even the late Rev. Dr.
SEEDS FOR COLNTRV DEALERS.
TRAUEltS in the country, who may wish to keep an as-
soriiiicnt ot genuine Garden Seeds tor sale, are in;oimed they
can lie lurnisliud at the New Engluiid Farmer ollice, Nos. fil
&, oJ, North Market street, ISusion, » idi boxes containing a
coiniileto assortment of the seeds nio!>ily Used in a kitchen
gardi n on as lavotable terms as they can be procured in this
coiniiiy, neatlydone up in small papeis, at C cents each- — war-
ranii'ii to be ol the growth ot 183i;, and ol the venjju st quality.
Oknamentai. Flovvek Seeds will be added on the same
leiiiis, » hen ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Eahly and
6« >.KT < 'OKN, &.C. ol different sorts.
11 JT The seeds vended at this establishment, are put up on an
im|. roved plan, each package being a(coiii(.anied with short
ilir'i'iions on its managements, and packed in the neatest style.
Trinlers arc requested to call and e.vainiiie tor themselves.
WHITE CLOVER SEED.
Just received at the Seed Sioie cunnecied with the New
E.igland F.\nner, 51 and a2 North Bbuket Street, Boston,
lOlA) lbs fine-t Wh.te Dutch Honeysuckle Clover Seed, im-
ported lioni Kotterdam.
N. B. The tjualiiy of this Seed is considered superior to
any that lias been ottered in this city tor many years, being re-
markably bright, pure, and tree .rom thai great pest, Canada
lliisde, whidi .s Iixqueutly lound in wh.tc clover seed ol Amer-
ciiii growth. Fanners are requested to call and examine it.
leb li)
FOR SALE,
THE Bull COLLINS, got by l;olivar— dam Young Flora,
byt.'u'l.bs; Giaiiddam iho iinporled Cow Floia— di.-|.i Aug.
oU, m.l,— Coluur led and while. This liull is one nl liie linest
aiiimaU in Amciica, aii<l will be sold low. Apply at this office.
.1 .n. n: It
The new ENUL.iND FARMER
Is published eveiy Wednesday Evening, at ftb jier annum,
payable at the end ol the year — but those who pay within
sixiy *lays Ironi the lime ol subscribing, are eiuitled to a deduc-
liou ol Jltty cents.
[J j' No jjaper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
AVio York — G. Thoreukn iSi .Su.ns, C7 Liberty-street.
Albany — \Vm. Thokburn, 347 Market-street.
I'tiiladeljihia — 1). »So C. Landreth, Uj Chesnui-street.
Ilaltimore — I. 1. Hitchcock, Publisher ol American Farmer.
t'incimmii — S. C Parkhurst, 23 Lower ftlarket-slreet.
/•'liisliing, N. V. — Wm. Prlnce &. Sons, Prop. Liu. Bot. Gar.
A.idilebuiy, l^ — Wight Chapman, Meichiuit.
/.'u'H/b.ii— Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
f^jiriuir/ield. 2t.s. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Seirbuiyjin t — Ebeke/.er Sted.>ian, Bookseller.
I'o.lsinouth, N. li. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — t'ui.MAN, Hdlden cfc Co. Booksellers.
Auziisla, Ate. — Wm. JIann, Druggist.
:i:'lifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
y/„nt.eal, /.. f. Geo. Bent.
Printed lor Giu. C Barrett by Joii.\ Fonii, who
e.\pcutes every description of Souk iinil I'linnj Printing
in good style, and with promptness. Orders for printing
iiiiiy be lett with Geo. C- Barrett, at the Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
PU;1L1.S1I|.:D UY GEO. C. liARRETT, NO, 5-', NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Agrk u..i uhal VVarkhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
XI. BOSTOV, VVEDNESnAY EVENING, MARCH 13, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the Nem Eiif/cind Fanner.
SEIiECTIOX OF SEEDS, IMPROVED VEGETA-
BLES, 6i,c.
Camden, f.'V. J.) 3d Month, \st, 1833.
Respected Friend, — [ observed in the N. E.
FaniiLT, No. 22, under the head Agricultural Es-
says, No. 23, on tlie suliject of seeds, the author
says, " seeds not natural to the climate degenerate
and should he changed annually," and, "thai
corn, harley, oats, and seeds of all kinds should be
changed every year, if will pay the farmer four-
fold for the trnulile of doing it." This is a subjccl
of great importance to the agriculturist, and should
be fully investigated from actual experiment before
it is implicitly adopted, as it 'is attended with nnich
trouble and expense, in making these repeated
changes. I believe some benefit may result from
making changes and introducing a greater rvariety
of sorts, and when we find good and productive
kinds, of either vegetables or grain we had better
enileavor to continue to improve them ourselves
by proper care and cultivation and saving of the
best for seed than depend upon our neighbor's
care. — I, however, can speak from about forty years
of observation and experience, that seeds not natu-
ral to our climate, instead of '^ degeverating" by
care and proper cultivation have a tendency natu-
rally to become more acclimated to our climate,
and insteadof making these annual changes it would
be better for the farmer to endeavor to juiprove
these good sorts than to be annually changing
with his neighbors.
I expect it will be admitted that much has been
eflx'cted in the improvement of the breeds of cattle
and sheep, sometimes by a cross and again by selec-
ting thejMost |)erfect in form and size, and raising
a sock from the best milkers, for iustance the shon
horned Durham, and Alderney breed, also Bake-
well's celebrated sheep, these have all been derived
from crosses, and selecting the most perfect. The
same course I think will be found to produce the
same beneflcrial results of mixing some kinds ol
seeds of the same species and improve from the
best. I will now give an instance of a trial made
by one of my ancestors tnore than sixty years ago ;
he planted some of the small kind of chicken corn
' (or as the children call it pop corn, from its burst-
Lig so handsomely when roasted on a shovel over
the fire) which usually produces from four to eight
ears on a stalk, with the common large Indian
corn, aint improved from that mixtme, for a few
yeais, until he got what ho thought a good anil
perfect kinil. This small sort was also very pro-
ductive in leaves as well as in ears, which is ol
great importance as regards fodder, as some ol
our kinds produce but few leaves aud are not
worth njuch for that purpose. The product ol
this mixture is, gi'uerally, from two to four and
sometimes six ears to a stalk. This same kind ol
corn has been annually grown on the same farm
since that [leriod without any other mixture, anU
to this time the usual product is from fifty to sev-
enty-five bushels [ler acre. On the same iiuni
and about that pjriod aud hy the same person the
like results took place with squashes ; tiny are
still grown there, and do not dcgeuerate either in
flavor or <iuantiiy.
About twenty years since dining with a friend
of mine about 80 miles from my home, I observed
some potatoes brought on the table. I was struck
with their unusual white appearance, and their fla-
vor was also excellent (at that time we rarely saw
my but what were of a yellow appearance). On iu-
liiiry I found he had procured them from Long Isl-
md, about two years before. They had been re-
•ently brought from England, and were called
Koxites or Fox's seedlings. I obtained a fnw and
(ilanted them, and have continued to do so, from
(hat period to the present time without any changf
with my neighbors, they continue to be as good it,
ipiality and as productive in quantity, but I am
always careful not to make use of the best foj
cooking or sale and plant the refuse. When this
is done I do not marvel at the common complain,
of seeds degenerating. It is a good practice and
should be done every few years, to be carefm
when the potato crop is gathering, when a
large number of good sized fair potatoes are found
attached to a stalk to put them by and jdant thenj
separately for seed. I think it of importance for
farmers not too hastily to adopt theory without
lieing tested by actual experiment, by annual-
ly changing their seeds. I have found from an
■xperience of nearly forty years a benefit from
my jiractice of saving all kindsof seeds designed to
jilant, to make the selection from the best aud
most productive. This rule will apply to rye or
wheat as well as all other seeds. The rye I uow
liavc, is the product (many years since) from a re-
markably large seed, and the grain nmch whiter
than conunon, and it is uow generally sown in this
neighborhood. Indian corn of any kind can be im-
proved. It is my usual practice to go through the
tield previous to gathering the crop, and make the
selection from the best shaped stalk with the most
leaves and most productive in ears, attending also
to the time of ripening, and by sowing some of the
most early we can injprove as to the time of ripen-
ing. Hy taking this care with our early pease we
get them much earlier for market than formerly.
I wish our farmers, more generally, would try tin
■experiment for themselves of making a careful
selection of seeds endeavoring to improve the
kinds, and I think they would find as proportion-
,ite a benefit from it as they do from raising stock
from the best cattle. Resj)ectfully thy friend,
Benjamin Cooper.
By the Editor. We have taken the liberty to
attach the name of the writer to the above valua-
ole article, notwithstanding his intimation to the
contrary. We have done so because the name ol
a judicious practical cultivator adds to the value
of his communication.
For the New En^lajid Farmer.
CULTtJUB OP OATS.
Ir» your " Agricultural Essays, No. 17," the wri-
ter says " Oats cannot Le sowed too early." — Now
it is a general practice among the farmers in Strat-
ford our neighlioriiig town to sow oats late ; that is
not until the first of May or after. They give as
a reason for late sowing that early sown oats pro-
duce a large crop of straw, and a small crop of
seeds, aud that late sowing gives a small crop of
straw and a large crop of seed, and is a lighter tax
upon the land. They generally sow on stalk
ground, (after Indian corn,) plough early, leave the
land in furrow, until sowing time, wlien they say
most of the weeds have started and will be sub-
dued by harrowing in the oats. It would be well
for th^ farming interest to have this question put at
test by those who can speak decidedly upon it. I
myself have been in the practice of sowing early
in April to give more time to prepare for planting.
Bridgeport, March 5lh, 1833. B.
By the Editor. The writer of the " Agricul-
tural Essays," alluded to by bur correspondent, is
not alone in his recommendation to sow oats early
in the spring. Dr. Deane, in New England Far-
mer, article Oats, says, " they cannot be sown too
^arly in spring, after the ground is thawed and be-
comes dry enough for sowing. The English far.
mers sow them sometimes in February. But in a
wet soil they sometimes answer very well, though
sowed in June."
" Tke Farmer^s Assistant" states that Oats re-
quire a soil and a climate sufficiently moist. Dry
gravelly or sandy soils are the most unfit ^for this
grain. In most climates it is best to sow oats as
soon as the ground can be properly prepared in the
spring; but where drought is not to be expected,
they may be sown at any time that will enable the
crop to ripen before the close of the sea.son. Lou-
don informs that iu England the season for sow-
ing oats is from the last vwek in February to ths
end of April. About the middle of March is pr«-
ferred by the best f irmers."
For tlie New F.ngland Farmer.
ADDIEASUREIUENT OF SIASIVRE.
It would be desirable for the farming interest
that there should be some mode by which to state
what quantity of itianure is used in raising certaja
crops which are reported for premium: a load iB
an indefinite quantity, a cord is a good and a very
proper term if we could only umlerstand each
other what quantity is meant by it. 1 had sup-
posed that an ox cart which would carry a
half cord of wood — would with good top side aud
end boards carry a half cord of manure if well
loaded aud have as many cubic feet in it, and this
is what I had considered in all the reports to be
what was meant the half of what is called a cord.
But it apfiears that I have been mistaken in mak-
ing this calculation by the report of Mr. Payson
Williams, of Fitchburg, in your paper No. 32, who
makes 45 loads of 16 cords. Will you, Mr. Editor,
liavc the goodness to fix the quantity which is to
be considered a cord? B.
We believe that a cord of manure like a cord of
wood, consists of 128 cubic feet, equivalent to a
|jile or heap, 8 feet long 4 feet wide and 4 feet
high. Mr. Williams according to that admeasure-
ment carried about 45,5 cubic feet to a load of hia
manure.
21'4
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
March i3, 1833,
For the New Ens^lami Farmer.
PATENT DOMESTIC SILK SPINIVER AND
TWISTEK.
With confidence I iiitiodiice this Machine to the
piihlic whicli I have learned from experience to he
the host of any yet in use ; as I liave tried various
ways for reelinjr and spinning silk, but found noth-
ing hut what required too njuch ]al)or and loss to
he profitahle until I made this machine. This
can he used to draw the thread and twist at
the same time, cocoons enough to make the
thread of any size recpiired, and make it as much
or as little as is wanted for weaving, knitting and
double and twist the sewing silk in the neatest
manner ; all with one operation by twisting it wet
from the cocoon into a finished thread, smoother,
stronger, and more even, uniting it in its natural
gum, better than it can be after it is dried. Silk
can he spun on this Machine from the cocoons in-
to a thread with less expense or labor than linen,
cotton or woollen yarn, and its steady diawing
does not break the fibres, as was experienced on
other reels.
There is another advantage in using this Ma-
chine. There is often a loss and perplexity from
the silk's tangling, breaking and separating before
it is twisted, but with this we may have it all saved
and good with a little care in managing the co-
coons.
I have had a piece of silk handkercliief spun, a?ul
woven in a common loom-reed and harness,
Which obtained a premium at Bridgewater Agricul-
tural Exhibition. It wove as strong as any other
cloth.
Any person, who purchases a Machine may
learn to spin in two days, and shall have such in-
structions as are necessary to do it in the l»est man-
ner gratis by coming to my house, or they may with
a few day's trial, by following tl)e directions, learn
themselves.
Printed directions shall he furnished to the pur-
chasers of each Machine, describing the exact
process from the cocoons to warp and tillingfor cloth
or finishing sewing silk. ] have had completed on
this M.ichme from the cocoons fifteen skeins of well
wrought sewing silk in ninety minutes.
Adam Urooks.
Scitnale, 3:1 Month, 7, 1833.
For further information relative to this Machine
inquire at ihe Agricultural Warehouse No 52 North
Market street, Boston.
Hi/ the Editor.
PE.\T FOR MANURE.
[C.u.llnue.l from page 258.]
Peat made up with sea-weed gets into heat,
and appears to undergo the same change as when
Jivepared with dung; but on enq)loying the com-
post to raise wheat the crop was good, and taller
than that raised by the connuon comjiosf; but a
week later, and did not come on to ripen so
equally. As it was an object to obtain a compost
by menus of sea-weed, in order to make out ol
that article a permanent manme, which otherwise
iiourislics only one or two crops, it was attempted
to prepare it l.y the addition of more sea-weed ai
tlie turning over of the compost, as also to try the
ctiect ol add.ng to the preparation a small quantity
a. aminal mailer, which in general may be j)ro-
eured without much dirticulty near the sea-coast,
and in the neighborhood of towns or fisheries, and
both wore found to answer in making a perlectly
good jjreparatiou.
Peat was exposed, dming part of a summer to
the fumes of a putrefying carcase, and the experi-
ment was varied by mixing it with ashes, lime-
rubhish or otherwise. The i)eat proved a manure,
hut more or less weak ; and as at the time it was
supposed impossible to bring it into heat without
mixture with fresh dung, or fresh vegetable mat-
ter, and heat was supposed requisite for a plentiful
absorption of putrid vapors, these experiments were
not carried further.
A considerable quantity of field turnips was laid
up with peats, to be preserved from frost in the
winter season. The turnips sprouted, and a con-
siderable heat resulted ; but the peat though ren
dered pliable and used as a top-dressing, did not
operate as a manure ; and when subjected to fer-
mentation by reiterated mixture with hashed tur-
nips and other fresh vegetables, it still turned out
a poor manure at first, and afterward worse than
none, the chrystals of the sulphate of iron a))pear-
ing on it.
The Author was never able to prepare peat by
means of lime alone ; hut liaving received a very
particidar account of a friend having in this way
in)t only brought it into heat, hut raised excellent
wheat, he made particular inquiry into the circum-
stances, when he learned, that the heat might he
perfectly exi)lained by the action of the moist peat
on the burnt lime-shells, and that the wheat crop
was as good on a corner of the fielrl, where the
lime and peat had been carteil on, and plouglie<l
in without any previous admixture, as where they
had ))reviously been mixed, laid up in a dung-hill,
and turned over as a composition in preparation.
In one instance, the mixture of peat and lime wiis
found by the Author to be actually pernicious tci
ihe wheat crop; hut the ensuing crop of oats was
ixccllent. Tan combines with animal jelly, and
loses its astringency ; and sundry vegetable matters,
such as wheat contain gluten ; while the compo-
nent parts of which gluten is composed, are very
irenerally distributed among a variety of substan-
ces. At the same time in common temperatmi s,
lime-water does not unite with the tan in peat,
nor does mine. Hence, possibly, the gradual pn p-
aration of peat, in a certain sense, by exposure to
the atmosphere, or mixture with the soil may be
explained ; while, otherwise, it may be retenlivi ,
\hr a time of (]ualities adverse to its decomposition,
and evcTi unfavorable to vegetation, in certain
proportions.
Peat thrown into cow-urine becomes a sort ol
sleech or mud, resembling that of a well frequent-
ed public road in moist weather; and having been
used as a top dressing, was found to answer as ,i
good manure. Something of the same sort takes
place if soap suds are used, or water of connnon
sewers. The peat, thus converted into nuni,
should have been laid up in order to dry a lilth,
and then should have been turned over, when it
would have heated and undergone decomposition,
but when these experiments were made it was not
suspected that l>eat could form an union with ani-
mal matter under pulri faction, wliich wouH ena-
ile it to undergo an active fermentation, accom-
panied with beat, as if still a vegetable substance
recently deprived of life.
It is impossible to prescribe with any precision,
the quantity of con, post required to manure pai-
ticular crops or soils. Hitherto the Author has
luund it, when jiroperly prepared, equal, and in-
ieed in some respects preferable, to common fiuin-
yard dung, weight for weight, during the first |
three years, and to surpass it afterward. It has
been inferred from the appearance and effects of
the compost, that a considerable proportion of it
is less volatile and soluble than dung; but that it,
nevertheless, yields to the crop what is sufficient
as a manure, when subjected to the action of the
living fibres of vegetables, and in this way wastes
slower; and lasts longer. Whatever be in this in-
ference, nothing however, has appeared more re-
markable than its superiority in njaiiitaining (for
four or five years,) fresh and nourishing, the pas-
ture of thin clays, that had been laid down with it,
and in making them yield well again when broken
up, without any top dressing or new manure or
any sort. When cmjiloyed in this way the effect
of common dung, laid on in the usual quantity, is
soon over ; the soil resumes its state of over
consolidation, and the pasture grows unkindly.
Hence such soils have the reiuitation of being sel-
dom cidtivated by the plough with advantage, unless
with the aid of quantities of dung procured by
purchase and nmch exceeding what such ground
will yield by cro|)ping, till enriched by .several ro-
tations, sustained in that adventitious manner.
The difliculty in adjusting the quantity of com-
post to be used for an acre belongs to manmes
generally, and appears to be little understood by
the connnon run of farmers. Not oidy the riclies
of the soil to be manured, but the season of the
yciu- when it is to be ai)[)lied, and the natural tex-
ture of the soil, and the stale of tilth in which it is
at the time, all require consideration. If the
grouiul is loamy, the stirring it Uj) well with the
plough and harrow, brings up a fresh soil from
belou', and excites a general chcnjical action
ilinuigh the .surface, which, with tlie aid of a
little putrescent inamire, operates like a fidl dress-
ing with dung. If it is a hungry gravel, that is
a sandy gravel with little loam, a considerable
ipiantity of carbonaceous matter is required to sup-
ply its wants; and peat conq)Ost is, in (iicl, better
tor it than common dung, containing much more
carbon and consuming much more slowly. In
thin clays, containing a little poor sand, the com-
post appears in a wonderful maimer to excite the
vegetative power of this uniironiising clay, if it
has got in it a little calcareous earth. But in the
rich clays, where there are in general both carbo-
naceous and calcareous earths in considerable ])ro-
portions, the Author has had no experience, and
would expect that animalized dung was of most
consequence. But as to sands of all descriptions,
and thin clays, and hazel loams, and other such
soils, he can s|)eak from experience of its ad-
vantages, and w<Mild recommend it in particular as
superior in raising potatoes, and in furnishing
what is requisite for turnip crops. It is natural
to presume that the compost must be of singular
arlvantage to chalky soils; hut of these the Author
has no experience, though he suspects that the
practice of sowing dry peat earth may, in part, be
derived from the want of disengaged carbon im
such soils. If einj)loyed in land in a coarse state
of tilth, a large proportion of compost is required
ill the same way as of lime or any other manure.
The compost answers also as a top-dressing r
hut for this purpose in order to prevent the with-
ering and consequently imperfect solubility of the
harder parts of the peats, when exposed on tlie
surface the compost should remain longer tijan
usual in the dunghill, and a mixture of animal
matter, by promoting decomposition, is of peculiar
importance to its virtues. But when rich earth
V6l.. XI. NO. 35.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOUIlNAL.
27.5
can be procured, or vegetulile mould, tliey apiiear
io be tiie best of top-dressings, if aujiiKUed eitlier
by a mixture of linie rubhisli, or witli ashes and
aniiiialized matter, collected front streets and com-
mon sewersw Peats mixed witli Tniie for a twelve
month, and used as a top-dressing, did no good
for several years, while fat earth treated in the
same way did a great deal inmiediately.
Peat ashes were not found to ferment peat, nor
to operate as a manure, except for a single year,
when they did raise turnips. In England they
nre, in some districts, used as a top-dressing for
wheat ; but the late very accurate chemist Dr.
Kenedy, found those there employed contained
sulphate of lime, (gypsum) in a large proportion ;
whereas it was only in a very small one that any
gypsum was found in the compost.
From the Genesee Farmer.
SOAP.
As this is the season of the year when most of
^our housekeepers attend to making soft soap for
the use of the family, we trust a few observations
Jiiay be acceptable.
Much difficulty is frequently experienced in this
l)usiness, and many vulgar errors have been con-
nected with it ; and we have heard vvomeu declare
that they believed their soap was bewitched. When
the principles are once understood, the whole pro-
cess is easy and simple. First, then, it is proper
tliat housekeepers should know the properties of
the component parts of soap.
There are two fixed alkalies used in soap mak-
iiig, viz. potash and soda. Potash is called the veg-
etable, and soda the mineral alkali. Either of
these alkalies will unite with grease and form
soaps; potash and grease make soft soap only,
but soda and grease make hard soap. Both these
alkalies have a strong affinity for acids — uniting
with them, and forming what is generally called
neutral salts. Thus potash and nitric acid form
saltpetre; soda and sulphuric acid form glauber
salts, and soda and muriatic aeid, or spirits of salt,
form common salt.
Now no woman in her senses would think of
making soap with either of these salts ; and yet the
base of either, when separated from the acid,
would form when mixed with grease, as good
soap as if they had never been united.
There is also another acid which combines with
these alkalies, which will equally prevent their
uniting with grease as either of the before men-
tioned acids — that is carbonic. Now this acid is
continually floating in the atmosphere unseen, and
will combine with potash or soda wlienever it
comes in contact, forming a carbonate of soda or
potash — neither of which will unite with grease
to form soap.
Much of the difficulty which house-keepei's
meet with in soap making, arises from their ley
having become more or less saturated with car-
bonic acid. Ashes which have laid long in a
damp place, or become damp by any other means,
will absorb carbonic acid, or if the ley is allowed
to stand too long after it is leached in an open ves-
sel, the same thing will take place. Lime is often
placed in the bottom of tlie leach, and but few can
tell why they do it. If the question is asked, the
reply is — because it makes the ley clearer. Lime
lias a stronger affinity for carbonic acid than pot-
ash has, and of course will separate it from it.
Common limestone is lime and carbonic acid; —
when limestone is burned in a kiln, the carbonic
Mcid is separated by heat, and quicklime is formed.
Now if this quick or fresh-burnt lime is placed in
the bottom of the leach and the ley made to pass
through it, it becomes purified from the acid, and
the only thing necessary then to have it unite with
grease, is to have it of sufficient strength. This
may be ascertained by its specific gravity— to learn
which, put a new laid egg into it ; if the egg floats,
the ley is strong enough ; if it sinks, the ley must
either be evaporated by boiling, or by again leach-
ing it through ashes. — The grease made use of is
the refuse fat of animals, and before it is united
Willi the ley, should be freed from all the salt by
boiling it in water. The quantity necessary for a
barrel of good soap is about sixteen pounds, or
half a pound to a gallon.
Soap, when well made, should be thick and
salve-like, capable of being spread thin upon cloth
without flaking or rolling offi If to such soap
about an equal quantity of soft water is added, the
soap becomes hard and liver-like, capable of being
taken up in the hand. This many think is desir-
able,— especially the soap-boilers who make it for
sale, as they make double the profit they would on
the other quality.
Some housekeepers practice making their own
hard soap. This is done by adding salt to the
soap after it is well made, while it is yet boiling.
The effect is thus explained. Salt is soda and
muriatic acid. Potash has a stronger affinity for
muriatic acid than soda has, and when they come
in contact, as in this case, the potash decomposes
the salt and combines with the muriatic acid, liarm-
ing a muriate of potash — leaving the soda pure to
form a hard soap with the grease ; the muriate of
potash will be found on cooling, in solution at the
bottom, being of greater specific gravity than the
soa|i. The salt should be added by small quanti-
ties until the separation takes place, which may
be known by the soap becoming curdled ; after
which it should be allowed to stand until cold,
when it may be cut into bars or cakes, as suits the
operator. Many suppose that rosin is necessary
to harden the soap. This is not the case, it is
used as a matter of profit — not of necessity.
The common yellow color of soft soap is owing
to the iron contained in it, as the oxide of iron is
dissolved by potash. Where white soap is desir-
able, it may be made by substituting pearlash or
carbonate of potash, and abstracting carbonic acid
by lime — and by using lard or other white grease,
the purest white soap may be made.
ITEMS OP Economy, arts. &c.
To make Green Wax. — Take two ounces of
bees-wax, melt it, add one ounce of verditer ; lei
the pipkin be large eilough as it will immediately
boil lip; stir it well, and add one quarter of an ounce
rosin: it will be sufficiently hard and fit for use. —
Kennebec Farmer.
Cheap Wash or paint. — In answer to the inquiry
of your correspondent W, in page 17, as to a white
wash for fences and out-houses, I ofler the follow-
recipe.
To six gallons of hot water add three pounds of
soap, three pintsof oil of turpentine, or something
like these proportions, and of white clay enough
to make a wash of the proper consistency, which
apply with a common vvhite wash brush, stirring
up and mixing the ai tides frequently with a slick.
A red p.iint may be made by useing red clay in-
stead of white. Every part of the country in
wliich I reside, affords fine clays for these purjioses (
and I presume they are to be found every
where.
The expense of painting in this way a house
of one story, 20 feet square, roof and walls, with
two coats, I have estimated in labor and iriaterials,
at from four to five dollars, and the paint or wash
is in a good degree neat, durable and useful; — -
.American Farmer.
Scientific Excursion. We understand that Mr.
Browne, whose efforts in the cause of Natural
History we have often noticed in our columns, is
prosecuting the excursion which his friends re-
cently enabled him to undertake with great suc-
cess. He has found several important portions of
the Southern coast to a good degree unexplored
by the Naturalist. We feel confident that his
tour will |)rove highly satisfactory to all concerned.
PIiASTER AND LEACHED ASHES,
Mr. Goodsell. — I have observed inyourpapei"
much said on the effects of plaster. From my
own experience, lam much in favor of plaster. I
use from three to five tons yearly; and when I
apply it to corn, which I have done for three years)
past, I mix it with one half leached ashes, as they
are leached for common family use, put it in a cart
and shovel and mix it well. I then put one gill to
the hill immediately after the first hoeing, and the
same thing over after the second hoeing. I have
tried the same quantity of clear plaster, side and
side twice, and find the mixture to produce the
greatest effects. The two ingredients, when mixed
appear to produce a much greater power of attrae-
tion. My neighbors tried it last season, to great
satisfaction, and will hereafter use them mixed
even if the cost were the same.
Genesee Farmer. J. SPICER.
FUNGI.
The natural history of these plants is replete
with interest, and they are constantly laboring fof
the general advantage. The quickness of their
growth, says Professor Burnet, is astonishing, and
the rapidity of their increase all but past belief. —
The bovista, or full-puft"-ball, has been computed
to grow at the rate of many million cells per minute,
upwards of a million per second ; and to be, when
at maturity, so many times larger than when be-'
gining to germinate that figures shrink from the ex-
pression of the sum; and Fries asserts that he has
counted in a single individual plant of the smaller
kind called smuts, ten millions (!) sporales, so sub."
tile that they rise into the air like smoke; and hence,
although lost in astonishment at their prolific pow-
eis,our wonder ceases that they should be every
where dispersed and colonize every spot that af-
fords fit niitrihient for their growth. There are
three groUpsor orders of fungi ; blights, blasts, and
mildews; puff-balls, truffles, &c. and mushrooms
and toadstools.
In George Shaw's garden (under keeper to the
Hon. Mrs. C. OlHey, at Madeley,) were grown this
year, from three roots, the following potatoes. In
number 367, weight 72 lbs. anil upon a square yard
of land : one of them weighed 2^ lbs. and twenty 36
lbs. the whole as above. — Staffordshire (Eng.) Mv^
Cotton. — Letters from New Orleans say that the
news of the capture of the Castle of Antwerp,
which reached there from Havre on the 12!)i, pro
duced ipiite a stir in the cotton market, 6000 bale*
having been sold after dark.
276
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MARCH 13, Ifiai,
AN ADDRESS
Delivered al Briilg-ewaler, Nov. 7, lb'32, before llie PlymouUi
County Agricullural Society, by Rev. Jonathan Bice-
low, of Rochester.
[Concluded from page 269.]
The agriculturists of a country constitute the
parts and parcels of its constitution, not tliat con-
stitution whicli is written on ))arclmient, wltich the
winds may I'lovv away, or the fire consiune, but
that, which is before all others, and by which ali
others consist, and which held the State firm ii.
the hour when charters were abolished and laws
were no more. I say agricidturists for as they
feed the body politic and constitute its natural de-
fenders, so their condition gives tone and form to
its <roverninent. Answer me one question respect-
in" any country, and you answer all others re-
specting the real nature of the government and
the condition of the governed. Who owns the
soil ? does the sovereign, or is it subject to his di-
rect control ? Then the government is a despotism,
and the people are slaves. Is the soil owned by
tlie/eu) and cultivated by the many'} The govern-
ment is an aristocracy ; the people have vmny tc
tyrannize over them. Is the laud owned in com-
mon .' The nation has not emerged from barbar-
ism. Is it parcelled out, as our forefathers par-
x:elled out New England ; each family owning tin
farm it cultivates ; the government is essentiall}
a popular governun^nt ; the people have all the es-
sentials of freedom. — The French laid the corner
stone on which the temple (d'liberty will ultimate-
ly rise, not wlien they altered their constiiuticn
and form of government, not when the Guillotiiu
became a fountain frujii which flowed a river o
blood, not when they laid the neck of their gener-
ous but weak monarch on the block and chiselled
from the Tuilerics the insignia ami inscriptions
of royalty and proclaimed France a Republic, nor
yet when tlioy sinit the temples of religion in
which the ministers of abomination had long min-
istered and tyrannized, nor yd even when they
aimed a bolder stroke and exiled their Nobles anil
Bobility from their shores. All these, by a vult
ina_; be banished, and by a vote be restored.
They laid it in the hour, when the peasantry were
declared citizens, when the extensive domains ol
the King anil the e.xiled nobles were eonliscated,
cut up into small plantations and sold, so that mul-
titudes who Were oidy tillers, became in addition
owners of the soil. A misnamed Holy Alliance
restored the Bourbons, reinstated the nobles and
placed the Jesuits in all the departineirts of re-
ligion, and abolished all that could be abolished oi
the Revohilion. One thing alone remained — the
soil had cliiUigcd hands, the niiinors hud become
farms, fields, vineyaids and hamlets of cottages.
Power could compel France to pay for, but found
it impossible to restore to the nobility their ancient
domains and their tenantry. Henceforth France
may have Kings, but henceforth there will be no
subjects there ; and 1 venture to predict that no
Revolution can make the other nations of Europe
free, but one that shall upturn the foundations of its
society that shall make its tenantry citizens, anU
that shall wrest from the King, the nobles and the
Ecclesiastics, their domains, and permit the tiller
to become identical with the owner of the soil.
All other measures will be but quack prescrip-
tions for the symptoms, instead of specifics for the
disjase.
On this subject a volume of deep interest and
lull of instruction might be written, but lltose ol
you who have reflected upon it, need no other
liroof to convince you that the agricultural ar-
angements of the non-slave holding states, are the
lernianent constitution of our country, the charter
of our liberties ; that which will give tone and
shape to our government through all coming time.
Yes, as long as these arrangements shall remain
unimpaired in the non-slave holding states, (the
owner and tiller of the soil being the same,) their
sons will sit as now, each under "his own vine and
his own Jig-tree, having none to molest or make
afraid," simply because it is his own; iind in them,
in the end, will you find agriculture attaining its
bijrhest point of perfection, and pursued with most
profit to the cultivator and the community. Egypt
was the granary and Palestine the glory of the
world only, when cultivated by the owners of the
soil.
Thus I have attempted to show that agriculture
stands i)re-cmiuent among human pursuits, not oidy
because it is indispensable to individual subsistence
and national prosperity, but because also it is pre-
eminently conducive to the welfare of those who
are engiiged in it — it gives harmonious and health-
tid develoi)ement to the body ; energy, courage,
firumess and manliness to the mind ; is peculiarly
favorable to the formation of virtuous and temper-
ate habits, to the acquisition of knowledge, to the
growth of that peculiar property called common
sense, to purity and integrity of character. Thesi
properties are the foundation and pillars of sell
govermnent and rational liberty.
I pass on to notice, briefly, the fact that agri-
culture is a progressive art and science, and alsu
to notice some ])oiiits where furtlier inqirovemeni
may be made, and is needed.
That agricidlme is a progressive art and science,
is evident to all who have altended to its history,
or to the improvements which every year brings
along with it, and although some remain, whoui
Miither example nor argument can convince, thai
the inqdemenis of ugrii iillure used aud the niodib
pursued by their giandlathers, were not perttcl,
their nmiiber is lust diii]ii]i>hing. — When Lantech,
with that iiiexplieable line of emotions, known onl}
to a faiher's heart, » iiduaced his inlant first born,
having surveyed bini with that anxious eye whid
would fain read in his countenance the initials o
his future hislory, he e.xcliiimed, "Noi:li, comloii,
this same shall eoinlort us concerning our work
and toil of our haiuls because olthegrouud which
the Lord hath enrseil," he saw, or thought hi
saw in him, a geinus lor agricultural improvetnent.
From some noiices in bis histoiy, it is prohabli
ihat the parent's iUiiicipations were realized, thai
Noah did greatly inqnove the agiicultuie of bi.^
age, as we find him planting u vineyard immedi-
ately after leaving the ark ; and we know also thai
the plains of Sliinar, where he issupjiosed to havi
n sided, became higiily cultivated belore his death.
With feelings similar to those of the I'atriarci,
wiiiild the lather of Sir John Sinclair have em-
oraced his infant son, coulil he have foreseen ah
the blessings which that son was instrumental it.
conferring upon agriculturists. His indefatiga-
ule eflbrts resulted in the establishment of tin
British Board of Agriculture, the first and parent
of agricultural associations — 'an institution who.si
services,' says an Lnglish writer, 'cannot be too
highly appreciated. It caused fanners residing ii<
dilfcrent parts of the kingdom to become acquaint-
ed with each other and wiili the plans and modes
of culture adopted by eath^-caused a ropid dis-
semination of knowledge among the whole profes-
sion— brought the art of agriculture into fashiorj
— amended old practices and introduced new ones
— and called forth a degree of eflbrt hitherto un-
exnnqilod in this Island. The inqmlse given to
agriculttn-e in Great Britain by that Institution ex-
tended across the Atlantic. Some of the sons of
America had been there — had employed their na-
tive inquisitiveness, and alive to every thing with
which profit is connected they transplanted into
our own soil a scion from the vine which cluster-
ed so thickly with blessings. The formation of
agricidtnral societies in America, has been attend-
ed with advantages and results as great if not su-
perior to those in Great Britain. There publica-
tions have extensively circulated important infor-
mation respecting the best implements, the best
modes, and the best products of agriculture.
Their inemiums have set in operation the inven-
tive genius of their countrymen, and greatly im-
proved the instruments of agriculture. — Their ex-
periments have convinced the community that ag-
riculture is a progressive, a great, and difficult art.
— Something also has been done towards convinc-
ing the community that it is also a science as well
as an art; and that it is only by calling science to
its aid, that it can ever hope to arrive at any tiling
like perfection or receive any great inqnoveinent,
or be reduced to general rules. The applica-
tion of science to agriculture is a modern improve-
ment. Ancient agriculturists, both luaclical and!
theoretical, were ignorant of those sciences which
have a direct bearing upon agriculture, viz: Geol-
ogy, IVlineralogy, Chymistry, Botany and vegeta-
lile riiysiology, or the analysis of jilants, and a
cnrdiil observance of their various natural locali-
ties and habitudes. All these have a direct bear-
uig upon the art of agriculture, and must be
thoroughly understood before the art can be per-
licted. Until the time shall come, when Legisla-
iiiri's, or wealthy individuals of enlarged viewsshall
endow Seminaries connected with farms where
agriculture shall be taught, both as a science and
an an, (which is at this moment the great improve-
luent dematided) we must look to agricultural so-
cieties and scientific and independent agricultu-
rists to call forth and supply this knowledge. Wo
must look to them not oidy to collect it in masses,
liut to break it np into morsels and distribute it
ong the people aud illustrate its application by
iheir example.
Agriculture is a progressive art and science, and
although its friends may well lelicitate themselves
that through their instrumentality, its progriss for
-ome years jiast has been so much accelerated,
that so many improvements have been introduced,
ihut the art begins in cur own country to tako
among huinaii pursuits the high rank it ever ought
to hold, still, let us ever remember the field of im-
provement has but just been entered n])on. A
boundless Prairie lies before us — its soil is deep
anil fertile, and will richly reward those individu-
.ds or that generation which shall have the enter-
prise and industry to explore and cultivate it.
The ini|)lemeuts of agriculture, comparatively ex-
cillent as they are, are still susceptible of great im-
provement. Much remains to be done, before the
iiest breed of animals, the best varieties of vegeta-
liles, and the most [irofitable kinds of grains and
grasses shall be universally introduced. From ex-
periments which 1 have made for the last ten years,
on at least thirty varieties of the potato, I am sat-
isfied that every farmer may keep his table well
VOIi. XI. NO. 35.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,
277
juipplied from his own funii witli this most vahia-
ble of roots, of as good quality and in as greai
perfection as any the Emerald Isle can produce,
Mrithout materially increasing the expenses of pro-
■dnction. I might make a similar remark respect-
ing fi-uit trees and the various vines and vegetables
of hort-icninife. The improvement, liovvever, nios
needed, and one, which, if supplied would do much
to secure all others is a i)lace or places, where
agriculture will be thoroughly taught as a
science and an art ; where some at least from every
town may obtain a thorovgh agricultural educa-
iion, and become not only ch.innels through which
information shall flow, but who shall have all the
power of example over their fellow townsmen.
The impression that rests on my own mind is,
that we have entered but the outer court of Na-
ture's Temple ; that apartments of surprising splen-
dor remain to reward our researi-h — that science
is the only guide that can lead us through and lay
open to our view all its sacred recesses. I wouhi
say to this society and all siuiilar institutions, go
on and abound in your patriotic lal)ors — raise, il
possible, to the highest elevation, the agricultiiri'
of your country. Clothe her hills with richest ver-
dure, and make her vallies rejoice; and let the
bleating of the flocks mingle in harmony with the
murmuring of the rills, and the roaring of the wa-
ter falls, and the busy hmn that comes floating on
the breeze frojn the crowded streets of our cities
and villages. It is the true 'American System' —
the found ition of our prosperity, our liberties, aud
our goverameut. I pretend not to a prophet's ken,
but if I mistake not, the demon of discord and
misrule must first subvert the agricultural arrange-
ments of our country, degrade and vitiate its agri-
culturists, before it can lay the glory of America
in the dust. To them, under God, is committed
the salvation or destruction of our Republic. With
their good swords they won it, and by thein, when
all other means fail, it must be defended, or go
down to mingle its dust with the relics of ancient
republics. Let us all remember that the day of
harvest is coming, when we shall all reap for
good or ill, what in this seed time of our being,
we have sown— and let us sow only the good seed
of honesty, truth, integrity, uprightness and pro-
priety, towards Him wlio alone can bless our labors,
gave eur country, and prepare our spirits to return
to, and mingle again with the bright eft'ulgeuce
of his love, whence they flowed.
From the New York Farmer.
Importance of Selecting the best Breeds of Live
Stock, parlicularlij Suiine.
Mr. Editor, — I have noticed frequently and
with pleasure, your renjarksiii regard to the impor-
tance of a careful selection of the various sorts of
live stock in our country. If farmers were more
particular to select the best breeil of all the animals
they raise, mnloubtedly they would find it much to
their advantage. There is perhaps in our country
no animal in which there is a greater neglect than
in swine ; and it becomes every man who fattens
a single hog, to look to it, that he gets one of the
right sort. And if this is the case i.i regard to
the man that has but one, how important is it for
farmers throughout our country that they raise
only from the best aud most approved breeds. 1 1
has been tiioroughly proved by several persons in
this region during the last three years, that the
advantages in the improved heed is greater than
was before imagined. Trials have been made be-
tween the hogs of the common sort called good
and a breed introduced into this neighborhood by
W. K. Towusend. They were iuqiorted from
Kngland three years ago, and are called by him
ihe Norfolk thin rind breed. They are small
bone, thin rind, the meat very fine grained, re-
ujarkably thrifty, and inclined to fiittcn early, or
will continue to thrive until 18 months old. It is
not uncommon for fall pigs kept over the season
to the next fall, to weigh from 435 to 460 lbs.,
aud for spring pigs butchered in the fall to go over
300 lbs., and this without extraoniinary feed.
One of my neighbors who, three years since,
tried hard to get two pigs of the old breed to
weigh in the fall 290 lbs. each, has the last season,
with, he says, no more care or no better feed,
ujade two of this breed weigh 660 lbs. He con-
siders that he has gained at least 100 lbs. of pork
on each hog, by the change of breed. These ])igs
weighed the 1st of April 24 lbs. each. A fanner,
a few miles in the country, butchered two at 13^
months old that weighed rising 440 lbs. each, and
he says lie has given them the same care as he
always had given his hogs; he asserts that he has
gained fully 200 lbs. of better pork than he gener-
ally had, which he says he credits to the breed.
An old Revolutionary Pensioner purchased one of
this breed from Mr. Townsend's farm in the fall
of 1831, then a sucking pig, weighing about 35 lbs.
and as he had made one from the same pen, just
liutchered, weigh rising of 400 lbs. he declared
ihat he meant, by next fall, to make this weigh
oOO lbs. The hog was butchered, say the last De-
cember, and the old soldier has gained one poimd
over his mark. These facts are stated to induce
others to try the experiment of selecting their pigs
from the best breeds. I am convinced myself ol
the importance of it, and wish others, and especial-
ly Farmers, to practice on this principle. D.
Mew-Haven, Jan. 20, 1833.
From tile Genesee Farmer.
ClTLTtJREOP RITA BAGA.
A wish to have others profit by my experience,
induces me to send you, Mr. Editor, half a sheet of
remarks on the culture of the Ruta IJaga, as a food
for domestic animals. 1 have cultivated from halt
an acre to three acres of this root every year for
thirteen years in succession, and feel competent to
give rules for its culture, and confidence in recom-
mending it as a valuable and profitable crop.
The soil must be rich and dry ; and the more
it inclines to a sand loam the better. Clay is the
worst, and wet soils will not answer at all.
Preparations. My general practice has been, to
manure well a piece of pasture, or clover ley, from
which the hay has first been cut, plough it hand-
somely over, and harrow it well.
Sowing, Sec. I sow in rows, at two and a hall
or three feet, with a drill-harrow. The sooner the
preceding op ■rations succeed each other the belter.
I have sown broadcast, but the expense of thinning
and cidture is increased. A man will drill iu
three or four acres a day. We allow a pound ol
eed to the acre, though half this, properly dis-
tributed, is enough. Sow from the 26th of June,
to the 10th of Jidy.
Culture. I use a cultivator, that may be gradu-
ated to the si)ace between the rows, drawn by a
horse, as soon as the plants can be welltlistinguish-
ed. This is repeated in a few days, back and for-
ward, and the impienieut curried so cloia to the
drills as to leave only strips of from four to ten in-
ches, which are then thoroughly cleaned with
a skim hoe, and the plants thinned to eight and
ten inches, distance. The cidtivator soon follows
for a third time, and if necessary, the skim-hoe
when the crop is generally left till harvest the
great aim is to extirpate the weeds, and to do this
while they are small.
Harvesting is postponed as long as the season
will permit. The roots me then pulled up, and laid
on the ground, the tops of the two rows towards
each other. The pullers are followed by a man
or boy with a bill-hook, who with a light blow cuts
the tops as fast as three or four can pull. Three
men will in this way harvest, of a good crop, 300
bushels in a day. The tops are gathered into heaps
and taken to the yard in carts, daily, for the stock
until they are consumed. An acre will give from
live to ten cart loads of tops. The roots are piled
in the field if dry, — the pits two or two and a
half feet broad covered with straw and earth,
and as cold weather a[)proaches, with manure, to
prevent frost. N. B. With a crowbar make one
or more holes on the crown of the pit, which must
be left open, to let off the rarefied air and prevent
the roots from heating.
Use. — The tops serve for autumn. As soon as the
mild weather of spring will justify, I break through
the frost, and take the contents of a pit to my barn,
and cover the roots with straw or hay. From thence
they are fed to my stock, being first chopped up
with a snik (Dutch meat chopper,) or spade. They
are excellent fur sheep, especially for ewes that
have young, — and hogs and horses eat them free-
ly. Steamed, they are used in the north of England,
for horses as a substitute for grain. I have fattened
sheep and bullocks upon them with profit. They
constitute, particularly from February to June, an
excellent culinary vegetable for the table. A bul-
lock will thriie fast upon two bushels a day, and
will consume hardly any hay, and requires no
drink.
Product and cost. My average crop has been
600 bushels per acre, though others have rais-
ed much heavier products. The cost, in manure
and labor, when they are secured for winter, has
been from two to three cents per bui-hel.
N. B. Cattle or sheep, fattened upon this root,
should be kept from eating them for eight or ten
days before they are slaughtered, otherwise the meat
will have an unpleasant savor. J. B.
Albany, Dec. 26.
TO PRKVENT BOTTS.
Soon after the bott-fly commences depositing ita
egg on the horse, take water a little more than
blood warm, and with a linen or cotton cloth wash
those parts of the horse where the eggs are depos-
ited, moving the hand gently over them, and re-
peat the washing as often as once a week, till the
fly disappears, aud your horse will not be troubled
with botts. This gentleman further says, that by
(he above experiment any man may be convinced
that this recipe is a preventative of bolts in horses;
and we see no reason why it may not be effectual,
as by this means the grub is hatched out, and im-
mediately perishes for want of that warmth and
nourishment provided for it by nature iu the
stomach of the horse. — Jimerican Farmer.
A SOCIETY called the Anti-Tobtcco Society haa
lately been formed at New Faltz, in the county of
Ulster, New York,
278
NtlW ENGLAND FARMER,
MARCH 13, tS.13.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 13, 1R33.
PARMER'S AND GARDENER'S WORK.
Spring ffhtat. In order to prepare seed wheat
in such a manner as to i)revent smut, the following
process has been recommended by a judicious
practical farmer.
" The only successful course is to prepare the
seed about ten days before sowing time. This is
done by selecting clean plump seed, passing it
through water in a tub, about half a bushel at a
time, and washing it and skimming off all matter
that floats, then empty it into a basket to drain,
then lay it on a clean floor and rake in two quarts
of slacked lime and one quart of plaster to the
bushel, and if too dry sprinkle on water and con-
tinue to stir it till all is covered with the lime and
plaster. In this way you may proceed till you
have prepared your whole seed. Let it remain in
a heap one day, tlien spread it and remove it daily,
until it becomes perfectly dry ; it is then fit to
sow, and you may sow it if the land should he
quite wet.
" The quanity of wheat to an acre," (continues
our adviser) " should be one bushel and twenty
quarts. In the process of sowing you may not he
able to apportion your seed exactly to the acre ;
therefore, when you have sowed and ploughed in
the quantity proposed for the acre, you may gath-
er all that remains, with the lime and plaster, and
sow it on the wiiole piece of land, passing across
the furrows. This will make it even, and cause
a very equal distribution of the seed, which may
then be harrowed. After the wheat has come up
three or four inches above the ground sow one
bushel of plaster to the acre, or house ashes equiv-
alent as .yon please, or leached ashes, increasing
the quantity."
With regard to manure for wheat it is the opin-
ion of Judge Buel, that "the soils of New England
being of jirimitive formation are not naturally
adapted to the culture of wheat because they do
not contain all the elements of this valuable grain.
And that this natural defect can be remedied only
by the apjilication of animal manures, or manures
containing the elements of animal matter." This
indispensable animal matter he observed may be
found "in bones, urine, horn, hair, night soil, iu
the refuse of the tanner, morocco dresser, tallow
chandler, soap boiler, the offal of the butcher, the
dung of fowls, soot, woollen rags, fish, &c. And
the proper application of these substances will ma-
nure a crop of wheat,*
Loudon likewise asserts "The manures best cal-
culated for wheat, are allowed by all agricultural
chemists to be animal matters and lime. The
former has a direct influence in supplying that es-
sential constituent to wheaten flour, gluten ; and
the latter azote and lime, both actually found on
the straw of wheat. At all events wheat will not
thrive in any soil that does not contain lime. In
this Sir. H. Davy, Chaptal, Professors Thayer and
Grisenthwaite fully agi'ee."
Lime is not only a necessary ingredient in every
soil which is intended to produce a vigorous veg-
etation, but is wanted to compose a part of the
substance of certain plants, and wheat is one of
the number. No plant can grow in a soil which
is utterly destitute of the ingredients, which con-
stitute its substance. Lime then or some of its
compounds is as necessary to raise wheat as it is
to make lime mortar. Dr. Darwin, and other phi-
losophers appeared to believe, that all the calcare-
ous (or limy) matter existing in the world is of
animal origin. Kirwan also found lime in barn
yard manure, and lime as well as gluten may be
furnished to wheat by all substances of animal or-
igin. Sir Hiunphrey Davy tells us the chemistry
of the manures, which act in small quantities, such
as gypsum, alkalies, and various saline substances,
has hitherto been exceedingly obscure. It has
been generally supposed these materials act in
vegetation in the same manner as condiments or
stiumlants iu animal economy, and that they ren-
der tl.e comn)on food of plants more nutritive
However, it seems a nmch more probable idea
that they are actually a part of the U-ue food of
plants, and that they supply a kind of mutter to
the vegetable fibre which is analogous to the bony
matter in the animal structure."
* See a valuable paper '• On ihe cultivation of wheal in New
Euglaud," by i. buel, N. E. Fanner, vol. v. p. 217.
Lettuce. — To obtain a constant supply of good let-
tuce it is necessary to sow it every month from the
o))ening of spring to July for the main summer and
autuuui crops. For late autumnal crops you may
sow in August; and if you have hotbeds, frames, &c.
you may sow in September, and .so en through the
fall. It may be sown broad cast, or in drills, with
the rows from 12 to 15 inches apart; or it
may be sown between vacant rows, intended for
other |)lants, and pulled out for use before the
other plants are large enough to be cucumbered
by it.
The common Cos Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa)
as been grown in England for feeding swine
and other domestic animals. Arthur Young
informed us, iu his Farmer^s Calendar, that he
first observed the sowing of lettuces for hops
practiced in a pretty regular system, on the farm
of a very intelligent cultivator, (not at all a
whimsical man) in Sussex. He had every year
an acre or two, which afforded a great quantity of
very valuable food for his sows and pigs. He adds
that it yields milk amply, and all sorts of swine
are very fond of it. And he thinks that the ccon-
uomical farmer, who keeps many hogs, should take
care to have a succession of crops for these animals,
that his carts may not be forever on the road for
purchased grains, or his granary open for corn
oftener than is necessary. With this sort of grceii
food some kind of meal or other dry food should
he combined, as otherwise the lettuce is apt to prove
laxative.
We shall not assume the responsibility of recom-'
mending the field cultivation of lettuce for feeding
swine, neither shall we assert that some of the large
and early kinds would not prove profitable for that
purpose. This crop might, perhaps, be brought
forward more early tiian potatoes or Indian corn,
and if less productive than other vegetables usual-
ly devoted to forwarding swine, it may prove not
lessusefid by filling a chasm in the routine of feed-
ing which might otherwise be a troublesome and
expensive vacuity. But sometimes fart/iers ata dis-
tance from vegetable markets have more lettuce in
their gardens than is wanted forfomily coMsumptioti
and may derivebeneftt from a suggestion that hogst
will prove good customers for a surplusage of that
article. The refuse leaves of lettuce are also said
to be good food for geese and ducks. Perhaps the
soporific or narcotic quality of lettuce, or the prop-
erty which gives it a resemblance to opium may
render it of some use in fatting swine and oth-
er animals. It predisposes to sleep, and sleep is
favorable to fatness.
Radishes. For a bed four feet six inches by
Iwilve feet two ounces will be required forihe spring
sorts, and an ounce and an half for the autumn va-
rieties. They may be sown broad cast or in drills,
Imt the latter is preferable, as allowing the roots to
he drawn regularly with less waste. Kake in the
seed thoroughly at least half an inch deep leaving
none on the surface to attract birds.
It is observed iu the Domestic Encyclopedia that
" Radishes ought to be sown on very rich ground,
and carefully tended, so as to grow quickly, if
not they become stringy, in which state they are
unwholesome and indigestible."
Cabbage. According to Rees' Cyclopedia it
was the |>ractice of the celebrated Bakewell and
other cultivators, who followed his example, to
drill cabbage seed where the plants were to re-
main. Cure, however, in such case would be
necessary to thin out the plants in season. Much
injury arises to young cabbage plants from their
being allowed to stand too thick which causes
them to run up slender and weak. I'robably if
they were planted in the hills, where they arc in-
tended to stand for a crop, and thinned out in sea-
son they would grow with stems as straight and
strong as if they had been transplanted.
Several favors from Correspondents unavoida-
bly postponed. The gentleman who requests a
copy, or a re-print of a certain "poetical efiiision,"
which he attributes to the Editor, is respectfully
informed that we did not write nor do we know-
where to find the piece to which he alludes. We
will, however, make further inquiries, and comply
Vtft,. XI. NO. 3S.
AND ttOllTICULTURAL JOUHNAL.
279
witli his request if our researches should prove
successful.
Notices of Proceedings of tlie M. H. S. were re-
ceived at such a late hour as to render their post-
poueuieut to our next unavoidalile.
ITEMS OP INTEliLIUENCE.
Mr. Clay's Bill for so modifying as eventually to nulli-
fy the Tariif, and t)ie Revenue Collection Bill commonly
called The Enforcing Act, have passed the National
JjCCTislature, boen signed by the President, and have be-
come laws of the land.
President Jackson's Inaugural Address is a pacific,civil,
common-place sort of a document, which deserves but
Jittle said condemnatory or commendatory. Not hav-
ing marked out any particular line of policy, he will be
at liberty to choose any official course which may seem
rio-ht in his own eyes, without danger of being convicted
of inconsistency.
NOTICE.
A Stated Meeling of the Massachusetts Horiirultiiral Socie-
ty will lie held on Saturday, March 16, at 11 o clock, A.M. by
a'djouriimcut at the hall ot the Society.
Per order, R. L. EMMONS. Sec'y.
THE BL.OOD HORSE
THE Subscriher takes this early
public that the above-named Horse '
son at the Ten Hills South Farm.
Boston. — He has been induced to gi
two-folil reason, that the get of llii;
wards the improvement of the breed
also to give the public an opportunity
services.
March ISlh, 1833.
SPORTSMAN.
opportunity to inform the
vill stand the ensuing sea-
two and a half miles from
I'c this early iioiite for the
i horse promises much to-
of that jioble animal, and
to avail themselves of his
SAMUEL JAQUES.
EARLY POT.VTOES.
FOR Sale, Early Perkins Potatoks, by SAMUEL POND,
Cainbri.lgeport. Also, I: "
3t
Catawba Grape Vinks
m 13
EVERGREENS, SILVER FIRS, &.c.
THE Subscriber being engaged in the Seed business, would
be happy to receive orders lor Forest Trees, Seeds and Ever-
greens Irom Maine ; aiiiJ being agent for G. C. Barrett, Boston,
and l*rince &. Sons, Flushing, N. Y. orders sent through them
or otherwise, will be attended to without delay. Particular
directions for taking up and packing are requested.
WM. MANN
Augusta. Me. March 13.
FLOWER SEEDS.
200 VARIETIES of very handsome annual, biennial and
perennial Flowkh Seeds, m packages of 20 varieties each.
For sale at the New England Seed Store. Price gl per |iack-
age. 6;^ cts. per paper. m 13
LEAD.
SHEET LEAD, of all dimensions; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, constantly for sale
by ALBERT FEARING & CO. No. 1, City Wharf.
Boston, March 13, 1835!. tf
SUCTION PUMPS &■ LEAD PIPES.
HILL &. CHAMBKRLIN have tor sale at their Manufac-
tory, corner of Charlestown and Market streets. Suction Pumps
and Lead Pipes, warranted of the best quality — also manufac-
ture Factory Kettles, Sizing Ladles, Cylinders, and every
article in the Coppersmith's business.
Q^.\ll orders in the above line thankfully received and
promptly executed. 3nt m 13
HARD\VARE.
100 dozen Ames Backstrap Shovels.
20 do. do. Large Shovels, from No. 4 to 12.
20 do. do. Cast Steel Polished Shovels.
100 do. Plympton Hoes.
50 do. Stetson do.
50 do. Fales Cast Steel Goosenecked Hoes.
Also, various other kinds of Hoes.
100 dozen Manure Forks, comprising an assortment of vari-
ous makers and qualities.
150 dozen Farwell's Scvthes.
150 do. Whipple &. llahs half set Scythes, together with
every description of HARDWARE GOODS, (or sale by
LANE & READ, at No. 6, Market Square, near Fanueil
Hall.
13
FOR SALE,
60 bushels of prime four rowed Barley for Seed. Apply
at the N. E. Farmer Office.
feb 27 3l
■WANTS A SITUATION,
A GARDENER, who is well acquainted wth his business,
>nd can produce good recommcDdations. Apply at this office.
SITUATION WANTED.
A MAN with a lamily, who is well acquainted with farm-
ng, and particularly the management of trail trees, wishes a
iituatiou as t'oremati. Good recommendations can be given.
\pply at this office. m 5
MANURE ."VKD HAY FORKS,
FOR SALE, at the Agricultural Ware House, No. 51 and
>'Z, North Market street,
20 doz. Willis' Patent socket and strap, cast steel manure
Forks,
50 doz. do. do. German steel do. do.
100 •' Goodyear's 4, 5 and 6 prong do. do.
100 " Common do. do. do.
50 " Simmons' shear steel Hay Forks,
100 '*■ Goodyear's German do. do.
50 " Common do. do. do.
60 " Three prong do. do. do.
50 " Bay do. do. do.
m 5 J. R. NEWELL.
FOR SALE,
MILCH Cows, Onions, Ruta Baga, &c.
75 bushels White Portugal ajid Red Onion.
100 do. Ruta Baga.
100 do. Chenango, Long Red and Pink Eye Potato.
50 do. best Yellow Corn.
20 tons best English Hay.
Cabbages of various kinds, Beets, &c.
Also,
2 new Milch Cows, excellent milkers.
A covered Milk Wagon and Harness.
Do. Market do. do.
12 two gallon Milk Caimisters, nearly new 5 Tunnel and
Measures.
Chaise and Harness. — An approved Horse Rake.
BENJAMIN BLANEY,
Near the Reed farm, Swanscot.
Lynn, March 5th, 1833. 3t
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russelts,
baldwins,
Beans, while, . .
Beef, mess, . .
HOWARDS IMPROVED PLOUGH.
At the A<;ricuUumi Warehouse, 51 If 52 North Market Street.
HOWARD'S Improved Cast Iron PLOUGH, now otfered
for sale at the above establishment, has been in use by our
most experienced and practical farmers for more than two
years, and having received the premium at the late Brighton
Cattle Show, as being the best plough presented, and which
has since been tested by the Society s Dynometer, and found
to be the easiest draft plough by nearly one third of any other
plough of the same size, gives them a decided preference over
all other plouffhs now before the public.
JR. NEWELL.
EXTRACTS FROM THE BRIGHTON AGRICULTURAL RE-
PORTS.
The Plough of Mr. Charles Howard of Hingham was a supe-
rior implement, considerable improvements having recently
been made by him, in making the mould board longer, and
swelling the breast of the share, so as to make every part bear
equally, by which means the plough ran more true and steady,
was alwavs free from carrying forward any earth, and was per-
leclly bright ; and being made on mathematical principles, he
informed the Committee he could make the different sizes al-
ways the same. JOHN PRINCE, JOHN BAKER, 3d.
EBENEZER HEATH.
The duty of awarding a premium " To the Plough which
shall be adjudged best of all those used at the Ploughing Match,"
devolved on the two Committees, and they agreed unanimously
to award it to Mr. Charles Howard of Iliugham, for his new
and improved plough, $W.
GORHAM PARSONS, Chairman of Siiigle Teams.
JOHN PRINCE, Chairman of Double 'Teams.
We the undersigned certify. That we have used the past
season Howard's Improved Cast Iron Plough, purchased at
the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 51 &52 North Market Street,
Boston ; and with great satisfaction recommend them to the
practical Fanner, as being in our opinion the best Ploughs we
have ever used, and consi<fer them a first rate article. A great
improvement has of late been made in this plough, by lengthen-
ing the mould board ; and it being worked upon true mathe-
matical principles it holds free and easy, does the work well,
leaving the ground light, and tunis the sward fairly over, and
is in no way liable to clog ; being ground smooth, they ruii free
on the first trial ; and we think them in every respect superior to
all other ploughs now in use.
D. ni.VNDLKR, Lexington. J. CUSHING, Hingham.
N. \I)\MS, .M.dford. B.THOMAS, do.
G.STONK. Lexington. N.RIPLEY, do.
J HASriNtiS, do. J. STEPHENSON, do.
S. PHILBRICK, Brookline. J. CUSHING, do.
maris
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, , . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard sUeet,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hups, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort
Southern. 1st sort, ....
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
soulheni, . .
HIVE OP BEES.
Wanted a good thriving Hive of Kecs. Inquire at the N. E
Fanner Office, No*. 51 &. 62 North Market Street.
feb 27
Tallow, tried
Wool, Merino
full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
^ f Pulled .superfine,
^-c 1st Lambs, . . .
i|.]3d " '. '. '.
Z [ 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
bushel
barrel
bushel
barrel
gallon
cwt
pound
pound
side
pound
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt
pound
38
35
9
1 12
6 25
5 87
5 87
(J 00
76
65
1 CO
3 8'
17 50
13 00
none
2 50
1 50
11
3 00
2 50
11 50
7 00
S 60
15
43
12
1 25
G 60
fi 25
6 37
G 12
SO
68
95
70
45
70
55
30 00
9
9
20
3 00
19
2 70
26
26
1 25
4 00
18 00
13 60
3 00
2 00
12
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices.
Hams, northern, . .
southern, . .
Pork, whole hogs, .
Poultry, ....
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best, .
Eggs,
Potatoes
Cider, (a
ording to quality,)
pound
1
6
i<
*i
9
<i
18
"
20
dozen
16
bushel
36
barrel
2 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, March. 11, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Adyertiser and Patriot.
AtMarket this day 382Beef Cattle, (including 30 unsold last
week,) 537 Sheep and 725 Swine. 40 Beef Cattle remain
unsold.
Pricfsl Beef Cattle. — No particular variation from last
week ; some qualities mav have been sold a shade less. We
noticed four beautiful cattle taken for the Plymouth market at
§6,75 ; we also noticed one yoke taken at g6.!>0. We quote
prime at S6,75 a 6,26 ; good at 5,25, a 5,75 ; thin at 4,60 a 5.
Sheep.— We noticed an extranrdinary Cosset Wether fed bv
Col. Alpheus Anderson, of Shclbum. half blood, " Bakewell
breed," two years old, taken for gtO, probably the largest and
fattest Sheep ever driven to Brighton market, and sold for the
most money. We understand the said Sheep will be exhibited
at F. H. Market alive this dav. We also noticed 40 wethers
taken at g'J- being part of a lo't of 75 fed by the same gentleman
which average over j(ti each. Several lots were taken at
prices from gi to 6, and one lot for less than g4.
Swine.— fio lots were taken ; a few were retailed at 5c. for
sows and G for barrows.
jVe(f— We would remark thai Beef Callle generally liia
season weigh remarkably light.
280
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
MARCH 13, 1033.
MISCELLANY.
From the February numb.-r of Tlif Knkkerhacker.
recipe: for making sweet-potato
PUDDING.
Oh, bring me from far in a Southern clime,
The sweetest potatoes that ever grew ;
Such apples of earth as the olden time
In its visions and prophecy envied the new.
And wash them with lady-like lily hands,
Till they look as pure as the saflron lighl
That falls in the suramar on fairy lands.
From the moon in the depth of a cloudless night.
And let them be next of their skins beguiled,
But tenderly strip oiT the earthy vest.
As if you were flaying a sleeping child.
And were cautious of breaking its gentle rest ;
And let them be pulverized next by the skill
Of the same white hands and the grater's power ;
And a heaping up table spoon five times fill
Willi the precious result of their golden flour ;
Of boiling hot milk add a full quart cup ,
And uext with five eggs, in a separate bowl.
Beat five table spoonfuls of sugar up,
Aud stir them well in with the foaming whole.
Add one table spoonful of eau dc rose,
Of salt a tea spoonful ; and after these
Of butter ati egg-sized morsel ; and close
With a flavor of nutmeg, as much as you please.
Then bake it — 't is pudding — I pau.se at the name
To reflect on the puddings of days that are past.
And the prospects of more, which aspiring to fame.
And failing, I've lost to go hungry at last.
From the New York Farmer.
TUB FTTELiISA TREE.
Mr. SuF.PARDthe respectable and well informed
conservator of the Botanical Gardens at Liverpool,
gave tli(^ following curious account of the introduc-
tion of that ele<!;ant little flowering slinili, the Fne-
lisia, into oiir English green-houses and parlor win-
dows. Old Mr. Lee, <i nurseryman and gardener in
London, well known 50 or 60 years ago, was oik
day showing his variegated treasures to a friend
who suddeidy turned to him and declared, —
"Well you havenot in all your collection a
prettier flower than I saw this morning at
Wapping." "No! and what was this plioeni.\
like?" ' Why, the plant was elegant, an<l tin
flowers hung in rows like tassels from the p.iidaiii
branches; their color the richest crimson, in tin
eentre a fold of deep purple.' Particular di-
rections huing demanded and given, Mr. Lee post-
ed off" to the place, where he saw and at once per-
ceived thai the pl.iiit was new in this part of thr
world. lie saw and admired. Entering the hous
— ' My good woman this is a nice plant, and 1
should like to huy il.' ' Ah sir, I coultl not sell i
for no money ; for it was brought nie from th-
West Indies by my husband who has now left m.
again, and I inusi keep it for his sake.' ' But I inns,
have it.' ' No, sir.' ' Here (emptying his pockets)
is gohl, silver and copper,' (his stock was somethiii<:
more than eiglii guineas.) ' Wcll-a-day, but thi^
is a power of money, sure and sure,' ' 'Ti
all yours, and the plant is mitic; and my good dami
you shall have one of the first of my young ones
I rear, to keep for your husband's sake.' ' Alack I
alack !' ' You shall, I .<ny, by !' A coach
was called, in which was deposited our florist and
bis seeiniug dear purchase. His first work was
0 pull ott'and utterly destroy, every vestage of blos-
som and blossom bud ; it was divided into cuttings,
which were forced in bark-beds and hot-beds,
were rt- iivided and subdivided. Every effort was
ised to multiply the jilant. By the coimiience-
iientof the next flowering season, Mr. Lee was
ihe delight'd possessor of 300 fuelisia plants, all
,'iving promise of blossom. The two which
ipened first were removed into his show house. —
A lady came. ' Why Mr. Lee, dear Mr. Lee,
where did you get this charming flower?' ' Hem,
lis a new thing, my lady ; pretty is it not?' 'Pret-
,y! 'lis lovely! Itsitrice?' 'A guinea; thank youi
latlyship — and one of the two plants proudh
iilorned her ladyship's boudoir. ' My dear Char-
otte! where did you get,' &c. &c. 'Oh 'lis a new
diing ; I saw it at old Lee's: pretty, is it not?' 'Pret-
ty, its price." ' A guinea — there was another left.'
The visitor's horses smoked off to the suburb;
1 third flowering plant stood on the spot whenci
I he first had been taken. The second guinea was
paid, and the second chosen adorned the drawing
loom of her second ladyship. The same seem
was repeated, as new comers saw the beauty o(
die plant. New chariots flew to old Lee's nurser)
,'idunds. Two fucias, young, graceful and bursi-
mg into healthy flowers, were constantly seen on
the same spot, in his repository. He neglected
.lot to gla<lden the faithful sailor's wife with lli^
luoniised gift ; but ere the flower season closed,
.hree hundred golden guineas clinked in his purse,
die produce of the single shrub of the widow ii.
iVappiiig ; the reward of the taste, decision, skill
.ind per. everance, of old Mr. Lee.
GOOD ADVICE.
It is better to tread the path of life cheerfidly,
•*k p,)iiig lightly over the thorns and briers that ob-
struct your way, than to sit down under everx
ledge lamenting your hard fate. The thread ol
I cheerful man's life spins out longer than that ol
a man who is continually sad nml desponding,
i'riident conduct in the concerns of life is highly
accessary — but if distress succeed, dejecliou uin.
despair will not afford relief. The best thing to In
lone when evil comes upon us, is not lamentation,
iiiit action ; not to sit and suffer, but to rise anti
seek the remedy.
A REMARKABLE iustaiice of tlic effects of re-
igious enthusiasm is now creating considerabh
xciteinent in the northern part of the city. A
young lady in a high state of enthusiasm snddenix
fell into a swoon, and remained in that conditioi
.iir .several days. All efforts to arouse her win
liiuiid ineffectual. Her eyes were fixed — immova-
ile, and her pulse feeble. Her friends believing'
icr dying, procured medical assistance, and sin
was !tt length with great difliculty called back to a
■consciousness of life. She awoke as from ;.
Ireani; said she had been in heaven and hell, ami
.old marvellous stories of her discoveries in tli<
■onise of her migrations. The living and the
lead were seen by her in their appropriate stat.
if enjoyment or suft'ering; aud all that was mys-
eriotis to her early senses was made plain. Thrsi
liiiigs, of coiiise, have excited much stirprisi
iiiiong the credulous. — We understand her vision
lias lieen recorded .ind will shortly be published.
— Pliila idphia Sen'inel.
In the Nethtrlands as soon as a girl has given a
jiroiiiise of marriage, her apartment and all the fur-
niture in itiire decorated with gurlanus oi tiuwers.
Every thing belonging to the bridegroom elect,
even bis pipe and tobacco box, are thus decorated.
All the wine aud lii|uor at weddings is called the
Bride's Tears.
Science of the J^'ork. D' Archenoliz asserts that
an Englishman may be discovered any where, if
he be observed at a table, because he places his
fork on the left side of his plate; a Frenthmau by
using the fork alone without the knite ; a German
ly planting it perpendicular into Ids jilate; aud a
Kiissiaii by using it as a tooth pick.
PARTNER WANTED.
A Grnlleman, now well established in the Nursery business,
in Uh.o. having a good assortment ol Fruit Trees, &c. grow-
iig, IS desirous ol taking as an active partner, a gardener Irom
iiie \iciniiy ui Boston, who is thoroughly aiquainied with Ihe
jusiiiess, and can give unquestionable lestimunialsas to his'ca.
pacily, iiili'grily and devotion to business. 'I'he location is one
ol ilie best in the Slate, having a water cominunlcaiion north
til lliL- Lakes, south to Ihe navigable walcrs ol ihe Mississipp
i' alley, and east and west by the great National Road, fori
u/iher part culars, apply persoiialiv, to Mr. Barrett, Publisher
j| the .New EiiglaiKl Kiiimer, Bosion. leb '20
PRUNING.
THE Subscribers would be glad to undertake the Priming of
Fruit Trees, A:.e. &-C. Their practical expcneiire in Horticul-
ture lor many years, in England aiid America, rccoinineiids
ihein to give satislactiou to their employers. Apply at this
oil.ce. WILUT & W 1X.SON.
March 5.
FOR SilLE,
THE Bull COLLINS, got by Bolivar— dam Young Flora,
by I'u-letis; Ciranddain the imported Cow I'lma— diopl Aug.
M, lii.y— colour red and while. This Bull is one ol ihe liiiesl
aniinals in America, aud will be sold low. Appiv at this olhce.
tf
-WHITE CL.OVER SEED.
J list received at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 61 and 52 Norih Market Street, Boston,
lOou lbs fiiie>t White Uutch Honeysuckle Clover Seed, im-
ported Irom Rotterdam.
N. B. The quality of this Seed is considered superior to
any that has been ollered in this city lor many years, lienig re-
markably bright, pure, and Iree rom thai great pest, Canada
llnslle, whii U is Irequently lound in white ilover seed ol Amer-
ican erowUi. Fanners are requested to call and examine il.
^ feb ;u
SEED TE.i WHEAT.
A few bushels of this very valuable vurieiy of Spring Wheat,
for sale at die Seed Store No. 51, NorUi Market Street, raised
.n Ihe vicinity o. Lake Erie.
One keniil of Ihis Wheal was found in a chest of Tea, at
.Si. John, N. B. in lUiS, Irom which this variety was raised.
(.See i\. E. Fanner, vol ix, page lUa, and vol x, page Itlj.)
Persons 111 w.ini ol it will please apply soon.
feb 20
THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER
Is pulilisbed every Wednesday Evening, at )<,o per annum,
pajable at ihe end ol Ihe year — but those »lio pay within
Mxiv days Irom ihe time ol subscnbiiig, are entitled to a deduc-
lion'ol filly cents.
1) jp No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
IicIiig: made in advance.
AGENTS.
.Veil) York — G. Thorbukk &, .Suns, 67 Liberty-street.
Mhiiini — Wm. Thiikburn, 347 Market-street.
I'hiJadelphia — 1). &. C. Lanurkth, 83 Chesnut-street.
Ilnliimore — I. L HiTCHCuCK, Publisher oi American Farmer.
Ciiicimuti — S. C. Parkhukst, 'i3 Lower Markct-slreel.
Fhishitig, N. Y. — Wm. Prince & Suns, Prop. Lin.Bol.tiai.
i,iddlehunj, Vt. — W'ioht Chapman, Merchant.
Ilarl/ord— Gw}\>\\ IK &. Co. Booksellers.
^nnu^Jteld. Ms.— v.. Edwards, Merchant.
Veuliuiypo t — Ebknezkr Stkdman, Bookseller.
I'ortsmoulh, N. II. — J. W. Fostkr, Ltookseller.
Poitland, .We.— Coi.MAN, HoLDiiN ik Co. Booksellers.
.inirusta, Me.—\\'». JIann, Druggist.
Hali/ai, N. S.—f. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
ifont e„l, I.. C. fiti). Bknt.
Printed for Gio. C. Barkktt by John Kdiui, who
executes every description of Book iiml Fiinnj Pr'-vting
in crood style, and with promptness. Orders for printing
may be left with Gko. C. Barrktt. at tlie Agricultural
Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO oj. NORTH MARKET STRLET, (at thi; Agricultural VVarkhodse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
XI. BOSTON, WEDNESDAY, EVENING, MARCH '20, 1833. N
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Farmer.
DETERIORATION OF" FRUITS.
T. O. Fesse.ndkn, IjSQ. Dear Sir, — It is will
pleasure tliat I at any time sit down to tlie task of
stiiilyiiig llie rleliglitfiil subject of vegetable pbysi-
oloffv — but it is witb great reluctance that I pre-
sent any thing to yonr readers in relation to it ;
aware, as lam, of my inefficiency to do it ample
justice ; yet, as it is a subject of great importance,
especially so in our state of horticulture and gard-
ening, and as I have not observed that any of your
numerous correspondents have taken it up, I
venture to make a few remarks, begging the in-
dulgence of your generous and intelligent readers,
for what errors I may have inadvertently made.
In all books upon gardening, we invariably find-
numerous rules for practice, but few reasons given
why such a course, or such a practice, should be
pursued. To be a sound theoretical, and at the
same time a good practical gardener, has been de-
nied by many ; an 1, indeed, till Jately, it has been
almost impossible to find such an on?, yet at the,
present time amongst the wonderfid advancements
and improvements of the age, it is no uncommon
thing to find both ])rofound theoretical and pracr
tical ones. Formerly a gardener was judged of his
merits as a grove of " piKes," or "cucumbers;"
now of his knowledge of the arrangement of anl
arboretum, or the science of hybridizing fruit84uu I
flowers, so as to produce with success, new sDit
in)])roved varieties ; these remarks are inteut'ed to
apply to the English school of gardening. That
gardening cannot be brought to the pefection
in this country which it has attained ii Great
Britain, will not be disputed, yet it can lurdly be
thought possible, there are so many ant various
obstacles to prevent. This, however, slould not
diminish the zeal of any in using their itmost ex-
ertions— nor discourage them in any a tempts to
rival ill rural landscape, and the nagniliceut
scenery of their grounds — nor fall short in variety
and excellence, of the productions of the fruits and
vegetables of our gardens, those of Great liritaiu,
or the continent.
We are too apt, in the absence of knowledge
ourselves, to sneer at the reasons scientific men
often urge upon us to pursue; and we keep in
the same beaten track which generations before
us have gone, leading us oftentimes into error —
regarding every new theory as an "innovator."
But I come to the subject : —
The amelioration of fruits is of great importance,
and should rank next to their propagation ; by ii
our gardens are filled with superior and delicious
varieties. Who would recognize in the yellow
harvest, or the I'earmain apples, the insignificant
acid crab .' or in the luscious Beurre or the Capia-
mont, the hard, puckcry fruit found in the woods
in their native state. Yet, this is true, the luad
and band of man have been, and still are, striving
to bring to perfection what nature as it were
threw together in a rude state for us to take as it
is, or by our mind and reason, to improve and
render agreeable to our wants and wishes. There
is a tendency in plants undoubtedly given by na-
ture, to improve in quality by cultivation — just iu
the same manner as animals become domesticated
liom the wild state, and made usefid to man. By
fertilization, by intermixing the pollen of one variety
with the stigma of another, has of late become al-
most the only method ; and in regard to the
knowledge, and the manner in which it should be
performed, just so sure are we of an im|)roved
variety. This method was not imderstoo<l until
ihe discovery of the sexes in plants, but it is now
considered as the only controlling power, of which
we have any knowledge.
The saving of seeds of fruit-trees is of great im-
portance ; the health, and state of the tree, tlie
ipiantity — the quality — and above all, the flavor
and beauty of the fruit, should be taken into con-
sideration. For in the same ratio that the parent
s deficient, the young seedling will partake more
)r less, of its nature. But there is I think a great
•nor prevalent among our gardeners and horticul-
urists, which is the particular cause of my re-
narks, and which is fast leading us to bad princi-
)l( s ; it is the jiractice which of late we have
leen much engaged in, of getting new varieties of
ilantsby grafting, or perhajis more pro|)erly, add-
ing to our collections new kinds of fruits. That
a majority of the new fruits we receive are fine
varieties is true, — some, however, are not hardly
worth having ; the practice I shall allude to, has
undoubtedly been the cause of our having so
many synonymous fruits. A tree, or shrub, of
superior variety is received by some cf our horti-
culturists, who have the good fortune to be ac-
quainted with our more distinguished transatlantic
friends; it is set out with us and matures fruit,
which generally prove true to the kind ; grafts
are then taken from it (sometimes even before it
has shown a blossom) and oUier trees engrafted
— the ojieration succeeds, and before these scions
are one year old, they are cut to engraft again —
they in their turn are cut — and before another
year these are again cut — perhaps by this time, if
all are supplied with scions, the tree may be per-
mitted to bear, the scions have passed through so
many different hands, that the original name may
be lost, or if not, the fruit is so widely different in
size and flavor that it must have a new name — or
it is a new spontaneous variety. This is not all
mere theory, hut is founded in physiological
knowledge, the original tree may be in good health,
that upon which the first fecioii is grafted may not,
nor the next, and so on, nor is the kind of stock of
little influence ; .some melting pears may be ren-
dered hard and breaking (and some breaking ones
much improved) by the stock. Another important
object in cutting scions is, that they be taken
from a bearing tree, one that has acquired its
growth ; the more strong and vigorous the shoots,
provided it be sound wood, not pithy, being by far
the best. If, however, this should not be the fact,
is it not better, or at least far safer, that every one
should see, or have evidence that the tree from
which scions are to be cut has borne fruit, and of
good quality? It is, I think, by not attending to
this simple practice, and the too greedy desire to
possess new fruits, that our catalogues have be-
come .so incorrect from the multitude of synonymes.
For trees are sold, and sold again and again,
without the grower ever ascertaiuing^-by his own
observation, (not having the opportunity of se-
ing the frOit) the quality or the true name of the
variety.
I have extended this to a greater length than I
intended ; but not so fir as the subject may be in
more capable hands. If, however, you should think
these few remarks worthy your consideration, you
are at liberty to insert them in your valuable paper,
and at some future period I may again tmdertake
to make some additional observations.
Yours respectfully, St.
Cambridge, March 8, 1833.
For the New England Farmer.
SWINE.
Mr. Ff.ssenden, — Permit me to inquire, through
the medium of your useful paper, the best method
of managing sows with pigs. There has been a
general complaint the past year in this section of
the country of sows destroying their young. In
rearing the young, both in the animal and vegeta-
ble creation, if there is any failure, we can, general-
ly, by close investigation assign some physical rea-
son and take precautions against the same effect
in future. Whether there is any natural cause for
the destruction of pigs, or it is owing to the man-
agement of them I know not.
Thousands of pigs are lost every year by farmers
without any other investigation or notice of the
case than their old sow has eaten or destroyed a
fine litter of .'.'igs. I wish that some of your cor-
responds r.:c<',voi.;ld have the goodness to answer
the following questions, viz : —
Is it owing to their being separated from the
rest of the swine, or is it in the breed or nature of
the sow ? and whether a sow was ever known to
destroy her first litter and protect her succeeding
litters .' Ought the sow to be kept separate from
the rest of the swine several weeks or months pre-
vious to her bringing forth ? Is there any kind ot
food which may be given to them to prevent them
from eating their pigs .' Lastly, what is the best
form of a stye, and bigness of the yard to be oc-
cupied for manure, and for swine to run in ?
A Constant Reader.
By the Editor. We should be happy to receive
and publish remarks from our correspondents, or
any friend to agriculture, on the subjects of the
above inquiry, and in the mean time will state
what occurs to us relative to the voracity of this
vicious animal.
The Farmer's Assistant observes that " Young
sows will sometimes eat their own offspring, which
may be prevented by washing the backs of the
pigs in an infusion of aloes; and for this purpose
the sows must be watched when bringing forth.
It is said that supplying them with plenty of water
at this time will prevent any mischief taking place
of this kind."
Banister's Husbandry, an English work, has
the following remarks on " sows devouring their
offspring."
" So voracious is the swine that it is no uncom-
mon circumstuuce for the sows to devour their
^82
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MARCH aO, 1S33.
Own ofFspritig. To counteract this unnatural ap-
petite, the breeding sows ought not to be stinted
in provision when their yeaning time approaches,
and especially should be allowed plentiful draughts
of warm comfortable wash, as they are frequently
impelled to this practice fioni a deficiency of
liquids; though there are some sows, which, not-
withstanding every care, never fail to destroy their
tender progeny, and therefore such as are addicted
to this vice ought by no means to be kept as
breeders."
In the New England Farmer, vol. v. p. 214, is
it communication from the Hon. O. Fiske, on this
subject, in which he observes that " It is not un-
common for sows to destroy their first offspring.
It is more rare at a later period. In most cases,
where I have inquired into the fact, whether iu
old or young breeders, I have ascertained that
they iiave been disturbed in some of their essential
habits — either from having been removed from
their companions, their range restricted — or from
being removed from one pen to another. All these
changes, however, may be effected with safety, by
allowing them sufficient time to become accus-
tomed to them, four or five weeks at least. I have
known sows do well with a second litter after hav-
ing destroyed a first under one of the above men-
tioned excitements. Hence it would be unwise to
condenm to death one which bid fair, otherwise,
to be a valuable breeder, even for this most un-
natural crime.
"A remarkable occurrence of'^his kind took
place mider my own view in the animal which
has disseminated the Bedford breed of swine into
most jiarts of the country. She had brought rwo
litters at a season, when she could be safely in-
dulged in a yard abroad. On the approach of the
tliird she was removed to a warmer pen. She
brought forth as usual, and at first did no injury,
although she seemed constantly uneasy. At the
end of the first week she killed one. In the
course of the second week she despatched another ;
and at three weeks old she destroyed the third.
Suspecting the cause, and to preserve the residue,
I restored her to her old resort, where she became
contented and treated the survivors with maternal
affection."
This gentleman attributes the ferocity of these
anitnals on such occasions to hysteric irritahility,
and supposes a second yeaning might not cause a
similar excitement. He says, " It is of great im-
portance that swine of all descriptions, particular-
ly those intended for breeding should be rendered
perfectly tame and gentle, that their enclosures
may be entered at all times, and on any occa-
sion without giving alarm, and exciting their re-
sentment. This is easily done by gentle treatment
and early accustoming them to the brush or curry-
comb. No animal enjoys it more, or derives from
it greater benefit. While it increases their com-
fort, it adds to their health and growth, and serves
iu a great measure to correct their tempers and
dispositions."
Dr. Fiske likewise enforces the imporiiuice of
keeping swine warmly housed in an inclement
season by the following statement : —
" Late in autumn I put two shoats, which I
had selected for breeders, into a warm enclosure
in tny barn. Their size and other qualities were
of an average with the rest, which remained ex-
posed to the weather, except when they returned
to their rest. There is at least a third difierence
in weight in favor of those which are housed, llieir
keeping having been the same."
For the New Engluml Farmer. ,
Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman in Talbo^
County, Maryland. \
I HAVE long looked over your |iaperin hopes ol
seeing some account of the New Kngland trotting^
horse, and as I have not been gratified, you will
now much oblige me by answering the followinjj
queries : —
1. Do you know anything of this race cf
horses ?
2. In what estimation are they generally held is
to speed, bottom and durability on the road eilhtf
in harness or under the saddle .-'
3. Are they characterized with long life aid
spirit.' I
4. What general color characterizes this famiV
of horses; and what could a stallion of 5 or*
years old be had for, delivered in Philadelphia c^
Baltimore, at the shortest notice ? I
5. What is their general form, whether that a
the race hor.se or poney ? \
I
We are not acquainted with the race of horses
alluded to by our correspondent, and would be
much obliged to any friend who would answer or
enable us to answer the above ipieries through tlir
medium of our paper. — EcJ.
From the American Farvier.
OrT-BCiliDIKGS.
Woodside, (Del.) Jan. 30, 1833.
Mr. Smith: — Allow me to otier a few remaiks
upon the subject of out-buildings, it is one our
farmers are generally too little interested in, but
which in my opinion ought to command their earli-
est attention; I allude particularly lo shedding H)r
the slock, contrived so as to liolil their provender
at the same lime Ibrni a covering i'or them. ^
have myself given it a fair trial and am convinced
of its importance; instead of building such very
large barns as appears commonly to be the aim ol
our agriculturists, let them be of a sufficient size
to hold all the g-rain and hay enough for the stcck
which is quartered mider it, erect shedding con-
nected with it of sufficient dimensions to allow all
the animals which the ])rovender will maintain to
be kept under it, each having a separate slall ; then
they all fare alike, the coward as well as the mas-
ter animal, and no hay is wasted, as each one can
cat his own without being incommoded by the
rest; the other, and I am sorry to say, by far the
most general plan of giving them their hay in cribs,
disjjersed through the yards, is attended with great
waste, as the hay from remaining in a bulk in the
mow adheres together, is dragged from the crilis
as they are constantly driving each other about,
and always carry more or less with them, the most
of which is dropt and trampled under loot, thev
also receive a great drawback from lying out at
night exposed to all weathers, obliged to make
their beds where they best can, in the wet and
(|irty yards, (which they will always be in moder-
ate and wet weather,) or if they have, as some-
times is the case, a shelter to go under, it will be
Occupied by a few of the master animals, leaving
hie others entirely unprotected from the weailirr;
ton my plan, all are sheltered alike, each one hav-
ing a ernifortable dry bed to rejiose on and allow-
ed, unmolested, to enjoy his food and it. I believe
iu iliis plan one-fourth as many more may be kept
on the same provender ; my ceni fodder I feed in
cribs, in the yard, which I give them at noon, but
all the hay is eaten by them in their stalls. Per-
haps it will now be })roper to mention my plan of
shedding, it joins wiih the barn on the west end,
runs round the north and west side of the yanl
one hundred and thirty feet, forming an L, which
protects the cattle entirely from the north and
iiortliwest winds, and leaves it open to the south,
it is sixteen feet wide, a wall is carried np seven
feet high on the back, with pillars next the yard,
upon which the shed rests, the back from top of
wall to eaves is nine feet, the front from top of
pillars eighteen feet, is diviiled underneath into
stalls eight feet nine inches long, and three feet
nine inches wide, (they are lequired to be narrow
to prevent the cattle from turning round after they
are in iheir places,) each stall has a gate iu front
liistcned with a wooden bolt, there is an entry
hack of them four feet wide, into which are fnn-
nels, convenient distances a| art foriuitting down
the hay; each stall has a crib, the width ol' the
stall for both hay and meal, after pulling the hay
ill to the cattle, by going over ilie entry with a rake,
none need be lost or trampled under foot; this en-
try connects with the entry of the barn. With
>lied and burn I stall sixty head, which at present
l.-i lift lunuber my farm is capable of maintaining.
I haw another shed, which connects with the east
iiido^tbe barn, of the same width and height,
but iimead of opening towards the yard it is re-
versed ami makes an excellent cart shed. Also
under iie same shed, a room is partitioned ofl' for
a tool hiuse, in which are kept all our small work-
ing impL'menis, so that when a hand is sent to a
job, he leed not s])end half an hour or more in
looking i)Y a tool, which has been lefl vvhere it
was last iscd for want of a pro|)er place to put it
away. Convenient to the barn is a wagon house,
divided oit r head into two rooms, one fitted up as
a work-sliop, (which is indispensable) the other a
receptacle for many diflerent articles ; against this
building is another for our larger tools, such as
ploughs, harrows, &c. My corn cribs arc on
each side of the gangway into the barn — which is
much more convenient for getling it out, but is
rather more liable to be disturbed by vermin, un-
der this is a i;ellar for liuta Baga, which joins
with the entry of the barn, trap doors are fixed in
the floor for shooting the roots directly down.
I have written much more than I at first intend-
ed, and for fear of becoming tiresome, I will con-
clude, with my sincere wishes for iucreasing pat-
ronage to your very valuable ])aper. S.
Black Veils. Most person when they wish to
wash their black crape veils, use vinegar. Wash-
ed in coflee, or rubbed with a cloth wet with cof-
fee, gives them a more glossy, black, brighter ap-
pejirance. Bombazine dresses are cleaned in
the same way. Coffee is better than vinegar, as
it has less tendency to decompose the coloring
matter. — .V. Y. Farmer.
vol.. XT. NO. 36.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
283
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
At a stated meeting of the Miissacliusetts Hor-
ticultural Society held on Saturday, March 9, 1333.
A letter was received from J. R. Newell, Es(|.
acompaiiied by one of Lord Vernon's tillage hops,
a donation from Messi-s. Thorbunis, of New
York. This letter having been read, it was re-
sol vim! that the thanks of the Society lie presented
to Ulessrs. Thorburns, for their very acceptable
present, and that Mr. Newell be permitted to nse
tlie instrniiient as a model tor the constrnction of
others, and that, thereafter it be deposited in the
Hall of the Society.
Thomas H. Mason, of Charlestown, was elected
a member of the Society.
Adjourned to March 16.
NOTICE.
The following books are now missing from the
Library of the Mass. Hort. Society.
Anderson on Gardening. Duhamel Plantation
des Arbres. Forsyth on the culture of Fruit Trees.
Hints on American Husbandry. Hipbournes
American Gardener. A volume of Horticultural
Tracts bound together. Sinclair's System of Hus-
bandry, vol. 1. Say's Entomology, vols. 2. Wheat-
ly on Gardening. Loudon's Gardener's Maga-
zine, No. 30. Horticultural Register, Nos. 1 & 8.
Loudon's Encyclopedia of Gardening. Sweet's
Florist's Guide, vol. 1.
Gentlemen having any of the above in their
possession are requested to retiu'n them imme-
diately. R. T. PAINE, Libiarian.
At a stated meeting of the Massachusetts Ilor-
cullural Society held on Saturday, March 16, the
following gentlemen were elected corresponding
members, Dr. Ebenezer Emmons, Willianistown,
William Foster Redding, Esq. and J. J. Hitch-
cock, Esq. of Baltimore.
NOTICE.
A stated meeting of the Slassachusetts Horticul-
tural Society will be held by adjournjiient at the
Hall of the Society, on Saturday, March 23d at
11 o'clock A. M. R. L. EMMONS, Sec'y.
ITEMS OP ECONOMY, ARTS. &.C.
Raising Ducks. A writer for the Southern Ag-
ricidtnrist, with the signature " Experimenter,"
lias given some directions for rearing this sjiecies
of poultry, which have the appearance of utility as
well as novelty. After a number of unsuccessful
experiments " in raising a bird which in its wild
state is very hardy" he says: —
"The thought at last occurred to me that in the
food with which we usually fed this species of
poultry, we departed widely from nature, and that
though the old ducks in their wild state fed on rice
and the seeds of various grasses that are found
along the edges of rivers, brooks and ponds, yet,
that at the spring of the year when young wild
ducks are hatched there are few seeds ripe, and
it is questionable whether at that, early age they
feed at all on grains or seeds. There appears in
the digestive organs of these young birds some-
thing unsnited to this kind of food — it passes
through them without affording much nourish-
ment. 1 had ascertained by dissection that their
gizzards were filled not with vegetable food, but
with the fragments of small era w-tish, worms, and
various acpiatic insects, as well as the spawn of
lishes ; and I determined in the following year to
try the effects of animal food. In due time my
young ducks were hatched, beef was given them
at first, after having been chopped very fine ; this
they devoured greedily and ate it in preference to
all kinds of vegetable food. The effect upon their
liealth and growth was immediate and surprising.
Tliey appeared to grow faster than any other
poultry — in a few weeks they were out of danger,
and a few months fit for the table. As beef was
expensive I tried cheaper kinds of food, such as
haslets of animals, crabs, fishes, &c. The result
was equally favorable. I was now satisfied that
in the article of food the end was attained by
simply giving the young ducks animal food.
Tea. Most ladies consider it sufficient that the
ti'a-kettle has boiled, and not that the water be al-
ways boiling hot when it is poured into the tea-pot.
To make a good dish of tea, scald the tea-pot, put
in the tea, pour on two or three table-spoonfuls of
water; let it stand a few seconds, and then fill ii]i
with the water boiling hot every time the tea-pot
is filled ; the kettle should be previously put on
the fire.
Invention and Economy. The Editor of the
Eastern Centinel, says, that an ingenious Tavern-
keeper, of that Borough, has succeeded in the
profitable desideratum of making his fire pay for
itself, by burning lime-stone and coal together, in
equal parts. TJie fire must be kindled in the
morning with pure coal, but through the day
rather more lime-stone than coal is used. He
thus saves several bushels of coal per week and
procures several bushels of lime. To all apjiear-
ance the stoves emitted as much caloric as when
filled with pure coal — the cylinder was as usual,
in a red heat.
Transplanting from Hot-beds. Afier raising
plants . in the hot-bed some little experience is
necessary to insure success iii removing them to
open ground. The common error which is com-
mitted in this business is, planting them out before
thewe.ather becomes warm enough to keep up the
vegetable circulation ; and the consequence is,
that during the rainy weather the plants look
water soaked and perish ; but if the weather con-
tinues dry and cold, tender plants will wilt and
die. Each plant requires a certain degree of heat
to cause it to flourish — some more and some less,
and due reference should be had to this in re-
moving them. Cabbages thrive best in cool, moist
weather ; but melons and cucumbers require a
greater degree of heat, and of course should not
be transplanted until the weather becomes warm
enoiigh to cause the yellow locust to be in full leaf.
— Genesee Farmer.
From the iiouthem Planter.
RAISING CALVES BY HAND.
Tarversville, Feb. 12, 1833.
Mr. Editor, — Having found you very desirous
of communications coimected with agricultural con-
cerns, I have thought proper to recite to you my
method of raising calves by hand, and thereby not
only enlarging the dairy product, but actually rear-
ing a finer animal and in less time. At one day
old, the calf is removed entirely from the dam, and
fed at first with milk fresh from the cow and
in a pail in which the feeder may lay his hand, put-
ting a finger into the calPs mouth by which the
little animal will soon drain the pail. By a little
care and ingenuity in the feeder, tlie calf will pres-
ently either drink the milk, or thrusting its nose
to the bottom of the pail, suck up the contents every
drop. Having taught the creature to take its food
in this artificial manner, |uoceed to add to portions
of thin corn meal ujush as much skinimed-milk as
will reduce the raush to a proper consistency for
suction, and render the mi.xture afull feed for the
calf. Feed thus three times a day. Any child
eight years old will take interest in administering
to the little beast, and be fully comjieteut to dis-
charged the office of feeder for a number of
calves.
Should the diet ever disagree with the calf,
substitute fresh milk a time or two, and all will
bo well again. Probatum est.
Yours repectfully, Geo. P. Cooper.
" The reason why hens do not lay eggs in the
winter is because the earth is covered with snow
that they can find no gravel, or other calcareous
matter to form the shells. If the bones of meat
or poultry, be pounded, and given to them, either
mixed with their food, or by itself, they will eat it
greedily, and will lay eggs as well as in warm
weather. When hens are fed with oats, they lay
better than when fed on any other grain."
Fruits and Flowers. — The annual catalogue of
fruit and ornamental trees and plants cidtivated at
the extensive nurseries of the Messrs. Winship, iu
Brighton, fills a pamphlet of 40 closely printed
pages, and is really worth examination to learn
to what perfection the art of floriculture has at-
tained in this country. The selection of roses is
probably superior to that of any other establish-
ment this side the Atlantic, there being upwards
of three hundred desirable kinds, and many of
them superb indeed and rarely seen elsewhere.
They have the choicest variety of Scotch roses,
and the most favorite kinds of that flower grown
in England, presented to the proprietors by Admi-
ral Sir Isaac Coffin. They have too, more than
forty varieties of the Paony, some of them exceed-
ingly rich ; and ornamental shrubs, evergreens,
vines, and creepers, honeysuckles, &c. without
number.
A RECIPE FOR MAKING BEER.
BoiL 10 ounces Hops in 3J pails of water one
hour, or until the leaves settle at the bottom of the
kettle. Then strain it into a 20 gallon cask in
which must first be put 6 quarts and one pint of
good thick molasses. Fill it up with cold water.
Add one pint of brewer^s yeast. Roll it over and
shake it well. Let it remain in the cellar 24 hours
with the bung out, after which it must be bunged
tight, and in one week it will be fit for use. If
bottled it will very much improve.
Fire proof and Holer proof Cement. To half a
])int of milk put an equal quantity of vincgur in
order to curdle it, then separate the curd from the
whey and mix it with the white of four or five eggs,
beating the whole together; when it is well mixed,
add a little quick-lime passed through a sieve, un-
til it has acquired the consistence of a thick paste.
With this cement, broken vessels, and cracks of
all kinds may be mended. It dries quickly and
resists the action of fire and water.
The supercilious, however refined are rude
284
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MARCH aO, 1833.
AN ADDRESS
Delivered before the Worcester Agricultural Society, Octo-
ber 10, 1832; being their Fourleenlh Anniversary Cattle
Show anJ Exhibition of Manufactures. By Waldo
Flint, Esq.
Agriculture, in its simplest foi-pi, was, proba-
bly, the first, and it is, tindoubtedly, the most iiii-
portimt, occupation of man. It lies, in fact, at the
fotmdation of civilized society. The spontaneous
productions of tlie earth, especially when aided by
contributions from the air and the deep, may, in-
deed, afford a precarious subsistence for a small
population, scattered over a wide extent of territory;
but still, man, without other and surer means of
support, ever has been, and ever must be, savage
man. The degree of civilization and relinement,
to which any tribe or nation of men may have at-
tained, may be pretty acctuately measured by the
advance they have made in the agricultural art.
I do not mean of course to be understood as say-
ing, that agriculture can flourish alone, without
the aul of the mechanic arts ; but I do mean to say,
that while all the arts mutually aid and assist each
other, agriculture must take the lead in the n)arch
of improvement.
Hence we find, that under all well ordered gov-
ernments, its improvement has always been an ob-
ject of peculiar interest and regard. What raised
ancient Egypt to the height of her grandeur? Not
the fertility of her soil alone, enriched as it was by
the overflowings of the Nile ; a rich soil is no bles-
sing to an idle ))opulation. It was the laborious
industry of her inhabitants ; encouraged and |)ro-
tected by sound maxims of State -policy, which
made her the granary of the world. The Nile has
continued, down to the present time, to make its
annual contributions, and, while the monuments
of her foolish pride still stand the wonders of the
world, her fertile plains are trampled upon by the
feet of reckless barbarians.
Rome, too, in her best days, was not less dis-
tinguished by her skill in the peaceful arts, than
for her military prowess. Her best military com-
manders were also her best pratnical farmers; and
"to neglect the cultivation of a farm was by them
considered an oflfence, which merited the chas-
tisement of the censor."
When the great northern Hive sent forth its
swarms of barbarians to ravage and possess the
provinces of the Roman Em[)ire, agriculture not
only fell into neglect, but came to be considered a
menial occupation. The only honorable profes-
sion, in those unsettled times, was that of arms.
The lands were lotted otit by the conquering gen-
erals, in large districts, among their favorite offi-
cers, who again subdivided them among their fol-
lowers, and all were held, originally, on the
condition of rendering military service to their
respective superiors. Those, who where employ
ed in husbandry, were liable to be called away, at
any moment, from their business, to attend upon
their liege lords, and it can be no matter of won-
der, therefore, that the art should liave become
nearly extinct.
When, m the progress of time, the temper of
the people had become more peaceful, and the
tenure, by which estates were holdeu, more se
cure, agriculture began again to revive. But, then,
out of the feudal system, to which I have just re-
ferred, arose the laws of primogeniture and en
tails, by which family dignity and pride were to
be sustained at the expense of justice and sound
policy,— the evil effbcts of which on agricultural
iniproventent are fell, even in the most enlighten-
ed States of Europe, at the present day.
Agriculture has never, since the fall of the Ro-
man Empire, or at least never until recently, ex-
cept perhaps in China and some other portions of
Asia, assumed its proper rank among the arts of
life. It has generally been considered an occupa-
tion requiring less of science and skill, than almost
any other art. It is true, the mere manual labor
on a farm does not call for extraordinary skill ; but
to superintend aivd control all the various opera-
tions of farming, so as to make it a profitable busi-
ness,— to adapt the crop to the soil and the cli-
mate,— to provide for contingencies and change the
mode of cultivation, when circumstances require
it, — idl this, it seems to me, demands great judg-
ment and discretion, as well as much science and
skill. Dexterity or expeituess is all that is nec-
essary in many of the mechanic trades, and this
may be acquired by practice. So practice will
generally make a good mower, a good rea|>er, a
good ploughman, but neither of these, nor all com-
bined, will alone constitute a good farmer. In
agriculture, nature produces every thing, and it is
the business of the husbandman to direct her opera-
tions. He cannot, as may be done in some of the
iiiechanic trades, follow on, year after year, in
any one beaten track. He nmst study, and study
diligently, the nature of the soil he has to deal
with ; he must watch its changes and trace these
changes, if he can, up to their causes, so that he
may learn how to preserve his lands in health, or,
if they become diseased, what remedy to apply in
order to restore them. Every year's observation
should add something to his stock of knowledge.
The productiveness of the earth is influenced by a
great variety of circumstances, which wholly es-
cape the notice of the careless observer ; and the
tarmer, who should, in spite of experience, persist
in cultivating his lands in a |)articular manner,
either because his father did so before him, or be-
cause he may himself have fmmd his course of
husbandry profitable under difi'erent circumstances
would be very like the ])hysician, who should, on
all occasions, turn to his hook of recipes and
make out his prescriptions, without studying the
constitutions, and inquiring into the particular hab-
its, of his patients.
In order to be accomplished in the art, the far-
mer should have some acquaintance with the
science of husbandry. Not that every farmer is
expected to be a i)hiloso])her, and " understand all
mysteries and all knowledge ;" but he ought, cer-
tainly, to know something of the compositions of
soils and of the nature and properties of the ditier-
ent kinds of manures, that he may be better able
to judge, what substances are wanted to preserve or
increase the fertihty of his lands. This he may,
indeed, learu from experience, and experience,
after all, is the farmer's only sure guide ; but read-
ing will supply him with hints which he may find
exceedingly gseful in conducting his own experi-
ments. The practical agriculturist, I know, has
little leisure for study ; byt he can find time
enough, every week in the year, to read the Ne^v
England Farmer, and the long winter evenings
will afford him leisure, it he choose so to employ
them, to become acquainted with more volumin-
ous publications on the subject. I have said,
experience is the farmer's only sure guide; but he
will not be governed by his own experience mere-
ly. He wUl avail himself of the experience of his
neighbors' also, and will adopt in the management
of his own tiirrn, any iiriprovements, which they
may have introduced in the ctdture of theirs.
For the same reason, he should enlarge the circle
of his inquiries, not confining himself t6 his own
town, or state, or country. The farming tools
and agricultural operations of Great Britain are
very similar, in most particulars, to those of the
United States, and many valuable treatises on the
subject have been published there, which are now
accessible to the American farmer. — Some of these
will give him much useful information, and his
own good sense will teach him to adopt or reject
their mode of husbandry, as he may find the same
ai)plicable or otherwise to the condition of our
ovin countiy.
In this country, from its first settlement, agri-
culture has always been considered an honorable,
as well as most usefiil, occupation. Indeed, up to
the time of the Revolution, it constituted almost
the sole employment of the inhabitants. Rlanu-
factnres, except the common household manufac-
tures which are found in all new settlements, there
Were none: of commerce, there was next to noth
ing : and I cannot learn, that any of the most com-
mon mechanic arts were cultivated any farther
than was absolutely necessary. It was tiie jiolicy
of the mother country to sup])ly her colonies with
every article which she could make at home.
Her motherly kindness went even farther, — she
coidd not consent, that her children here should
have the trouble even of transporting the articles,
which her bounty supplied them with. And in
rclurn for all this goodness, she only required that
tliiy shoidd pay her, liberally, for her goods and
their freight, in any articles of produce which she
wanted and could not raise on that portion of the
farm which she carried on herself. I take the lib-
erty to quote the Preamble to an Act of Parli.i-
ment, passed 1663, for the ])urpose of presenting,
in a clear light, her disinterested regard for the
prosperity and welfare of her colonies.
" In regaril his Majesty's Plantations beyond
seas, are inhabited and ])eopled by his subjects of
this his kingdom of England, — for the maintain-
ing a greater kindness and correspondence between
them, and kcejiiug them in a firmer dependence
upon it, and rendering them yet more beneficial
and advantageous unto it, in the further eniploy-
nient and increase of English shipping and seamen
— vent of English woollens and other manufac-
tures and commodities, and making this kingdom
a staple not only of the commodities of these Plan-
tations, but also of the commodities of other coun-
tries and places for the supplying of them. Be it
it enacted, "&c. "The only use ^and advantage of
American Colonies and West India Islands," it
was said, " was the monopoly of their consunt]!-
tion and the carriage of their produce." England
has continued, even since partition was ma'de and
the late Colonists have managed their portion of
tlie farm in their own way, to manifest the same
watchful care over the interests of her children.
She says now, as she always used to say, that it is
giving ourselves quite too much trouble to manu-
facture our own clothing, and is perfectly willing
and ready to supply us with whatever we want in
that line, ready made, and will take, in exchange,
our cotton, rice, tobacco, and indeed, any thing
else, which she must have and cannot raise for
the supply of her own wants. She has allowed
us, occasionally, to truck a little with her West
India Islands — when they have chanced to be in
a state of starvation ; and has recently consented,
VOL. XI. NO. 36.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
285
that we may go there, when we please, without
molestation, — on certain conditions, however,
which, as some think, give her the best end of the
bargain.
But I have dwelt longer, than I purposed, on
the Colonial policy of England. I intended only
to have made a passing remark — that the policy,
she adopted in relation to these Colonies, with the
expectation of making them more dependent <i])on
her, and of binding them more closely to her, was,
probably, the best, which could have been devis-
ed, to prepare them, in due time, to assert and
achieve their independence. Had they been left
free to push their fortunes in any channel, into
which inclination might have led them, it is a fair
presumption, that they might have remained, to
this hour, an appendage of the British Empire.
The Fathers of New England came to these
shores, deeply imbued with the love of liberty, —
" not like other men, whom small things could
discourage or small discontents cause to wish
themselves at home again," and the employments,
in which they here engaged, were well calculated
to fix and perpetuate thi^ sentiment in their hearts
and in the hearts of their children, while at the
same time, they gave them the nerve and the mus-
cle, which were necessary to brace them for the
contest.
When our independence was established and
the country had, in some measure, recovered from
the effect of her seven years' struggle to secure it,
a thousand new channels were opened to the en-
terprise of our citizens. Large foi-tunes were, oc-
casionally, accumulated in the course of a few
years, and the young and active and enterprising
were tempted by the prospect of wealth, quickly,
and as they supposed easily, acquired, to engage
in foreign commerce or domestic trade rather than
to secure a competency by agricultural pursuits,
in which their gains, though more certain, would
be less rapid.
An old English writer defines English gentle-
men thus — " As for gentlemen, they be made
good cheap in this kingdom ; for whosoever studi-
eth the laws of the realm, who studieth in the
universities, who professeth the liberal sciences,
and to be short, who can live idly and without
manual labor, he shall he called master, and shall
be taken for a gentleman." In this country, for a
while sidisequent to the time of which I have spo-
ken, the feeling, I suspect, was common with too
many, that it was more respectable to live by one's
wits, than by manual labor; as if honest industry
could ever fail to secure esteem and command re
spect ! The young men were too easily persuad-
ed, by the prospect of light labor and great gains,
to desert the country for the city, where, if they
were fortunate enough to preserve their moral pu-
rity in the midst of temptations, the chances were
greatly against their attaining the object of their
desires. It may be safely asserted, that the in-
dustrious and economical farmer or mechanic is
sure of a competency, in this country, while in the
possession of health. But let a man walk through
the business streets of one of our commercial cities,
and after the hii)se of ten or even five years, let
him return an<l take his walk again through the
same streets, and inquire what proportion of the
former occuiiants are still there, prospering in
business, and he will, probably, be surprised to
learn, that tljere are so great uncertainties in trade.
I have heard it estimated by persons of observation
and competent to form a correct cjiiuion on the
subject, — that, of the young gentlemen who com-
mence business in the metropolis of our own
State, not one in five meets with so much success
as to induce him to continue his business. The
career of many early terminates in bankruptcy, and
of these, notwithstanding the well know liberality
of the merchants of that city in discharging from
further liability those who honestly surrender their
property for distribution among their creditors,
not a few continue, for the remainder of their
lives, in a state of pecuniary embarrassment, which
necessarily precludes them from obtaining any
thing more than a bare subsistence. The same
kind, though not the same degree, of uncertainty
attends the business of merchandizing in the coun-
try. The reason is obvious; the merchant or
trader necessarily deals much on credit, and if his
business is large, his credits must be i)roportiona-
b'ly extensive; so that he stands res])onsible not
oidy for his own honesty and good management,
but for the skill and integrity of his customers.
It is not thus with the fanner. His debtors may,
uideed, refuse or be unable to pay, but his lands
cannot take wings and fly away. They at least
will stand fast ; and he has the sure word of Prov-
idence, that seed time and harvest shall never fail.
He deals with fewer individuals than the merchant
or mechanic, and can, more easily than they, se-
lect his own customers. The productions of a
farm, too, are always saleable at fair market pri-
ces ; for man must eat, though he will not work,
and can no more
— " cloy the hungry edge of appetite,"
" By bare imag-ination of a feast,"
Than " ho can hold a fire in his hand,"
"By thinking on the frosty Caucasus."
Besides, there is seldom any necessity, that the
farmer in New England, should sell on credit, un-
less he choose to run the risk of loss for the sake
of getting something above the market price for
his commodities. Neither can he be subjected to
much expense or loss of time in sending his pro-
duce to market; for the busy manufacturing vil-
lages, which are springing up on every hand
around us, as it were, by enchantment, will always
furnish h'\m, if they are suffered to continue and
prosper, with cash-customers for all his surplus
productions.
If money, then, be not the supreme good ; if
health and a competency are to be preferred to
greater wealth, earned as it often must be, by
anxious days and sleepless nights, let not the farm-
er repine at his lot. He may work harder than
some who are engaged in other pursuits; but his
sleep will be more sound and refreshing. He
may not be able, after a life of industry, to point
to heaps of hoarded gold, as the fruit of his labors ;
but, if true to himself and duty, he will leave a
better legacy to his children. They will have been
trained up to habits of industry, temperance, sobrie-
ty, virtue, and he will himself be "gathered to
his fathers a shock of corn fully ripe."
[To be continued.]
HATCHING CHICKENS IN THE BARK-BED OP
A HOT-HOUSE.
A FRIEND of mine was very successtui last year
in hatching chickens in the tan-pit of a hot-house.
His method waste place a half hogshead barrel in
the tan, which was brought up all around it nearly
to the toj) of the cask, and was merely covered with
a flat board. The eggs were placed in a basket at
the bottom, and covered with a piece of flannel.
The heat required is 104 degrees Fahrenheit; a
degree or two above or below that point will not
destroy the eggs, but the nearer it is kept to that
heat the better. It may be supposed that it will
require a great deal of trouble to keep it up to this
nicety, but it is not so troublesome as may at first
sight be imagined. It may also be asked, what
advantage is to be derived from this process, when
plenty of setting hens can be procured? I answer,
that the chickens may be hatched much earlier
than hens will want to set ; in fact, the hatching
may be commenced as soon as eggs can be jjro-
cured ; and, of course, the poultry to be obtained
will fetch a much greater price from their early
production. They may be easily reared by being
kept in the house when they are hatched, until
they are big enough to be put out of doors, which
will be in about a fortnight or three weeks. When
the cask is once at the proper heat, it may be kept
up to the desired point without much trouble, for
several months; and the average numberof chickens
will exceed what is obtained from hens. I have
read a French work by Dc Reaumur, giving a very
circumstantial and interesting account of hatching
chickens, by heat produced by horse dung, and I
have produced chickens by that means myself;
but the heat requires to be very often renewed by
fresh dung, and the place must be particularly fa-
vorable to the undertaking. There is also great
risk of the germ in the eggs being destroyed by
the damp efiluvia arising from the dung, which
catises the success to be very uncertaui. Besides,
every gentleman's gardener has a tan-bed at his
command. I am also of opinion that many of
your correspondents might connect a hot-closet
with the stove used for heating their houses, or
might allow the pipes for circulating hot water,
where that system is adopted, to pass through it,
by which means it might be kept up to the required
heat with very little trouble. With respect to the
tan-bed, it is reduced to a certainty by the experi-
ence of my friend. He has hatched several broods
this spring, and I can assure you that the chickens
brought up in this way have thrived and increased
in size much more than those hatched and brought
tip by a hen ; and that this has been proved sever-
al times, by a comparison between chickens
hatched in the different modes in the same day. —
London Gardener's Magazine.
IMPORTANT DECISION.
We remark the following decision of Judge Mar-
tin, of Norfolk county, Massachusetts, relative to
the duty of surveyors of highways, and the liabil-
ity of towns, when roads are encundiered with
snow, in one of the late journals. His opinion
was that surveyors are obliged by law to render
roads passable, when, they are blocked up with
snow, as much as they are obliged to repair roads
that are out of order iiom any other cause — that
towns are liable for damages caused to travellers by
obstructiousmade by snow, as well as for damages
occasioned by any other defect in a road, and that
there is no difference between cases of roads defec-
tive from any other cause. The surveyors of ways
are bound to keep roads in good repair at all times.
Farmer's and Manufacturer's Journal.
Drapery should never form part of the furniture
of a room intended for music. It destroys rever-
beration, by absorbing the sound. A ^vriter in
the Loudoii Quarterly Review affirms that he sen-
sibly felt a damp cast upon the voice of a singer in
a small room, upon the entrance of a tall lady,
habited in a long woollen cloak.
286
NEW ENGLAND FARMER
MARCH 20, 1833
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 20, 18.33
FARMER'S WORIC.
Manure for Grass Land, Top Dressing. It is
wrong to attempt to take many crops of hay from
any piece of upland without affording it nuinure :
and although, as a general rule, it is best to break
up, and take arable crops from land when it is
manured there are important exceptions to this
rule. Mowing land may be too wet, or otherwise
unfit for the plough ; and though much manure is
wasted, when applied to grass land by its washing
away by rains, and giving its fertilizing gases to
the atmosphere instead of the plants it was intend-
ed to nourish, still there may exist cases in which
its apjilication to the surface of grasslands may be
advisable. Mowing land in such cases, should,
once in two or three years have a top dressing of
some manure suitable to the soil. Gypsum or
lime well |)ulverized will be well applied to clover
growing on a dry soil. "Gypsum" says the Far-
mer's Guide" generally benefits all broad leaved
plants, such as corn, potatoes, and most of the
grasses. It is also good for young fruit trees.
On grasses the best time to sow it, is when vegeta-
tion starts in the spring, at the rate of one bushel
per acre, and the same quantity inmiediately after
haying. Plaster has no effect on moist lands, and
it has been thought not to be beneficial near the
sea, but from some experiments, it appears that its
operation depends more on the nature of the soil
than its nearness to the sea coast."
Dr. Deane observed "If the application of top
dressings to mowing ground were generally prac-
tised, and repeated as it ought to be instead of the
general, or rather universal neglect of it, it would
put a new face upoii things. A vast plenty of hay,
double crops, two cuttings in a year, and much
increase of wealth to farmers in general would be
the happy consequences." Sir John Sinclair, re-
commends top dressing a growing crop, w hen it is
suspected that the land is not rich enough to bring
a full crop to perfection, and directs that this
should be done as early in the spring as the land
becomes sufficiently dry to bear the treading of a
horse without poaching; and after the manure has
been applied, the land should generally be harrow-
ed or rolled. Soot, ashes, and other light ma-
nures are thus most advantageously disposed of.
Loudon says "The roots of perennial grasses,
whether fibrous or creeping, never strike deep in-
to the soil, and thus deriving their nourishment
chiefly from the surface, top dressings of well rot-
ted manure, repeated on the same field fur centu-
ries, form at last a thin black stratum among the
roots of the grass, which produces the most luxu-
riant crops."
Most agricultural writers as before intimated
condemn the use of barn yard, stable or putrescent
flmnure on grass land, because it is apt to be wash-
ed away, or to become dried matter of little value
by exposure to the sun and air. Undoubtedly
manure of this kind will, generally, prove more
serviceable when ploughed into the ground and
used for corn, potatoes, &c. but in many cases it
is not bad husbandry to use the strongest sorts of
dung as top dressings for grasses. An English
agricultural writer, whose works ai-e well esteem-
ed says "There is scarcely any sort of manure
that will not be useful when laid on the surface of
grass grounds; but, in general, those of the more
rich dung kinds are most suitable for the older
sort of sward lands ; and dung, in composition with
fresh vegetable and earthy substances, is more
useful to the new leys, or grass lands. In Jlid-
dleseX it is the practice of the best farmers to pre--
fer the richest dung they can procure, and seldom
to mix it with any sort of earthy material, as they
find it to answer best in regard to the quantity of
produce, which is the principal object in view ;
the cultivators depending chiefly for the sale of
their hay on the London markets. It is the prac-
tice to turn over the dung that is brought from
London in a tolerable state of rottenness, so as to
be in a middling state of fineness, when put upon
the land. It is necessary, however, that it should
be in a more rotten and reduced state when used
in the spring than when the autumn is chosen fi)r
its application." — Dickson's Practical Agriculture.
With regard to the season at which manure
should be applied to mowing gi'ound, a great dif-
ference of opinion prevails among farmers both in
Europe and America. Loudon says, " In the
County of Middlesex, where almost all the grass
lands are preserved for hay, the manure is invari-
ably laid on in October, while the land is suffi-
ciently dry to bear the driving of loaded carls, and
when the heat of the day is so moderated as not
to exhale the volatile parts of the mass. Others
prefer ajiplyiug it immediately after hay time from
about the middle of Jidy to the ciul of August,
which is said to be the "good old time," and if
that season he inconvenient, at any time from the
beginning of February to the beginning of April.
TIte Farmer's Manual directs to dress [iu March]
with stable compost, hog-pen, or such other well
rotted manure as you have, such grass grounds as
you have neglected in autumn ; three loads now
may be equal to two then ; but it is best to secure
a good crop even now. Your winter grain should
now be dressed with plaster, if it was neglected at
seed time ; your mowing grounds, which are on a
di-y soil will pay you well for a bushel or two of
plaster, or a few bushels of lime or leached ashes to
the acre. A mixture of lime and ashes, plaster and
ashes, or of all those ingredients has also been re-
commended.
Previous to manuring your grass land it will he
well to harrow or scarify it. Rolling has been
recommended to smooth and consolidate the sur-
face of grass ground, prevent the formation of ant-
hillsandrcudertheeftectsofdroughtless pernicious.
But scarifying or tearing the surface with a harrow
is better, as it opens the ground to admit manure
to the roots of the grass ; and thus the force of the
objections to the application of putrescent manure
on grass ground is in some degree obviated. After
this process it is often advisable to sow grass seeds
to preduce a new set of plants and supersede the
necessity of breaking up the soil to prevent its be-
ing " bound out," as the phrase is.
ITKMS OF 11VTEI,L,IGEI«CE.
Latest from Europe. — An arrival at N. York brinn-s
London dates from Jan. 23d and Liverpool from Jan. x.'4.
O'Connclls National Council met at Dublin Jan. 17lh,
and among other resolutions discussed was the following,
viz. " That it is essential to the people of England that
the system of tythes in that country should be extin-
guished, not in name only but in substance and reality."
On the -.ilst Jan. e.xtensive powder mills e.xplodcd at
Dartmoutli, in Kent. The damage done for miles was
immense ; and in many instances, particularly in the
neighborhood, in a number bf houses not a whole pane
of glass is left. Seven bodies had been found, but it was
impossible to say how many lives were lost at the time
the news was published.
Ireland continues in a dreadful state. Combinations
to oppose the laws, midnight marches and meetings,
wounding cows, horses and sheep, as well as the inmates .
of houses, are the order of the day and the business of
the night.
** In the County of Kilkenny the list of outrages con-
tinues undiminished, either by the presence of increased
constabulary force or the approach of cavalry. Details
of .attacks on 10 houses are given between the 7th and
13th inclusive in various parts of tlic country. In these
visits tiie White feet severely beat and wounded three of
the inmates, houghed two cows and a horse, and burned
some stacks of wheat and out offiees," &c. &c.
It is reported that Ibrahim Pacha has gained another
and recent victory over the Turkish army.
Ilriiortoftlie Minoritij of llie CoinmitUe on Manufactures.
A late National Intelhgcncer contains Mr. Adams' mi-
nority report on those parts of the President's message
which related to domestic manul'actures. It is a very
long as well as able paper, occupying three pages of the
National Intelligencer. An analysis and extracts from
this document are given in the Boston Courier.
The following is from a Liverpool paper of Feb. 4 : —
Rumors have been prevalent, thai Ibe Government are ma-
luring a plan for the abolition of slavery in our colonial pos-
sessions. Whatever truth there may be in the rumors to
which we have alluded, it has long been evident to every man
of ordinary observation, that '* llic fulness of time" has arrived
when the delusion of gradual must ^ive place to the certainty
of immediate emancipation, using the word immediate to im-
ply, not the instant disenlhralmenl of the slavcs,without looking^
to consequences, but the commencement of a system which
shall, in a period to be fixcti, aud therefore limited, terminate
ill the total destruction of slavery. Public opinion, not the
npiuion of an mireflcctiiig mob, but of the moral, aud religious,
ami enlightened people of England, has scathed the monster
whose days are numbered, and whose dissolution, at no very
remote period, will be hailed with pleasureand delight by
every lover of humanity and justice.
Since the above remarks were written, we have heard that
the West India bo^'.v, alarmed at the intentions of Govern-
ment, and satisfied that Parliament will insist on the emancipa-
tion of the slaves, have expressed their willingness to fail into
the views of the abolitionists, on the condition, that they shall
be allowed to enjoy their present monopoly of the supply of the
English market with the produce of tlie colonies.
vol.. XI. KO, 36.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
287
SUCTION PUMPS &. 1,EAD PIPES.
HILL & CHAMBEHLIN lia\o Ini- sale al llieir Manufac-
tory, corner of Charleslowii and i\latk(M sliccls, Suction Pumps
and Load Pipes, warranted of ilir IksI .juality — also manufac-
ture Factory Kettles, Sizing; Laiiles, Cylintlers, and every
artit?le in the Coppersmith's business.
{i;j^AII orders in the above line thankfully received and
promptly executed. 3in m 13
HARDWARE.
100 dozen Ames Backstrap Sliovcls.
20 do. do. Large Shovels, Irom No. 4 to 12.
do. Cast Steel Polished Shovels.
Plympton Hoes.
Stetson do.
Fales Cast Steel Goosenecked Hoes,
usother kinds of Hoes.
100 dozen Manure Forks, comprising an assortment of vari-
ous makers and qualities.
150 dozen Farwell's Scvthes.
150 do. Whipple & Hales half set Scvthes, together with
every description of HARDWARE GOODS, for sale b\
LANE & READ, at No. fi, Market Snuare. near Fanned
Hall. m 13
20
100
50 do
Also, varit
CENUINE MORUS Mri.TICAUL,IS, or CHINESE
MU1.BERRY.
MRS. PARMENTIER at the Horticultural Botanic Garden.
Brooklyn. L. I. otVers for sale a choice collection of Pear, Ap-
ple, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Quince, and otlier Fruit Trees.
Grape Vines. Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Greenhouse
and Herbaceous Plants at moderate prices.
Also the Genuine Morus Mullicaulis or Chinese Mulberry, of
which ajiy quantity not exceeding ten thousand can be furnish-
ed at reasonable prices.
Orders may be sent by mail directed to Mrs. P. or left at
Mr. Geo. C. Barrett, Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North Mar-
ket street Boston.
6t M20
CHARIiESTOWN VINEVARD AND GREEN
HOUSE.
THE subscriber (late Gardener to John Prince, Esq.) re-
spectfully acquaints the public, that he has taken the Estab-
lishment lately occupied by Mr. D.4vid Haggekston, known
by the name of the " Charlcstown VineijarJ." Ho begs leave
to inform the ladies and gentlemen of Boston and its vicinity
that he will furnish them with a variety of GREEN HOUSE
PLANTS— Flowers lor BOQUETS, as usual, on moderate
tcnns — and hopes by unremitting attention to merit a share of
public patronage.
All. orders will be promptly attended to by the subscriber.
March 20. THOMAS MASON.
ASSORTED SEEDS FOR PAMI1.IES.
FOR Sale, at the Seed Store coimected with the New Eng-
land Farmer, 51 & 52 North Market Street,
Small boxes of Assorted Seeds for Kitchen Gardens. Each
box contains a package of the following seeds : — ■
Early Washington Peas
Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas
Late Marrowfat Peas
Early Mohawk Dwarf String
Beans
Early Dwarf White Caseknife
Beans
Limaj or Saba Pole Beans
Long Blood Beat (true sort)
Early turnip-rooted Beef
Early York Cabbage
Large Cape Savoy do. (Unf)
RedDiitch do. (for jnrfhing)
Early Dutch Cauliflower
Early Horn Carrot (veryjhic)
Long Orange Carrot
White Solid Celery
Curled Cress or Peppergrass
■Early Cucumber
Long Green Turkey do.
Long Dutch Parsnep
Large Head Lettuce
Early Silisia do.
Pine-apple Melon (very fine)
Watermelon
Large White Portugal Onion
Large Red do.
Double Curled Parsley
Flat Squash Pepper
Early Scarlet short-lop Radish
White Turnip Radish
Salsify, or Oyster Plant
Early Bush Squash
Winter Crook-neck Squash
Early White Dutch Turnip
Yellow Stone Turnip
POT HERB SEEDS.
Sweet Marjorum, Sage, Sum-
mer Savory.
At the Seed Store can be found the greatest variety of Field,
Grass, Garden, Herb and Flower Seeds, to be fouiid in New
England, of the very lirst quality, and at fair prices, wholesale
and retail.
Also, Fruit and Forest Trees, Grape Vines, (of both native
and European origin,) and Ornamental Shrubs at Nurserymen's
V™""^- m 13
SITUATION WANTED.
As manager of a Farm, a married man, natives of Scotland,
his wife capable of managing a dairv. can produce good recom-
mendation, as to character, and the best method of Agriculture.
Apply at this otlice.
fcb 27 isjt
GRASS SEEDS.
Herds Grass— Red Clover, ( Nortliem nvd SloiilhernJ Red
Top— Fowl Meadow— Orchard Grass— Tall Meadow OaiGrass
—Lucerne— White Dutch Honevsuckle Clover, for sale by
Geo. C. Barrett, No. 51 &52 North Market Street, Boston.
feb 13 tf
FRAMINGHAM NURSERY.
W. BUCKMINSTER otTcrs for sale at his Nursery in Fra-
iingham, English Cherry trees. Peach trees. Pear trees, and
Apple trees of the first quality. Also, a few Isabel a Grape
March 5, 1S33.
PARTNER WANTED.
A Gentleman, now well established in the Nursery business,
m Ohio, having a good assortment of Fruit Trees, &c. grow-
ing, is desirous of tidiiug as an active partner, a gardener from
the vicinity of Boston, who is thoroughly acquainted with the
business, and can give unquestionable testimonials as to his ca-
pacity, integrity and devotion to business. The location is one
of the best in the Stale, having a water eomnnmicalion north
to the Lakes, south to the navigable waters of the Mississipp
Valley, and east and west by tlie great National Road. For
further particulars, apply personally, to Mr. Barrett, Publisher
of the New England Farmer, Boston. feb 20
FOR SALE,
THE Bull COLLINS, got by Bolivar— dam Young Flora
byCoelebs; Granddam the imported Cow Flora — dropt Auo-'
30, 182y— colour red and white. This Bull is one of tlie.finest
animals in America, and will be sold low. Apply at this office
Jan. 16 tf
A MAN AND HIS WIFE
WANTED to take charge of a Boarding House at the
Paint and Color Manufactory in Roxbury, to board from 15 to
20 men. A good House wi'll be furnished, and a fair price
allowed for board. For further particulars inquire of J. R.
NEWELL, Agricultural Warehouse, No. 5), North Market
street, Boston. u^ ^q
STAI.L.IONS.
THE following Horses are for sale or to let the ensuin"
season. If not parted with they will stand for Mares at the
Farm of A. Dey, at Lodi, Bergen County, New Jersey, near
Newark Bridge, about 7 miles from the City of New York,
under the care of Hosea Wokthington.
PATH-KILLER,— Chestnut, G years old 30lh April, IS33,
measures 15 hands 3 inches higli, and is still growing Sire
American Eclipse; Dam HyaciiUli, a pure thorough bred mare'
of the English race breed — for pedigree see the 3il Vol. Ameri-
can Turf Register, Nos. 8 & a, April and May 1832, where her
petligree is verified up to the Oriental Horses, more than 150
years, — Path Killer's Colts are remarkable for their beauty,
size, bone and action, and promise to be great trotters
NAVARINO,— beautiful blood Bay, o years old in May
ures 15 hands and 3 inches high, and still growing
PKICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
1833,
Sire, '• Drlijroot's Sir Hurry" — Dam, tiyacinlh above iiam'ed.
H.\RPINUS, — beautilul blood Bay, measures IG hands 2
inches hijh,7 years old this spring(1833)— Sire,HamWc<oman
— YiAm, Messenger Mare, a great trotter and his colts laro-e
and fine, well calculated for Coach Horses ; for one pair of
them, only two and three years old, ^100 was ofl'ered and re-
fused.
KING PHILIP,— a Sorrel, said to be 13 years old ; a full
blood Narragansett, and the only known lliorough-bred in this
part of the country. He is a descendant of a race of animals
that have been in the family of the late Governor Jay for many
years. His stock, especially those by high bred mares, arc-
said to be very fine, and will carry a man with great ease bO
miles a day under the saddle.* As saddle horses, they readily
sell from JJ300 to goOO, at five years old. They rack, trot,
and canter, and are good for both saddle and harness.
The above horses will stand for ;^15 the season, pavable on
the 1st January. 1834. istw " m 20
FRUIT TREES, GRAPE VINES, SHRUBBE-
RY, <&c.
^ FOR Sale at the Garden and Nursery of the Subscriber near
Savin Hill Hotel, a variety of Grape Vines. Trees. Rose
Bushes, &e. RUFUS HOWE.
N. B. Pruning, Grafting, Transplanting, &c. attended to
when desired.
Dorchester, March 20th, 1833.
Apples, russetts,
baldwiiis,
Beans, white,
Beek, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk,
foilr meal,
skimmed milk, . . . .
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
"Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye, ........
Barley,
Oats,
Hat
Vines.
W.\NTS A SITUATION,
AS A FARMER, a man with a small family who is well ac-
<quaintcd with his business, and can produce good recommenda-
jions. Apply at this OflSce. 3t mS
RUSSIA MATS.
500 dozen large sized Russia ftlais.
.WO do small do. do. do.
For Sale by D. F. FAULKNER. No. 15 Centra! Street.
m20 If
Ho.\ev,
Hops, 1st quality,
Laru, Boston, 1st sort, . . . ,
Southeru, 1st sort, . , . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra c4ear, .
Navy, Mess
Bone, middlings, . . . .
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
*' southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
Pulled superfine,
1st Lambs, . . .
2d " ...
3d " ...
1st Spinning, . . .
them pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
cwl.
gallon
cwl
pound
side
pound
side
pound
cask
ton
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt
pound
2 5(1
1 3
11 to
6 75
8 00
14
35
9
1 12
C 25
5 8-
5 87
6 00
75
C5
yo
23
1 00
3 87
17 50
13 00
none
2 50
1 50
11
3 00
2 M
11 50
7 00
8 50
IS
1 23
6 50
6 37
6 12
30 00
9
3 00
19
2 70
26
25
1 26
4 00
18 00
13 50
3 00
200
12
12
11 00
58
75
50
PROVISION MARKET
RETAIL PRICES.
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eccs,
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according to quality.)
pound
n
!)
6
^
"
18
"
20
dozen
16
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
3 00
MILLET.
JUST received, a few bushels of prime Millet Seed, bi
GEO. C. BARRETT, N. E. .Seed Store. m 20 '
WANTS A SITUATION AS A GARDENER.
A STE,\DY active young Man, who is perfectly conversant
with every departiHcnt'of his business, any commcinds directed
to M. I., and left at the office of this paper, will be respectfully
-"■■-'-'- *3w m20'
attended to.
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, March. 18, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Adrertiser and ratriot.
At Market this day 237 Beef Cattle, (including 35 unsold last
week,) 17 Cows and Calves, 12 pair Working Oxen, 385 Sheep
and 888 Swine.
Pricks. Beef Cattle. — An advance has been cfiected as
will be seen by quotations. We noticed two yoke taken at
JjG,S7.J, anri one yoke at 6,75. We quote prime at jJG a 6,50 j
good at 5.50, a 6"; thin at 4,75 a 5,25.
Coirs and CoIks.—Wc: noticed sales at ,gl8, 19. 20, 23, 25,
27 a ^30.
Working O.rcn.— We noticed the sale of 3 pair at ^80, at
95, at nij — other sales were cfl"cctcd at lower prices.
Sheep. — We noticed 83 Wethers, fed by Col. J. Newhall. of
Conway, 40 taken at ,^I0 each, and 43 at something more than
$(,. Sales were also elTocted at ^3, 3,50. 4,60, 5 a 5,50.
Swine. — More than half at market were delivered on con-
tract— one lot of 200. nearly half Sows, were taken at 5c.; at
retail. 5c. for Snwc ami l\c. for Barrows.
FLOWER SEEDS.
200 VARIETIES of very handsome annual, biennial and
fcreniiial Flower Seeps, in packages of 20 varieties each,
'or sair at the New England Seed Store. Price ^1 per pack-
age. 6^ CIS. per paper. m 13
288
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
HARCH ao, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
From the N. H. Senliiiel.
TO THE LOVERS OF RUM.
The autlior wrote the following lines for the Long Island
Star more ihan twenty years ago, but he tliinks it will suit the
present time.
I'te mused on the miseries of life,
To find from what quarter they come,
Whence most of confusion and strife ;
Alas! From the Lovers of Rum.
I met «ith a fair one distress'd,
I ask'd whence her sorrows could come,
She replied, I am sorely oppress'd,
My husband's a Lover of Rum.
I found a poor child in the street,
His limbs with the cold, were all nim:ib,
No stockings, nor shoes on his feetj
His father's a Lover of Rum.
I went to collect a small debt,
The master was absent from home ;
The sequel I need not relate.
For the man was a Lover of Rum.
I met mth a pauper in rags.
He ask'd for a trifling sum ;
I'll tell you the cause why he begs.
He once was a Lover of Rum.
I've seen men, from health, wealth and ease,
Untimely descend to the tomb ;
1 need not relate their disease
Because they were Lovers of Rum.
Ask prisons and gallowses all.
Whence most of their customers come,
From whom they have most of their calls.
They'll say, from the Lovers of Rum.
MEDICO.
Roxbury, Jan. 31, 1833.
IN EARTH'S LONEI^Y DESERT.
Swiss /li;^— " Hans des Vacltes."
In earth's lonely desert,
In regions above.
To mortals and angels
There's nothing like Love.
It brightens the landscape
Wherever we go.
And beams like a star
On our pathway of wo.
When the myrtles of Love
Breathe their odors around,
Their music of Hope
Gives to silence a sound.
O! dear is the spot,
Where our glances iirsl met ;
There sorrow may linger,
Though joy may forget.
All melody breathing,
All sunshine and bloom,
Love sings to our cradle,
And garlands our tomb.
Far away — far away,
Where the bright planets roll.
O! there is Love's home,
In the hind of the soul !
ADVENTURES OP A PEM.\I.E INDIAN.
On Heanie's return from the iiioiitli of the Cop-
per mine, an incident occurred, strikingly haracter-
istic of savage life. The Indians came suddenly
on the track of a strange snow shoe, and follow-
ing it to a wild part of the country, remote from any
human hahitatioii, they discovered a hut, in which
a young Indian woman was sitting alone. She bad
lived for the last eight moons in absolute solitude,
and recounted, with affecting simplicity, the cir-
comstances by which she had been driven from her
own people. She belonged, she said, to the Dog-
ribbed Indians, and, in an inroad of the Athabasca
nations, in the sum.ner of 1770, had been taken
prisoner. The savages, according in their invari-
able practice, stole upon the tents at night, and mur-
dered, before her face, her father, mother, and hus-
band, whilst she, and three other young women,
were reserved from the slaughter, and made cap-
tives. Her child, four or five months old, she con-
trived to carry with her, concealed among some
clothing; bat, on arriving at the place where the
party had left their wives, her precious bundle was
examined by the Athabasca women one of whom
tore the infant from its mother and killed it on the
spot. In Europe, an act so inhuman would, in all
probability, have been instantly followed by the
insanity of the parent; but in North America,
thoilgh maternal affection is equally intense, the
nerves are more sternly strung. So horrid a
cruelty, however, determined her, though the man
whose property she had become was kind and care-
ful of her, to take the first opportunity of escap-
ing, with the intention of returning to her own na-
tion ; but the great distance, and the numerous
winding rivers and creeks she had to pass, caused
her to lose the way, and winter coining on, she
had built a but in this secluded spot. When
discovered, she was in good health, well fed, and in
the opinion of Hearne, one of the finest Indian
wotnen he had ever seen. Five or six inches of
hoop made into a knife, and the iron shank of an
arrow head whiirh served as an awl, were the only
implements that she possessed ; and with these she
made snow shoes and other useful articles. For
subsistence she .snared partridges, rabbits and squir-
rels, and had killed two or three beavers, and some
porcupines. After the few deer-sinews she had
l)rought with her were expended in making snares
and sewing her clothing, she supplied their place
with the sinews of rabbit's legs, which she twisted
together with great dexterity. Thus occupied,
she not only became reconciled to her desolate
situation, but had found time to amuse herself by
manufacturing little pieces of personal ornament.
Her clothing was formed of rabbit-skins sewed
together ; the materials, though rude, being taste-
fully disposed, so as to make her garb assumi- a
pleasing, though desert-bred, appearance. The
singtilar circumstances under which she was found,
her beauty and useful accomplishments, occasioned
a contest among the Indians as to who sbouM
have her for a wife ; and the matter being decided
she accompanied them in their journey.
FRUGAL.ITY.
However small may be a man's income, there is
one very certain way of increasing it, that \sfntg(iii-
ty. Dr. Franklin observes, in his usual forcible way
that, " six pounds a year is but a groat a-day. For
this little sum, which, may be daily wasted either^
in time or expense unperceived, a man of credit
may, on his own security, have the constant jkis-
session and use of a hundred and twenty pounds."
Many humble men have risen to wealth by such
small beginnings ; but many more continue to spend
the groat a-day unnecessarily, and never cease
to be poor.
EARLY POTATOES.
FOR Sale, Early Perkins Potatoes, by SAMUEL POND,
3ambriilgeport. Also, Isabella and Catawba Grape Vines
)f a large size. 3t m 13
EVERGREENS, SILVER FIRS, &c.
THE Subscriber being engaged in the Seed business, would
be happy to receive orders lor Forest Trees, Seeds and Ever-
greens from Mainej and being agent lor G. C. Barrett, Boston,
and Prince & Sons, Flushing, N. Y. orders sent through them
or, otherwise, will be attended to without delay. Particular
directions for taking up and packing ai'c requestc<l.
WM. MANN.
Augusta, Me. March 13.
LEAD.
SHEET LEAD, of all dimensions; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, constantly for sale
by ALBERT FEARING & CO. No. l,Ciiv Wh.irf.
Boston, March 13, i;;.«. if "
THE BLOOD HORSE
THE Subscriber takes this early
public that the above-named Horse i
son at the Ten Hills South Farm.
Boston. — He has been induced to gi'
Iwo-fold reason, that the get of tliii
wards the improvement of the breed
also to give the public an opportunity
March 13lh, 1833.
SPORTSMAN.
opportunity to inform the
viil stand the ensuing sea-
two antl a half miles from
te this early notice lor the
: horse promises much to-
of that noble animal, and
to avail themselves of his
SAMUEL JAQUES.
FOR SALE,
MILCH Cows, Onions, Rula Baga, &c.
75 bu.hcls White Portugal and Red Onion.
400 do. Rula Baga.
100 do. Chenango, Long Red and Pink Eye Potato.
50 do. best Yellow Corn.
20 tons best English Hay.
Cabbages of various kinds, Reels, Sec.
At so,
2 new Milch Cows, excellent milkers.
A < overed .Milk Wagon and Harness.
Do. Market do. do.
I'J two gallon Milk Canuisters, nearly new: Tumiel and
Measures.
Chaise and Harness. — An approved Horse Rake.
BENJAMIN BLANEY,
Near the Reed farm, Swanscot.
Lynn, March Slh, 1833. 31
GREEN HOUSE GLASS.
Boston and other gloss suitable for Green Houses, of an}'
size or quaiuily, may be had of LORI.NG & KUPPER,
No. 10, Merchanls Row.
BROOK'S PATENT DOMESTIC SILK SPINNER
AND T-VV'ISTER.
FOR Sale, at the Agricultural Warehouse. 51 & 52 North
Market Street, Brooks's new invented Silk Reeling, Doubling
and Twisting Machine. This machine is very plain and simple
in its construction, is found on trial lo he the most perfect and
easy operaling Machine that ha*; been invented, lo efl'ect both
processes of doubling and twisting at one operation, which is
done well with great despatch, and is no way liable to get out
of order. It may be worked by any girl of common capacity of
12 or 15 years of age.
Specimens of the work may be seen al the above place.
J. R. NEWELL, Agent to the Patentee.
m 5
pay wilhin
are eniillcd to a dcduc-
distance without payment
THE NEW ENGLAND PARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, al ^'3 per annum,
payable al the end of the year — but liiose wl
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NEW ENGIiAND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. ai, NORTH HI.4RKET STREET, (.it the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, AVEDNESDAY EVEIVING, MARCH 27, 1S33.
NO. 37.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the IVrw Efigland Farmer.
DISEASE IN CATTLE.
AVe have published several con]miinication.s
relative to a disease in cattle sometimes called a
hold-fast, a tumor on the jaw vifliicU is believed to
be incurable. It did not then occur to us that we
had before been favored with an account of a sim-
ilar, or, probably, same disorder which we pub-
lished in the New England Farmer, vol. iii. p. 241.
As this gives a statement of the common caiise of
this evil, and other circumstances connected wth
it, a republication of the substance of the notices
referred to may be serviceable to some cultivators,
not in possession of the volume which contains
ihem.
E. Hersey Derby, Esq., in a communication dated
February 15th, 1825, observes as follows: — ■
Some time in last May I observed a swelling on
the side of the face of a valuable ox, and requested
several persons to examine it. They called it a
hold-fast. I afterwards requested a surgeon to
look at it, and advise me what mode to adopt for
the relief of the anijual. He thought a cure coulil
not be effected except by laying open the part and
extracting the tumor, which I considered too b-iz-
ardous an experiment. A farrier, in this vlcinfiy,
supposed it might proceed from some defective
teeth : — I allowed him to extract three, directly
imder the swelling, and to insert a rowel in it : in
a few days it discharged copiously, and the ani-
mal seemed much relieved ; — I flattered myself he
would effect a perfect cure.
Some time after the rowel was taken out, the
swelling increased very rapidly, and in December
I found it necessary to slaughter the animal. I
sent the head to Dr. Peabody, desiring him to give
me. some account of the case. I enclose you his
answer.
The following is extracted from Dr. Peabody's
observations on the case, in answer to Mr. Derby's
request.
There is in each cheek bone of the ox a large
irregular cavity, above the range of the teeth, suf-
ficiently capacious to contain half a pint. The
external portion of bone, covering this cavity, is
about two lines, or two tenths of an inch in thick-
ness. The internal bones are also thin. This
cavity in a healthy state is empty.
The fleshy tumor was over this cavity, which I
in the first place, dissected o8', and which was as
large as a man's two hands jdaced together. This
tumor appeared to have commenced upon the ex-
terior bone of the cavity, and was very firmly and
intimately connected with it. It consisted of what
we call schirrous or indurated flesh, and near the
same bone was, perhaps, a gill of pus. The bone
itself was considerably absorbed, that is it had lost
its consistence as bone, so that 1 could push my
dissecting knife through it. The cavity (which
in health was empty) was filled with a diseased
substance, most of which was as hard as schirrous,
the remaining part was coagulated lymph. If the
ox had not been killed, the matter, or pus above
mentioned, must have found its way out, and ii
this instance through the gum, outside of the teeth.
And the disease, being so extensive, must have
been incurable.
The cause of this disea.se, I have no doubt,
originated in external violence. I believe I sug-
gested this idea to you when I saw the ox alive at
your farm. I have conversed with a very intelli-
gent medical gentleman since, who has lived in
the country and who has been acquainted with a
number of cases, some of which have been traced
to external violence. This violence is inflicted by
cruel teamsters. The bone, as stated is thin, and
a heavy blow with the butt end of a heavy whip-
staft'is sufKcient to fracture it. An accident of this
kind will be followed by swelling and infusion into
the cavity, which will destroy the texture of the
bone, and eventually become an open sore, and be
incurable. There are different degrees of the
disoase according to the degree of violence. In
some cases the violence may not fracture the bone ;
in such cases there may be a temporary swelling,
which will subside. Or if the fracture be slight,
there may be a spontaneous cure from the eftbrts
of nature. In such cases the appearance of disease
will subside in a few weeks, but when the swell-
ing continues or increases, after four or five weeks,
I should think the disease may be considered as
inciuable, and the sooner the animal is killed the
better.
Now one word on the cruelty inflicted on these
dumb animals. I have seen oxen pounded not
only with the butt-end of a heavy whip-staft', ap-
plied with all the strength of a frantic athletic
man, or more properly, brute — but I have seen
them struck over the face with the handle of a
hay-fork, nearly two inches in diameter, or with a
handspike. Such blows produce this disease, and,
as a proof of it, it never occurs in any other part
of the animal. Now would it not be well that a
law sliould be enacted and enforced, regulating
the size of whip-staves, and that a teamster using
or carrying a whip-staff over a certain size, which
should always be made so small as not to injure
the bones of an animal, should be subject to a
heavy penalty .-' It is shocking to hunjanily to
witness the brutal cruelty inflicted upon the noble
horse and useful ox, and it calls loudly for some
eftectual remedy.
From the Albany Argus.
HINTS TO FARMERS. NO. VI.
Planter's Guide. — I feel anxious to atone to the
American Publishers, for the slight notice I took, in
a late communication, of this work of Sir Henry
Sleuarl, by stating more in detail its object and its
matter, which a cursory examination of the work
will enable me to do.
The object of the work is to lay down definite
rules, predicated upon sixteen years experience,
and the study of vegetable physiology, for the re-
moval of large forest trees and underwood, entire,
without diminishing their tops and branches, or
roots, or materially retarding their growth, so as
to produce an immediate ornamental eft'ect. To
gentlemen of fortune, who are desirous of beauti-
fying their grounds, without regard to expense,
the volume will prove a valuable companion ; nor
will it fail to afford useful hints to those who, on a
smaller scale, are anxious to obtain inmiodiate
shade and ornament about their dwellings. To the
general mass of readers, however, its directions
will he of little service.
The volume contains a history of the art of plant-
ing, from the earliest times, and in diflierent coun-
tries; details the author's improvements, and his
success on an extensive scale, in planting his park
at Allanton, his lordship's residence ; and abounds
in physiological investigations, tending to develope
important laws in vegetable economy, essential to
the successful prosecution of the art. His lordship
removed nearly a thousand trees, of the diameter
of 18 to 30 inches, and from 20 to 40 feet high.
They were taken up with their roots entire, trans-
ported upon high wheels, constructed for the pur-
pose, to the pits prepared for them, and planted
without any diminution of their limbs. I select
the items of the expense of removing one tree,
which will serve as sufficient data upon this head.
The tree was 25 to 30 feet high —
■' Preparation of llic pil, £f) Os. 8d.
Three cart-loads compost, at 9d, 0 2 3
Three workmen for a day al Is. 6d. 0 4 6
Transporting and planting, say 0 5 1
£0 12 6, or $3 nearly."
The price of labor would probably swell the
airocr.i here to about $6 for each tree, exclusive
of tuc cost of the machine.
Sir Henry has laid down some axioms, con-
firmed by his experience ; and among others the
following-. —
1. That trees for transplanting should be select-
ed from open exposures, where the " stems are
stout and short ; bark thick and coarse ; tops ex-
tensive and spreading; branches often reaching to
the ground ; with roots extensive like the tops,
and throwitg out on every side." These he terms
protecting properties, in contradistinction to those
which belong to trees found in the interior of
woods, and whose " stems are upright and state-
ly ; bark glossy and beautiful ; tops small and
thinly provided with branches ; with roots in the
same way, spare and scanty, but in due proportion
to the tops." The reasons which control this rule
will readily suggest themselves to such as are at
all conversant with the habits of plants.
!. " That we must prospectively maintain the
same harmony between the existing provisions of
the tree and exigencies of its new situation, as
previously subsisted between its relative properties
and the circumstances of its former site." Not a
little obscure ; but probably intended to convey the
idea, that branches and roots must be preserved in
relative proportion.
3. That the success of transplanting trees, their
new situation and soU being equal, was in the
ratio of their previous exposure.
4. That the protecting qualites may be ranked
in the following order of pre-eminence: 1, thick-
ness and induration of bark ; 2, stoutness and girtli
of stem ; 3, numerousnessof roots and fibres ; and
4, extent, balance and closeness of branches.
5. That the i)reservation of all the parts, hi as
entire and perfect a state as possible, is a matter of
first rate moment to the art.
290
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAftCM 27, 1833.
6. That deep trenching will renaer wet land dry,
and dry land moist, for any useful purpose.
7. That the size of the wood in forests is main-
ly in proportion to the depth of the soil on which
it grows. .
8. " That roots and branches are relative and
correlative." I have often remarked this to be
true. The roots are numerous or few,— spreading
or descending, according to the number and direc-
tion of the branches— a tall straight tree, with up-
ri<'ht branches, sending down roots deep and but
sMitly oblique; while those of a spreading top and
horizontal branches, have roots likewise spreading
near the surface. So generally is this the case in
nurseries, that the form and direction of the roots
may be determined, almost with certainty by the
appearance of the top. "■
From the American Fitr7ner.
PRESERVED YEAST.
Evert good housewife will thank us for the
following method of making yeast— at least, after
she has tried it ; for it is one of the most con-
venient articles used in family economy. \V e give
the method as it is practised in the Editor's famdy,
and assure our good housewives that it is superior
to any other yeast, in every particular, and has the
great advantage over all other kinds, of keeping
perfectly good for months and years.
Take a good handful of fresh hops and boil
them in one quart of water till they settle to the
bottom of the kettle; strain the liquor after cool-
ing, upon a pint of good wheat flour in a stone
jar,' and stir it well, breaking all the lumps, and
making a thin batter. When the hand can be
borne in it without pain, put in half a pint of com-
mon baker's yeast, or any other yeast that is fresh
and good, except brewers' yeast, which will not
do, cover the jar and set it away to rise. In eight
or ten hours this will rise and become such as is
used by the city bakers. It should be allowed to
rise as "high in the jar as it will go, (for this purpose
the jar should at first be only half full.) and begin
to fall ; then take good corn meal and stir into it
till it becomes quite stift'. This dough must now
be rolled out on a table into a cake a quarter of an
inch thick, cut into pieces two or three inches
square, and placed on boards in a dry airy room,
and turned over once a day till the cakes become
thoroughly dried, when they must he put away in
a perfectly dry place — in a common linen bag is
tlie best. When wanted for use, one of the cakes
is f.i be taken for each loaf of moderate size in-
tended to he made, put into a bowl or other ves-
sel, and a gill of warm water for each cake is to be
poured on to it ; as soon as it dissolves, which
will be in half an hour or so, stir it up, and put
it into the flour in the usual way of using yeast.
Now let us tell them how to make good wheat
bread: Always measure your water and salt, that
is a rule not to be omitted with impunity. A
pint of water will make a moderate sized loaf.
Say you want to make four loaves. In cold
weather take a quart of water as warm as you can
bear your hand in, and make a stiff batter over
night, say at bed-time, put in the yeast, and let it
stand to rise in till morning, when it will have
risen and began to sink in the middle, if not, keep
it warm till it does. This is called "setting
sponge." In the morning, take another quart ot
warm water, put into it a small handful of fine
salt, pour it into the "spunge," and make the
dough, working it well till it becomes perfectly
tine and silky. Let the dough rise till it becomes
quite light. Now begin to heat your oven ; mould
the dough into loaves immediately, and let them
stand till your oven is hot, when you will put
them in and bake them one hour. In warm
weather the water should be milk warm for the
" spunge," and the " chill" merely taken off for
the dough. Bread made in this way will be as
light as any baker's bread, and yet preserve all
the sweetness of home made bread.
To makefint rusk, take some of the dough made
as above for bread, after you have made your loaves;
put in some butter and sugar, with such spices as
you prefer; work it well, set it aside to rise ; when
"very light mould the rusk, put them in pans, set
them aside to rise again, and when light bake them.
No better rusk than those were ever made by the
bakers. Milk is not good for any kind of bread
or rusk, for the little butter that is in it is more
easily supplied by working butter itself into the
dough, and then "you have not the cheesy matter,
which injures bread. A small lump of butter or
sweet lard worked into the dough is a greater im-
prover of bread.
To make apple dumplings, take seme of the well
,aised dough prepared for bread, work in some
butter or lard, and put in the apples in the usual
way. Dumplings made thus are as wholesome as
bread, being very light, and free from clamminess,
and of course easily digested ; they are much bet-
ter than when made in the common way, but
rolled very thin, is far better and more wholesome
than the common kind.
From the Geiietee Farmer.
BEES.
Mv attention has been drawn to this subject by
perusing an instructing little work, entitled
" An Essay on the practicability of cultivating
the Honey Bee, by Jerome V. C. Smith, M. U.—
Published by J. Leavitt, New York." Price 37
cents. I will venture to say that every person
buying this little book, will find three shillings
worth of amusement, and thrice the amount of
profit, if he chooses to avail himself of it, in read-
ing in it.
It is altogether unpretending, and gives but the
author's exjierience, together with a few observa-
tion of others in the management of bees. Accord-
ing to his views, the whole ])rocess of keeping is
so simple — their operations so delightful to a lov-
er of animated nature, and withal so profitable,
that almost any one, after reading this little work,
if he have no bees, will forthwith incontinently
go to the nearest bee keeper, buy a hive, and com-
mence apiarian at once.
Among the various methods of lodging them,
he prefers a dark garret either in the house or out-
building, with holes enough to let them pass freely
to and from their labor. The reasons given are
lliese: — By inhabiting a high, airy situation they
are out of reach of the iunumerahle noxious ver-
min that continually infest hives near the ground,
among which, the bee moth is the most annoying
and mischievous. The air is also pure and sweet,
and the bees are less disturbed while prosecuting
their labors.
The trouble and risk of swarming is obviated,
as bees never swarm so long as they have room
enough to work in ; and if a swarm be put in a
dark garret, when the hive is full, they attach
1 themselves to the roof near by, build their combs.
and stow them with honey. The honey can be
taken off in the fall, leaving sufiicient to winter the
bees.
The increased quantity of honey made by the
concentrated labor of so populous a community,
the attention of all being directed to a common ob-
ject, instead of guarding their hives from plunder,
repairing damage of the weather, insects, &c. and
the abundance of time saved to the owners by
hiving, swarming, and other hule attentions con-
tinually required.
In this way also they can be as easily kept in the
town as in the country. They require only a
small garret partitioned off, witli a door to get in
at, which should be kept locked to avoid distur-
bance, and only entered when honey is wanted,
or to inspect them. On this subject, I consider
his reasons conclusive enough to justify any one
who has conveniencies to give it a trial. I have
done so, and will give you the results of my labors
hereafter.
From the Uenesee Farmer.
PRUNING.
I HAVE had some experience in trimming fruit
trees ; but it is not improbable tliat I may yet profi-
tably learn new methods in this business. In cut-
tin"' off limbs of an inch or more in diameter, I
have more commonly had paint or some composi-
tion applied to the stumps, and I think with de-
cided advantage. Paint is not so durable as tar
boiled with brick dust, or as the indurated tar and
grease from the hubs or axles of a wagon ; hut we
ha\ e used it more frequently because it was more
conveniently obtained. As large stumps must re-
main exposed for several years before they can be
covered by tlie new wood, they should not be for-
gotten, but new coatings after the lapse of two or
three seasons, should be successively applied.
The importance of this operation, increases with
the size of the limb removed ; and also with its
position on the tree. I know not how we can pre-
vent the trunk of an apple-tree from becoming
hollow, when a large branch is cut off at the fork,
unless we apply an artificial covering to that part.
I am aware that trees properly trimmed when
young, will not require such excision : but I am
also convinced that among the neglected trees of
common orchards, such cases frequently occur.
I have examined several apple-trees from which
large limbs had been taken. The painted or
covered stumps are uniformly sound, while such
as have been neglected, are more or less decayed,
according to situation ; and may hereafter accom-
modate the wren, or the blue-bird, with a hole for
his nest.
In regard to the season for trimming I am
rather partial to the winter, or indeed to any time
when the sap does not flow. The stump being
comparatively dry, especially if we defer the coat-
ing for a few days, I have believed it in a better
condition to receive the paint, than when the buds
are just opening into leaf. The argument that the
new wood immediately begins to cover up the
wound, I think possesses but little weight.
SAGACITY OP BEES.
The instinctive sagacity of the Honey Bee every
Farmer has had occasion to notice. A curious
instance of contrivance of means and success of
ultimate ends, between two swarms was seen in
this town last fall. A farmer, while crossing an
open lot near the centre of the town, noticed a
continued line of Bees passing through the air.
VOL. XI. NO. 37.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
291
from one farm-house to another, lie followed the
advancing line and came to its termination, where
he found a Hive which had been assailed by two
foreign swarms, the one he had followed and
another diverging off in nearly nn opposite direc-
tion. By some instinctive understanding between
the two swarms, they had united their strengtl]
and simultaneously attacked the Hive ; the struggle
was then over and the dead and dying Bees
belonging to it lay scattered around the Hive. The
I{oney had been taken out by the conquerors, who
were then carrying it to their own Hives, something
like fifty pounds having been removed in less than
twenty-four hours. It was plain to discover, upon
inspection, that a coalition had been formed be-
tween the two swarms, to attack and destroy the
other, and afterwards to appropriate the Honey to
their own use. All this teas done, but how the
understanding was effected or the stipulations
drawn up, we leave for the Naturalist and curious
to decipher. — J^orthampton Courier.
A LETTER is published from the Secretary of
the Maryland Horticultural Society, giving a de-
scription of a Wititer Cantelope Melon, which was
received from Malaga. It was plucked in Sep-
tember, and when cut at the meeting of the So-
ciety, on the 9th of February, was still sound,
delicious, and ofa fine nutmeg flavor. It was about
nine inches long, and fifteen in circumference ;
the flesh firm, white, and nearly two inches thick
between the rind and internal cavity ; the rind not
niuth thicker than an orange peel ; externally, the
color was green. The seeds were preserved.
Winter melons would certainly be a great luxury.
Boston Transcript.
From the New York Farmer.
BARBf YARD AKD HOG PEN.
Sir: — My father, whose farm I inherited and
took possession of two years ago, had his hogs
stye detached from his barn-yard. Immediately
on entering upon the farm, I removed my pen by
enclosing a portion of the barn-yard. I keep my
stye well littered with straw, leaves, weeds, soil
from the woods, and meadow earth obtained from
ditching by carting, together with that put into the
yard from two to ten loads per week. I some-
times put a few handfuls of rye in different places
in the yard and let in hogs. Feeding them thus
for a few days, they completely stir up and com-
mute the contents of the yard. I am confident that
I make four times the quantity of manure that my
father did, and with no increase in number of
stock — and ofa better quality too, comparatively
none of its strength being washed away by the
rains, aad evaporated by the sun. My farm con-
sists of near seventy acres, principally in tillage.
I am confident that I shall, in the course of time,
get it all in a high state of cultivation, without lay-
ing out any money in the purchase of manure.
L. T.
From the New England Artisan.
FRUIT TREES.
A WRITER in the Bucks County Intelligen-
cer, wiio appears to be a practical Farmer, has
commenced some essays on fruit trees in which he
adduces arguments to the purse, to show that far-
mers ought to extirpate every tree bearing an in-
ferior kind of fruit, and supply its place with that
of the best quality. He says, " they had better
pay one dollar for each thrifty young tree of a su-
perior quality of fruit, than to cultivate in their stead
trees of an inferior quality, which were obtained
gratis, and a dollar given with each for a gratuity."
Of this there is no doubt. — He says further: —
It is recommended that no one farmer have
more than from three to five acres of Apple Or-
chard of one planting, as it has been found from
experiment that more cannot be managed to the
best advantage without neglecting the farming op-
erations.— It is known that five acres of Apple Or-
chard, situated within 25 miles of the Philadelphia
market, of the best grafted fruit, properly selected
in good bearing order, and in an ordinary season,
will yield as much profit, clear of all expenses, as
100 acres of arable land" of the same quality.
ITEMS OF ECONOMY, ARTS. &.C.
Charcoal — its purifying properties. Chloride of
lime has obtained so high a reputation, and de-
servedly too, for its disinfecting and purifying
properties, that it has superseded in domestic use,
every other article of a like character. There is,
however, an odor about it that is far from being
agreeable to one of our senses. A highly respec-
table gentleman of this city informs us that he
made an experiment the other day in his vault, to
try the effect of the dust of charcoal. It succeed-
ed beyond his anticipation, and entirely disinfected
the vault of noxious exhalations, without leaving
any of the unpleasant odor that characterizes the
chloride of lime. The experiment is well worth
trying by all persons who wish a sweet atmosphere
about their establishments. — Long Island Star.
JVeu! Plan of Sticking Peas. — Procure a number
of slim poles about 5 feet long, and drive them
into the ground at the distance of three or four
yards. Pass a small line along the poles, taking a
turn round each, within three inches of the ground ;
raise the next turn three inches, and so on in suc-
cession, till you have attained the common height
to which the peas rise. The tendrils of the pease
seize and twist round these lines, and they are sup-
ported in a more attractive and profitable manner
than they are by the common stakes. When
spread regularly along the lines, they have a fine
circulation of air, more advantage from sunshine,
and pods can be pulled at all times without injur-
ing the straw, [vines or haulm.] This mode is so
cheap, simple, and possesses so many advantages
that it is likely to be soon generally adopted.
— Scotsman (Edinburgh.)
Slocking Knitting Machine. We have been very
much pleased with a little machine for knitting
stockings, shown to us a day or two ago by Mr.
John McMuUan, of Birmingham, Huntingdon co.
Pa. It occupies about a cubic foot, and is
operated u])on by turning a crank, which requires
no more power or skdl than a common hand organ,
except when necessary to widen or narrow the
stocking a stitch is dropped or added by hand. The
machine docs the work of six expert knitters, and
is very simple. It is superior to the stocking loom,
as that requires an apprenticeship to learn to work
it, and is not calculated for families. The present
machine can be worked by any intelligent little
girl, after a few minutes instruction, and is not
costly — fifteen dollars, including the patent right.
The machine we saw is best calculated for knitting
wool, but we believe it can be readily adapted to
cotton, silk, or linen, at pleasure. There are none
of the machines for sale, the proprietor only wish-
ing to sell patent rights, except in Pennsylvania.
Any further information may be obtained from
Mr. McMullen, whose address is given above. —
Pcnn. paper.
FATTENING HOGS.
Boil potatoes and sweet apples mixed with a
little rye or oat-ineal. For this purpose every far-
mer ought to have a kettle set in an arch, into
which pumpkins, squashes, sweet apples, peas,
corn in the ear, and other vegetables may be
thrown to be boiled with meal. It is a fact well
ascertained, that a bushel of corn or otiier grain
ground will fatten a hog, nearly or quite as much
as two bushels given to him hard, in the ear or
kernel. In the latter case it is imperfectly masti-
cated, and of course not well digested. Boiling the
meal makes it still better, and affords the advantage
of adding other things to the mess, which improve
its flavor, and to the amount of nutrition. It is to
the economy of the hog-pen, what soups are in the
kitchen. — Kenn. Journal.
APPIiE POMACE.
A SUBSCRIBER wishes to know what he shall do
with his apple pomace, of which he has a large
pile. This substance is much liked by cattle and
sheep, and hogs are likewise fond of it, and will
manufacture it into good manure. For cattle,
what they cannot eat while green may be dried,
and given to them during winter. It consists of
vegetable fibre, deprived of its juices by pressure,
and hence does not decay so rapidly as it would,
had the juices not been pressed out.
There may be however another trouble in re-
gard to pomace, which renders it sometimes in-
jurious to crops. A portion of malic or acetic
acid may remain in it, which on coming in contact
with the plant, or being taken into its vessels ren-
ders it sickly. In order to neutralize this, as well
as to hasten the decomposition, quick lime thrown
upon, and intimately mixed with it, is an excellent
thing.
Pomace therefore may be rendered valuable as
a manure, either by feeding it out to cattle and let-
ting them pass it through their stomachs ; by put-
ting it into the compost heap and decomposing it
by the help of lime; or by giving it to the hogs
with other materials, and letting it be mixed and
tossed about by the gentry of the stye ; or by dry-
ing it sufficiently, burning it and scattering the
ashes upon the soil. — Maine Farmer.
Fine Stock. The Frederick (Maryland) Herald
speaks in exalted terms of a cow and calf of the
Durham short-horned breed, raised by John Hare
Powell, Esq., of Philadelphia, and now the prop-
erty of the Hon. Henry Clat, to whose highly
cultivated and beautiful seat at Ashland, Kentucky,
they were to be conveyed. They are said to have
been purchased for five hundred and fifty dollars
— to be admirably formed — and to weigh nearly
three thousand pounds. Sixteen pounds of butter
in a week are made from the cream of the cow.
Dr. Rush was, perhaps, one of the most unttr-
ing students that ever lived. The young physi-
cians were conversing in his presence once, and
one of them said " When I finished my studies — ,"
"When you finished your studies!" said the doc-
tor, abruptly, " why you must be a happy man to
have finished so young. I do not expect to finish
mine while 1 Kve."
292
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MARCH ar, 1S33.
AN ADDRESS
Delivered before the Worcester Agricultural Society, Octo-
ber 10, 1S32; being their Fourteenth Anniversary Cattle
Show and Exhibition of Manufactures. By Waldo
Flint, Esq.
[Concluded from page 2S5.]
I HAVE gone on the cissumptiou, that tlie profits
arising from agriculture, though more certain, are
uot so great as those derived from some other
branches of industry. It would appear, however,
from a document published among the Collections
of the Historical Society, that there icas a time,
immediately after the settlement of our ancestors
at Salem, when the farmer could have had no good
cause for complaint, either on account of the bar-
renness of the soil, or the smallness of his jiiofits.
It is entitled "A short and true Description of the
Commodities and Dis-commodities of New Eng-
land's Plantation, written in the year 1629, by
Mr. Higgeson, a reverend Divine, now there resi-
dent."
" The fertilitie of the soyle," says Mr. Higgeson,
" is to be admired at, as appeareth in tlie aboun-
dance of grassc, that groweth everie where, both
verie thicke, verie long, and verie high in divers
places. It is scarce to bee beleeved how our kine
and goates, horses and hogges, doe thrive and
prosper here and like well this countrey. But the
aboundant encrease of come proves this countrey
high price of labor have hitherto prevented our
pusliing the art to a high degree of perfection.
Where land is high and labor cheap, the true
policy is to make the laud produce to the full e,x-
tent of its ability. Our policy, on the contrary,
has been to make the most we could of labor.
The ])opnlation of our own State has now become
so dense, and tlie price of land so much increased,
that our interest requires, that we should be mak-
ing progress in agricutural skill, unless we are
willing to bo undersold, in our own markets, by
those whose lands cost less than ours and who
happen to have a more kindly soil to cultivate.
Much has been accoiuplished within the last few
years. The formation of Agricultural Societies,
and the introduction of Cattle Shows among us,
have already produced very important results,
and, probably, in no section of our Commonwealth,
have the atlvantages, to be derived from them,
been more distinctly manifested than in our own
County. We pride ourselves, — ;uid we are, some-
times, perhaps, a little more boastful on this sub-
ject than is quite becoming our modesty, — in be-
ing able to make as goodly an exhibition of cattle
as can be made in any other County. That we
are able to make so fair an exhibition — is to bo
attributed mainly, 1 think, to our annual Cattle
Shows. They atlbrd us all an opportunity of see-
a variety of breeds together, and of comparin
to bee a wonderment. Thirtie, fortie, fiftie, si.xtie j,Jtem with each other, and of forming an opinion
are ordinarie here ; yea, Joseph's encrease
Egypt is out-strii)t here with us. Our planters
hope to have more than a hundred fould this yerc,
— and all this while I am within compasse. What
will you say of two hundred fould and upwards.'
It is almost incredible what great gainn some of
our English planters have had by our Indian
come. Credible persons have assured me, and
the partie himselfe avouched the truth of it to me,
that of the setting of 13 gallons of corne hee hath
had encrease of it 52 hogsheads, every hogshead
holding seven bushels of London measure, and
everie bushel was by him sold and trusted to the
Indians for so much beaver as was worth 18 shil-
lings ; and so of this 13 gallons of corne which was
worth 6s. Sit., he made about 327 pounds of it the
yere following, as by reckoning will a])peare :
where you may see, how God blessed husbandry
in this land."
Nor was the fertility of the soil the only thing
in the country, about those days, to be admired at.
The astonishing increase of po]iulation might equal-
ly well prove it to be a wonderment. At a Gen-
eral Court holden only five years after the settle-
ment of Boston, — " Roxbury and Watertown had
leave to remove, whither they j)leascd, so as they
continued under this government." "And the
occasion of their desire to remove," as Gov. Win-
throp's Journal informs us, "was, — for that all the
towns in the bay began to bo much straightened
by their own nearness to one another, and their
cattle being so nmch increased." I have already
made the remark, that agriculture has always
been regarded in this country as an object of
fecial interest. The vast extent of our territory,
much of which is yet to be peoided by civilized
men, — embracing almost all varieties of soil and
climate, and capable of yielding almost all the
known productions of the earth seems to indicate,
that this is to constitute the great business of its
inhabitants. The sparsencss of our population,
compareil witli that of most countries of the old
world, and the consequent low price of land aiid
of their comparative merits. An improvement,
perhaps even greater, has been made in our sheep,
and one still more striking in our swine. The
products of our dairies, too, though they have, for
many years sustained a high reputation, have ftdly
kept u|) with the improvements of the age. Our
farming tools have undergone a similar change.
The plough, the shovel, tlie hoe, are all much
more convenient and effective, as well as more
sightly implements than they were only a few
years since. The whole aspect of things is
changed for the better, as must be apjiarent to
every jierson who merely passes through the coun-
try. Larger and more commodious barns arc
seen rising on the ruins of the old ones. Dilapi-
dated fences, prostrate gates, broken barn-doors,
creaking mournfully on a single liinge, are now
comparatively rare occurrences, and we are be-
ginning to learn, that there is no economy in turn-
ing out our cattle and our hogs'( would, I could say,
gee.se, also,) into the highways, to pick up a misera-
ble living at the expense, and to the great annoy-
ance, of the public. An air of neatness and com-
tbrt about our farms and our farm-houses, is be-
ginning to be more generally valued and culti-
vated.
But notwithstanding all our boasted improve-
ments, and though we live, as every body says, in
a most "extraordinary age," I cannot but think,
that our ancestors had in some respects, much
more correct notions of what is comfortable than
any of their descendants. Who does not love to
visit, on a warm summer's day, some of our oldest
agricultural towns, and enjoy the coolness and
serenity, which are every where to be found be-
neath the shade of their wide-.spreading elms ? It
is very much the fashion with lis, to erect our
houses on the highest points of our own high hills,
and there they are too often suffered to stand in
solitary grandeur, without so much as a single
tree of any kind to guard them against the burn-
ing suns of summer or the driving storms of
winter. Without regard to appearances, without
regard to personal comfort, it does seem to me,
that economy alone, a bare wish to save money,
should be a sufficient inducement to us to plant
forest trees in the neighborhood of our houses and
out-buddings. They absolutely cost nothing.
Every farmer's wood-lot will furnish him with all
the necessary varieties, and a few hours' labor, on
a lowering day, in transplanting them, and a very
little attention afterwards in guarding them from
injury while young, are all that is wanting to in-
sure their growth. They will furnish a refreshing
shade both for man and beast, during the noon-tide
hours of heat and rest from labor ; they will give
an agreeable coolness to our houses in summer
and will add to their warmth in winter, beside
saving many a little charge for broken windows
and shattered window blinds.
In another particular, I think, we have not fol-
lowed up the example set us by our forefathers, —
I mean, in the cultivation of fruit trees. I am,
happy, however, to admit, that we have been of .
late improving in this respect. Great praise is
due to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
and to individuals in our own ucghborbood, for
their exertions to excite a deejier interest in this
department of agriculture. Very considerable
sums are annually expended for foreign fruits,
when at a trifling expense of time and money, we
might supply our tables whh fruits of the choicest
flavor of our own raising. There is great practical
good sense in the dying advice of the Laird of
Duinbiedikes to his son, Jock. " When ye hae
naithing else to do, ye may be aye sticking in a
tree ; it will be growing, Jock, when ye'er sleep-
ing. My father tauld me sae forty years sin', but
I ne'er faud time to mind him." And the advice
which follows, though not altogether ajiposite to
the subject under consideaation, is certainly not
less valuable. " Ne'er drink brandy in the morn-
ing, Jock ; it files the stamack sair." It is some-
times said by way of excuse for not cultivating fruit-
bearing trees and vines, &c., that there is little use
in attempting it, inasmuch as the fruit will certain-
ly be appropriated by those, who have not had the
trouble and expense of raising it. I know that
, petty larcenies of this sort are quite too common,
and it is a lamentable fact, that individuals are
sometimes concerned in this miserable work of
darkness, who would claim the reputation of being,
in their ordinary transactions, at least, " indifl'er-
ent honest." I have noticed that associations have
been formed in some towns for the pur])Ose of de-
tecting such midnight depredators, and they will
undoubtedly produce beneficial cftc'cts. Let pains
be taken to bring the guilty to cxenqilary punish-
ment, and the offence will soon cease to exist. At
all events, let every man, who has land suitable
for the purpose, when he has nothing else to do,
be sticking in a tree, and, in the cou.se of a very
few years, fruit will become so common, that any
man however depraved he may be, will he ashamed
steal it.
There is another subject, to which I would beg
leave to call the particular attention of this Socie-
ty,— the preservation of wood lots. In many of
our towns, and particularly in those where facto-
ries are located, the price of wood has risen, with-
in the last ten years, twenty-five and even up to
fifty per cent. Fuel has already become a very
im))ortant item in the expenses of a family. I am
not prejiared to point out what should be done ;
but the last winter's experience should admonish
us, that all reasonable care ought to be taken to
VOL. XI. NO. 3r.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
293
prevent the waste aiul destruction of an article,
which is becoming yearly of more and more con-
sequence. It is a subject alilvc interesting to buy-
er and seller. I have thought, that the owners of
wood lots have, in some instances, been too anx-
ious to realize an immediate income, and for the
sake of present gains, have sacrificed much larger
profits in prospect. I liave thought, also, tliat,
after a lot has been cut over, sufficient care has
not always been taken, by fencing and other
means, to preserve tlie new growtli from injury.
I am not competent, however, to give advice ;
but have felt it to be my duty to suggest this sub-
ject, as being one, in my opinion, of primary im-
portance, for the consideration of those who un-
derstand it better than I do.
The prospects of the farmer in New England
were never, probably, more encouraging than at
the present time. His Indian corn may, occasion-
ally, be injured by an early frost, as it has been
in some places, this year, and as it has been in
former years ; but he may look forward, as it
seems to me, with confidence, to a course of con-
tinued and increasing prosperity. The policy of
our government in relation to the protection of
American Industry, it is to be hoped, is now settled;
and as long as our manufacturers are able to real-
ize a fair profit in their business, so long the
farmer will find a ready market for his produce at
fair prices. The interests of agriculture and man-
ufactures, in this section of our country, it can-
not be doubted, are inseparably connected. The
facilities for communication and transportation,
which public-spirited individuals are now open-
ing to us, by the construction of Rail Roads, will
greatly promote the interests of those ip'portaut
branches of industry. The road, which is already
commenced, will place us by the cheapness and
quickness of transportation, almost in the imme-
diate vicinity of our metropolis ; and another,
which has been recently surveyed by enterprising
citizens of a neighboring State, and which, there
is good reason to expect, may, in due time, be lo-
cated and constructed, will bring us into, close
connection with Long Island Sound. If any man
can possibly doubt the advantages of an easy and
cheap communication, to all branches of business,
I would advise such an one to take another view
of the beautiful village where we are now assem-
bled, and then to follow the course of the Black-
stoneCanal to its termination at Providence, in order
that his doubts may be removed. Massachusetts,
though she has manifested some reluctance to en-
gaging in public improvements of this description
and has permitted other States to get far in ad-
vance of her, will not, wc trust, now that she has
fairly set herself at work, be wanting in the en-
terprise and zeal, which are necessary to carry
them forward into full and successful operation.
I have alluded, in the course of my rambling
remarks, to some of the moral influences of
agricultural pursuits; and though I may, perhaps,
have trespassed already too long on your patience,
I cannot forbear to ask your indulgence for a very
iew additional remarks on this interesting part of
the subject.
It is recorded of King Numa, that " he intro-
duced among his subjects, an attachment to agri-
culture as a charm of Peace ;" for, says Plutarch,
" no occupation implants so speedy and effectual
a love of peace, as a country life ; where, without
dimiuiihing the courage and bravery necessary to
defend pi-opcrty, the temptations to injustice and
avarice are removed."
We accordingly find, that in his reign, the tem-
ple of Janus was closed — an occurrence which,
with a single exception, happened not again during
the lapse of seven centuries. Nor is this peaceful
disposition confined to intercourse with foreign
nations. In the daily intercourse of citizens of the
same State ,town, neighborhood, the same disposi-
tion among the tillers of the ground is, I think,
equally apparent. There is among them more of
harmony and good feeling, — less of personal en-
vying and strife, and less of party-discord and
bitterness, than is to be found in any other pro-
fession.
Another advantage of agricultural pursuits is
their happy adaptation to the formation of virtuous
habits. It has been said, — " An undevout astron-
omer is mad !" If, he, whose business it is to
study the far-off worlds in the firmannent above
us, —
" Observe how system into system runs,
What other planets circle other suns,'' —
is to be called a mad-man, because he fails to re-
cognize, in the wonders of nature, the existence
of an all-wise Creator and Disposer — what can
we sity of the infidel farmer, whose whole inter-
course is with nature in what we are wont to con-
sider her simplest forms, and yet he cannot tell,
how a single one of all earth's various products,
which he gathers into his store-house, is made to
grow 1 Surely, if true devotion is any where to
be found on earth, we should expect it to burn
bright and pure on the farmer's family altar.
Again, where shall we look for genuine patriot-
ism,— pure, unadulterated love of country?
Where, if not among the independent yeomanry
of the country ? " The merchant," says Adam
Smith, "is not necessarily the citizen of any par-
ticular country. It is, in a great measure, indiffer-
ent to him, from what place he carries on his
trade ; and a very trifling disgust will make him
remove his capital, and together with it all the in-
dustry which it supports, from one country to an-
other. No part of it can be said to belong to any
particular country, till it has been spread, as it
were, over the face of that country, either in
buildings, or in the lasting improvements of land."
The same may be said, perhaps, witli equal truth,
of all other professions, except that of agriculture.
The Home of the farmer is on the soil which he
owns, and which he cultivates for the support of
himself and his family. There he expects to live,
and there he expects to die, and there he hopes,
will be found his descendants through a long suc-
cession of generations.
How deep, then, the interest, he must feel in
the welfare of his country ; — how intense the de-
sire, that she may continue to be free, and pros-
perous, and happy ; and with what melancholy
forebodings, must he witness the first gathering of
clouds which threaten her with ruin !
Such clouds may now be seen rising above our
political horizon. Sentiments at war with the
fundamental principles of our Union are, in one
section of our country, openly avowed and advo-
cated. If they shall gain currency and spread ex-
tensively among us, the oldest of us, now here as-
sembled, may live long enough to listen to the
knell of his country's liberty and to exclaim, —
" Had I but died an hour before this chance,
1 had hvcd a blessed time. — "
But let us hope belter things. Our Fathers would
start from their graves, and cry — shame upon us!
There must be, — there must be a redeeming spirit,
winch will save us from such utter infamy.
Frotn tin' Oittesee Farmer.
FKKDING CALVES.
On a late visit to one of my friends in Farming-
ton, Ontario county, who, by the bye, I consider
one of the best farmers in that section of our coun-
try, and who has eighteen of the finest calves,
(with one exception) that I have seen, all of the
Short Horned Durham and Devonshire breeds.
His mode of feeding them is the following, which
I think worthy of imitation : — He takes a plank of
oak, three inches in thickness, and twelve feet
long, and two feet wide. On either side of this
j)lank, and about one inch from the outer edge of
it, iioles are bored in a slanting direction inwards
towards the middle of the bottom of it, quite
through it. These holes are five inches apart,
from centre to centre, and are made with an inch
and a quarter augur. In these holes are placed
sticks, of the same size of the holes, and three feet
six inches long. The upper end of these sticks
are secured in a plank one and a half inch thick,
and five incites wide, of the same length of the
bottom, with holes of a similar size. On these,
rafters are placed, and the whole is covered with
common siding, cut so long as to project on either
side a sufficient distance to cover the trough un-
derneath, in which the grain or meal with which
they are fed is to be placed. The ends are secur-
ed by sliding doors, made of light boards. — This
is supported by four legs of such a length as will
raise the rack two and a half feet from the ground,
and diverging outward so as to prevent its blow-
ing over. The lower end of these legs are framed
into two pieces of four by four scantling, with a
piece pinned on across one or both ends, for the
purpose of attaching a horse or ox to it, when it
may be necessary or convenient to move it to some
other place. Attached to the legs is the trough
for catching the litter that would otherwise fall on
the ground, and be trodden under foot, while the
animals were feeding from the rack, and also for
feeding them with grain or meal. This is con-
structed of boards, and sufficiently high to prevent
swine from reaching it.
The whole expense of such a rack will not ex-
ceed three dollars, and will amply repay the ex-
pense the first winter or season of foddering, and
will answer for twenty or twenty-five calves to feed
at. Twenty can feed at it at one time. This will
also answer a valuable purpose for feeding o.xen
in the spring, as by this means they waste no hay,
or meal, or grain, if fed with it ; but can be placed
in a shade, in the open air, which is of great con-
sequence in warm faint days in the spring.
N. B. The sides of the trough for feeding
meal or grain, should be placed at an angle of
about 45 degrees with the bottom, so as the more
readily to catch all the hay which may litter down
during the animal's feeding. J- W. Smith.
TOWN FARMS.
The Lowell Journal, in illustration of the utili-
ty of town farms, observes, that in 1812, the
town of Tewksbury was at an expense of $1200
fur the support of the poor, who were then hired
to the lowest bidder ; and that last year, the income
of the poor farm exceeded the expense of maintain-
ing the paupers, by $315.
294
NEW t:NGLAND FARMER,
MARCH 27, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 27, 1833
FARMER'S AVORK.
Pruning Trees. In pruning apple-trees, and
other standard trees, we are directed by Mr.
Knight to render the point of the external branches
thin and pervious to sun-beams so that the internal
parts of the tree may not be wholly shaded by the
external parts. The light should penetrate into
the tree on every side ; but not any where through
it. When the pruner has judiciously executed his
work, every part of the tree, internal as well as
external will be productive of fruit ; and the in-
ternal part in unfavorable seasons will rather re-
ceive protection than injury from the external.
A tree thus pruned, will not only produce much
more fruit, but will also be able to support a heavier
load of it, without danger of being broken, be-
cause the weight of the part will be near the limbs
of the tree, and not suspended from small twigs at
a distance from the centre.
Each variety of the apple tree has its own pe-
culiar form of growth to which it has a perpetual
tendency, and will in some degree assume in defi-
ance of the pruner. Something maj', however, be
done to correct what is naturally defective. When
the growth of any variety is weak and reclining,
the principal stem should be trained to a consider-
able height, before it be allowed to produce branch-
es ; and if any of these take a horizontal or
pendent direction, they should be regularly taken
off. One principal leading stem should be encour-
aged almost to the summit of the tree to prevent a
sudden division into two large boughs of nearly
equal strength ; for the fork which these form is
apt to divide and break, when the branches are
loaded with fruit. All efforts to give young trees
a round and regularly spreading form, while in the
nursery, will be found injurious in the future
stages of their growth. Large branches should
rarely or never be amputated.
There has been some disagreement among or-
chardists relative to the proper season in the year
for pruning fruit trees, Loudon says, "for all the
operations of pruning which are performed on the
branches or shoots of trees it would appear that
the period immediately before or commensurate
with the rising of the sap is the best."
Col. Pickering observed " My practice has been
to prune in the spring beginning when the buds
have scarcely begun to swell, and ending before
the expansion of the leaves. But I never leave
"stumps," of limbs. Every branch that is taken
away is cut close or even with the stem or limb
where it grew ; and the healing of the wound
commences and proceeds kindly as vegetation ad-
vances."
A writer for the Genesee Farmer, of the 9th
inst., with the signature B. who we believe is a
•well known practical and scientific cultivator to
whom American agriculture is indebted for many
valuable essays and exemplary improvements, after
quoting from " Useful and Omamenlal Planting,"
proceeds as follows : —
"Remark. In this extract we have an illustra-
tion of the application of science to practice. It
teaches, —
"1. That the pith is necessary to the production
of buds and radicles (fibrous roots ;) emd that these
are both annual.
" 2. That when a branch is taken off close to
the bole ot body of a tree, no re-production of
shoots takes place ; but that shoots will spring
from the spurs or stumps of limbs. This indicates
the propriety of cutting always close to the bole.
"3. That midsummer pruning, when the sap is
for some days quiescent is the most effectual in
preventing the growth of new shoots, and in
speedily covering the wounds with new bark ; and
that the reverse of this happens when trees are
pruned in spring, autumn or winter.
"It cannot but have been remarked, that
orchards pruned in spring or fall, especially if the
labor has been omitted some years, or performed
in a careless manner, become unsightly and unpro-
ductive, from the innumerable sprouts or shoots
which succeed the operation. I have two succes-
sive years pruned my orchards in July after the
grass or grain in thera was cut, and have reason
to be highly gratified with Jiiy innovations upon
the old practice very few shoots were subsequent-
ly produced, and the wounds were nearly covered
by new bark before autumn. The operation of
pruning to be well done, should be performed an-
nually, or at farthest biennially, when the knife
will be the principal instrument required, and the
wounds so small as to heal readily."
(^uajitilies of soluble or nutritive matters afforded
by different vegetable substan-ces ; Mangel fVurtzel,
ifC.
Sir Humphrey Davy constructed a table exhib-
iting the proportions of nutritive matter contained
in different vegetable substances. By this it ap-
pears 1000 parts North American wheat has 955
parts of soluble or nutritive matter ; Norfolk Barley
920 ; oats 743 ; rye 792 ; common beans, 570 ; dry
peas 574 : potatoes from 260 to 300 ; red beet
148; white beet 136; parsnip 99; carrots 98;
common turnips 42 ; Swedish turnips 64. It
would seem that beets, including probably the
mangel wortzel, one variety of the white beet, are
greatly superior to other common root crops in the
quantity of nutriment they yield to the bushel, as
well as the number of bushels to the acre.
Mangel Wurtzel, however, has been objected to
as food for cattle on account of its gorging or clog-
ging their stomachs, in such a manner as to induce
disease. But when this has happened, it is believ-
ed to have always been tlie consequence of injudi-
cious feeding. Lawrence's Farmer's and Grazier's
Guide in treating of the uses of this root observes
that " From all the observations it would appear
that mangel wurtzel is a valuable, nutritious root,
well adapted to the feeding of cattle, and one from
which no injury need be apprehended, when pro-
per care is taken in feeding the stock with a mod-
erate quantity daily. Like clover, turnips, and after-
math, it abounds in rich nutritious matter, and
when used for food must like them be accompa-
nied willi a proportion of hay."
A writer in the Genesee Partner of the 9th inst.
observes that " It is stated by those who have had
experience in the cultivation of mangold wurtzel,
that a crop can be raised with the same labor that
is necessary for a crop of potatoes ; and tliat they
can be preserved in cellars, or elsewhere by keep-
ing them from frost through the winter, and that
they will retain their nutritive qualities through
the succeeding summer. Although we are oppos-
ed to a general innovation in agricultural pursuits,
yet we recommend a fair trial of the cultivation
of mangold wurtzel, for the benefit of stock farmers.
It is desirable to find out the cheapest article with
which farmers can supply their stocks with green
or succulent food during our most severe winter
weather. Cabbage and turnips are likely to be
destroyed by insects which renders those crops too
uncertain. Potatoes require boiling, but all things
considered are at present the most valuable crop
for the above purpose in general cultivation, so
that experiments should determme between them
antl mangold wurtzel."
ITEMS OF INTEIililGENCE.
Speeches of Messrs. Calhoun ajul Webster. We are glad io
perceive that Messrs. Beals &. Homer have published in a
pamphlet form, these famous and able speeciies. Both should
not only be read but be studied by every person, who would
understand the principles of our government, and the duties aa
w'cll as tlie rights of the United States in their collective and
separate capacities. The collisions of these able champions
elicit light, which like fire of Itie flint would have remained latent
had there no opposition existed between them. Cool com-
mentaries on the Constitution of the Unian, the delegated and
reserved rights, the powers inherent in the government of Uic
twenty-four States, and those which belong to the government
of each of these United States could u^t so well explain the
mechanism of our political structures as these etVorts to destroy
and to preserve the great fabric of " Liberty secured by Law."
BajiJc of the United States. A writer for the N. Y. Daily
Advertiser says this Institution like pure gold seems to lose
nothing by close scrutiny. It goes through tlie ordeal intended
lor its destruction and comes out unscatlied aud undiminished
in real value.
South Carolina. The Columbia (S. C.> Times states that
Jlessrs. Drayton, Blair and Mitchel, the three South Carolina
representatives, who voted for the Enforcing Bill were burnt in
efligy in that town "by the indignant citizens " on the evening
of the 13th inst.
The inhabitants of Northampton, at a town meeting holden
on the 18th inst. resolved to instruct the Selectmen not to appro-
bate any persons as retailers of ardent spirits in that town ex
cepting practising physicians.
South Carolina Convention. The Comhiillee of the con-
vention to whom the subject was referred liavc reported in
favor of making null and void the nullifying ordinances together
with the laws wliich have been passed in consequence of their
existence.
VOL. XI. NO. 3r.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
295
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
At a stated meeting of the Mass. Hor. Society,
held on Saturday, the 23d inst., the following
fruits were exhibited . —
A specimen of Apples from the Rev. Gardner
B. Perry, of Bradford, Mass. from a graft, receiv-
ed from New York, name unknown.
Of a good flavor but rather past its period for
eating.
Sweet Apples from Mr. E. Parker, of Am-
herst, N. H.
For the Cummiltee on Fruits, E. M. RICHARDS,
Messrs. Lewellyn D. Jones, of New Bedford,
and Ebenezer Putnam, of Salem, were elected
members of the M. H. Society.
NOTICE.
A stated meeting of tlie Mass. Hor. Society, will
be held by adjournment, on Saturday, March 30,
at 11 o'clock, A. M. at the room of the Society.
Per order, R. L. EMMONS, Sec)/
PAINT OIL,.
THE subscribers keep on hand a constant supply of their
■'' prepared Painl Oil" which they offer for sale (with some
further improvements, adapting it for use in cold weather as
well as warm) with renewed assurance of its merit, having stood
through the last summer and winter without change, and almost
without a diminution of gloss. This Oil, independent of being
25 per cent, cheaper, wtII actually cover a quarter more surface
than Linseed Oil, as has been repeatedly proved, and confirm-
ed by statements of many painters. Upwards of fi(\y buildings
in this city and vicinity, can be referred to painted last year
with this Oil, and most of them (where painted with two coats)
still retain their gloss, which is a clear demonstration of its
strength. The prepared Oil, is found to answer a good pur-
pose to mix with Linseed Oil, giving it strength, and durability
with a more permanent gloss. It is found also to paint a very
clear white ; being light colored, it does not give any coloring
or yellow tinge to the lead in mixing. Oil factorv, head of
Foster's wharT. DOWNER &. AUSTIN
N. B. The above Oil, and all other Oils, sold from the Oil
Factory, which shall not prove as represented, can be returned,
and the cartage will he paid. 3t in27
WTIITE MULBERRY TREES.
FOR SALE 5000 Large White Mulberrv Trees, inquire at
this Office. tf m27
FOR SALE.
ONE BULL, 3 years old this summer, 4 Bolivar, \ Coelebs.
and \ Galloway ; 2 beautiful red Bulls, 1 year old this spring,
of superior blood. The dam of each bull has given rising 20
quarts of milk a day.
Apply at this otiice, or to B. SHURTLEFF, Jr.
m27 Chelsea.
FARMER WANTED.
WANTED a single man to work on a small farm^<ine who
is well acquainted with the cultivation of all kinds of vegetables,
Also one who understands taking care of fruit trees. No one
need apply who makes use of ardent spirits. A good charac-
ter will be required. Inquire at No. 52, India Wharf.
ois&lo 3t m27
MORUS MULTICAULIS.
FOR SALE at the New England Farmer office, fine plants
of the celebrated Morus Multicaulis, by the hundred, dozen, or
single plant; these will be well packed for any part of the
country or any country. tf m27
FOR SALE,
THAT valuable countrij seat and farm formerly owned by
E. H. Derby and J. Crowninshield, Esqrs., and lately by Col.
Endicolt, situated in Danvers, within two miles of Salem and
fifteen of Boston. The buildings are in good repair, spacious
and elegant, and convenient for a g«nteel familv, and also for a
farmer's, with barns, stables, &.C., attached. There is an ex-
cellent garden, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
shrubs and flowers and a tasteliil summer house. The farm is
in a high stale of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produces large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, quinces and cherries ;
there is a nursery of young fruit trees, and a plantation of
500(} WTiile Mulberries. 1 ne place has many advantages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garden, with from 10 to 100 acres of land, as the pur-
chaser may choose, are offered on liberal and accommodating
terms. Apply at this oflice, or to AMOS KING.
Danvers, March 27, 1833,
MANURE AND HAY FORKS,
FOR SALE, at the Agricultural Ware House, No. 51 and
52, North Market street,
20 doz. Willis' Patent socket and strap, cast steel manure
Forks,
50 doz. do. do. German steel do. do.
1(X) '• Goodyear's 4, 5 and 6 prong do. do.
Common do. do. do.
Simmons' shear steel Hay Forks,
Goodyear's German do. do.
Common do. do. do.
Three prong do. do. do.
Bay do. do. do.
m 5 J. R. NEWELL.
100
100
50
THE subscriber (late Gardener to John Prince, Esq.) re-
spectfully acquaints the public, that he has taken the Estab-
lishment lately occupied by Mr. David Haggerston, known
bv the name of the '* Charlestown Vineyard " He begs leave
to inform the ladies and gentlemen of Boston and its vicinity,
that he will furnish them with a variety of GREEN HOUSE
PLANTS— Flowers for BOQUETS, as usual, on moderate
terms — and hopes by unremitting attention to merit a share of
public patronage.
All orders will be promptly attended to bv the subscriber.
March 20. THOMAS MASON.
FRAMINGHAM NURSERY.
W. BUCKMINSTER offers for sale at his Nursery in Fra-
miiighani, English Cherry trees. Peach trees. Pear trees, and
Apple trees of the first quality. Also, a few Isabel a Grape
Vines. March 5, 1833.
A MAN AND HIS -WIFE
WANTED to take charge of a Boarding House at the
Paint and Color Manufactory in Roxbury, to board from 15 to
20 men. A good House will be furnished, and a fair price
allowed for board. For further particulars inquire of J. R.
NEWELL, .Agricultural Warehouse, No. 51, North Market
street, Boston. m 20
GENUINE MORUS MULTICAULIS, or CHINESE
MULBERRY.
MRS. PARMENTIER at the Horticultural Botanic Garden,
Brooklyn, L. I. otiers for sale a choice collection of Pear, Ap-
ple, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Quince, and other Fruit Trees.
Grape Vines. Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Greenhouse
and Herbaceous Plants at moderate prices.
Also the Genuine Morus Multicaulis or Chinese Mulberry, of
which any quantity not exceeding ten thousand can be furnish-
ed at reasonable prices.
Orders may be sent by mail directed to Mrs. P. or left at
Mr. Geo. C. Barrett, Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North Mar-
ket street Boston.
6t M20
FRUIT TREES, GRAPE VINES, SHRUBBE-
RY, &.C.
FOR Sale at the Garden and Nursery of the Subscriber near
Savin Hill Hotel, a variety of Grape Vines, Trees, Rose
Bushes, &c. RUFUS HOWE.
N. B. Pruning, Grafting, Transplanting, &c. attended to
when desired.
Dorchester, March 20th, 1833.
RUSSIA MATS.
500 dozen large sized Russia Mats.
300 do. small do. do. do.
For Sale by D. F. FAULKNER. No. 13 Central Street.
.20
tf
BIILLET.
JU.ST received, a few bushels of prime Millet Seed, by
GEO. C. BARRETT. N. E. Seed Store. m 20
AVANTS A SITUATION AS A GARDENER.
A STEADY active young Man, who is perfectly conversant
with every department of his business, any commantls directed
to M. I., and left at the office of this paper, will be respectfully
attended to. '*3w m 20
FLOWER SEEDS.
200 V.-VRIETIES of very handsome annual, biennial and
perennial Fi.ovvf.r Seeds, in packages of 20 varieties each.
For sale at the New England Seed Store. Price gl per pack-
age. 6^ cts. per paper. m 13
EVERGREENS, SILVER FIRS, &.C.
THE Subscriber being engaged in the Seed business, would
be happy lo receive orders for Forest Trees, Seeds and Ever-
greens from Maine j and being agent for G.C. Barrett, Boston,
and Prince & Sons, Flushing, N. Y. orders sent through them
or otherwise, will be attended to without delay. Particular
directions for taking up and packing are requested.
WM. MANN.
Augusta, Me. March 13.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, , . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort
Southern, 1st sort, ....
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
'' upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lihe,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra c^ear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southeni, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed,
Merino, half blood, .
Merino, quarter, . .
Native washed, . .
Pulled superfine
1st Lambs,
2d "
3d "
_ 1st Spinning, .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
barrel
2 60
'*
2 50
bushel
1 37
barrel
10 75
"
6 60
"
8 60
pound
14
*'
7
"
4
"
3
"
38
"
36
"
9
bushel
1 25
barrel
6 12
"
6 87
"
5 87
'*
6 00
bushel
70
"
65
'^
85
. "
65
"
46
cwt.
62
gallon
50
cwt
28 00
pound
"
18
side
pound
16
side
250
pound
24
"
23
cask
1 00
ton
3 87
bushel
barrel
17 60
"
13 00
'^
none
bushel
250
"
1 50
pound
cwt
10 00
pound
60
"
65
*'
50
"
48
"
42
11
40
"
60
II
47
!■
37
II
28
iS
3 00
2 50
II 00
6 75
6 73
15
1 30
6 37
6 23
6 37
6 12
SO
6S
90
70
52
70
55
30 00
9
9
20
300
lit
2 70
25
M
I 25
4 00
18 00
13 50
3 00
200
12
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL P
Hams, northern,
southern,
PoBK, whole hogs, ....
PODLTRY,
BoTTER, kegandtub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according to quality.)
pound
6
"
"
10
ti
18
ft
20
dozen
16
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
3 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, March. 2.5, 1833.
Reported for the Daily AdTertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 417 Beef Cattle, 20 pairs Working Oxen,
9 Cows and Calves, 213 Sheep and 650 Swine. About 70
Beef Cattle, all of which are Prime, and 106 Sheep remain un-
sold at the close of the market.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — The Beef Cattle were remarkably
large and fine ■, sales were very uneven and cousiderably re-
duced, probably as much as they were raised last week. We
noticed two or three yoke, very' fine, taken at about g6,67,
and several yoke at 6.50. We quote prioe at ^6 a 6,25;
good at 5,60, a 5,75 ; thin at 4,75 a 5,25.
Working OjTcn.— Sales were efleeted a» g70, 76, 80, 85,
and 87.
Caics and Calres. — Sales were noticed at gl9. 22, and 25.
Sheep. — We noticed 3 fine Wertiers taken at ,g34. Also, 10
at about ^7 each ; also. 100 at ^2 each.
Swine. — One lot of 44„more than half Sows, were taken at
4Ac.-, at retail, 5c. for Sows and 6c. for Barrows. About 4C0
of the'above number oiTie- in near the close of the market from
which no sales were made.
EARLY POTATOES.
FOR Sale, Early Perkins Potatoes, by SAMUEL POND,
Cambridgeport . Also, Isabella and Catawba Gbape VmEa.
ofalargcnze. St mis'
296
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
MARCH Sr, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
THE liOVE OP OUR COUNTRY.
By Professor Thomas Thaanip, of Copenliagcn.
Thoo spot of earlh, where ftoni my bosom
The first wesik tones of Nature rose ;
Where first I cropp'd the stainless blossom
Of pleasure, ^ct unmixed with woes ;
Where, with my new-born powers delighted,
I tripped beneath a mother's hand ;
Li thee the quenchless flame was lighted,
That sparkles for my native land !
And when in childhood's quiet morning
Sometimes to distant haunts we rove.
The heart, like bended bow returning,
Springs swifter to its home of love !
Eacli hill, each dale, that shared our pleasures.
Becomes a heaven in memory ;
And ev'n the broken veteran measures
With sprightlier step his haunts of glee.
O'er Nonvay's crags, o'er Denmark's vallies,
Heroic tombs profusely rise,
Memorials of the love that rallies
Nations round kings, and knits their ties.
Sweet is the bond of filial duty.
Sweet is the grasp of friendly hand.
Sweet is the kiss of opening beauty,
But sweeter still our native land.
INTERESTING TO AJVTIQ,UARIANS.
Discoveries liave frequently been made in
some parts of the country, particularly in the
Western States, which go far to prove that this
part of the western continent was once inhabited
by a race of men who possessed a more perfect
knowledge of the civilized arts than was exhibited
by the Aborigines, when the country was first dis-
covered by Columbus, and many circumstances
prove conclusively that great changes have taken
place in the face of the country in the lapse of
years.
It was but lately that while some laborers were
building a dam iu Gilnianton, on lands belonging
to Mr. Isaac Sawyer, they came, while digging,
to a loelt about ten feet below the surface, which
was regularly stoned ! The well was about three
feet deep and three feet in diameter, and from its
situation and very peculiar appearance, must have
been built long before this country was visited by
Europeans. The stones which were used iu its
construction are about as large as a man can lift.
In the same stratum were found the remains of
Beavers' Dams, small pieces of wood from one to
six inches iij length, in a state of preservation, in
■which the prints of the beavers' teeth were still to
be seen as smooth as if cut with a gouge. The
spot where these relics of a former age were found,
■was hut a short distance IVom the borders of the
Winnepissioga Lake, and was probably a place of
resort for the tribes of the forest. The land is low,
but the deposite must have been gradually accu-
mulating for many ages. — Exeter J^'eivs Letter.
THE DOG.
We learn from a slip in the Buffalo Journal,
descriptive of the late fire in that town, that tlie
life of one of the principal sufierers — Mr. Trox-
ell — was undoubtedly preserved by the attach-
ment of a favorite dog. — His lodging room was in
one of the upper stories of his dwelling, and he
was first alarmed by his little room mate spring-
ing upon the bed and attempting to rouse him by
his howling. Not sufficiently awakened he threw
him from his bed and bade 'him be still' but the
faithful animal furiously dragged off the covering
and continued his efforts till his master was made
sensible of his danger and just in time to preserve
himself from suffocation. A late number of the
Nantucket (Jlass.) Inquirer gives, on the authori-
ty of an experienced shipmaster of that town, a
similar instance in an account of a dog, which
swam to the shore, at midnight from a ship wreck-
ed A'essel, in the British channel, between Land's
End, and Lizard Toint, and proceeding to a farm
house, atler long, and, for a time baffled exertion,
succeeded, apparently frantic with gratitude in
inducing the peasant to follow him to the edge of
the cliff, where looking over, he discovered the
forlorn and almost perishing mariners clinging to
the rock, at a shoit distance from the strand.
The alarm was immediately given to the neighbor-
ing farmers, who soon procured ropes and other
aids from the town of Falmouth, three or four
miles from the spot, and succeeded in saving all the
survivors, with a single exception — one man hav-
ing been killed by the fall of a stone from the cliff.
Fourteen were thus rescued, who unquestionably
owed their lives to the faithful and sagacious do"
— Providence Journal.
liEPT OBT THE GROUND.
An Antwerp Journal contains the following
anecdote of a recent duel in that neighborhood:
On arriving at the ground the two principals who
were to fight, entered into a parley. "Come," said
one of them, "nothing remains but to measure the
distance." " I will fight at any distance you please,"
replied his adversary, " but if either of us is
wounded there is an end to the affair, and we may
declare ourselves mutually satisfied." "Never,"
said the first, "one of us must remain upon the
ground." " Then you may' remain by yourself,"
replied the doughty combatant, " for I have busi-
ness that calls me away." With this coUocjuy, the
affair terminated, and the parties separated with-
out effusion of blood.
A SAILOR being about to sail to India, a citizen
asked him where his father died .' ' In ship-
wreck.' 'And where did your grandfather die r"
'As he was fishing, a storm arose, and he, with lii.s
companions, perished.' 'And your greatgrand-
father ?' ' He also perished from shipwreck.'
' Then, if I wore you, I would never go to sea.' —
' I'ray, Mr. Philosopher, where did your father
die ?' ' My father, grandfather and great grand-
father died in bed.' ' Then, if I were you,' re-
torted the son of Neptune, ' I would never go to
bed.'
BRUT.II. STORIES.
We have had two or three anecdotes of beasts
on hand for two or three weeks with which we
now propose to entertain the reader.
A dog belonging to an Irishman, residing in this
town, is in the habit of paying a visit twice or
thrice a week to the wife of his owner, in the city
of Boston. Dividing his attachment between the
two. Tray trudges to the city, spends an hour or
two with his mistress, and then . faces about and
returns to his master. Messages have been trans-
mitted by him.
A clerk in a druggist's store on Central Street,
heard a bell tinkle in his sleeping apartment. The
bell wire was attached to a knob at the door of
the store, and as no person stood there, he went
immediately to his room, where he found a strange
cat, who having been accidentally shut in, had
rung the bell to call some one to her assistance,
in setting her at liberty. ' As some doubt remain-
ed whether this ringing was accideiual or inten-
tional on the part of puss, she was shut up in the
same room on the day following when she repeat-
ed the ringing. — Loioell Compcnd.
STAIiLIONS.
THE following Horses are for sale or to let the cnsuin"
season. If not parted with they will stand for Mares at the
Farm of A. Dty, at Lodi, Bergen County, New .Jersey, near
Newark Bridge, about 7 miles from the City of New York,
under the care of HosEA Worthington.
PATH-KII.LER,— ChcsUwt, 6 years old 30th April, 1833,
measure.-. Is hands o inches high, and is still growmg — Sire,
Amtriiim Eclipse; Dam Uijticiiith^ a pure thorough bred mare
of the ICu'ilish race breed — lor pedigree sec llie Sd Vol. Ameri-
can Tiirl llcgister, Nos. 8 & y, April and May 1832, where her
pedigree is verified up to the Oriental Horses, more than 150
years, — I'alh Killer's Colts are remarkable for their beauty,
size, bono and action, and promise to be great trotters.
N.VVAUINO,— beautiful blood Bay, 5 years old in May
1833, measures 15 hands and 3 inches high, and still growing —
Sire, ■■ llilijroot's Sir Harnj" — Uam, Ihjacinth above nanied.
H.VKI'I.N'US, — beautitul blood Bay, measures 11) hands 2
inches liigh.7 years old this sprmg(1833) — Sm.Uambtetmtian
— Mam, Messenger Mare, a great trotter and iiis colts large
and fine, well calculated for Coach Horses ; lor one pair of
them, only two and tliree years old, g400 was oti'ered and re-
ibsed.
KING PHILIP,— a Sorrel, said to be 13 years old ; a full
blood Narragaiisell, and the only known tliorough-bred in this
part of the country. He is a descendant of a race of animals
tlial have been in the family of the late Governor Jay for many
years. His slock, especially those by high bred mares, arc
said lo be very fine, and will carry a man with great case fiO
miles a day under the saddle. As saddle horses, they readilv
sell from ^300 to §500, at five years old. They rack, troi,
and ranter, and are good for both sadtlle and harness.
Tlic! above horses will stand for %\i> the season, payable on
the 1st January, iy,>l.. islw m 20
THE PLANTER'S GUIDE.
JU.ST published, and for sale by Gko. C'. Barrett, at the
New England Farmer Ofiire,— the"Plantci's Guide ; or, a Prac-
tical Essay on the best method of Giving Immediate Eft'ect to
\Vniid,by the removal of Large Trees and Underwood j being
an attempt to place the Art, and that of General ArboricuUuro
on (wvA aad Phytological principles j interspersed with obser-
vations on General Planting, and the improvement of real land-
scape. Originally intended for the clhnale of Scotland. By
Sir Henry Stcuart, Bart. LL. F. I). R. S, E.. etc. Price p.
HARDWARE.
100 dozen Ames Backstrap Shovels.
20 do. do. Large Shovels, from No. 4 to 12.
20 do. do. Cast Steel Polished Shovels.
100 do. Plympton Hoes.
."iO do. Sieison do.
50 do. Falos Cast Steel Goosenecked Hoes.
Also, various other kinds of Hoes.
100 dozen Manure Forks, comprising an assortment of vari-
ous makers and qualities.
1.50 dozen Farwell's Scvlhes.
\M do. Whipple &. 'Hales half set Scvthes, together with
every description of HARDWARE GOODS, ibr sale by
L.\NE & HEAD, at No. 6, Market Square, near Fanned
13
THE NEW ENGL.A ND PARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at ^i per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those vlio pay williiu
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
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NO. 38.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Farmer.
REMARKS ON HORSES.
Mtleborough, (Mass.) March 29, 1833.
T. G. Fessenden, Esq. Sir — There cannot,
pei-haps, be too much said in relation to that very
valuable animal to man, Vvhose services are so de-
sirable and convenient, and whose beauty and
symmetry are so much esteemed and admired as
the horse. The horse, whose services are so de-
sirable and convenient, seems to be more afflicted
with diseases than most other animals. There is
a disease in horses called the ring-bone, which some
affirm there is no cure known for, others that there
a sure and certain one, while others say that the
disease is so trifling, that it may be cured by some
sort of magic power, the art which they possess.
Yet I consider the subject not a trifling one, nor
too much information upon the subject to be ob-
tained. A little gleaned from different parts of
the country, when collected in one general miss,
is very great. I am but little acquainted with the
horse, yet within a few years I have raised a few
colts, for my own use, but the most of them (ire
like to be of but little value from certain disorders
with which they have been, and now are, afflicted.
The first colt, which I speak of, is grandsoi to
the celebrated horse Roman, of Northbridge, Miss.
This colt was foaled in Juno, 1831, conscqucrtly
will be in June next, two years old. I took him
away from the mare when he was five mouths old,
and put him into a grazing lot along with another
colt, a year older. They were within sight of my
dwelling-house the whole time ; and they api)ear-
ed to be very trieudly and kind to each other.
About six or eight days after I took him from the
mare I discovered that he was very lame with one
of his hind legs, so much so that he was unable to
put it to the ground, but went upon three legs, and
appeai-ed to be in great pain and distress. I ex
amined the leg but could discover no marks of
violence, or that there was any thing the matter
with it. I had never before seen any thing like
lameness in the colt. Jly first impression was that
the larger colt had kicked him, but by the next
day, as I thought he rather grew worse, and as I
valued him very high on the account of pedigree,
I thought proper to call the assistance of a farrier.
He pronouuced him to be what is called stifled.
I, however, wag too incredulous to believe him,
and even expressed my doubts to him, at the time.
The fact was, there was nothing that could be dis-
covered that was wrong, except that he was very
lame and exhibited signs of great distress. lie
continued in this situation for the space of three
days, when nothing could be discovered to lead
any person to suppose the cause, or judge of the
complaint. On the fourth day I discovered an
unusual warmth in one of his hind legs between
the fet-lock joint and hoof; and so great was the
inflammation that by the next day I could by hard
pressure with my fingers rub ofl" the hair and skir.
The colt lay down the greater part of the time,
and appeared to suffer great pain in the leg. I
then went to see the farrier, and told him that I
had found where the disorder was, and the situa-
tion in wliich my favorite colt was. He then told
tue that he could not tell what tlic matter was
w ith the colt, — and that he had not seen or heard
of such a complaint before. But he advised a de-
coction of wild Indigo weed as a wash for the leg,
and a poultice made of wild Indigo and Indian
meal, or English turnips, sweet-oil and Indian
meal. I consequently used the two former for a
pace of thirty days. In about three days after I
pplied the wash and poultice, there appeared a
hard swelling close round the hoof to the height of
three quarters of an inch. The hair all came off'
to about one inch above the hoof. This I caused
to be opened in several ])laces, and even run a
knife through the foot, that is, run a knife in at
the back of the foot so as to come out the fore side.
It appeared to be all the way through about the
same as the out side. It discharged profusely for
several weeks. After the end of thirty days, I
applied the turnip poultice, the swelling hod not
diminished in the least, but found that it was grow-
ing hard like the hoof itself ; and at the end of
four or five months had all become hard about
two and a half inches above the old hoof, and so
large was the swelling, that he walked on this new
Ibrmed hoof without letting the old hoof touch the
ground. The frog of the old foot dropped out, 1
then caused the old hoof to be pared away, so
that he could walk nearlj' as well as on the other
foot, yet it was very large and clumsy.
It had now got to be about the 20th of May,
1832. At this time I turned my colt out to
pasture to graze. Soon after I discovered that the
other hind foot was lame. There arose a hard
swelling about half way between the fet-lock joint
and hoof To tliis day both hind feet are in the
same situation they were last June ; that is, not
much lame, yet his feet are very ill shaped. I do
not know what the matter was of the first foot
spoken ofl', nor have I seen any person that could
lell me ; many came to see him.
I have endeavored to describe this foot as nearly
as possible, so that should any of your numerous
correspondents have witnessed any thing of th
kind, they may communicate their sentiments
through the medium of your useful paper, either
in relation to the disorder, or prescribe some
method of cure. Should any further information
be desired I will freely communicate the same
with pleasure and satisfaction.
The last mentioned foot, I have been told, was
what is called the ring-bone, but I do not know
what is called the ring-bone.
I have now two colts that will be one year old
next June. One of these colts is grandson of Post
Boy a very celebrated horse, the other is from a
celebrated horse in the northern part of the State
of Vermont, or on the borders of Canada, whose
pedigree is not known to me.
These two colts, since the last of February, have
discovered signs of lameness in both their fore feet.
There is now plainly to be seen hard callous swell-
ings about midway between the fet-lock and hoof.
Like the one on my colt's foot last described last
year.
One of these colts is very lame, the other hardly
exhibits any signs of lameness. Both appear to be
in the same situation. Both began to be lame
about the same time ; and both appear to be af-
flicted with the same disorder.
This is what I suppose ia called the ring-bone.
I do not know that there is any cure for the ring-
bone. Some say that there is, but others there is
not. But I believe so far as my information ex-
tends, that it is the generally received opinion in
this community that there is not. Can the ring-
bone be contagious.' From the extensive cir-
culation which your paper has I am apprehensive
that information upon the suliject of ring-bone in
horses would be %'ery well received.
Yours respectfully, J. W. Capron.
For the New England Farmer.
SWIKE.
Mr. Fessenden. Sir, — In answer to " A Con-
stant Reader" on the best method of managing
sows with Pigs. — I would recommend the follow-
ing method which I have practised with good
succeffi.
Separate tlie sow from the rest of the swine, six
or eight weeks before her bringing forth, so that
she may become accustomed to her pen. Care
should be taken, however, to have her pen kept
dry, at:d well littered ; always give them litter
enough so as not to be obliged to give any for six
days before the time, for nothing disturbs tlie sow
more ttan an abundance of litter, and which in
my opiaion has a great tendency to induce her to
destroy her young. If the sow is with the other
swine ti.l vithin a few days of her bringing fortli,
and then separated, she will not get accustomed
to her pen, and by thus being disturbed, she vritl
be pretty sure to destroy her pigs.
I do not think there is any thing in the breed
or nature of sows, unless disturbed or mismanaged,
and if so I think it very natural for them to destroy
their young.
I have known, and it is not at all uncommon
for young sows to destroy their first, and protect
their succeeding litters ; and I have known them
to protect their first and destroy their succeeding
litters; but in most cases I find that it is owing to
disturbance or mismanagement.
Raw salt Pork cut in small pieces, and given,
will prevent them from eating their pigs. I have
seen it given after they had ate two or three of
their litter with good success. But to prevent any
mischief it should be kept by them at this time.
As to the form of the stye, and bigness of the
yard to be occupied by swine for manure, these
depend greatly upon the number kept. For three
or four I would recommend a building of the fol-
lowing dimensions, say eighteen by eight, entrance
to feed, at the centre on the side, alley three feet
wide, window in the centre opposite the door, two
troughs, one on each side next to the alley, yard
twenty feet square, will have a partition through
the centre from the centre of the building, entrance
for the swine on each side, one foot from the alley
with sliding doors, communication from one yard
to the other by sliding door next to the building.
A building and yard thus constructed will be found
plenty large, and very convenient ; you have plenty
of room at each end, to feed and for them to lie
dry and warm, which is very beneficial in the
growtli of your swine. I consider a yard of the
298
NfiVV ENGLAND FARMER,
APKIt. 3, 1833.
above size plenty large enough for three or four
swine if properly attended to, ihey will make Init
little manure without inaterialt-, you should replen-
ish the yard with loam or wash from the road,
with vines, weeds, &-c. as often as occasion may
require. — Yours respectfully. !>•
Milton, March 23, 1833.
For the NexD England Farmer.
SWINE.
Mr. Fessenden, — In your paper of the 21st 1
observed an inquiry in relation to the best method
of treating sows with pigs, &c. Neither the
" Farmer's Assistant," nor " Banister's Husband-
ry," nor the " Hon. O. Fiske," have hit the right
nail ou the head. For some cause, or on some ac-
count, whether from "hysteric irritability" I know
not, but so it is that about the time of sows' yean-
ing xhey have a great craving for animal Ibod — this
I know from experience, and hiS\G been careful for
about a week before my sows were about to far-
rovv, to give them some butcher's refuse meat
which does not cost much; if easy to be procured
give them a plenty, and I will venture to say they
will not eat their pigs. Your inquirer says thous-
ands of pigs have been destroyed the last year by
sows. Now if my method of treatment is a pre-
ventative, and I verily believe it is, the informa-
tion is of more real worth to the coraniuniiy than
a history of all the snipes, owls and hob-o-links
that Mr. Audubon ever heard of. A SuBSfRiBER.
For the New England Firmer.
Mr. Fessenden, — I am always pleased with
whatever proceeds from the pen of your corres-
pondent, Mr. B. His observations ever contain
entertainment and instruction. He says in page
218, current volume of the N. E. Farmer, that, " it
is well known to nurserymen that the roots of a
grafted or budded tree take the habits of the scion,
that is, they are immerous and ramified, horizon-
tal or deep, according to the habits of the variety
from which the variety is taken, and generally
conform in their direction and volume, to the
shape and abundance of the top; and yet the
sprouts which spring from these roots invariably
take the character of the original stalk." He
then puts a case of budding a peach into a plum
stalk, aiid wonders, "why the roots should retain
the character of the stock, after they have been
enveloped and seeiningly lost in the growth pro-
duced by the scion."
These are curious facts. But to state my pres-
ent opinion, would be perhaps to show my igno-
rance on the subject. However, it may elicit fur-
ther information which I should be pleased to see.
We take the case stated by your correspondent.
— The roots of the i>lum may be aftocted in char-
acter as to the manner of growth by the scion, but
not in nature which remains, essentiallv, unchang-
ed. The ascending sap is elaborated in the peach
leaves and made fit by a chemical process to form
wood and bark, but as yet, it is neither the one
nor the other. The descending sap, thus elabora-
ted, when in contact with peach-wood and peach
bark suffers another change, eflected by the peach
stock, and peach-wood and bark are formed ; and
when the sap is in contact with the plum-stalk a
change takes place peculiar to the plum, and plum
wood and bark are formed, so that the roots are
not essentially aflected in their nature, and of
course the sjirouts will be plum-sprouts.
If this be not correct, I wish that some of your
correspondents \vould inform me of the error.
MansJieU, Ftb. 5, 1833. G.
For the New England Farmer.
A SIKGIIL.AR FACT.
Mr. Elkan4H Andrews, of Taunton, planted,
the last year, a field with corn in drills, at some
little distanoe from any building or wall, and say
about one fourth of a mile from tlie village. After
the corn came up he found that much of it was
pulled up by some animal, but by what kind he
could not determine. Some said that it might be
done by squirrels ; but no squirrels were seen
about the premises. Others thought that the mis-
chief was done by birds ; but no birds were seen
near the place. The work of destruction went on
night after night, and it was supposed that the in-
jury was done very early in the morning, and
hence the depredator eluded the observation of the
owner. Mr. Andrews visited bis field very early
in the tnoming, but made no discovery ; no -squir-
rel nor bird was seen, yet the corn was pulled up
as before. At last he visited bis field at midnight
— and having sccietcd himself, he by the help of
moon-light discovered his enemy — an army of
rats from the villaE'e.
For the Nem England Farmer.
TEA "VVHEAT. THE SEASON.
Extracts from a letter from Elisha Marvin»
Esq., of Ripley, N. Y. to the Proprietor of the
N. E. Farmer.
The tea wheat which I have sent you I had
from the Province of New Brunswick, soon after
it was first noticed in your paper. I have sowed
this wheat every spring since, from the truth o/
March to the first of May. The choice of timi
depends on the season ; a dry season sometimes
injures late sowing, for which reason I prefci
sowing as soon as the ground will admit.
This grain does well on what we call a natural
wheat soil, and just as well on any good soil. In
wet or low places in your field, where wiiilci-
wheat would be killed by ice, or t.brown out bv
frost, this wheat will give a fair crop.
On our dividing ridges, which arc generally u
wet cold soil, and covered four or five months with
ileep snow, this wheat does well. Winter wheat,
if growu at all in such situations, would give but
an iiidiflercnt crop, and that of a light and poor
quality. The tea wheat weighs 63 pounds to the
hushel ; other spring wheat, in this region .58.
The tea wheat yields a far better crop than either
the bearded or bald spring wheat ; and suits much
lietter to every variety of soil. With these ad-
vantages I think I can with all safety call the tea
wheat the best spring crop of grain we have in
this region of country.
Our season is now (March 15,) mild. The
coldest day the present year was the 2d of March,
when the ice in the lake fastened for the first time,
and is not vet started.
From the Genesee Farmer.
TO PROMOTE THE GROWTH OP TREES.
Some separate the dry bark of fruit and forest
trees to promote their growth, and prevent the bark
binding too much. Tliis disfigures the tree, mak-
ing seams in the trunk, and makes it grow in
angles. The best way is, when the sap is forced
up, by warmth of the spring, to scrape oft" the
scaly particles of the dead bark, and wash the
trees repeatedly during the week with soap suds,
&c. Trees of considerable age will then have a
youthful appearance, be more thrifty, and in the
case of iVuit trees, the fruit will make more cider,
than that grown on scurvy, moss grown trees.
Put cinders, bones, and stones, about the roots
of pear trees ; it will increase their growth one
third, and save them from the blight.
From the Maine Farmer.
Mr. Holmes : In a former communication I in-
timated that I might give my views respecting the
cheapest and best mode of making a barn tight, so
as to exclude the snows and make it warm. 1
lately built one and covered it with narrow pine
boards which had been stuck ujj and seasoned two
years.
The expense of n)atching and trouble of season-
ing, ..tc. was considerable, but it answered the end
well.
A neighbor has since erected one equally tight
by double boarding with hemlock boards. The
first put on slightly, or tacked, being half an inch
thick ; he then covered with boards of the usua!
thickness taking care to break joints. The last
nailing was with double tens. If well nailed they
will kep)) their place and the same care respecting
lliei; bring seasoned is not necessary. The barn
is s) tight that small windows are necessary.
'. am apprehensive that as hemlock boards are
cheaper and more easily obtained (in many parts,)
w( in this section of the State had better make our
ha-ns tight by double boarding, I hope never to see
another barn built with single boards half season-
ed. Such a barn is really a nuisance. If any far-
mer has such an one he can remedy the evil, by
antther covering which I advise him to do for his
ova interest, and the comfort of his cattle, preser-
vation of his hay, &c. Yours, &c.
Anthracite in Jf'rentham, Mass. Si)ecimens of
this mineral have been forwarded to us by Mr. S.
Day, in a letter, dated Providence, R. I. Oct. 11.
It is stated to be newly discovered — that the bor-
ing has been carried to eighty feet, and the excava-
tion or shaft, to si.xty : that the coal lies in strata
of different depths, interspersed with slate, and
that it is ])roposed, should the prospect continue
fair, to petition the legislature for a charter of in-
corporation, and in the spring to push their enter-
prise with vigor.
The coal appears like the European anthracite,
and resembles that of Rhode Island more than
that of Pennsylvania. The latter State possesses
such vast resources of this mineral, and of such
admirable quality and easy acquisition, that pru-
dent men will look well to every undertaking,
which must depend in any degree, upon success-
I'ul competition. — Siltiman's Journal.
Extraordinary Cow. A cow fattened by Thomas
D.Eaton of this town was butchered by Jlessrs.
Porter & Davis yesterday, which weighed 1655
lbs. There's for you, against all opposition. —
Worcester paper.
Mr. J. W. Smith, in the Genesee Farmer re-
i-ommends the shrub called Prickly Ash (Fraxi-
aas) for hedges.
He says, " It to my knowledge thrives well on
a clayey, or even sandy or gravelly soils, but best
in rich moist bottom lands, and is about as bard to
subdue as are elders. As far as my knowledge
extends it is not infested with lice or worms, which
are so destructive to the English thorn in our
country. No blight affects it that I know."
VOL. XI. NO. 38.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
299
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
At a statfiJ meeting of tlie Massachusetts Ilor-
ticiiltunil Society liekl on Satunlay, March 30, by
an adjoui-niTient, the following letters from Beiija-
luiii Rodman, Esq., of New Bedford, and S. P.
llildretli, Esq., of Marietta, Ohio, were read.
.Veio Bedford, March 23, 1833.
Dear Sir, — I have just received from my
friend J. P. Hiiteliinson, Consul at Lisbon, a
package of onion seeds, which I divide with you
for the members of H. S., which you will please
ofler for distribution.
He says the " seed must be sown — the plants
transplanted and well watered."
They are very large and very mild — as he says
as large as your head and mild as an apple.
I am very truly your friend, B. Rodman.
Marietta, Ohio, Feb. 25, 1833.
To the Secretari/ of the Mass. Hor. Society,
R. L. Emmons, Esq.
Dear Sir, — I have the pleasure of forwarding
to your Society a small package of the seeds ol'
the magnolia acuminata, the native growth of the
forests, near Marietta. The seeds are very fine
and fully ripe ; and gathered at a time before they
had taken any injury from the weather. The
magnolia acuminata is amongst the most beautiful
productions of our woodlands, perfectly hardy,
and will make a fine figure amongst its other rela-
tives when flourishing in your interesting garden ;
a garden devoted to the sacred and sweet memory
of the dead, and to the improvement and happi-
ness of the living, and such an object is every way
■worthy of its illustrious founders, and will place
Massachusetts at the head of her sister states in
horticultural pursuits, as she already is in the arts,
manufactures, and literature. If you will have
the goodness to name such seeds of our native trees
as would be desired for planting in the garden of
the Society, I shall take great pleasure in select
ing them for your use, and will forward them as
«arly as possible after their ripening.
Very respectfully your obedient servant,
S. P. HiLDRETH.
It was then Voted, That the thanks of this So-
ciety be given to Benjamin Rodman, Esq., of
New Bedford, and to S. P. Hildreth, Esq., of
Marietta, Oliio, for their valuable donations of
seeds of the Lisbon onion and magnolia acuminata.
Voted, That the seeds of the Lisbon onion be
distributed among the members of the Society, —
and that the seeds of the magnolia acuminata be
confided to the care of Mr. David Haggerston for
the Mount Auburn Cemetery.
The meeting was then dissolved.
the need of such an ap[iaralus()r instniuicnt, :is we
liegln to feed more with roots. — In Great I5riuiin
where they feed extensively with roots, the Far-
mer who was without one would be considered a
very careless man.
I hope some one at least in every neighborhood
will procure one or two of the following dimen-
sions. One suitable for applying should be 3-4 of
an inch thick, and 40 inches long, with a strong
loop affi.ved to the end, that it may be the better
managed by the operator. For an ox of a large
size it should be an inch thick 48 inches long, ex-
clusive of the loop. The cost may be 25 or 30
cents — Yours, ^-c. care.
.flwful C'alaslrophe. — The Redactor of Satiwday,
contains an article from the Constitutional del
Cauca, stating that in the month of July last, while
Mass was being celebrated hi the church of Sig-
shos, near Tachunga, in the republic of Equador,
South America, on the day of the solemn festival
del Corpus, fire was communicated to the building
by a rocket, and that in the rush of the audience
to the door, it became shut, and the whole Cod-
gregation perished in the flames, except the Cu-
rate, who escaped through a window ! The num-
ber of lives lost was estimated at more than five
lumdred, besides the children. — JV. Y. Jour, of
Commerce.
From tlie Maine Fanner.
Mr Holmes ; It is agreed, both in Europe and
this country, that there is nothing so safe and elti-
cacious for a creature that is choked, as tarred
rope of proper dimensions, with the tar well work-
ed in to stiffen it when made. I have been led
to remind my brother Farmers of this simple thing,
because one of my neighbors recently lost a cow
by being choked, and another came near losing a
valuable ox, in the same way. Both of them
might have been relieved, in a few minutes, had
such a rope been at hand, or even in the neighbor-
hood; but this was not the case, and the owner of
the cow used an improper stick, which hastened
her death. I believe we shall more frequently see
MACHIKE FOR MAlilMG PINS.
It is highly ingenious in point of contrivance,
and, in respect to its economical principles, will
furnish a strong and interesting contrast with the
manufacture of pins by the human hand. In this
machine, a coil of brass wire is placed on an a.xis ;
one end of this wire is drawn by a pair of rollers
through a small hole in a plate of steel, and is held
there by forceps. As soon as the machine is put
in action —
1. The forceps draw the wire on to a distance
equal in length toi one pin : a cutting edge of steel
then descends close to the hole through which the
wire entered, and severs a piece equal in length to
one pin.
2. The forceps holding the wire moves on until
it brings the wire into the centre of the clmck of a
small lathe, which opens to receive it. Whilst the
forceps reti'irns to fetch another piece of wire, the
lathe I'evol ves rapidly, and grinds the projecting
end of the wire upon a steel mill which advances
towards it.
3. At this first, or coarse pointing, the lathe
stops, and another forceps takes hold of the half
pointed pin, (which is instantly relieved by the
opening of the c/mct,) and conveys it to a similar
chuck of another lathe, which receives it, and fin-
ishes the pointing on a finer steel mill.
4. This mill again stops, and another forceps re-
moves the pointed pin into a pair of strong steel
clams, having a small groove in them by which they
hold the pin very firmly. A part of this groove,
which terminates at that edge of the steel clams
which is intended to form the head of the pin, is
made conical. A small round steel punch is now
driven forcibly against the end of the wire thus
clamped, and the head of the pin is partially form-
ed by pressing the wire into the conical cavity.
5. Another pair of forceps now removes the pin
to another pair of clams, and the head of the pin
is completed by a blow from a second punch, the
end of which is slightly concave. Each pair of
forceps returns as soon as it has delivered its bur-
then ; and thus there are always five pieces of wire
at the same moment in different stages of advance
towards a finished pin. The pins so formed are
received into a tray, and whitened, and papered in
the usual way.
About sixty pins can be made by this machine
in one minute ; but each process occupies exactly
the same time in performing. — JVcu) York Mechan-
ic's Magazine.
A pair of young Tom Turkeys, shot on Mount
Tom, weighing at the time about 30 pounds each
— were on the 26th presented to the proprietor of
the Hampden Coffee House. They were large
and beautiful birds.
i/1 good sized Story. Mr. Alpheus Warner, in
liy-gone days well known along the road between
New Haven and Litchfield, called upon us last
week and requested us to state that last fall he
felled upon his farm in the town of Liverpool,
Medina county, Ohio, a chesnut tree from which
he obtained 18,000 eighteen inch shingles, 50 good
sized rails, and there was wood enough left to
make 100 bushels of coal. The tree was 16 feet
in circumference at the base. — LAtchfield Enquirer.
A Veterinary Surgeon has lately discovered
that exhausted and worn out horses, are very
speedily restored to their strength and condition, by
giving them daily one or two bundles of couch-
grass, often or twelve pounds weight, mixed with
a quantity of carrots. Thus this weed, which,
wherever it has appeared has been the pest of
farmers, will become a useful medicament. —
French Paper.
Roasting by Gas. An apparatus for roasting
meat of every kind by gas, has recently been in-
vented by Mr. Hicks, in London.
We understand that the Winnisimmet Com-
pany's new Steam Ferry Boat, is to be called the
" Malden." She is daily expected from Philadel-
phia. Her speed and accommodations are said to
be equal to those of the two Steamers now plying
between this city and Chelsea. The Maiden will
be put upon the ferry as soon as she arrives.
— Gazette.
Ancient Roman Empire. The ancient magni-
tude of the Roman Empire might well have justi-
fied the Roman pride.
It covered a million and a halfof square miles of
the finest portion of the globe. Stretching three
thousand miles, from the Atlantic to the Euphra-
tes, and two thousand from the northern borders
of bacia to the tropic of Cancer, it was the seat of
all the choicest fertility, beauty and wealth in the
world. Imagination sinks under the idea of this
prodigious power in the hands of a single nation,
and that nation in the hands of a single man. —
Crobfs Life and Times of Geo. 4.
Dreadful accident. The powder mills at Can-
ton, Conn, belonging to Mills & Co. blew up on
Friday week, and three persons were instantly
killed, viz. Wm. Weatherby and his daughter, and
a Mr. Keep. Mr. W's head was literally taken
from his body, and all three shockingly mangled.
One hundred casks of powder were destroyed, and
every thing torn from the earth in all directions
around. The report resembled an earthquake,
and was heard at a great distance.
300
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
APRII, 3, 1833.
AJV ADDRESS
To the Members of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting
Agriculture. Delivered at their request, October 17, 1832.
By James Rich.\rdson, Esq.
The cultivation of the earth was the eailiest
employment, and was ordained to be the paramount
duty of man. The first of our race was placed in a
garden to dress and to keep it ; and by the applica-
tion of the physical and intellectual powers of his
successors to the same pursuit, under governments
founded in justice and aflbrding protection, the
whole cultivable earth may be so dressed and kept,
as to become one extensive garden, sustaining,
employing and furnishing the means of subsistence
and enjoyment to at least one thousaud times its
present-population ; and thus the will of the great
Giver of all good, and his command to increase
and multiply and replenish the earth and subdue
it, would bo substantially and literally obeyed.
A view of the splendid marts of commerce, the
busy bustling scenes of manufacturing, and the
venerable seats of science and learning, may give
the impression, and not afewhave imbibed it, that
the apparently humble labors of agriculture are of
a subordinate and inferior character, and dependent
ou learning, commerce and the arts, liut let us
look back to the infancy of these pursuits. Who
fed the first builders of towns and cities ? By
whose labor and care were the scanty means of
commencing first accumulated ? Who furnished the
materials for the first rude manufactures, and the
early exchanges in commerce, and sustained those
engaged in them ? By what means was leisure and
support furnished to the few, who made the first
advances in letters and science ? But for the hum-
ble though indispensable labor of the cultivator of
the soil, neither commerce, manufactures, literature,
science nor civilization could have existed. And
tJie humble farmer, ackuowledginghis obligations
to commerce and the arts that stimulate and reward
his industry, and increase his comforts and enjoy-
ments, and grateful for the diffusion of science and
good learning, which give security to his person
and property, — elevation, refinement and moral
culture to the society in which he moves, may
nevertheless say with honest pride, it is my hand,
and the hands of those who have j)receded, aud
tliose who accompany me in my pursuit, that laid
the foundation, and still sustains the splendid
superstructure of society, which we now behold,
enjoy and admire.
An impression of the proj^ress and importance
of agricultural improvements may be received from
a glance across the Atlantic to the land of our an-
cestors. The little Island of Great Britain, con-
tains a les3 e.\tentof cultivated land than the whole
territory of the State of Virginia, aud but a very
little greater extent capable of any cultivation ;*
and yet this small speck on our earth's surface
sustains over sixteen millions of people, some in
profusion, many in plenty, and nearly all in com-
fort, with the aid of foreign bread stufts to feed
them less than two weeks in the year ; — besides
feeding an immense number of animals, — horses
kept for service, splendor or sport, and one sheep
to every acre of cultivated land ou the whole
Island; yielding a suflicient quantity of wool,
though not of a suitable (juality, to clothe their
According to the latest surveys, Great Britain, including
England proper, Scotland and Wales, contains 3fi,S33,330 acre!
m the v/hole-cultivated land 34,014,000 acres-laud unculti
c^n^lf ° f"'''' " 1 ■ '="'."''«';™ U,y34,000 acres-and land in-
capable of any cultivation 12,883,330 acres. The State of
Virginia, it is well known, contains 40,000,000 of acres.
whole population, and the whole population of the
United States.*
Though oxtr progress in agriculture has been
far from discoiuaging, and the quantity of bread
stufls exported not inconsiderable, — yet the straw
of the grain of that small Island for a single season,
at the current price of common straw here, is of
greater value than the whole of the bread stuffs
exported from the United States for ten years.f
.\nd we may safely assert that should the produc-
tions of that small spot of earth be entirely de-
stroyed but for a single year, not all the sur[ilus
food produced on the whole earth would be sufli-
cient to save their population from famine. Now
look back on this land of our ancestors in the
time of Julius Caesar, and what does it present ?
Some hundred thousand demi-savages subsisting
by fishing and the chase, with painted limbs, clad
in the skins of beasts, armed with scythes and
stakes hardened in the fire, and resisting the mail-
ed bodies and well tempered blades of the Roman
legions.
But while celebrating the progress, the triumphs
and blessings of the art, on which all others de-
pend, can we be silent on what the most gifted of
our race have been eloquent? Can we be insen-
sible and suppress all reference to its pure and
blameless delights? Delights, though time will
not permit us to dwell on them, wliich inspire
tranquility and cheerfulness aud gratitude and de-
votion ; — delights, which have charmed philoso-
phers and sages from their closets, emperors and
kings from their thrones, and have inspired the
strains of the sweetest poets that ever sang.
So great indeed is the ijilliience of the art, for
the improvement of which this our Society was
formed, so various arc tlie considerations connect-
ed with it, and so extensive its influence on wealth,
on learning, on morals, on commerce and the arts,
on the public peace and general tranquility, that
the mind labors — not to find topics for discussion,
but to determine, for the few moments allotted to
this part of the iluties of the day, what to select to
be imperfectly discussed, and what must necessa-
rily be excluded.
It would not be an unprofitable, and certainly
would be a curious subject of inquiry, what coj-
stilules the proper nourishment of plants, and con-
tributes to their growth and perfection ? How is
that nourishment elaborated and prepared in tie
soil ? By what process is it imbibed and drawn
iu by their roots, and then further elaborated in
all the infinite variety of plants, so as to bring each
to perfection, with its proper form, flavor imd vir-
tues, and its perfect seed, so as to propagate and
preserve its kind ? How does the diminutive
radicle first spring from the seed, imbibe its nour-
ishment extend itself in search of further supplies.
* The lowest calculation as to the number of sheep kept on
tlie Island of Great Britain at present is 36,000,000. 'I'lieir
population is now not far from 1(1.000,000, and that of tlie
United Slates somewhat over IS.OOO.OOO. The quantity of
wool annually produced in Great Britain, exceeds 140.000.000
of pounds ; and allowing, according to their best calculations,
live pounds to the head, including both sexes and all ages and
sizes, the quantity of wool raisecT there would clothe the j)opu-
lalion of botli countries, estimating the population as above.
t According to Sir John St. Clair, tlic straw of Great Britain,
calculating three-fourths of it for manure at 3d. per stone of 22
pomids, and the other fourth for feeding stock at 6d. per stone,
IS worth 16,223,000 pounds sterling — equal at ,g4,80 per pound
sterling to 78,880,000 dollars— the present price of common
straw here, being from 33 to 37^ cents per 100 pounds amounts
with great exactness to llie price staled by Sir John St. Clair —
and the average amount of bread stufls exported from the United
States in the last ten years is about 7,000,000 dollars per
annum.
till the roots, as in the case of many plants, extend
themselves through the whole permeable soil, aud
the branches over the whole surface? And here
the practical farmer may be admonished of the
importance of deep ploughing, where the soil will
admit of it, and thoroughly pulverizing in all cases,
that his vegetable productions, of whatever kind,
may extend their roots without impediment, and
imbibe from the soil all the nourishment it con-
tains, and so arrive at the greatest possible perfec-
tion.
The agency of warmth and air in causing the
seed to spring, and in bringing forward the young
and tender plant, their operations on the fermenta-
ble particles scattered through the soil, by which
the rich aliment that the organized plant is capa-
ble of imbibing is prepared for its reception, might
also be examined and made fruitful in instruction,
would time permit. Aud these considerations
also afford a lesson to the practical farmer. For,
as warmth and air are necessary to the parts and
organs of plants U7ider the soil as well as those
above, — another strong reason for deep ploughing
and thoroughly pulverizing presents itself, that the
air iUid the rays of the sun may freely penetrate
aud circulate, especially in heavy, cold and clayey
soils, and perform the ofiice of promoting fermen-
tation, without which no useful plants can thrive.
Again — the agency of water, the component
parts of which have been discovered and ascer-
taiucil within the present age, in afliuding and
coiumunicating nonrishment to plants, and bring-
ing them to perfection, whether it be imbibed from
the soil by their roots, or from the atmosphere by
their exterior organization, is a subject not un-
worthy of consideration, and might furnish mat-
Irr, not merely for a discourse, but for a volume.
.And liere a single practical consideration is all that
can be allowed ou this occasion. If then water,
when decomposed by the o])eration of vegetable
organization upon it, afliirds nourishment to jilants,
which it has been found to do iu no iuconsiderablo
degree, how important to the farmer is that too
much neglected practice of irrigation, by means of
which, wherever practicable, water is made a sub-
stitute for that invaluable treasure of the farmer,
manure, as well as a vehicle for its distribution,
and large crops of valuable grasses are produced
without any other dressing, without any breaking
up of the soil, and without any danger of exhaust-
ing it, and large stocks of cattle are well fed, pro-
ducing with proper care, in addition to the usual
profit, abundance of rich manure to be applied to
fertilizing the other parts of the farm, and increas-
ing other valuable productions. How important
again in this view is deep ploughing, by means of
which the roots of plants are enabled to extend
themselves and derive nourishment from the lower
parts of the soil, when the surface, by reason of
drought, becomes incapable of aflbrding it?
But these inquiries into what were formerly
considered the secrets of nature, and which
science in its progress, is unveiling, are better
suited to the closet of the philosopher, after sur-
veying her operations in the garden, the field, by
the sitle of the stream that fertilizes them, or of
the mountain that sustains the lofty fir or majestic
oak. A course of remark of a more practical
character, and which goes home to the business
and bosom of every farmer, may be mor& fit on
this occasion.
What then is the leading object of the farmer?
It is, like that of most other men in civilized and
vol.. XI. SfO. 38.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
301
cultivated society, to improve his condition ; im-
mediately, jirospectively, aud permanently, to ob-
tain the means of procuring for liimself, and for
those placed by Providence under his care, the
necessaries, comforts, enjoyments and some of the
luxuries of life; of furnishing the young, whether
children or dependants, with such scieutific, litera-
ry and moral culture, as will best prepare them to
do willingly, and to do well, what the duties of their
situation require — to fill the ditfcrent stations in
well ordered society for which they are destined ;
whether to move in the middle ranks, or tread the
loftier heights of literature and science. How is
this great object to be attained, and what are the
means of eflecting it ? What are the habits, qual
ities and characteristics of mind, that will enable
the farmer to pursue his occupation with the great-
est success, and secure to him the greatest annual
profit with the least expense of capital and labor?
For it is the mind, that must direct the hand; even
the diligent hand will not make rich without the
enlightened head to guide it, and the words of the
wise man must be taken in this particular with
some qualification.
Among these habits, qualities and characteris-
tics may justly be placed care, attention, skill and
system. Care and attention are habits of mind
closely connected, and form one complex charac-
teristic, from the exercise of which are derived
the qualities of a higher and more intellectual
order — skill and system.
[To be continued.]
IMPROVEMENT OIV THE POTATO.
A miEND has favored us with the following ex-
tract from an English paper. We hope that oiu-
Horticultural Society will take measures to intro-
duce and ascertain the value of this new product.
" The Oxalis Crenata has been introduced into
this country from South America, and is likely to
be extensively cultivated, as decidedly preferable
to the common potato. A root was brought over,
in 1830, by Mr. David Douglas, and planted by
Mr. Lambert ; aud a few small tubers were ex-
hibited to the Linnoean Society. One of these was
planted by Mrs. Hirst, in the garden of Great
Ropers's Hall, near Brentwood, and has succeeded
remarkably well. It was first put into a small pot
in the end of April, and in the month of May the
pot was placed in the flower-garden and broken,
and the parts removed. This precaution appears
to have been unnecessary, for it has stood the frost
remarkably well, ajul on the 5th of this month,
when it was dug up, the leaves were green. The
root planted was about half an ounce in weight,
and the roots produced were about ninety in num
her, in a space not exceeding nine inches in diam-
eter and six inches deep. The aggregate weight
was upwards of four pounds. A few of the roots
were boiled, aud, when eaten, were found to re-
semble the potato, but unanimously admitted by
all the party to have a more agreeable flavor.
Such a result is very promising, and when we con-
sider that the common potato ^SoZanum Tuberosum)
was, for a hundred years confined to gardens, and
that roots were for a long time not larger than
beans, and were watery, we may reasonably ex-
pect that cultivation may do much to enlarge the
size of the roots of the Oxalis, and perhaps im-
prove the flavor beyond what it is at present. It
has a fine yellow flower, and is ornamental in the
gardeir
Mirror.
EARL.Y CABBAGES.
The plan I recommend to my fellow men to
raise cabbages is the one I learnt a few years since
from a valuable friend, who is the best gardener in
our vicinity. Let each man take as large a piece
of ground as is suflicient for a cabbage bed for his
family, have it situated to the south side of some
fence, wall or building ; dig ofl'all the top of the
ground to the depth of about 8 or 10 inches, and
fill up the place with coarse manure to within two
inches of the top of the ground, then put about
four inches of good rich soil on the top, make it
smooth, and sow the seed in rows north and south,
about five inches apart ; keep the ground light aud
and they will come, on very fast. In about a week
the manure underneath begins to ferment, and
steams up in such a manner as to drive the plants
forward the next to a hot bed of any plan I have
seen. The reason why this plan is better than the
common mode of sowuig late, is this; in the first
place, cabbages sown about the first or middle of
May, and sometimes later, by the time the earth
and the air have become warm, a herd of iusects
appear, so that when the cabbages first break
through the ground, they are attacked by a swarm
of little insects not larger than a cabbage seed,
which destroy many totally, aud poison the others
so much that they grow very slow through the
season, and in the fall arc not so large as they
otherwise would be, while by my plan of sowing
early, the plants come forward so rapidly that they
are uj) and so large that they are out of the reach
of insects entirely, and will grow much faster than
those planted later and be larger in the fall. A
piece of ground five feet long and four wide will
l)roduce some thousands of plants. — Ellsworth
Courier.
Radishes. Most of our garden grouuds are too
rich for the radish ; and but few gardens are found
that do not contain more or lass of the wire worm.
Hence wo are induced to make experiments until
we have raised them at least semi-transparent and
as brittle as glass. Our method is, merely to mix
two parts of sand with one part of connnon gar-
den earth, and add a small quantity of stable ma-
nure. Or earth of a clayey nature is preferable to
the garden earth. Since adopting the above
method we have not failed in a single instance of
raising an abundance of smooth, clear, and fine
flavored radishes. — Hing. Gazette.
TIMELrY CAUTION CHOL.ERA.
The following article from the Philadelphia
Intelligencer, contains important admonitions, to
which we would call the attention ofthe citizens
of Portland. Notwithstanding we have never yet
been visited with this disease, still precautionary
measures should not be neglected.
From the recorded history of Cholera in every
country in which it has ajipeared, we have suf-
ficient reason to believe that it will appear in our
city upon the return of warm weather. It has also
been ascertained that the second invasion of this
disease is generally more malignant and fatal than
the first. From these historic facts, it behooves
us to adopt all those precautionary measures which
are founded upon reason and experience, aud which
have a tendency to prevent the spread of an epi-
demic disease. Our citizens should examine their
houses, yards, cellars, &c., and have removed, as
The time of flowering ii August." I speedily as circumstances will admit, every kind
of filth and matter which corrupts the air, or which Ipositoru.
will, under the operation of heat, undergo decom-
position.
Upon the opening of the spring, a general
cleansing of houses, cellars, &c., should be com-
menced, and the whole undergo a diorough white
washing.
Our citizens should observe the strictest tem-
perance, and every thing which weakens the
system, debilitates the digestive organs, or increases
the irritability of the body, should he sedulously
avoided. — Portland paper.
ITEMS OF ECONOMY, ARTS. &c.
Broken Wind. A broken winded horse had
been kept in a field where there was not any water
exce))t in the bottom of an old lime-kiln, and had
recovered his wind. The owner ordered a stable
shovel full of quick lime to be renewed every five
or six days, and the water to be poured ofl", and
a bucket of it given every day to a broken winded
coach horse aged eight years, which had almost
a constant cough. The horse was supplied with
water thus prepared for about five weeks, and kept
in the stable. He is now perfectly recovered in his
wind, and free from a cough. — Farmer^s Reporter.
Potato Paste. Mash boiled potatoes very fine,
and while they are warm add a sufficient quantity
of Butter and make them boil together ; then be-
fore the paste gets cold flour the board to prevent
it from sticking, and roll it to the thickness want-
ed lb.
Improvement in candles. I steep the common
wick in lime-water, in which I have dissolved a
considerable quantity of nitre or salt-petrc. By this
means I secure a purer flame and a superior light;
a more perfect combustion is insured ; snuffing is
rendered nearly as superfluous as in wax candles,
and the candles thus treated do not " run." The
wicks must be thoroughly dry before the tallow is
put to them. — lb. 3. BIurrat, F. L. S.
Method for Cleansing Gilt Frames. Gilt frames
which are exposed to the dust of the room in
which they are hung, generally collect it on the
mouldings. Gilders on wood to cleanse these
frames employ very weak soap suds, but if tills
is not used with the greatest care, and by ex-
perienced hands, the frame soon loses all its
freshness. On this account we give the follow-
ing method which is used by a distinguished
workman, who has communicated it to us. Take
three ounces of white of eggs, one ounce of Jew-
ellers wash, beat them together, and clean the
frames with a soft brush dipped in the mixture.
The gilding becomes immediately bright. This
operation may be repeated several times succes-
sively on the same gilding, which could hardly
be accomplished by the old method. When the
frame has been cleaned, it must have a new coat
ofthe varnish which is used by gilders of wood.
— Jour, des Connais Usuelles.
Bread. Indian meal improves, in the estima-
tion of almost every one, the flavor of bread. I
first boil my meal, instead of simply pouring boil-
ing water on it when mixed with flour. Owing
to the consolidation of water by boiling, the quan-
tity is greatly increased. The water or moisture
is not as easily driven off or evaporated in the
baking. Thus made there is a saving of meal,
and a greater retention of moisture. — Ontario JK«-
C. F.
302
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
APRIL 3, 1933.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRILS, 1S33.
FARMER'S AND GARDENER'S ^VORK FOR
APRIL..
Potatoes. Much has been said and written on
the manner of cultivating this useful crop. Still
hints, and statements of experiments which have
been or may be made relative to this important
product may be made useful. And if we can sug-
gest nothing new on this topic we may recal to
the minds of some of our agricultural friends some
facts and directions, which might not otherwise
have recurred.
Soil. A light loam is most suitable for the po-
tato in a cool aud moist climate, but a strong and
heavy loam is most congenial to the growth of the
same root in a hot and dry climate. The best fla-
vored potatoes are raised from newly broken up
pasture ground, not manured ; or from any new
soil, recently cleared from its natural growth of
timber; the site of a hedge, an old building, &c.
Seed. It is of great importance that your seed
potatoes are of a good variety. The varieties are
very numerous, and every year adds to them.
Potatoes which are excellent in Ireland, Nova
Scotia, and other high northern latitudes do not
answer a good purpose in New England. The
potato taken from the south prospers better.
Among those in highest repute are the Mercer,
the Pink Eye, the Black rusticoat Irish whites, and
English whites. " Large potatoes," according to
Lorain, "have large eyes, and these produce large
vigorous stems, and roots; consequently the largest
should invariably be selected for seed. Such as
fanners commonly call seed potatoes (that is small
potatoes) should never be planted, but in cases of
absolute necessity, and then only from the growth of
large seed. They not onlyproduce small debilitated
stems and roots, but if selected for planting year
after year will soon degenerate the best variety.
Still, farmers, who really endeavor to improve
their breed of horses and cattle by employing the
best studs and bulls, yearly plant small potatoes,
and some even go so far as to consider them best.
However, practice, reason, observation, and the
great aflinity there is between plants and animals,
clearly determine that they are wrong. If the
largest and best formed potatoes of any variety be
annually selected for seed, they may improve but
cannot degenerate ; provided suflicient nutriment
and good cultivation be also employed. Unless it
should hereafter appear, that the duration of the
plant (as some say trees are,) is limited when
propagated from cuttings. If they should degen-
erate from this cause, it certainly does not happen
for a long time.
Mr. Benjamin Cooper, an experienced and ob-
serving cultivator of New Jersey, remarks, in sub-
stance, that he had planted the Foxite potato
tvsrenty years without any change, and they have
not deteriorated in quantity nor (|uality. But he
is " careful not to make use of the best for cook-
ing or sale aud plant from the refuse. When this
is done I do not marvel at the common complaint
of seeds degenerating. It is a good practice and
should be done every few years to be careful
when the potato crop is gathering, when a large
number of good sized fair potatoes are found at-
tached to a stalk to put them by and plant them
separately for seed."
Mr. Knight, President of the London Horticul-
tural Society, in a communication to that body,
gives the following as his mode of cultivating po-
tatoes :
"The soil in which I proposed to plant being
very shallow, and lying upon a rock, I collected
it with a plough into high ridges of four feet wide
to give an artificial depth. A deep furrow was
made along the centre and high parts of each ridge,
and in the bottom of this, whole potatoes, the light-
est of whicli did not weigh less than four ounces,
were deposited, at only six inches from the centre
of one to another. Manure, in the ordinary quan-
tity was then introduced, and mould was added
sufiicient to cover the potatoes more deeply than
is generally done.
" The stems of potatoes, as of other plants, rise
perpendicularly, under the influence of their un-
erring guide, gravitation, so long as they continue
to be concealed beneath the soil, but as soon as
they rise above it they are to a considerable extent
under the influence of another agent, light. Each
inclines in whatever direction it receives the great-
est quantity of that fluid, and, consequently each
avoids, and appears to slum the shade of every
contiguous plant. The old tubers being large, and
under the mode of culture recommended, rather
deeply buried in the ground, the young plants in
the early part of the summer never sutler for the
want of moisture; and being abundantly nourished
they soon extend themselves in every direction till
they meet those of the contiguous rows, which
they do not overshadow on account of the width
of the intervals.
" The stems being abundantly fed, owing to the
size of the old tubers, rise from the ground with
great strength and luxuriance, support well their
foliage, and larger breadth of this is thus, I think,
exposed to the light during the whole season, than
under any other mode of culture which I have
seen ; aud the plants acquire a very large size
early in the summer, the tubers of even very large
varieties arrive at a state of perfect maturity early
in autumn."
Coarse manure answers best for potatoes. Fal-
len leaves taken from the woods are recommended
as giving a fine flavor to potatoes. Yard manure
is very useful, if laid over the potatoes in each hill,
after about an inch of soil has been laid on them,
aud then the hill covered as deep as usual. But
if the manure be laid directly upon or under the
seed the crop will be apt to suffer by drought. If
potatoes are planted in a sandy or loamy toil they
will yield much more if a table .spoonful of plaster
be thrown over the naked potatoes in each hill
before it is covered. If the land on which pota-
toes are planted is infested with grubs, or wire
worms it iriay be well to strew (piick lime over it,
at the rate of about two bushels to the acre, imme-
diately after planting, or a small quantity of lime
or unleachod ashes strewed over the hills as soon
as the potatoes are covered.
Although the time to plant potatoes for feeding
stock, for family use in autumn and winter, is the
latter part of May or the beginning of June, it may
he well 10 plant an early kind on a liglit soil well
manured to make eaihfood for swine, as soon in
the spring as the ground will admit of tillage.
Potatoes may be forwarded for early crops by a
variety of methods of forcing, which are given in
detail in Loudon's Eneyelopalia of Gardening.
The same work contains the following method of
"Forwarding to raise a crop in the open garden.
For this purpose spread a layer of sets on hot
dung, or in boxes placed in any warm situation,
whether in the light or the dark. After they have
sprung three or four inches they are to he trans-
planted into the open ground, which should not be
sooner than May, unless they have some protection
at nights, such as fern, spruce, fir branches, &c.
TO CORRESPONDENTS,
We liave sundry favors from Correspondents, for which we
have not, at present, time nor room for suitable acknowledg-
ments. We shall give place to each as soon as possible. A
pamphlet from Judge Bucl, relative to proceedings for the en-
couragement of Agriculture in New York Legislature we intend
to give, probably at large, as it affords precedents as respects
matter aud manner which must be useful. The Prospectus of
the Middlesex County Cattle Show, &.c. is received and shall
not pass without either an abstract or entire insertion.
ITEMS OP INTELLIGENCE.
RfpreserUatire to Congress. The whole number of voles
in this city for a Representative to Congress was 3G78 — neces-
sary to a choice 1810. Mr. Gray, the National Republican
candidate, had 1G57 J Mr. Green, the Jackson candidate, had
iitO; Mr. Lymau, 819; Mr. Odiorne, 332, and there were
'■11 scattering. Of course there was no choice.
The Northampton Courier says a wild Turkey, weighing
25 lbs. was shot recently near the foot of Mount Tom ; and
iliinks it good evidence against the opinion of some naturalists
that the wild turkey has been extirpated from these parts. We
can give another evidence. On Thursday last, the" sportsmen
of Springficld"^w iUi a few invited guests, enjoyed a supper
entirely of game, the fruit of their own skill and exertion. The
supper was composed of Wild Turkies, Wild Ducks, Wild
Pigeons, Partridges, Rabbits, Squirrels, Trout and Pickerel,
and an abundance too — served up at the Hampden Coffee
House, in a style that we have never seen surpassed. — Journal
A very singular fact has been noticed in relation to the
Cholera in England. This disease has not visited a single
place where mineral waters abound. Bath, Cheltenham, Hot-
wells, Tuubridge, Harrowgate, Mattack, Buxton aud Leam-
inton, have entirely escaped. This may be said o our own
country.
The vintage at Madeira has this season been so extraordina-
ry, especially in the north part, that for llie want of casks it
has been necessary to put some of the new wine into boxes well
caulked.
VOL. XI, NO. 3S.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
303
FRUIT TREES.
Ornamental Trees, Flowering Shrubs, Roses, S^c.
FOR SALE al the Nursery of William lvENiiicK,in New-
Ion, a numerous assorlnienl of tlie finest kinds of apples, pears,
peaches, plums, cherries, apricots, nectarines, figs, raspberries,
gooseberries, currants, &c. gr jpe vines, mulberries, including
the While Italian, by the 100 or 1000, and a choice collection
of strawberries.
Mortis Mullicaulis by the 100. dozen, or single plant.
Also, a very e-vtensive and choice collection of ornamental
trees and shrubs and honeysuckles, and several hundred kintls
of the finest variety of roses, English, Scotch, French and
China or Bengal of a great variety of shades from pure white
to red, to violet, and nearly to black. Dahlias of majiy splendiil
colors, splendid Pceonias and Herbaceous plants.
Horse chesnuts, weeping willows, and many other kinds of
extra sizes.
Orders addressed to William Kenrick, Newton, will bo
promptly attended to, and all orders forwarded to Geo. C. Bar-
rett who is agent, at the New England Farmer office and Seed
Store, Nos. 31, & .">-)- \"iili M.uket Street, will receive the
same attention. ( ';ii il. -mm ^ ^rms on application.
Trees packed for I.umI ii.in^jrnitaticn, or sea when desired,
and 'delivered in Bu-.toii iVci' til Cliarge for transportation.
ep2m Aprils.
UNN^.-VN BOTAWIC GARDEIV <fc NURSERJks.
WILLIAM PRINCE & SONS, proprietors. Flushing, near
New York. The new Catalogues with reduced prices will be for-
warded to every applicant, and as the present stock comprises
above a million of trees and plants, those who wishfor very
large quantities will be allowed a liberal discount and all letters
will be promptly replied. The stock of Morus Multicaulis is
very large and any number will be supplied from 1 to 16,000,
at reduced rates ; and also scions in any number desired.
The original tree introduced to America still remains in the
nursery.
The stock of roses, dahlias, and pceonies. is very extensive
and a large discount allowed, and strong blooming plants fur-
nished. Isabella, Catawba, Alexander, Scuppeniong and
many other grape vines will be supplied at ^20 to ^30 per 100
according to age.
Of the superior Orange Quince several thousand large trees
can be supplied. The stock of pear trees comprises about
50,000 that are 3 years old or more trom the inoculation, and
in a thrifty <uid vigorous state and they include the very choice
new Flemish varieties and the new native varieties. The prices
will lie put low by the hundred. The utmost despatch is given
to all orders, which can be sent by mail or olherwi6e,..|»ut no
trees are guaranteed except the invoice has our printed head-
ing and signature. 2t April 3.
EARIiY POTATOES.
FOR SALE al the N. E. Seed Store a few bushels very
Early Potatoes. April 3.
NOTICE.
ARRANGEMENTS have been made to secure the Im-
ported Horse Numidia for the ensuing season at the Ten hill
stock farm. epistf April 3.
EARLY POTATOES.
FOR SALE, Earlv Perkins Potatoes, by SAMUEL
POND, Cambridgepori. Also, Isabella and Catawba Grape
Vines of a larOT size. ml3
WANTS A SITUATION AS A GARDENER.
A married man with a small family who is well acquainted
with his business and can procure good recommendations
apply to Geo. C. Barrett, Agricultural Warehouse, or at
Messrs. Winships. Brighton. April 3.
ONION SEED.
100 lbs. Silver Skin Onion,
1(X) ■' Deep Large Red do.
and a few pounds of while Portugal do. warranted and for
sale by Geo. C. Barrett, 51 &, 52 North Market Street.
2w April 3
DEW GRASS.
A few bushels of this valuable Pasture Grass Seed for sale
at the N. E. Seed Store, 51 & 52, NorUi Market Street.
April 3.
WANTS A SITUATION AS A GARDENER.
A STEADY active young Man, who is perfectly conversant
with every department of his business, any commands directed
to M. I., and lefl at the office of this pape'r, will be rcspectfullv
attended to. *3w ni 20 '
FRUIT TREES, GifAPE VINES, SHRUBBE-
RY, &c.
FOR Sale at the Garden and Nurscrv of the Subscriber near
Savm Hill Hotel, a variety of Grape Vines, Trees, Rose
Bu-shes, &e. RUFUS HOWE.
N. B. Prunmg, Grafting, Transplanting, &c. attended to
when desired.
Dorchester, March 20th, 1833.
FOR SALE,
THAT valuable cotmtnj seat and farm formerly owned by
E. H. Derby and J. Ci'owninshieid, Esqrs., and lately by Col.
Endicott, situated in Danvers, within two miles of Salem and
fifteen of Booton. The buildings are in good repair, spacious
and elegant, and convenient for a genteel family, and also for a
farmer's, with barns, stables, &c., attached. There is an ex-
crllent garden, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
shrubs and flowers and a tastelul summer house. The farm is
in a high state of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produces large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, quinces and cherries';
there is a nursery of young fruit trees, and a plantation of
5000 White Mulberries. Thcplacc has many advantages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garden, with from 10 to 100 acres of land, as the pur-
chaser may choose, are oftered on liberal and accommodating
terms. Apply at this office, or to AMOS KING. "
Danvers, March 27, 1833.
FLOWER SEEDS.
200 VARIETIES of very handsome annual, biennial and
perennial Flower Seeds, in packages of 20 varieties each.
For sale at the New England Seed Store. Price ,^1 per pack-
age. 6^ ets. per paper. m 13
A MAN jVND HIS WIFE
WANTED to take charge of a Boarding House at the
Paint and Color Manufactory in Roxbury, to board from 15 to
20 men. A good House will be furni-shed, and a fair price
allowed for board. For further particulars inquire of J. R.
NEWELL, Agricultural Warehouse, No. 51, North Market
street, Boston. m 20
GENUINE MORUS MULTICAULIS, or CHINESE
MULBERRY.
MRS. PARMENTIER »tthe Horticultural Botanic Garden,
Brooklvn, L. I. ofi'ers for sale a choice collection of Pear, Ap-
ple, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Quince, and other Fruit Trees.
Grape Vines. Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Greenhouse
and Herbaceous Plants at moderate prices.
Also the Genuine Morus Multicaulis or Chinese Mulberry,
of which any quantity not exceeding ten thousand can be fur-
nished at reasonable prices.
Orders may be sent by mail directed to Mrs. P. or left at
Mr. Geo. C. Barrett, Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North Mar-
ket street Boston.
6t SI20
MORUS MULTICAULIS.
FOR SALE at the New England Farmer office, fine plants
of the celebrated Morus Mullicaulis, by the hundred, dozen, or
single plant; these will be well packed lor any part of the
country or any country. If m27
SEED SOWERS.
FOR SALE at the Agricultural Warehouse, 51 & 52, North
Market Street, a superior Seed Sowing Machine for sowing
turnips, carrots, or almost any kinds of seeds. This Machine
has been in operation the last season and is highly recom-
mended.
Likewise a small machine for sowing onions, carrots, &c.
April 3. J. R. NEWELL.
FARM FOR SALE.
A FARM pleasantly situated in Dorchester, 53- miles from
Boston, containing about 100 acres ol' excellent land well fenced
with stone wall, with a Dwelling-house, Farm-house and a
large Barn with a large cellar under the same, all in good re-
pair. Has on it over 500 fruit trees of grafted and choice qual-
ities,'— is abundantly supplied with water. It will be sold on
accommodating terms or exchanged for real estate in Boston.
For further particulars inquire at No. 12, South Market Street,
Boston. April 3.
RUSSIA MATS.
500 dozen large sized Russia Mats.
300 do. small do. do. do.
For Sale by D. F. FAULKNER. No. IS Central Street.
m 20 tf
MILLET.
JUST received, a few bushels of prime Millet Seed.
GEO, C. BARRETT. N. E. Seed Store. m2
WHITE MULBERRY TREES.
FOR S.VLE 5000 Large White Mulberry Trees, inquire at
this Office. tf m27
FOR SALE.
ONE BULL, 3 years old this summer, ^ Bolivar, \ Ccelebs.
and :i Galloway ; 2 beautiful red Bulls, 1 year old this spring,
of superior blood. The dam of each bull has given rising 2{)
quarts of milk a day.
Apply at this oliice, or to B. SHURTLEFF, Jr.
m27 Chelsea.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russetts, ..'....
baldwins,
BeanS; while,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected, No. 1 , new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, . . . .
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hav,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, . . . .
Southern, 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
'' upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails al . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra dear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass^ . . . , .
Red Top, nortiiern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
^ r Pulled superfine,
^-u I 1st Lambs, , . .
6:§<^2d " . . .
5 g. 3d " ...
H; [ 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 els. less per ib.
barrel
2 50
"
2 50
bushel
1 37
barrel
10 75
"
6 75
"
8 50
pound
14
■'
7
"
4
"
3
"
38
*'
35
"
9
bushel
1 25
barrel
6 12
"
5 87
"^
5 87
«
5 G2
bushel
70
"
G6
"
85
"
60
"
45
cwt.
62
gallon
45
cwt
28 00
pound
a
18
side
pound
19
side
2 50
pound
24
'i
23
cask
1 00
Ion
3 87
bushel
barrel
17 50
"
13 00
'*
none
bushel
2 60
'*
1 50
pound
"
11
cwt
10 00
pound
60
"
65
''
50
"
48
"
42
"
40
"
60
"
62
'
37
45
3 00
2 50
II 00
7 00
8 75
15
43
43
12
1 30
6 37
6 25
6 37
3 75
SO
68
90
70
52
70
50
30 00
9
9
20
3 00
20
2 70
26
26
18 00
13 50
3 00
2 00
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs,
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according to quality.)
pound
9
6
u
"
10
"
18
"
20
dozen
14
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
3 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Aprd 1, 1833.
Reported for the Daily AdYcrtiser and Patriot.
Al Market this day 244 Beef Cattle, 33 pairs Working Oxen,
3 Cows and' Calves. 100 .Sheep and 437 Swine. About 25
Beef Cattle were reported last week.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — .As might be expected from the
limited number at market a small advance was effected. We
noticed one ox taken at ^0.75. and two at 6,62. We quote
e.\tra at g6 a 6,50; good at 5,75 a 6 ; thin at 5 a 5,50.
Working Or™. — Many sales were ctTected at prices not
known to us. We noticed one or two yoke taken at ,§65 ;
3 yoke at 60 a 65 each ; also, al ^70. 75, and 85.
Cmrs and Calves.— Saks were noticed at gl8. 22, and 27.
Sheep. — We noticed one lot taken at about 5.50 each.
Swine. — We noticed one or two lots, more than half Bar-
rows, taken at 4 a 4jc. for Sows, and 5 a 5ic. Cot BarTov/3;
at retail, 5c. for Sows, and Gc. for Barrrows.
■" FOR SALE,
THE Bull COLLINS, got by Bolivar— dam Young Flora,
by Ccelebs ; Granddam the imported Cow Flora— dropt Aug.
30, 1829 — colour red and white. This Bull is one of the finest
animals in America, and will be sold low. Apply al Ihis office.
Jan. 16 tf
304
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
APRIL 3, 1S33.
MISCELLANY.
From the Mew England Magaxinc.
WIT AND AVISDOM.
'Tis long since Wit and Wisdom met,
For neither much esteemed his brother ;
Wit was a httle, too, in debt,
And a small sum was due the other.
So Wisdom wore a solemn phiz,
As if he feared Wit would not pay it ;
But Wit thought gravity a quiz,
Ajid did not hesitate to say it.
Wit had no glebe to toil upon.
Though better of the fates he merited;
He was, you know, a younger son,
A vagabond, and disinherited.
''Fools hate," said he, " the name of Wit,
And Wisdom loves me not, I know,
Because I am no hypocrite,
But have a jest for friend and foe.
What Wisdom hath I envy not.
But, as the bard saith, ndror magis ;
And though mine is a dismal lot,
I would not change it for a sage's."
Though Wit could count but little gold,
He was for lack of it the prouder ;
But Wisdom's wealth could not be told.
Which made him pitch his voice the louder.
The parties quarrelled in a trice.
But what was uttered — ^you may guess it.
For Wit could not abide advice.
And Wisdom never could suppress it.
The brothers, tlierefore, parted then,
Tlio' friends or foes I know not whether ;
But this is sure, — tiiose w^orthy men
Since then have not been seen together.
' From the Library of Entertainhig Knowledge.
DESCRIPTIOIV OP AN ANCIENT VILIiA.
Discovered between the Volca.no of Vesu-
vius AND the Sea. — When Vesuvius first shewed
aigns of the coming storm, the air was still, as we
learn from the description of Pliuy, and the smoke
of the mountain roes up straight, until the atmos-
plicre would bear it no higher, and then spread on
all sides into a canopy, suggesting to him the idea
of an enormous pine tree. After this a wind sprung
up from the west, wliich was favorable to carry
Pliny from Misenum to Stabife, but prevented his
return. Tlie next morning probably it veered
something to the nortli, when, in the younger
Pliny's words, a cloud seemed to descend upon
the earth, to cover the sea, and hide tlie Isle of
Caprese from his view. The ashes are said by
Dion Cassius to have reached Egypt, and in fact a
line drawn south east from Vesuvius would pass
very near Pompeii and cut Egypt. It was proba-
bly at this moment that the hail of fire fell thick-
est at Pompeii, at day break on the second morning,
and if any had long thus survived the stifling air
and torrid earth which surrounded them, their
misery probably was at this moment brought to a
close. The Villa of which we speak lay exactly
between the city and the mountain, and must have
felt the first, and, if there were degrees of misery,
where all perished alike, the worst effects of this
fearful visitation. Fearful is such a visitation in
the present day, even to those who crowd to see
an eruption of Vesuvius, as they would to a pic-
ture gallery or an opera ; how much more terrible,
accompanied by the certainty of unpeuding death
to those whom neither history nor experience had
familiarized with the most awful phenomenon of
nature. At this, or possibly at an earlier moment,
the love of life proved too strong for the soci.'il af-
fections of the owner of the house. He Hed,
abandoning to their fate a numerous family, and a
young and beainiful daughter, and bent his way,
with his most precious movables, accompanied only
by a single slave, to the sea, which he never reach-
ed alive. His daughter, two children, and other
members of his family and household, sought pro-
tection in the subterranean vaults, which, by the
help of the wine-jars already stored there, and the
provisions which they brought down with thein,
they probably considered as sufticient refuge
against an evil of which they could not guess the
whole extent. It was a vain hope — the same fate
awaited them all by diflfcrent ways. The strong
vaults and narrow openings to the day protected
them indeed, from the falling cinders, but the
heat suflicient to char wood and volatilize the more,
subtle part of the ashes, could not be kept out by
such means. The vital air was changed into a
sulphurous vapor, charged with burning dust. In
their despair, longing for the pure breath of heaven,
they rushed to the door, already choked with
scoriae and ruins, and perished in agonies on
which the imagination docs not willingly dwell.
This the reader will probably be inclined to think
might do very well for the conclusion of a ro-
mance, but why invent such leutiniental stories to
figure in a grave historical account. It is a re-
markable instance, perhaps the strongest which
has yet occurred, of the peculiar interests which
the discovery at Pompeii possesses, as introducing
us to the homes, nay to the very persons of a
long forgotten age, that every circumstance of this
tale can be verified by evidence little less than con-
clusive. Beside the garden gate two skeletons
were found ; one, presumed to be the master, had
in his hand the key of that gate, and near him
were about a hundred gold and silver coins ; the
other stretched beside some silver vases, was, prob-
ably, a slave charged with the transport of them.
When the vaults beneath the rooms were discov-
ered at the foot of the staircase, the skeletons of
seventeen persons were huddled up together, un-
moved during seventeen centuries since they sunk
in death. They were covered by several feet of
ashes of extreme fineness, evidently slowly borne
in through the vent-hole, and afterwards consoli-
dated by damp. The substance thus formed re-
sembles the sand used by metal founders for
castings, but is yet more delicate and took perfect
impressions of every thing on which it lay. Un-
fortunately this property was not observed until
almost too late, and little was preserved except the
neck and breast of a girl, which arc said to dis-
play extraordinary beauty of form. So exact is
the impression, that the very texture of the dress
in which she was clothed is apparent, which, by
its extraordinary fineness, evidently shows that she
had not been a slave, and may be taken for the
fine gauze which Seneca calls woven wind. — On
other fragments the impression of jewels worn on
the neck and arms is distinct, and marks that sev-
eral members of the family here perished. The
jewels themselves were found beside them — com-
prising, in gold, two necklaces, one set with blue
stones, and four rings, containing engraved gems.
Two of the skeletons belonged to children, and
some of their blond hair was still existent ; most of
them are said to have been recognized as female.
Each sex probably acted in conformity to its char-
acter, the men trusting to their own strength to
escape, the women waiting with patience the issue
of a danger from which their own exertions could
not save them. In the same vault bronze cande-
labra, and other jewels and coins were found.
Amphora; were also found ranged against the wall,
in some of which the contents, dried and hardened
by time were still preserved. Archoeologists, it is
said, pretend to recognize in this substance, the
flavor of the rich strong wine for which the
neighborhood of Vesuvius is celebrated.
PAINT OII^.
THE subscribers keep on liand a constant supply of their
"prepared Paint Oil," which they oB'er for sale (with some
further improvements, adapting it for use in cold weather as
well as warm) witli renewed assurance of its merit, having stood
through the last siunmcr and winter without change, and almost
without a diminution of gloss. This Oil, indei)endcnt of being
25 per cent, cheaper, will actually cover a quarter more surface
than Linseed Oil, as has been repeatedly proved, and confirm-
ed by statements of many painteis. Upwards of fil\y buildings
in this city aud vicinity, can be referred to painted last year
with this Oil, aud most of Ihcm (where painted with two coals)
still retain their gloss, which is a clear demonstration of its
strength. The prepared Oil, is found to answer a good pur-
pose to nii.K with Linseed Oil, giving it strength, and durability
with a more permanent gloss. It is found euso to paint a very
clear white ; being light colored, it does not give any coloring
or yellow tinge to the lead in mixing. Oil factory, head of
Fosters wharf. DOWNER &, AUSTIN
N. P.. The al)0ve Oil, and all other Oils, sold from the Oil
Factcrv. which shall not prove as represented, can be returned,
and tin- cartage will be paid. 3t m27
FiVRDIER WANTED.
W.\NTED a single man to work on a small farm — one who
is wc!i acquainted with the cultivation of all kinds ol" vegetables,
.Also one who understands taking care of fruit trees. No one
need :ipply who makes use of ardent spirits. A good charac-
ter will be required. Liquire at No. 52, India Wharf,
(.is&to 3t m27
EVERGREENS, SILiVER FIRS, &c.
THE Subscriber being engaged in the Seed business, would
be happy to receive orders for Forest Trees, See<ls anti Ever-
greens from Maine ; and being agent for G. C. Barrett, Boston,
and Prince & Sons, Flushing, N. V. orders sent through them
or otherwise, will be attended to without delay. Pai-ticular
directions for taking up and packing are requested.
WM. MANN.
Augusta, Me. March 13.
PRUNING.
THE Subscribers would be glad to undertake the Pruning of
Fruit Trees, &-C. &c. Their practical experience in Horlicul
ture for many years, in England and America, recommends
ilrom to give satisfaction to their cmnlovcrs. Anplv at this
ollice. wiLOT& WILSON.
March .'>. ^
THE NE^V ENGLAND P ARMEU
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at gS per annum,
payable at the end of die year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time ot subscribing, are entiUcdtQ a deduc-
tion of tiflv cents.
(0= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
° AGENTS.
New York—G. Thorburu & Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Alhany—Wti. Thorburn, 34-7 Market-street.
Philadelphia — D. Sl C. Landreth, 85 Chcsnut-street.
Baltimore — I. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. — Wji. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gar.
Middlebunj, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hari/ord^GooBWin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Newtmryport — Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmmith, N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me.—CoLMAS, Holden &. Co. Booksellers.
Angiista, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.—P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C— Geo. Bent. ,
St. Louis — Geo. Halton.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by Ford & Damrell
who execute every description of Book and Fancy Frini-
inirin good style, and with promptness. Orders for print
in^ may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricul-
tural Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGIiAMI> FARMER.
I'UBLISUKD EY GEO. C. 13ARRKTT, NO. ai, NORTH MARKKT STREET, (at the Agricultural VV^arehouse.)— T. G. FEStJENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 10, 1833.
NO. 39.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the JVciu England Farmer.
SWINE.
Mr. Editor, — I observe in your paper of the
20th of March, a request for information how to
prevent swine from devouring their young,
their young. I
have heard my neighbors make complaints on this
subject this season — and believe others have been
induced, year after year, to pour forth similar
lamentations in the New England Farmer.
But, sir, I believe the difficulty rests more fre-
quently with the formers than witli the gninters.
Only imagine, Mr. Editor, the poor animal in the
'< most delicate circumstances," on looking about
for a comfortable place to perform her accouchement
finding only a cold bed of mud, or a desolate pen,
perhaps with, and perhaps without a coveiing, and
the thermometer at zero ! Or perhaps the consid-
erate owner has thrown into one of these dreary
abodes a hugn bundle of straw, thinking "nature
will do the rest" — and the old sow will soon ar-
range it into a suitable bed for her young, and
then ask yourself — can even a hog, in such a
place, do justice to her anticipated charge ? The
truth is there is no animal so abused as this de-
spised quadruped — the Jewish law, which forbade
their use, was doubtless pi-omulgatod by Moses out
of pure humanity. And when it was rejiealed by
a Christian code it would have been well ad a
clause been inserted that " no man should keep
hogs who would not take care of them."
No animal in the farmer's possession more com-
pletely reflects the characterof the owner. If well
fed, kept warm, and clean — they thrive, grow and
fatten ; but neglected, they are ill-shapen, mean,
dirty brutes — and the whole farm is disturbed at
night and by day by their squealing, fighting, and
breaking out of bounds.
One gets a warm place in the south-east corner
of their comfortless pen, another stronger comes
in and demands possession, a battle begins — the
weaker is ousted, and so the night is spent in
continual conflict, — for without, a strong north-
wester soon admonishes them, that in exercise
thougli in battle dire, is their only hope of retain-
ing a modicum of caloric.
But now the farmer discovers that it is necessa-
ry for family purposes that the hogs should be
parted, and a few old rails are run across the bed-
room, to accommodate the hopeful mother. The
north-wester finds a clear course over the Ijiicks
of the others, and inflicts its merciless shafts upon
the tenant of the ;)rij)a<e apartment, and the fresh
straw is in vain mouthed about the bouse in the ex-
pectation of a spot being found fit for the interesting
deposit. But there can be no more delay, and the
little grunters come forth ! Old Boreas si)ares not,
and is greeted by a most piteous squeak. Tlie
nervous mother (no wonder she is seized with
" hysteric irritabiUty,") takes alarm, and true to
■nature starts up, and in rescuing her progeny from
seeming danger treads on the little squeaker, ends
his mortal sufl^erings, and takes one roaster from
the farmer's market cart, another follows — and
another — and so on to the end of the chapter.-—
The " poor,' forlorn, afflicted, desolate" now con-
soles herself, the only way she can, by enjoying
for once a good repast, not the less palatable for
heing of her ownjlesh and blood. Then follow the
lamentations; and learned disquisitions are sent for
insertion in your columns, and "powdered cliar--
coal," " animal food," "corn meal," and "milk
porridge," are recommended to cure the imnalural
appetite ! and if they are faithfully administered,
" in season and out of season," that is every day,
I will answer for it, you will have less lamenta-
tion and more pork.
Of one of the neighbors alluded to, who made
the complaint to me of^'Uiis breed of hogs being
run out," for they eatylp their pigs — I asked in
which pen he kept his sows ? (for I knew all
about his premises) and he answered " in the pen
by the wall in the lane." And it is just such a
place, Mr. Editor, as I have described. On the
north an open, single, wall, on the south a barn
too near to let a winter's sun approach more than
a few hours in the day, and on the west a few old
boards, just enough to keep the store pigs from
"hiring lodgings" in the finished apartments; and
the south-east corner just the one that might he
open, is the only one closed. I did not wonder
his pigs had "run out," I only pitied them that
they could not run away.
Now sir I'll tell you my method, for when trust-
ing to others I have had "pigs eaten up" in
abundance, but I look to them now myself, and
after keeping them all the time in good flesh,
are as important to the plant -as to the animal.
Ordinarily speakuig, it costs less to take care of a
good crop of corn, on proper corn land, than it
does of a bad crop on land not adapted to its cul-
ture. The first is light and dry. The latter stiff,
wet or grassy. I put the average expense of cul-
tivating and securing an acre, at .$15, (a) including
a fair rent, though it ordinarily exceeds this sure.
The farmer, therefore, who obtains thirty bushels
from the acre, estimating the grain at 50 cents per
bushel, gets a fair compensation for his labor and
the use of his land. Whatever the product falls
short of this is an absolute loss; and whatever it
may exceed it is net gain. Thus the man who
gets but twenty bushels from the acre, loses, upon
this estimate, $20 worth of his labor, on four
acres. He who raises 80 bushels an acre, on the
other hand, realizes a net profit of $100 from
four acres — making a difference in the profits of
the two farmers, in the management of four acres
of corn, of one hundred and twenty dollars ! These
data are sufticiently accurate to show the im-
portance of the two requisites I have suggested,
and the value of a little calculation in the business
of farming. The habit of noting down the ex-
pense, as well as the product of a crop, and thus
ascertaining the relative profit and loss, is highly
advantageous to the practical farmer, and one which
cannot be too strenuously inculcated. It will per-
haps be said, that I ought to add the value of the
manure wJ.ich is employed in the large crop ; bnt
hen the period of yeaning is near I take the I reply, that 1 oflset this against the increased for-
sow apart and give her free access to a xaarm bed-
room of ample dimensions in my barn, with a dry
plank floor, where the shingled walls prevent the
entrance of cold, rain or wind, with just enough
straw to amuse her " moments of anxiety," but
not enough to allow a single pig to cover his head
and lose his road to the fountain of comfort. And
I have now running about my yard as fine a litter
of roasters, just four weeks old, as ever graced
Boston market.
I shall be very happy if I have been able to
throw any light upon the mysterious science of
raising i)igs in the winteV (for whether summer
or winter I find the same result with my neio in-
vention) for the benefit of yeur " Constant reader,"
and remain, your humble servant.
Another.
Fron the Genesee Farmer.
CUL.TURE OP INDIAIV CORN.*
BY JESSE EOEL, ESQ.
There is no crop more beneficial to the Amer-
ican farmer than Indian corn. An eminent agri-
culturist, the late John Taylor, of Virginia, called
it the " meal, meadow, and manure " of the farm.
It is convertible into human food in more forms
than any other grain ; its value in fattening do
mcstic animals is not exceeded by any product of
the farm ; and no crop returns more to the soil
than this docs in the form of manure. There are
two important requisites, however, to its profitable
cultivation. The first is, that the toil be adapted
to its growth ; and the second, that the crop be
well fed and well tended : for food and attention
* Read before the New York Stale AgriculUral .Society, at
their annual meeting, Feb. 14, 1833,
age which this crop furnishes. Besides, by apply-
ing the manure in the uufermented state m which
it is generally found in the spring, it will be as
beneficial to the succeeding crops, as though it
had lain and fermented in the yard, and been
applied in the usual way in the autumn. (6)
The soils adapted to the culture of Indian corn,
are such as are permeable to heat, air, (c) and the
roots of the plant, and embrace those denominated
sandy, gravelly, and loamy. Corn will not suc-
ceed well on grounds that are stiff, hard or wet.
The roots grow to as great a length as the stalks,
and the soil must be permeable to permit their
free extension.
The manures used are generally yard and stable
dung, and jdaster of paris [sidphafe of lime). The
first ought to be abundant ; as upon the fertility
which it induces, depends the profit of the crop.
Long or uufermented manure is to be preferred.
It decomposes as the wants of the plant require it;
while its mechanical operation, in rendering the
soil light and porous, is beneficial to the crop. It
should be equally spread over the wliole surface,
before it is ploughed under. It then' continues 1o
aflbrd fresh pasture to the roots till the corn hae
matured, and is in its place to benefit the succeed-
in" crop. If put into the hills, the roots soon ex-
tend beyond its influence, it does not so readily
decompose, and the subsequent crop is prejudiced
from its partial distribution in the soil. In a rota-
tion of four or five years, in which this crop re-
ceives the manure, twenty-five or thirty ordinary
loads may be applied to one acre witli greater
profit, than to two or three acres. Evei7 addition
tells in the product ; and there is scarcely any
danger of manuring too high for this favorite crop.
306
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
APRIL 10, 1S33.
Gypsum is applied broadcast before the last ploii<;h-
iug, or harrowing, or strewed on the hills after
hoeing. I pursue the first method, at the rate of
a bushel to the acre, [d)
The best preparation for a corn crop is a clover
or other grass lay, or lea, well covered with a
long manure, recently spread, neatly ploughed,
and harrowed lengthwise of the furrow. A rol-
ler may precede the harrow with advantage. The
time of performing these operations depends upon
the texture of the soil, and the quality of the sod.
If the first is inclining to clay, or the latter tough
or of long continuance, the ploughing may be per-
formed the preceding autunm ; but where sand or
gravel greatly preponderate, or the sod is light
and tender, it is best performed in the spring, and
as near to the planting as convenient. The harrow
at least should immediately ])recede planting. All
seeds do best when put into the fresh stirred
mold. Stitf lands are ameliorated and broken
down by fall ploughing ; but light lands are rather
prejudiced by it. When corn is preceded by a
tilled crop, the ground should be furrowed, and
the seed deposited in the bottom of the furrows.
Where there is a sod, the rows shoidd be super-
ficially marked, and the seed planted upon the
surface. Where the field is flat, or the sub-soil
retentive of moisture, the land should be laid in
ridges, that the excess of water which falls may
pass off in the furrows.
The time of planting must vary in difl'erent
districts and in diftereut seasons. The ground
should be sufiiciently warmed by vernal heat to
ca\ise a speedy germination. Natural vegetation
affords the best guide. My rule has been to plant
when the apple is bursting its bIos«oni buds,
which has generally been between the 12th and
20th of May.
Preparation of the seed. The enemies to be
combatted are the wire worm, brown grub, birds
and squirrels. Of these the first and two last
prey upon the kernels, and against these tar of-
fers a complete protection. I soak my seed 12 to
20 hours in hot water, in which is dissolved a few
ounces of crude salt petre, and then add (say
to 8 quarts of seed) half a pint of tar previously
warmed and diluted with a quart of warm water.
The mass is well stirred, the corn taken out, and
as much plaster added as will adhere to the grain.
This impregnates and partially coats the seed with
tar. The experience of years will warrant me in
confidently recommending this as a protection for
the seed.
The manner of planting is ordinarily in hills,
from two and a half to six feet apart, according to
the variety of corn, the strength of the soil, and
the fancy of the cultivator. The usual distance in
my neighborhood is three feet. Some, however,
plant in drills of one, two and three rows, by
•which a greater crop is unquestionably obtained,
though the expense of culture is somewhat increas-
ed, (e) The quantity of seed should be double,
.and may be quadruple (f) what is required to
atand. It is well known that a great difference is
manifest in the appearance of the plants. Some
appear feeble and sickly, which the best nursing
will not render productive. The expense of seed,
and the labor of pulling up all but three or four
of the strongest plants in a hill, it is believed will
be amply remunerated, by the increased product.
If the seed is covered, as it should be, with mold
only, and not too deep, we may at least calculate
upon every hill or drill having its requisite num-
ber of plants.
The after culture consists in keeping the soil
loose and free from weeds, which is ordinarily ac-
complished by two dressings, and in thinning the
plants, which latter may be done the first hoeing,
or partially omitted it till the last. The practice
of ploughing among corn, and of making large
hills, is justly getting into disrepute ; for the plough
bruizes and cuts the roots of the plants, turns up
the sod and manure to waste, and renders the crop
more liable to suffer by drouth. The first dressing
should be performed as soon as the size of the
plants will permit, and the best implement to pre-
cede the hoe is a corn harrow, adapted to the
width of the rows, which every farmer can make.
This will destroy most of the weeds, and pulverize
the soil. The second hoeing should be performed
before or as soon as tlie tassels appear, and may
be preceded by the corn harrow, a shallow furrow
of the plough, or what is better than either, by the
cultivator, (g-) A slight caithing is beneficial, pro-
viding the earth is scraped from the surface, and
the sod and manure not exposed. It will be found
beneficial to rim the harrow or cultivator a third,
and even a fourth time, between the rows, to des-
troy weeds and loosen the surface particularly if
the season is dry. [h)
In harvesting the crop, one of three modes is
adopted, viz. 1. The corn is cut at the surface of
the ground when the grain has become glazed or
hard upon the outside, put immediately into
stocks, and when sufficiently dried, the corn and
stalks are separated, and both secured. 2. The
tops are taken oft" when the corn has become gla-
zed, and the grain permitted to remain till October
or November upon the butts. Or, 3. IJoth corn
and stalks are left standing till the grain has fully
ripened, and the latter become thy, when both are
secured. There are other modes, such as leaving
the butts or entire stalks in the field, atler the
grain is gathered ; but these are so wasteful and
slovenly as not to merit consideration. The stalks,
blades and tops of corn, if well secured, are an
excellent fodder for neat cattle. If cut, or cut
and steamed, so that they can be readily mastica-
ted, they are superior to hay. Besides, their fer-
tilizing ])roperties, as a manure, are greatly aug-
mented by being fed out in the cattle yard, and im-
bibing the urine and liq'iids which always there
abound, and which are lost to the farm in ordina-
ry yards without an abundance of dry litter to take
them up. By the first of these methods, the crop
may be secured before the autumnal rains ; the
value of the fodder is increased, and the ground
is cleared in time for a winter crop of wheat or
rye. The second nlode impairs the value of the
forage, requires more labor, and does not increase
the quantity, or improve the quality, of the grain.
The third mode requires the same labor as the
first, 7nay improve the quality of the grain, but
most inevitably deteriorate the quality of the fod-
der. The corn cannot be husked too promptly af-
ter it is gathered from the field. If permitte<i to
heat, the value of the grain is seriously impaired.
(i)
Saving seed. The fairest and soundest ears are
either selected in the field, or at the time of husk-
ing, a few of the husks being lefl on, braided and
preserved in an airy situation till wanted for use.
In making a choice of sorts, the object should be
to obtain the varieties which ripen early, and af-
ford the greatest crop. I think these two proper-
tics are best combined in a twelve rowed kind
which I obtained from Vermont some years ago,
and which I call Button corn, from the name of
the gentleman from whom I received it. It is
earlier than the common eight rowed yellow, or
any other field variety I have seen, and at the
same time gives the greatest product. 1 have in-
variably cut the crop in the first fourteen days of
September, and once in the last week in August.
The cob is large, but the grain is so eonipact upon
it that two bushels of sound ears have yielded
five pecks of shelled grain, weighing 62 lbs. the
bushel.
In securing the fodder, precaution must be used.
The butts become wet by standing on the ground,
and if placed in large stacks, or in the barn, the
moisture which they contain often induces fer-
mentation and moldiness. To avoid this I put
them first in stacks so small, that the whole of the
butts are exposed upon the outer surface ; and
when thoroughly dry they may be taken to the
barn, or left to be moved as they are wanted to be
fed out — merely regarding the propriety of remov-
ing a whole stack at the same time.
NOTES.
(a) Estimated expense of cultivating an acre of In-
dian com.
One ploughing, (suppose a clover lay) J;a.00
Harrowing and planting, 2,00
Two hoeings, 4 days and horse team, 3.75
, Harvesting, 2 days, ] .50
Cutting and harvesting stalks, 1.50
Rent, 5.00
$15.75.
(li) Stable and yard manures loose 50 per cent, by the
firmentiition they undergo in the yard during tlic sum-
nuT. This loss consists of the gases which are evolved
in the process of rotting, and ot the fluids which sink
into the earth, or are carried off by the rains. Plaiits re-
ceive their food cither in a gaseous or liquid form. If
manure rots in the soil, neither these gases or fluids are
lost; the eartli retains, and the roots of the plants im-
bibe them. Yet recent manures are not proper to be ap-
plied to small grains. They cause too rank a growth of
straw, and are apt to induce rust and mildew. Thus a
crop of corn, potatoes, or ruta baga may be fed and fat-
tened, if I may use the expression, upon the dung which
is destined to nourish the wheat crop, without deterio-
rating its value for the latter purpose, if it is applied to
the corn, &c., before it has fermented.
(c) We are on the northern border of the maize zone,
and should make up for defect in climate by selecting
soils into which the heat readily penetrates. Air, be-
sides conveying warnitii in summer, imparts fertility by
the vegetable tood which is always suspended in it in
the form of gases. Dews are also charged with these
properties of vegetable nutrin)ent, and when tlie soil is
porous they settle down as in a sponge, and impart fer-
tility to the roots (the true mouths) of plants.
(d) I adopt the opinion of Davy, as the modvs ope-
riindi of plaster of paris, that it forms a necessary con-
stituent of plants whicli it benefits, and is of no direct
benefit to plants which do not afford it on analysis.
Among the first are the clovers, corn, potatoes, and
generally such plants as have broad or succulent leaves;
while the latter embrace culmiferous grains and grasses,
as wheat, rye, timothy, &c. Critical observations for
years lias confirmed me in this conclusion. Gypsum
must be rendered soluble before it can be taken up by
tlie mouths of plants, and it requires (iOO parts of water
to dissolve one of this mineral. I infer from these facts,
that by burying it in the soil it more readily dissolves,
and is more accessible to the mouths of plants, than if
spread upon the surface of the ground. I am induced,
from these views of the subject, to sow plaster, on grass
grounds in March, and upon corn and potato grounds be-
fore the last ploughing for these crops. The latter was
recommended and practised by the distinguished agri-
culturists, the late Mr. Taylor, of Virginia, and Judge
Peters, of Pennsylvania.
(e) The following table exhibits the difference in pro-
duct of various methods of planting, and serves also ta
e-xplain the manner in which large crops of this grain
VOL. XI. NO. 39.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
307
liavc been obtained. I have assumetl in the estimate
that each stock produces one ear of corn, and that tiie
ears averauc one gill of shelled grain. This is estimating
the product low ; for while I am penning this (October)
1 find that my largest ears give two gills, and 100 fair ears
half a bushel of shelled corn. The calculation is also
predicated upon the supposition that there is no deficien-
cy in tlie number of stocks, a contingency pretty sure
on my rnetliod of planting.
hills, bush. qts.
1. An acre in hills, 4 feet apart, each
way, will produce 27ii2 42 16
2 The same, 3 by 3 feet, 4840 75 20
3. The same, 3 by 24 feet, 5808 93 28
4. The same in drills, at 3 feet, plants Sialics.
6 inches apart, in the drills, 29,040 113 14
5. The same in do. 2 rows in a drill,
6 inches apart, and the plants 9
inches, and 3 feet 9 inches from
centre of drills thus, 30,970 120 31
C. The same in do. 3 rows in a drill,
as above, 3 feet from centres of
drills 43,.560 170
The fifth mode 1 have tried. The ground was highly
manured, the crop twice cleaned, and the entire acre
gathered and weighed accurately, the same day. The
product in ears was 103 baskets, each 84 lbs. net, and 65
ibs. over. The last basket was shelled and measured,
which showed a product on the acre of 118 bushels 10
quarts. I gathered at the rate of more than 100 bushels
the acre, from four rods planted in the third method, last
summer, the result ascertained in the most accurate man-
ner. Corn shrinks about 20 per cent after it is cribbed.
The sixth mode is the one by which the Messrs. Pratts,
of 'Madison county, obtained the prodigious crop of 170
bushels per acre. These gentlemen, T am told, are of
opinion, tliat the product of an acre may be increased to
200 bushels.
(f) I am told the Messrs. Pratts, above alluded to, used
seven bushels of se«d to the acre, the plants being sub-
sequently reduced to the requisite number.
{g) The cultivator is made in the form of a triangular
harrow, with two bulls ; or if intended to be graduated
to different widths, a centre bull is added, to which the
exterior ones are attached by hinges. Iron slats, fixed
to the exterior bulls, pass tlirough a mortice in the centre
one, perforated with holes, through which an iron pin
passes to hold them at the graduated width. Tlie teeth
may be in any approved form, or reasonable number. —
The cultivator I use has five teeth, two in each of the
outward, and one upon the center timber. The teeth
have a stout shank, with a duck's foot termination, four
inches broad, somewhat cylindrical, rounded atthe point
and inclined forward in an angle of 30 or 40 degrees. —
This implement is useful for other purposes ; and may be
used, like Beatson's, as a substitute for the plough, in
preparing light soils for a crop. The handles are attach-
ed to the centre piece. The teeth have a shoulder on
the under side of the timber, and are fastened with
screws and nuts above.
(A) Some entertain, a mistaken notion, that it is pre-
judicial to stir the soil among corn in dry weather, and
others that weeds serve to prevent the evaporation of
moisture by a hot sun. The reverse of these opinions
is true. Tlie exhaustion of moisture by a plant is in the
ratio of the surface of its leaves and stocks presented to
the sun and air.
(i) The leaves are necessary organs for elaborating the
food of plants, and when these are taken away the plant
must cease to grow. The sap is useless until it under-
goes elaboration in the leaves. Hence, when corn is top-
ped in the usual way, the supply of food is cut off from
the grain, except what may be elaborated in the husks.
On comparing corn gathered by the first and second
modes, it was the opinion of those who assisted in husk-
ing, that first was soundest, brightest, and heaviest. The
third mode I have not tried. But it seems probable that
the grain might acquire an increase of volume, though it
would lose again by depredation and waste. The first
method has these further advantages that it preserves the
cob frombeing saturated with rains, and secures the fod-
der,! when it is in its highest perfection and greatest
quantity.
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Committee of tlic Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society for offering and awarding premiums
upon the products of the kitchen garden, vegeta-
bles, &c., submit the following list of premiums
for the ensuing season, viz : —
Asparagus, the two hest bunches, - §4,00
Blood beets one dozen, the earliest and
best, ----- 3.00
Beans, Lima two quarts, tlie best, - 3.00
" Cranberry, two quarts, best, - 3.00
Cucumbers, best pair forced, - - 4.00
Celery, two roots the earliest and best, 4.00
Cauliflower, two the earliest and best, 4.00
Corn, sweet for boiling, ears, one dozen
best, . - - . . 4.00
Lettuce, two heads tlic best, - - 2.00
Melons, Water the largest and best, - 3.00
" Musk, ... - 4.00
Peas, one peck, the earliest and best, on
or before the 1st Saturday in June, 4.00
" one peck of the best, having regard
to the quality and yield, - - 4.00
Potatoes, one peck the earliest and best,
raised in the open ground, - - 4.00
" a sample two years from the
seed ball, the largest best, - - 2.00
Squashes, crook'd necked, two, the larg-
est best, .... - 4.00
" Canady, two the largest, best, 4.00
Savoy cabbage, two heads the best, - 2.00
Ptr order, D. CHANDLER Chairman.
For the New England Farmer.
COCKROACHKS.
Now is the proper season to clear houses of
Cockroaches, else, they will soon swarm, and
then it will seem almost futile to attempt to do it
effectually.
Take a deep plate or dish, and nearly fill the
bottom part of it with molasses and water ; set it
near their haunts, with some chips from the shelf
to tiie edge of the plate or dish, for a rail-tvay-free-
briiige, for these nimble footed beauties to travel on
to this sweet batli, and the next morning, a very
goodly number of the last generation will be found
up to their backs indolently revelling in this
charming liquid — now, they are not dead but
sleepeth, and if thrown out of doors, I will bet
my " Cremona to a Jewsharp" that the chance is
is equal for their reviving again and appearing in
all their hideous deformity, "hobgoblin and all" —
but another death will stop their swift race —
viz. the tire, whatever number may be caught
scoop them out of the plate, and lodge them safe-
ly in the fire, and you make good their retreat, and
nothing short of that will do it. E.kperience.
.ipril 5th, 1833.
From the Boston Courier.
■WmSHIPS' NURSERY.
We have just inspected the catalogue re-
cently published by the Messrs. Winships,
Brighton. It comprises a list of fruit and forest
trees, shrubs and flowers, for sale at their nursery
among which are 120 Apples, 120 Pears, SS
Peaches, 54 Plums, 18 Apricots, 39 Grapes, and
numerous v»neties of Apricots, Nectarines, Quin-
ces, Fi-gs, Almonds, Mulberries, Raspberries,
Gooseberries, Strawberries, and Currants. The
names of Ornamental Shrubs, Evergreens, Vines,
and Creepers, and Honeysuckles, fill about ten
pages. Of Roses, there are no less than 288 va-
rieties, beside those placed in separate classes as
Scotch and China Roses, of which there are 64
Scotch and 25 China. To this magnificent assort-
ment of Roses succeeds 41 varieties of the Peony
— a brilliant collection, by their friend Admiral
Coffin. The collection of Carnations, Pinks, Chry-
santhemums, Lillies, and Herbaceous Perennial
Flowering Plants, occupies about a dozen pages
of the catalogue. From this abstract it will be
seen that agriculturists may find a beautiful sup-
ply of the useful and profitable, while ladies and
gentlemen of taste can be equally well accomo-
dated in their choice of the mere beautifid and or-
namental. The nursery is five miles from Boston,
over the Western Avenue — a pleasant ride.
ORIGINAL! ANECDOTE.
During the passage down the Sound of one
of our elegant steamers says a correspondent, the
last summer, a gentleman not much accustomed
to polished society, came so late to the dinner table
that he found it difficult to obtain a seat. He
stood some time with his hands in his pockets,
looking wishfully at the smoking viands. He was
at last noticed by the Captain, who relinquished
to him his own chair and plate, when he com-
menced carving a pig that lay before him. Hav-
ing finished, he passed portions of the dish to all
the ladies in his immediate neigborhood, and then
heaped a plate for himself He soon perceived
a lady who had not been served, and inquired if
she would be helped to some pig. She replied
in the affirmative, and he accordingly handed her
the plate which he had reserved for himself. — Her
ladyship feeling her dignity somewhat offended at
so bountiful a service, observed with protruded
lips, loud enough to be heard all around, " I don't
want a cartload!" The gentleman, at her remark,
became the object of attention of all his end of the
table, and deternnned to retort upon her for her
exceeding civility, watched her motions, and ob-
served that she had despatched the contents of
the plate with little ceremony. When this was
accomplished, he cried out, " Madam, if you'll
back your cart up this way, I'll give you another
loadr—J\r. Y. Gazette.
IVALiKENG THROUGH FIRE.
Being invited by the Hindoos to see the cere-
mony of walking through fire, I went and found
an oblong pit prepared, eighteen feet by twelve.
It was full of red hot coals. A procession then
arrived on the opposite side, and every one in it
either walked or danced deliberately through the
fire lengthways. This fire was so intense that we
could not approach it. I had heard much of this
strange feat, but never had such positive proof of
it before. The ceremony was in honor of the
small pox deity, to whom they sacrifice a cock be-
fore they venture into the furnace. Then, be-
smeared all over with some yellow stuft', they go
backward and forward through the fire, both
quickly and slowly, without any apparent suffer-
ing; and one man carried an infant on his shoulders
which did not even cry. The people in this ex-
traordinary show were of all ages. — I saw a fine
boy slip down and the others pulled him up unin-
jured immediately. I have now stated the fact
from ocular demonstration ; it remains for chem-
ists to explore the nature of the stuff" with which
they are besmeared. — I never could get a native to
explain it ; and I suspect that the Mussulmans are
quite as ignorant of the means used as we are.
— Col. French E. I. Magazine.
308
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
APRIL 10, 1833.
AN ADDRESS
To the Jlembers of tlie Massachusetls Society for Promoting
A'^i^culture. Delivered at their request, October 17, 1S32.
By James Richardson, Esq.
[Concluded from page 301.]
The care and attention of the fanner must bo
extended to every object of his pursuit, as well as
to the means of effecting it ; to bis cuhivated lands
that they may be planted and sown at the proper
time, kept clear from weeds, and the crops season-
ably gathered ; to his fences, that they are sutH-
cient to secure his cultivation ; to his live stock,
that they are seasonably and liberally fed, and
properly housed; to his tools, that they arc of the
best kind, and kept in the best order, and put in
the proper place when out of use. Nor is this
care irksome to the well disciplined mini! ; it sup-
plies a substitute for those groundless hojics and
nnsubstantial images, that too often fill the youtli-
ful imagination, but which vanish with the first
touch of experience.
The habit of attention, or power of directing
at will, the whole force of the mind to one
particular object, or course of reflection, to the
exclusion of all others, is among the most impor-
tant of human acquisitions. To the farmer this
habit is invaluable ; for, without attention, no
materials for reflection and comparison could be
collected, no skill could be acquired, and no sys-
tem formed. The attention of the farmer should
be directed to all his operations, and all their re-
sults. Every deviation from his former jnacticc
with its result should be carefully noted ; and, as
all are engaged in a common cause, the same at-
tention should be extended to the operations of his
brethren, and free communication made, without
feeling pride of success, or mortification at defeat ;
so that whatever is useful may be disseminated,
and all errors in practical husbandry corrected.
Theories, for few are destitute of any merit, may
well be examined, and experiments, within the
limits of the farmer's means, tried ; but the beaten
track is always safe, and experience will ever be
the surest guide. The saying that my father did
so, therefore do I, lias perhaps been held in too
great contempt. Many of the inventions and im-
provements in manufactures and the arts have been
the result of accident, and others the fruit of sci-
entific research, but the farmer must act from the
light he has, and feel out the way as he advances.
His progress, to be sure, must necessarily bo slow ;
all theory must be brought to the test of experi-
ment, and when any change has been proved bene-
ficial, then may he walk safely in the new path,
and leave the road trodden by his fathers. With
this view, attention to books and treatises on the
subject may be made useful ; but the more practi-
cal they are, the better ; and this attention always
coupled with attention to actual experiment.
Among the most valuable, are registers of results,
made by careful observers and scientific agricul-
turists, and accompanied by accurate statements
iu detail, of the kind and quality of the soil, the
characteristics of the season, mode of cultivation,
quantity and quality of manure applied, expenses
of labor, and amount of profit. And in no respect
are the advantages of this our society more strik-
ingly manifested, than in the encouragement given
to such experiments and registers, and to the com-
munication of results, and dissemination of practi-
cal knowledge through the whole community. It
is by pursuing this course that agriculture has
been encouraged, and has made such rapid advan-
ces during the pi<'sent age, both on this, and the
other side of the Atlantic.
Skill in husbandry is the fruit of attention and
observation, of a combination of theory and exper-
iment. It is the most valuable acquisition of the
farmer, and the all-pervading genius of the farm,
it directs all his exertions, and guides, under Prov-
idence, the operations of nature. Were our lauds
of an uniform quality, texture and temperament,
much less skill would be necessary in their man-
agenient, and that skill would be more easily ac-
quired. But considering the variety of our soils,
the deep and the shallow, the moist and the dry,
clayey loam, sandy loam, the peaty and the grav-
elly soil, each requiring different treatment, no lit-
tle judgment is necessary, to apply to each its ap-
propriate destination and culture, so as to gain
from each the most profitable cro])s with the least
e.xpense of labor, and the least exhaustion of the
soil, to determine what waste lands it would be
profitable to reclaim and subdue, what paits should
remain in permanent pasture, what be kept under
the scythe, what be subjected to the i)lough and
to alternate culture, what is capable of being ren-
dered ]>roductive by irrigation, what is subject to
redundant moisture, and requires the operation of
drainage, and what would admit of permanent im-
provetnent by covering with loam, or intermixture
with gravel. What land should remain for wood
and timber, where to leave groves of forest trees,
and what soil is best adapted to orcharding, and
the culture of fruit. Much skill may also be exer-
cised and displayed in the location and arrange-
ment of his furni-buildings, yards, and places for
the collection of manure ; much also is requisite
in the selection of his live stock — whether the
young that he rears, or the old that he purchases —
in the apportionment of the difl'erent kinds to the
particular qualities of the soil, to the situation, plan
and character of his fium, and in the arrangements
for feeding and housing them; and all these par-
ticulars with regard to stock, must be taken into
coiLsideration. For though some have said thai
everything depends on breed, and others that
'quality goes in at the mouth,' yet it is manifest
that without attention to breed, much good feeding
would be wasted, and without good feeding the
best breed of animals will degenerate and become
unprofitable.
But in nothing is the skill of the farmer more
strikingly manifested, or more usefully applied,
than in the system he adopts with regard to the
series of crops cultivated in the same year, or the
succession in different years. The series of crops
has reference to the saving of labor, and rendering
it more eftective, by furnishing constant profitable
employment to the laborers, so that each and every
day may bring with it the duty of cultivating,
dressing or harvesting some crop, and that no crop
may suffer either while growing, or at the time of
harvest for want of proper attention.
Some crops are said to be unprofitable, or to af-
ford but scanty remuneration to the cultivator.
Many have placed iu this class Indian corn, and
by calculating the expense of the manure, and
charging all the labor of cultivating and harvesting,
at the highest price per day, have perhaps sustain-
ed their proposition ; especially if planted on un-
suitable laud, scantily manured and carelessly cul-
tivated ; but when placed in a proper soil, well
manured and cultivated, — and we take into con-
sideration the series of crojis arranged to employ
the whole time, through the season, of all the la-
borers of all sizes, — it is aiiprehendcd there would
be a difiisrence in the result. The corn crop is
planted aftei other seeds are put in ; the first hoe-
ing is before any crop is fit tor harvesting ; the
other hoeings may be done when the weather is
unfit for gathering in the crops of hay and other
grain ; the top stalks are cut after the haying sea-
son ; the crop is harvested after other harvesting is
finished, and the husks are stripped off at a time
when little else can be done ; then comes the crop.
The fodder, if well saved is equal in value to a
middling crop of hay on the same extent of land,
and the grain may fairly be reckoned at from forty
to fifty bushels, and on some lands much more to
the acre ; its value and various uses are too well
known to need description.
In this connexion suffer a word or two on the
subject of sheep, especially the fine wooUed races.
If in a country like Great Britain, where there is a
greater demand for food than for men, and where
the ploughs for the culture of wheat run most of
the time from November to March, one sheep to
the acre over the whole cultivated territory, can be
kept to advantage, surely, iu a country where
there is more demand for men than for food, and
where the soil is locked uj) by fiost for several
months in the year, and fiirmers have little em-
ployment; the keeping of sheep with proper atten-
tion, cannot be unprofitable, especially in districts
of country remote from large market towns. In a
country and climate like ours, to fill up the series,
some branch of husbandry is necessary, that fur-
nishes more employment in winter and less in
summer. Many portions also of New England arc
too uneven for cultivation, but afford excellent
pasturage ; flocks require little care in summer, and
strict and particular attention in winter; attention
III housing and airing thcin, and to feeding theni
with hay, roots, and perhaps a little grain, that
they may be in high condition at the tiine of yean-
ing and shearing, and so render a more valuable
return both in increase and in wool. This is also
a pleasing and interesting employment iu winter,
engages and occupies the mind, aids in forming a
habit of attention and care, and so becomes a use-
ful course of discipline in the education of the
young farmer.
Succession of crops applies only to that part of
the fiirm which the skilful cultivator subjects alter-
nately to the plough and the scythe, and has refer-
ence not only to the annual crop, but to preserv-
ing and increasing the fertility of the soil. It is
not an unfrequent complaint that land is exhausted
and worn out. But, bountiful nature, like a kind
parent, is constantly supplying nourishment to her
inanimate, as well as to her animate offspring ;
and it is only the injudicious and improvident
operations of man that counteract her. By a judi-
cious rotation of crops, and the application of what
manure may by care and attention be collected,
this part of the farm, if wisely selected, and limit-
ed as to extent, may be kept in high condition, and
increasing in fertility. It is by extending cultiva-
tion over lands that ought to be left in pasture, or
kept under the scythe, and by stocking pastures
too heavily, and feeding the permanent mowing
grounds too much in autumn, and some even in
spring, that occasions the exhaustion of the fami.
Permanent mowing grounds should be fed but
little in autumn, none in spring; the second crop
remaining on the ground, forms a warm covering
for the roots of the grass in winter, and resting a
little above the surface of the soil, protects the
VOL. XI. NO. 39.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
309
growing cioi) of the next year, Iroiii the biiriiiiig-
rays of the sun, alisoi-bs tlie dews, ferments, and
affords nourishment for the next crop. Let, then,
tlie autumnal feeding be jirincipally confined to
the land under the alternate system of cultivation,
unless a dressing of manure can be applied to the
permanent grass lands.
In tlie alternate system of cultivation each crop
prepares the soil for its successor. The roots of
the grass together with tlie after growth remain-
ing on the surface, are turned in by the plough to
ferment and aftbrd nourishment to a hoed crop : a
second hoed crop of roots or Indian corn may suc-
ceed, by which the soil will be comi)letely pul-
verized, and the dressings of manure of both years
incorporated with it ; then succeeds a crop of small
grain ; and then abundant grass crops for two or
three years; and then the plough, and the hoe,
and the liberal dressings of manure again perform
their offices ; and so the fertility of this part of the
farm may be preserved and increased for ages.
To these habits, qualities and characteristics
may be added what, unless it is degraded from its
just rank by the practice of the present age, may
be termed a virtuous economy. This very word
may raise in some imaginations, images of penu-
rious living, cattle pinched, and of the most ordi-
nary kind, meagre and feeble for the want of food,
pastures fed to the gravel, tools and implements
few and of the most ordinary kind, and every-
thing scanty and shrunken. But this is not the
character of the virtue we recommend. An en-
lightened economy is opposed not to liberalitij but
to ivaste. It saves everything, to be applied boun-
tifulli) to its appropriate purposes. It saves ail
fermentable and enriching materials to incfease the
manure heap, that the cultivated laud may have an
abundant dressing. It saves all valuable fodder
for the stock, tlnit by liberal feeding more may be
produced for the butcher, and more for the dairy.
It saves much in labor by being liberal in expense
for tools and implements. In short, its influence,
when adopted, is universal, and it becomes the suc-
cessful purveyor of supplies in every department
of husbandry.
The last characteristic we shall mention, and
which to he sura is not at the top of the fashion
at the present day, is industry, unremitting in-
dustry ; that wonderworking power, whose arm
subdues the asperities of nature, whose baud
scatters plenty over her face, and whoso fingers
entwine round her brow wreaths of unfading
beauty. What ! methinks I hear some one ex-
claim, shall the independent farmer make himself
a slave ? The man who wastes an hour in the
morning in hearing and talking over news, and a
day in the week in following after itinerant de-
clairaers, whether political or prdendedly religious,
will ev«r be a slave ; driven in his business and
perplexed in his afl'airs. His crops, put in too
late, will be choked by the weeds ; his pastures
overrun with bushes ; his fences insufticient to
keep his hungry cattle from devouring his grain ;
his hay crop wet with the afternoon sliowers, and
the repose of his evenings interrupted by the recol-
lection of many things neglected, that ought to
have been done during the day. While he, whom
the firstraysofthe morning sun greets at his labors,
and whose last lingering beams find just retiring,
will ever be the successful master. jMaster of his
time, for he will have sufficient for his purposes;
master of his business, for he will be everything
at the proper time. Hia crops, put in in season,
uud protected by good fences, will under the bless-
ing of Providence, be flourishing and yield abun-
dantly ; for they will have the benefit of all the
nourishment in the soil ; his pastures, once well
subdued, and kept clear by the hands and the
grubbing hoe when the ground is soft in the spring,
will yield abundance for his fattening and jnilky
droves. His hay crop, by his industry in the
early part and middle of the day, will be well
cured and housed before the afternoon showers.
And then, and not till then, comes the hour of
leisure. And if these rewards of industry be
deemed insufficient, add to them the enjoyments
arising from the early close of his daily labor,
the tranquil evening free from care, sleep unbro-
ken but by the early music of his own groves; the
renewed vigor felt at the first moment of awaken-
ing; the fresh fragrance and early blush of the
dewy landscape, and the first beams of that sun,
on which no innocent eye ever opened but with
delight. Say ye, then, that the industrious early
riser is a slave.' If so, he is a slave to the best of
masters, for the noblest purposes, and the richest
rewards.
Have agriculturists, since the establishment of
this society, by care, attention, skill and industry,
improved their condition ? Can a moment be al-
lowed for retrospection ? Detail and comparison
must be dispensed with ; we have time merely to
appeal to memory. IMaiiy of us can look back
some twice twenty summers. What advances
have been made in gardening, and the culture of
fruit; in the production of grain, roots and the
superior grasses ; in improving the breed of our
live stock, and especially swine.-" The non-agricul-
tural classes by the establishment of manufactures
have increased beyond example, yet production
has outstripped consumption. And the many are
better fed and better clad than the few were here-
tofore. An improved condition is manifested also,
in the state of our roads, fences, farm-buildings,
public buildings, and establishments for the educa-
tion of the young. And one other consideration
may I be permitted to advert to, coupled with the
exclamation, alas my brethren! Not one half the
number of suits are now annually entered in our
courts that were at the conuuencement, and dur-
ing the first ten years of tlie present century.
Remarks in commendation of agriculture, are
not always received with favor by the other classes
in society; but it is never intended to degrade them
by comparison. Agriculture is as much depen-
dent on commerce and manufactures for excite-
ment, activity and success, as they are on agricul-
ture tor support. Every improvement in naviga-
tion lays the foreign customer nearer our doors;
increases and quickens interchanges, and makes
them more advantageous to both parties. Everj'
improvement in manufactures and the arts gives
a better article, at a lower price to the purchaser,
and at the same time a greater profit to the artist.
Every improvement in husbandry, by aflbrding an
increased production with less labor and expense,
lowers the price of produce in market, while it
gives the cultivator a greater profit, and augments
the value of his (arm. So that whatever is useful,
cannot long be confined to any class in the com-
munity, and the prosperity of one is the prosperi-
ty of all. And this view may be extended over
the whole earth. One nation can no longer emicl,
itself by the impoverishing of another; plunder,
monopoly and chicanery are no longer legitimate
means of acquiring wealth. And the considera-
tion is consoling to every lover of his kind, that the
arts, wealth and prosperity of nations are as expan-
sive as the air we breathe, and extend their influen-
ces over the whole commercial and civilized world.
It is to industry, and ingenuity, applied to pro-
ductions best suited to the climate and genius of
diflerent countries and nations, that we must now
look for more healthful and permanent sources of
national prosperity. Let us then, whatever may
be our pursuits, advance hand in hand, without
one spirit of jealousy or envy, towards perfection
and superior excellence. And protected as we
yet are by a government founded on just principles,
determine, should it be assailed from without, or
undermined from within, to sustain it like breth-
ren, and defend it like men.
Method of removing spots from mildewed stuff.
Add to two pounds of water two ounces of vol-
atile alkalalic (ammonia.) Plunge the entire stuff
into the solution and allow it to remain there five
minutes. Riniie in clear water. — Jour.des Connais
Usuelles
Sewing on Glazed Calico. By passing a cake
of white soap a few times over a piece of glazed
calico, or any other stiffened material, the needle
will penetrate with equal facility as it will through
any other kind of work. The patroness of the
School of Industry pronounces this to be a fact
worth knowing, the destruction of needles in the
ordinary way occasioning both time and expense.
— Taunton paper.
FASHION.
An eminent physician in Glasgow, has just pub-
lished a v<dume entitled Hints to a fashionable
Mother. — The following is an extract from this
work : —
" I have repeatedly been almost in agony to
see young ladies who were dressed too tightly at-
tempt losing; for singing requires full inspirations,
which they are entirely unable to take. If they
exjierience half of the inconveniences at such
times from their clothing which they appear to do,
it must be intolerable. Oh, thou tyrant fashion I
to what tortures are thy slaves subjected ! More
slow than the Russian knout, or the infernal en-
gines of the bloody Inquisition — but equally dread-
ful in their effects ! The latter are comparatively but
momentary, and may soon be unheeded by the
senseless victim : but when the former have been
borne for years, they give place to diseases which
prey with insatiate violence upon the actually sen-
sitive frame, and delight in protracting human suf-
fering till the last fibre has been broken. Perhaps
a flame is kindled in the lungs, that gradually con-
sumes the vital principle. Perhaps disease of the
heart is destined to wear out the wretched suffer-
er with horrid palpitations and hourly expectations
of sudden dissolution — or i)erhaps the thousand
maladies that aflect the nerves are commissioned
to keep poor nature upon the rack, till she sinks
exhausted by pains no medicines can cure, no-
sympathy assuage. The bloody hooks, the wheels
of Juggernaut, and the blazing pile of Hindoo
fanaticism, fill the soul with horror. Yet how
many are immolated at the shrine of fashion I
How many voluntarily suffer tortures more severe
than any ever imposed upon the devotees of a
lieatheu deity !"
There is nothing more mysterious and apparently
metaphysical than nonsense. A man who has clear
and correct ideas always should, and generally does,
make use of plain and simple expressions.
310
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
APRlt 10, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 10, 1833.
FARMER'S AND GAROENER'S WORK FOR
APRIL..
Fences. As soon as practicable put your fences
in thorough repair. Poor fences may be number-
ed among the worst of bad things, saving Canada
thistles, which can encumber a farm. In conse-
quence of low, frail and tottering fences eattle
acquire a habit of wandering, and become turbu-
lent as a gang of highwaymen. A fanner with
poor fences can no more sleep quietly, than if he
<were pillowed on clouds and cradled in a storm.'
The kinds of fence in most general use in this
country are post and rail fence. Stone wall, Log
fence. Worm fence or Virginia fence, and hedge
fence. These should vary according to different
of soils, plenty and cheapness of materials, &c.
Mr. Preston of Stockport Pa. recommends setting
posts with the top part in the ground ; and asserts
they will, in that position last three or four times
as long as when they are set with the butt ends
down. He also advises in making post and rail
fences always to place the rails with the heart side
up. The posts should be set at least two feet in
the ground. If those parts of the post, which
are to be placed in the ground are burned in a hot
fire till quite black they will last much longer
than they would otherwise. It has been found
useful to cut posts so long and mortise them in
such a manner that when the lower ends become
rotten they can be turned upside down.
The Farmer's Guide says " Post and rail fences
and board fences are very good when the soil is
dry. In a wet soil the posts will be moved by
frosts. Red cedar, locust, and chesnut, are best.
Butternut, black walnut, and oak are pretty good,
lasting about 15 years. For the rails, cedar is
best, lasting perhaps an age. If timber is scarce,
and the ground is level and free from stones, post
and rail fences set in a bank made of the earth of
two email ditches thrown up together ought to be
preferred. If the posts are too small to have holes
made through them, the rails may be flattened at
the ends, and fastened to the posts with spikes, or
with wooden pins well secured." It has some-
times been the practice to set rows of trees 10 or
12 feet asunder, and insert cedar rails into the
trees, the latter serving as posts.*
When ground is wholly subdued, and the
stumps of its original growth of trees quite rotted
out, stone walls, properly made are the best and
cheapest fences. On a hard sandy or gravelly
bottom a wall will stand many years without re-
pairing. On a clay or miry soil, the foundation
should be laid in a trench, nearly as low as the
earth freezes. But a wall of flat or square
shaped stones, will stand tolerably on any soil on
the surface.
See N. E. Farmer, vol. xi. p. 115.
Pasture for Sivine. A lot well seeded to clover
has been recommended as highly useful for pastur-
ing swine. The quantity of land should be so
proportioned to the number of swine that they
may keep the grass from going to seed. This will
prevent waste, and short fine grass will be eaten
with more eagerness by the animals than that
which is long and coarse. It was the opinion of
Dr. Deane that one acre of rich land in clover,
would support twenty or more swine large and
small through the summer, and bring them well
forward in their growth. The hogs should be well
ringed, or it is said by English writers, that shav-
ing off" the gristle of the noses of young pigs with
a sharp knife, will answer the purpose of prevent-
ing them from rooting, and be better for the ani-
mals than ringing.
To obtain early Vegetables. It has been recom-
mended to scoop out as many turnips as you wish
to obtain hills of vegetables, say of cucumbers,
melons, summer squashes, &c. fill these with good
garden moudl, sow in each tlirae or four seeds and
plunge them into a hot bed. The advantage of
the scooped turnip as a seed bed over pots or
vases is that there is no difficulty in separating the
mass of earth and the plants from the pots which
contained them, but without injury you may trans-
plant the vegetables together with the turnips and
find in the decay of the latter nutriment for the
plant within it. It is said to be best in making
use of hollow turnips as aforesaid to make a hole
quite through the bottom of the root, so that the
radicles of the young plant may penetrate their in-
closure with facility.
Asparagus. It has formerly been thought nec-
essary to make a very laborious and expensive
process of the cultivation of asparagus, but it has
more recently been ascertained that tlie old modes
of growing tiiat valuable esculent may be dis-
pensed with, and asparagus raised with about as
much facility as potatoes. The Hon. John Welles
thus describes his method, which we believe
might be adopted, generally, to great advantage.
" A piece of ground was taken of a deep rich
soil, after a common corn crop was taken oft', the
land was ploughed and manured in the usual
course. Holes were then dug twelve to fourteen
inches in depth, and about the same distance
apart, and two or three shovels full of compost
manure were mixed with a part of the earth.
The roots of a year's growth were then inserted
at about six inches in depth. This bed has flour-
ished, and has been thought as productive as any
whatever. I at the same time, with a view to a
more full and fair course of experiments, took a
piece of land in another place of opposite char-
acter, being of thin light soil, and adopted a like
course and the result has been equally favourable.
The only difference to be noted, was that the lat-
ter was more early in coming forward from the
nature of the soil.
" However rare it may be that there is any over
cultivation or preparation of the soil for any vege-
table production, it would seem here to be the
case. The old forms appear to have been kept up,
and to have discouraged a more general diffusion
of this valuable plant."
" Dr. Deane, in his husbandry, has somewhat
simplified the matter, hut not sufficiently. His
proposed method of placing the roots at six, eight,
and nine inches apart is quite too near. The du-
ration often or twelve years is quite a mistaken
one : it lasts with us double that period."
Mr. Armstrong, in the second volume of the
"Memoirs of the JVew York Board of Agriculture,
says," It has been asserted, and with sufficient
confidence, that a pickle of salt and water of the
ordinary strength for preserving meat may be very
usefully applied to asparagus beds in the spring.
The effects ascribed to it are its stimulating power
over the crop, and its tendency to destroy the seeds
of weeds and insects lying near the surface. Exper-
iments on this subject should be multiplied, and
with pickles differing in strength and quality. In
the last edition of Deane's New England Farmer
it is observed that " to a bed fifty feet by six, a
bushel of salt may be applied with good effect be-
fore the plants start in the spring."
Asparagus is reputed to he a very healthy yege-
table. Loudon says. In Paris it is much resorted
to by the sedentary operative classes, when they
are troubled with symptoms of gravel or stone.
H'illich^s Domestic Encyclopedia observes, "Aspar-
agus is allowed to promote appetite ; and affords a
delicious article of nourishment to the invalid and
valetudinarian, who is not troubled with flatulency.
TO CORRESPONDENTS,
We have on hand several very excellent communica-
tions, which, as well as editorial matter, we have been
obliged to defer to a subsequent number. We are much
obliged by the Rev. Mr. Perry's excellent Address to
the Essex County Agricultural Society, and will com-
mence its republication in our next.
ITEMS OF INTELLIGENCE.
United States Treasury OJjke Burnt. On the morning of
the 31sl ult. the Treasury Office of the U. S. at Washington
was totally consumed by fire. The cause we have not learned.
Population of New Bedford. The New Bedford Mercury
says — " The present population of tilis lown, as appears by a
statement submited at the annual town meeting on Saturday,
by the school district committee, amounts to inne thousand two
liandred and si.rti/ j shewing an increase since the census of
1830, of 1768. By the census of 1820, the entire population
was only 3,947."
It is in a great measure to the whaling business that New
Bedford owes the rapid increase of its population. That busi-
ness is canied on there with extraordinary vigor, and for the
last two or three years witli great profit.
A Washington letter writer states that parties got so com-
pleatly mixed, the politicians, will all have to be collared and
marked over again boforc next Presdentlal election,
Ice Islands. The vessels recently arrived from Europe have
met with large masses of ice, in fields and in ice-bergs. One
ship, the Hibernia, was for two days fast among it, without
howeversufleriny any damage.
Norfolk March, "9. — It commenced snowing yesterday
morning, and continued at 10 o deck last night. The ther-
mometer in the evening was at 36, and the slate of the weather
portended serious mischief to our peach trees, which are jji
bloom.
VOIi. XI, NO. 39.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
311
FOUND.
At Geo. C. Barren's Seed Store, 51 & 52, North Market
;*treet, on Saturday last, two wallets containing money. Their
owners will please call and take them. alO.
COI-MAN»S ADVERTISER.
No. 7, this day ready, containing a list of new books re-
cently published in the United Slates, &.c. This work may be
had gratis of the publishers. LILLY, WAIT & CO.
alO
RUSSIA MATS.
500 dozen large sized Russia Mats.
300 do. small do. do. do.
For Sale by D. F. FAULKNER. No. 15 Ceutral Street.
I 20
tf
MULLET.
JUST received, a few bushels of prime Millet Seed, bv
GEO. C. BARRETT. N. E. Seed Store. m 20
"WHITE MUIiBERRY TREES.
FOR SALE 5000 Large White Malberrv Trees, inquire at
this Office. t( m'i7
FOR SAIiE.
ONE BULL, 3 years old this summer, .^ 1
id J Galloway J 2 beautiful red Bulls, lye
of superior blood
*juartsof milkaday
Apply at this oibce,
m27
ivar, iCcelebs.
old tins spring,
The dam of each bull has given rising 20
B. SHURTLEFF, Jr.
Chelsea.
FOR SAI.E,
THAT valuable countnj $e«f and /a7'7rt formerly owned by
E. H. Derby and J. Crowninshield, Esqrs., and lately by Col.
Endicott, situated in Danvers, witliin two miles of Salem and
fifteen of Boston. The buildings are in good repair, spacious
and elegant, and convenient for a genteel family, and also for a
farmer's, with barns, stables, &:.c., attached. There is an ex-
cellent garden, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
shrubs and flowers and a tastclul summer house. The farm is
in a high state of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produces large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, quinces and cherries;
there is a nursery of youn«;- fruit trees, and a plantation of
■5000 White Mulberries. 1 he place has many advantages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garden, with from 10 to iUU acres ot land, as the pur-
chaser may choose, are offered on liberal and accommoaating
terms. Apply at this office, or to AMOS KING.
Danvers, March 27, 1833.
PIiO"lVER SEEDS.
200 VARIETIES of very handsome annual, biennial and
perennial Flowkr Seeds, in packages of 20 varieties each.
For sale at the New England Seed Store. Price gl per pack-
age. 6\ cts. per paper. m 13
GENUINE MORUS MULTICAUIiIS, or CHINESE
MUIiBERRY.
MRS. PARMENTIER at the Horticultural Botanic Garden,
Brooklyn. L. I. ofl'ers for sale a choice collection of Pear, Ap-
ple, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Quince, and other Fruit Trees.
Grape Vines. Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Greenhouse
ajid Herbaceous Plants at moderate prices.
Also the Genuine Morus Multicaulis or Chinese Mulberry,
of which any quantity not exceeding ten thousand can be fur-
oishcd at reasonable prices.
Orders may be sent by mail directed to Mrs. P. or left at
Mr. Geo. C. Barrett, Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North Mar-
ket street Boston.
6t M20
SEED SOWERS.
FOR SALE at the Agricultural Warehouse, 31 3t 52, North
Market Street, a superior Seed Sowing Machine for sowing
turnips, carrots, or almost any kinds of seeds. This Machine
has been in operation the last season and is highly recom-
mended.
Likewise a small machine for sowing onions, carrots, &c.
April 3. J. R. NEWELL.
EARLY POTATOES.
FOR SALE at the N. E. Seed Store a fei
Earlt Potatoes.
r bushels veiv
April 3.
NOTICE.
ARRANGEMENTS have been made to secure the Im-
ported Horse Numidia for the ensuing sesison at the Ten hill
stock farm. epistf April 3.
FOR SALE
At the Agricultural Warehouse, milk strainers, likewise a
fewsVone milk pans, a very superior article.
alO
LINN.^AN BOTANIC GARDEN <&; NURSERIES.
WILLIAM PRINCE & SONS, proprietors, Flushing, near
New York. The new Catalogues w)z//iret/«cet^;?nce5 will T)e for-
warded to every applicant, and as the present slock comprises
above a million of trees and plants, those who wish for very
large quantities will be allowed a liberal discount and all letters
will be promptly replied. The slock of Morus Multicaulis is
very large and any number will be supplied from 1 to 15.000,
at reduced rates; and also scions in any number desired.
The original tree introduced to America still remains in the
nursery.
The stock of roses, dahlias, and poeonies, is very extensive
and a large discomit allowed, and strong blooming plants fur-
nished. Isabella, Catawba^ Alexander, Scuppernong and
many other grape vines will be supplied at ^20 to ^30 per 100
according to age.
Of the superior Orange Quince several thousand large trees
can be supplied. The stock of pear trees comprises about
50,000 that are 3 years old or more Irom the inoculation, and
in a thrifty and vigorous slate and they include the very choice
new Flemish varieties and the new native varieties. The prices
will be put low by the hundred. The utmost despatch is given
to all orders, which can be sent by mail or otherwise, but no
trees are guaranteed except the invoice has our printed head-
ing and signature. 2t April 3.
EARLY POTATOES.
FOR SALE, Early Perkins Potatoes, by SAMUEL
POND, Cambridgeport. Also, Isabella and Catawba Grape
Vines of a large size. mI3
DEW GRASS.
A few bushels of this valuable Pasture Grass Seed for sale
at the N. E. Seed Store, 51 & 52, North Market Street.
April 3.
FARM FOR SALE.
A FARM pleasantly situated in Dorchester, 5| miles from
Boston, containing aboutlOOacresof excellent land well fenced
with stone wall, with a Dwelling-house, Farm-house and a
lar^e Barn with a large cellar under the same, all in good re-
pair. Has on it over 500 fruit trees of grafted and choice qual-
ities,—is abundantly supplied with water It will be sold on
accommodating terms or exchanged for real estate in Boston.
For further particulars inquire at No. 12, Soutli Market Street,
Boston. Aprils.
TO T«JE ruBLic
This may certify that I have used one of C. Howard's Im-
rovcd (cast iron) ploughs, No. 2, one year and can say it is
n excellent plough. JONA. WARREN.
Weston, March 23, 1833.
FOR SALE.
Howard's Improved patent Cast Iron Ploughs for sale, as
likewise mould boards, land sides and shears lurnished. and
ploughs repaired by the subscriber. J. WARREN,
Weston.
MORUS MULTICAULIS.
FOR SALE at the New England Farmer office, fine plants
of the celebrated Morus Multicaulis, by the hiuidrcd, dozen, or
single plant; these will be well packed for any part of the
coiuitry or any country. tf m27
SEED TEA WHEAT.
A few bushels of this veryvaluable variety of Spring Wheat,
for sale at the Seed Store No. 51, Nortli Market Street, raised
in the vicinity of Lake Erie.
One kernel of this Wheat was found in a chest of Tea, at
St. John, N. B. in 1823, from which this variety was raised.
(See N. E. Farmer, vol ix, pa^e 105, and vol x, page 105.)
Persons in want of it will please apply soon.
fob 20
100 SAXONY AND MERINO EWES AND TWO
BUCKS.
TO put out on lease for oue or more years, one hundred lull
blood t^axony and Merino Ewes, and two full blood Bucks, in
flocks of fifty Ewes and one Buck. Fifty of the Ewes have suck-
ing lambs of last winter and this spring, the other Ewes yet to
yean, or only yearlings and not expected to bring lambs this
season, the nocks to be leased to ditierent persons, and if they
live at some distance from each other it will be preferable — in
shape, size, tineness and evenness of fleece thqy are superior
sheep — are now and have always been hcallhy and in good
condition — the lessee to receive fur uniform caro, attention, and
maintaining them, a part of the wool shorn yearly, and a part
of the progeny as maybe agreed. Settlement to be made yearly.
For terms and particulars inquire of the Printer of this paper
previous to first of May next, and it is requested that no person
will make application who does not believe that to succeed
with sheep, care and attention is absolutely necessary, and will
act up to his belief, and to the letter and spirit of any contract
he may make. ap 10
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russetts,
baldwius,
Beans, while,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, . . . .
Southern, 1st sort, . . . ,
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra Hear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's GrasS; . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, ^ihs washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
r Pulled superfine,
?-Td 1st Lambs, . . .
~^\2d '■ . . .
S g. 3d " ...
Z ( 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
barrel
2 SO
"
2 se
bushel
1 00
barrel
10 76
"
G lb
"
8 60
pound
14
'*
1
"
i
"
3
"
38
"
36
"
9
bushel
I 26
barrel
6 12
"
6 87
"
a 87
"
5 62
bushel
72
'*
66
"
86
'*
60
"
46
ton
12 00
gallon
46
pound
28
pound
9
u
18
side
pound
16
side
2 60
pound
24
tt
23
cask
1 26
ton
3 87
bushel
barrel
17 60
"
13 00
"
none
bushel
2 50
1 26
pound
14
"
14
cwt
10 00
pound
60
"
65
"
60
"
48
't
42
't
■W
"
60
"
52
'■
37
it
28
45
11 60
7 OO
S 75
43
12
1 30
6 37
6 25
6 37
3 75
75
68
90
70
20
3 00
1 30
4 00
18 00
13 50
3 00
1 37
PROVISION MARKET.
RET.4
Hams, northern, . . .
southern, . . .
Pork, whole hogs, . .
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, .
lump, best, . .
Egcs
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according to quality,)
pound
'^
t(
7
'<
10
"
18
'f
20
dozen
14
bushel
.*)6
barrel
200
3 m
l!RIC.HTO.\ M.\RKET.— Mo.NDAT, April 8, 1333.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
.\tMarket this day 2 K) IJeef Cattle, (includiug 14 unsold last
wt-ek), 10 pairs AVorkingO.\cn,y Cows and Calves, and 890
Swine ; .32 Beef Cattle unsold. About 630 Swine came in on
'I'uesday , and were sold on Wednesday last week ; also 440 on
Saturday, and were sold the same day.
Prices. Sec/ Cultlf. — Last week's prices were fully sop-
ported, perhaps little better prices may have been obtained on
thin cattle. Sales of four or fiv© beautitul Cattle were noticed
at Si;,75. We ((uot. prime at ^6 a 6,60; good at 5,75 a 6 ;
thin at 5,25 a 5,50.
Working Oi:cn.— Sales were noticed at g60, ^65, and gib.
Cows ami Calvfs.—Sl" , g^O, 24, and 25.
Swine. — ^X'c noticed two or three lot^, large Barrows taken
at something more than 5}c.; also, 1 lot to close at 4Jc. for
Sows, and j^c. tor Barrrows j one selected lot of Barrows at
54c., and a selected lot ol Sows at 4^ ; at retail, 5c. for Sow»,
and 6c. for Barrows. Two entire droves which came in since
Monday, were delivered on contract at 4c. for Sows, and 5 for
Barrows. Some small lots, two thirds Barrows, were taken at
Sc; and several loU at 4ic. for Sows, and 53c. for Barrows.
312
NEW ENGLAND PARMER.
APRIt. 10, 183 3.
MISCELLANY.
For the New England Fanner,
NEW ENGIiAND MUSEUM.
This curious Cabinet of Nature
Exhibits to the rapt Speclalor
Such samples of Omjiific skill
As mustwitli admiration lill
The mind which sees in every part
The emblems of Omniscient Art.
Superb saloons, to ravished eyes,
Tales oriental realize,
More admirable scenes unfold
Thau Palaces, which glare with gold,
Adorn'd with all ambition craves,
But tenanted by splendid slaves.
Here all that Ocean, Earth and Air
Can yield that's wonderful and rare.
Whatever Art or Nature can
Contribute to astonish man —
What science most delights to trace
Is found in its appropriate place j— •
Each room presents the connoisseur
A Noah's Ark in miniature ;
Each beast that was or is alive
Has here its Representative :
But, since said Parliament of brutes
Is, luckily, composed of mutes,
'Tis belter oiT tlian Legislatures
Plagued with pert proud perpetual praters.
Here Music, too, to mortal ears.
Transcends the trilling of the spheres —
Hark ! now it peals superbly grand
As if Bethoven led his band.
And " Haydn's Creation" blent sonorous
With " Handel's Hallelujah Chorus,"—
Now dies away to strains like those
In which Zephyrus woos the rose . —
As if Aurora's lips of mist
The wild harp of j'Eolus kiss'd.
And, from half evanescent wings.
Flung dew drops o'er its warbling strings,
Murmuring tones as soft and sweet
As Love can breathe at Beauty's feet.
Now changes to a comic air,
Which might give rapture to Despair,
From Melancholy chase the vapors,
And make an Anchorite cut capers !
Here have we Venusses and Graces,
Such paragons in shapes and faces,
That amateurs may fall before them.
Without idolatry adore them ; —
For in God's fairest works we see
Such semblances of Deity,
It is not heresy which seems
To view the fotuUaiu in its streams.
Here by the Painter's magic art
Sages deeeas'd to being start,
Behold on every side they meet you.
And seem to say " we're glad to greet you !"
To sum up all without verbosity,
Here every sort of curiosity.
Which Art or Nature ever made
In one assemblage is display'd.
Then, geiulc reader, call and see them
In said Novaiiglian Museum. Viator.
lAff. of a Gentleman. He gets up leisurely,
breakfasts comfortal.ly, reads the paper regularlv,
dresses fashionably, eats a tart gravely, talks insip-
idly, dines consiJerably, drinks snpeifltioiisly, kills
time indifferently, sups elegantly, goes to bed stu-
pidly, and lives uselessly.
For the New Enrrlantl Far
When a youth I taught a school in a district of
my native town. During which time I had occa-
sion to make use of a dollar. I applied to the agent
vifith whom I was intimately acquainted, and a
particular friend of mine. He reatlily granted my
request and set down to write a receipt. Lan-
guage fails me to describe my feelings at that mo-
ment. What! thought T to myself, cannot my
friend trust me with one dollar ! ! My confusion
w.ts so great that it must have been evident to
every one present. He, with a smile, observed to
me, " you must trade with honest men as with
rogues." This partially relieved my mind, and
after due consideration 1 concluded that my friend
was right. This observation of my friend cost me
much at the time, but would have saved me more
had 1 practised upon it.
After 1 began to act for myself, a neighbor of
mine, reputed to be an honest man, at least I
thought him so, offered me a piece of land for
four hundred dollars ; the payments to be made in
a way most convenient for me. We agreed, and I
was to come into possession in a few months after.
I considered the land to be mine, made one pay-
ment; but neglected to take a deed, thinking that
it might he done at any time, [irobably when 1
should make the next payment.
After some little time the honest man found that
the land was a great accommodation to me, and
probably thought that he should obtain more
money, informed me that he had sold the laud for
less than it was worth, that he was deceived as to
the worth of land, and gave me to understand
that he could get more for it; theret^n;, ou ilic
whole, he considered the bargain mdl and void :
but still I might have the land, in preference to
any one, by paying six hundred dollars for it. I
was astonished, lamented that I had not ob.served
my fiienil's injunction and saved two hundred dol-
lars. Argunicnts availed me nothing, and after a
little reflection, as I had calculated to settle on the
laud, it being happily situated for me, I took a
deed and paid the six hundred dollars. Since
which time, I have observed the injunction and
have found it of no inconsiderable advantage to me
through a long course of years.
To the honor of human nature, and with pleas-
ure I say it, that in the course of my life I have
found many men with whom untold gold may be
entrusted ; and yet they may forget, and they are
subject to mistakes and to death, as others. It is
no harm to see and to calculate for ourselves, and
to do business at the proper time and in a right
manner.
There are many men, however, who are re-
puted honest, yet if we do not tread closely to
their heels they will in some way deceive us — all
will not be right. The agreement or bargain to
which they have assented will not be perfectly ful-
filled. Beware of the bargain, when the seller
declines to name the price at the time, and says,
"there will be no difficulty about it."
How will you trade with a rogue? Honorably
to be sure, consider and judge for yourself; com-
mit yotn- agreements to pa])er, and when money
is paid take a receipt. What better way can you
trade with an honest man ? All men are to be
considered honest until they are found to be other-
wise, hence the motto, " trade with honest men as
with rogues," is a general rtde, the observance of
which may ijrevent much trouble and litigation.
HARD'WARE.
100 dozen Ames Backstrap Shovels.
20 do. do. Large Shovels, Irom No. -l to IJ.
20 do. do. Cast Steel Polished Shovels.
100 du. Plympton Hoes.
50 do. Stetson do.
50 do. Fales Cast Steel Goosenecked Hoes.
Also, various other kinds of Hoes.
100 dozen Manure Forks, comprising an assortment of vari-
ous maliers and qualities.
150 dozen Farwell's Scvthes.
150 do. Whipple & Hales half set Scvthes, together with
every description of HARDWARE GOODS, for sale by
LANE & READ, at No. 6, Market Square, near Fanueil
Hall. m 13
SXAL. LIONS.
THE following Horses are for sale or to let the ensuing
season. If not parted with they will stand lor Marcs at the
Farm of A. Dky, at Lodi, Bergen County, New Jersey, near
Newark Bridge, about 7 miles from the City of New York,
under the care of HosEA Wokthington.
PATH-KILLER,— Chestimt, 6 years old 30th April, 1833,
measures 15 hands 3 inches higli, and is still gro%ving — Sire,
Amencau Eclipse y Dam Hijacinlh, a pure thorough bred marc
of the English race breed — lor pedigree see the 3cf Vol. Ameri-
can Turf Register, Nos. 8 & 9, April and May 1832, where her
pedigree is verified up to the Oriental Horses, more than 150
years, — Path Killer's Colts are remarkable for their beauty,
size, bone and action, and promise to be great trotters.
NAVARINO.^bcaiUllul blood Bay. 0 years old in May
1833, measures 15 hands and 3 inches high, ami still growing —
Sire. *• Ihiuroot's Sir I/orry'' — Dam, Hyacinth above named.
IIAi;i'lNr.'<,—lMiiiiiiiiiI blood Bay, measures IC hands 2
mclii ^ lii-li,7 M ,irs (.III llll^ spnii^(18o3) — Sire,Hamtiletonian
— 1) , ,l/.x.v.;;-' ; l/,i;. , ,i grrai trotter and his colts large
iuid ii;ie, Well eulcuiaii d tor Coucli Horses ; for one pair of
fhem, only two and three years old, J^4tJ0 was ofiercd and re-
fused.
Kl.NG PHILIP,— a Sorrel, said to be 13 years old ; a full
blood Narragansett, and the only known thorough-bred in this
part of the country. He is a descendant of a race of animals
that have been in the lamily of the late Governor Jay for many
year^. His stock, especially tliose by high bred mares, arc
said to be very tine, and will carry a man with great ease bO
miles a day under the saddle. As saddle horses, Uiey readily
sell Irom jji"300 to §500, at five years old. They rack, Irol,
and canter, and are good for both saddle and harness.
'Mie above horses will siauU for J^15 the season, payable on
the 1st January, 1834. islw m 20
SUCTION PUMPS &, L,EAD PIPES.
MILL &. CHAMBERLIN have for sale at their Manufac-
tory, corner of (["liarlestown and Market streets. Suction Pumps
and Lead Pipes, warrcinted of the best quality — also manufac-
ture Factory Kettles, Sizing Ladles, Cylinders, and every
article in the Coppersmith's business.
[Tj'Ail orders in the above line thankfully received and
promptly executed. 3m m 13
I.EAI>.
SHEET LEAD, of all dimensions; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, constantly* for sale
by ALBERT FEARING & CO. No. 1, City Wharf.
Boston, March 13, 1S32. tf
THE NEW ENGIiAND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at g3 per annum,
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NEW ENGl^AND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. M, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)^. G. FESSt^EN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI. ^~ ~ ~
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 17, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New EnvUind Fanner.
SWINE DEVOtlRING THEIR OFFSPRING, &c.
Dear Sir, — 1 noticed in your ]>aijei- of tlie 20ll)
of March, an inquiry of one of your Constant
readers for the cause of the unnatural and disgusting
practice of sows destroyiug their oftsuriiig soon
after farrowing, and if you knew of any jnethod
to guard against it. Yon inalte some reference to
the Fanner's Assutant, Banister's Husbandry, and
to a conuiiunication in the 5th volume oF your
paper, from the Hon. Oliver Fiske , and give e.x-
tracts from the three authorities. You also invite
any of your correspondents, or friends to agricul-
ture ; to communicate any thing wliich they may
think causes the evil, or may in any way tend to
remove or even mitigate it. For more Jiau thirty
jears I have kept swine on my farm, ind for a
numher of years met with these vexatijus losses,
which led me to pay more attention to tie animals
previous to their farrowing, and fouid, almost
without an exception, that they sufleredfiom cos-
tiveness for three, four or five weeks; an] infiam-
niation was sometimes very evident, in soiie much
more than others; with those most afticted it
more frctjucntly hai)pened that the fevei raged
and a violent frenzy came en, the eyes wid, the
jaws striking violently together, and if the [:?rson
wlio fed tlicm attempted to get into tlie pen Wjuld
fly at him with greit fury, and it was diflicu* te
keep her off with a good stick or c!ub, alth<*t(jp.
previous to this the anima! appeared to know iiim
and be fond of his approach (when without a swill
pail), and crouched when he lubbed her with a
stick or brush, and very soon lay down and seem-
ed disposed to sleep under the operation. The
frenzy seemed to commence its violence about the
time of parturition, and the progeny was de-
stroyed sometimes before they had crawled to suck
I was very soon satisfied that costiveness was at
least one cause of the frenzy, and determined to
take measures to guard against it, and accordingly
the next season I directed flour of brimstone, given
to sows five weeks before they were expected to
farrow; a large table spoon heaped full was givei
two and three times every week 'in a pail of swill
or wash of the house (as it is sometimes called),
with a little wheat bran stirred into it, but no
meal; if the effect desired was not produced in-
creased moderately the brimstone and added a
few raw potatoes, as they answer the purpose oC
aiding the medicine better than when boiled —
when this has been strictly attended to I have
thought the pigs were saved, and lost only when
it was neglected.
I never knew a sow to destroy her pigs that
run at large, ate grass in the roads, got at the
ground aiid rooted when and where she pleased :
the early litters are more frequently destroyed
than those that come later. The sows fur the
early litters are mostly put in pens the first jiart of
winter, the yards, generally, small and soon cov-
ered with the wet straw an<l litter from the pens,
which is frozen hard during winter and canno;
decompose till tossed over in the spring so that
the pigs if let out of their pea in winter (I mean
I the breeding sows) cannot get at any earth to
root and champ over, vvhich I believe is neces-
sary for them, certainly serviceable.
I agree that all animals should be treated kindly
.by those to whom the care of them is committed,
I they certainly do better for .such treatment. I
J cannot, however, consider the difficulty of which
your reader and correspondent complains arises
I ti-om any other cause than disease brought on in
I part if not wholly by obstructions in the intestines
which ol'tens end in frenzy and absolute derange-
ment.
1 measured my corn and tap rooted vegetables
the growth of last season, had the ground careful-
ly and correctly surveyed as I believe, the crop I
tliought good, better than any I saw within thirty
miles; it was spoken of as very fine considering
the season, by all I heard speak of it, yet when I
came to ineasure the land, and the crop which I
made as much of as I could fairly — I was afraid to
venture a public exposure of the facts, they are so
very very ft>r short of premium crops, that attpear
to be substantiated by the most solemn declaration
of good men.
By ihe Editor. We are sorry that the able and
experienced author of the above has prohibited us
from givicg his name to the public; but can assure
our readers that his statements n!ay be depended
on, aiid his name would add weight to his valuable
communication.
NO. 40.
^j.- the Neiv England Farmer.
REL.IEF OF CHOKED CATTLE.
y^R. Fessesdkn. ,S'iV, — I observed in year
last paper, a conuiiunication from the Maine Far-
mer, relative to the preparation of a rope for the
purpose of removing substances lodged in the
throat of animals. I am always pleased to see
any advance towards the alleviation of animal suf-
fering, and I believe it the duty of every benevolent
man to e.xert all his talents in search of knowledge
which will tend to relieve the distress and re-
.store the health of unfortunate suflerers; to ob-
tain these desirable ends it is indispensable that
we should interchange opinions and promulgate
tiie results as extensively and frequently as possible.
We are very much indebted to your liberality in
opening the columns of your valuable and widely
extended paper for the discussion of so many use-
ful topics ; and I hope persons who have in
their possession any information which is of
service in the cure or prevention of diseases, &c.,
in animals, will freely contribute it to the already
valuable stock in the former numbers of your
paper.
When any substance is lodged at the top of the
gullet, it may, generally, be removed by the fingers
or a pair of forceps, but when it is lower there is
no way but to push it down into the stomach
with a tarred rope as suggested in the communica-
tion alluded to, but I would here propose an
amendment, by covering the rope thus prepared
with silk or cloth and before introducing it let it
be well greased or oiled. But what I should con-
sider still prei'erable, let it be covered with gum
elastic which can be done with a very trifling ex-
pense ; and surely no good farmer would let fifty
cents prevent his being the owner of one of these
valuable instruments. ,
While reading the above notice a gentleman
remarked that he knew of an instance when neces-
sity led to the following singular plan for relieving
an animal who was nearly exhausted by choking
with an apple; the animal was cast upon straw, a
block was procured and placed under the apple as
It remained in the throat and by a blow with a
mallet the apple was crushed and the animal im-
mediately relieved. IIu.manity.
Aprils, 1833.
For the. Neiit E,i^/,md Farmer.
HIGH BUSHED CRANBERRIES.
Mr. Fesse.nden, — Can any of your readers in-
form me whether they know of the high bushed
cranberry, and where any of it grows, and if so
whellier it can be obtained in any considerable
quandty.' It grows, I believe, from six to eight or
ten feet high, and has a leaf shaped somewhat like
a goose's foot. It is an extensively valuable medi-
cinal plant — although "its virtues are very little
knowt.
If aiy of your readers are acquainted with any
localityof the plant they will benefit the public,
and peAaps benefit themselves by finding a good
market br a quantity, by sending a communication
to the N.E. Farmer. N. D.
PortlaU, March, 1833.
For the New England Farirur.
CHJEn"? COKCERNING BONNET GRASS.
Mr. FiSSEKLtN. Sir, — Have the goodness to
inform me through the medium of the New Eng-
land Farmer, the best and cheapest method of
raising lonnet grass so called — also state what
kind of land is the most suitable, time of sowing,
&c. &c. Yours, A Subscriber.
April, 5, 1833.
TiETIV YORK AGRICULiTURAL. SCHOOLi.
Ws regret that our limits do not permit us to
give at length the proceedings which have been
lately instituted in New York, for the purpose of
giving the youth of that State such an education
as may best qualify them for agricultural pursuits.
A pamphlet, in our possession, received by the
kindness of Judge Buel, shall be at the senice of
any person, who wishes to peruse or copy it. We
will give a few extracts indicative of the spirit per-
vading the documents alluded to and the motives
of those with whom they originated.
In Senate, March 18, 1833. Sudam from the
select committee to which was referred the memo-
rial of the N. Y. State Agr. Soc. presented a long
and able report from which the following are ex-
tracts.
" It will be conceded that there is no portion of
the community more entitled to the fostering care
of the Legislature than the tillers of the soil. The
farmers of the State of New York are a class nu-
merous, wealthy, industrious, patriotic, devoted to
our republican institutions, and cherishing with a
holy spirit the union of our States. Their po-
litical exertions are not called forth by a desire of
any great portion of their own body for legislatiTe
314
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
APRIl, 17, 1833.
honors, or for those of the minor judicial situa-
tion in the State ; but to maintain and preserve
inviolate that sacred trust, which has descended to
them by the revolutionary efforts of their fathers,
the full protection of life, liberty, and property.
"When astonn arises in the horizon and danger
awaits us from abroad, or when enraged ambition
at home drives the passions of men to madness
and all its excesses, it is in the farming interests
of the country that you find the steady hanJ which
holds the balance of political power, and by its
strong arm repels the foe, or by its electoral voice
annihilates the unjust hopes of the aspiring ambi-
tion of profligate petitioners.
"It may be said by your committee (wi'.hout the
imputation of State vanity), that New York holds
a high rank by her munificent endowmerts of col-
leges, academies and common scliools. We, know-
ing their extent, need not elaborate on them in
this report. Still it is but just to say that slie is
already cited in Europe as a signal instance of
what may be done for the education of every class
of society, under the soft and benign influence of
a free government, and that her motto is, " Knowl-
edge is wealth."
» * » # *
" Who are they who have contributed sc freely,
so generously to expenditures calculated to im-
mortalize the State, and to establish its jlory on
so pure a foundation ? Mainly the farmers of your
coHntry, the yeomen of the laud, the tillirs of the
soil. Freely have they given, and joyUlly have
they paid, and most rich results havJ been the
consequence of their enlightened liberaity.
" Is it then unfair to ask, what hrs been done
by the Legislature for a class of its ctizens so nu-
merous, virtuous and meritorious .' The stranger,
wlien he sojourns in our land, and views all that
has been done for the cause of science, for educa-
tion in the higher branches of literature, for your
common schools, for the reformation and punish-
ment of crimes on a scale superior to any state in
Europe, naturally inquires, — Show me your agri-
CBltural school. You are essentially an agricul-
tural people ; a class of society who have aided so
liberally the institutions of your State, must have
received the constant and peculiar care of legisla-
tive protection and patronage, by forming their
minds, their habits, and their tempers to become
the patrons of the noble monuments already erect-
ed and which, while they shed lustre on your State
have placed her first among her sisters of the Union.
" Shall we any longer be compelled to answer,
we have no such institution ; we provided an am-
ple revenue for all, but a complete course of prac-
tical instruction in agriculture. In almost every
State in Europe, the attention of despotic govern-
ments has been called — nay seriously and sedulous-
ly directed to the formation and endowments of
schools of this description. There it is admitted,
the motive to a certain extent may be mercenary —
to provide food for taxation. Here it is a debt due
from the State to a class which before they asked
for themselves, have contributed to all others.
*' This school is intended to be purely agricul-
tural. But in saying this it will be necessary to
open a course of instruction, combined with labor,
which your committee will venture to say will be
interesting, and to the State as valuable as that
which may be acquired in any other seminary.
The different (lualities of soil as fitted to the va-
rious products of the earth ; the use of compost
and manures, as applicable to soils ; the seasons
for planting, tlie rotation of crops, and the vast
mass of practical information, which enables man
to transform a wilderness into a paradise is worthy
the pursuit of the richest as well as the humblest of
the land.
" The question is, shall we endow a school to
which many would desire to send their children
for the purpose of preparing them to depend ir
future life on one of the most certain, and tl^ere-
fore the most happy of hufnan pursuits ; combin-
ing in itself, all the elements of constant, regular
and sagacious employment, and freed from the
cares and corroding recollections, [ireseut or past,
of the pursuits of a political life.
" It is evident that law, divinity, and physic are
overstocked. The pursuits of connnerce are labo-
rious, and do not very often yield a return to per
sons of a moderate fortune and liberal education:
as now educated they are not fit for farmers ; so
tenaciously do those early habits adhere to them
that the attempt at agriculture is generally a failure
Your Committee propose to give them a school to
which resort may be had for the cultivation of the
mind, and the improvement of the person. Lay-
ing the foundation for future toils and pleasures,
(for toils in agriculture are pleasures, when con-
ducted to a successful result) for future health and
happiness, and preparing them to rear uj) a race
fit to transmit to posterity the liberties we so high-
ly cherish.
* * • » •
" Is there one of your body, who has not seen
and remarked the difference in adjoining farms
where nature had made no difference in the soil .'
It is this jiractical skill, this science, combineil
with labor that they desire (most anxiously desire)
to bestow on a rising generation ; and they deem
it their duty most earnestly to press it on the con-
sideration of the Legislature, as called for by every
consideration due to the public welfare, to the
true and lasting interests of the State ; and as ihc
last but most substantial pillar in the varied edifice
of [lublic institutions.
" Impressed with this belief, and that the school
reconnnended will in many ways prove highly
beneficial to the community, and ])ersuaded that
the State will ultimately be fully indemnified for
her advances, your committee have prepared a
bill in conformity with the prayer of the petitioners,
which they have directed their chairman to ask
leave to present."
(To be continued.)
RHODE: ISLAND CLASSICAI,, .iGRICtJIiTURAIj
and mechanical. schooc.
Under the direction anu patronage of
THE Rhode Island Society for the Encodr-
AGEME.NT OF DOMESTIC InDUSTF.Y.
At a late meeting of the standing committee of
the above named Society, it was unanimously
voted to establish and patronize a Literary Institu-
tion on the Manual Labor System, giving to its
members an opportunity to obtain a good Liberal
Education, and to become Scientific and Practical
Farmers and Mechanics. The Institution to be
under the direction of the Executive Authority of
said Society.
It was also voted that the midersigned should
be a committee to carry the above resolution into
effect.
In pursuance of said appointment the under- 1
signed give notice to the public, that the above 1
mentioned school will be opened at Pawtuxet in
the Fair House of said Society, on the first Mon-
day in May next.
Asa Drury, A. M., a graduate of Yale College,
at present Principal of the Providence Classical
School, who has for several years, been an In-
structor, with distinguished success, has been en-
gaged in the department of Languages, and as
Principal of the School ; it is the design of ths
Society to sujiply other teachers in the vario\is de-
partments as the number of Students shall require.
A Ladies' department will be connected with the
School under the instruction of a separate teacher.
The use of several acres of excellent land, be-
longirg to said Society, adjoining the Fair House
will be given to the Students, and the connnittee
design to make such arrangements as shall afford
to the students the means of Mechanical Labor
under the superintendence and direction of a first
rate niechauic, by which those Students who de-
sire it, may not only preserve their healtli and
habits of industry, but be able to defray in part,
the expe'ise of their education.
The bcation of this school is very beautiful
about five miles south of Providence, and com-
mands ; view of Providence, of the River and
Bay for nany miles south, and an extensive coun-
try; forbeauty and health is not exceeded by any
other jjUce in the State.
Board in respectable families may be obtained
for 1,.^ to 1,75 ))er week.
Tution for the Languages $7,50, for the other
branihes $5 per quarter. It is exceedingly desir-
ablethat those who intend to be connected with
the School should commence at the beginning of
th: Term or the first Monday in May next.
Applications for admission to he made to Mr.
Drury now in Providence, and to the Rev. Brad-
ley Miner, of Pawtuxet.
JAMES RHODES,
JOHN PITMAN,
CHARLES ELDRIDGE,
JOHN B. FRANCIS,
WM. RHODES,
BRADLEY MINER, I
TULLY DORRANCE,
JAMES ANTHONY. J
Providence, Jpril \st, 1833.
MIDDJLESEX CATTLE SHQ-IV, &c.
The Middlesex Cattle Show and Ploughing
Match under the direction of the Society of Mid-
dlesex Husbandmen and Manufacturers will be
held at Concord, October 2, 1833. The prospec-
tus of the proposed proceedings as set forth in a
large and handsome handbill, promises fair for a
first rate exhibition. The followkig are some of
the premiums : —
Greatest quantity of hops, $10 ; next greatest, 5.
Best fat ox at least expense, $8, next best, 5.
Best bull not under one year old, S12, next
best, 8. Best bull calf not over 12 nor under 6
months old, $5, the next best, 3. The best yoke
of working oxen, $10, the next best, 8, the next
best, 6, the next best, 5, the next best, 4, the next
best, 3. The best 3 year old steers, $7, the next
best, 5, the best 2 year old do. 6, the next best, 4.
The best calf steers, $3, the next best, 3. The best
Milch cow, $12, the next best, 10, the next best, 8,
the next best 6. The best Milch heifer under 3
years old, $8, the next best, 8. The best heifer
not over 3 years, not having had a ealf,$6,,the
next best, 4. The best heifer calf, aot over 1.2
nor under 3 months old, $5, the nest best, 3.
Committee.
VOL,. XI. NO. 40,
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
Sli
For the best plantation of Wliito Miiibeiry Trees,
not less than 150 m uuinher, which shall be in
the best thriving condition in the autumn of 1833,
$25, next best, 15. For the best specimen of silk,
not less than 3 lbs. $9, next best 7, next best, 4.
Swine. For the best boar, $8, next best, 6.
Best breeding sow, $8, next best, 6, — the best
pigs, not less than 3, from 4 to 8 months old, S3,
next best, 3.
All unsuccessful competitors for premiums of-
fered by the Society for stock and swine shall be
allowed from tht funds of the Society 8 cents per
mile for travel from their respective places of
abode to the town where the annual show is
holdeu.
Domestic Manufactures. The articles for which
premiums are offered are broadcloth, plain cloth,
kerseymere, flannel, sole leather, harness leather,
neat's leather, calf skins, cowhide, pegged boots,
calf skin boots, men's shoes, Ladies' shoes.
Household Manufactures. Carpeting, woollen
coverlet, woollen knit half hose, straw bonnets,
woollen blankets, hearth rug, butter, cider.
Machines and tools. The person who shall pro-
duce at the show any agricultural implement of
his own invention, which shall deserve a reward
not exceeding $10.
Forest 7'rees. White oak trees, white ash trees,
elm trees.
Fruit trees. Apple orchard, engrafted pears.
Fruits, specimen of apples, pears, peaches, grapes
and other fruits to be used at the annual dinner of
the Society. Premiums will also be awarded for
the best specimens of vegetables.
Farms. For the best cultivated farm, regard
being had to the quantity of produce, manner and
expense of cultivation, &c. $25, next best, 20,
next, 15 — 10.
Ploughing Match. To consist of double and
single teams, five of each, premiums from $10
to 3.
Trial of working oxen to take place immediate-
ly after the services at the meeting-house.
The Society has reserved fifty dollars to be
awarded to such persons as shall exhibit any
article of utility for which no premium has been
offered.
From the Genesee Farmer.
IMPROVED CATTLE.
On the subject of cattle, I am decided in the
opinion that the 2>u)/inm, crossed with the Devons,
is a very great improvement in the latter, giving
them size and increasing their milking properties,
which I have fully proved by actual experiment.
The improved short horned Durham cattle distinct
need no crossing, other than to obtain the fine ma-
hogany color of the Devon. In every other re-
spect they surpass any known breed I am fully
persuaded: — for instajice, in milking properties,
the cow owned by John Hare Powel, Esq. that
gave thirty-six quarts of rich milk daily, and
made rising of (i«en<^ pounds of butter per week;
also, the fine heifer raised by Charles H. Hall,
Esq., ofHarlaem, N Y. which at four years old
gave thirty four quarts of milk daily ; also, the cow
Princess, imported by G. W. Featherstonhaugh,
Esq., that gave thirty-six quarts of milk daily; and
several others that I could name, owned in Mas-
sachusetts and Connecticut, nearly equal. And
for the stall, the fine bull imi)orted by Charles H.
Hall, Esq.; also. Champion, imported by the Pat-
roon of Albany ; and Admiral, sent out from Eng-
land byj^Sir Isaac Coffin. No finer animals could
he foimd in England than the ahove. They were
selected by the best judges in England without re-
gard to trouble or expense. From such animals,
with a little attention, great benefit may be derived
and our present stock of cattle much improved.
L. Jenki.ns.
Canandaigua, March 14, 1833.
DIRECTIONS FOR THE CULTURE OP SWEET
POTATOES.
(Convolvulus batatas.)
The slips, as they are called, of sweet potatoes
should be placed in a hot-bed, to force out the
sprouts ; or, if no hot-bed is attached to the prem-
ises, the following simple method will answer : —
Dig a hole two or three feet deep, which should
be filled with horse manure and well pressed
down, to give a bottom heat ; on this place about
four inches of loam ; in the loam place the slips,
which in a few days will throw out numerous
sprouts. The slips should then be taken up and
planted out wherever wanted, in a light and rath-
er sandy soil — taking care to place them on the top
of the ground, and draw the earth over them. But
little care is requisite afterwards, excepting to keep
the weeds down, and occasionally give the vines,
which run like squash vines, a twist round the hill
to prevent them striking root at the several joints,
by which the size of the potatoes in the hill is in-
creased.
Oy^The slips are so perishable in their nature
that they must be immediately placed in a hot-bed
as above directed, or they will soon be lost by rot-
From the Aew York Farmer.
JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.
On most of our farms there are gullies and other
spots, inaccessible to the plough. If these were
planted with the Jerusalem Artichoke, and suffer-
ed to remain unmolested for three years, they
will furnish for many years after, a good range
for store hogs in winter. The rooting of the hogs
will serve to spread, not eradicate them, as the
smallest piece will grow, and the summer season
will recruit them for many years.
ADVANTAGE OP AMBIGUITY.
A Baltimore Editor says, he has lost three
subscribers, one because he supported Jackson, a
second because he supported Adams, and a third
because his paper was neutral — but what is most
remarkable, the displeasure of the three was ex-
cited by the same piece !
BOOT BLACKING.
Put one gallon of vinegar into a stone jug, add
one pound ivory black well pulverized, half pound
loaf sugar, half ounce of oil vitriol, one ounce
sweet oil. The whole costs but 56 cents, and
will last a fanner years. — Genesee Farmer.
To destroy Ants in Gardens. 0\ku their nests
with a hoe, and pour in boiling water from a tea
kettle. Or, pour a little spirits of turpentine into
their holes, from a vial, or the nose of a lamp filler.
Such as are not killed by coming in contact with
the spirits of turpentine, immediately take to their
heels. A few drops in a closet or pantry are Bufli-
cient security against ants.
It is said ants will not climb over a chalk line,
even after sugar. Those who have faith in the
saying, may try the experiment. — lb.
ITEMS OP ECONOMY, ARTS, &c.
We have been shown a parcel of chasselas and
sweet-water grapes, the produce of the garden of
one of our most successful horticulturists, Mr. P.
Ay mar. No. 181 Wooster street. They were laid
down in sawdust on the 19th September last and
taken out this day, the 3d of April, in as perfect
preservation as when gathered. — .V. Y. Evening
Post.
Toads. The society of toads should be culti.-
vated in gardens. They are not only perfectly
harmless, hut are very useful in extirpating bugs,
cockroaches, &c. Some recommend the placing
of a piece of bark, or a chip at intervals through-
out the inclosure, under which these animals may
secrete themselves during the day, and be ready
for business at the approach of night. — Southern
Planter.
Cucumbers. A new way of raising cucumbers
is as follows ; Take an empty flour barrel, with
one head out; bore a hole through every stave
uearthe bottom; fill the barrel full of manure; dig
a hole in the ground and set it in, say half way
up ; make a bed of light soil all around it, and
plant the cucumber seeds outside of the barrel.
In a dry time pour a bucket of water every day
into the barrel, which will ooze out through the
holes you have bored in the staves, and thus reach
the roots carrying with it the strength of the ma
nure. The advantage of this mode is, that the
roots are kept sufficiently moist, without being too
wet, as happens when they are planted inside of
the barrel ; or without having the surface of the
ground crusted, as is the case when planted in hills
and sprinkled with a watering pot. — lb.
Milk Powder. Fresh milk slowly evaporated
over a fire will produce a dry powder. This is to
be put in a bottle and closely corked. When
wished for use, a suitable quantity is dissolved in
water. It will, it is said, have th^ taste and all
the properties of milk. — D>.
Mr. William Carver, one of the oldest and
most experienced farriers of this city, who has
written many newspaper articles and pamphlets
against cruelty to horses, says, " No horse is worth
so much by twenty-five per cent., with his tail cut
off"." — Phil, paper.
To cure Founders. Col. B. Chambers, of Paris,
Ky., pounds and dissolves in water a lump of alum
of the size of a walnut. With this licjuid the
horse is drenched, when he is thrown into a pro-
fuse perspiration, and immediately relieved. — V.
Y. Farmer.
Bed Bugs or Chinches may be destroyed by quick-
silver beat up with the white of an egg, and ap-
plied with a feather to cracks and crevices inves-
ted by them. Corrosive sublimate dissolved in
spirits will have the same effect. But as it is a
deadly poison, great caution is necessary.
The best contrivance we have seen for ridding
houses (especially ceiled ones) of these disagreea-
ble vermin, is a small portable steamer, invented
we believe by John Schley of this state. Its cost
is not over two or three dollars. Travellers through
"tlie Nation" might find it greatly to their aomfort
to have one along with them. — lb.
Silk Cocoons. Mrs. Parmentier has received a
diploma from the American Institute for the Mo-
rns MuUicaulis, exhibited at the Fair, in October
last, and her daughter a silver medal for her ex-
periment in raising cocoons fed on the morus mul-
ticaulis. — lb.
316
NEW ENGLAND FARMER
APRIIi 17, 1833.
AST ADDRESS
To Ihe Essex County Agricultural Society, delivered at New-
bury, September 27, 1832, at tlieir Auuual Cattle Shuw.
By Kc\'. Gardnek B. Pekrv.
The value of an Institution njust be estimated
by tbe interest it is designed to promote and its a-
daptation to promote such interest. Brought to this
test, few, whose more direct bearings are on world-
ly concerns, have a higher claim to general sup-
port than the one I now have the privilege to ad-
dress.
Your object, gentlemen, is to enable men more
abundantly, and with diminished labor, to supply
themselves with the necessities and elegances of
life, and in this way to render their condition more
comfortable.
Surely this is a great and worthy enterprise. A
man may live and endure life, and, if called in
providence, be submissive too, in caves or holes of
the rocks, or ill-sheltered in the wigwam of the
untaught savage, on a morsel of bread, the scanty
earnings of ill-directed labor. Still it is an object
of deep interest to be better provided for, and to
obtain this better provision with diminished labor.
As the object of this Society is important, so I
think it may easily be shown that it is well calcu-
lated to the result for which it is organized.
To accomplish this result, it is indispensable in
the first place that the community generally be
made acquahited with the abundant and varied
provision which a bountiful Providence has made
for us. Such knowledge is indispensable to a ju-
dicious selection of the most profitable or useful.
On this subject there is a want of information, not
generally supposed, end not easily accounted for.
In the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms,
there are varieties recommended by the profit or
l)leasure they arc capable of yflbrding, abounding
in different p«-ts of the world — I might say of the
state and county, — of which large communities
remain unacquainted. In consequence of which,
an article ofcomparatively small value is cultivated,
when a much better might be procured witii the
same expense of labor or money.
The same is true in respect to many implements
of husbandry, and even tools of the mechanic.
Few employments make a greater demand upon
the physical powers than farming. The call for
the improvements of skill, are therefore as urgent
here as they ever will be in any employment. In
no business, however, has the head done so little
and left the liands so much to perform. The
head has not, however, been slower in invention,
than has been the progress of knowledge of what
has been devised, or the disposition to adopt the
improvements which have been made. In vari-
ous districts at no great remove, implements of
husbandry possessing distinct advantages above
those in common use are possessed, the employ-
ment of which, if not the knowledge of their ex-
istence, is confined to very limited circles. This
IS particularly true in communities composed of
emigrants flora difll^rent nations in a foreign coun-
try The English, Scotch, Irish, Dutch, Swedish
and German settlers, are hardly better distinguish-
ed by thetr language than by the form and nature
of hetr implements of husbandry. Among each
ofthesecomtnunitiesmaybe found some imple-
ments of peculiar excellence, and others partaking
ofvery obvious defects. Yet the ill-contrived of
one very tardily give place to the more perfect of
the otiier. Prejudice may be among the causes.
Ignorance that better are in use is however the
most general.
The design of this society is to collect and dif-
fuse knowledge on these important and interesting
subjects. How well calculated it is to do this,
must be obvious to the most careless observer.
By its public meetings it draws men together from
different places; by its premiums it induces them
to bring what they suppose of peculiar excellence;
it invites them to give a history of their successful
and unsuccessful efforts. In its exhibitions what
is deemed excellent by one is placed by the side of
what is thought excellent by another. Opportuni-
ty of inquiry, comparison, and trial are afforded,
and thus all may select for their own use what in
their estimation possesses the fairest claims to
preferment.
By the doings of this society the public are fur-
nished with the knowledge of facts connected
with experimental fanning. In the introduction
of new or foreign articles of produce, and trials of
new modes of culture and manufiictnre, there
must be more or less risk. Till trial has been
made, no one can know with certainty what effect
change of climate, soil, and other surrounding cir-
cumstances may produce. This risk a Itirge jtor-
tion of the community are not able to take upon
themselves to any considerable extent. For
should the labor of the year be expended upon an
unsuccessful experiment, they would in the end
be pressed for the necessaries of life. With the
public spirit and praiseworthy enterprise of the
wealthy and scientific farmers of the county, there
is hardly a call for them to make expeihnents.
These are made for them, and with such preci-
sion in the operation, and accuracy of record, that
any one may judge with all necessary certainty
whether he can with advantage adopt them or not.
In this respect the people of this county are i)ecu-
liarly favored, for there are siiread over the coun-
ty, farms, embracing a great variety of soil, owned
and improved by wealthy, enterprising and scien-
tific men, who cultivate them as a means of ration-
al enjoyment, conducive alike to health of body,
vigor of mind, and refinement in moral feeling.
Of this class of farms, may be named those of
Gorham Parsons, at Byfield.
William Bartlett, at Methuen.
Frederick Howes, at Beverly.
James H. Duncan, at Haverhill.
E. H. Derby, and the ) „ ,
n- , ,■ ;■ at Salem,
rickman farm, j
And many others of similar character.
These farms may all be regarded as experimen-
tal farms, or, I might say, agricultural laboratories,
owned and managed to be sure by individuals, but
from the manner in which they are conducted
scarcely less advantageous to the community than
if they were public institutions; for the whole op-
erations upon them are open constantly to public
inspection, where every one of sober conduct may
see for liimself and learn, without money and
without labor, what change he may make with
great certainty of advantage, in his articles of pro-
duce, or method of cultivating them.
Of the same character are the agricultural re-
searches and improvements of many professional
men, who though extensively engaged in their ap-
propriate spheres, still give a portion of their time
to their farms as a means of healthful relaxation,
and in some instances, perhaps, with a commenda-
ble regard to the profit connected.
For examples of which I might refer to
Dr. N. Cleaveland, of Topsfield,
Dr. D. Robinson, of West Newbury,
Kev. B. Loring, of Andover, and
Rev. H. Colman, lately an active and ef-
ficient member of your Board of Trustees, who
has now gone to another section of the state bear-
ing with him the respect and good wishes of all;
and who has commuincated for our instruction
many valuable experiments in husbandry.
As holding a like place in the scale of utility,
and alike entitled to public gratitude, are the
gratuitous effort of various distinguished individ-
uals, wlio though not engaged in practical agricul-
ture, are in various ways bringing before the pub-
lic the knowledge which former experience and
observation, together with the investigation of
science, have taught them. And also the encour-
agement and interest which their well earned rep-
utation and standing in society give to the Institu-
tion with which they are so usefully connected.
Among those of this class I with pleasure refer to
the worthy President, and the like worthy and
active Secretary of the Society, aiul to Dr. Nichols,
whose communication on the subject of Silk, gave
so nnich value to the able report published by the
Society the last year.
I will close these specifications, though other cases
might with propriety and advantage be referred
to, by mentioning the farms of wealthy, enterpris-
ing, and high minded yeomanry, who themselves
" either hold or drive." These are in the field
themselves, where they try over again and with a
direct regard to the advantage to be gained by the
adoption of them in general practice, the experi-
ments which others may have made for scientific
[imposes, and by their own personal labor and ob-
servation are able to decide with certainty what
advantages may be expected from new modes of
cidture, new implements in husbandry, and new
articles of produce.
As fair illustrations of this remark, I refer to
Moses Newell, of West Newbury.
Putnam Perley, of Newbury.
Jacob Osgood, of Andover.
Stephen Barker, of Andover.
Richard Stewart, of Haverhill.
Jesse Putnam, of Danvers.
Daniel Putnam, of Danvers.
Erastus Ware, of Salein.
The experiments made by such men, with the
manner of operations and the success attending
them through the medium of your Society are
spread before the community. Thus enabling
those who cannot venture upon experiment them-
selves, to ascertain whether they can with safety
and advantage introduce any change in their agri-
cultural operations, and if they adopt new methods,
tc go on with them with almost the same readi-
UDSS as though they had been trained to them from
early life.
In these illustrations of what I wished to state
I liave purposely referred to persons living in
various parts of the county. Many others might
witli equal, and perhaps in some instances with
greater propriety, have been mentioned. I hope
those whom I have referred to will excuse the
liberty I take to introduce their names in this con-
nexion.
In addition to these advantages, the doings of
this Society have a tendency to remove some of
the greatest hindrances which lie in the way of
agricultural imiirovement.
VOtj. XI. NO. 40.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
317
You will pcniiit me to iiicntioii some of these.
The first to wliich I will refer is an unsettUrl
slate of mind. This may be more coiiimou and
operative with other classes tlian with agricul-
turists; but it prevails to a most hurtful degree
with tiiein. The feelings of many are so unsettled
tliat tljey may truly be said to be ever on the wing,
though iluring life they never in reality move out
of their place. This state of mind is destructive
of all enjoyment, for it produces a disrelish for
what they now possess, and keeps them from all
efficient effort to make a better provision for tlie
future. Those luider its paralyzing influence will
neither erect their buildings, i)lacc their fences,
plant their orchards, cultivate their farms, embel-
lish their gardens, or manage any of their princi-
pal business, as they would were it not for an un-
defined peradventiire that at some lime they shall
find it for their advantage to sell, and in such case
be constrained to sacrifice much of the expense
they had been at for improvement. All is done
just to answer present exigences, and in the end,
as might be expected, the man has neither the
profit or comfort which he might easily have
secured, had he as he ought, never allowed him-
self in this unsettled state of mind, nor made
arrangements to sell till he had determined to do
it, nor thought of moving till the openings of prov-
idence made it his duty so to do. After intemper-
ance, and the expensive demands of fashion, there
is no one cause which in my apprehension casts
such a withering influence over the prosperity of
society, as this feeling. All classes in the com-
munity are injured by its unhealthful influence.
It extends to those who do not give it a resting
;)lace in their own bosoms. Parents who have no
intention to change their own residence, are less
anxious to improve their possessions because of
the uncertainty whether their children will retain
the inheritance and occupy the farms which are
handed down to them. Children when laboring
with their parents, plan with less comprehension,
and work with less courage, for in their hearts at
least, they say ' of what advantage will our exer-
tions to improve the place he, should father sell,
as we often hear him intimate that it is probable
he may.' It discourages noble effort, enterprise
and improvement.
I could direct you to houses which have already
ceased to shelter those who still live in them —
and to tiirms with some of the best land un-
touched, or with fields which once yielded in rich
abundance the glories of the year, now grown
over with weeds, and with fences broken down- —
the legitimate consequence of a wandering, un-
settled mind. And though some of the proprietors
of these may be leaning on their staves for very
age, they are just as much unsettled as they were
a half century since. I am perfectly aware that
this feeling has in a degree diminished in this coun-
ty, and I hope throughout New England within a
few years past. But it still continues with a dread-
ful withering operation among us. The causes
which induced this state of mind are numerous,
and it would not be useless or uninteresting to
dwell upon some of them. I shall confine myself
to a single one, not perhaps the most prominent,
but connected directly with the object which I
have before me, and operating though not exclu-
sively, upon the yeomanry of the county. The
cause to which I allude rises up in connexion
with a fact which I suppose all must allow: that
farming has been pursued too much as a mere
mechanical oj)eration, while the reasons of each
operation have not been sufficiently understood,
nor have those engaged in it been sufficiently in-
quisitive whether other and better ways might not
be adopted. The mind being left unoccupied be-
comes restless, dissatisfied and hungry, consults
new things, goes abroad for its enjoyments, and
the whole man set afloat, ready, in fact willing, to
be driven about by every trifling circumstance.
I know nothing which promises more efilsctual-
ly to i-emove this evil than to diffuse through so-
ciety more agricultural science, enterprise and
taste, to direct the mind to the reason upon which
the operations of farming are founded, to induce
men to commence plans of distant yet of certain
ultimate advantage, to excite to inquiry and inves-
tigation, and thus turn farming into a business of
the head as well as of the hands ; — to induce men
also to unite in their plans, what is beautiful and
attracting with what is useful, and thus make their
farms, houses, and other appendages pleasant and
attracting to the owners; — and further, by pre-
vailing with them to take a part in the public ef-
fort^ which are going on for the general advantage,
to accustom them to feel that their interest and
comfort are nearly comiected with those among
whom they dwell, and that it cannot be of little
concern whether they continue with them, or for
a small or imaginary good break away from all
the associations which time and the interchange of
kindness and acquaintance have made dear to
them. How well suited the plans of your Society
are to bring about this desirable change need not
be described, nor would it be easy to estimate the
advantages which would arise from it could it pro
duce that feeling of filial respect and piety exhib
ited in the following quotation. " The Lord for-
bid it me that I should give the inheritance of my
fathers to thee."
[To be continued.]
PliAKT MULBERRY TREES.
We wonder at the remissness of the inhabitants
of New England in cultivating the mulberry tree.
That it may, and eventually will, be made a source
of considerable profit, there can be no doubt. In
the course of years, silk will be generally cultiva-
ted in New England, and will add very consider-
ably to the wealth of her citizens.
Mulberry trees should be planted by the town
authorities in the public streets of every town and
village, and thus, while they add to the beauty of
a hamlet, they may add also to the wealth of its
inhabitants. In the south of France, where silk
is a staple commodity, the manufacture of it is
more or less the employment of a portion of the
family of every farmer. The great canal of Lan-
guedoc is lined with Mulberry trees. — The travel-
ler passes over highways overhung with the
branches of this beautiful tree, the cultivation of
which distributes wealth throughout that portion
of Europe.
This climate is known to be favorable to the
production of silk- worms ; and every gentleman
of taste, who wishes to combine ornament with
Jtsefulness — every landholder, who is desirous of
increasing the value of his own property, and of
adding a stimulus to industry, should have Mul-
berry trees surrounding their houses, planted by
the road side, and scattered over their grounds.
By pursuing this plan, the rearing of the silk-worm
will in a few years become a profitable employ-
ment and fashionable amusement — certainly a
harmless one. — Our Yankee girls, by devoting a
couple of hours daily lor a few weeks to this inter-
esting employment, may thus furnish their pock-
ets plentifully with spending money, or find
wherewithal to alleviate the wants of the poor.
Exeter JVews Letter.
From the Genesee Farmer.
GATES vs. BARS.
In times of defence Bar all Gates ;
In times of peace Gate all Bars.
A FARMER must be rather an awkward man who
cannot make a common farm gate, and a dull ma-
thematician who cannot calculate the advantages
of using them instead of bars, in all places where
the business of the farm requires fre(|uent passing
and re-passing. Let us suppose the detention of
a man and team, passing through a pair of bars,
to be five minutes more than through a gate and
that he only ]iasses and re-passes once each day
for one half of the year, (as bars are generally left
down ojie half of the year,) this would amount
to one hour each week or three and a quarter days
in each year. Valuing the time of a man and
team at one dollar and fifty cents per day, the
detention would amount to four dollars and
eighty-seven and a half cents each year, or at sev-
en percent, the interest upon sixty-nine dollars and
sixty-five cents. From this sum deduct four dol-
lars and sixty-five cents, which will build a first rate
gate, and sixty-five dollars remains as the true value
of it. It requires but little more time to make a good
farm gate than to make a pair of posts and bars,
either of which may be prepared during the win-
ter. Gates may be hung upon posts set deep in
the ground, or framed to a sill ; in the latter case,
they may have a brace on the outside of either
post, which most efiTectually secures them to their
places. Besides being economical, well built gates
add much to the general appearance of a well con-
ducted farming establishment. It is by strict at-
tention to a thousand little nameless things, that a
farmer acquires not onl}' property but reputation.
BREAKING OF STEERS.
Yoke them carefully, and let them remain quiet
until they will eat their food, which generally
takes place in the course of one day. Yoke them
again the next, and put them behind a pair of old
steady cattle and let them stand till they become fa-
miliar with them. This generally takes but one day.
The day following yoke them again, and put them
behind the oxen as before, put theni upon the
tongue of a cart or sled. They being now accus-
tomed to the oxen before, they will readily follow
without whipping or beating. They will soon
become kind and gentle.
To break him never strike, but often lead him
by the side of another horse, with a bridle. When
he walks well bring him to a trot after him ; then
lead him often in the saddle. Then put on a
small weight, and gradually increase it. Then let
one hold and another mount him, and ride after
another horse in a ploughed field, till he learns
the use of the bit, and will stop or go at your
pleasure. By this easy method you will break
your colt without breaking his spirit.
A D.iNDY with a cigar in his mouth, on board a
team-boat, once stept up to a stranger, and said,
' Pray sir, do gentlemen smoke in your country?"
' Gentlemen don't smoke in any country," was the
laconic answer.
318
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
APRIL 17, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 17, 1R33.
FARMER'S AND GARDENER'S WORK
Mangel TVurtzel or F^eld Beet. The species of
beet called IMangel Wurtzel is probably one of the
best, if not absolutely the most valuable root for
field cultivation which modern husbandry has ap-
plied to the feeding of cattle. Among its reputed
excellences are numbered that of its being a very
sure crop, as the plant will endure the driest
weather with less injury than most plants, its af-
fording not only a greater quantity of produce, but
more nourishment in proportion to its weight than
any known root, excepting the potato, and some
other varieties of the beet, which do not grow so
large nor yield so much to the acre.
The field beet is sometimes called the root of
scarcity, but Loudon says it is incorrect to give it
that name. " It is supposed by ProfessorTliaer to
be a mongrel between the red and white beet. It
has a much larger bulb than either, and that bulb,
in some varieties, grows in great part above
ground. It has been a good deal cultivated in
Germany and Switzerland, both for its leaves and
roots ; the leaves are either used as spinach or
given to cattle ; and the roots are either given to
cattle, used in distillation, or for extracting sugar
The variety preferred in Germany is one slightly aftejwards.^
tinged with red for cattle, and the pale yellow va-
riety for the distillery and sugar mauufacturc.
The seed must not exceed a year old, and great
care should be taken that the seed of the common
red and white beet are not mixed with it. The
seed of every variety of beet is very apt to degen-
erate."
Soil. The soil in which this root thrives best is
a deep, rich loam, inclining to clay. The more
the land is manured and cultivated, the better the
plants. The soil should be made fine to a good
depth.
(Quantity of seed, and its preparation for sowing.
The quantity of seed, according to English writers,
is four pounds to an acre. This is said to be rath-
er a large, allowance. Some cultivators recom-
mend to prepare the seed for sowing by soaking
it for six hours in soft water. This may not be
necessary except the land is very dry, at the time
of sowing.
Time and manner of solving. For field crops
the following methods and times have been adopt
from Southbridge, Conn, in giving an account ot a
crop' of Mangel Wurtzelj which he raised in 1829,
says " the ground, one fourth of an acre, was
ploughed three times last spring, once rather deep-
er than usual, harrowed and rolled, then furrowed
three feet apart ; but it ought to have been but
two; and about ten loads of compost manure put
in the furrow, which was composed of about equal
parts of argillaceous [clayey] cleanings of ditches,
barn yard and barn window dung, heaped and fer.
inented together. The manure was then covered
by ploughing back furrows on the same, leaving
the land in high ridges. I then passed a heavy
ox roller over the ridges cross-wise, which laid
them in gentle swells, and compressed the soil
and manure together. (The roller can hardly be
dispensed with if you wish your soil reduced to
tine tilth, and you cannot reasonably expect to
succeed without.) About the 12th of May the
land was planted in the following manner — first a
wheel made to fit the place of a common wheel-
barrow wheel, with pegs, in its circumference
about 2i inches long was run upon the ridges,
making holes about four inches apart; and one
capsule or berry was dropped in each, and the
earth pressed upon them. At the second hoeing,
the plants were thinned, and left about eight
inches apart in the rows, and were hoed but once
Sugar Beet. A writer for the New England
Farmer, with the signature E. B. whose connnu-
nication is dated Concord, Mass, Jan. 23,1830, pre-
fers the Sugar Beet to the genuine mangel wurtzel,
and recommends it as "aflx)rding a bountiful croj)
of large sound roots, which, if not so large as the
mangel wurtzel, I think are heavier, and will keep
better. Their use as food by my cows has pro-
duced a decided improvement in the quality of
their milk, which has been perceptible to all my
family, in two days after I began to feed them out
to my cows."t
John Trincc, Esq. of Roxbury, has had much
experience in cultivating both the mangel wurtzel
and sugar beet, and we believe prefers the latter.
Its crop is not so bulky, but is not only sweeter
and more nutritive but may be preserved with
more facility from decay or deterioration.
Dandelion. We believe that this well known
vegetable might be ameliorated by cultivation, and
be made a valuable product of our gardens. Tlie
Hon. H. A. S.Dearborn, some years since, in 31ay,
ed by successful cultivators. Mr. Gideon Foster ^^^^ out two rows of dandelions, which were taken
in giving an account of his premium crop, raised "P "'^^^^ >" 1''°°"' <'°'" ^™^ "^ ^'"'^ *° ^° '' ''*'-
1830, says "Early in Jlay there was spread on an | '""i'^' P'''"^«'l '' ''""^ apait, and the rows two feet
asunder, and about one hundred feet in length.
"The leaves all perished, but having hoed the
earth upon the roots, others sprung up in a few
days, and continued to grow luxuriantly until au-
tumn, and covered all the space between the
plants. Just before the ground froze, straw was
spread over them. In February they were open-
ed, and my table has been supplied with abun-
dance of greens and salads since. They have been
cut four times [previous to May 7,] and some of
them five. The rapidity with wliich the leaves
shoot out after cutting, is greater than in any plant
I have ever seen. Some of them were covered with
flower pots, after the fourth cutting, to blanch the
leaves for salad, and they are nearly or quite equal
to endive. In five days after the pots were put
over, the leaves, which had previously been cut
close to the crown of the root, shot up five inches in
height.
" I kei)t the ground, which is very rich, hoed
and raked between the plants, during the last sea-
son and the present."
" Thus, at little trouble and expense, can a fam-
ily be supplied with greens and salad from Februa-
ry until sea-kale and asparagus come in."
They may be set out, at any time after the
frost is out of the ground; but the present, [May
7,] answers perfectly well. I would recommend
that the rows be three feet asunder, and the plants
two feet apart hi the rows ; for I find mine are
too crowded, as each plant, last autumn, covered
an area of from fifteen to seventeen inches in di-
ameter."
The culture of the dandelion is desirable on ac-
count of its medical as well as its esculent proper-
ties. A writer for the National Intelligencer, who
appears to be a medical man, observes that " Dan-
delions have always been considered peculiarly
useful in visceral obstructions, particularly those
of the liver, when eaten either as greens, salads, or
taken as ptisans. — They seem calculated from their
stimulant deobstruent powers to promote bilious
discharges, and from long experience have been
found highly efficacious in all biliary affections of
the liver. They are also good to keep the body
open and are diuretic and attenuant. In the drop-
sy, tlie dandelion has been known for ages to be
of great utility. The ancients, says Willich, were
better acquainted with the properties of this excel-
lent vegetable than those modern practitioners who
appear to be more anxious to intro<luce exotics, im-
ported from distant countries, than to ascertain the
qualities of those numerous medical plants, which
grow in our own climate. I advise all who are
troubled with bile, flatulencies, fulness of blood,
and who are fearful of dropsy, vertigo, &c. to
make free use of this precious gift of nature the
dandelion."
acre of ground about eight cords of compost ma-
nure, and ploughed in to the depth of eight inches,
and harrowed in the usual way. About the 12th
of May, 1 sowed the seed in rows by hand twenty
two inches apart."*
A writer with the signature E. D. A. who dates
*See N. E. Farmer, vol. ix. p. aS4.
*See N. E. Farmer, vol. viii. p. 138.
t Ibid. p. 222.
RHODE ISLAND CLASSICAL, AGRICULTU-
RAL AND MECHANICAL SCHOOL.
In another part of this day's paper we have giv-
en a Prospectus of the Manual Labor School, ahoM
to be established in Rhode Island. We here beg
leave to express our high opinion of the system on
which the proposed institution will be founded,
and our best wishes as well as confident hopes of
its success, A sound body, as well as a sound
mind, is necessary to constitute that "worth
VOL. XI, NO. 40.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
319
which makes the man." Instruction in litera-
ture or science bestowed on slothful, sicklj',eften]i-
nate students, is like pouring water into a broken
cistern. Physical education is as indispensable to
mental culture, as seed and tillage to agriculture.
Instructors who do not unite those indispensablcs,
or at least see that their pupils are qualified by ex-
orcise for study, are hut little better employed
than were the mytliological sisters, doomed to |icr-
lietiial and fruitless toil iu filling bottomless tubs
with -water.
A friend informs that "the Society will be en-
abled to make a liberal appropriation in aid of the
School, and continue to ofter the usual premiums
without lessening their invested funds."
" The Cattle Show will be held at Pawtucket
on the 25th Sep. next, and about six hundred dol-
lars are offered in Premiums."
"The Principal, Asa Drury, (of Worcester
County) stands very high in Providence as an In-
structor ; and besides has labored till he was 21
years old on a farm. The mechanical department
will be superintended by the Rev. Job Manches-
ter, a practical mechanic; and your friend, Mr.
Fessenden, will assist in the Horticultural and
Agricultural departments." ^^
.SWEET POTATO SLIPS.
THIS dav received at Geo. C. BarreU's Seed Store, 51 &,
52, North i\Iarkct Street, Boston, a good supply of Slips of tlie
Carolina Potato, in good order, and of superior quality.
Printed directions for their culture and management furnished
gratis. apl7
ASPARAGUS ROOTS.
JUST Recicved at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer. 51 & 62, North Market Street:—
A few thousand Large Early Asparagus Roots, packed in
moss, in boxes of one, two and three hundred roots each, —
will bear transportation any distance. apl7
PARLEY'S MAGAZINE.
Commenced in IMarch, 1833, and published every other
Saturday. By LILLY, WAIT &. CO. 121, Washington
Street.
This work will comprise pieces adapted to all stages of the
youUilul faculties from childhood upwards ; and will be abuii-
dantly illustrated wiUi spirited engravings, and every efl'ort will
be made to render it a useful auxihary to the cause of education.
Parleii'^ liLfguzine is puhlished every other Saturdaij, at one
Dollar a ijear. paijMe in advance. The postage will he three-
fourths of a ant, if under 100 miles, ajid for the greatest dis-
tnacc one cent and a quarter onltf. For five dollars sent post-
paid, six copies tvill be supplied.
Numbers sold separately a'nd any back numbers supplied.
[Tr' Specimen numbers supulicd gratis at the N. E. Farmer
oflice. ^ apl?
MAMELUKE.
Tlie blood horse jMaineluke as just arrived at the stable of
Sir I. Coffin, at Brighton, where he will stand for the present
season at ^10 per marc, the breeders of horses are respectfully
invited to call and examine this horse.
13w ai.l7 J. PARKINSON.
POTATOES.
A few barrels excellent potatoes, perfectly white, good shap-
ed and yield well. They were raised from the seed of the ball
and obtained the first premium from the Essex county Agricul-
tural Society. For sale at No. 36 Broad St.
apl7
GARDEN SEEDS.
Fresh and genuine Gartien Seeds for sale by quantity on r
lil, also Isabella Grape Vines, by E. STEUMAN,
apl? Newburyport.
inn
doze
2n
do.
211
do.
1(10
do.
00
do.
HARDWARE.
Ames Backstrap Shovels,
do. Large Shovels, from No. 4 to 12.
do. Cast Steel Polisiied Shovels.
Plyniplon Hoes.
Sletson do.
Fales Cast Steel Gooseneckcd Hoes.
us other kinds of Hoes.
100 dozen Manure Forks, comprising an assortment of vari-
ous makers and qualities.
1.50 dozen Fanvell's Scvthes.
loO do. Whipple &, ilales half set Scythes, together with
cv.-rv description of HARDWARE GOODS, for sale by
I.ANE ^L READ, at No. G, Market Square, near Fanueil
Hall. m 13
Also, 1
LEAD.
SHEET LEAD, of all dimensions; Pig Lead j Lead Pipe
of ail sizes ; Coj)i)er and Cast Iron Pumps, constantly for sale
by ALBERT FEARING & CO. No. 1, City Wharf.
Boston, March 13, 1S3^. tf
100 SAXONY AND MERINO EWES AND TW^O
BUCKS.
TO put out on lease for one or more years, one hundred tul\
hlood Saxony and Merino Ewes, and two full blood Bucks, in
flocks of Jifty Ewes and one Buck. Fifty of the Ewes have suck-
ing lambs of last winter and this spring, the other Ewes yet to
yean, or only yearlings and not expected to bring lambs this
season, the Hocks to be leased to ditl'erent persons, and if they
live at some distance from each other it will be preferable — in
shape, size, fineness and evenness of fleece they are superior
sheep — are now and 'nave always been healthy and in good
condiiion- — the less'je to receive for uniform care, attention, and
maintainUig them.j a part of the wool shorn yearly, ajid a part
of the progen;v as maybe agreed. Settlement to be made yearly.
For terms mid particulars inquire of the Printer of this paper
previous to first of May next, and it is renuested that no person
will make application who does not believe that to succeed
Viith sheep, care and attention is absolutely necessary, and will
act up to his belief, and to the letter aud spirit of any contract
he may make. ^^P 10
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
THE PEOPLiE'S M.\GAZI]VE.
Commenced in IMarch, 1833, and published every other
Saturday. By LILLY, WAIT &. CO. 121, Washington
Street.
This Magzaine will contain entertaining memoirs and
biographical anecdotes j curious geographical topics ; remark-
able adventures, both by sea and land ; valuable discoveries
and inventions ; descriptions of the most remarkable quad-
rupeds, birds, fishes, reptiles, insects, &e. ; also, trees, and
plants ; and descriptions of the most celebrated mines in all
parts of the world. With spirited engravings.
Only one Dollar a year, payable in advajKe. The postage
will be three-fourths of a cent if only 100 miles, and for the great-
est distance om cent and a quarter only. For five dollars, sent
post-paid, six copies will be supplied.
The work being stereotyped, odd numbers, and back numhers
sitpplied in any quantity.
II r* Specimen numbers supplied gratis at the New England
Farmer ofiice.
MOITBRAY ON BREEDING,
Raising, and iiilleiiing all knids of poultry, cows, swine, and
domestic animals. Adapted to the soil, climate, &:c., of the
United States, by T. G. Fessenden, Esq. Editor of the N. E.
Farmer.
This useful book is for sale by the publishers, LILLY,
WAIT &. CO. 121, Washington Street, and at the New Eng-
land Fanner office. apl?
EARiT POTATOES.
FOR SALE. Early Perkins Potatoes, by SAMUEL
POND, Cambridgeport. Also, Isabella and Catawba Grape
Vims of a largo size, ml3
Apples, russetis,
baldwins,
Bkans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hat,
Honey
Hops, ist quality,
Lard, Boston, Ist sort, ....
Southern, 1st sort, . . . ,
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
upper . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra c4ear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, ^ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
^ I" Pulled superfine,
^T3 I Isl Lambs, . • .
11.) 3d " '. '. '.
Z I 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
FliOAVER SEEDS.
200 VARIETIES of ver^ handsome annual, biennial and
perennial Flower Seeds, in packages of 20 varieties each.
For sale at the New England Seed Store. Price gl per pack-
age. 6^ cts. ]>er paper. m 13
SEED SOWERS.
FOR SALE at the Agricultural Warehouse, 51 & 52, North
Market Street, a superior Seed Sowing Machine for sowing
turnips, carrots, or almost any kinds of seeds. This Machine
has been in operation the last season and is highly recom-
mended.
Likewise a small machine for sowing onions, carrots, &c.
April 3. " J. R. NEWELL.
EARLY POTATOES.
FOR SALE at the N. E. Seed Store a few bushels very
Early Potatoes. April 3.
NOTICE.
ARRANGEMENTS have been made to secure the Im-
ported Horse Numidia for the ensuing season at the Ten hil
stock farm. epistf April 3.
FOR SAL,E
Al the Agricultural Warehouse, milk strainers, likewisa ;
few stone milk pans, a vcrv superior article.
alO
from
to
barrel
2 50
3 00
"
2 50
3 00
busliel
1 CO
1 50
barrel
10 76
U 60
"
6 75
7 00
"
8 50
8 75
pound
14
15
*•
7
9
**
4
5
"
3
4
"
38
43
»'
36
43
'*
9
12
bushel
1 26
1 30
barrel
6 12
6 37
"
6 87
6 25
6 87
6 37
"
8 t32
5 75
bushel
72
75
*(
72
75
"
85
90
*i
60
70
"
45
52
ton
12 00
14 00
gallon
45
60
pound
£8
30
pound
9
10
9
20
«
18
side
3 00
pound
IC
19
side
2 5(:
2 70
pound
2+
26
u
23
25
cask
1 20
1 26
Ion
3 75
3 87
25
30
IS 00
19 00
13 00
13 50
ti
none
2 5C
3 00
1 25
1 37
pound
14
15
»
15
cwt
10 00
11 00
pound
60
65
65
75
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs,
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best,
Kggs,
Potatoes, common,
Cider. (accordinsT to quality,) . .
pound
'\
u
7
n
10
it
18
it
20
dozen
13
bushel
36
barrel
2 00
40
3 00
RUSSIA MATS.
500 dozen large sized Russia Mats.
300 do. small do. do. do.
For Sale by 1). F. FAULKNER, No. 15 Central Sueet.
m 20 tf
DEW GRASS.
A few bushels of this valuable Pasture Grass Seed for sale
at the N. E. Seed Store, 51 & 52, North Market Street.
April 3.
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Mo.vDAV, April 15, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
AlMarkcl this day 2G4Beef Catde, (including 17 unsold last
week), 25 pairs Working 0.\en, 9 Cows and Calves, -10
Sheep and 200 Swine.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — Sales were quick, and at a con-
siderable advance from last week, though the quality ol the
Catde was belter than they have been for several weeks ; we
noticed one yoke taken for $7.12. Prime al $b,bQ a 7; good
at «6 a 6,60; thin at ,55,25 a 5,75. We noticed a beaul.fnl
Cow, the best we ever saw at market, fed by Daniis Charles,
Esq., of Brimfield, sold for $1, supposed to w^igh 1000 lbs.
Working Oj:«!.— Sales were noticed al 60, 70, 75, 80, JU,
'Cmcsand Calves.— We noticed sales from 14 to g28.
Sheep— hoH were taken at gH, at 5.50, al 4, and at 3,50.
Swine.— An advance was effected ; small lots of selected
Barrows were taken al 6c. and Sows at 5c.; al retail, 5^ lor
Sows, and 6J for Barrows.
MORUS MUIjTICAU1.IS.
FOR SALE at the New England Farmer office, fine planU
of the celebrated Morus Muliicaulls, by the hundred, dozen, or
single plant ; these will be well packed for any part of Ite
coimtry or any country, »f ""'
320
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
APRIL IJ, 1S33.
MISCELLANY.
VOICE PROM THE IVIKE PRESS.
BY MISS H. F. GOULD.
•TwAS for this they reared the vine,
Fostered every loaf and shoot,
Loved to see its tendrils twine,
And cherislied it from branch and root I
'Twas for this, that from the blast
It was screened and taught to run,
Tliat its fruit might ripen fast,
O'er the trellis to the sun.
Aiid for this they rudely tore
Every cluster from the stem;
'Twas to crush us till we pour
Out our very blood for ihem.
Well though we are tortured thus,
Still our essence shall endure.
Vengeance they shall find with us.
May be slow, but will be sure.
And the longer we are pent
From the air and cheering light,
Greater, when they give us vent,
For our rest shall be our might.
And our spirits, they shall see,
Can assume a thousand shapes j
These are words of verity,
Uttered by the dying grapes.
Many a stately form shall reel.
When our power is felt within ^
Many a foolish tongue reveal
What llie recent draught has been :
Matiy a thoughtless yielding youth,
With his promise all in bloom.
Go, from paths of peace and truth.
To an early shameful tomb.
We the purse will 6ft unclasp,
All its golden treasure take.
And, the husband in our grasp.
Leave the wife with heart to break.
While his babes are pinched with cold,
We will bind him to the bowl,
Till his features we behold
Glowing like a living coal.
We will bid the gownman put
To his lip a glass or two,
Then we'll stab him in the foot,
Till it oversteps the shoe,
And we'll swell the Doctor's bill,
While he parries us in vain ;
He may cure, but we may kill
Till our thousands we have slain.
Wlien we've drowned their peace and health,
Strength and hopes within the bowl.
More we'll ask than life or wealth.
We'll require the very soul !
Ye who from our blood are free.
Take the charge we give you now,
Taste not, till ye wait and see
If the grapes forget their vow.
SAYINGS FOR FARMERS.
BY DR. FRANKLIN.
1. Sloth, like rust, consumes faster than labor
vears, whilst the used key is always bright.
2. Dost thou love life? Then do not squander
^me, for that is the stiiiflife is made of.
L 3. The sleeping fox catches no poultry.
\4^. He that riseth late must trot all day and
'1 scarce overtake ids business at night.
5. Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man
llthy, and wealthy, and wise.
6. He that lives upon hope will die faintinj; —
industry need not wish.
7. There are no gains without pains.
8. At the working man's house hunger looks in,
but never enters.
9. Plough deep while the sluggards slcc]), and
you shall have corn to sell or keep.
10. One to-day is worth two to-morroivs.
11. Handle your tools without mittens — a cat
in gloves catclies no mice.
12. He that by the plough would thrive,
Himself must either hold or drive.
13. The eye of a master will do more work than
both his hands. Not to oversee workmen is to
leave them your purse open.
14. A little neglect may breed a great mischief
— for want of a nail the shoe was lost — for want
ofa shoe the horse was lost, and for want of a
horse the rider was lost.
15. A fat kitchen makes a lean will.
16. If you would be rich think of saving as
well as getting.
17. What maintains one vice would train up
two children.
18. Beware of little expenses — a small leak will
sink a great ship.
19. if you would know the want of money, go
and try to borrow some — for he that goes a bor-
rowing goes sorrowing.
20. Pride is as loud a beggar as want and a
great deal more saucy.
21. Pride breakfasted with plenty, dined with
poverty, and supped with infamy.
22. Lying rides on debt's back.
23. It is hard for an empty bag to stand up-
right.
24. Creditors have better memories than deb-
tors.
25. For age and want save what you may,
No morning's sun lasts the whole day.
20. llather go to bed supperless than rise hi
debt.
27. If you do not hear reason, she will surely
rap your knuckles.
28. He that luith a trade hath an estate; and he
that hath a calling hath a place of profit and honor.
A ploughman on his legs is higher than a gentle-
man on his knees.
EELS.
Some of the editorial wags of the Literary Em-
porium are disposed to ))oke fun at the late law
"to preserve the Eel Fishery" in our vicinity.
These city-fed gentlemen never knew the luxury
ofa smoked bloater, or of that surpassingly savory
dish, and nutritious, ordinary yclept Eel Chowder
— in comparison of which, the richest turtle soup
ever purled through an Alderman's oesophagus is
rank dish-water. They know not the impositions
to which this fishery has been subjected — they
know not that the dark and mucilaginous beds
whither these luscious reptiles are prone to resort,
in order to fatten themselves for the stomachs ol
omnivorous man, have been prematurely and un-
seasonably explored and disturbed by the murder-
ous prongs of continental adventurers — that the
poor starved wrigglers have been dragged from
their comfortable recesses by thousands, uncere-
moniously flayed, thrown into a detestable pickle,
barrelled up, and shipped off to the West Indies
on speculation, by those marauders from Cape
Cod and all along shore.
Was it not high time, then, that we should de-
mand the State's protection — we, who were suffer- •
ing from this grievance to an extent that can only
be realized by the gourmand, when he desjiairing-
ly sees his neiglibor at a turtle feast, grasp at, ap-
propriate to himself, and incontinently gobble every
particle of the favorite and grudged callipce or
calliptish ?
But, if the wits of the Boston press can find
profitalile exercise, and pleasant, upon a subject
so slippery, it aflbrds us high gratilicaiion, ibough
partly done at our expense :
" Eels might be proiul to lose their coats.
If skinned by Molly Dumpling's band."
J\antucktl Enq.
FOR SALE,
THAT valuable countnj seu( and yarm formerly owned by
E. H. Derby and J. Crowninshield, Esqrs., and lately by Col.
Endicott, situated in Danvers, within two miles ol .Salem and
fifteen of Boston. The buildings are in good repair, spacious
and elegant, and convenient for a genteel fami)\'. and also for a
farnifr's. with barns, stables, &,c., attached, 'fhcre is an cx-
ceilrnt garden, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
shrubs and flowers and a tasteful summer iiouse. The farm is
in a high state of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produces large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, bcsi<les ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, qumces and cherries;
there i-^ a nursery of young frait trees, and a plantation of
5000 White Mulberries. ITie place has many advantages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garden, with from 10 to 100 acres ol land, as the ]Mir-
chasiT may choose, are olTcred on liberal and arcommndating
terms. Apply at this office, or to A.MOS KING.
Danvers, March 27, 1833.
GEKVINE MORTIS MULTICAUtilS, or eHBTESE
MULBERRY.
MUS. PARMENTIER at the Horticultural Botanic Garden,
Brooklyn. L. I. offers for sale a choice collection of Pear, A^p-
ple. reach, Plum, Cherry, Quince, and other Fruit Trees.
Grajio \"ines. Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Greenhouse
atiil He'baceous Plants at moderate prices.
Also the Genuine Morus Mullicaulis or Chinese Mulberry,
of which any quantity not exceeding ten thousand can be fur-
nished at reasonable prices.
t irdcrs may be sent by mail directed to Mrs. P. or left at
iMr. Geo. C. Barrett, Agricultural Warehouse, S2 North Mar-
ket street Boston.
6t M20
F.'VRM FOR SALE.
A FARM pleasantly situated in Dorrhesler, 5S miles from
Poslon, coutaming abo'utlOO acres of c.irellcnt land well fenced
with stone wall, with a Dwelling-house, I'"ann-house and a
large Barn with a large cellar untfer the same, all in good re-
pair. Has on it over 600 fruit trees of grafted and choice qual-
ities,—is abundantly supplied with water It will be sold on
accommodating terms or exchanged for real estate in Boston.
For further particulars inquire at No. 12, South Market Street,
Boston. April 3.
THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at Jt3 per anmiin,
payable at the end of the year — but lliose w-ho pay williiji
sixty days from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
Qj= No "paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
New York — G. Thorbukn & Sons, G7 Liberty-street.
Albany— \\r.\. Thorburn, 3-17 Market-street.
PliilaUelphia—T). & C. Landreth, 85 Chesnut-slreet.
Ilaltimore — I. I. Hitchcock, Pubbsher of American Farmer.
('incinnati — S. C. Parkhurst. 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y.—Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Liu. Bot. Gv.
Middlebury, Vt. — Wight Chapiman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Newburyporl — Ebese/.er Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmoulh, N. If. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Coi.MAN, Holden & Co. Booksellers. -
Ainnisla, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
H,di/a.T, N. S.—P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C. — Geo. Bent
,S'«. Louis — Geo. Halton.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by Ford & Dahrell
who execute every description of Bool; and Fancy Print-
ina- in good style, and with promptness. Orders for print
ina may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricul
tural Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGl^AND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)-T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 24, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Farmer.
FURTHERRIORK CONCBRNIKG SWINE.
Mr. Editor, — In answer to an inquiry from a
correspondent as to the nietliod of managing sows
with pigs, various opinions have been given in
your paper. I have in vain loolied for an expla-
nation which to my mind gives that information
which will be satisfactory to the public. A writer
in your paper of April 3d, over the signature of
" A Subscriber," seems to be fully confident that
he has unriddled the whole mystery and that no
previous writer liad hit the right nail on the
head. I fully agree with the writer in this re-
spect in part but do not come to the same conclu-
sions as to the remedy. The nature of the swine
is, to feed on almost any thing which comes
in its way, but its natural food is vegetable
rather than animal. Having for the last thirty
years had an opportunity of making observations on
this subject, I must say as Job did, that I also jvill
express my opinions, and I submit them for the
consideration of those interested. In cases where
the pigs come late in the season, and tlie sow has
IVE^V YORK AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL.
[Concluded from page 314.]
Report of the State Agricultural Society,
Albany, February 14, 18.33.
The committee appointed at the first meeting
of the Society, to report a plan for an Agri-
cultural School, with an estimate of the expense
necessary to establish and put the same into oiie-
ration ; together with their views of such an
establishment, beg leave to submit the following
REPORT:—
The main objects of the proposed school are,
to impart to agriculture the efficient aid of the
sciences, and to furnish it with the best models of
practice ; to teach simultaneously, in the period
of youth devoted to academic studies, the practical
operations of husbandry, and such branches of
useful knowledge as may tend to elevate its char-
acter and increase its products. The plan, there-
fore, should embrace,
1. A Farm, of sufficient extent to afford room
for the diversified operations of tillage, cattle and
s'leep husbandry, and of orcharding and garden-
ing— on a scale that will admit a fair comparison
being made of crops, of breeds of cattle and sheep,
md of the varieties of hardy fruits: and sufficient-
ly diversified in soil and surface as to admit of
had the opportunity of coming to the ground, and
working among it, collecting grass, roots, &c., I 'satisfactory experiments
have never known of the difficulties complained 2. A Farm House and Farm Buildings, which
of by your correspondent, but where they are may serve as models of convenience, taste and
kept in a tight pen, (which is a common practice)
from the ground which seems to be their nr.tnraf
element, and from green esculent roots, an unnat-
ural appetite is produced which occasions the dif-
ficulties complained of. The remedy I propose is,
that where from the season of the year or from
other causes a person is under the necessity of
keeping his sows in a tight pen from the ground,
he should give them a suitable supply of potatoes,
turnips, ruta baga, &c., in addition to their other
food, and unless I am mistaken the difficulty is
overcome. Berkshire.
For the New England Farmer.
POTATOES.
Mr. Fessenden. Sir, — It will doubtless be
remembered by some of your readers, that I, set-
era! years since, made an extensive experiment
in raising seeding potatoes, and gave you an ar-
nual account of the result of several years crops*
I had intended at an early period this year, to ha?e
furnished you with a detailed account of the 'ast
years crop, but have been hitherto prevented by
various circumstances from so doing, and can
only now inform our horticultural friends tiat I
have preserved about twenty, out of my orifinal
fifteen hundred kinds. All of which are coisid-
ered great yielders, yielding about twenty and
some twenty five per cent on a fair trial ova' the
long reds ; some of them are early, some late,
some good in the fall, others in the s|ring.
I have placed an assortment of them in W. L.
Newcomb's store, Nos. 5 & 6, Exchange Sreet,
where our friends can, if they wish, supply ;hem-
selves. Yours, &c. J. Tbd.
* See N. E. Farmer, vol. viii. p. 258, and vol. ix. p 210.
economy, and accommodate the head farmer and
his assistants:
3. A School Building, for the aoccmmoda-
tion of teachers and scholars :
4. A Library and Philosophical Apparatus:
5. Stock and Implements for the farm : and,
6. Shops for the construction of farm imple-
ments and machinery, for the use of the farm, for
the illustration of mechanical science, and to af-
ford practical instructions to the pupils in me-
chanics.
These items of expense, which may be consid-
ered preliminary and permanent, together with the
cost of furniture required for the school building,
are estimated at $7,000.
1. The plan of education might embrace : Prac-
tical instructions in the various operations and la-
bors of the farm, the garden, the orchards and the
shops: and,
2. The study of the natural sciences generally,
mathematics, mechanics, chemistry and drawing,
so far as these may conduce or become subservient
to agricultural improvement; together with such
other branches of knowledge as will qualify the
students for the higher duties of civil life — such
as will fit them to become independent elec-
tors, discreet jurors, faithful magistrates, and wise
legislators.
As prerequisites to admission to the school, the
pupils might be required to possess a good com-
mon school education, to be at least fourteen years
of age, and of good moral character. Four years
might constitute a course of studies ; and the in-
ternal regulations and police of the school might
be conformed, in a measure to those of our milita-
ry academy.
A department of the farm should be set apart
for experiments in husbandry, and the details and
results of these experiments accurately registered.
The garden and the orchard should contain all the
good hardy fruits, and specimens of all hardy
plants, that may be useful on the farm, in the arts,
in commerce, or that are ornamental — in order
that the relative value of different species and va-
rieties may be determined, and their mode of cul-
ture and process of curing taught to the pupils, and
the approved kinds furnished for public distri-
bution.
To put the school into operation there will be
required — a principal, professors and teachers — a
steward and servants, for the school :
A manager, laborers and assistants for the farm :
Machinists and assistants for the shops : and,
A practical and scientific manager for the gar-
den and orchard.
The number of officers and assistants which
will be required, must depend upon contingences :
and of course the committe do not pretend to state
with precision, in their estimate, the amount of
their salaries and pay.
The proceeds of the school and the farm may
be expected to increase for some years, and will
materially depend on the terms of tuition. The
committee have assumed, as reasonable data, that
the number of pupils would average 200, and the
average produce of the farm amount to .$4,000
per annum, for the first four years. Upon the
assumed data, then, the estimate would exhibit the
following result.
Preliminary Expenses.
Farm of 400 acres, at gSO, gl2,000
Farm buildings, 6,000
School buildings, 25,000
Library and apparatus, 7,500
Stock and implements, 3,150
Shops and tools 1,250
Furniture for schools 1,150
Incidental, 1,500
Total preliminary expense, ,g57,6fiO
ArinJtal Expense.
Salaries of officers and teachers of the school, ^5,100
do. manager and laborers on farm, . 1,000
do. machinists, 600
do. gardener, 300
E.xpense of l^oarding 200 pupils, at SI ,50 per
week. . . . . ..... . 14,000
Servants fbr the establishment, 2,000
Estimated annual expense, , . ^23,400
g80,950
The Annual Receipts are computed as follows :
Board and tuition of 200 pupils, at gl,SO per annum, ,?3O,0OO
Produce of farm, • 4,000
534,000
Thus the total expense of establishing the
school, and of maintaining it the first year, is esti-
mated at $80,950, and the income, after the
first year, it is believed, will be amply sufficient
to defray all expenses. Yet to meet contingences
that may occur, and to make up for any defi-
ciency in the estimate, the committee think that
an appropriation of .$100,000, the surplus to be in-
vested for the benefit of the institution, will ensure
usefulness and permanency to the school, and
prove amply sufficient to meet all its wants. Thit
322
NEW ENGLAND FAKMEIt,
APRIL. Hi, 1S33.
sura, if equalized among tlie ijopulation of the
State, would operate as a tax of aljoutyji'e cents to
eacli inhabitant.
Your committee have thus complied with the
requisitious of the society, in submitting the plan
of an Agricultural School, and an estimate of the
expense^uecessary to establish and put the same
into successful and permanent operation. It only
remains for them to state their opinion of its
utility.
The agriculture of a country affords the best
criterion of its prosperity. Whether we compare
kinsdoras, states, counties, districts or forms, the
condition of this branch of labor, which they sev-
erally exhibit, is a sure index, not only of the pe-
cuniary, but of its moral condition. It is no less
an axiom founded in truth, that agriculture pros-
pers or languishes in proportion to the science and
skill of the men who manage its labors. It is not
the natural fertility of the soil, so much as the in-
telligence and industry of those who till it, which
"ivcs to husbandry its interests and its rewards.
The man who devotes the energies of a highly
cultivated mind, to the improvement of this prim-
itive aud all-important branch of labor, is a public
benefactor. Cincinnatus did more to immortalize
his name, aud to command our applause, by his
love of rural labors, than by his military exploits.
Washington, amid all the honors that irradiated
his brow, sought his highest pleasures in the bus-
iness aud retirement of the farm. And it was
the first remark of our present chief magistrate,
to the writer, after introduction, that he would not
forego the pleasures of the farm for all the honors
and emoluments that this nation could confer upon
him. Education enables man to appreciate the
wonderful provisions which God has made for his
happiness in rural life, and impiirts to him the
ability of diflusing instruction and happiness to
multitudes around him.
It should be the policy of government, therefore,
which watches over the interest of all, to infuse
into the labors of husbandry, all the lights of
science and knowledge — to take care to expand
and elevate the minds of those who are to give it
efficiency and character, and to call forth skill
and industry by proffered i-ewards. With us these
considerations possess peculiar force. Our popu-
lation and business are emphatically agricultural,
and every aid which is extended to this class,
benefits, indirectly, every portion of the commu-
nity. Agriculture constitutes the fountains of the
thousand rills, which, swelling and traversing
every part of the State, propel the spindle and the
hammer of the artizan and the maimfacturer, and
finally by their union, make up the mighty stream
of commerce which unceasingly flows into the
Atlantic.
That our agriculture is susceptible of improve-
ment— that the products of its labors may be
doubled, nay quadrupled, nmst be apparent to
those who have compared our husbandry with
that of some European countries, or who have
contrasted, at home, the well cultivated district,
or farm, with those which are badly managed.
How is the desired amelioration to be effected ?
How can a better husbandry be so well promoted
j'S by leaching it to our youth ? — by sowing our
seed in the spring-time of life ? Prejudice no
where retains a stronger hold than among farmers
who have approached or passed the meridian of
life. While some retain old practices, for want
of confidence in their knowledge to guide them in
better ones, others lack the first requisite to im-
provement— a consciousness that their system is
not the most useful ; while not a few are influenc-
ed, in their hostility to public means of improve-
ment, by the desire to keep things to their own
level, if we would efficiently improve this great
branch of business, and elevate its character, as
well as the character of those who are engaged in
its operations, we must do what tmiversal expe-
rience has shown to be the only sure method: —
we must lay our foundation in the rising genera-
tion— we must teach the young idea how to shoot
— we must instruct the head to help the hands.
Our i)hysical and mental powers are twin sisters.
They lighten each other's labor, and mutually im-
part a zest to each other's enjoyments. And as it
is becoming common to introduce manual labor
into literary schools, it is courteous that literature
and science should requite the civility, by asso-
ciating with the inmates of schools of labor.
Agricultural schools, although of modern date,
have nevertheless been established in most of the
States of Europe, and their utility has been fully
demonstrated. Who has not heard of the school
of Fellenburg, at Hoftwyl, or of Von Thayer, at
Moegelin — to which young men are sent from
every part of Europe, and even from Americn.'
In France and Prussia, agricultural schools haw
been founded and maintained by the government^
If they are found to be beneficial, aud worthy o
governmental sujiport, in countries where power i
vested in the few, how much more salutary must
ing science subservient to the arts, and in diffusing
the higher branches among the laboring classes,
the public benefits from the appropriation would
have been far greater than they are at the ju-esent
day. How many htmdreds may now be jiointed
out, of liberal education, who are mere cyphers in
society, for want of the early habits of application
and labor, which it is the object of the proposed
school to form and infix ! And how many, for
want of these habits, have been prematurely lost
to their friends, and to a purpose of usefulness for
which man seems wisely to have been created —
that of doing good to his fellows.
r^rom a full conviction that the interests of the
State not only warrant, but require, an appropria-
tion of public moneys to this object, your commit-
tee beg leave to recommend to the consideration of
the Society the following resolution:
Resolved, That a respectful iriemorial be [iresent-
ed to the Legislature, in behalf of this Society, and
of the great interest which it represepts, praying
that suitable provision may be made by law, for
establishing a school of agriculture, on the plan
recommended in the preceding report; aiul that
the co-operation, in this application, of societies
and individuals, friendly to the object of the peti-
tion, be respectfully solicited.
AN ACT
To INCORPORATE THE NeW YoRK AgRICULTU-
RAL School.
7Vie People of the State ofA''ew York, represent-
they prove here — where our institutions receive'' ed in Senate and ^Issembly, do enact as follows :
the imju-ess of their character from the many, and Section 1. That it shall be the duty of the
where the perpetuity of these institutions depends rom|)troller, after the passing of this act, to issue
emphatically upon the intelligence and virtue of certificates of stock to the amount of .$100,000,
the ugricultmal ])0[)ulation. Despotism will nev- Iwaring an interest of 5 per cent, and redeemable
er flourish in American soil, but through the igno-
rance, and we may say consequent depravity, of
its cultivators.
Your committee recal to recollection, with feel-
ings of pride, the iiuinificent benefactions of thi'
Legislature, to advance the literary character of
our State ; and the fact, that comparatively noth-
ing has been done, legislatively, to improve our
agriculture, which employs five-sixths of our po])-
ulation, can only be ascribed to the fact, thatuotli-
ing has been asked for — nothing thought of. Our
public colleges and academies, for literary instruc-
tiou, are numerous and respectable. They meet
our eye in almost every village. But where arc
our public schools of labor.' Where is the head
taught to help the hands, in the business which
creates wealth, and which is the grand source of
ndividual and national prosperity and happiness.'
Our literary and professional schools have been
reared up and sustained by the exjjenditure of
more than two million of dollars from the public
treasury, and they continue to share liberally of
the public bounty. It will not, however, be deni-
ed, that the benefits which they dispense are alto-
gether partial, — that the rank and file of society,
destined by heaven to become the conservators of
civil liberty, are virtually denied a participation
in the science and knowledge, — in the means of
improvement and of happiness which they are
calculated to dispense. Is it not a mandate of du-
ty, then, as well as of expediency, that the bene-
fits of public instruction should be more gj^nerally
dispensed ? We hazard not the fear of contradic-
tion in assuming, that if a moiety of public mon-
eys, which have been a]ipropriated to literary
schools, had been judiciously applied, in rendsr-
twcnty years from and after their date ; which
stock shall be sold at public auction in the city of
New York, to the highest bidder, and on which
the interest shall be paid quarterly, in the manner
now provided by law relative to the other stocks
of this State.
§ 2. That three Commissioners shall be ap-
pointed by the Governor, to purchase a farm, to
contract for the erection of suitable buildings for a
school adapted for the accommodation of two
hundred pupils, officers, and servants, and for the
farm. That they shall give bonds with competent
sureties, to the satisfaction of the Comptroller, for
tbe faithful expenditure of the money, receive a
tompensation for their daily services, and account
to the Comptroller for such expenditures ; and to
vhose order it shall be the duty of the Comptrol-
hr to pay, at the most, thousand
dollars, to be expended in the work.
^ 3. There shall be seven trustees, who shall bo
deagnated as " The Trustees of the New York
Agiicultural School," to be appointed by the Gov-
erntr, by and with the advice of the Senate ; wha
shal be removable by the appointing body. They
shal manage the concerns of the institution : one
of tie trustees shall be the treasurer of the board ;
and he shall give bonds for the faithful disburse-
ment and payment of all moneys in his hands ;
and he shall receive such compensation as a ma-
joritiT of the trustees may direct, not exceeding
dollars. The trustees shall have
pow!r to employ a principal and teachers, over-
seers, laborers, and assistants; to receive tuition
and dl other moneys, belonging to the institution,
and o pay the persons by them employed, and to
makt all necessary expenditures; to prescribe.
TOl.. XI. NO. 41,
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
3^^
(with tlie advice of the |)rincipal) tlie police and
regulations of the school, the purchase of the
library and apparatus, and all other things neces-
sary to the institution. But the rate of charge
against a student, in any one year, shall not ex-
ceed dollars.
§ 4. The trustees of this school are hereby
created a body politic and corporate, with all pow-
ers necessary to carry die same into effect. They
shall make an annual report to the Legislature and
the Regents of the Univei-sity, detailing the state of
the institution, the qualify and number of officers
and assistants employed, their salaries and pay,
and to prescribe the branches of study and labor
to be taught the pupils, as visiters of said school to
regulate the same, (and the Governor and Senate
may at any time remove any professor or profes-
sors, officers or assistants, attached to said School,)
and the trustees are to regulate the terms of tui-
tion, for terms less than a year. But no person
shall be admitted into said school until he has ar-
jived at the age of fourteen years.
tinct premium, and for qunlities different from those
for which the former premium loas awaited.
For Grain, Vegetable Crops, and jjgrietdlural
Experiments. To the person who shail raise the
greatest quantity of Indian Corn on not less than
four acres in one piece of ground, and not less
than seventy bushels to the acre, $15. To the
person who shall raise the greatest quantity of
corn on not less than one acre of land, and not less
than one hundred bushels, $10. To the person
who shall raise the next greatest quantity, and not
less than seventy bushels on one acre, $6. To the
person who shall raise the greatest quantity of Rye
on two acres, not less than thirty bushels per
acre, $5. Next greatest quantity of Rye on two
acres, $3. To the person who shall raise the
greatest quantity of Onions in proportion to the
land cultivated, $5, next greatest quantity, 3. To
the person who shall raise the greatest quantity
of potatoes, not less than three hundred and fifty
bushels on an acre of land, $8. To the person
who shall raise the next greatest quantity, not
less than 300 bushels, $4. To the person who
shall raise the greatest quantity of Beets on not
less than a quarter of an acre of ground, $3. To
the person who shall raise the greatest quantity of
Carrots on not less than one acre, $5. To the
person who shall raise the greatest quantity of
Parsnips on not less than a quarter of an acre, $5.
To the person who shall introduce any Grass not
oefore cultivated in this State and prove by actual
experiment tested by satisfactory evidence, its su-
years of age, $10, for the next best, same con- 'periority to any other Grass now cultivated, $10.
ditions, 3. For the best Bull Calf, $5, for the next. To the person who shall by actual experiment
best, 3, for the next best, 2, for the next best, ij prove the best season and mode of laying down
CATTL.B SHOW,
Exhibition of Manufactures, Ploughing
Match, and Public Sale of Animals and Manu-
factures AT Pawtucket, R. I., O.N Wednesday,
September 25th, 1833.
The Standing Committee of the Rhode Island
Society for the encouragement of Domestic Indus-
try, offer the following premiums : —
For Stock. For the best Bull, to be kept in the
State one year after the fair, not to exceed three
For the best cows, kept in the country, not less
than three in number, which shall ha\e yielded
the greatest quantity of milk' in any thirty days
previous to the 25th of September, a certificate
thereof, duly sworn to, will be required, and the
cows must be exhibited at the fair, $8, for the
best cow, same conditions, 5. For the best two
years old heifer, having had a calf, same condi-
tions, $6, for the next best, do. do. do. 4. For the
best heifer yearling, $4, for the next best, 2.
For the best pair of working cattle, to have been
owned in this State at least three months, not ex-
ceeding six years old, $6, for the next best, 4, for
the next best, 2. For the best pair three years old
steers, $6, for the next best, 4, for the next best, 2.
For the best pair two years old steers, $5, for the
next best, 4, for the next best, 3. For the best
Merino or Saxony Ranj, to be kept in the Statp
one year after the fair, $4, for the next do. do. 2.
For the best Ewes, not less than six in number, $4,
for the next best, do. do. 2. For the best Boar, to
be kept in this State until 1st of April, 1834, $6,
next best do. do. do. 4, next best do. do. do. 2.
For the best Pigs, not less than two in number,
not less than four nor more than eight months old,
to have been raised in the State, $4, for the next
best, 2. For the best stud horse, not less ;hau
three years old, owned in this State and having
been wholly kept for mares in the State the season
previous, and to be kept for mares the year suc-
ceeding the fair $20. For the best brood mare,
owned in this State, and colt by a horse that
may be deemed of the best blood, S8,for the next
best, same conditions, 6.
.\'o slock from distilleries or breweries will be en-
titled^ to any premium. JVo animal on wlvch a
premium has heretofore been awarded shall be entitled
to a second premium, except it be for an entirehj dis-
land to Grass, whether Spring, Summer or Fall-
seeding be preferable and with or without grain
on different soils, $8. To the person who shall
take up in the season on his own farm, the greatest
quantity of good Honey, and shall at the same
time exhibit superior skill in the management of
Bees, $5. For the best barrel of Cider, $6.
Should the Society retain the barrel for which
the premium is awarded, they will pay iu addition
to the premium four dollars.
Persons claiming a premium must state in
writing the process of making and managing their
cider and the kind of apples used.
Competitors for the above premiums must
furnish the Secretary on or before the first of
December, 1833, with written statements, certified
by disinterested and respectable persons, as to the
following particulars.
1st. The state and quality of the land in the
spring of 1833.
2d. The product and general state of cultivation,
and quantity of manure employed on it in the year
preceding.
3d. The quantity of Manure used the present
season.
4th. The quantity of seed used, and if potatoes,
the sort.
5th. The time and manner of sowing, weeding,
and harvesting the crop, and the amount of the
product ascertained by actual measurement, after
the whole produce for which a premium is claimed,
is harvested, and the entire expense of cultivation.
The statement of crops must also be accom-
panied by a certificate taken under oath of two
respectable persons, who assisted in measuring
them, as well as a certificate of a surveyor of the
measurement of the land, together with a plat of
the same.
For Shop Manufactures. For the best side of
sole Leather, with a written statement duly
certified of the mode and time of tanning, $4.
For the best Belt Leather, $4. For the best
white oak Hogshead, $4, for the best do. barrel, 2.
For the best woollen Hat, $1. Three dollars for
each of the following implements : — Best cast iron
Plough, do. Corn Sheller, do. Straw Cutter, do.
Ox Harrow, do. Vegetable Cutter, do. Horse Har-
row. Three dollars also to each of the following,
not less than twelve in number: — Hoes, Scythes,
Iron Shovels, Axes, and Rakes.
Implements of Husbandry and articles of Shop
Manufacture of superior excellence, not particular-
ly enumerated, may receive premiums at the dis-
cretion of the examining Committee.
Butter and Cheese. For the best cheese, all
from the same dairy, not less in quantity than 100
pounds, $8, for the next do. 6, for the next do. 4.
For the best butter, not less than 40 pounds, $10,
next best, 9, next best, 8, next best, 7, next best,
6, next best, 5, next best, 2
Household Manifactures. For the best piece of
carpeting 4-4 wide and not less than, 15 yards, $6,
next best do. 4, next best do. 3. For the best lot
of woollen knit hose, at least three pairs, $2. For
the best flax or hemp knit hose, $2, for the best
cotton do. 2, for the best worsted do, 2, for the
l)est silk do. 3. For the best piece of woollen
flannel, 7-8 wide 30 yards at least, $5, next do. 3.
For the best woollen blankets 8-4 $5, next do. 3.
All to have been manufactured in this State,
within the last two years, and a certificate thereof
required.
Mulberry Trees and Raw Silk. To any person
who may within the. present season have raised on
one i)iece of land the largest number of thrifty
mulberry trees, not less than one thousand, a
certificate thereof being required, .$5, for the next
greatest quantity, not less than one thousand, 4,
next do. do. do. do. 3. For the largest quantity
of raw silk, $5, next do. do. do. 4, next do. do. 3,
next do, do. 2, next do. do. do. 1. For the best
sample of sewing-silk, $5, next do. 4.
Premium of ten dollars for the best ban'el of
starch made in this State $10.
Plortghing Match. JVo Drivers allowed. First
Plough, $9, second do. 8, third do. 7, fourth do. 6,
fifth do. 5, sixth do. 4, seventh do. 3, eighth do. 2.
The depth to be ploughed will not be less than
five inches, and the breadth of the furrow not
more than ten inches.
The strictest regulations will be adopted, to en-
sure the jiroper management of the cattle. They
will not be permitted to be driven faster than their
natural pace ': and these premiums will be ad-
judged for the best work with the least expense of
labor.
It must be understood, that in all cises, wheth-
er there be any competition or not, it is at the dis-'
cretion of the Committees to withhold a premium,
if iu their opinion the object so offered, is not de-
serving of it.
Any attempts to obtain premiums by unfair
practices will be punished by a forfeiture of the
premium should it have been awarded before a
discovery and will also preclude the ofl^ender from
being permitted to apply for premiums in future
Premiums to be demanded within six inootbs
at'ter they are awarded.
JAINIES RHODES, President.
RICHARD W. GREENE, Sec'ry.
324
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
APRII, 34, 1833.
AN ADDRESS
To the Essex Counly Agricultural Society, delivered at New-
bury, September 27, 1832, at their Animal Cattle Show.
By Rev. Gardner B. Peiirv.
[Continued from page 317.]
Another hindrance in the way of agricuhural
improvement is an impression entertained by many
that farming is not so genteel and honorable as
some other employment. How this feeling grew
up, (a feeling in the extent to which it exists among
lis almost peculiar to New England,) I shall not
attempt to decide: sure I am of its existence and
of its baleful influence, though like the one just
before mentioned operating with somewhat dimin-
islied force. It has dried up the spirit and held
the mind of many a noble and virtuous youth in
bondage, suffused many innocent cheeks with a
blush, prevented many ingenious and stirring
spirits from going into that employment, whose
taste and interest would otherwise lead them to it,
and induced those who were engaged in it to work
with less vigor, to seek for improvement with less
interest, and frequently to turn all their originat-
ing and inventive powers into other chaiuiels, even
when farming was still their real occupation.
Who can look for a moment to the nature and
operations of this Society and the men who com-
pose it, and not perceive how powerfully its influ-
ence must tend to remove an impression so un-
founded in principle, so hurtful in its tendency.
The example of the rich, the learned and distin-
guished men who give life and interest to this So-
ciety, comes in upon the soul of many a laboring
youth like a refreshing and gladdening shower up-
on the thirsty land and withering herb.
The story that Pickering, the founder, and for
many years the worthy and eflicieut President of
this Society, held the plough, handled tlie spade,
and looked well to the stall, has a thousand times
been told, and whenever told has poured fresh
courage and joy into the mind of many a toiling
youth, who humbled under the impression of
which I am speaking, was tempted to blame his
fate which in his apprehension had cruelly chain-
ed him to a farmer's life.
Another obstacle in the way of agricultural im-
provement, is a too general impression entertained
that learning is of little advantage in the business
of a farmer's life. Were it not for observations
on other subjects which I wish for special reasons
to make, I should like to dwell a little time on this
point. As it is, I must content myself by observ-
ing, that in my apprehension there is no other em-
ployment in which there is a constant demand for
manual labor, where there is so loud a call for the
aids of science, or where the suggestions of a well
iostructed mind would prove a more efficient help.
For proof of the correctness of this opinion, I have
no occasion to go beyond the limits of this county,
or out of the catalogue of the members of this So-
ciety. Were I to train a child for the labors of
the field, my first care would be to make him fa-
miliar not perhaps with either ancient or modern
languages, though if possessed of common sense
they would do him no hurt, yet witli the physical
sciences; in all which I would have him as care-
fully instructed as if he were to go into profession-
al/life. Knowledge is power, power in the field
as well as in the senate-house, power over matter
as well as over mind.
A further hindrance to improvement in hus-
bandry is found m the fact, that whatever exer-
tions a man may make to keep his own fields free
from insects, noxious plants and whatever is des-
tructive to vegetation, it can be only of partial and
temporary advantage, because in the neglected
lands of his neighbor a new and unfailing recruit
will be reared up every returning season. The
field of the slothful will be grown over with thorns
and the face of it covered with nettles. It would
be well were there no sluggards in the land, and it
would be liappy if many who are not sluggards
were sufficiently apprised of the advantages which
would accrue to themselves and neighbors, did
they sufler no noxious weed or devouring insect
to find shelter about them. He who suflers his
own fields to be filled with hurtful vegetation, or
his trees to be devoured by destructive insects,
does nothing for which the laws of the land can
pimish him, nothing for which ho would be will-
ing to have his neighbor complain, and yet he is
instrumental of doing as great an injury, as if
when his trees were filled with fruit or his fields
white for harvest, he should by stealth or tbrce a])-
propriate a part to his own use, or knowingly per-
mit his cattle to devour it. He who prevents my
trees from bearing, leaves me as destitute as he
who sequesters the ripened crop to himself
There is a moral obligation on this subject which
I fear is not felt, responsibilities which are not re-
garded, inji^ies permitted for which no compen-
sation is provided, discouragement induced by
which the whole community suffers.
Somewhat of the same character is a wanton
and shameless liberty which many persons take in
respect to others' enclosures. I feel happy in
bearing testimony to the general good morals of
the people in this county, to their general correct
views on the subject of property, and to the ease
and safety which all feel in their persons and their
possessions. Still, all things are not as tlicy
should be. The subject to which 1 have reverted
is one in which the sentiments and habits of many
of our citizens need reform. Our fields, our or-
chards, and our gardens are not safe from the in-
trusion of those who may think it a little nearer tu
make their way through them than to follow the
road which the public have provided. Fields in
every state of cultivation, ploughed, planted, sow-
ed, and levelled, green with the tenderness of
spring or crowned with the flowing harvest, are
passed in every direction by young and old, male
and female, learned and unwise. No one intends
an injury, and the injury done by an individual is
small, yet the amount of the whole is considerable.
This licentiousness extends beyond mere travel.
No one thinks of stealing, yet the trees of early
and choice fruit are spoiled by little and little by
those who wish just to know how it tastes, and
the owner is often the only person in all the neigh-
borhood who has not had his part. Melons are
taken from the vines, and portions of almost all
pleasant things are sequestered, by those who
have a taste to gratify, but not energy enough to
produce for themselves, nor spirit enough to pay
for their own gratifications, nor even civility
enough to ask (which in the large proportion of
instances would be all that is retiuired) for what
they so intensely desire. 1 once knew a field
owned by a person who possessed some taste for
improvement, and who had been/ at some expense
to introduce into it specimens of better fruits and
choice vegetables, in relation to which I have
heard the neighbors say that the injury sustained
by the licentiousness of which I am now speaking,
could not be less than eight or ten dollars a year
for a dozen years in succession. This makes a
considerable sum and was a serious loss to the in-
dividual, whose means were small; great as it was,
the perplexity, vexation and frequent disappoint-
ment in experiments upon certain articles, were
still greater. The discouragement which is thus
spread through the community is more serious
still. From the loss and perplexity produced in
this way, many persons (I think very erroneously)
have been induced lo cut down trees which they
had cultivated with much pains and expense, and
many more have been prevented from any at-
tempt to raise them, from the little prospect that
they would be permitted to enjoy the produce
when brought to maturity.
It is certainly desirable that these evils and
discouragements should be removed. And I think
as your plans for improvement advance, the senti-
ments and habits of the community on this subject
will improve, lint I apprehend you should not
remain sati.-ified with the slow reform w hich would
thus be produced. The evil as it now exists is
one of the greatest and most extensive hindrances
with which the Society has to contend. I must
sup])ose it both their duty and interest, to put
forth a direct and powerful effort to stop this inju-
rious and troublesome practice. The attention of
the community, I ihiiik, should be called to the
subject, by an able and special appeal, addressed
to their understanding, their moral feelings, and
I their interest; and where the dictates of reason, a
sense of justice, and the generous feelings, prove
jnertectual, the restraint of law should be called
in. And I know of no body of men, considering
their high standing in the respect and confidence
tifthe community, their situation scattered through
the county, and the object of their association, by
whom such an appeal could with greater propri-
ety be mtide, and if made, promise better success,
than by those of this association ; and I firmly be-
lieve that the success of this institution, and the
moral stiite of the county in the coming genera-
tions, dejiend much on the fact whether this effort
be made, or things be suffered to go on in their
present course.
You will permit me here to pass from a consid-
eration of hindrances which present themselves to
retard agricultural improvements, hindrances
which will however certainly give way before your
enlightened and well-directed efforts, to the notice
of some increased if not new efforts which appear
to me connected with a wider and more speedy
accomplishment af the commendable designs of
your institution. In this conuexion 1 will suggest
that a more general circulation of the Annual Re-
ports and other publications of your Society is
needed. Since called upon to give this address, I
have looked over most of the printed documents of
this Society anew, — I had read many of them be-
fore,— the result of which has been a deeper con-
victim of the wisdom and spirit with which its
operations have been conducted. Information on
subjects of general importance is there given in an
intelligible manner. Information, too, which I
know from my own experience, it would be for
the general interest were it more commonly pog-
sesseil and regarded. It may be asked what more
can be done than to collect, embody, and send
abroad the information contained in these publica-
tions. You will permit me to observe that your
rejioils, (and the observation might with the same
propriety be extended to almost all useful institu-
tions,) are not made common enough. Compara-
vol.. XI. NO. 41.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
325
lively few who need tliem most, ever see them ;
should you go through the county you would find
many who liave never seen any of them, and vast
numbers more who had only seen incidentally a
lew, or parts of them. The fault may be their
own : your object, however, is to enlighter. the ig-
norant and rouse up the inactive, and call into ex-
ercise the dormant powers of society. Your suc-
cess depends, in part at least, as does that of every
desirable eflbrt, in taking land yet uncultivated,
exciting minds yet unutiected, sending light and
improvement where there is yet darkness.
As a means of doing this, large and cheap edi-
tions of your reports or parts of them should be
printed, and effectual means put in requisition to
circulate them gratuitously or at the lowest pos-
sible price among those who remain yet unmoved.
2. The tract system might usefully be brought
into operation here. This is an engine of immense
I)OWer in the hands of whatever body of men and
for whatever purpose employed, and as might be
expected the enemies and the friends of truth
have availed themselves of its influence ; good or
evil, according to the character of the effort, lias,
to an incalculable extent, always been the result.
Those who have worthy objects and where this
means can be brought in, should be forward to
avail themselves of its help. It appears to me that
this power is well suited to the object of this So-
ciety, and perfectly withhi your means. Short es-
says, plain, practical, and pertinent, on subjects of
local and county interest, illustrated when neces-
sary with lithographic or other cuts, printed in a
cheap form, and circulated extensively through
the county, particularly among those who have
taken but little interest in the improvementsthat
are going on, could not but be attended with the
best effects. It is a mistake to suppose tliat be-
cause men have hitherto been inactive and with-
out interest in a good cause, they can never be
drawn iu to countenance and to help it on. There
are many men, strong in nerve, vigorous in mind,
or rich iu wealth, who ought, and may be induced
to come in as active and efiicient helpers.
3. I will suggest also the expediency of
holding meetings in different parts of the coimty
and at convenient seasons of the year, not for ex-
hibition, but to communicate information : at which
time Lectures should be given on subjects of gen-
eral utility by persons appointed for the purpose,
and on subjects assigned them. In this way a
greater interest would be excited, better lectures
ordinarily secured, and when judged expedient,
particularly adapted to the wants and interest of
that part of the county where the meeting is held.
With the talent possessed by the members of the
Board of Managers and the zeal felt by them, it
would not be difficult to secure from their own
body men enough to perform this service for some
years : there are, too, many other public-spirited
and able men, who if specially invited, would
give an enlightened and encouraging assistance to
an undertaking of this kind. Every such lectiu'e
would kindle up a new spirit in the neighborhood
where it was delivered, keep up inquiry where an
interest was already felt, preserve in remem-
brance the Society and its objects, new sub-
scribers would be obtained, and thus new talents
and new interest secured to your cause.
I will ask whether it woidd not be well to ap-
point local or town committees, who should be
requested to collect and commimicate to the Socie-
ty information of any instances of good cultivation,
or new articles of produce or manufacture, and
whatever case they may thudi of common interest
within their respective towns. There are no
doubt many instances of good husbandry and use-
ful inventions and easy methods of accomplishing
business in the county, of which there is no gen-
eral information, and of which the public, under
existing circumstances, are not likely to be made
speedily acquainted. There are many truly wor-
thy and skilful farmer and mechanics, who not
being much accustomed to the pen, feel a reluc-
tance, and indeed would meet with some difliculty
in making out a written account of their opera
tions, who at the same time would readily commu-
nicate in conversation all the information necessary
to enable those used to writing to give a full and
useful account of their improvement and success-
ful experiment. Information relating to such cus-
toms and other useful and important subjects
might reasonably be expected from the proposed
committees; for not only their own public spirit,
but the character and reputation of their towns,
would excite them to activity and promptness in
the business to which they were appointed.
A depository is needed, where models and spec-
imens of agricultural inventions and other things
of general interest may be placed. Many things
which are brought to the public shows, would be
readily left in such a place, while from various
sources both within and out of the county, such
an establishment would be filled faster than would
at first be anticipated. It would serve also as a
medium through which new or valuable varieties
of seeds, plants and fruits might be spread abroad
more extensively and readily than can under exist-
ing circumstances be effected. The advantages
would certainly be great, and the facilities which
it would afford to the designs of this Society very
numerous. Some difficulties certainly present
themselves to this object, the greatest of which
are those which the local circumstances of the
county present, and the rotatory mode of holding
the annual exhibitions. These are certainly un-
favorable circumstances so far as the subject pro-
posed is concerned; yet I thing not sufficiently so
to prevent the carrying it into effect. A deposi-
tory placed in the centre or in either of the large
towns, could without great difficulty be visited
from every part of the county; and though of
greater advantage to those living nearest, would
be of more advantage to the most remote than
none; imperfect and unequal in many things, but
better than destitution.
[To be cuiilinucil.]
From the Penn. Advocate.
EXPANSIOIV OF SOIilDS BV HEAT.
The general and comparative expansion of
solids by heat is exemplified in the following
cases : —
A cannon ball, when heated, cannot be made to
enter an opening, through whieh, when cold, it
passes readily.
A glass stopper sticking fast in the neck of a
bottle often may be released by surrounding the
neck with a cloth taken out of warm water — or by
immersing the bottle in the water up to tlie neck :
the binding ring is thus heated and expanded soon-
er than the stopper, and so becomes slack or loose
upon it.
Pipes for conveying hot water, steam, hot air,
&c., if of considerable length, must have joinings
that allow a degree of shortening and lengthening.
otherwise a change of temperature may destroy
them. An incompetent person undertook to warm
a large mamifactory by steam from one boiler.
He laid a rigid main pipe along a passage, and
opened lateral branches through holes into the
several apartments, but on his first admitting the
steam, the expansion of the main pipe tore it away
from all its branches.
In an iron railing, a gate which during a cold
day may be loose, and easily shut or opened, iu a
warm day may stick, owing to there being greater
expansion of it and of the neighboring railing, than
of the earth on which they are placed. Thus,
also, the centre of the arch of an iron bridge is
higher in warm than in cold weather ; while, on
the contrary, in a suspension or chain bridge, the
centre is lowered.
The iron pillars now so much used to support
the front walls of which the ground stories serve
as shops, with spacious windows, in warm weath-
er really lift up the wall which rests upon them,
and in cold weather allow it again to sink or sub-
side— hi a degree considerably greater than if the
wall were brick from top to bottom.
In some situations, (as lately was seen in the
beautiful steeple of Bow church, in London,)
where the stones of a building are held together by
clamps or bars of iron, with their end bent into
them, the expansion in summer of these clamps
will force the stones apart sufficiently for dust or
sandy particles to lodge between them: and then,
on the return of winter, the stones not being at
liberty to close as before, will cause the ends of
the shortened clamps to be drawn out, and the ef-
fect increasing with each revolving year, the struc-
ture will at last be loosened and may fall.
The pitch of a piano-forte or harp is lowered in
a warm day or in a warm room, owing to the ex-
pansions of the strings being greater than of the
wooden frame-work ; and in cold the reverse will
happen. A harp or piano, which is well tuned in
a morning drawing room, caunot be perfectly in
tune when the crowded evening party lias heated
the room.
Bell-wires too slack in suumier, may be of the
proper length in winter.
From the Southern Planter.
Twiggs county, March 14, 1833.
Mr. Editor — Sir, seeing in your valuable pa-
per, the Southern Phmter, a piece over the signa-
ture of George P. Cooper, for raising calves, I
would beg leave, through your paper, to offer a
substitute. — Instead of putting the milk in a pail,
I would advise it to be jmt in a gourd and liave a
hole in the end, which the calf will suck as it did
its mother's teat. This experiment has been made
in this county, and found that the calf did well
after losing its mother, and was raised to be a
good beast. After a little while it will suck meat
liquor as well as milk, which makes the food
cheaper and very nourishing to the animal, and
will save the trouble of sucking the finger as pre-
scribed. If you think this worth putting in your
valuable paper you are at liberty to do so.
Twiggs Farmer.
Mammoth Ox. A beef Ox belonging to Col.
John Spring, of Saco, Me. was weighed on the
23d ult. and his weight was found to be ninetetn
hundred and fifteen pounds! — The Jlge.
Green Peas made their first appearance for the
season in the Savauuah market, on the 2d inst.
326
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
APRII, 84, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL2i. 1R33.
FARMER'S AND G^VRDENER'S WORK.
Change of Seeds. We have heretofore piibHshed
opinions ou the subject of changing seeds which
have been deemed erroneous, and to have been
contradicted by the exj>crience of Mr. Cooper, of
New Jersey, and others. The paragraph said to
be incorrect was taken from one of a series of
<' Agricultural Essays" written by the late Rev.
Nathaniel Fishek, of Salem, and republished in
the N. E. Fanner, and was as follows: — "Seeds
not natural to the climate degenerate — should be
changed, annually, if only from one field to
another. A considerable distance better. Flax,
and most early seeds, carried one hundred miles
north do well, late ones carried as far south do well
also. Corn, barley, oats and seeds of all kinds
sliould be changed every year ; it will pay the
fanner four-fold for his trouble in doing it."*
These remarks, it is said in substance, are con-
tradicted by the experiments of Mr. Benjamiji
Cooper, of Camden, (N. J.)t and it would, no
doubt, have been better to have accompanied the
extract with explanatory observations. I believe,
however, the theories of the gentlemen quoted and
referred to, are not in direct opposition to each
other. The one directs farmers to improve their
own sorts of vegetables by propagating from the
best seeds, produced from the best ])lants, and the
other to make frequent changes of seeds, (kc. Per-
haps both rules may be essentially combined.
We believe that the celebrated Bakewell's prac-
tice, relative to the improving of breeds of cattle,
will a]>ply equally well to all sorts of cultivated
vegetables. " JStevtr quit one good breed till you
can select from a letter." And another by Dr-
Cooper, is not less important. " Choose those ani-
mals and vegetables to propagate from that possess
the qualities you ivish to pi opagate in the greatest per-
yection." By this process we may improve our
stock, whether that of horses, horned cattle, sheep,
or potatoes, Indian corn, strawberries, &c. &c.
The HorL J. Lowell, in an article on " Change
of Seeds," written for the last edition of Deane^s
JYerv- England Farmer, observes — " While some
pretend that changes of seeds are necessary, and
l)roeeed to assign certain philosophical reasons,
which are much less satisfactory than a few ex-
amples would be ; others, among whom might be
mentioned the deservedly-celebrated Mr. Cooper,
of New-Jersey, maintain that no such changes are
either necessary or expedient ; that seed may not
only be sown on the same land indefiuitely as to
time, and without any deterioration of the quan-
tity or quality of the crops, but that they will im-
prove, provided a careful selection is made of the
plants reserved for seed, and provided the earliest
ripe, and fairest, and in all particulars the best,
are uniformly selected. It is probable that both
these parties are partially right."
" We would observe, as the residt of 20 years'
experience, that it is highly inexpedient to trans-
plant seeds or plants from a high northern to a
southern climate, and the reverse. The potatoes
of Great Britain and Ireland, and even of Nova-
Scotia do uotsucceed with us. Some exceptions
may be made to the rule, but they are rare. The
potato taken from the south appears to do better
transplanted to the north. The River Plate or
long potato has done admirably well, though the
fact that it originally came from South America,
is by no means settled on good evidence. This,
if it be settled, which we believe it to be, that the
potato is not improved by transportation from a
colder and more moist climate to a more southern
and drier one, and, on the other hand, is im-
proved by transplantation from a southern one to
a more northern climate, may be accounted for
from the fact, that its natin-al indigenous location,
the one in which it was first found, and has re-
cently been discovered in a natural state, is in the
elevated lands of South America, at the foot of
their highest mountains, and but little below the
region of perpetual snows. It is certain that the
potato loves moisture, and is rapidly checked by
extreme heat and drought.
" On the other hand, the Indian corn will not
bear transplantation from a southern to a northern
climate. It is familiar to us all that the flat corn
of Carolina, though it will grow to a great size
with lis, will never ripen its seed hut with great
precaution, and then but imperfectly. The flint
corn of Cuba will not even foriir its ears in our
climate. The same remark applies to wheat. It
has been proved by experiments so numerous as
to put the question at rest, that wheat from south-
ern climates, though it will grow vigorously at
first, will not come to perfection. The only ex-
ception we have yet heard of, is that of the wheat
of Leghorn, used by (he Italians in the manufac-
ture of straw bonnets. This has suceeded in one
or two instances, but these are not suflicient to
enable us to pronounce it to be an exception from
a general rule.
" It is confidently affirmed that flax-seed con-
stitutes an exception, and that it uniformly is im-
proved by change. It may be so ; it is important
that this should be tested by frequent trials — but
we believe the best general rule is to select our
best seeds and roots, or to buy them of our suc-
cessful neighbors rather than to rely on foreign
productions."
and are much pleased with the result of what wc
conceive to be one of the most important and well-
conducted agricultural experiments, which has
come within the reach of our observation. We
have seen his samples, and finer and fairer pota-
toes we presume are not to be found. They are
selected from no less than 1500 varieties, all ob-
tained from seed. A detailed account of the pro-
cesses, by which this improvement was affected,
would be useful, and we hope Mr. Tidd will add
to his favors by giving us further sketches of his
proceedings in the premises.
* N. E. Fanner, vol. ix. p. 249. t N. E. Fanner, vol. x\. p. 273,
Mr. Tidd's new Varieties of Potatoes. — We beg
leave to direct the attention of our readers to an
article on the first page of this day's paper, on
Mr. Tidd's new varieties of potatoes. We thmk
Mr. T. has deserved well of the farming interest.
For the New England FariMr.
SWrEET POTATOES.
Mr. Editor. Sir, — In my Farmer, of the 17th,
I was glad to see an article headed " Direction for
the culture of sweet potatoes." After reading it,
I must say that I felt disappointment in not find-
ing more definite direction. There are many, sir,
like myself, who have but recently commenced
the life of an agriculturist, and to whom the de-
tails would be very acceptable. I have just im-
mersed a peck of slips in a hot-bed, and should
be glad to know if water is to be given them ? —
How long the sprouts should lie before transplant-
ing? If the slips ought to be divided before go-
iug into the hot-bed, or at the time of transplant-
ing ? — or not divided at all ? If great care is requi-
site in removing them from the hot-bed .' &c. &c.
Yours, F.
Groton, April 19, 1833.
The following directions for the culture of the
sweet potatoe are from the pen of the Hon. John
Lowell :
" Those who wish to be perfectly assured of
tlicir success, will raise a small hot-bed, with or
without glass, about the tenth of April, on the
south side of a fence, wall, or building. On this,
they will lay the slips or roots so close as to
touch each other, so that a bed of six feet square
will be suflicient for a bushel of them. They
should then be covered with about an inch of
earth. If the cultivator has no hot-bed frames,
the bed at night may be covered with a mat or
with straw.
" In 10 or 14 days some of the shoots will ap-
pear above ground : when about one half or even
a third so appear, they arc all to be taken up to
lie planted. The lightest soils are best adapted to
to them. As their roots almost universally strike
downwards, like those of the carrot : they are
always placed ou hills raised about nine inches, or
about the height of a potato hill, after its last faith-
ful hoeing. These hills should be four feet and a
half apart in every direction. The slips, two in
each hill, one foot apart, are then put in, either
with the fingers or a stick, or any instrument ca-
llable of making a suflicient hole — and the crown
or top should be within an inch, or half an inch,
of the surface. When thus started, or sprouted,
it will be easy to distinguish the end which sends
out roots from that which puts forth shoots for the
open air. The slips should be put in perpendicu-
larly, or nearly so, the root end downwards —
They would grow without the precaution, but
would be delayed and injured in their growth."
If the hot-bed is under cover it will occasionally
need watering, for the sake of obtaining heat as
VOL. XI, NO, 41.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
327
well as moisture. If it be iu the open air, water-
iugin dry weather will be expedient. We pre-
sume the slips should bo planted and preserved
whole.
PAiaiT OIL.
THE subscribers keep uii hand a constant supply of their
''prepared PahU Oil,'' which tliey ol^er for sale {with some
further improvements, adapting it for use in cold weather as
well as warm) wilhrencwedassuranceof its merit, having stood
through the last summer ajid winter without ciiange, aiid almost
without a diminution of gloss. This Oil, independent of being
25 per cent, cheaper, will actually cover a quarter more surface
than Linseed Oil, as has been repeatedly proved, and confirm-
ed by statements of many pamteis. Upwards of fifty buildings
in this city aud vicinity, can be referred to painted last year
with tlijs Oil, ant-l most of them (where pahited with two coats)
still retain their gloss, which is a clear demonstration of its
strength. The prepared Oil, is found to answer a good pur-
pose to mix with Linseed Oil, giving it strength, and durability
with a more permanent gloss. It is found also to paint a very
clear white ; being light colored, it does not give any coloring
or yellow tinge to the lead in mixing. Oil faclorv, head of
Foster's wharf. DOWNER & AUSTIN
N. B. The above Oil, and all other Oils, sold from the Oil
Factory, which shall not prove as represented, can he returned,
and the cartage will be paid. 3t ni27
FARKIER ■WANTED.
WANTED a single man to work on a small farm— one who
is well acquainted with tlie cultivation of all kinds of vegetables,
Also one who understands taking care of fruit trees. No one
need apply who makes use of ardent spirits. A good charac-
ter will be required. In<|uire at No. 52, India Wharf,
ois&to 3t m27
GRASS SEEDS.
Herds Grass — Red Clover, {Northern and Sm/them) Red
Top— Fowl Meadow— Orchard Grass— Tall Meadow OatGrass
—Lucerne— White Dutch Honevsuckle Clover, for sale by
Gko. C. BARnETT, No. 51 & 52 North Market Street, Boston.
fob 13 tf
SWEET POTATO SLIPS.
THIS day received at Geo. C. Barren's Seed Store, 51 &
fl?, North Market Street, Boston, a good supply of Slips of the
Carolina Potato, in good order, and of superior quality.
Printed directions for their culture aud management furnished
gratis. apH
RUSSIA MATS.
5(X) dozen large sized Russia Mats.
SUO do. small do. do. do.
For Sale by D. F. FAULKNER, No. 15 Central Street.
m 20 tf
POTATOES.
A few barrels excellent potatoes, perfectly wliiie, good shap-
ed and yield well. They were raised ii-ora the seed of the ball
and obtained the first premium from the Essex county Agricul-
tural Society. For sale at No. 36 Broad St.
apH
100 SAXONY AND MERINO EAVES AND TWO
BUCKS.
TO put out on lease for one or more years, one hundred lull
blood Saxony and Merino Ewes, and two full blood Bucks, in
llocks of fifty Ewes and one Buck. Fifty of the Ewes have suck-
ing lambs of last winter and this spring, the other Ewes yet to
yean, or oulv yearlings and not expected to bring lambs this
season, the iioeks to be leased to ditferent persons, and if they
live at some distance from each other it will be preferable— in
shape, size, fineness and evenness of fleece they are superior
sheep-— are now and have always been healthy and in good
condition — the lessee to receive for uniform care', attention, and
maintaining them, a part of the wool shorn yearly, and a part
of the progeny as may be agreed. Settlement to be made yearl y.
For terms and particulars inquire of the Printer of this paper
previous to first of May next, and it is requested that no person
will make application who does not believe that to succeed
with shee|). care and attention is absolutely necessary, and will
act up to his belief, and to the letter aud spirit of any contract
he may make. ' an lo
VTHITE CLOVER SEED.
Just received at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 51 and 52 North Market Street, Boston,
1000 lbs finest White Dutch Honeysuckle Clover Seed, im-
ported from Rotterdam.
N. B. The quality of this Seed is considered superior to
any that has been oflered in this city for many years, being re-
markably bright, pure, and free from that great pest, Canada
thistle, which is frequently found in white clover seed of Amer-
ican growth. Fanners are requested to call and (gamine it
feb20
DEW GRASS.
A few bushels of this valuable Pasture Grass Seed for sale
attlie N. E. Seed Store, 61 iSc 52, North Market Street.
April 3.
100 doze
20 .do.
20 do.
100 do.
50 do.
50 do.
, to 12.
HARDWARE.
Ames Backstrap Shovels.
do. Large Shovcds, Irom N(
do. Cast Steel Polished Sh.
Plymptou Hoes.
Stetson do.
Fales Cast Steel Goosenecked Hoes.
Also, various other kinds of Hoes.
1(X) dozen Manure Forks, comprising an assortment of vari-
ous makers and qualities.
150 dozen Farwcll's Scythes.
150 do. Whipple & Hales half set Scythes, together with
every description of HARDWARE GOODS, for sale by
LANE &. READ, at No. 6, Market Square, near Fan '
Hall.
I 13
ASPARAGUS ROOTS.
JUST Rccieved at the Seed Slore connected with the New
England Farmer, 51 &, 52, North Market Street : —
A few thousand Large Early Asparagus Roots, packed in
moss, in boxes of one, two and three hundred roots each, —
will bear transportation any distaiK-e. apl7
MAMELUKE.
The blood horse Mameluke asjust arrived at the stable of
Sir I. CoHSn, at Brighton, where he will stand for the present
season at glO per mare, the breeders of horses are respectfully
invited lo call and examme this horse.
13w apl7 J. PARKINSON.
ASSORTED SEEDS FOR FAMILIES,
FOR Sale, at the Seed Store connected with the N(
land Farmer, 61 &, 52 North Market Sirect,
Small boxes of Assorted Seeds for Kitchen Gardens
box contains a package of the following seeds : —
Early Washington Peas
Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas
Late Marrowfat Peas
Early Mohawk Dwarf Strin
Beans
Early Dwarf White Caseknife
Beans
Lima, or Saba Pole Beans
Long Blood Beat (int^ sort)
Early turnip-rooted Beef
Early York Cabbage
Large Cape Savoy do. (Jine)
Red Dutch do. (for pickling)
Early Dutch Cauliflower
Early Horn Carrot (very Jine)
Long Orange Carrot
White Solid Celery
Curled Cress or Pcppergrass
Early Cucumber
Long Green Turkey do.
Long Dutch Parsnep
At the Seed Store can be found the greatest variety of Field,
Grass, Garden, Herb and Flower Seeds, to be found in New
England, of the very first quality, and at fair prices, wholesale
and retail.
Also, Fruit and Forest Trees, Grape Vines, (of both native
and European origin,) andOrnamental Shrubs at Nurserymen's
prices. m 13
Eng-
Each
Large Head Lettuce
Early Silisia do.
Pine-apple Melon (venj fine)
Watermelon
Large White Portugal Onion
Large Red do.
DouDle Curled Parsley
Flat Squash Pepper
Early Scarlet short-top Radish
White Turnip Radish
Salsify, or Oyster Plant
Early Bush Squash
Winter Crook-neck Squash
Early White Dutch Turnip
Yellow Stone Tiirnip
POT HEKB SEEDS.
Sweet Marjorum, Sage, Sum-
mer Savory.
SEED TEA WHEAT.
A few bushels of this very valuable varieiy of Spring Wheat,
for sale at the Seed Store No. 51, North Market Street, raised
in the vicinity of Lake Erie.
One kernel of this Wheat was found in a chest of Tea, at
St. John, N. B. iu 1823, from which this variety was raised.
(See N. E. Farmer, vol ix, page 105, and vol x, page 103.)
Parsons in want of it will please apply soon.
f«b SO
TO THE PUBLIC.
This may certify that I have used one of C. Howard's im-
proved (cast iron) ploughs. No. 2, one year and can say it is
an excellent plough. JONA. WARREN.
Weston, March 28, 1833.
FOR SALE.
Howard's Improved patent Cast Iron Ploughs for sale, as
likemse mould boards, land sides and shears furnished, and
ploughs repaired by the subscriber. J. WARREN,
Weston.
EVERGREENS, SILVER FIRS, &.C.
THE Suhscriher being enga^d in the Seed busmess, would
be happy lo receive orders for Forest Trees, Seeds ami Ever-
greens from Maine j and being agent for G. C Barrett, Boston,
and Prince &. Sons, Flushing, N. Y. orders sent through them
or otherwise, will be attended lo without delay. Particular
directions for taking up and packing arc requested.
WM. MANN.
Augusta, Mc. March 13.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, norlhcrn, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
FLOuit, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hat,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort
Southern, 1st sort, . . , .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper. . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra dear, .
Navy, Mess
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed.
Merino, half blood, .
Merino, quarter, . .
Native washed, . .
^ rPulled superfine,
^ -6 1 1st Lambs, . ,
o±\Sd '* _ . ,
^ ( 1st Spinning, .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
barrel
2 50
2 50
bushel
1 00
barrel
11 60
"
6 75
"
8 50
pound
14
*'
8
'■
b
*'
3
*'
38
"
35
"
9
bushel
1 25
barrel
6 12
"
5 87
"
5 87
"
5 62
bushel
76
'<
76
"
85
"
60
"
45
ton
12 00
gallon
40
pound
28
pound
9
•t
18
lb.
21
pound
16
lb.
20
pound
24
"
23
cask
1 20
ton
3 75
bushel
25
barrel
18 00
"
13 00
"
none
bushel
2 50
"
1 25
pound
14
"
14
cwt
10 00
pound
00
"
65
''
60
'i
48
I'
42
ti
40
't
60
"
52
'■
37
"
28
46
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL P
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . ,
lump, best, ....
Egos,
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according to quality,)
3 00
I 50
12 LO
7 00
S 75
15
10
G
43
12
1 30
6 37
6 25
6 37
5 75
80
76
90
70
52
14 OO
50
30
10
9
20
25
19
22
26
25
1 25
3 87
30
19 00
13 50
3 00
1 37
pound
'1
,,
10
ii
15
it
19
dozen
13
bushel
35
barrel
2 00
3 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, April 22, 1833.
Keportod for the Dailjr Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this dav 292 Beef Cattle,20 pairs Working Oxen,
13 Cows and Calves, 230 Sheep and 2.50 Swine.
Prices. Beef Cu«/e.— The Cattle were not so good nor
so large as last week, but prices were about the same. We
quote prime at gC.50 a 1 ; good at g6 a 6,50; thin at S^fij a
5,75.
}\'nrking 0:rcn.— Sales were noticed at 52, 59, 70,. 76, 95,
and S'OO.
Cmrs and Calves.— \\'c noticed sales at 17,21,25,27,28.
and iJaO.
Slieep — We noticed the sale of one drove at from 6 lo 8
each i another lot at 6.84 ;uid 7.25.
Swine. — Several lots of selected Barrowj were taken at 6cv
and one or two lots to close at 4 a 4^ for Sows, and 5 a 5J for
Barrows, (all were sold ); at retail, SJ for Sows, and 6J for
Barrows.
PRUNING.
THE Subscribers would be glad to midertake the Pruning of
Fniil Trees, &c. &c. Theirpraclical experience in Horticui-
lure for many years, in England and America, recommends
them to give satisfaction to tlieir employers. Apply at this
oflicc. WILOT & WILSON.
March 5.
328
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
APRIl, 24, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
From Brainard's Poems.
SPRING.
TO MISS ■
Other poets may muse on thy beauties, and sing
Of thy birds and thy flowers, and tliy perfumes, sweet Spring!
Tliey may wander enraptur'd by hills and by mountains,
Or pensively pore by thy fresh gushing fountains 3
Or sleep in the moonlight by favorite streams,
Inspir'd by the whispering sylphs in tlieir dreams,
And awake from their slumbers to hail the bright sun,
When shining in dew the fresh morning comes on.
But I've wet shoes and stockings, a cold in my throat.
The head-ache, and tooth-ache, and quinsy to boot ;
No dew from the caps of the flow'rets I sip,—
'Tis nothing but boruset that moistens my lip ;
Not a cress from the spring or the brook can be had :
At morn, noon, and night, I get nothing but shad ;
My whispering sylph is a broad-shoulder'd lass.
And my bright sun — a warming pan made out of brass I
Then be thou my genius ; for what can I do,
When I cannot see nature, but copy from you ?
If Spring be the season of beauty and youth,
Of health and of loveliness, kindness and truth ;
Of all that's inspiring, and all that is bright.
And all that is what we call /ks( about tiglit —
Why need I expose my sick muse to the weather.
When by going to you she will find all together ?
ANKCDOTE OF SCHILI.ER.
A GENTLEMAN that was Well acquainted with
the poet Schiller, informs me (says Dr. Beattie, in
his journal of a Residence in Germany) that in
order to assist the imagination in some of the rob-
ber scenes, he would at times shut himself up and
exclude every glimpse of day. At other times he
would hang his chamber with dark drapery, and
guiding his pen with a solitary taper, so stimulate
the imagination and jirosecute his work.
CHEAP RECKONING.
Some time since, a gentleman drove up to a tav-
ern in a gig, in one of our Ohio towns, and asked
the landlord if he could be accommodated for the
night ; being answered in the affirmative, he took
up his quarters, telling the landlord that he need
not give his horse any thing as he had plenty of
oats in his gig. In the morning he politely asked
for his 6)7/, when the landlord, (who had caught
such larks in his trap before,) presented the follow-
ing bill, to wit : —
Mr. , Dr.
To boot jack and slippers, nothing at all.
To 3 glasses of water, nothing at all.
To 3 hours fireside, nothing at all.
To 5 anecdotes, nothing at all.
To no hay, nothing at all.
To lodging, 12^ cts.
80AH
Rec'd pajmenl in full — thank you, sir.
The gentleman went off in his gig, reading his
bill ; but what impression it made upon his nerv-
ous system, or his conduct at the next inn, I know
— Nothins; at all.
A siNGnLARLY curious work, being an account
of the British Island prior to the invasion by Julius
Csesar, has U\tely been discovered in possession of
the Brahmins. In this valuable treasure of an-
tiquity, Britain was called by a name which signi-
fies the Holy Land ; the Thames, the Isis, and other
rivers, ate called by names similar to the present
ones ; and Stonehenge is described as a great
Hindoo Temple. The Asiatic Society at Calcutta
are said to be prtrparing for publication a transla-
tion of this interesting manuscript.
CURE FOR THE tAZY FEVER.
The following amusing extract is taken from
an old Book on Physic, entitled " The Breviary of
Health, by Andrew Boorde, Phisyche Doctoure,
an Englishman, anno, 1557."
" The 151 chapitre doth shew of an e\'yll fever,
the which doth combat young persons named the
fever burden (lazy fever). Among all the fevers,
I had almost forgotten the fever burden with
which many yonge men, yong women, maydens,
and other yonge persons, bee sore infected now a
dayes. The cause of this infirmitee: — This fever
doth come naturally, or else by evyll and slothful
bringing up. If it to come by nature, then the
fever is incurable; for it can never get out of the
flesh thitt is bred in the bone. If it come by sloth-
ful bringing up, it may be helped by dilligent la-
bor. A remedy: There is nothyng for the fever
burden, as is tmgentum haculinum : that is to say
take a stick or wand, of a yard of length and more,
and let it be as great as a man's fynger, and with
it anoyiit the back and shoulders well, morning
and evening, and do this 21 days, and if this fever
wyl not be helpn in that tyme, let them be aware
of wagginge on the gallows : and whyles they do
take theyr medicine, put in lubberwort in thcyr
potage.
The Restoration of the Jews to the city of Jeru-
salem and to their long lost and lovely country
that " flowed with milk and honey," it is said, is
about becoming a very serious point of considera-
tion among the cabinets of Europe. The com-
plicated state of Turkish affairs, and the dread
that Russia may acquire a footing on the Bos-
phorus and Asia Minor, have led the cabinets of
Europe to inquire into the propriety of establish-
ing an independent sovereignty in Palestine, as
they have already done in Greece.
THE BENEVOLENT QUAKER.
Doctor P., a Quaker of Philadelphia, is very
kind to the poor. In the times of sickness, pro-
duced by whatever cause, he is always ready and
willing to assist them. His benevolence, in such
cases, extends farther than his gratuitous services
as a physician. Of course he is beloved.
Our streets are frequently somewhat crowded
with building materials — so much so as often, at
particular places, to prevent two vehicles from
passing each other, if the driver of either is dis-
posed to be obstinate.
As the doctor was one day proceeding to visit
a patient, his progress was impeded by a dray —
the driver of which had stopped his horse in one of
those narrow passages. After waiting several min-
utes the doctor requested the drayman to allow
him to pass. The latter who had heard of, but
did not know the former, poured forth a volley of
the vilest abuse upon the "straight coat," and
swore he would not move till he thought proper.
"Well, friend," said the doctor, "all I have to
observe is this: if thee should get sick, or if thy
family should ever be in distress, send for Dr. P.
and he will do all he can to assist thee."
I need scarcely say ihat the heart of the dray-
man was subdued by the kindness of the man he
had abused. He was ashamed of his conduct —
stammered an apology, and removed the obstruc-
tion as speedily as possible.
How true it is, that "a soft tongue breaketh the
bone." If the doctor had cursed the drayman till
midniglit, he would have received nought but
cursing and blows in return. This may be thought
a small matter, but it furnishes a useful lesson.
Christian JMes.
IiEAD.
SHEET LEAD, of all dimensions; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, constantlv for sale
by ALBERT FEARING & CO. No. 1, City Wharf.
Boston, March 13, lS;i'J. if
FOR SALE,
THAT valuable country seat and farm formerly o«iied by
E. H. llcrby and J. Crowninshield, Esqrs., and lately by Col.
Endicciii. situated in Danvcrs, within two miles of Salem and
tifteen of Boston. The buildings are in good repair, spacious
and elegant, and convenient for a genteel family, and also for a
farmer's, with barns, stables, &c., attached. There is an ex-
cellent garden, containing a gi-eat variety of choice fruits,
shrubs :uk1 flowers and a tasteful summer hou.se. The farm is
in a high state of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produces large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, qumces and cherries ;
there is a nursery of young fruit trees, and a plantation of
5000 White Mulberries. 1 ne place has many advantages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinit}^. The build-
ing and garden, with from 10 to 100 acres of land, as the pur-
chaser may choose, are ofiered on liberal and accommodating
terms. Apply at this oflSce, or to AMOS KING.
Danvcrs, March 27, 1833.
MRS. P.\RMENT1ER at the Horticultural Botanic Garden,
Brooklvn. L. I. ofiers for sale a choice collection of Pear, Ap-
ple. Peach. Plum, Cherry, Quince, and other Fruit Trees.
Grapi- Vines. OrnameniiU Trees and Shrubs. Greenhouse
and Herbaceous Plants at moderate prices.
At. so the Genuine Morus Multicaulis or Chinese Mulberry,
of which any quantity not exceeding ten thousand can be fur-
nished at reasonable prices.
Orders may be sent by mail directed to Mrs. P. or left at
Mr. Geo. C. Barrett, Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North Mar-
ket street Boston.
Ci M20
FARM FOR SALE.
A FARM pleasantly situated in Dorchester, 5J miles from
Roston, contaming about 1(K) acres of excellent land well fenced
with stone wall, with a Dwelling-house, Farm-house and a
large Barn with a large cellar under the same, all in good re-
pair. Has on it over 500 fruit trees of grafted and choice qual-
ilies,— is abundantly supplied witli waler It will be sold on
aroommodaling terms or exchanged for real estate in Boston.
For further particulars inquire atNo. 12, South Market Street,
Boston. April 3.
-HTHITE MCI.BERRY TREES.
FOR SALE 5000 Large White Mulberrv Trees, inquire at
this Otficc. If m27
NOTICE.
ARRANGEMENTS have been made to secure the Im-
ported Horse Numidia for the ensuing season at the Ten hill
slock farm. episif April 3.
THE NEAV ENGLAND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at g3 per _ ,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of tifty cents.
[Jj= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
° AGENTS.
New York—G. Thorbcrk & Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Albany— V,'m. Thorburn,347 Market-street.
I'hiladelphia — D. &, C. Landreth, 85 Chesnut-street.
[kiltimore — 1. 1. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhorst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing. N. Y. — Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin.Bot. Ga«.
Middlebunj, Vt.— Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Afewiterypori— Eekne/.er Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. IT.—]. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Jl/e.— Colman, Holden & Co. Booksellers.
An^tista, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.—V. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C— Geo. Bent.
St. Louis — Geo. Holton.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by Ford & Damrell
whoexecute every description of Book and Fancy Prmt-
ina in "ood style, and with promptness. Orders for print
in^ may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agncul
tural Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENG1.AND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
BOSTOiV, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 1 , 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
The following, from a eon-espoiident, whose
coininuiiications are very popular as well as useful,
is a counterpart to au excellent production entitled
"Brother Jonathan's Advice to his Son," published in
the JVew England Farmer, vol. 10, p. 336.
For the Neic England Farvier.
Brother Jonathan's Wife's advice to her
daughter on the dat op her marriabe.
Now, Mary, as you are about to leave us, a few
words seem appropriate to the occasion. Al-
though I regret the separation, yet I am pleased
that your prospects are good. You must not think
that all before you are Elysian Fields. Toil, care
and trouble, are the companions of frail human
nature. Old conne.xions will be dissolved by dis-
tance, time, and death. New ones will be form-
ed. Every thing pertaining to this life is on the
change.
A well cultivated mind, united with a pleasant,
easy dis])Osition, is the greatest accomplishraeut in
a lady. I have endeavored, from the first to the
present moment, to bring you up iu such a laan-
ner, as to foiin you for usefulness in society. Wo-
man was never made merely to see and be seen ;
but to fill au important space in the great chain
of nature, planned and formed by the Almighty
Parent of the universe. You have been educaleii
in habits of industry, frugality, economy and neat-
ness, and iu these you have not disappoiiiled me.
It is for the man to provide and for the wife
to care and see that every thing, within her
circle of movement, is done in oi'der and seasjin ;
therefore, let method and order be considered im-
portant. A place for every thing, and every thing
in its place. A time for every thing and every
thing in its time, are good family mottos.
A thorough knowledge of every kind of busi-
ness appropriate to the kitchen, is indispensable,
for without such knowledge, a lady is incapable
of the management of her own business, and is
liable to imi)Osition by her servants, every day.
But in these things you have been instructed.
You will be mistress of your own house, and
observe the rules in which you have been educa-
ted. You will endeavor, above all things, to
make your fireside the most agreeable place for
the man of your choice. Pleasantry and a happy
disposition will ever be considered as necessary
to this important end ; but a foolish fondness is
disgusting to all. Let reason and common sense
ever guide : these, aided by a pleasant, friendly
disposition, render life happy ; and without these,
it is not desirable. Remember your cousin Eliza.
She married with the brightest prospects ; but,
from her petulant, peevish, and complaining dis-
position, and negligence, every thing went wrong ;
and her homo became a place of disquietude to
her husband. To avoid this, he sought a place to
pass away vacant time, where, associated with
those more wicked than himself, he contracted
the habit of intemperauce, and all was lost — and
poor Eliza was thrown on the charity of her
friends.
Be pleasant and obliging to your neighbors —
ready to grant assistance, when necessary. Be
careful of their characters, and not readily believe
an ill report. Throw the mantle of charity over
tlieir failings, knowing that we are all human and
liable to err. Abhor a tattler, and give no j)lace
o the reports of such. However strong a provo-
cation may be, never contend for the last word.
Let your bible show that it is used. Give no
place to novels in your library. Let history, bi-
ography, and travels, bo read, when tiu)e and op-
portunity admit — without interfering with the im-
portant duties of the family. Be not ignorant of
the events of the titne being, therefore read some
journal of the day.
As to friends who may call on you — never be
confused, nor in ahurry: treat them with hospitality
and politeness ; and endeavor to make them hap-
py in their own way. Never teaze them to do this,
or that, which they do not prefer. True politeness
consist* in an easy and pleasant deportment, and
making our friends easy, and permitting them to
enjoy themselves in that way which is most pleas-
; to them.
Speak with deliberation. The other sex tell us
that, "the female tongue is never tired ;" be it so:
let it it be regulated by reason and common sense.
At the close of the week, if possible, let all your
work, for the titne, be done ; so that on Sunday
you may improve your time in such a manner, as
will be appropriate to the day, and never, extra-
ordinaries excepted, let your seat be vacated at
church. -■
As to dress : decenc'y is becoming to all, but
extravagance opens a door to want — follow the
fashions of the day so far as decency and good
sense will approve, biit avoid singularity. Be not
troubled for what you have not ; but be thankful
for, and take care of what you have. A Leghorn
hat, loaded with flowers, will not cure the head-
ache, nor a gold watch prevent the consumption.
Avoid night-meetings, at private houses, where
every one is priest. These, I fear have a ten-
dency to affect the passions more than mend the
heart. Who knows the resting place of au en-
thusiastic and fanatic mind .'' Let your evenings
generally be spent at home.
As you have attended to the study of Botany
and discovered a taste for flowers, I would not
by any means draw your attention from so inno-
cent and pleasing an amusement. But let your
garden be small, well laid out, and the plants
selected to your taste. See to the management
of it yourself. It is a pleasant exercise, i)roduc-
tive of health of body and serenity of mind. Let
the order, neatness, and the display of beauty in
your garden be the index to what may be seen
iu your house.
One thing more : the management of domes-
tics. See that all things go right in the kitchen.
Let every thing be done according to order.
Never dispute with a servant iu what vi'ay a thing
sliall be done. Let your commands be promptly
obeyed. Observe a mild dignity ; but avoid
all improper familiarity with those who may be
placed imder you. Be never hasty and impetu-
ous ; but calm and deliberate. Reprove when ne-
cesiary, witli mildness and determination ; but
never make a long harangue about matters of mi-
nor importance. Too much reproof, especially
if delivered in a passion, or high tone of voice, is
apt to lose its desired effect, and produce reaction
on the ]iart of the dependent. Dignity, decision
and condescension, must be assimilated in such a
manner as to command respect. Undue severity
will so operate on the mind of domestics, as to
destroy respect, and create disaffection and hatred.
Never charge a domestic with lying without irre-
fragable proof — then punish or dismiss him. To
say frequently and upon all occasions to a do-
mestic, " you lie," is perfectly ridiculous, and has
an evil tendency. If he be a liar, you harden
him ; if otherwise, you injure his feelings and de-
stroy his confidence.
I have done — you have my best wishes.
For the New England Farmtr.
liBAVES FOR MANURE.
Mr. Editor. Sir, — I agree with your corree-
pondent, L. L., that leaves are very valuable in a
dungheap, but believe me, sir, and I spsak from
full experience of their effects, if the cattle were
littered with them as profusely as he speaks of, —
if " twenty substantial loads were used for the
daily and thorough littering of eight or ten cattle,
from the time they were housed in the fall until
they were pastured in the spring," — I should vaU
ue the manure so mixed at less than half that of
a heap in which the leaves were used in propor-
tion to oth. Utter, say straw and refuse hay, as
one to four. Indeed, I think such a manure
would be good for nothing. Used sparingly, leaves
are one of the best ingredients in a dungheap ;
used in profusion, they are one of the worst. My
barnyard is so situated that I command any quan-
tity I please. Wood-land commences within four
rods of one corner of the barn, and extends, in
two directions, eight and ten miles, yet the quan-
tity of leaves I use does not exceed three or four
loads annually. AVhen I tell you that I make as
many as eight loads apiece to all my neat cattle,
and more than ten to my hogs ; that I cart eel-
grass a distance varying from one to two miles,
to litter them with occasionally, and mix with
the dung ; that I shall be able, the present year,
to dress eight acres, at tjie rate of twenty loads
per acre ; that I have the very place he recom-
mends to receive the " washings of the sink' —
you will not impute to indolence or apatliy, that
I use leaves so sparingly in my dungheaps.
Yours, A Laboring Farmer.
By the Editor. There exists in most, if not ia
all leaves, a vegetable acid, which must have a
tendency to make the soil sour to which they are
applied. Besides, vegetables, of all sorts, gene-
rate and develope an acid, called the acetous acid,
during the process of fermentation, which, pei-
haps, may be injurious. We would recommend
to our correspondent the trial of a little quich-
lime, applied to his leaves before they are mixsd
with stable or barnyard manure, to neutralize any
acid, which might otherwise prove hurtful to tb«
soil and crop.
330
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAY 1, 1833.
For llie New England Fanner.
THE SPABflSH CHESIVUT.
(Castanea vesca.)
The Spanish chesnut is one of the most magnif-
icent of the European trees, exceodiug the oak in
height, and equalling it in bulli and extent. It
has long been naturalized to tlie southern coun-
tries of Europe. It is said that Tiberius Ca'sar
first brought it from Sardis in Lydia to Italy,
whence it was introduced into France, Spain, and
Britain. It is indigenous, also, in many parts of
Asia, in Cliina, Coehin-China, Japan, &c. It
grows in the greatest abundance, at present, in
the mountaiuous parts of Italy, in the south of
France and Spain, in Switzerland, and many parts
of the Alps towards Italy, in Corsica and Sicily,
where it grows halfway up Mount ^tna.
This tree seems to be very long-lived, and
grows to a very great size. The famous Castairno
de Cenio Cavalli,on Mount jEtna, as measured by
M. Brydone, in 1770, is 204 feet in circumference,
some, however, have doubted whether this be
really one tree. Brydone says, it had the api)ear-
auce of five distinct trees, but tliat he was assured
the space was once filled with solid timber, and
that there was no bark on the inside. Kircher,
about a century before Brydone, afiirms tliat an
entire flock of sheep might be cominodiously en-
closed within it, as a fold. // Casiagno del Galea,
of which tliere is no doubt, measured then seveuty-
six feet round, at two feet from the eartli. Biu
those trees grow on a deep, fertile soil, formed
irom the ashes of the volcano.
This tree deserves our care as much as anj'
which are propagated in this country, either for
use or beauty ; being one of the best sorts of tim-
ber, and affording a goodly shade. The leaves
continue late in the autumn, turnit^g then to a
golden hue ; nor are they so liable to the depreda-
tions of insects. The fruit is a desirable nut for
autumn or winter, and is eaten roasted, with salt,
and sometimes raw. It is the usual, and in some
places almost the only food of the common peo-
ple in the Apennines of Italy, in Savoy, and some
parts of France and Spain. They are ijot only
boiled and roasted, but puddings, cakes and bread
are made of them. " Chesnuts, stewed with
cream," according to Phillips, " make a much
admired dish, and many families prefer them to
all other stuffings for turkies. It is considered to
be a flatulent diet, and hard of digestion ; yet
there are instances in Italy where men have lived
to the age of 100 years, who have fed wholly on
chesnuts. These nuts are used for bleaching lin-
en, and for making starch ; they are also reputed
excellent food for deer, sheep, and other domestic
animals. The wood is used by the cabinet-maker
and cooper ; makes an excellent coppice-tree, for
poles and hoops ; the bark is equal in astringency
to that of the larch and mountain-ash for tanning;
the wood is also esteemed for timber and fuel.
Propagation and Culture. — This tree is propa-
gated by planting the nuts early in spring in beds
of uninanured sandy loam with a dry bottom, but
will grow in any soil, on a dry sub-soil. Before
planting, it will be proper to put the nuts into
water to try their goodness, which is known by
their weight ; those which swim are generallv
good for nothing ; but such as sink to the bottoni
are sure to be good. In planting, a drill should
be made about four inches deep, in which the
nuts should he placed at about four or six inches
apart, with the eye uppermost ; then draw the
earth over them with a rake, or some other suita-
ble instrument : then make a second drill at about
the distance of a foot from the former, proceeding
as before, allowing three or four rows in a bed,
with an alley between, three feet wide, for the
convenience of cleansing the beds, &c. In about
three months the nuts will appear above ground,
after which, they should be kept clean of weeds,
especially when young. In these beds they maj
remain for two years, when tiiey may be removed
into a nursery at a wider distance. The best sea-
son for transplanting is late in autumn, or early
in spring. The time generally allowed them in
this nursery is three or four years, according to
their growth ; but the younger they are tran;
planted, if designed for timber, the better they
will succeed. They should be kept clear of
weeds, observing to prune oflf lateral branches,
which would retard their upright growth ; and
when they are disposed to grow crooked, they
may be cut down to the lowermost eye, next to
the surface of the ground, the first year after
planting, which will cause them to make one
strong upright shoot, and afterwards may be
trained into straight, good trees. After having
remained three or four years in this nui-sery, they
may be transplanted, either in rows to grow for
timber, or in quarters to grow for wilderness |)lan.
tations, avenues, clumps, or the orchard. If they
are intended for timber, it is much better to trans-
plant them and let them remain umnoved ; for
these trees are apt to have a downright tap-root,
which, being bent by transplanting, is often a
check to their upright growth. But when they
are intended for fruit, permit the trees to brancli
out freely above, mostly in their natural order, to
advance in large regular heads. Give occasional
pruning only to very irregular and cross branches,
and low stragglers. fcfter they have attained
some tolerably branchy growth, they will come
into hearing in moderate plenty ; and when they
have expanded into large, full heads, they may be
expected to yield in abundance.*
The foregoing remarks will, I hope, have some
tendency to encourage the growth of this invalua-
ble tree in this country. There can be no doubt
of its succeeding to perfection in the Middle and
Western States ; and a high probability in the
Northern. Every patriot and friend to posterity
can do no less than make the experiment. Let us
hope, however, to see it rear its head among our
fi)rests and plantations, and, 'ere many years, be a
source of health, ornament, and of profit. B.
.Note. A nuanlily of tlie iiuls liave recenlly been imporlod
by I. Thonidike, Esq., of ihiscitv, for graluilous distnbulinn
to lliose who wish lo make the experiment of cultivating Ihcni.
Small parcels may be had gratis at the oflice of the New-Eng-
land Farmer.
HINTS TO HOUSEWIVES.
Vessels intended to contain liquid of a higher
temperature than the surrounding medium, and
to keep that liquid as long as possible at the high-
est temperature, should be constructed of materi-
als which are the worst radiators of heat. Thus,
tea-unis and tea-pots are best adapted for their
pur|)ose when constructed of polished metal, and
%vorst when constructed of black porcelain. A
black porcelain tea-pot is the worst conceivable
material for that vessel, for both its material and
color are good radiators of heat, and the liquid
contained in it cools with the greatest possible ra-
* See Loudon's EncyclopEDdia of Gardening, and Miller's
Gardeners' and Botanisu' Dictionary, by Martin.
pidity. On the other hand, a bright metal tea-pot
is best adapted for the purjiose, becaui-e it is the
worst radiator of heat, and therefore cools as slow-
ly as possible. A polished silver or brass tea-urn
is better adapted to retain the heat of the water
than one of a dull brown color, such as is most
commonly used. A tin kettle retains the heat of
water boiled in it more effectually, if it be kept
clean and polished, than if it be allowed to col-
lect the smoke and soot, to which it is exposed
from the action of the fire. When coated with
this, its surface becomes rough and black, and is
a powerfid radiator of heat. A set of polished fire-
irons njay remain for a long time in front of a
hot fire, without receiving from it any increase
of ftmperature beyond that of the chamber, be-
cause the heat radiated by the fire is all reflected
by the polished surface of the irons, and none of
it is absorbed ; but if n set of rough, unirolishcd
irons, were similarly placed, they would become
Speedily so hot, that they could not be used
Wthout inconvenience. The polish of fire-
irons is, therefore, not merely a matter of orna-
uent, but of use and convenience. The rough,
inpolished poker, sometimes used in a kitchen,
becomes speedily so hot that it cannot be held
v(ithout pain. A close stove, intended to warm an
a()artment, should not have a polished surface,
for in that case it is one of the worst radiators
of heat, and nothing could be contrived less fit
for the purpose to which it is applied. On the
other hand, a rough, unpolished surface of cast
iron, is favorable to radiation, and a fire in such
a stove will always produce a most powerful ef-
fect,— Cabinet Cycloprtdia — Dr. Lnrdner on Heat.
HORTICUL,TURE IN SIARYLAND.
At the stated meeting of the Society for the
present month, several members exhibited plants
or other objects of horticultural interest. A no-
tice of some of them is annexed : —
The finest plant exhibited was a really splendid
specimen of Azalia, (the Phenicea of Loddiges)
in fulLflower. The bush was upwards of three
feet high, well branched from the earth upwards,
and covered with a profusion of delicately tinted
purple blossoms, each about two inches in diam-
eter. It was certainly well calculated to furnish
additional p-oof (were any such necessary) of the
reward which a careful culture of the Azalia will
afford the amateur. The species in question, is
undoubtedly a very fine one, and when contrasted
with the scarlet and white flowered kinds, the
effect produced by the varied hues of their inter-
mingled blossoms, whether in the parlor or the
conservatory, is quite enchanting. Exhibited by
Mr. Kurtz.
Two specimens from South America were sent
by Dr. Cohen to the Society. One, the fruit of a
palm tree, supposed a sjiecies of Caryocar. The
other, a most singular production, bristled on
every side with enormous spines of most repulsive
appearance. It is a dried portion of the stem of
a Cereus, supposed to be true Spinosissimus. At
events, its claim to at least a similar appella-
tion cannot be disputed. Both these were re-
served for the Museum of the Society.
Zebulon Waters, Esq. presented a most charm-
» production discovered by him last spring, in
a wild state, in the neighborhood of this city — the
double-flowered Wood Anemone, (Anemone Tha-
lictroides.) The single variety is quite plentiful
in our woods, but the double one is very rare.
It is well worthy of cultivation, and the delicate
VOL. XI, NO. 42.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
331
beauty of its ro^c-tinted blossoms, will amply re-
pay whatever trouble may be taken with it.
Two roses, exliibited by Mr. Samuel Feast, ex-
cited general interest. They are quite new varie-
ties, raised by liim from seeds of the common Tea
rose, very probably with an admixture of some
other variety. The appearance of the plant and
its foliage, is particularly neat ; it grows very
freely, and flowers beautifully, Blossoms large,
and well colored, borne on graceful stems, with
a singular fragrance, like that of the common Tea
rose and the China rose combined. It has been
named, in compliment to an amateur of the city,
Kurtz's Hose, or Roza Tliea, var : Kurlzii.
The otlier Rose, likewise obtained from seed
by Mr. Toast, is the most curious Rose perhaps
ever produced. It is a dwarf, and so completely
does it vindicate its title to that appellation, that,
although it has now reached the termination of its
third year, the busk is not quite two inches in
height! It is a sturdy little affair, well furnished
with branches, and clothed with leaves of a sur-
prising neatness. The blossoms are quite as ex-
traordinary; they are double, of a beautiful color,
and very well formed, of a little more than half
the diameter of a five-cent piece ! It is a real
bijou, and has been named Master Burke, having
flowered for the first time, during the period
when the young Roscius was performing here on
on his first tngagement.
brain ; and thus the disease might readily be mis-
taken for the dropsy of the brain. I have one
preserved in spirits, and I intend to exhibit it at
the next quarterly meeting of the Society.
I have little doubt that these insects cause
the sheep to discharge so nuich mucus from the
nose ; for which I have frequently blown snuft'
up their nostrils with a quill, occasioning violent
sneezing; and I think it quite probable tliat die
worm is thrown out by these powerful eflbrts.
With sentiments of respect,
I remain thy friend,
Joseph Kersey.
TAR FOR SHEEP.
The following letter from Joseph Kersey, Esq.
to the Corresponding Secretary of the Pennsyl-
vania Agricultural Society, we find in the "Me-
moirs" of that Society.
Respected Friend, — I beg leave to submit to
thee, a few remarks on the subject of some ex-
perience, which I have lately, and dearly bought,
in regard to my sheep.
Until the last year, I had been in the practice
of applying tar to their noses, several times in the
course of the summer, with the view of promo-
ting their health, as it is generally believed that
pine or cedar shrubs have that effect ; and tar is
the best substitute within our reach.
Two of my Dishley ewes have lately been de
stroyed by what is here termed the gadfly, and
three others are now affected in a similar man-
ner. Such a case never occurred while I used
the tar ; but before I commenced this practice, I
lost a number of sheep, which were supposed, at
that time, to have died of dropsy of the brain, but
which I am now satisfied were killed by the above-
mentioned insect, as the symptoms were similar
throughout; and as the sheep were exempt from
this disease while I pursued the tarring process,
it i» reasonable to conclude that the fly was
thereby prevented from depositing its eggs in the
nose.
It is not in my power, at present, to describe
this insi ..-t with such precision that it might be
known ; nor, indeed, can I positively say, that
the fly which I have noticed, is the same which
does the injury ; but I have observed one flying
about the sheep from the seventh to the begin-
ning of the ninth month, of which the animals
were very much afraid. This fly resembles that
which is so destructivs to the peach tret, although
it is not so large.
I have dissected the head of one sheep, and
found the maggot stationed near tlie brain, so that
the Laflamination produced by it extended to the
FruM till- Aiii.-rican Senlinel.
SUBSTITUTE FOR THE POTATO.
" A PLANT called the oxalis crenata has lately
been introduced into England from South Ameri-
ca, and is likely to be extensively cultivated, as
decidedly preferable to the common potato."
This notice induced us to turn to Botanical
works for information, and to find a description of
the plant. In Persoon's Synopsis, there are 102
species of oxalis enumerated, and No. 80, there de-
scribed, takes its name from the corolla being
notched. There is also another species. No. 85,
oxalis tuberosa, found in Chili, having a root sim-
ilar to a ])Otato.
Seventy-two species of oxalis are described in
Loudon's Cyclopedia of Plants. Speaking of the
genus oxalis, ivood sorrel, this author says, " the
root is commonly bulbous, in some species only
thick and fleshy, in a few branched ; the bulbs
consist of fleshy scales, sometimes closely imbri-
cate, sometimes loose and diverging, in a few the
subterranean stipes, and the terminating fibre of
the bulb produces little dog-toothed bulbs, in such
abundance as to fill the whole pot, to the very
bottom, as in oxalis purpurea, crenata, and repta-
r!.r."
And Professor Lindley, tn his valuable Intro-
duction to the natural system of Botany, on the
OxalidesB, the wood sorrel tribe, CCXXIII. page
187, says, " a species of oxalis found in Colum-
bia, bears tubers like a potato, and is one of the
plants called Arracacha."
From the same work we learn that there is a
species of Nasturtium, the Tropoeolum tuberosum,
which is eaten in Peru. This may also prove
worthy of cultivation among us. It is therefore
exceedingly desirable to obtain these new Plants,
and give them a fair trial.
It will be recollected, that it is to South Amer-
ica we are indebted for that most invaluable gift,
the potato, the Solanum tuberosum, introduced
into Europe, 1586. The Jerusalem Artichoke,
Helianthus tuberosus, is a native of Brazd, and
was first cultivated in England, in 1617; and at
one time stated to be in greater estimation ou the
continent of Europe, than the potato.
Since the preceding was written, we have seen
a further notice of the oxalis crenata, from an
English paper, of which the following is the sub-
stance : This new plant was brought from South
America, in 1830, by Mr. David Douglass, and
was planted by Mr. Lambert. One tuber was
planted by Mrs. Hurst, that weighed half an ounce,
and it produced 90 roots in number, grown in a
space of 9 inches diameter, and six inches deep,
and weighing 4 pounds ! Some were boiled and
eaten, and found preferable, in point of flavor, to
the potato. The plant flowers in August ; the
stem is large and diffuse ; corolla slightly notched,
from which it derives its specific name. B.
RICE MACHINE.
' Strong & Moody's Huller, smutter and pol-
isher of rice" is now in perfect operation at the
old Hemp INIill. They clean fifty bushels of rice,
containing the outer hull and an inner, thin
coating, ready for domestic uses, — in twelve hours.
The rice with the hull on it is worth seventy-five
to eighty cents per bushel, and its value is increas-
ed about fifty cents by cleaning. The work is
done well, and it will save a frugal house wife
much labor and time, and perchance not a litde of
that discordant family music, — Scolding. A ma-
chine started last week for Charleston, S. C, and
we predict its importance to the rice planters will
be almost inestimable. We should like to learn
the particular history of the machine after it ar-
rives there — another " Yankee among the NuUi-
ficrs." From the JVorthampton Courier.
A large ox was slaughtered last week in New-
York, and met vvitli ready sale, a portion of the
best cuts having brought a dollar per pound. The
ainmal was raised on Long Island, was six years
old, had consumed about 700 bushels of Indian
meal in the last three years, and weighed, when
living, 2,874 poimds. Its height at the fore shoul-
ders, was 5 feet 10 inches high — girth, 10 feet 3
inches — length, to the forehead, 9 — and to the
nose, 10 feet. The weight of the slaughtered car-
case was 1,890 pounds.
BNGI.ISH OPINIONS.
No person, who is at all familiar with the Eng-
lish journals, can have failed to remark the change
which has taken place within a few years, in their
estimation of the institutions and character of our
country. A similar change is observable in the
high places; in Parliament particularly, where,
fifteen years ago, the United States were rarely
mentioned, except as the theme of censure or sar-
casm. In connexion with this subject, the follow-
ing extract from an article in the Medico-Chirur-
gical Review, on a surgical work published by
Professor Smith, of the University of Maryland,
may possess some interest for our readers. This
review is republished in the United States, and
we believe that it stands high in the estimation of
gentlemen of the medical profession :
" It may be, that in the changes ominously im-
pending over Europe, Britain, the modern nurse
of freedom, science, and the arts, may full a prey
to despotism or anarchy, and her name be blotted
from the list of nations. Should that day arrive,
and such a fate has overtaken far mightier em-
pires, we shall live in our offspring still, and
Ameri«a will show what Britain was.
" Americans may be assured, that the feeling
entertained towards them by the mass of the libe-
ral and enlightened here, is one of unmixed good
will. We know how impoj-tant it is, that kindly
sentiments sbould take root and flourish in either
land, and we look upon the attempts of fools or
knaves to sow disunion with deep indignation and
bitter contempt. This spirit pervades our scien-
tific, as well as our political relations, and the
paltry scribbler hardly exists, who would dare in-
sult the public taste by such a tirade against Amer-
ican literature as was once penned in Scotland.
The Review which contained that ill-advised criti-
cism has since made ample and honorable amends
to America, and few can read its notice of Mrs.
Trollope's book, without applauding its manly and
liberal tone,"
332
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
MAY 1, 1933.
AJV ADDRESS
To the Essex County Agricultural Society, delivered at New-
bury, September 27, 1832, at their Annual Cattle Show.
By Itev. GiKDNER B. Pehrv.
[Concluded from page 335.]
HoRTicnLTURE is SO much associated with tlie
general principles of the Society, and so iutcrcsl-
ingand profitahle in itself, that I will not pass over
this opportunity of suggesting the expediency of
some etTorts on your part to encourage a more
general attention to it. Large portions of our cit-
izens are professional men, merchants, and me-
chanics, we have or might easily have small en-
closures, which it would be much to their advan-
tage in point of property, health and morals, to
cultivate. If this were done in a neat and skilful
manner, it would add greatly to the appearance of
their places, and spread over the county many
now attractions. A garden is also a most lovely ap-
pendage to a great farm, and is sure to aiibrd a
double reward, in pleasure and comfort, for every
hour's labor spent in it. Those who have never
effectually tried the experiment, may profess to
doubt this observation, and farmers who keep no
particular account of their daily expenses, may say
that they cannot alFord time to cultivate one. —
But experiment will produce the conclusion in
most minds which I know it did in one iiitclligenl
citizen of the county, who said, ' before I tried, 1
thought I could not bear the expense of a garden,
but now I can hardly conceive how I bore the
expense of a lamily without one.'
A general and thorough survey of the agricul-
tural and manufacturing interest in the county is
much needed, and this by practical men. The
object of a county society is to lay open and im-
prove its own resources ; to encourage attention
to those things which promise best in that region,
and to communicate such information as will
there be useful. How can this be wisely and
successfully executed without an intimate and
extensive knowledge of what is doing, and the
success which has attended individual and vari-
ously directed operations. Much of the informa-
tion referred to is undoubtedly now possessed, and
additional knowledge is acquired every year by
the operations of the Society ; yet I am sure, the
most experienced will be the last to think that no
further investigations are needed. I certainly
have not knowledge enough to justify me in say-
ing that patronage is unequally or unwisely e.x-
tended to any article of produce or manufacture ;
from the character of those who have the direc-
tion of these things, we may confidently believe
that such cannot be the case ; yet I am certain
that the best informed among them will he the
most ready to receive with candor the suggestion
that, after all, this may happen. I am more par-
ticular in reverting to this from a striking similar-
ity of the articles encouraged by the County As-
sociations through this Cotnmonwealth, notwith-
standing a considerable variety in the soil peculiar
to each, and the different comparative worth of
the same kind of produce arising from local cir-
cumstances and the occupations of the inhabitants.
An analysis of the soil of this country would be
attended with great advantage. Every vegetable
is a chemical formation, as strictly composed of
the mgredients taken from the adjacent soil and
tfae atmosphere, as a loaf of bread is from the
contents of the flour-barrel and the veast and
hquid used to moisten it, and mtist be more or
lass perfect according as the elements of which it
is made up exist, or are present in a more or less
just proportion where it is elaborated. A defect
or over supply of either of the constituent parts
which enter into the formation of a crop, must
render the production less abundant in quantity or
less excellent in quality, just as too much rye or
Indian meal will render the noble New-England
loaf less the glory of our tables. All vegetables,
not being composed of the same elements, or if of
the same, not exactly in the same proportion, it is
(]uite obvious that they must require different soils
to arrive to the greatest perfection in amount and
quality. This principle is in a degree understood,
and the practice of farmers, in many things, is in
accordance with it ; but it is by no means suffi-
ciently understood or regarded. From a want
of this knowledge, or disregard to the principle,
fields are often laid down with a kind of grass, or
planted with grain, or devoted to vegetables, ill-
adapted to the soil, and manures used quite un-
suited to the object for which they are employed ;
animal and vegetable additions made where these
are already too abundant ; mineral preparations
spread on where the earth is already rendered
comparatively sterile by their .«tiperabundance. —
From causes which I should not have time to cx-
[tlain, such applications may have a temporary
good effect, though in the end they must prove
hurtful. M.tny manures operate on the earth as
strong drink upon the human system, commence
with excitement and end with exhaustion. Others
encourage the growth of plants, but not in the
parts most desired ; they i)crliaps increase the top
when the roots are looked for, or tliey nourish the
stalks without filling the grain.
I am well aware that the wise and merciful
Creator, in condescension to the necessities of our
race and the ntnnerous animal creation, lias so
generally diffused the elements of vegetation, that,
allowing for the effect of climate and other ob-
vious causes, there are but small portions of the
earth which will not catise to grow whatever is
committed to it. But there is a vast difference
belween a thing's growing and arriving to its
greatest perfection, between an article's jtist pay-
ing for its culture and yielding a generous profit.
It should be recollected that it is not the first fif-
teen or twenty bushels of corn, for instance, which
constitutes the profit of cultivation, but the two
or three bushels which remain after all expenses
are met. The man who raises twenty-four bush-
els on the acre, may actually make twice as much
as he who gets but twenty-two. What is needed
is such a knowledge as will enable men to obtain
these additional bushels, or teach the farmer
where the land is not suitable for corn to be cou-
toiit to raise such things as it will produce. In
another county in this state, Mr. N., a strong,
resolute, working-man, used to say, ' I know that
my farm is as good as my neighbor M's, and
that I have as good a plough, can hold it vvith as
firm a hand, and hoe as well, and I can therefore
raise as good a crop of corn ;' his ambition was a
little moved on the subject ; he spared neither
pains nor labor, and generally got as large a crop
as liis neighbor. But it cost hiiu so much more,
that he was a loser, while the other received an
encouraging profit, and truly rvorked himself out
of an estate while his neighbor jforAcrf himself into
one. Had he understood the principle o,f vegeta-
tion, he would have cultivated grass ; for the pro-
duce of some of the more valuable kinds, his farm
was peculiarly adapted, and the result would have
been as happy as, in consequence of his ill-judged
practice, it was adverse. This is only a single
instance among many, but it shows conclusively
that a knowledge of the constituent j)arts of the
soil in each field, and of their combinations, to-
gether with what each kind of grain, vegetable,
and grass require, is indispensable, if men will
manage their farming concerns to good advantage,
and obtain the largest crops, with the least possi-
ble labor.
The want of fuller information on this subject,
is attended with another evil. It renders the de-
tails of successful culture, as published in your
reports, less useful. For of what advantage can
the account of an agricultural experiment be, if
the field taken for its reception he composed of
different elements, or of the same elements differ-
ently proportioned, or held in different combina-
tion or solution. The want of discrimitiation
here, has often brought such reports into discredit,
and occasionally subjected the persons who made
them to suspicions in respect to veracity, and
not in a few instances involved men in un|n-oduc-
tive labor and expense, essentially injurious to
them.
There are, indeed, so many reasons why suclt
an analysis should he made, I am constrained' ta
express it as my ojiiiiion that it should early en-
gage the attention of this Society.
Something of this has been virtually done under
the patronage of the state, — enough to show how
intimately concerned the subject is with the best
success of agriculture, enough to convince those
who have looked at the result, of the enlightened
wisdom of our government, in the provision
which they made for the survey of the State, and
enough to ntamfest the science and enterprise of
those who were engaged in carryiug this order
into effect, — but not enough to answer the neces-
sities of the connnunity on those subjects which
this Society is designed to promote. A careful
analysis of the soil in every locality is wanted.
The chemical alterations re<iuired to render it
most productive, and the medium by which these
changes can be effected, should be explained
And until this is effected, the farming interest will
uot flourish as it ought, nor will the noble purpo-
ses of this Society be crowned with full success.
There are men in this county ably qualified for
this business, and there are riches enotigb : if,
therefore, the funds of this Society are not ade-
quate to the expense of such an undertaking, I
am persuaded that a special appeal, made to the
public spirit of an enlightened and liberal commu-
nity, would meet with the most encouraging suc-
cess. I must therefore express my strong hope,
that these suggestions will so commend thetnselves
to the enterprising and enlightened Directors of
this Society, that they will take measures to carry
the plan into operation.
It is certainly desirable to have a more full and
general exhibition of the various productions of
agriculture and manufacture, than has hitherto
been obtained. A desire to obtain the premium
for an article offered, when fairly entitled to it, is
by no means an ittiproper motive for exhibiting
what persons may suppose of peculiar merit ; for
thus a man only receives from the public, which
is to be benefitted by his improvement, a remu-
neration, always small enough, for what as a first
experiment must have required special effort and
exjjensc.
This inducement to bring out the results of la-
VOIi. XI. NO. 43.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,
333
bur and skill, slioiikl not therefore be withdrawn ;
yet experience has shown that it is not broad
enough, nor elevated enongh,nor powerful enough,
to secure the object in view. We never havp, on
these occasions, anything like a general and full spe-
cimen of the industry and skill of the citizens of
this county. Other motives, of a higher and
more influential character, must be called in. Men
should bo made more impressively to understand
and feel that the object of this institution being pub-
lic, it should receive the active and ready sufiport
and countenance of an enlightened connnunity,
and that as the design of the annual exhibition
is public improvement, whoever has it in his
power to promote this end and yet withholds
his assistance, fails in some of the obligations
of a good citizen. All should be forsvard to
learn, atid all a,ccordiQg to their means to com-
municate information. Almost all persons have
some skill or success in their efforts peculiar to
themselves, and therefore have it in their power
to do something for the general benefit. Every
thing of a useful character adds something to the
interest of the occasion, while the amount of good
must depend greatly on the number and variety
of the specimens brought forward. All who can,
should be present on such occasions, and those
who come should bi'iug something with them :
even shotdd it not prove the best, its exhibition
may still be useful. The man who brings the
best he has, is entitled to praise, while he who
has brought nothing, certainly has no right to
complain if lia find but little to interest or instruct
bim ; and least of all should those complain who
affect to be dissatisfied with the way in which
things are conducted here, and yet do not devise
and set in operation better ways.
I must take the liberty to address a few obser-
vations to the numerous and respectable assembly
of ladies present on this occasion. I regard with
peculiar interest the part they take in the object
for which we are together, for a sentiment early
embraced bas been confirmed by observation in
every succeeding year, that the enterprise, indus-
try, the moral character, gentlemanly conduct,
and love of home, in men, has a most intimate
and close connexion with the order, taste, and
skill, with which things are managed at home.
I should not be at all apprehensive in bringing
the correctness of this sentiment to the test, by
carrying this assembly to the houses and showing
them the husbands, the fathers, and brothers of
those who have contributed, by their invention
and industry, to the interest of this day, or now
favor US by their presence.
I suppose tlie females in this county have con-
tributed their full proportion to the interest and
usefulness of these exliibitions, and very sure am
I tliat they have derived their full share of advan-
tage from them. I have, in several instances, been
personally acquainted with the good which has
by this means been efiected. Increased indus-
try, taste, refinement in manners, and order in
the management of domestic concerns, in many
families, have been the happy result. Many a
man has found his table more genteelly spread,
furnished with better butter and cheese, his floors
covered with good and substantial, and, in some
instances, quite elegant carpets, a handsome rug
spread before the fire-place, ornaments upon the
mantelpiece, his arm-chair furnished with a com-
fortable cushion, and many other neat and pleasant
things, and has ever since loved his wife and
daughters and borne better, worked with increased
animation, felt a generous pride in exhibiting
theso things to his neighbors and friends when
they called, and he is always careful to add that
nothing was taken from the granary or stall, to
foot an alarming iTierchant's bill. They have all
sprung up like magic.
Industry, taste, and refinement, always easily
communicated in the female sex, have been pow-
erfully and extensively promoted here; and, as
might be expected, contentment, virtue, love, and
manliness, have followed in the train. If such
have been the fruits, when as yet we have had
but limited specimens of the taste, industry, and
invention of the fair, I would ask what may not
be expected should we be favored with a full ex-
hibition of what taste and industry have in this
county accomplished. I feel perfectly convinced
that those females whose means of improvement
have been good, could in no way, with as little
sacrifice of tiine and labor, consult better the ad-
vancement of their sex in the above and other like
excellencies, than by exhibiting on these anniver-
saries specimens of their own works. Know-
ledge would be thus communicated to those who
have a desii-e but not the best opportunities
to improve ; a spirit of generous emulation
be awakened ; neatness, order, enterprise, and
comfort would be introduced into jnany families
of the less-instructed and uncultivated parts of so-
ciety.
I was about to add a few remarks on another
subject, but am admonished by the passing of
time that I must close. Before I do this, how
ever, I must be permitted to call to recoUec
tion the retnark, in which, at the opening of
this address, I si)oke of the oliject of this Society
as being of a worldly nature. This I did, not be-
cause I suppose it bas no bearing upon moral and
future concerns. I by no means wish to incul-
cate the sentiment which I fear has too often been
inculcated, that the conduct of this world's con-
cerns can ever be separated from the moral con-
dition of the soul or its prospect in a higher or
more perfect scene of action. The abstract and
subtle discriminations of acute and fine-spun so-
phistry have left, and must leave, the connexion
between, the outward conduct and the inward
feeling, the business of the present life, and the
retributions of eternity, unafii^cted. Assuming,
therefore, in the present case, that the motive is
good, and the comparative worth of every part of
life justly estimated, how certain it is that in pro-
portion to the enterprise and diligence and atten-
tion to the duties of this world will be the actual
advancement of man in the scale of moral attain-
ments. How certain that institutions like yours,
designed to encourage industry, economy, enter-
prise, and carefulness, and which indeed direct
the attention to the works and ways of God, and
develope the riches of his wisdom and goodness,
must have a favorable bearing upon the under-
standing and the heart. When I commenced this
address, it was my intention to have dwelt more
particularly on this point than I have done. I
think it would be both interesting and useful to
show how certainly every real improvement in
the condition and outward circumstances of men,
tend to correctness of feeling, elevation of con-
duct, moral rectitude, benevolent action, and de-
votional dispositions.
If the proper and wise conduct of this world's
concerns lead the mind and heart to God, how
naturally does the reflection come in, that all the
wisdom and skill a man possesses, comes also
from Him. Just and appropriate is the observa-
tion 'of one of the holy prophets, who says, in
reference to the enterprising and successful yeo-
manry of bis times, that Ms (that is, the farmer's)
God doth instruct him and direct him. In no busi-
ness of life is there greater need of that wisdom
which Cometh from above. You will therefore
receive with interest the account which one of the
wisest of men gave, concerning his own conduct,
in relation to this matter — " When", he says,
" I perceived I could not otherwise attain this
wisdom except God gave it me, I prayed unto the
Lord and besought him with my whole heart,
and said, O God of my father, give me wisdom,
for hardly do we guess aright of things that are
upon the earth, and with labor do we find out the
things that are before us." In regard to the wis-
dom which men have acquired, and the success
which has, in consequence, attended their efforts,
the wise and good will be ready to adopt the lan-
guage originally uttered in a similar connexion,
This also Cometh forth from the Lord of hosts,
who is wonderful in counsel and excellent in
working.
HOW TO CHKAT THE MOON.
Some farmers are very careful to sow their
spring crops and gardens at a proper time of the
moon, and thus frequently anticipate, or pass over
the best season of the year. By attending to the
following directions, they will escape all the in-
convenience arising frotn the influence of the
moon : —
Select some fair day, as near the usual time of
sowing as possible — rise very early in the morn-
ing, and sow your seed boldly. Cover all up
carefully, before night, making the land appear
smooth and even. When the moon comes on
next evening, she will be unable to determine
whether the field has been sown or not, and will
therefore bestow no influence upon it, either bad
or good.
It is important that the land be thoroughly dried,
so that it can be made to appear natural.
Wheuever wheat turns to chess, it is done by
the influence of the tnoon. By attending to the
above directions, sowing clean seed, this evil may
also be avoided. — Genesee Farmer.
NEW POTATO.
We were shown last Saturday a quantity of new
ootatoes just taken from the ground. They were
jianted late last fall and by the assistance of a deep
coat of manure and good, warm soil, th*y vegetated
during the winter and grew so large as to be fit
for eating on the last day of March. It seems to us
there might be some expedient contrived by which
vegetables can be had earlier hi the seaon, if not a
considerable portion of the year round. — J^orthamp-
ton Courier.
A servant being asked if his master was within,
replied, " No." "When will he return ?" " Oh,
when master gives order to say be is not at home,
we never know when lie will come in."
IiONGEVITY.
A friend informed us that, on visiting the alms-
house in this town lately, he found four women,
occupants of one room, whoso united ages were
three hundred and fifly-tsvo ! — Exeter (A". H.]
jVcivs Letter.
334
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAY 1, 1S33.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 1. ISSS.
FARMER'S WORK FOR MAY,
lAtceme. Columella estimated this plniit as the
choicest of all fodder because it lasted many years,
and bore being cut down four, five or six times a
year. It enriches, he says, the land on which it
grows, fattens the cattle fed with it, and is often a
remedy for sick cattle. Columella's observations
were adapted to the climate of Italy, and lucerne
is not so productive in colder countries. Loudon
says, though lucerne was so much esteemed by
the ancients, and has been long cultivated to ad-
vantage in France and Switzerland, it has yet
found no great reception in England. If any good
reason can be given for this, it is, that lucerne is
a less hardy plant than red clover, requires three
or four years before it comes to its full growth,
and is for these and other reasons ill adapted to
enter into general rotations.
The soil for lucerne must be dry, and inclining
to sand with a subsoil not inferior to the surface ;
unless the subsoil be good and deep it is not fit
for lucerne. The ploughing should be deep and
thorough, and English writers advise to hury a
coat of manure a foot below the surface. Such is
the practice in Guernsey, where lucerne is highly
estimated.
Capt. J. SwETT, of Roxbury, has cultivated this
grass to good advantage. In September, 1831, this
gentleman sent a sample to the Mass. Hor. Soc.
and observed, " This grass is of the fourth crop
this season, and according to my estimate has pro-
duced at the rate of about 3000 lbs. per acre each
crop when cut and dried. I have raised this
grass the last three years and find that my horses
and cows like it much. I prepare my land in the
following manner: have it ploughed twice, har-
rowed well, and all the weeds and rubbish taken
from the land, then sow about 30 lbs. of seeds to
the acre."
The quantity of seed made use of in Europe is
from 15 to 20 lbs. to an acre, though Mr. Swett
thinks more would be better. The Hon. Robert
R. Livingstone has cultivated lucerne with much
success. He advises, as the result of his experi-
ments, 1. Never to sow on ground which is not
perfectly pulverized. 2. Not to sow till the ground
has acquired a degree of warmth friendly to vege-
tation, viz. in May. 3. To sow with no crop that
will probably lodge. 4. If sown with buck wheat
to apply no gypsum or other manure till the wheat
is ofi". 5. If the quantity sown is small and the
farmer can aflbrd to lose a crop, to give the
ground one turn in the autumn, another in April,
harrowing fine, and a third the beginning of May,
and then if the weather be mild and warm bow, if
the ground be in perfect tilth ; otherwise give it
another ploughing.
When lucerne turns yellow it should be mowed,
and the plants will come up free from disease.
For the Nm' En^hml Farmer.
BTEW SORT OP GRASS SEEDS.
Mr. Fessenoe.v. Sir. — I send you the grass
seed I spoke to you of. It came to mc from
France, under the name of " Spanish Grass." It
is a clover, but the flower differs much in form
from our red clover, though the color of it is the
same as ours. Your obedient servant,
T. H. Perkins.
We are much obliged by this favor, and are
hapi)y to perceive that the generous donor of an
elegant Mansion House, for an Asylum for the
Blind, does not overlook the interests of cultiva-
tors. The seeds are of a kind new to us, and of
which we have not been able to find any account
in books on agriculture. We should be glad to
distribute them in small parcels to such farmers
and gardeners as would undertake their culture.
Improved Potatoes. We have received a pres-
ent of a Barrel of Potatoes, which were grown by
Benjamin Cooper, of Camden, N. Jersey. These
are much better, as seed potatoes, than those
which are raised further north. Potatoes are im-
proved by taking the seed from the south. Indian
corn by taking the seed from the north. Mr.
Cooper's potatoes are not only very good, but
coming from the south, and from the best selec-
tions, arc still better for seed, than use. We will
give them in small parcels, to any persons who
wish to cultivate them.
A Durham short hoiii Bull. A magnificent bull
of the improved Sliort horned breed may be seen
for a few days in a small building on Union Street,
near the city scales. He is said to be " the most
splendid animal of the kind ever exhibited," and
^vc have never seen his superior. He was raised
in Greenland, N. H. is owned by Mark Pearce,
Esq. of Portsmouth, and is exhibited by Mr. Amos
Sheldon, Inspector of Beef, for the State of New
Hampshire. Call and look at him.
The Genessee Farmer states that "Mr. J.Buel,
of Albany, has, at our solicitation, consented to
aid us in the Editorial department of the Farmer,
far as his other avocations will permit."
For the New England Farmer.
HOWARD'S PLOUGHS.
Mr. FESSE.NnEiN, — I feel it my duty to the public
as well as just to the mechanic to bear testimony
to the excellence of Howard's Ploughs. I fear
their comparative value is not generally understood
so much as it should be. I have followed the
Plough for 44 years and have used those of almost
evei-y description. I began to use Howard's Ploughs
nineteen years ago, and I have been struck not
only with their superiority over every otherplougli,
but with the improvements which he has made in
his own invention. I have purchased two of these
Ploughs this spring, and now state that by the use
of them I have saved in labor, strength of team
and time, one-third of what was formerly required
to do a day's work. And I advise every farmer
who has an old ])lo\igh of other manufacture, to
throw it aside and parchase a new one of How-
ard's latest improvement, and a few days labor
will satisfy him that he has made no sacrifice — but
a very considerable saving. A Farmer.
HORTICULTURE.
There is now in flower, in the garden of George
Robertson, Esq. Ardgovan Square, a splendid spe-
cimen of the Crinum Amabile. The plant is a
native of the East Indies, and measures one foot
eight inches round the stem ; leaves from three to
four feet long and six inches broad ; flowerstalk
three feet long ; the flower is one foot six inches
in circumference ; umbel flowers at the top one
foot eight inches diameter ; the flower changes
from a crimson to a beautifid pink color, which
surpasses that magnificent exotic, the Dorinnthis
Excelsia, which the late Mr. Henderson, gardener
at Woodhall, w'as so successful in flowering. —
Greenock Advertiser.
TO ALLAY THIRST.
Maxy facts testify the action of cutaneous or
external absorption. It is proved by direct exper-
iment that the human hand is capable of imbibing,
in a ipiarter of an hour, an ounce and a half of
warm water, which, for the whole body, is at the
rate of six or seven poimds per hour. An interest-
ing narrative is on record, of a ship's crew, who
were exposed for several days in an open boat ;
they had consumed all their water ; they had no
fluid of any kind which they could drink ; they
soon begun to suffer from thirst; the feeling at
length became intolerable, and the drinking of sea
water was soon found to increase it to intensity.
When nearly exhausted, they were exposed dur-
ing several hours, to a heavy shower of rain. As
soon as their clothes became thoroughly wet their
thirst began to abate, and before the rain had
ceased, their thirst was gone. They did not fail
to profit by this experience. From this time,
cnili man, as soon as he began to feel thirsty, dip-
ped his shirt in the sea-water, and wore it next
his skin, which had the invariable effect of remov-
ing his thirst, the absorbents taking up the parti-
cles of water, but rejecting the saline matter
dissolved in it.
ITEMS OF INTELLIGENCE.
An earliii|uakc occurred in llie ishmd of Si. Christopher on
tlic nighl ot'lhc ytli of February, and frequent shocks occurred
for eight subsequent days, during which lime the inhabitanls
were kept in a slale of conslanl terror. All Uie stores in Si.
Christopher's were closed, and many of the residents fled for
protection on board the vessels in Ihe liarbor. Also, many
dwelling-houses, stores, &c. were much injured in Basseterre.
Lighting a City. It is proposed to light Ihe cily of Philadel-
phia by the erection of a tower for burning tar and anthracite
coal. It is believed by Ihe projectors of the scheme, " Ihal,
with tar and coal, burnt at a proper elevation, aided by suitable
reflectors, a light might be obtained at less than one half lh»
present cost of lighting the city, which would equal the light
occasioned several years since by the burning of Masonic Hall,
which shone through the windows of Col. Powell's country-seat,
on the west side of the river Schuylkill, lo that degree Ihat a
person read a newspaper in Ihc darkest part of the room," &,c.
Perhaps the lime is coming in which a large city will be lighted
bv one blaze, and warmed by one fire.
t^uecessfid application of Anthracite Coal in generating Steam .
It has for some time been understood in this cily, that Dr. Nott
had introduced imporlaut improvements into Ihe furnace of
Messrs. H. Nott & Co., in Washinglon Street, and that Ihe
boilers there made use of, were so constructed and adjusted,
as not lo be destroyed by the action of an anlhracile coal fire.
Having examined for ourselves the reported improvcmenls,
we think it but justice lo say ihat we are entirely convinced of
Iheir utility and importance, as we think every reasonable man
will be who will take the trouble lo examine them.
An opinion has somehow extensively prevailcii, that anthra-
cite coal was unfit for generating steam, on account of its not
producing the requisite flame. But aftsr having seen extensive
VOL. XI. NO. 43.
.iiw> riuit 1 i^uDL, 1 uitAL JOURNAL.
335
maclnnerv diiveii by sleam, generated in a boiler sitiialed from
thirty io Corty feet distant from the furnace, in which the only
fue' employed was anthracite coal; and arter having witnessed
the flame, even at such a distaiice, operating in its strcnj^th
upon tiie boiler; we can no longer doubt the efficacy of this
description of fuel (with which our country abounds) in the pro-
"duction of sleam, or consider it visionary lo expect that the
iioats on our rivers, as well as the machinery in our worksho])s,
will very soon be exclusively driven by it.
We indeed consider the experiment, so long an object of
solicitude and trial by Dr. N., as to the practical use of antli
■cile coal in generating steam, as perfectly successful: and as
affording another triumph to persevering investigation and the
assiduous application of the powers of a great and inventive
mind, ove** every obstacle, either of doubt or prejudice, or the
necessary hazard of expense. Nor can we willihold the re-
mark on this occasion, in view of this result and of the great
improvements in the use of anthracite of which Dr. Nott is the
author, that he may be regarded, in this as in other pursuits, as
a public benefactor. — Albany Argots.
SUCTIOiV PUMPS &. L.KAD PIPES.
HILL &. CHAM11EKL1,\
tory. corner of Charleslowii ami M.nl
and Lead Pipes, warranted ot ihr Im
lure Factory Kettles, Sizing L.uil
article in the Coppersmith's business
[CF'AII orders in the above line thankfully received
promptly executed. 3m m
anufac-
^M Ills, Suction Pumps
jiimIiIv — also manufac-
C) liiiders, and every
and
13
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
An able and useJul comniunicatiou rclaiive lo the constituent
parts of the kinds of salt in use for preserving provisions, &.c.
from John Prince, Esq. has been received, but is necessarily
deferred lo our next number.
YELIiOW^ I.OCITST.
THIS day received at the New England Seed Store, SOJ
North iWarket Street, from Cincinnati, 100 poimds of Seed of
the genuine Yellow Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) — all raised
the past year in the State of Indiana, where the beauty and
superiority of these trees have attracted general attention.
iMay 1
PICKERING'S TREE OR CATERPIL1L.AR
BRUSHES.
FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. aO.J North
Market Street, Pickering's Improved Tree Bruslies.— This
article, (which is likely no be in greater demand this season,
than for many previous years,) will be constantly for sale as
above, made of the best materials and workmanship; and no
doubt is the best article for the purpose of any now in use.
May 1
A PINE NEW IS^VASH
FOR sale at the New England Seed Store, Nos. 51, & 52,
North Market Street.
A few seeds of the Early Lemon Squash, from the western
part of this Stale, which is considered one of thelinesl varieties
of summer Squash cultivated, being a week earlier than the
Scollop or VVarled Squashes, and of much superior (lovor,
drier, and somewhat resemljlin^ the Canada Squash in taste ;
Price ISA cents per
producing abundantly till killed by I
paper.
May 1
STUD HORSE NUMIDIAN.
The full Blooded Arabian Horse Numidian will stand for
mares the ensuing season at the Ten Hill Stock Farm, on the
Medford turnpike, 2J miles from Boston, at twenty dollars the
season, or twenty-five dollars to insure with foal.
The history of Numidian is this ;— In the winter of 1823 — i,
the Dey of ,\lriers was at war with the Cabolls, a tribe of
Numidian Arabs. The Aga, (or General) Ehiea, who com-
manded the Dey's Janissaries (or troops) relumed to Algiers
in the spring of 1824, ha\'ing conquered the Arabs and brought
with him as booty a number of their best horses, of which Nu-
midian was one, a four year old colt at the time. He was ob-
tained of the Aga by Mr. Shaler, then Consul in Algiers. He
arrived in this country in December, 1826.
He is said to be a sure foal gelter and the colts arc consid-
ered very valuable. They are five years old and under.
Since 1827 he has stood for mares at Mount Holly, Burlington
eo. N, J.
■The Arabian horses from the Barbary coast are often called
barbs.
Gentlemen wlio may wish to know more particularly about
him are requested lo inquire of the subscriber at the Ten Hills
Stock Farm. SAMUEL JAQUES.
m 1
THE BLOOD HORSE SPORTS3IAN.
THE Suliscriher takes this early opportunity to infonn the
public that ilic above-named Horse will stand the ensuing sea-
son at the Ten Hills South Farm, two and a half miles from
Boston. — He has been induced to give this early notice for the
two-fold reason, that ihe get of this horse promises much to-
wards the imnrovemenl of the breed of that noble animal, and
also to give the public an opportunity to avail Ihemsehos of his
services. SAMUEL JAOUES.
March 13th, 18.33.
RUSSIA MATS.
900 dozen large sized Russia Mais.
300 do. small do. do. do.
For Sale by D. F. FAULKNER. No. 15 Ceotral Street.
sn20 tf
NEW VMKKICAN ORCHARDIST.
JUST publislicl ,ii„l I,., s.il.- by UKO. C. BARRETT, No
51 & 52, North .M.irkei Siicil.'Tui; New American Oi,
CHAKDisT, or a treatise on the cultivation and management of
Fruits, Grapes, Ornamental Shrubs, and Flowers, adapted to
cultivation in the United States.
This is recommended to the public as a treatise well worthy
a place in every farmer's library, containing an account of tlic
most valuable varieties of fruit, and the remedies for the mala-
dies to which fruit trees are subject from noxious insects and
other causes. Also, the varieties of the Grape with their modes
of culture, &c. Price gl,25.
PAINT OIli.
THE subscribers keep on hand a constant supply of their
■' prepared Paint Oil,'' which they offer for sale (with some
further improvements, adapting it for use in cold weather as
well as warm) with renewed assurance of its merit, having s'ood
through the last summer and winter without change, and almost
without a diminution of gloss. This Oil, independent of being
25 per cent, cheapen-, will actually cover a quarter more surface
than Linseed Oil, as has been repeatedly proved, and confirm-
ed by statements of many painters. Upwards of fifty buildings
in this city aud vicinity, can be referred to painted last year
with this Oil, antl most of them (where painted with two coats)
still retain their gloss, which is a clear demonstration of its
strength. The prepared Oil, is found lo answer a good pur-
pose to mix with Linseed Oil, giving it strength, and aurabilitv
with a more permanent gloss. It is found also to paint a very
clear white -, being light colored, ft does not give any coloring
or yellow tinge to the lead in mixing. Oil factory, head of
Foster's wharf DOWNER & AUSTIN
N. B. The above Oil, and all other Oils, sold from the Oil
Factory, which shall not prove as represented, can be returned,
and Ihe cartage will be paid. 3t m27
SWEET POTATO SLIPS.
THIS day received at Geo. C. Barren's Seed Store, 51 &
52, North Market Street, Boston, a good supply of Slips of the
Carolina Potato, in good order, and of superior quality.
Printed directions for their culture and management furnished
gratis. apl7
POTATOES.
A few barrels excellent potatoes, perfectl}- white, good shap-
ed and yield well. They were raised from the seed of Ihe ball
and obtained the first premium from Ihe Essex county Agricul-
tural Society. For sale at No. 36 Broad St.
apH
100 SAXONY AND MERINO EW^BS AND TWO
BUCKS.
TO put out on lease for one or more years, one hundred lull
blood Saxony and Merino Ewes, and two full blood Bucks, in
tlocks of fifty Ewes and one Buck. Fifty of the Ewes have suck-
ing lambs of last winter and this spring, the other Ewes yet to
yean, or only yearlings and not expected to bring lambs this
season, the flocks to be leased to different persons, and if they
live at some distance from each other it will be preferable — in
shapCj size, fineness and evenness of fleece they are superior
sheep — are now and have always been healthy and in good
condition — the lessee to receive for uniform care, attention, and
maintaining them, a part of the wool shorn yearly, and a part
of the progeny as maybe agreed. Settlement to be made yearly.
For terms and particulars inquire of Ihe Printer of this paper
previous lo first of May next, and it is requested that no person
will make application who does not believe that to succeed
with sheep, care and attention is absolutely necessary, and will
acl up to his belief, and to the letter and spirit of any contract
he may make. ap 10
MANURE AND HAY PORKS,
FOR SALE, at the Agricultural Ware House, No. 51 and
52, North Market street,
20 doz. Willis' Pat«nt socket and strap, cast steel manure
Forks,
60 doz. do. do. German steel do. do.
100 " Goodycar's 4, 6 and G prong do. do.
100 " Common do. do. do.
50 " Simmons' shear steel Hay Forks.
100 " Goodyear's German do. do.
50 " Common do. do. do.
50 " "Three prong do. do. do.
50 " Bay do. do. do.
m 5 J. R. NEWELL.
SEED. TEA WHEAT.
A few bushels of this very valuable variety- of Spring Wheat,
for sale at Ihe Seed Store No. 51. North Market Street, raisett
in the vicinity of Lake Erie.
One kernel of this Wheal was found in a chest of Tea, at
St. John, N. B. in 1823, from which this variety was raised.
(See N. E. Fanner, vol ix, page 105, and vol x, page 106.)
Persons in want of it will please apply soon.
Apples, russeits,
baldwins,
Beans, while,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. I, new,
Cheese, new milk
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Peathers, fiorlhern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rve
Barley
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, Isl sort, ....
Southern, 1st sort, ....
Leather, Slaughler, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper. . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra c4ear, .
Navy, Mess
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
*' southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, ilhs washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
Pulled superfine,
Isl Lambs, . . .
2d " ...
.3d " ...
1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
barrel
2 50
"
2 50
bushel
1 00
barrel
11 5U
"
6 75
8 50
pound
14
''
5
y
'■
35
"
9
bushel
1 25
barrel
6 12
"
5 87
"
5 87
"
5 62
bushel
77
"
73
"
85
"
GO
"
45
ton
12 00
gallon
40
pound
25
pound
0
„
IS
!b.
21
pound
IG
lb.
20
pound
24
'<
23
cask
1 20
ton
3 00
bushel
25
barrel
18 00
"
13 00
"
none
bushel
2 50
"
1 25
pound
14
"
14
cwt
10 00
pound
60
'*
65
"
50
"
48
"
42
"
40
"
60
"
52
37
40
3 00
1 50
12 to
7 00
8 75
16
10
43
12
1 30
6 J6
6 25
6 37
5 7S
79
75
90
70
62
14 00
50
1 25
3 SO
30
19 00
13 50
3 00
1 37
15
16
11 00
65
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according lo qualily.]
pound
%
9
"
7
10
"
15
"
19
dozen
13
bushel
35
barrel
2 m
3 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, April 29, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 307 Beef Cattle, 22 pairs Working Oxen,
20 Cows and Calves, 126 Sheep and 100 Swine. About 66
Beef Cattle remain unsold, all of which are prime cattle.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — The Calllc to-day as a lot, were
unusually large and fine, sales were " dull " and considerably
reduced, as will be perceived by quotations — we noticed three
or four yoke, very fine, taken at ^7.00. We quote prime at
96..50 a 6.75; good at ^5,75 a 6.25; thin at S5,25 ? 5,75.
Workini' O.Tcn.— Sales were noticed at J^45, S52,50, ,g66,
,«62.50, J?75, and g80.
roiM nnrf Ca/uM.— Sales were effected at 17, 19,23,26.
S?,.^, 28, 30 and pi.
She'y — No sales were noticed.
. Sirine.—J^o lots were taken— from 40 to 50 were retailed at
6c. for Sows and 7 for Barrows.
FOR SALE
At the Agricultural \\areliouse, milk strainers, likewiw
few stone milk pant, a very superior article.
W^ ANTED
A GOOD Experienced Gardener, apply at this office.
3l m 1
836
Nl^W ENGLAND FARMER
MAY 1, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
MARCH OP I1VTE1.I.ECT IIV IREIiAND.
A PARENT ask'd a Priest his boy to bless,
Wlio forthwith chai-ged him— he must first confess.
' Well,' said the boy, ' suppose, sir, I am willing.
What is your charge V ' To you, 'lis but shilling !'
' Must all men pay 1 and all men make confession V
' Yes, every man of Catholic profession.'
' And who do you confess to V • Why— the Dean.'
' And do the Deans confess ?' ' Yes, boy, they do,
Confess to Bishops— and pay smartly too.'
' Do Bishops, sir, confess 1 if so— to whom V
' Whv they confess, and pay the church of Rome.'
' Weil,' quoth the boy, ' all lliis is inighty odd.
And does the Pope confess V ' Oh yes, to God.'
' And does God charge the Pope V ' No,' quoth the Priest,
' God charges nothing.' ' Oh. then God is best ;
God is able to bless, and always willing.
To him I shall confess — and save my shilling.'
A THOUGHT.
As we look back through life
In/our moments of sadness.
How few and how brief
Are its gleamings of gladness ;
Yet we find midst the gloom.
That our pathway o'ershaded,
A few spots of sunshine
Still lingering unfaded.
And memory still hoards,
As her richest treasures —
Some moments of rapture.
Some soul thrilling pleasures ;
One hour of such bliss
Is a lifu, ere it closes ;
'Tis one drop of fragrance,
From thousands of roses.
QODD ADVICE.
Never cut a piece out of a newspaper until you
have looked on the other side, wliere perhaps you
may find something more valuable than tliat which
you first intended to ajjpropriate.
Never put salt in your soup before you have
tasted it. I have known gentlemen very much
enraged by doing so.
Never burn your fingers if you can help it.
People burn their fingers every day, when they
might have escaped it if they had been careful.
Let no gentleman ever tjuarrel with a woman.
If you are in trouble with her, retreat. If she
abuse you, be silent. If she box your ears, bow.
If she tear your eyes out, fed your way to the door
— but fly.
Don't put your feet on the tabic. True, the
members of Congress do so, but you are not a
member of Congress.
If you form one of a large mixed company, and
a diftident stranger enter the room and take his
seat among you, say sotiiething to him, for heav-
en's sake, even though it be only ' Fine evening,
sir.' Do not let him sit bolt upright, suffering all
the appreliensions and agonies of bashfuluess,
without any relief Ask him how he has been —
tell him you know his friend so and so — any thing
will do to break the icy stiflliess in which very
decent fellows are sometimes frozen on their dehut
before a new circle.
SHO\VER OP PIRE.
A singular plieiiumenou presented itself lately
in some parts of Franco, particularly in the De-
partment of Orne, in the neighborhood of Argen-
tan. Several times, and during two whole hours,
the atmosphere, which was calm, became filled
with an iimuinerable quantity of vivid sparks,
forming a sort of shower of fire. The appear-
ance was most striking between four and five
o'clock in the morning. The same phenomenon
was witnessed about Caen, where, however, it
excited less apprehension than at Argentan. It
is said that, in some j)laces, the sparks were seen
to alight upon the ground, butr no traces of them
have any where been found ; and it is probable
that the phenomenon really took })lace in the upper
regions, the appearance of having descended being
most likely an oi)tical illusion. Medical Gazette.
An English school mistress, who had obliquity
in her vision, asked a child what SEE spelled.
The child hesitated. What do I do when I look
at you ? said the mistress. Squint, replied the
pupil.
AN OL.D M.\NTEL.-TREE.
A few days days since, in taking down the
chimney of a house in Hadley, these words and
figures were found inscribed on the old-fashioned
wooden mantel-tree: "John Scott, March 14,
1678." This was probably the name of a carpen-
ter who worked on the building. John Scott did
not live in Hadley, but in Springfield. The build-
ing was on the home-lot, originally granted to
Kdward Church, who removed to Hatfield. It
was next owned by Josejdi Selden, who sold it
to John Nash, in 1696. — Hnmpshire Gatelte.
THE TRAITOR ARNOLD.
At the close of the Kevolutionary war, Arnold,
the traitor, accompanied the royal army to Eng-
land. "The contempt that followed him through
life, says an elegant writer, ia illustrated by
the speech of Lord Lauderdale, who, perceiv-
ing Arnold on the right hand of the King, and
near his person, as he addressed his parliament,
declared ou his return to the Commons, that how-
ever gracious the language he had heard from the
throne, ids indignation could not but be highly ex-
cited, at beholding, as he had done, liis viajesli)
supported hij a traitor." " And on anotlu'r occa-
sion, Lord Surrey, rising to speak in the house of
Commons, and perceiving Arnold in the gallery,
sat down with precipittition, exclaiming, I loill not
speak while that man, pointing to him, is in the
house." This miserable outcast died in Loodou,
June 14, 1801.
THE MAGPIE.
Wherever it be, wild or tame, this is the mon-
key of birds, full of mischief and mimicry. A
gentleman told Mr. Hovvit, that one he kept, having
stolen various articles, was watched by him na-
rowly, and was at length seen by him busy in
gathering pebbles, and with much solemnity and
studied air, dropping them into a hole about 18
inches deep, made to receive a line post. After
dropping each stone,, it cried " carrack !" tii-
unqjhantly, and set oft' for another. Making him-
self sure that he had found the objects of his
search, the gentleman went to the place and found
in the hole a poor toad, which the magpie was
stoning for his amusement. — .Veto of a J^Taturalist.
ITALY.
Discovery of the Port of Pompeii. — A most strik-
ing discovery has lately been made ; no less than
that of the long anticipated Port of Pompeii, with
its vessels overthrown on their sides, and covered
and preserved by the eruptive volcanic matter
which has thus anchored them for so many ages.
About 30 masts have been found London Mas.
SAFE GUESSING.
A real Yankee, who never intended lo err in
guessing:, being inquired of by his neighbor, as he
was jiassing a farm-yard, how much a certain ox
would weigh, that stood near, answered — " Well,
I don't know entirely, I guess he'll weigh 13, 14,
15, 16, 17, 18 hundred, somewhere along there,
no great differenre from that anv way."
FOR SALE,
THAT valuable coiiutrij sent ami farm f,>rmer]\- omiedhy
E. H. Dcrliy and J. Crowninshicld, Esqrs.,and lately by Col.
Endlci>it, >iiualed in Danvers, within two miles of Salem and
tifteen of I'osion. The buildings arc in good repair, spacioui
and cli-'j^ant, and convenient for a genteef family, and also for a
farmers, with barns, stal)les, &-C., attached. There is an ex-
cellent iiarden, containing a great \'ariety of choice fruits,
shrubs niid tlowers and a tastelul summer house. ,'J'he farm is
inahi^h state of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produics large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, prars, peaches, apricots, plums, tjumces and cherries ;
there is a nursery of young fruit trees, and a plajitation (jf
."KlOO White Mulberries. The place has many advaniages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garden, with from 10 to 100 acres of land, as the pur-
chaser mav choose, are oil'ered on liberal aiid acronimoMating
terms. Apply at this office, or to AMOS KING.
Danvers, March 27, 1833.
WHITE MULBERRY TREES.
FOR SALE 5000 Large White Mulberrv Trees, inquire al
this Office. tf m'i?
NOTICE.
AP.UANGEMENTS have been made to secure the Im
ported Horse Numidia for the ensuing season at the Ten hill
Jtock farm. epislf April 3.
LEAD.
SHEET LEAD, of all dimensions ; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
of all sizes ; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, conslantK' for sale
bv ALBEItT FEARING & CO. No. 1, City Wharf.
'Boston. March 13, 133'.!. tf
P.\RM FOR S.VLE.
A FARM pleasantly siluaied in Dorchesd-r, .'")1 mil<-s from
Boston, contaming about lOO acres of excellent land well fenced
with stone wall, with a Uwelling-liouse, Farcn-lKiuse and a
large Barn with a large cellar under the same, all in good re-
pair. Has on it over 500 fruit trees of grafterl and choice qual-
ities,.^!s abundantly supplied with water It will be sold ou
accommodating terms or exchanged for real estate in Boston-
For further particulars inquire at No. 12, South Market Street,
Boston. April 3.
GENUINE MORUS MULTICAULIS, or CHINESE
MULBERRY.
MRS. PARMENTIER at the Horticultural Botanic Garden,
Brooklyn. L. I. oflers for sale a choice collection of Pear, Ap-
ple, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Quince, and other Fruit Trees.
Grapevines. Ornamental Trees and Slirubs. Greenhouse
and Ilerbar eons Plants at moderate prices.
Also the (I'eiiuine Morus Multicaulis or Chinese Mulberry,
of which anv <|uantity not exceeding ten thousand can be fur-
nished at reasonable prices.
Orders mav be sent by mail directed to Mrs. P. or left al
Mr. Geo. C. "Barrett, Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North Mar-
ket street Boston.
(it i\I20
THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at ^3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days fnmi the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
[ly No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
A'i'ic York — C. Thorburk & .Sons, G7 Liberty-street.
Alhamj — Wia. Thorburn, 3-17 Market-street.
Phil,ulelphia—l). &, C. Landreth, 85 Chcsnut-street.
litillimore — I. 1. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
Cincinnnti — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Fhishing, N. Y. — Wm. Princk & Sons, Prop. Liu. BoL Cu.
Midditbury, Vt. — WioiiT Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin At Co. Booksellers.
Snriryrfield. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Newhuryport — Ebene/.kr Stedman, Bookseller.
Porlsmnulh, N. If. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Colman, Hor.DEN & Co. Bookseller*.
Autnista, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. .S'.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorilw.
Montreal, L. C. — Geo. Bent.
St. Louis— Cf.tt. Holton.
Printed for Geo. C Barrett by Ford & Damreli.
whoexccule every description oflJook and Fancy Prijit-
ijiirin good style, and with promptness. Orders for print
ing mav be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at tlie Agricul-
tural Warehouse, No. 53, North Market Street.
NEW ENGl-AND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BV GEO. C. BAKllETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warkhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
vol.. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 8, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For Ike A't-ic England Farmtr.
ANALYSIS OF DIPPEREBIT SORTS OP
SALT, &c.
Jamaica Plain, April 20,, 1833.
T. G. Fesse.nden, Esq. Sir, — In your N. E.
Fiu-mcr, of 7tli March, 1832, you ijublislied an
;irticie i'lirnislied by mo, on the .subji^ct of salt, (in
consequence of aii article from the N. York Medi-
cal Repository by Dr. Mitchell on the ilestruclive
fjrialilies of Liverpool Salt) in which paper I gave
you au extract from Ure's Chemistry, 4tli edition,
1833, an analysis of eleven sorts of salt. And iny
expectations of being enabled to fufjoisli you an
analysi.s, by an able chemist of our d\vu country,
of several foreign as well as American Salts.
I procured eight samples as per particulars be-
low, and President Quincy was so obliging as' to
request Dr. Webster, Professor of Chemistry of
Harvard University to analyse them. He has
sent me the result which I now give you of 500
grains of each.
■&■
i = .= -5 -s =■»
478 U
491 00
•iS'i 5.i
4TJA 2
48J| 3
■s •?"; ^
2.i 4i iii li 6i
.3| OU 2| 1 2
5| 00 4 2 0
10 00 2 li 4^
5 00 00 44 2
491i 00 34 00 00 00
I. Sicily coarse salt,
"Ti. Eastporl, Me.
4. New York, fine,
7. St. Ubes, coarse,
9. Ciuinc)', Mass.
8. Native Rock or ")
Mineral salt from J-
Choshiie, England. J
No. 2. Liverpool coarse fine. The Muriale of Soda and otlil
constituents agreed so nearly with the results from No. 8, as
did the results from No, 6, (Liverpool finest) that I find them
noted on my book as the same, ditiering only in ilie state of
mechanical division.
No. 5. Turks Island salt, very nearly the same results as No,
1. In tlie sample from Sicily, No. I, I obtained an indication of
a minute proportion of Iodine. I. W. W.
No. 3 was a specimen of salt manufactured at Eastporl, in
Maine, (from the English Cheshire Rock or Mineral salt),
Large quantities of it are there manufactured, and it appears to
possess precisely the qualities of Li^-erpool salt all of which I
believe is manufactured from the Mineral rock and springs of
Cheshire. ^
No. 4 was froM a basket of fine table salt manufactured at
one of the salt estabnshments in the western part of New York.
No. 9 was a specimen of salt from Presitlent Uuincy's own
salt works at Quuicy, Mass., evaporated from sea water. His
works have long been considered as producing it of superior
quality.
After the examination, of the different salts
usually for sale in our markets, I trust there
need be no longer any/ear in using them, on ae-
coimt of any bad properties they may have been
supposed to possess. Only bearing in mind that
their use sl-.ould be by toeight, not measure. If for
butter I have no doubt the iine Liverpool (or
Eastporl) is as good as any other, provided the
butter be thoroughly well made and worked.
I have for many years had no other used, till
the ])ast year I purchased the best Turks Ishnd
I could find, and had it well washed and groimil
fine. VVe do not perceive the least difference in
the butter, having usetl precisely the same weight.
There is no doubt for packing meat and fish the
coarsest salt ehould be used, as keeping the meal
separate, and being longer in dissolving.
Yours truly, John PniNCF..
You may modestly laugh at an ingenious witti-
cism ; but show me only a ghastly grin at a vulvar
tale.
For the New Evi^land Fanner.
CUIiTURE OP INDIAIV CORN.
Mr. Fessenden, .S'lV, — If you think the fol-
lowing account of some experiments relative to
planting Corn, worth a place in your Journal it is
at your service.
I''or some years, I have planted my corn thick-
er tlian has been thought a suitable distance, by
fannors generally, in this section of the coun-
try ; and to me it has appeared decidedly to in-
crease the crop. But as that was a matter of
opinion, I made a little experiment; rather how-
ever to remove llie doubts of others, than any of
my own on the subject.
I will i)remise by stating that the ground on
which the first experiment was made, was a sandy
loam, rather cold, and though naturally pretty
good, was so run down by neglect and severe
cro])ping, that in 1831 it gave probably less than
half a ton to the acre, of poor sour hay, worth lit-
tle else than to throw into the barri-yaid for litter
and manure. In May 1832 it was ploughed, and
about 20 cart-buck loads per acre, of a compost,
(Jiliieh was made, one load of manure to two of
nieadow-mud or good soil, and piled up in layers
tlie previous autumn,) were spread and harrowed
in on the furrows.
The situation was one much subject to early
frosts, and the crop probably suffered a diminu-
tion of about one fourth, by that which occurred
in Se|)t. and by which nearly all the leaves were
killed, while the stalks pretty generally remained
fresh and green. The effect of this frost, was
very similar to what I should have expected from
topping the stalks at that time. The corn was
full in the milk, and the process of filling out,
ceased entirely where the leaves were all killed;
and where nothing more than the leaves were kil-
led, the corn dried or shrivelled up without rot-
ting.
I believe the farmers here, usually, give fifteen
to eighteen feet, and I have seen some lots where
twenty feet of ground were given to a hill.
In 1831, I gave twelve feet to a hill, and in
1832, it was my intention to give generally about
ten feet, or to plant the hills a little more than
three feet distant each way. The ground being
prepared as above stated, and all treated alike,
there seemed to be very little difiiculty in making
an experiment that might prove satisfactory, in de-
termining whether I was giving the hills room
enough or not. Accordingly about half a dozen
rows were planted, at about four and a half feet
from hill to hill, and as many more rows next ad-
joining were planted at about two and a half feet
from hill to hill in the rows. The rows all being
3 ft. apart.
All were alike until harvest, which was about
the 10th Nov. when for the sake of making as lit-
tle trouble as was consistent with a fair result, I
fixed on two of the rows, which were standing
side by side, and which I shall call No. 1 and
No. 2; as being suflicient for my purpose.
In No. 1 there were 22 hills on 100 ft. in
length, and the rows each side being 3 ft. distant ;
it gave an average of 13^ square ft. of surface to a
hill, or 3197 hills per acre.
In No. 2 there were 37 hills on 100 ft. in
length, and being the same^width as No. 1, it gave
an average of 8 1-9 square ft. of surface to a hill
or .5372 hills per acre.
The corn was husked in the field, and carefttUy
weighed, and 75 lbs. of ears (the usual quantity)
allowed to produce a bushel of shelled corn. No.
1 contained 77 hills and gave 51J lbs. of cars,
equal to 10 oz. 12 grs. per hill, or 28 bushels and
48 lbs. per acre. No. 2 contained 132 hills and
gave 75 lbs. ears, equal to 9 oz. ^ grs. per hill, or
40 bu.shelsand 44 lbs. per acre. Making (in this
case) 11 bushels and 71 lbs. per acre in favor of
the thick planting. It will be perceived that while
the hills in No. 1 gained, individually, nearly
20 per ct., of those in No. 2; which by the way
was very much calculated to mislead one as to
the real result, if no other method than guessing
has been adopted they collectively, by the acre,
made an entire loss of about 30 per ct.
The difference was greater than I had anticipat-
ed, and perhaps much greater than it would have
been on a different soil. Therefore, I have given
you some particulars relative to the soil, and man-
agement in this case, in the hope, that some of
your readers, will make comparative experiments,
in other kinds of soil, and give the result through
the columns of the N. E. Farmer ; that thus by
making common stock of our experience, we nioy
be able to take at least one important step, iu the
cultivation of this most valuable crop, independent
of the old method o{ guessing at it.
I have ;;iven the data from which the estimates
were made, so that if any inaccuracy has been ad-
mitted, it may be detected.
I also made a small experiment, to test the
method proposed by some one, (I believe in the
N. E. Farmer ) of planting the hills much thicker
in the rows to prevent the corn sending up suck-
ers, and at the same time giving the space between
the rows a much greater width than is usual, for
the purpose of freely admitting the rays of the sun.
It was on a warm sandy soil, iu somewhat better
condition than the one above described. The
corn suffered some from the drought, but not so
much from the frost as the preceding. The items
were as follows: — No. 1 had 36 hills on 100 ft. in
length, and the average distance of the rows on
either side was 3 ft. 3 in., giving each hill 9 4-144
square ft., or making 4825 hills per acre.
N0.2 (between which and No 1 there was an inter-
mediate row) had 53 hills on 100 ft. in length, and
the average distance of the adjoining rows, was
four feet three inches, giving 8 2—144 square
ft. to a hill, or 5435 hills per acre,
In row No. 1 there were 97 hills, the produce of
which was66J lbs. ears, equal to 43 bushels and 73
lbs. per acre, allowiug as before 75 lbs. for a bush-
el shelled corn.
In No. 2 there were 146 hills, yielding 88J
lbs. ears, equal to 43 bu. 09 lbs. per acre.
In this instance it will be seen that the advantage
(if there bean advantage) obtained by planting
thick in the row, was somewhat more than lost by
leaving so large a space between the rows.
On another part of this lot where the ground
was rather better, but otherwise all treated alike,
(the manure having been spread on and harrowed
in after ploughing,) I measured one row and found
838
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAY 8, 1033.
the hills occupying 8 1-9 sqiiaro ft. eacli, (rows 3
ft. apart) and yit^liling 56 bu. and 37 lbs. per acre.
These experiments would on tlie whole, seem
to favor the opinion that an equal distance each
way is the best method of planting corn ; and that
on soil similar to what I have described, about 9
square ft. of surfiice is sufficient ground for one hill.
On a different soil it might want double this quan-
tity— and then again on another soil it might not
require as much; comparative experiment is wanted
to determine this. It is a subject in which every
New England Farmer is interested, and can be
settled only by a careful comparison of the produce
of ground planted at different distances ; other
things being equal.
We want facts. — Raising .50 bushels on an acre
where the hills occupy 20 ft. of ground each, al-
though we call it a large crop, docs not prove that
60 bushels might not be raised on the same acre,
if they occupied but 10 ft. each.
We want some facts, Mr. Editor, to guide us in
raising corn ; since the days of the Pilgrim, the
whole subject in New England has been managed
bp guessing. — Yours, truly,
William Clakk, Jr.
.Yortliampton, April, 1833.
For the Sem Etiglmid Fm-mer.
REMEDY AGAINST THE BEE MOTH.
Friend Fesse.n-ded, — There has been much
said concerning keeping the grub worm (so called)
from the bee-hive. The mischief is done by fly-
ing insects, called millers, which infest bee-hives
in the autumn. I have not marked the time par-
ticularly ; but according to my observations, it is
but a few days, in which they make their ravages.
These millers deposit their eggs in the hive. The
eggs batch and become worms, which destroy
honey and swarm. Tlie millers come between
sun-set and dark, or after it becomes somewhat
dark, and the time in the evening in which they
make their efforts, is not more than half an hour.
This being the case, I took my small hearth fur-
nace and placed it near the bee-hives, in order to
attract the millers to the fire, which I made in it.
But I found that it had the contrary effect. It dis-
pelled them. I have done this two or three years
with success, aud have had none of the grub
worms in iny bee-hives since. More particularly
— Sat the furnace, say two yards from the hives,
and make in it a fire of shavings or any light fuel,
so that the light may shine on the hives. If the
wind should blow the smoke on the hives too
much, set the furnace further off; but previous to
all this let the mouths or doors of the hives be
stopped e.xcept on the front where the fire shines.
This is of considerable consequence in econo-
my, and I wish those who keep bees to prove the
experiment; and when I shall hear from them, I
shall say more about bees, but one thing at a time.
Lemuel Grover.
Mansjidd, 6th of 4th month, 1833.
For the New Entrland Farmer.
INTRODUCTION OP POTATOES.
Mr. Fesse.\de.\, I have been a subscriber for
your very useful Journal, for about four years, and
I highly prize it. ^our Items of Intelligence con-
tains more information of our governmental aifairs,
than a basket full of the political papers of the day.
I aoon get lost in the labyrinth of words, or tired of
reading unmeaning sentences, therefore, I read
noae of thera, I have gained much valuable infor-
mation from the practical and highly scientific cor-
respondence of those gentlemen, who enrich your
columns, and also by yom- notes, on the ancient
and modern agriculture of foreign nations, as well
as our own.
You seem inclined to enlarge the number of
your correspondents. lajiproacli the list with very
great diffidence, knowing myself inadequate to the
privilege. But, as some very useful discoveries
have arisen from small means, I take courage and
will tell you soine things that I have noticed in
the course of my life, being past the meridian.
Some time since I noticed the introduction of
the potato, into one or two towns in the vicinity
of Boston, and other information was solicited.
Not seeing any from my native town, I will tell you,
iTiy Grandmother's story about their first coming
into Wilmington, Massachusetts. I am the only
grandson of Capt. Samuel Walker, and the only
child of Timothy Walker, Esq. of the above town
that is living; my grandfather having died bcfoie I
was born, I know nothing of him, but my honored
grandmother lived to the great age of ninety-two
years, when I was sixteen years of age, and retain-
ed her mental powers to the last uiiin)paired. Al-
low me to digress a little, and speak a few words for
the blessed cause of temperance. She never could
be prevailed with to taste one drop of ardent spirit.
Or cider, or wine, (unless it was at the sacramen-
tal table, for she was a member of the church)
upon any occasion whatever. Nor would she
drink tea or coflee unless it was barley coflee. —
She never had any pain or sickness, aud was able
to read her large Bible without glasses and knit
stockings, till within about two weeks of her death.
Cannot her health and comfort in her old age be at-
tributed to her strict adherence to Temperance of
which I am a sincere friend. But to return to her
story of the potato. About one hundred years,
now gone by, she said that grandfather was at
Boston, and found an Irishman just landed from
Ireland that wanted to work. They agreed,
and the Irishman came to Wilmington and began
work, and at meal times be saw uo " potatoes
cooked. He asked gran<lfather if he had no/)(fa-
iers ?" He told him "no, he had heard of them
but never had seen any. " Patrick said " if they
wou'd be litting him go back to the vassel he could
get some fur they had some on their passage." —
Grandfather told him he might go, he should be
very glad to get some ; Patrick went to Boston, sev-
enteen miles, and obtained two only. It being
spring of the year he planted them and took good
care of them, in the manner in which he was taught
to cultivate them in Ireland, till they were grown,
when he dug a few of them ; and informed grand-
mother how to cook them ; and the Irishman had
a fine repast — The family tasted but did not like
them very well. When it was time to harvest
them, he dug them, and grandmother had baked
some large hard shelled pumpkins. They took one
of the largest aud jjut up their whole winter's store
of this now very valuable article. TJie shell
contained a plenty for their \^'inter's use, and to
plant in the spring, and some to spare to their
neighbors. Grandfather liked Patrick so well that
he hired him a second time ; he planted the pota-
toes a second time when they raised so many they
di<l not know how to dispose of them — My grand-
mother had not the convenience of the old la-
dy at Lynn, they did not raise any gourds,
Yours Respectfully, James Walker.
Fryeburg, April 25th, 1833.
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Standing Committee on ornamental trees,
flowers, &c. submit the following list of premiums
for the year 1833, viz: —
For the most successful cultivation of the Amer-
ican Holly ; the number of i)lants not less than
five which have been transplanted at least three
years, So.
For the four best flowering i)lants of the Magno-
lia Glauca which have been transplanted at least
diree years, $5.
For the most successful cultivation of the Ilhodo-
Jendron Maximum, the number of plants not less
than four, which have been transplanted three
years, .*3.
For the five best plants of the Kalmia Latifo-
lla which have been transplanted not less than three
years, ,$3.
For the best seedling plants of cither of the
al)ove, not less than ten in number, of three years
growth and upwards, $5.
For the five best varieties of Chinese Chrysan-
tiieinunis, S'3.
For the best half dozen of Tulips, $5.
" " " Hyacinths, 5.
" " " Rammenlus, 5.
" " " Aurieu'as, 3.
" " " .\neinones, 5.
For the best spoeimens of Pinks, 3.
" " " of Prize Carnations, 5.
For the best cultivated Native flowers, 5.
For the best cultivated Foreign flowers of har-
dy kinds, 5.
For the finest collection of Roses, 10.
For the finest Dahlias, 5.
For the best show of Poeonies, 5.
Vor the best plant of Camellia Japonica, 5.
liy order of the Committee,
J. Wi.NSHii", Chairman.
Horticultural Hall, — May 4, 1833.
Some beautiful specimens of yellow and white
Tea Roses — Azalea Sinensis — Calceolaria integ-
rifolia, together with Anemonies, Tulijts and Gera-
niums, from the Charlestown Vineyard were ex-
hibited by Wr. Thomas Mason.
Per order, J. Wi.\ship, Chairman.
For the Km- Fnglurid Farmer.
SOWS AND THEIR PIGS. ANIMAL. FOOD
FOR SWINE, &.C.
Mr. Fesse.nuen, — In your paper of April 3(1. I
observed an article by a " subscriber," the writer
of which recommends animal food to be given to
sows just before farrowing, believing it will pre-
vent them fioin destroying their pigs. He recom-
mends fresh meat ; I will go further and say, that
my experience tells me that salt meat, either raw
orlx)iled, will produce the same beneficial efiect.
I have since seen another article in your paper
over the signature of " Berkshire" the writer of
wliifh docs not agree with your " Subscriber"
does not "come to the same conclusions," but
takes other groiuid — recommends another mode
of treatment, a mode that is not indispensably ne-
ccessary, as I shall prove by and bye.
He says, " The nature of the swine is to feed
on almost anything that comes in its way, but
iis ratural food is vegetable rather than animal,"
&c. It may be so, but who is there that does .not
knoiv that swine are extremely eager after animal
food at all times, that they will always leave vege-
Ubh for animal food — and who can say but that
VOL. XI, NO. 43.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
38S
at, or near the time of farrowing some of them
may Wave still stronger inclinations for animal food.
Perhajis some sows would not destroy their i)igs
under any circumstances as to food or location,
while others from sojTie cause unknown to us, are
iniluced to commit an unnatural act. — " Berk-
shire" says, " In cases where the pigs come late
in the season and the sows have had the oppor-
tunity of coming to the ground and working
in it, and collecting grass, roots, &c ; I have never
known any of the difficulties complained of by
your con-espondent." — He then recommends, that
when from necessity sows are kept in a close pen
and from the ground, giving them a suitable sup-
pi;/ of potatoes, turnips, ruta baga, S,-c. which he
tliinks will remove the ditliculty complained of.
I will now inform Mr. " Berkshire" of a little
of my experience, and leave him to make his own
■comments — I have seen more than twenty broods
of as fine pigs as ever were seen in a farm yard,
farrowed in a house the dimensions of which did
not exceed eight feet by three and a half or four,
and raised on the deck of a whale ship at sea, where
there was no earth for the sows to work upon —
no grass — no roots to be collected, and what was
fitill worse, there were no potatoes — no turnips —
nor ruta baga, not even for human, much less to
furnish a "suitable supply" to feed swine upon —
Yes, I have raised pigs that have lived to farrow
pigs, that never sat a hoof on terra firma, that nev-
er had the pleasure of sticking their noses iti tlie
earth for the purpose of collecting grass, roots, Sfc.
and I do not recollect of ever having a pig destroy-
ed.— I don't wish to be understood that I always
give my sows aninsal food — It was not the case ; but
I have frequently done, and believe in its salutary
eftects. r
Now, Mr. Fessenden, if you are not surfeited
with the subject, but intend " going the whole hog"
please insert in your next paper, for the informa-
tion of Berkshire and others concerned, the opin-
ion— the experience — and the plain unvarnished
tale of a New Bedford Whaler.
mw Bedford, May \st, 183.5.
For the Nfw Eiigla7td Farmer,
HIGH CRANBERRY.
Mr. Fessenden, — A short time since, I saw an
inquiry, in one of the valuable numbers of your pa-
per, in relation to the high cranberry. This shrub
is found in abundance in some parts of the Slate
of Maine. It is a lover of a moist, scurfy soil —
and is frequently a near neighbour of the hacme-
tac. Like the Mountain Ash, its berries hang on,
long after it is stripped of its foliage, and presents
till Spring, a beautiful cluster of crimson fruit.
Although fond of a moist locality, still it will flour-
ish in onr high, loamy gardens, where it is not
unfrequently found. A supply can be obtained
in nearly any town in the County of Oxford.
Oxford, May I, 1833. Agricola.
For New England Farmer.
HIGH BUSHED CRANBERRIES.
Mr. Fesse.vden, — The high bushed cranberry
grows plentifully in the vicinity where I live, and
can be obtained, I think, in considerable quantities.
It is a handsome shrub, the bark of the bush is
whitish ; the tallest I have ever seen is about six
feet. They flower, I think, in June, in clusters
similar to the white elder. The berries of course
are in clusters, of a beautiful blood red, and hang
on the bush all winter. They are easily cultivated :
I have them growing in my garden which have
lierries on them now that have faded bnt little from
the seventy of the winter. What led me to the
cultivation of them, I was riding by one of my
neighbors, and I saw a bush in his garden. It
was late in the fall, the leaves had all fallen ofi',
the bush was loaded with fruit as red as blood,
I though it made a very handsome appearance.
The next spring 1 went to where they grow wild,
and took up some and set them in my garden.
They have just begun to bear ; I probably shall have
half a bushel next fall. They are said to make
good preserves. This is all I know of them —
Your correspondent N. D. of Portland, speaks of
their medical qualities; if he will inform the pub-
lic of their value through the medium of your
paper he will oblige at least one of your subscribers.
Very Respectfully, James Walker,
Frytburg, Jlpnl 25th, 1833.
For the New England Farmer.
Mr. Editor, — Information is wanted with re-
gard to Zinc plates; an article used for roofing.
What their durability, the manner of laying them,
and the expense per square yard.
Your friend, B. Osgood.
Methuen, March 25. 1833.
AMERICAN NANKEEN.
We have heretofore taken occasion to mention
the American Nankeen, and have recently exam-
ined some made of Georgia cotton and manufac-
tured at Patterson, New-Jersey. It is of excel-
lent texture and quality, and is said to improve the
color by wear. We are pleased to learn that the
demand for this article is increasing, and that it is
likely to become fashionable. It is by encouraging
such manufactures, that we advance the real inde-
pendence and prosperity of our country. — Balti-
more Chronicle.
Dutchess County for ever. Mammoth child,
Deborah Tripp, has returned to the city : she has
increased to the enormous weight of 271 pounds,
although but 6 years and ten months old. — .V.
Y. Eve. Post.
English Temperance Society. At a meeting of
the friends of Temperance Societies, held in Lon-
don, on the first Tuesday of March last, the re-
port stated that there were 250 associations in Eng-
land, comprehending 47,000 members: 380 in
Scotland, 55,000 members; and 20,000 members
in Ireland.
From the Northern Farmer.
Messrs. Newtons, — ^In the New England Far-
mer of the seventeenth of April last, a correspon-
dent inquires of the readers of that paper whether
any of them " know of the high bushed cranberry ;
where any of it grows, and if so, whether it can be
obtained in any considerable quantity ?" Not hav-
ing seen any answer to that inquiry in the New
England Farmer, I have thought proper to com-
municate through yoTir valuable paper, some par-
ticulars in relation to that shrub, which is said by
the correspondent of the New England Farmer
to be " an extensively valuable medicinal plant —
although its virtues are very little known."
The high bush craidierry is a beautiful shrub,
grows from ten to fifteen feet high, and is exceed-
ingly fruitful ; producing great numbers of large
clusters of berries, resembling the low cranberry in
appearance and taste, though I think of apleasant-
er acid. The berries are not quite as large as those
of the low species, and have a hard stone or seed
in them of considerable size, like that of the cherry,
though of diflere;nt form, being thin and flat, in-
stead of globular. This beautiful shrub is indi-
genous in New-Hampshire ; is connnon in the wes-
tern |iart of the State, and is occasionally found in
the gardens, and about the dwellings of our citi-
zens. Its favorite location is on the interval lands
near brooks and rivers, where it grows luxuriant-
ly ; but is, I believe, never found on low mead-
ows, or wet and swampy lands. Z.
Xewport, May 1833.
RUM CANAL.
In 43years— from 1790 to 1833— 214,434,342
gallons of rum have been imported into the Uni-
ted States. This, says the New York Journal of
Commerce, wouliluiake 68 miles of canal, 20 feet
wide, and 4 feet deep, and leave a remainder to
provide against leakage and the draughts of the
boatmen, of 45,278,168 gallons. All this has
been drank in the United States. How many wid-
ows and orphans has it njade ! How much pov-
erty— suffering — disease — crime — death I
COMPARATIVE WEALTH OP ENGLAND AND
FRANCE.
Cultivated land in France, 27,440 square
leagues; ditto in England, 13,369 ditto — yet the
gross produce of England is one-seventh more than
France, and nett produce double. Agricultural
population in England, one-third of the whole
population : in France they form two thirds. In
England, 7,611,682 farmers, husbandmen and
laborers, cultivate 21,000,000 acres, and pro-
duce annually a nett income of 107,247,000<.;
while in France, 19,621,000 persons cultivating
41,009,009, can oidy produce an income of 67,-
778,120 ; hence the super-productiveness of the
soil of England. Its superiority, however, may be
attributed, in some degree to the manner in which
property is divided in France. Nunjber of pro-
prietors in Englandand Scotland in 1816 was 689,-
385, add one third more for Ireland, which, at
five members to one family give 4,000,000 of per-
sons, or one-fifth of the whole population: but in
France in 1818 there were 4,333,000 land-owners,
which at 5 members to one family, gave 20,000,-
000 persons or four-fifths of the population. Num-
ber of proprietors of France under 42s. annual val-
ue is three millions and a half. Hence in England
one half of the population is employed in com-
merce; in France only one-sixth, a superiority in
England almost incalculable, when we take inio
calculation the extensive use of machinery. — M.
Ragney,from the Revue Encyclopedique.
WHITEWASHING.
It is a very common practice to whitewash
rooms, walls, and fences, with simple lime and
water. The result is, that a touch brings it off
upon the hands or clothes, and a few successive
rains leave almost entirely bare the materials upon
which it has been laid, and which are exposed to
the weather. On in-door work a little glue will fix
it so that it will not easily rub off", nor whiten the
dress that happens to come in contact with it.
Out of doors glue alone will not answer. Skim-
med milk is probably the cheapest and best ingre-
dient that can be easily procured. Those « !io
put whitewash without anything of this kind to re-
tain it, act on the same principle as if they should
fill ;i sieve with water, or cover a house with
boards without nailing them. — Ontario Paper.
340
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAY S, 1S33.
Frovi tht^ Kenuehec Farmer.
IMPROVEMENT IN SWINE.
Perhaps tliere is no animal whicli varies so
much, as it regards profit and loss as the Hog.
If you get one made as he ought to be, you will
derive fair profit on what you give liim. If
you have one made as nine tenths of the hogs in
the State are — exactly as they ought not to be,
you are lucky to get back your principal, even if
it be nothing but swill. We have had some lit-
tle experience in the shoat line — from your close
built, broad backed, wide breaster, deep chested,
short nosed, bright eyed grumphy, — that would
lie still and fatten almost upon the smell of his
dinner; to your long snouted, long legged, slab-
sided, razor breasted, finbacks, squealing and
squealing, and squealing even with the corn be-
tween their teeth, — never at rest and never con-
tented, save when working you up a bill of cost by
breaking into your neighbor's enclosures. Such
pork will cost you a shilling a pound, and then it
will hardly lie still in the barrel.
It seems to us that there is unpardonable negli-
gence in breeding swine. It must be owing to a
want of care in selecting breeders from the several
litters, that we often hear firmers complain that
their breed of hogs has run out, as they call it,
and they must get another kind. To those in this
vicinity who are in that predicament, we would
take the liberty of recommending their attention
to an advertisement respecting swine, on the last
page — and can assure them that they will find an
excellent animal of the kind at Mr. Wood's who
will be hapi>y to show him to all who wish to
e.xamine.
From the American Fanner.
PEN YOUR HOGS.
n'oodside, Del. March 15, 1833.
Mr. Smith, — I have often been astonished to
find it is the general plan with farmers to allow
their hogs to run at large the most of the year,
placing their crops in a constant liability to be in-
jured by them, as the best of fencing is but a poor
defence ; for a bar being left out or a gutter washed
by rain, easily gives them the opportunity of de-
stroying a deal of the farmer's hard earned crops.
But without any of these accidents, their loss in
another way is much more'than they may imag-
ine : I mean in the article of manure, which all
certainly will allow ought to be the aim and prin-
cipal object to amass as much as possible in every
possible manner ; the manure made by these ani-
mals is of the very best kind, and by proper care
a large quantity may be made by a few of them.
Some object to it by saying the litter given to them
might as well be used in the barn yard ; but they
must remember it is made at a time when our barn
yards are without stock ; and the pigpen is a con-
venient repository for all the rubbish you can ac-
cumulate, weeds from your gardens and weeds or
coarse grass you can cut from any part of your
grounds during the summer ; also the rakings of
your stubble ground the spring succeeding a crop
ot wheat and many other sources imnecessary to
mention. A little earth spread over each layer of
litter will be found a great advantage, as it induces
them to root among, and stir it up which soon pro-
duces fermentation.
It would astonish any one, unless they have
given it a trial, how nmch rnajiure may be made
in this way of the very best description. For in-
stance, the past year I kept eighteen hogs, the cost
of their feed (exclusive of corn while fattening)
was $2,00 per head, making a total of S36,00
I have no doubt I shall be able this spring to draw
out of their pens over one hundred large three
horse cart loads. 31anure is now selling in Wil-
mington at $1,25 per load, which at one hundred
loads leave a balance in favor of the hogs of $89,00,
without the expense of hauling it from Wilming-
ton a distance of three miles ; the hauling of whic!
would nmch more than cover the additional ex-
pense of tending them when kept up. I have a
strong rack fixed in the pen similar to a sheep rack
in which they get fresh grass three times a day ;
having which, they require but little feed to keep
them in good thriving order. As I am convenient
to merchant mills, I get an article called sweepings
which is sold for that purpose, consisting of corn
meal, flour, and the ottals of the grain, this we
mix with milk and water and give them for wasli.
Let any one give this plan a fair trial and I am
convinced they will never again allow their hogs
to roam about, which not only appears slovenly
hut must keep them in constant fear of their break-
ing into the grain or other crops. If by these
plain matters of fact I can induce any one to give
it a trial, and thereby cause a slight imi>rovement
in agriculture, the end is gained, of
Respectfully, Yours, S.
SILK— ITS MANUFACTURE IN VERMONT.
Mr. Samuel Mills, of Burlington, has given no-
tice that he has a few thousand White Mulberry
Trees, of two years growth ; and that any individ-
ual who will transplant a number not less than
25, shall receive them and as many more as he
will set, not exceeding 500, gratis. Mr. M. states
that a tree of the size of a common apple-tree, will
produce leaves enough, when rightly fed to the
worms, to leave a profit of about §20. The trees
for transplanting must be called for within the
present month, after which they will be ia market
at $8 per hundred.
A STRIKING ILLUSTRATION OP THE RE-
SOURCES OP NATURE.
CiHcinnali, 1st Mo. 25th, 1833.
Dear Sir: — One of my neighbors, in the fall
and winter of 1831, wa.s fatting a lot of bogs,
when it happened, either from disease or indo-
lence that one of them took a bed to himself dur-
ing the coldest weather. The consequence was,
that the skin and a stratum of fat beneath were
frozen ; and, in a certain length of time, disengag-
ed from the animal, from the shoulders, leaving
only a narrow strip along the belly and over the
head and legs. This monstrous slough, if I may
be allowed the expression, was detached with such
rapidity as not to have time to undergo any pro-
cess of putrefaction, and was as sound as if it had
been taken oft" by the most skilful butcher. The
farmer, perhaps through curiosity, took it to the
tanner, where it was pronounced to be a sound
and good hide, and the last I heard of it, was that
it was nearly ready for the saddler to work into
horse collars, saddle seats, &c.
The hog, as we would naturally suppose, if not
complaining before the absorbents commenced
their operations, would by this time find himself
in a pitiful predicament. He however, survived
the operation ; healthy inflammation came on ;
granulations shot iq) on all parts, and the last time
I saw him (for I saw him divers times) both of his
sides were completely healed and nicely haired
over, and there only remained a narrow stri|i
from the hips to the shoulders, wliich was beauti-
fully bespangled with healthy granulations. I
make no doubt that the hog before this time has
had a complete skin.
That this may be relied on as a matter of fact,
I may state that it took jdace in Clinton county]
Chester township, where the most positive proof
can be had on the subject.
With due respect, &c.
I subscribe myself thy friend,
JESSE BURGESS.
From the Uenesce Farmer.
IMPROVED CITTLE.
0.\ the subject of cattle, I am decided in the
opinion that the Durham, crossed with the Devons,
is a very great inq)rovemeut in the latter, giving
diem size and increasing their milking pro|)erties,
which I have fully proved by actual experiment.
^ The improved short homrd Durham cattU dis-
tinct need no crossing other than to obtain the fine
mahogany color of the Devon. In every other re-
spect they surpass any known breed, i am fully
persuaded ;— /or instance, in unlking properties,
the cow owned by John Hare Powel* Esq. that
gave thirty-six quarts of rich milk daily, and
made rising of h«cn<3/ pounds of butter per week;
also, the fine heifer, raised by Charles H. Hall,
Esq. of Harlaem, N. Y. which at four years old
gave thirty-four quarts of milk daily ; also, the cow
Princess, imported by G. W. Featherstonhaugh,
Esq. that gave thirty-six quarts of milk daily; and
several others that I could name, owned in Mas-
sachusetts and Connecticut, nearly equal, ^nd
for the .itnll, the fine hull imported by Charles H.
Hall, Esq.; also, Champion, imported by the
Patroon of Albany; and Mmiral, sent out from
England by Sir Isaac Cofiin. No finer animals
could be found in England than the above. They
were selected by the best judges in England with-
out regard to trouble or expense. From such an-
imals, with a little attention, great benefit may be
derived and our present stock of cattle much im-
proved.
CHEAP FODDER.
During the time we were engaged in the pur-
suit of agriculture, we witnessed the following ex-
periment which we submit to farmers as a veiy
cheap mode of raising fodder for fattening cattle.
It answers the double purpose of hay and grain.
It is to plough the ground and fit it in the same
manner ns for a crop of wheat, and then sow corn
on it — say, about two bushels to the acre — i)lough-
ing or harrowing it in like manner as for wheat or
rye. In selecting the ground, that should be pre-
ferred which is free from weeds. It will grow
(provided the land is strong enough) so as to have
short ears and the stalks so small that no feed can
be given to cattle which will make them gain fast-
er. We have seen some of the nicest beef we
ever saw in any market, in fattening which no
other grain was given than that which was raised
on the fodder, in the above manner. — Middlebury
Ft. Paper.
From tfie Maine Farmer.
Mr. Editor: — One great and beneficial object
of your useful paper, is to collect and spread abroad
experiments, together with the profit and loss of
Farmers in their several pursuits ; I beg leave
therefore to make known the following. Mr. John
Gihnore, of Monmouth, ploughed a piece of sward
land, being one half of an acre — a light loamy soil.
In the spring of 1831 he sowed it with peas
vol.. XI. NO. 43.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
341
and oats, and obtained a good crop without ma-
nure. In tlie Autumn of 1831, lie ploiiglud it
again turning in what grass, &(;. had grown on
"the land. In the spring of 1832 he opened fur-
rows not deep, about 2 feet asunder, and in tliose
furrows he sowed peas of the kind called, Marrow-
fats. This was done as early as the frost had left
the surface sufficiently deep to make his fiu-
rows ; he covered the peas with a hoc. From this
half acre having put on no manure, he raised peas
enough in the jiod to bring him $17, besides what
he used in liis family, and he afterwards collected
two and a half bushels of dry peas. He therefore
realized a profit of $20, at least from his half acre,
without manure and without much labor. Might
not some other farmers profit by this experiment
by going and doing likewise. Peas are worth more
by the bushel for fattening pork than Indian corn,
and they are raised without hoeing. I suggest the
idea, whether fanners had not better procure the
most prolific kinds and raise more of them than
they do. If there can be any olijections I lioiie
that some of your experienced correspondents will
point them out and oblige a Farmer.
For the New England Farmer.
OIL, SOAP.
Mr. Fessenden. Sir, — The following Receipt
for makmg Oil Soap, will he found very useful,
for removing grease, paint, &c. from cloth or silk,
and also a very serviceable application in strains,
swellings and rheumatic pains, &c.
Take of white Soap cut up fine two ounces ;
Alcohol one pint ; Oil of Rosemary 1-4 ounce, mix
and set the bottle in the sun until the soap is dis-
solved and it will be fit for use.
Procuring two Crops of the Ash-leaved Kidney
Potato, in one year off the same ground. In each
of the last two years I have grown two crops of
the ash-leaved kidney potato on the same ground,
and each of the crops has been a good one. I
proceed thus: — In taking up the first crop, I bury
the tops or herbage in the trench, by turning the
earth between the rows upon them, and this done,
the ground is ready to be ])lanted again. My first
crop this year was planted on the 30th of March,
and my second on the 13th of July ; the second
has been as good as the first, and the potatoes are
perfectly ripened: the joint produce of the two
crops has been fully at the rate of 960 bushels an
acre. I took some of the potatoes of the second
. crop, of nearly the full size, to market on Septem-
ber the 15th. — Loudon's Mas;az{ne.
WHEAT.
Last spring we published some suggestions on
the late sowing of spring wheat, as a means of sav-
ing it from the ravages of a little yellow worm,
which some incorrectly call the wetvit. A num-
ber of our subscribers tried the experiment, and,so
far as we have heard, with entire success. A far-
mer in Orange County told us that he sowed one
acre of spring wheat ten days later than the rest in
the same field. The first sowed was seriously in-
jured, the last not at all. Several in other towns,
made similar statements.
It has been observed, from the first appearance
of this insect, that the earliest winter wheat was
less injured by its attacks than any other. It is
evident, therefore, that the time of laying the eggs
is short. It is, probably, soon after the heads
make their appearance. IJefore they are defended
by the leaf which encloses them ; and when they
appear, most probably, the husk soon becomes so
hard that the insect cannot pierce it to deposite
her eggs upon the kernel. We have, then only to
ascertain the time, as exactly as we can, in which
the injury is done, and have our winter wheat too
forward, and spring wheat not forward enough, for
the operations of the insect, and the damage is
avoided. At present sow your winter wheat as
early as you can, and sow your spring wheat as
late as you can and give it time to ripen.
Farmers, and all who find either pleasure or
profit in any thing made from wheat would be
greatly indebted to any entotnologist who should
make us better acquainted with the character and
habits of this destructive insect. — Vt. Chronicle.
ROAD MAKIJVU.
"Let roads be laid out straight, because it
saves travel, saves labor, and when labor is per-
formed on them it is not lost; for people in this
country at least, do not desire to have the location
ofstraight roads altered: but to straighten crooked
ones: Let them he opened of good width, and dig
up, instead of cutting down trees, which stand
within the bounds of it, because it is less labor to
remove a tree in this way than to remove a stump.
Let Supervisors endeavor to make what they do
permanent by throwing up, giving them a regular
grade, and where necessary, opening ditches to
carry off the water, in low marshy grounds, in-
stead of logs or rails, convey gravel and raise it
to the proper grade. By adopting these rules,
time, labor, expense, and litigation are saved, you
will increase travel, business, and enterprise of
every description."
FIRE PROOF CEMENT.
The French cement for the roofs of houses, to
preserve the wood and protect it from fire, is made
in the following manner: —
Take as much lime as is usual in making a pot-
ful of white wash, and let it be mixed in a pail
full of water; in this put two and a half pounds of
brown sugar and three pounds of fine salt ; mix
them well together, and the cement is completed.
A little lampblack, yellow ochre, or other coloring
commodity, may be introduced to change the
color of the cement, to please the fancy of those
who use it. It has been used with great success,
and been recommended particularly as a protec-
tion against fire. Small sparks of fire that fre-
quently lodge on the roofs of houses, are prevent-
ed by this cement from burning the shingles. So
cheap and valuable a precaution against the de-
structive element ought not to pass untried.
Those who wish to be better satisfied of its utility
can easily make the experiment by using it on a
small temporary building-or it may be tried on shin-
gles put together for the purpose, and then expos-
ed to the fire.
TREES.
If you have not already done so, strip the dry
bark from your fruit trees immediately, to promote
their growth whilst the sap is running up, and thus
greatly increase their product ; the old neglected
orchards, with attention in this way, a little
manure, &.c. would produce double. White-
wash your apple trees — wash the more favorite
fruit trees witli soap suds — it will save them from
attacks by worms, &c. Put cinders, bones and
stones, about the roots of pear trees, by which
they will be saved from blight, and greatly increas-
ed in growth.
Time would be well spent in a more general
culture of the Currant and Gooseberry. A little
labor, manure and attention, by farmers and gar-
deners, or even by female hands, would produce
an abundance of these delicious fruits in every
part of our country, which in their different varie-
ties would continue a luxury for many weeks.
The Gooseberry, especially, would sell in our
market towns at a great profit.
PEDESTRIANISM.
Skipper, the pedestrian, has been matched to
perform the astonishing feat of walking 720 miles
in twelve days ; being at the rate of 60 miles for
each day, for ten sovereigns. The rout chosen by
vSkipper is a fifteen mile space from the King's
Arm, Manchester, through Bury, to his own house
the sign of the pedestrian, in Deansgate, Bolton.
He will comujence on Monday, the 13th of May,
and walk 60 miles per day for 12 successive days
(except Sunday) until the feat is accomplished.
He goes into training early in April. Skipper is
the same person that walked 1000 miles in 1000
successive hours, a few years ago. He is forty
nine years of age, stands five feet ten inches high,
and has been in the army fifteen years. — English
Paper.
PUNISHMENT OP CHII.DREN.
Never let a child he punished for an action
which he does not knoiv to be a fault. Never let
the punishment be calculated to degrade him in
the view of others, for it will then infallibly harden
his heart. Never let a child be punished till he
has ofl:euded in the same way the third time. — Nev-
er punish him without being sure he has com-
mitted the fault in question. And let the punish-
ment you intend to inflict be well considered, and
when the proper occasion comes rigorously inflic-
ted.
AN ANECDOTE.
When the Caliph Omar, A. D. 640, sat upon
the fate of 700,000 volumes, denominated the
" Alexandrian Library," he pronounced judgment
in the following manner: 'If,' said the sage Ma-
hometan, 'the contents of these books are in con-
formity with the Koran, there is no need of them,
for the Koran contains all we should know; if,
however they are opposed to the holy book, then
they should be instantly destroyed, to prevent the
pernicious effects of their impious doctrines.'
The town of Portsmouth, N. H. has appropriat-
ed S6500 to purchase a fiirm on which to crectan
Almshouse, and $12,000 to defray the expense
of erecting the necessary buildings. The appro-
priation for the support of the poor in 1833 is
MUSTARD.
Why buy this, when you can groic it in your
garden? The stuff you buy is baW drugs and is
injurious to health. A yard square of ground sown
with common Mustard, the crop of which you
would grind for use, in a little mustard-mill, as
you wanted it, would save you some money, and
probably save your life. Your mustard would look
broivn instead of yellow ; but the former color Ib as
good as the latter: and, as to the taste, the real
mustard has certainly a much better than that of
the drugs and flour which go under the name of
mustard. Let any one try it, and I am sure he
will never use the drugs again. The drugs if you
take them freely, leave a burning at the pit ofyovr
stomach, which the real mustard does not.
342
NtW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAY 8, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAYS, lf!.33.
FARMER'S WORK FOR MAY,
Wash for Fruit Trees. Altliough we have here-
tofore published the following, we again insert it
for the benefit of young farmers and recent sub-
scribers.' It was reconniiended by Mr. Benjamin
Wheeler, of Framingham, Mass. and first publish-
ed, we believe, in the New England Farmer, vol.
iv. page 248.
"Dissolve 2 pounds of potash of the first qual-
ity, in 7 quarts of water for tlie bodies of the
trees. If the limbs are covered with moss or lice,
I take a painter's brush, and a])ply the solution to
the moss, &c. with care not to touch the leaves or
buds. It may be done at any time of the year
when we are most at leisure. Once in two to
four years is generally sufiicient. I have no gen-
eral rule, however, but wash them as often as they
appear to need it — which is always when the
bark is not smooth."
Mr. Wheeler observes that " No person need
be afraid of this a[)plication's injuring fruit trees;
but it may be applied with the utmost confidence.
I have used it for nearly twenty years with great
effect. I have recommended it to a great many
gentlemen, but only a few have used it. Those
who have tried it, are much pleased with its oper-
ation. The reason that it has not been more gen-
erally used is that it has been fashionable to daub
the trees with lime, clay, manure and other com-
positions, which take two or three years to wash
oft' before the tree will look natural. When this
Bolution of potash is a]ii)lied it has the desired ef-
fect immediately. It kills tlie moss and lice at
once ; and the first rain that comes washes the
bark perfectly smooth ; and gives ita fair, natural,
liealthy color.
It is said that this application was introduced
by the late Governor Brooks, in Medford, Mass.
the summer before his decease, who believed that
it not only accelerated the growth of the trees, but
was an effectual preservative against the borer. It
was applied by that gentleman once every year,
either the latter part of May, or the beginning of
June. The opinion that the above described
wash, is a remedy against the borer is corrobora-
ted by Messrs. Winships, proprietors of an ex-
tensive nursery, &c. at Brighton. In a letter to
the Editor of N. E. F. they observe; " Five years
ego, (preceding 1830) we were exceedingly troub-
led, having, at the same time several thousand
trees infested with borers. We applied the wash
as recommended by B. Wheeler, Esq. of Fram-
ingham, and have continued it ever since, the
first week in June in pleasant weather on from five
to ten thousand trees, annually. The admirable
efliect has been astonishing; not only eftectually
preventing the destructive effects of the borer, hut
killing immediately the moss, and destroying those
other insects usually found impeding the good
health of the tree, also resuscitating and invigorat-
ing every kind of tree we have applied it to. We
would recommend as a general wash, one pouml
of potash to six pints of water. And for prompt-
ness of execution the mariner's long handled tar
brush, which may be had at the Agricultural
Warehouse North Market Street, or the common
paint brush will answer. Every other year will
answer as a remedy against the borer, although
the horticulturist will find himself richly rewarded
by a more frequent application."
Remedy against Mildew in Grapes. The follow-
ing was communicated by Mr. Samuel R. John-
son of Charlestown, Mass. to Mr. William Prince,
proprietor of the Linna-an Botanic Garden, L. Is-
land ; and has been used and recommended by
the last mentioned gentleman, as well as many in
this vicinity.
" Take a pint and a half of sulphur, and a lump
of the best unslacked lime of the size of the fist,
put these in a vessel of about seven gallons meas-
urement ; let the sulphur be thrown in first, and the
lime over it, then pour in a pail of boiling water,
stir it well, and let it stand half an hour, then fill
the vessel with cold water, and after stirring well
again, allow the whole to settle — after it has be-
come settled dip out the clear liquid into a barrel,
and fill the barrel with cold water, and it is then
fit for use. You ne.\t proceed with a syringe,
holding about a pint and a half, and throw the
liquid with it on the vines in every direction, so
as to completely cover foliage, fruit and wood —
this should be particularly done when the fruit is
just forming, and about one-third the size of a
pea, and maybe continued twice or thrice a week,
for two or three weeks, — the whole process for
one or two hundred grape vines need not exceed
half an hour."
" In order to fully test the above, the process
has been pursued in some cases with only half of
a vine, and omitted towards the other half; the
result was perfect fruit on one, where absolute
failure attended the other. Some persons use
sulphur in a dry state, which is thrown on with a
bellows suitable for the purpose, but the liquid
preparation is far superior, and I think will prove
that we are complete masters of the mildew."
Poison by Ivy. The poison of ivy is said to be
of an acid nature, and alkalies are recommend-
ed as remedies for it. Lime water, lye obtained
from wood ashes, or weak solutions of potash or
pearlash, will therefore be good applications for
poison by ivy. It has also been reconmiended to
hold the part affected, as near the fire as can be
well endured for twenty or thirty minutes. This
remedy, however, should be applied during the
first twenty-four hours after the poison has begun
to operate. Soft soap and cold water is likewise
said to be a good application.
Poison by Dogwood. The poison of dogwood,
[piscidia) is said to be of an alkaline nature, and of
course its best remedy would seem to be some-
thing acid. A strong solution of copjieras water
has been recommended by several writers in the
New England Farmer, as a wash for the parts af- ■
fected by the poison of dogwood. The efficacy
of this remedy we have lately been assured of by
a medical friend, in whom we have the highest
confidence. Another physician asserts that a de-
coction of hemlock bark will cure the poison of
dogwood. Likewise, he affirms that bathing the
part aflTcctcd with new rum, is an efficacious
reinedy against this poison.
IVEW ENGLAND GA1.AXY.
Every friend of man, every wull-wisher to the
paramount interests of society, must view with ap-
probation, the efforts of the present Editor of the
JVeto England Galaxy, to bring to light and to
merited chastisement the gamblers, swindlers,
cockfightcrs, and other adepts in the arts of in-
iquity, who infest the good city of Boston. Yet
some deride, some censure, and some " damn
with fiiint praise" the patriotic and perilous efforts
of Mr. Snelling to ferret out and hunt down the
worse than wild beasts, who disgrace the form and
garb of humanity.
If the city were plagued with gangs of ruffians,
who made it their vocation to undermine our
streets with pit falls, beset our paths with man
traps, and to annoy mankin<l with other cunning
devici s, for decoying, depraving, and robbing the
wayward and unwary, should we not applaud the
man, who, at the risk of life, would bring to light
the deeds and their doers, the "devilish enginery"
and Satanic engineers ? Why then withhold sup-
port and a|>probation from an Editor of a paper,
who at the imminent peril of life and limbs per-
fiirms services of equal importance? A powerful
pen, and an unbiased press, under tho direction
of a num of princi|)le, are very efficient means of
reformation, and may warn the heedless and pun-
ish the perverse in cases without the pale of legal
sanctions, and beyond the reach of the sword of
the magistrate.
ITEMS OF INTELLIGENCE.
Lotteries. It sli<iuld seem from sundry paragraplis in divers'
papers thai Ihc Slate of .New York, and Ihc Stale of Maine, are
^leierrained to pul an end lo loUery-gambiiug.
Great Fire at N. York. Four blocks or squares of buildings
containing from 130 lo 150 houses have been recently destroy-
(;d by fire at New York. The fire originated aboul U o' clock
al night in some stables at the cornrr of Hudson and Bank
streets. Loss aboul 5150,000. The Daily Advertiser says
■ Language can scarcely describe the scene of consternation
i\\ this moment — hundreds of families who had removed their
turiiiture lo places supposed by ihem lo be secure, were now
seen flying in all directions before the fury of the all-absorbing
clement : in many instances; furniture, after being removed,
was destroyed by liie fire. Tlirougli the dense cloud ol smoke
and burning embers, children half naked were lo be seen run-
ning lo and fro; Trying for iheir parents, and parents in des-
pair shrieking the name of their children."
It is proposed, we hear, to call the asylum for the blind,
Perkins Asylum, this would be highly appropriate. The asy-
lum for the insane at Charlestown is called the McLean ssy-
VOL. XI. NO. 43,
AND IIORTICLLTURAL JOURNAL.
343
lorn, on account ot'the liberal donation lo that inslitulion, by
John Mcl^ean, Esq. late of Boston.
Hon. Thomas H. Perkins of Boston, has presented to the
New England Inslilulion for the education of the Blind, his
mansion in Pearl street, valued at ,g30,0L0, as an asylum, on
condition thai ;J50,000 be raised lor its support, before tlie end
of May. Towards the 50,000, Jonatlian Phillips has given 10,-
000, Peter C. Brooks 5000, and Mr. Cushing 5000. Tiiis is
benrvolrncn wcnh talking ahrail
dUEAT S.\L,E OP WOOL
On Thursday the 'ISd i?isi. at y o'clock, at Qjiincy Hull.
600 hales of American Fleece Wool, comprising the various
gnides from quarter to full blooded Merino.
100 bales " Saxony do.
30 " superior Foreign " do,
60 " No. 2, pulled Lambs do.
200 " No. 1, " do. do.
100 " superfine do. do.
50 " Spanish Sheep do.
m " '■ Lambs do.
75 " Smyrna do.
100 " Buenos Ayres do.
75 " Russian do.
'20 " Goats Hair.
Catalo"Tics will be ready and the wool may be examined the
day before the sale. As the above includes nearly all the wool
in .New England which can come to market previous to the
next clip, and as the sale will be positive, it will all'ord a desi-
rable opportunity for manufacturers to supply themselve.s.
May 8 COOLIDGE & HASKELL, Auct'rs.
THE PULL BLOODED HORSE SPORTSMAK.
THE Subscriber inlorms the public that the above named
horse will stand at his stable the ensuing season, — terms g'20
the season, which may be settled for $\b on or before the first
of September next. Insurance as may be agreed between the
parties. The stock of this horse are unusually promising and
will not sulVer (to say the least) by comparison with the gel of
any horse thai has stood in this section lor many years, and he
is therelbre recommended to Ihe public with confidence by
their obedient servant, S. J.\CIUES.
10 Hills Stock Farm,Cliarlestomi, 2J miles from Boston.
Reference is made to Thomas Williams, Esq. of Chelsea,
who has colts of Sportsman's gel. niG
ABERDEEN OATS.
JUST Received at Geo. C. Barren's Seed Store a small
quantity of large Aberdeen Oals, imported from Aberdeen, in
Scotland, a famous oat district.
Being the most extraordinary article of Vlic kind, farmers and
others are invited to call and examine. m 8
NOTICE.
The fast trotting colt Hamcwell out of the Virginia mare by
Barefoot will be sTiown May 9, in State Street, Boston. Gen-
tlemen please to examine him closely as his equal is seldom to
be seen. J. PARKINSON,
m 8 Jiricrhton.
GRAPE VINES.
The subscriber has fur sale a few superior Isabella Vines,
that have been laid by the beds for a few weeks, and can be
planted out with perfect safety any time within ten days. Ap-
ply at 7 1-2, Congress Street, ZEB. COOK, Jr.
m8
BUTTER SALT.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Pembroke Butter
Salt, an article much approved of, and will constantly be kept
for sale as above at the manufacturers price.
mS
STUD HORSE NUMIDIAN.
The full Blooded Arabian Horse Numidian will stand for
mares the ensuing season at the Ten Hill Slock Farm, on the
Medford turnpike, 2i| miles from Boston, at twenty dollars tlie
season, or Iwenly-five dollars to insure with foal.
The history of Numidian is this ;— In the winter of 1823—4,
the Dey of Algiers was at war with the Catolls, a tribe of
Numidian Arabs, The Aga, (or General) Ehiea, who com-
manded the Dey's Janissaries (or troops) returned to Algiers
in the spring of 1824, having conquered the .4rabs and brought
with him as booty a number of their best horses, of which Nu-
midian W.1S one, a four year old colt at the time. He was ob-
tained of the Aga by Mr. Shaler, then Consul in .\lgiers. He
arrived in this country in December, 1826.
He is said to be a sure foal getter and the colts are consid-
ered very valuable. They arc five years old and under.
Since 1827 he has stood for mares at Mount Holly, Burlington
«o. N, J.
The Arabian horses from the Barbary coast are often called
barbs.
Gentlemen who mav wish to know more particularly about
him arc requested to inquire of the subscriber at the Ten Hills
Stock Farm. SAMUEL JAQUES.
m 1
VTANTED
A GOOD Experienced Gardener, apply at this office.
31 m 1
i HARDWARE.
Ames Backstrap Shovels,
do. Large Shovels, from No, 4 to 12.
do. Cast Steel Polished Shovels,
Plympton Hoes.
Stetson do.
Fales Cast Steel Gooseneeked Hoes.
us other kinds of Hoes.
Manure Forks, comprising an assortment of vari-
ous makers and qualities.
150 dozen Farwell's Scythes,
150 do, Whipple Sc Hales half set Scythes, together with
every description of HARDWARE GOODS, for sale by
LANE & HEAD, at No. 6, Market Square, near Fanned
Hall. m 13
100 do
100 do.
SO do.
Also, vario
100 do
PAINT OIL.
THE subscribers keep on hand a constant supply of their
"prepared Paint O//," which they ofler for sale (with some
further improvements, adapting it for use in cold weather as
well as warm) with renewed assurance of its merit, having s*ood
through the last summer and winter without change, and almost
without a diminution of gloss. This Oil, independent of being
25 per cent, cheapen; will actually cover a quarter more surface
than Linseed Oil, as has been repeatedly proved, and confirm-
ed by statements of many pamteis. Upwards of fifty buildings
in this city and vicinity, can be referred to painted last year
with this &il, and most of them (where painted with two coats)
still retain their gloss, which is a clear demonstration of its
strength. 77ie prepared Oil, is found to answer a good pur-
pose to mix with Linseed Oil, giving it strength, and durability
with a more permanent gloss. It is found also to paint a very
clear while ; being light colored, it does not give any coloring
or yellow tinge to the lead in mixing. Oil factory, liead of
Foster's wharf, DOWNER & AUSTIN
N, B, The above Oil, and all other Oils, sold from the Oil
Factory, which shall not prove as rejiresenled, can be returned,
and Ihe cartage will be paid, 3t m27
SWEET POTATO SLIPS.
THIS dav received at Geo. C. Barren's Seed Store, 51 &
52, North Market Street, Boston, a good supply of Slips of the
Carolina Potato, in good order, and of superior quality.
Printed directions for their culture and management furnished
gratis, apl7
100 SAXONY AND MERINO EWES AND TWO
BUCKS.
TO put out on lease for one or more years, one hundred lull
blood tiaxony and Merino Ewes, and two full blood Bucks, in
flocks of fifty Ewes and one Buck, Fifty of the Ewes have suck-
ing lambs of last winter and this spring, the other Ewes yet to
yean, or only yearlings and not expected to bring lambs this
season, the flocks to be leased to difl'erent persons, and if they
live at some distance from each other it will be preferable— -in
shape, size, fineness and evenness of fleece they are superior
sheep — are now and have always been healthy and in good
condition — the lessee to receive lor uniform care, attention, and
maintaining them, a part of the -wool shorn yearly, and a part
of the progeny as maybe agreed. Settlement to be made yearly.
For terms and particulars inquire of the Printer of this paper
previous to first of May next, and it is requested that no person
will make application "who does not believe that to succeed
with sheep, care and attention is absolutely necessary, and will
act up to his belief, and to the letter and spirit of any contract
he may make, ap 10
RUSSIA MATS.
500 dozen large sized Russia Mats,
300 do, small do, do. do.
For Sale by D, F, FAULKNER. No, 13 Contral Sue«t.
m 20 tf
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
A FINE NEW SQ,UASH
FOR sal ril the New England Seed Store, Nos, 51, <fc 52,
North Market Street,
A few seeds of the Early Lemon Squash, fiom the western
part of this State, which is "considered one of the finest varieties
of summer Squash cultivated, being a week earlier than the
Scollop or Waned Squashes, and of much superior flavor,
drier, and somewhat resembling the Canada Squash in taste;
producing abundantly till killed by IVosi, Price 12^ cents per
paper. May 1
Apples, russelts,
baldwins,
Beans, white, . .
Beef, mess, , .
prii
FLOWER SEEDS.
200 VARIETIES of very handsome annual, biennial and
perennial Flower Seeds, in packages of 20 varieties each.
For sale at the New England Seed Store, Price gl per pack^
age, 6^ CIS, per paper.
Cargo, No, I
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new,
Cheese, ntw milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, , , . .
Feathers, northern, geese, . . ,
southern, geese, . . ,
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, , , .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, nortlierif yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oals,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, , . . ■.
Southern, 1st sort, . , . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, , , .
upper, . ,
Dry Hide, sole, . , ,
" upper, , , ,
Philadelphia, sole. . .
Baltimore, sole, '. . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass, inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . , . , .
Red Top, northern, , ,
Red Clover, northern, , .
" southern,
Tallow, tried, .....,,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed.
Merino, half blood, .
Merino, quarter, . .
Native washed, . .
g r Pulled superfine
^■6 I Isl Lambs,
ill 3d " :
Z I Isl Spinning, .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 els, less per lb.
m K
MORUS MULTICAULIS.
FOR S,\LE at the New England Farmer office, fine plants
of the celebrated Morns Multicaulis, by the hundred, dozen, or
single plant; these will be well packed lor any p.irl of the
country or any country. If m27
GREEN HOUSE GL.\SS.
Boston and other glass suitable for Green Houses, of any
size or quanUty, may be had of LORING & KUPPER.
No. 10, Merchants Row.
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
gallon
pound
pound
lb,
pound
lb,
pound
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
2 60
1 CO
11 5(
G 75
8 bh
U
8
1 25
6 12
5 62
77
3 CD
1 50
12 lO
7 00
6 75
16
10
1 20
3 25
18 00
13 00
2 50
1 25
14
14
10 00
60
65
SO
48
1 30
6 26
fl 87
6 87
5 75
7y
73
90
TT)
S2
14 OO
BO
32
10
9
20
25
19
22
Sfi
%•>
1 25
3 73
30
19 00
13 50
3 00
1 37
15
is,
U 00
65
PROVISION MARKET,
RETAIL PRICES,
Hams, northern, . ,
southern, . .
Pork, whole hogs, ,
Poultry, . , , ,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best, ,
Egcs
Potatoes, common. , . ,
Cider, (according to c]uality,)
pound
%
"
10
ft
15
• '
19
dozen
13
I'ushel
36
barrel
2 00
BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, May 6, 1833,
Reporled for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 234 Beef Cattle, (includingSO unsold last
week.) 14 pairs Working Oxen, and 12 Cows and Calves.
Prices, See/ Ca«/f.— Sales were ([uick, and prices
advanced probably more than they were reduced last week.
We noticed a rcmarkablv fine yoke driven by Mr, Clapp.ot
Northampton, and fed bvMr. H. Perry, weighing ahvc 38b9 lbs.
purchased for .\S & J.'Hildreth, for S200; also several very
fine, taken for something more llian ^7,00. We quote extra
at J>6,75 a 7; good at S6,23 a 0,50; thin at g5,25 a 6,
Workitig 0.rc«.— Sales were cflccled at gCO, gG2, gGlfiO,
g-O, ,576, and Sii3.
Coics and Calrcs.—We noticed sales at 19, 20,23, 26 S."?,
and g3\.
&c!ne.— About 175 were sold for so much the lot— about 40
were retailed at Gc. for Sows and 7 for Barrows.
WHITE MULBERRY TREES.
FOR SALE 6000 Large White Mulberry Trees, iutiui:e at
tliis Office. tf >n27
344
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
MAY 8, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
STANZAS.
Written for the Amaranth.
Yes, all shall fade and all sliall die,
Shall wither in a transient hour,
And hearts, and heads now tow'ring higl
Shall soon be like the stricken flower.
The gay the glittering coronet
Shall tarnish on the royal head ;
The chieftain shall his arms forget,
And all shall seek earth's gloomy bed.
In common mass the rich and poor
Shall silent mingle, dust witli dust ;
Proud tyrants sceptres wield no more,
But low as others lie they must.
And earth, of every thing bereft.
Shall be one wide vast sepulchre,
And none of all her hosts be left.
To tell what man hath done with her.
Yet on the darkness shall a star
Arise to light the silent tomb.
And spread its radiant beams afar,
Dispersing all the gathering gloom.
And brighter still shall blaze the light,
Like beacons on a stormy sea.
And every glow as pure and bright.
The star of Immortality. E. \V II. E.
Brockport, JV. Y. 1833.
FISHING CATS.
Ma:^y instances have been recorded ofcaW catch-
ing fisli. — Mr. Moody, of Jesinond, near Newcas-
tle-upon-Tyne, had a cat in 1829, which had been
in his possession for some years, that catight fish
with great assiduity and frequently brought thein
home alive ! Besides minnows and eels, she ojcca-
sionnlly carried lioine ])ilchards, one of which si.x
inches long, was found in her possession in August
1827. She also contrived to teach a neighbor's
cat to fish ; and the two Itave been seen together
watching by the Usis for fish. — At other times they
have been seen at opposite sides of the river, not
far from eacli other, on the look out for their prey.
The following still more extraordinary circum-
stance of a cat fisliiiig in the sea appeared in the
Plymouth Journal, .Tune, 1828: —
There is now at the battery on the Devil's
Point, a cat, which is an expert catcher of the finny
tribe, being in the constant habit of diving into the
soa, and bringing up the fish alive in her mouth,
and depositing them in the guardroom, for the use
of the soldiers. She is now seven years old.
ECONOMIC liIGHTING.
At the TuUoch IJleachfield, a young man,
named A. Reed, has constructed an apparatus, by
means of which he is able to procure from the
wood, which they are in the practice of burning,
in order to obtain acetic acid, gas sufficient to
light the whole premises. By this ingenious device
a most important saving is effected, since no more
wood is necessary for both the gas and the acid,
than was formerly used for the acid alone. — Lotid.
Mechan. Mas;. J.
" The iliflerence, indeed, between tlie move-
ments of the mind with and witbout exercise, is
as great as between the movcnicnts of a clock
clogged and groaning with friction and dirt, and
one newly oiled and cleaned, with every pivot
wheel, pin, in place-" — Prof. ILtchrock.
FISH.
Mr. C.iRTER being invited to dine, together
with several other ministers, at the house of a
respectable magistrate at Ipswich, a very vain per-
son who sat at table boasted that he would dispute
with any gentleman present upon any question that
should be proposed, either in divinity or philoso-
phy. A profound silence ensued, till Mr. Carter
addressed him in these words: "I will go no fur-
ther than my trencher to puzzle yoti. Here is a
sole ; now tell me the reason why this fish, which
hath always lived in salt water, should come out
fresh?" As the bold challenger did not so much
as attempt any answer, the scorn and laughter of
the company were presently turned on him.
SIWGTJI.AR DISCOVERIES IN POMPEII.
This ancient town, overwhelmed by an irru])-
tion from Vesuvius in the year 79, after having
furnished employment to the antiquarians for a
long numhcr of years, is found to contain other
curiosities until now unexplored. A mineral spring,
having the character of the Seidlitz water, has
been discovered by Col. Lobinson, in boring for
wells, and the locality of the port and harbor is
now ascertained by the number of masts found in
a particular place. The hulls will undoubtedly be
got out; and if so, we shall have new light iipou
naval architecture.
YELLOW LOCUST.
THIS day received at the New England Seed Store, oOJ
North Warkrt Street, from Cincinnati, lUU pounds of Seed of
the genuine Yellow Locust (Uobinia»;>seudoacacia) — all raised
ilie pa^t vrnr in the State of Indiana, where the beauty and
superiorit\' of iliese trees have attracted general attention.
Mav 1
SEED TEA WHEAT.
A few bushels of this very valuable variety of Spring Wheal,
for sale at the Seed Store No. 31, North Market Street, raised
m the vicinity of Lake Erie.
One kernel of this Wheat was found in a chest of Tea, at
St. John. N. B. in 1823, from which this variety was raised.
(SeeN. K. Farmer, Vol ix, t.affc 105, and vol x, page 105.)
Persons in want of it will please apply soon.
FOR SALE,
TH.-VT valuable country seat and farm formerly owned by
E. H. Derby and J. Crowninshield, Esqrs., and lately by Col.
Endicotl. situated in Danvers, within two miles of Salem and
fifteen ol Boston. The buildings are in good repair, spacious
and eleq-iuit, and convenient for a genteel family, and also for a.
farmer's, with barns, stables, &-C., attached. There is an ex-
cellent garden, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
shrubs and flowers and a tastetui simimer house. The farm is
in a high state of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — i»
products largo crops of liay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pi ."'s. pi'aches, apricots, plums, quuices and cherries;
ihere i^ ;t inirscry of young fruit trees, and a plantation of
•XKX) \\ liitc Mulberries. The pliice has many advantages, and
is the nii>st desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garden, with from 10 to 100 acres of land, as the pur-
chaser niav choose, are oflercd on liberal and accommodating
terms. Apply at this office, or to AMOS KING.
Danvers, March 27. ISiS.
Sad effects of protecting Manufactures. — A mer-
chant left at our office last week, for the inspection
of the curious, a piece of India Cotton, as a speci-
men of what W.1S sold at auction in 1813, at 35
cents a yard by the bale. It would not now
bring ten cents a yard. — Boston Courier.
A Tlock of Swans, about twenty in number,
were observed in the early part of last month, ma-
jestically floating in the atmosphere at Cussewngo
township, Crawford county, Penn. So dense was
the fog that these beautiful strangers in vain exert-
ed themselves to discover their course. Exhaust-
ed by wearisome wandering and uncertainty, they
and has long been a useful caterer. It is' supposed I tiescended to the fields, where their beauty soon
tliat her pursuit of the water-rats first taught her to Utfacted admirers and owners ; and now, with
venture into the water, to which it is well known
puss has a natural aversion. She is as fond of wa-
ter as a Newfotmdlanil dog, and takes her regular
peregrinations along the rocks at its edge, looking
out for her prey, ready to dive at a moment's notice.
DYSENTERY.
A WRITER in the Daily Advertiser says: — "It
is not so generally known or recollected as it
should be, that boiled milk, thickened with a little
■wheat flour is an almost certain cure, hi all com-
mon cases, for the dysentery. It may be taken
with safety in any state of the disease, and repeat-
ed until a cure is effected. The writer has had
a pretty numerous Cimily for more than fifteen
years, and recommends this simple convenient
remedy, from known and long-tried experience."
the most degrading docility, associate and banquet
whh die vulgar geese in the barn-yard — but this
humiliating contentment is a matter of sheer ne-
cessity. We would not be surprised if these leri.il
emigrants, when thus entrapped, were on their
passage to Fairmount, there to share with their
lovely, relatives the beauty of that surpassing scen-
ery, and the admiration of its delighted visiters. —
Phil. Chronicle.
GBM'INE MORUS MULTICAULIS, or CHINESE
MULBERRY.
MRS. P.\RMENTIER at the Horticultural Botanic Garden,
llrooklyn. I.. I. offers for sale a choice collection of Pear, Ap-
ple, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Quince, and other Fruit Trees.
Grape Vines. Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. Greenhouse
and Herbaceous Plants at moderate prices.
Ai.sn the Genuine Moras Mullicaulis or Chinese Mulberry,
of which tuiy quantity not exceeding ten thousand can be fur-
nished at reasonable prices.
Orders may be sent by mail directed to Mrs. P. or left at
Mr. Geo. C. Barrett, Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North Mar-
ket street Boston.
Ct M20
LEAD.
SHEET LEAD, of all dimensions; Pig Lead ; Lead Pipe
of all sizes; Copper and Cast Iron Pumps, constantly for sale
by ALBEKT FEARING & CO. No. 1, City Wharf.
Boston, March 13, 1832. if
FOR SALE
At the Agricultural Warehouse, milk strainers, likewise
few stone milk pans, a very superior article.
Two honest Hibernians conversing upon the
subject of working evenings, one of them ex-
claimed, ' bad luck to men who first invented
working by the dirty light of a lamp when the
blessed light of heaven is enough for any man ?
' Musha bad luck,' rejoined the other, ' to the
dirty sowl of him who first invented working at
all, at all!'
THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at 53 per annum,
payable at the end of the year— but those who pay within
sixty days from the lime of subscribing, are enliUcdlo a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
[lj= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance. _ _ „
ACCENTS.
New lor*— G. Thorbiirn & Sons, C7 Liberty-street.
Aliami—Wyi. Thokburn, 3i7 Market-street.
Plnladelphia—D. &. C. LiNDRETH, 85 Chesnut-streel.
li.iliimore—\. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
Circinimti—S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
F/'ushiri<^ N. 1'.— Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gar.
MiMhbuni. V'(.— Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartfnrd—Gocivvi\ii & Co. Booksellers.
Spi-in^Md. Ms.— v.. EowARDS, Merchant.
Kewbunmort—EBESK'ir.K Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsvwluh, N. H.—i. W. Foster, Bookseller
Portland, il/c— COI.MAS, Hot.den & Co. Booksellers.
Auirusta, Me.—Vin. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Hollano, Esq.
Montreal, L'. C— Geo. Bent.
St. 7,oras— Geo. Hui.ton.
Editor of Recorder.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by Foui. & Damreli.
who execute every description ofBook and Fancy Frmt-
ine in ™od style, and with promptness. Orders for print
in* may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricml-
tu?al Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW E]\GL<AN» FARMEM. ^
PUBLISHED CV GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. Hi, NORTH MARKET STREE T, (.at thk Agricultural WarehoKse.j-T. G. FESSENDEN EDITOR.
BOSrON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 15, 1833.
NO. 44.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the Naa England Farmer.
The following analysis of diflcreiit sorts of salt
were iiiuile at the request of the gentleman to
For the New England Farme
FliOtJRiSHiKG rose: bush. , , . . . . , ,
Mr. ED.T0R,-In the month of October last I '''^''"'' ^'"^ comnumication ,s addres..ccl.
took up and set in a common flower-bo.x a Montli
ly Rose, which had, during the season, been jilan
Roxbury Latoraiory, May 10, 1833
E'. Foster, Esq. iStr, — I have completed the
ted in a garden. It was in a feeble state, posses- analytical experiments on the specimens of manu-
ingin alf not more tlian a foot of wood, with few- factured salt which were sent me by your request,
er roots than are requisite to sustain in vigor even "nd I communicate the following as the results
that quantity. The leaves and some of the tender ^Jiich were obtained by accurate methods,
-wood had been destroyed by frost. Theboxatto;3 Specimen numbered 1, for reference, was from
is about 9 inches square, and tapers in the usual New York, it vras marked "Double Refined Table
way towards the bottom. This bos with the rose S^'t>" ^"^^ obtained by the evaporation of the wa-
in it, I placed near the window in our sitting room, t°'' of salt springs. It was fine grained and per-
•whcre I usually shave. And from that time to the iectly white.
present I have watered it by turning the water I used ^^'^°P, P*;" "J^ compose J o." dry and pme salt,
' JO or cliloncc oi bodium, - . _ .
for shaving u))onit. This of course, has always been
^va^m, frequently quite hot; and in a few instancES
near boiling. I ha\ e turned the water sometimes
upon the earth and sometimes upon the plant,
with the design of making a full and long experi-
]iient of the effect of hot water upon vegetation.
The result I will now state : —
Various brancbei;, strong and healthy have been
thrown out so that the bush is ;iow something
anore than 20 inches high, and 17 in diameter, ex-
hibiting a dense body of fresh and green foliage.
About a month or five weeks since, some of the
buds, which had before exliibited themselves began
to open, and from that time there have been usual-
ly as many upon the bush as any one with good
taste could desire ; and the prospect for the future is
«3 favourable as the past has been. I counted this
morning about thirty buds, in a good degree of
forwardness, and there are evident preparations for
an increasing number soon. V/e all agree, too,
that in fulness and fragrance there has been a great
improvement. And on this subject we ought to
be able to judge, for the bush itself is the oflspriug
of one nearly twenty years of age, and for specal
reasons, one of great interest to us. There is now
a flower open, which, though a little faded, would
not greatly differ, if brought into comparison, from
the tea rose, either in fulness or flavor.
It should be observed that this bush has not had
the advantages of a steady heat of a green house, for
no fire has been kept in the room during the nighl
and on two or three occasions it was slightly inju-
red by frost. The small quantity of soap contain-
ed in the water, no doubt may have been favora-
ble to the growth and vigor of the plant. How
much is to be attributed to the use of hot ^vater I
will not [>retend to say. One principle, I think,
may be considered as settled by it, which is that
warm, and even hot water will not destroy some
kinds of vegetation.
It may be useless to observe that the mud worm,
and some other living things usually found in rich
mould have survived and apparently flourisheii,
notwithstanding the heat they must have occasion-
ally endured. AiMATruB.
To Boil Peas or Beans. That dry peas or bemis
may readily boil soft in hard water, throw a small
quantity of sub-carbonate of soda into the vessel
in which the dry seeds are put to boil Bull, des
Sc. Agri.
!)7,C00 parts
Gjpsuni, or Sulphate of Lime. - - . - 951 "
Insoluble matter oxide of Troll, Carb. of Lime, - 40 '•"
Water mechaiiicallj retained, - - - -1,400 '■
^'uriateofMag'nesia and loss, - - - - g '•
No 2. This specimen presented a fine grain with more of a
glistening appearance than No. 1 ; in masses its wliile color was
slightly tniged by yellow. It was manufactured at Pembroke,
Maine, by boiling native Rock Salt in water the sample was a
Brge mass.
00,000 parts of tins specimen afforded of dry and
pure salt, or chloride of Sodium, - - 38,323 parts
Gypsum, or sulphate of Lime, - - . 1,C!I3 "
insoluble matter, oxide of Iron, carb. of Lime, 10 "
V/aler retained by crystals, - - - 660 "
Vluriate of Iron and magnesia and loss, - - 9 "
^ (o. 3. This was a specimen of " Ashton's Liverpool Fine
Sa'," Its grains were larger than those of either No. 1, or 2,
aiid'ts color had the same li^lit yellow shade as the Pembroke
sal! jtis produced in the same way from native Rock Salt.
100,'30 parts gave of Chloride of tjodium, - 97,99G parts
SuD'.iale of Lime, 1,105 "
H'iter, 800 "
Zi'soluble matter, - - - _ . 92 **
Traces of iron and loss, . - - . 7 "
The pan scale is not as was at first supposed a
foreign substance ; in the operations of making
the solution of crude salt, I should expect a part
of it would full and form a mass like this on the
bottoms of the boilers. It contains in 100,000
parts not artificially dried.
Salt, 9E,SG7 parts
Sulpl. Lime, - 1,318 "
Insoluble, silica, magnesia and iron, dried at - -
the ordinary atmospheric temperature. - 115 *'
if treated in the same way as the crude salt it
will dissolve except a small portion, a longer time
being required, no considerable deposition ought
to take place, nor any scale to attach itself to the
boilers, so long as native salt of usual purity is
used.
I cannot close this without expressing my sur-
prise, at finding our table salt so free from contam-
ination of any kind; the quantity of water is many
per cent, less, than that existing in coarse salt and
far less considerable than is usually supposed.
Very delicate examinations were made with the
view of deducting some of the active and less ob-
vious constituents of saline waters, there were none
found in either sample. Respectfully yours,
A. A. Hayes.
For the Xew England Fanner.
RECIFE: FOR PRESERVIIVG THE AMERICAK
CITROJV MELOK.
Pare tile dark green from the otitside, and
scrape the .soft from the inside of the nieUin — cut
in diflerent forms, and boil it in alum water until
clear ; throw it into spring water where it may re-
main two or three hours. — Change the watei" fre-
quently.
To one lb. of frtiit take one and a half lbs. of
sugar, some take two lbs, make a syrup of half the
(juantity of sugar, and boil in it all the citron until
done, when it will be transparent. At the expira-
tion of two or three days take the jelly frorn it —
add the remaining half of the sugar, and pour it
on the citron, when it will be ready for use. Sea-*
son with (green) ginger or lemons.
Dr. J. Eaton.
The gentleman, who gave us the above would
add to our obligation, by some account of the
origin culture and use of the American Citron
Melon. — Editor.
SINGULAR MOBJUMEIVT.
The monument erected by count Schimmel-
man, near Copenhagen, is called the weeping eye.
That nobleman's grief for the death of his wife was
so excessive, that he caused a monument to be
erected over a spring, and made the water spout
from the eye, as a continual flood of tears — a sym-
bol of his excessive grief.
From the G'-nesep Farmer.
MOUBRAY'S TREATISE ON POUI.TRY, &.C.
With abridgments and additions by the Editor
of the New England Farmer, may be had for about
75 cts., and ought to be read by every person who
keeps poultry. It is such a book as every house-
keeper can afford to purchase, because he may
save the price of it many times over, by learning
better how to manage his hens, ducks, geese,
turkies, &r. Tiie following extracts relate to the
production and preservation of eggs :—
" Higii feeding shows itself not only in the size
and flesh of the fowls, but in the size, weight, and
substantial goodness of their eggs, which in those
particulars, will prove far superior to eggs of fowls
fed U))on ordinary corn or washy potatoes ; two
eggs of the former going farther in domestic use
than three of the latter.
" The eggs of a hen in a poor condition, and ill-
fed, were small, light, and the yolk unsubstantial.
The same hen after good feeding, laid plenty of
eggs of a larger size, and nearly double the weight.
" Eggs when packed for long keeping if laid
upon the side, the yolk will adhere to the shell
At any rate they ought not to be deposited upon
their sides. A few years ago, the following suc-
cessful experiment was made at Paris. A large
number of eggs vrere placed in a vessel, in which
was some ^vater saturated with lime and a little
salt. Thei were kept in that state several years,
and being Dpened in the month of January, were
Ibund in excellent preservation without a single
failure.
" For ne following process for ■ preserving eggs
perfectly ;ound, a patent was granted to Mr. Jayne,
of Yorkslire, in England.
" Put nto a tub or vessel one bushel of quick-
lime, thity-two ounces of salt, eight ounces of
cream o tartar, and mix the same together with
as much water as will reduce the composition to
that coisistence that will cause an egg jiut into it
to swin with its top just above the liquid ; then
jitit ant keep the eggs therein, which will preserve
them jerfectly sound for the space of two years at
least."
S46
i\EW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAY 15, 1S33.
For the New /-wyVum/ Farmer.
HIGH BUSH CRAIVBERRIE?.
Mr. Fessendek, In the N. E. Farirei-, of the
17 instant, I noticed the conintuuicatioii of N. D.
soliciting information relative to a locaity of this
shrub. Several years ago, sometime in tlie tall
of the year, while in the garden of a neighbor, I
observed a small tree or shrub, which was new to
me. On making inquiries respecting it, I was told
that it was the Cranberry Tree. It wis then bear-
ing a fruit which very much resemllcd in taste,
and appearance, the common cranberry, although
rather smaller in size and contained a small stone
instead of seeds. I was also told that it grew in
great abundance in several parts of the town. I
soon caused a number to be transplanted to my
own garden, where they are now growing. These
have for several years blossomed but as yet none
of the fruit has become matured. I am told, by
the person who brought them to me, tliat they are
yet abundant in the neigiiborhood and your cor-
respondent can be informed of the locality, &c.
on application to almost any person in this town.
C. Whitman.
Waterford, Maine, Jipril 29. 1833.
For the New England Farmer.
Sir, a correspondent in the N. E. Farmer, of
the 17th of April, inquires for the " Hi<;h Bushed
Cranberry." Please to inform him through your
paper, or otherwise, that it grows in this vicinity,
but whether it can be procured in any considera-
ble quantity, I am not certain. I have two or
three of the bushes in riy garden for ornament;
not knowing of any medical qualities it may have
as mentioned by your correspondent. It bca/s
beautiful red berries, in clusters, which bang on
into winter, and when ripe have an agreeable, acid
taste. It is in every respect a clean handsome
shrub, and should have a place among the cnlt'''>»«>tt
ornamental trees of our country.
Apple Trees here are now in ft'll bloom on the
banks of Conn, river, Lat. 42 degrees 33 minutes,
there is a prosjiect of an unusual supply of frull.
The season has been uncommonly dry, having
had no rain for several weeks till yesterday and
day before, when we had plentiful showers ; tliis
has changed the face of nature ; our grass and
grain fields before were Buffering severely from
drought.
Indian corn is not much up, and pliuting is not
yet finished. To prevent the depredation of crows
and other birds on corn, tar is pretty extensively
used here, and perhaps in other parts of the coun-
try ; this is the only certain preventative, among the
many I have tried or known. The manner of
using it is, to mix as much tar with the seed as
will give every kernel a thin coating, then stir in
as much gypsum or ashes as will adiwe to it ; this
will separate the kernels and prevent tleir sticking
to the fingers in planting. Shad hav« not been
taken here yet, though they are always in our
Waters when ajjple trees are in blossim, if the
river is of suitable height ; this rule probbly holds
good in all streams running to the south; requented
by this delicious fish. • Yours, respectfuly,
John Vilson.
Deerfield, Mass. May 9 1833.
Britain Cooper, Esq. the Treasure) of the
tjirard Trust, in a letter addressed on the 1st inst.
to the Philadelphia City Councils, ackncwledges
the receipt of two millions of Dollars, fjom the
Trustees of Girard Bank, to be appropriate! to the
erection of the new Girard College.
! For the i\eu' E>i,;laml Farmer.
SOWS DESTROYING THEIR PIGS.
Mr. Fessendeh, — I have noticed recently an
extensive investigation into the causes of, and I'em-
edy against, sows destroying their pigs. From my
experience, and from a long standing custom in
this vicinity, I am sanguine in the opinion that if
sows are so placed as to be able to come to the
ground a few days before pigging, no disappoint-
ment would ever happen in the loss of pigs. If
it is not convenient to let them ramble at large, a
temporary pen upon ground is equally good.
A Subscriber
KariTTIJiG MAtHINE.
NiLEs' Register contains an account of a recently
invented Knitting machine. It is about one foot
square, only weighs ten pounds, and costs but
It is worked by turning a crank. One girl of 12
might tend three machines, if arranged to work
together; each machine making from one to two pair
of men's long woollen stockings per day.
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
At a special meeting of the Massachusetts Hor
ticultural Society, held on Saturday, May iltl
1832,
The following letters from Dr. ." ames Measj
of Philadelphia, and Alexander Walsh, Esq. d'
New York, were read.
Philadelphia, .Qpril 13, 1833.
jtentlemen, — I have the j.leasure to send wu
a few Beans direct from iiiina. They may bs
useful by renewing the seed from the pkes in
'vhich the delicious ve,';eta'j;e is said to aavc
ori-ginaied.
3 also 2e:;d ^ ccnected copj' of my papc*"^ on the
influence of the stock on the graft, and beg it .nay
bs used, in case the Society should ever pnbl'sh u
volume. With my beet wishes, I am Gentlemen,
Ja!U£3 Mease.
To the Presi dents and Ijfcmber
or the Hor. Soc. Boston.
Lansingburgh, March 16th. 1833.
Dear Sir, — Urgent business requiring imme-
d-ato attentioj at New York, I hastily procured
from my garden a small parcel apple cuttings as a
iKendly offering to the Blassachusetts Horticultu-
ral Society, the quantity and variety would have
been greater, if time and an unusual depth of snow
had permitted their selection.
It will at alJ times afford me pleasure in uniting
with the community ii: rendering tribute to the
laudable exertions of your association.
With sentiments of great respect, I retnaiu
yours sincerely, Alex. Walsh.
Gen. H. A. S. Denrborn.
Pres. fliass. Hor. Society.
The bundle marked E. Devonshire Quondam, ripe last July
" " " W. Hawthorciean — August to January.
" '* " P. Golden Harvey — Sept. to February.
" " " O. Ribstoae Pippin.
" " " S. Dwarf Apple, on Paradise stock.
" " " I. IVonningtuu Wonder.
" " " X. Brabant.
" B. Monks Codlin.
N. Y. And also through Mr. Fleet, front Mr.
Jacob Ganber, Columbia, Penn.
Summer sweet Paradise, a seedling Apple; Zank,
ditto, ditto; winter sweet Paradise* ditto, ditto;
Fallow water, ditto, ditto. Shank's seeding pear,
yours very sincerely, A. Walsh.
Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn.
Ornithogalum, arabicura (very beautiful,)
cactus speciosa, anemonies, several varieties of
geraniums, tulips, tea roses, purple rocket, from Mr.
Masa, Charlestown Vineyard.
Per oriler, J. WiNsmp, Chairman.
Voted, That the thanks of this Society be given
to Dr. James Mease, of Philadeljihia, and Alexan-
der Walsh, Esq. of New York, for their accepta-
ble donations.
Adjourned to Saturday, May 18, 11 o'clock.
A'tiu ''ork, March 26, 1833.
?ir, — In addition to what was put up for your
society belore leaving home, have the pleasure to
add a small parcel of the Golden Leaf Tobacco,
and some cuttings from the Columbia Gage, a
seedling plum raised by Mr. Laurauco, of Hudson,
NOTICE.
A special meeting of the Mass. Hor. Society
will he held on Saturday May IS, by adjournment
at 11 o'clock A. M. at the Hall of the Society.
Per order, R. L. Emmons Sec'ry.
For the New England Farmer.
Charlestown, (.V. H.) May 9, 1833.
Mr. Fessenden, — I saw in the Centinel of yes-
terday, a note from you, making inciuiry concern-
ing the " Bush Cranberry." The botanical name
of the shrub is the Viburnum Oxycoccus, or Cran-
berry Viburnum, belonging to the same genus
wi;h the Guelda Rose or Snow-ball bush, which it
very nmch resembles in general appearance. It is
a native of several parts of New England, and
grows in this vicinity. I for several years had a
bush in my garden, but rooted it out a short time
jiiice on account of its unsightly appearance.
Like those of the snow-ball its leaves are very
much subject to the attack of insects, in coose-
queuce of which they roll and curl up to a great
degree, giving the plant an appearance of deformi-
t)' and want of thriftiucss. The fruit is small, red
aad oval, much resembling externally a small
craul)erry a little flattened ; in taste it also resem-
bles the cranberry, with a mixture, however, of an
astringent disagreeable flavor like that of the root
of the Rhubarb. Its produce is small in quanti-
ty, ai:d two large stoney seeds greatly diminish
the amount of eatable matter in a berry. lam
not aware of its possessing any valuable medical
])ro|)erties. I have many times eaten as much of
the fruit as my jialate would permit without dis-
gust, and without perceiving any eft'ect more than
would be produced by the same quantity of any
sour astringent iruit, or choke-cherry, haw thorns
black currants and the like. To judge from its
sensible properties it may possess somewhat such
medicinal qualities as belong to the fruit last men-
tioned, perhaps in a little greater degree. It seems
to me ill no degree deserving of cultivation, and
not woi-th the land it occupies. You will find,
the plant described in Bigelow's " Flora of New
England" ;ind various other works on American
Jjotany. With much regard, yours truly,
Samuel Webber.
Hatvks to frighten Birds. — A hawk confined in
in a cage and placed in the garden or field is found
to be of more service to frighten away birds than
other scare-crows, including a sleepy boy.
' From one of these Trees a fine Apple is seui.
VOIi. XI, NO. 44.
AND Horticultural journal.
USEPUI. IMPROVEMBNT.
A PATENT has been procured at Paris, a goUl
medal granted, and other honorary distinctions
conferred, for the discovery and practice, on a
larn-c scale, of preparing from potatoes a fine flour
or sa^o equal to ground rice, and a semolina or
paste of which oue pound is equal to one and a
half pound of rice, one pound and three quarters
of veiinicelli, or, as it is asserted, to eight pounds
raw potatoes. Larjje engagements have been made
for the French marine, and for the niihtary and
general hospitals, whore it is found serviceable as a
nutritious aid with wheaten flour, for biscuits, pas-
try, soups, gruel and pavada. — Count de Chabrol
states that 40,000 tons of potatoes are annually
manufactured into flour, in a circle of eight leagues
round Paris. The manner of preparation is not
known. But Blr. M'Innes states in the Quarterly
.Journal of Agriculture, his method of preparing
tapioca, which is presumed to be somewhat simi-
lar to the French mode. The potatoes are grated
into water, and the mass is passed through differ-
ent strainers and waters, until it is ;3e;-fectly pur;-
347
[■oot high on Sept. 1, awarded to Mason Shaw of
Belchertown, having almost 115 trees, $15;
Charles Hooker of Northampton, $10 ; George
Dickinson of Deerfield, $5. For the greatest
length of white mulberry hedge set for division
fence, to Charles Hooker of Northampton $6 ;
Theodore Lyman of Amherst $4.
Per. order of executive committee,
D. Stebbi-ns, Cot: Sec^y.
SALT.
There are many countries on the habitable
globe where salt has never yet been found, and
whose commercial facilities being extremely limit-
ed, the inhabitants can only occasionally indulge
themselves with it as a luxury. This is particu-
larly tho case in the interior of Africa. " It
would," says Mr. Parke in his Travels into the In-
terior of Africa, " appear strange to an European
to see a child suck apiece of rock-salt as if it were
sugar. This, however, I have frequently seen ;
although the poorer class of inhabitants are so
very rarely indulged with this precious article,
fied from the fibrous matter, and the starch be- 1 that to say a man eats salt with his provisions, is
comes pure and clean. It is then exposed to dry,
after which it is dried over a heat of the tempera-
ture of 150 degrees, and made into cakes tillneed-
ed for use. It is used in bread, puddings, &c.
generally with a portion of wheaten flour. — Sec
qr. Jour. .1g. vol. U, p. 68.
From the Portla.r.d Advertiser.
Since we published the communication from
the New England Farmer in reference to the
HIGH BUSHED CRANBERRY, a gentleman has called
at our ofiice, and informed us that this bush grows; the expense sometimesofabroksn neck orothercon
in great abundance in some
the same as saying he is a rich man. I have suf-
ferec' great inconvenience myself from the scarcity
of this article. The long use of vegetable food
creates so painful a longing for salt, that no words
can sufliciently describe it."
MASraAIi liABOR SCHOOL.
Sfeaktng of gymnastics as adopted in our col-
■ege, the Newburyport Herald says ; " It may oc-
casionally re-invigorate muscles, which have been
relaxed.by indolence and sloth ; but this it does at
county, and that no inconsiderable quantity of it is
to be found in Dover, the town in which he re-
sides ; and that he has used it more or less as a
medicine for several years. It has proved a very
effectual remedy in cases of spasmodic contractions,
and is found to be excellent in all cases of weak-
ness or general debility, when taken in stro^ig de-
coctions of the bark, or as a syrup made of the
decoction, which is preserved by adding brandy
and loaf sugar in quantities sufiicient for the pur-
pose. Our informant states that he has made a
great number of gallons of it during the past year,
which has been used not only by himself, but by
others, and that its good effect never failed to be
realized. It has also proved beneficial to those
who are troubled with dyspepsia. The gentleman
alluded to left his name with us, so that if any one
should wish to obtain the bark or syrup, it can be
done on application to him. He is, we believe,
actuated by no other motive than a desire to assist
those who are afflicted with the ills that flesh is
heir to.
parts of Penobscot vcuicatm?raber,aada;theexpensetooof much good
time, which might be otherwise improved. The
true Gymnastics are the Schools for Mental and
Manual Labor. These unite in their perfection all
that is promised, but can never be performed by well
meaning teachers in their talk of Gymnastics, Calis-
tl'.enics, and other Greek derivatives. Besides, la-
bor, hov.'ever humble should be made honorable,
by being participated in from principle, by those
who do r.ot work from necessity.
agricuIjTuuai. premiums.
The Hampshire, Hampden and Franklin Agri-
cultural Society have awarded the following premi-
ums for the cultivation of the White Mulberry.
Premiums on Uliile Mulberry. For the year
1831, awarded 1833 to Philemon Rice of Charle-
mont, having over an acre set with 2000 pits, to
acre, $20; Roswell Rice, do. one acre with 1500
do. $15; Joseph Field, do. best 3-4 acre with 1000
plants, $10 ; Eugene Field, do. 1-2 acre 750 do.
.$6 ; Wm. Clark Jr. Northampton, 1-8 acre 300
do. $4.
For the year 1832, premiums ofiered for the
greatest number of white mulberry trees over 1
CO'W TREE.
We know of no example of the power and fe-
cundity of nature, stronger than that mentioned
by Humboldt in his description of the Cow tree. —
The fluid flows most freely at sunrise, and the
blacks and natives assemble from all quarters with
large bowls to receive the milk like a company of
shepherds.
The Cow tree occurs most plentifully between
Barbula and the lake of Marycabo. It grows on a
rocky soil and its foliage is parched and leathery. On
exposure to the air, this juice presents a yellowish
cheesy substance. It is perfectly free from smell,
and is devoid of acrimony.
Preserving Bees in Winter. — Mr. Ethcridge, of
Montrose, Penn. who keeps a considerable quanti-
ty of bees, buried seven hives in the ground
last fall by placing them on the ground, cover-
ing them first with straw, and then burying
them in tho earth to the depth of about ten
inches. About the first of this month he took
them out, and found them to be in excellent con-
dition. Some of the hives when buried were poor-
ly provided with honey, and Mr. E. is of opinion
that they could not have been preserycd through
the winter in the ordinary way.
RBPINEMEBIT.
This is the age of improvement. You hear of
a man's having been ' buried in the watery deep'
instead of being simply drowned — of a house
having been ' consumed by the all-devouring ele
ment,' in lieu of being burnt down. — This refine-
ment of language is increasing upon the New York
journalists. We have an instance before us. A
criminal who was sent to the Penitentiary, by the
New York authorities, is represented as having
been ' sent to the country seat of the corporation.'
A WARNING TO SMOKERS;
It said, — but ibr its correctness we do not vouch,
— that a vender of wooden ware, &c. stopped at a
house in a neighboring town, last week, to obtain
some refreshment for himself and horse ; and
having sufliciently satiated his longing appetite,
he drew out his pipe, and with no unbecoming
dignity, puffed away while he exhibited his
Yankee notions to the eager multitude ; but as ill
luck would have it, a s[)ark from his pipe conceal-
ed itself in the rags he had received for his valu-
ables. The cart was safely locked up, and he re-
turned to the house. When he next observed it,
'twas all in flames, and only one wheel, which
he succeeded in detaching from the carriage,
was preserved. His pocket book, too, containing
some $30, which was snugly locked up, was like-
wise consumed. — Yankee Laborer's Journal.
Letters from Washington, state that Mr. Liv-
ingston will soon leave the State department for
the Blission to France — that BIr. McLane is to be
transfered to the department thus vacated, and that
W. J. Duane of Philadelphia, is to preside over
the Treasury. Another rumour is that Mr. Spea-
ker Stevenson has been tendered the Mission
to England.
We learn from Washington that President Jack-
son will leave that city on the first of June, on hie
tour to the East, and will proceed as far as Port-
land. He intends to be in Washington again pre-
vious to the 4th of July, not wishing to mingle in
the bustle and jiarade which his presence would
occasion on that day in one of our large cities. —
JV. Y. Jour, of Commerce.
The proprietor of the Arhngton estate, near
Washington, (G. W. P. Curtis) has published in
the National Intelligencer a very good humoured
advertisement addressed to '< gentlemen sheep-
stealers," advising and requesting tliem hereafter
to steal only the male lambs, as, otherwise the flock
now reduced from a large one to 46, may be
entirely destroyed.
Early Cucumbers. — Cut from the garden of
John T. Norton, Esq. in this city, on the 6tli May
inst., one brace of full gro^vn cucumbers. — Al-
bany Argus.
ANOTHER STEAMBOAT I.OST.
The steamer Guiandotte, whilst ascending the
Ohio last evening struck a snag a few miles above
this city, and sunk almost immediately. No lives
lost. She was the U. States mail packet from this
place to Guiandotte. AVe have heard no further
particulars. — Cincinnati Herald, April 30.
Interesting to Editors. A case has been decided
in New York Daily Sentinel against Lee, Powel &
Co. wherein the principle was confirmed, that per-
sons receiving a .Yewspaper, without ordering it to be
discontinued, are liable in all coses for the payment
of the same.
348
NEW ENGLAND FARME'^I^
MAY 15, 1833.
From Ike Gtnesee Funrur.
COMPOST.
Messrs. Editors, — To make a compost heap,
select a soil beside the road or iu a field, plough
the length intended for the heap about tcu feet
wide — lay the sods and mould to the depth
of twelve inches in the middle of the ploughed
ground: on this lay a covering of baru-yard ma-
nure twelve inches thick ; then if any weeds, such
as thistles, burdocks, or any other green weeds
are handy, put on a layer of four or six inches.
Ou this jiut a covering an inch thick of leached
ashes, then put on another layer of sods and mould,
barn-yard manure, and weeds and ashes as before,
and so on until the heap is raised five feet high.
Then cover the whole with sods and mould. If
very dry some water may be scattered o\er the
lajers, as it is made up.
Iu about five or six weeks it should be plough-
ed, turning the furrow outward until this is all
thoroughly mixed, then with a scraper it shouM
be put in a snug heap again. A new fermentation
will take place, and all the materials be thoroughly
impregnated with the fertilizing qualities of the
manure. When wanted to be applied, let it be
ploughed again, and with a scraper it may be
readily moved out iu heaps, spread and ploughed
in. Thus five or six loads of good manure are
made with one of leached ashes. The a.-^hes at-
tract much fertility from the atmosphere, dissolve
the coarser materials of the heap, and if duly cov-
ered with mould little or none of its virtues will be
carried oft' by the fermentation, but the fermenta-
tion will go on in the heap, and its virtue be ab-
sorbed by the sods and mould. If intended for a
sandy soil a layer of clay may be laid over tjc
ashes, if for a clay soil a layer of sand will be bet-
ter. In this way our manures may be greatly
increased with little trouble or expense.
Yours, R. M. W,
PoUer, loth .>)pr{l, 1833.
From the Boston MercarliU Journal.
[From our CorrDspondcnl.]
JVew York, Saturday, May 4.
Happening to be this morning among those
who attended the session of the American Lyceum
I heard one of the most interesting debates \vhich
ever have come under my notice, on the subject
of the connection of manual labor with education.
A great mass of information was given by o-en-
tlemen from different seminaries in all parts of the
country, and by others who have travelled in Eu-
rope— particularly Prof Dewey, Mr. Brace (Prin-
cipal of the Institution recently conducted by Miss
Beecher) Mr. Woodbridge, Mr. Wells (of the Bos-
ton Farm school,) and Mr. Weld, (General Agent
of a highly respectable and useful association, call-
ed the " Society for the promoting Manual Labor
in Literary Institutions";) among whose leading ofli-
cers are President Day, Mr. Frelinghuysen, Dr.
Milnor, Mr. Jay, and others.
Mr. Frost, a Trustee of the Oneida Institute,
perhaps the most successful experiment on this plan
in the country, stated, that that seminary com-
menced its operations only six years since, ' under
numerous disadvantages. It now contains one
hundred students which is the maximum nmnber ;
and this is so far from satisfying the demands of
the public, that five hundred applications for admit-
tance have been rejected within about twelve
months last past. The farm used by the students,
who are required to labor three hours a day, con-
tains fifteen acres. The proceeds of the labor thus
far have been about $10,000, between 3 and 4,000
of which have been raised during the last year.
The effects of this system on the mind, manners,
morals, and especially the physical and intellectual
capacity of the young men to endure study, and to
profit by it, are spoken of in strong terms of admi-
ration. This matter deserves the most serious con-
sideration throughout the country. There are now
about thirty institutions in which these principles
arc adopted ; but they ought to be in universal
and constant application.
Half of our literary, scientific and professional
men are dragged out of life by insanity, dyspep-
sia, consumption, and numberless other diseases by
neglect of seasonable and reasonable recreation,
in the very prime of their days, while half the resi-
due survive only to lament vainly the loss of those
inestimable and indispensable means of usefulness
and happiness both, which are prized only by those
who possess them no longer. No doubt the Lyce-
um will take some efficient order for reconnnend-
ing this subject to jjublic attention.
From the reports presented by gentlemen from
N. Hampshire, I am disposed to give that State
credit over all others for the efliciency of its system
of primary education. It appears that §90,000 are
raised for this purpose, yearly, by tax, besides SIO,-
000 by a specific impost on banking institutions;
and that the schools are attended, during the sea-
son of sunmier or winter, by at least c?ie out ot'/ovr
— and some gentlemen believed by one out of
3 7-10 of the whole population.
The votes for Connecticut were unanimous in
couderrsning the system of public appropriation
for schools adoptod in that State. The efteet of
it seems to be really a serious evil, for it prevents
exertion 5nd emulation on the part of the individ-
ual districts and towns. The conditions of the
law, intended to obviate these effects, are them-
selves very generally overlooked or evaied. The
interest of this fund I believe, is about $76,000
Changes, it is said, will soon be made for the bet-
ter in regard to its inanaRcment.
FRESH GRAPES.
About the 1st of March, the Editor of the
Long Island Farmer was i)rescnted with several
clusters of Isabella Grapes of fine fiavor and qual-
ity, which had been preserved perfectly fresh, and
appeared as plump, and tasted as delicious as if
just taken from the vines. They were preserved
in the following manner: — when ripe they were
carefully gathered in clusters, and the ends of the
stems sealed witii common sealing-wax, to pre-
vent the escape of the vinous fluid through the
fractured pores; they were then placed in ajar,
gently bedded in saw dust which had been kiln
dried, and the pot itself then covered and sealed.
From the Genesee Farmer.
CATERPILLiARS.
Messrs. Editors, — A friend of mine (and a
subscriber to the Farmer) wishes to inform the
public of his method of destroying the Caterpillar
on fruit trees. Wherever he discovers a nest of
them, he, with a swab of tow on the end of a
pole, applies brine to them ; he says that it is cer-
tain death to all that the brine touches. If this is
so, Ishoidd think a more expeditious way would be,
to apply the brine to the worms through the medium
of a common syringe, or " squirt gun ;" I am inclined
to think that the brine would be injurious to the
^oung fruit, if there shoidd happen to be any on
the trees.
My method of destroying the Caterpillar is to
shoot them a I examine my trees once in three or
four days, (during the season of their depredations)
early in the morning, while the worms are still in
their nest, and, if I discover any, I put a light
charge of poivder only, into my gun, and blow
away worms, nest and all. I do not use a wad,
because it would be in danger of bruising the
limbs of the tree. \v_ jj
From the Genesee Farmer.
UKDER DRAIJXtXG
Is particularly beneficial iu collecting the waters
of springs, and those wdiich settle iqion a tenacious
subsoil, and in conducting them to open drains,
without their prejudicing the crops. Earths are
deposited in strata, generally in an inclining posi-
tion. Many of these which underlay the proper
soil are tenacious or compact, and obstruct the
free passage of water which settles upon them
from the surface, or presses for vent from beneatli.
Many of the strata have been worn through by
the passage of water, and caused depressions of
surface, turned valleys, swales, swamps, &c.
which in process of time have naturally acquired
a new soil and were covered with vegetation.
The waters falling upon the surface of the earth,
settle through the porous soil until they reach au
impervious stratum, then follow the inclination of
this stratum, until forced, by the laws of hydrosta-
tics, to the surface, where they saturate the soil,
and render it cold, and uncongenial to cultivated
L-rops. These waters often find their way to the
surlace upon the upper portions of extensive
slopes, and extend their influence to their base,
but arc most frequently met with near the margin
of swamps and iu ravines. Hence drains through
the centre of ravines and swamps are often found
inadequate to render them dry and tillable. If a
drain is cut above where these waters first appear,
down to or into the impervious stratum, they are
of course arrested in their passage to the surface,
and produce no injury. Sometimes by boring
through the compact stratum, water will flow
through the aperture from below it in quantities,
which might prove injurious to a lower level.
These perforations should be made at right angles
with the slope of the stratum. As no benefit, but
an actual loss in labor and in land, results from
having these drains open, they should invariably
be covered, and hence are denominated under
drains. Their site and extent can only be deter-
mined by observation of the ground ; but their
benefit is sure at every point where water runs
through the soil.
Under drains are constructed in various ways.
They should always be so deep that a plough may
pass freely over them, without disturbing the ma-
terials of which they are made, and if practicable
penetrate somewhat the compact stratum. They
are less liable to get out of repair where there is a
constant flow of water than where there is none.
The most common way is to construct them of
stone or of brush wood, though in Europe, tile,
and sometimes sod, is used. Stone is preferable
where it can be conveniently had. The sides of
an under drain may be perpendicular, and the
width only sutiicient to work in with convenience.
There should be twelve inches of stone iu the bot-
tom, if they are round and laid without oi-der;
though it is better, when the material will admit
VOL. XI. KO. 44.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
349
of it, to hiy thoiii so as to have a siiflicieiit aper-
ture, with stones at tiie sides and top, for the wa-
ter to pass li-ecly. Brusli, straw, or the inverted
soil, may be thrown upon the stones, to prevent
the earth froin getting among the stones, and oh-
structing the free passage of tlie water. Wlieu
brush is to be used, such as is tliree to six inches
in diameter at the butt is to be preferred, and ev-
ergreens are better than deciduous Ivinds. They
should be used when green, and while in foliage
cut tliem in lengths sojiiewhat longer than the
depth of the drain; then begin at the upper end,
and lay thciii in diagonally, the butts down, and
the tops near the surface, taking care to adjust
the larger sticks so that when they are pressed
down the water will find a passage between them,
and putting the spray on the top. One man
stands upon the brush, treading it down as he pro-
gresses iu placing it, while another,' or a boy, pas-
ses it to him. When finished, the ditch is appar-
ently full, but the weight of the earth, when
thi-own on, presses it into a small space. Anoth-
er method is practised where the subsoil is hard.
The main ditch is made somewhat broader, and a
spit taken from the centre of the bottom, with a
narrow tajiering spade, so as to leave a shoulder
at the bottom of the main ditch, of six inches or
more upon eacli side, upon which sticks, cut to a
proper length, are laid cross wise, and the brush
placed horizontally upon those. Another method
is to make the drain of three straight sticks of tim-
ber, two laid in the bottom of the ditch so far
apart that the third shall serve as a cover to the
space between them.
As to the utility of under draining I can speak
from observation and experience. That excellent
farmer, H. VV. Delavan, whose improvements at
Ballston, afford aii example of good husbandry, has
given it an efficient trial, both on wet slopes and
level surface. His materials are stone, widi which
his lands abound. And he has happily contrived
to supply watering troughs for his cattle, upon the
lower sides of his fields, with the water which
flows in these drains. Such has been their ame-
liorating influence upon the soil, that, under judi-
cious management, his crops, in the fields under
drained, have been quadrupled iu a few years.
My own experience has been alike satisfactory. I
have from a mile and a half to two miles of under
draining upon my farm. In every case it has
converted useless poachy land into kind fertile
soils, adapted cither to tillage or the fine grasses.
Brush is the principal material I have employed.
The asking price of the man who made a consid-
erable portion of my drain, was five shillings for
twenty-eight yards, the materials being fiu'nished
on the spot. The drains were made iu sand, gen-
erally terminating in cla}', and of an average depth
of three feet. B.
From th*; K'lnncbec Fanner.
PATTEBTOIG BEEP.
Monmouth, Feb. 15, 1833.
Mr. Holmes, — 1 wish to communicate a few
observations through the columns of your useful
paper, in regard to fattening beef. Much of the
beef made in this vicinity, is from cows, which
through age have become unfit for the dairy, and
from oxen which are worn out with hard labox-.
It is customary to milk the cows until August or
September, and as soon as they can be dried of
their milk, begin to feed them, first with green
corn stalks, small corn, potatoes and meal ; and
the feed given them is generally much more than
the value of the beef when slaughtered. — The ox-
en intended for beef are generally worked in the
spring as long as they are able to drag the plough,
because it is the last spring's work they will do, for
the owner intends to fatten them.
Now all this appears to me wrong. If those
who have old cows which they intend to fatten
would dry them of their milk before they go to
pasture in the spring, and let them have a good
pasture and plenty of salt, they will find that they
will have much better beef than that which is
made from vegetables in the fall, and much cheap-
er ; and a cow thus fattened will have double the
quantity of tallow, of those which are milked
through the summer. The old worn out oxen in-
tended for beef should be well kept through the
winter and spring ; one bushel of corn or meal
given them in the spring is worth two in the fall
Let them have a good pasture and bleed them once
a month or oftener, take but a small quantity of
blood at a time. In this way the farmer will find
he is amply compensated for the loss of milk from
his old cow and for the labor of his worn outDxeu.
A Farmer.
BUTTER.
A FRIEND waited on us, yesterday, to communi-
cate the result of a process, which had been recom-
mended to him, of restoring butter to its original
sweetness. Incredulous as he was, he made the
experiment, and he authorises us to say it was en-
tirely satisfactory. It consists simply of churning
the butter with sweet fresh milk, in the proportion
of about 3 lbs. of the former to half a gallon of the
latter. Butter, thoroughly rancid, by this simple
process, was rendered sweet and good. Our citi-
zens, in view of the present scarcity and dearuess
of butter of even tolei-able quality, will not fail to
appreciate this discovery. — yredericksbttrg Arena.
From the SoiUltcnt AgriculUirisi.
AVOOD COI,I.ARS FOR HORSES ASTD IRON
BOAVS FOR OXEN* BY JOSEPH F. O'HEAR.
Charleston, JVov. 5, 1832.
Mr. Editor, — As many of your leaders have
not heard of wooden collars for oxen, mules and
horses, I would suggest the great economy and ad-
vantage in the use of them. I have experienced
their utility for ten or twelve years ; they are su-
perior to leather, corn husk, or flag-collars in wet
weather, because they do not gall the animal by
holding to the hair. The simple mode adopted to
make them is this ; about four inches in diameter
of dogwood, sweet-gum, tupelo, or sassafras- wood
is procured, with a bend to fit the animal's neck,
and just the length wanted, it is slit in half with a
saw and forms the pair. Holes aye then bored
top and bottom for the strings, and a pair of hooks
and staples are driven in about an inch below the
middle, as in common wooden haims. Observe
to take ofl' the bark and remove any knots or un-
evenness in the wood, and turn the round part of
the pole to the shoulder. The same collar can be
used for the plough or cart, by attaching a piece
of chain fifteen or sixteen inches long to the cart-
shaft at the back-band-staple.
I have also used an iron-bow for oxen with
which I am pleased. It is made from five-eighth
rod iron. The advantage in its use is this, that a
well shaj)ed bow can be made to fit the animal's
neck, which will not gall, and is never out of
order. It is a common thing to sec oxen galled
much by the vile shaped wood bow in com-
mon use, from the difficulty of bending wood
regularly ; consequently the power of the ox is
measurably lost. A pattern of the collar and of
the bow may be seen at the blacksmith's shop of
Mr. Jacob Martin, in Wentworih Street, one door
west of Meeting Street, or at the Cattle Farm, at
the forks of the road, near the city.
Joseph. F. O'Hear.
Beat this who can. — We have in our office a
spear of Asparagus, raised in the Market Garden of
George Wilson, Esci. near Lambert's Point, which
measures ^/icee inches in circumference, and iix in-
ches and a half in length. — JVorfolk Beacon.
STATISTICS.
Ddpin states, that in Great Britain the animal
power is eleven times as great as the manual
power, while in France it is only four times as
great. Also, that Britain consumes three times as
much meat, milk, and cheese as France. In Han-
over there are 193 horses to every 1000 inhabi-
tants, 145 in Sweden, 100 in Great Britain, 95 in
Prussia, 79 in France. — Bull, des Sc. Agri.
The Dahlia, which now competes with the finest
flowers of the garden, was first introduced into
Spain from Mexico, in 1787. In 1802, three
specimens reached Paris, and were cultivated in
the house, and only propagated by seed. It was
subsequently introduced into England. Its flower
was originally single. The double and inconceiv-
able variety which now grace our borders, are
principally the result of the gardener's skill. The
finest new varieties now sell in England as high
as 7s. and 10s. sterling a plant or root, in such
high estimation are they held by florists. — lb.
From the Maine Farmer.
Mr. Holmes, — I wish to communicate to the
public through your paper a new and very ex-
peditious method of ' harrowing in' the English flat
turnip seed. Sow the seed in the usual manner
— then turn your flock of sheep into your yard
and drive them round for a few minutes, just
enough to give them a little exercise and the work
of harrowing is done.
Yours, &c. Flat Turnip.
WHITE- WASHING.
Mat is emphatically a white-washing month.
All store keepers who regard the health, and do-
mestic appearance of their customers, should be
well provided with good lime, and a large supply
of lohite-ivashmg Brushes — especially the latter;
as it would save many of our good dames the
trouble of borrowing brushes from their neigh-
bors at a time when it is about as vexatious to lend
ihem as it is to loan your umbrella in a rainy day.
— Hunterdon Ga:.
Wk have had occasion to refer to manufactures of
useful and ornamental articles from anthracite coal,
by Messrs. J. W. & G. Kirk, whose taste and in-
genuity in this way are unrivalled. Among the
uses to which they have recently applied the grand
staple of our mountains, are, urns and founts for
mineral water, ale, See. adding greatly to the em-
bellishment of these temperance promoters; stands
for astral lamps, large and small inkstands, and di-
verse other articles of utility and beauty, are made
by the Messrs. Kirks, from this coal ; and the pol-
lish and color are so perfect, that we are not sur-
prised at the good demand in which they are at
present. — U. S. Gaz,
S50
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAT 15, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 15, 1833.
FARMER'S \VORK FOR MAY,
Pasture. To make tlie most of pasture land,
especially if it be fertile, it should be well fenced
in small lots of four, eight, or twelve acres, ac-
cording to the size of the farm, and the number
and size of stock. There should be trees, for
shade, thinly scattered over the pasture land, but
not too many in'a place. Cattle should not be turned
into any pasture till the grass is so much grown
that they can satisfy their hunger without rambling
over the whole lot. Dr. Deane observed that the
20th of Blay is early enough to turn cattle into
almost any of our pastures. Out of some they
should be kej)! later. The driest pastures should
be used first, though in them the grass is shortest,
that the cutting and punching of the surface of
the ground by the cattle's feet may be avoided.
It is not right to turn all sorts of cattle into pas-
tures, promiscuously. Milch Cows, working oxeu,
and beasts, which it is intended to fatten, should
have the first feeding. Afterwards, slieep and
horses will find good picking. When a lot hasbiien
fed till the grass has become short, shut n up, and
the manure which hasbeen dropped, should be
beaten to pieces, and spread over the surface. Let
tlie next lot be managed by the same method.
Dr. Deane observed, " Let the stock of a farmer
be greater or less, he ij^iould have at least four
inclosurcs of pasture land. One ins'osure may
be fed two we;ks, and th^n shut up to grow.
Then another. Each one will r^jsruit well, in
in six weeks ; and each will have this space of
time to recruit. But in the latter part of October,
tlie cattle may range through all the lots, unless
some one may become too wet acd soft. In tiiis
case, it ought to bo shut up, and kept till feeding
time the next year.
Pastures which are too wet, should always, if
possible, be drained. A low, miry pasture is par-
ticularly injurious to sheep, as it is apt to cause
the rot. Cattle or sheep fatted in dry pastures,
have better tasted and more wholesome flesh than
those which arc fatted principally on the coarse
produce of wet pastures.
There are greater advantages in feeding pastures
in rotation than many farmers are aware of. —
" One acre," said Dr. Deane, " managed according
to the above directions, will turn to better account
than three acres in the common way."
Sheep rerjuire no water in their pastures ; it is
also thought by some, that calves and horses are
best without water, unless the latter are worked.
If these animals have no water, it is said they will
feed in the night and lie down in the heat of the
day. Milch cows, however, require water.
The bottom of an old hay-stack is recommend-
ed as an excellent manure for pasture land, as,
besides the nourishment which it affords, it con-
tains a quantity of grass seed, which furnishes a
new set of plants. It should never be sufiered to
mix with mamn-e for grain or corn lands, as it
will cause them to be overrun with grass or other
plants, which, though useful in a pasture, are
weeds in arable lands. •
Soiling. This is a terra applied to the feeding
of domestic animals on new mown grass, or other
green crops, in racks, yards, stables, &c. If a
farmer possesses more stock than land, and can
obtain labor without paying too dear to make it
expedient to attempt the niceties of cultivation,
soiling may pro%e beneficial. " Every farmer,'
says Lorain, " should soil his working cattle and
horses, whether he may or may not enter into the
general practice of soiling. A very small extent
of ground will be sufficient for that purpose. This
may be so near the barn that the trouble will be
but little more if so much as going to the pastures
after them. The gross and x'ich dung, saved by
this practice, will be very valuable."
GARDENER'S IVORK FOR MAY.'
Bush Benns. Any time in this mouth will an-
swer for planting bush beans. Select a warm,
dry, and favorably situated spot, and having ma-
nured it properly, draw drills an inch deep, and
tv.o feet or thirty inches asunder ; drop the beans
therein two inches apart, and draw the earth
equally over them ; do not cover them more than
an inch deep. The hush bean does not require a
very rich soil, and if too highly manured is apt to
run too much to vine. The dwarf kinds of bean
may be planted in rows from 12 to 18 iachss
apart in the rows.
Lima Beans. The following directions relative
to this valuable product are from J. Buel, Esq., of
Albany.
" 'IVie Livic Bean. Phaseolus liminsis, is un-
questionably the best bean, if not the best of the
leguniea, that is grown in our gardens, with tlie
further recommendatjon that it may be kept for
the table, in tolerable perfection, during the whole
year. As it ia rather tender for our cl'mate, con-
siderable care is requisite to grow i: with success.
" The soil ehould be rich, mellow, warm, and
rather dry. Ths sHualion open and fully e.xposod
to the sun. 7'he time of planting. May, — when
the ground and weather are sufKciently ,'vm-m to
ensure a quick gcrnanation of the .seed, as this "«
very liable to rot in a cold or mo'.st temperature.
The manner of planting may be either that of ordi-
nary pole beans, in hills two and a half to three
feet deep, or as follows : dig holes three feet in
circumference and eighteen inches deep, and pm
into each the best part of a barrow load of dung
or compost ; cover this with six or eight inches ol
moidd, plant the beans near the rim, and insert
four or five poles, retaining the branches, round
the hill. In either way, it is best to set the poles
when the seed is planted. Cover the seed half an
iuch with mould, and if the weather is dry when
you plant, an occasional watering will be benefi-
cial. The seed may be soaked a few hours, with
advantage, iu te])id water, or milk and water,
previous to planting.
" The product is very abundant ; though the
entire crop seldom comes to maturity in ordinary
situations. To make the most of it, however, it
has been my practice, on the first indications of
frost, to pick off all that have acquired a mature
size, and to have them shelled and dried. I gen-
erally reserve this bean for winter use, and sixty
hills have yielded me four or five pecks of shelled
beans. Those that are ripe are separated for
seed, and to be used last. They lose but very
little of their flavor : and both the ripe and unripe
may be cooked in the same way that they are when
taken from the vines, taking the precaution to put
them in cold water over night, previous to cook-
ing. They are particiUarly fine with dried green
corn, in the Indian dish, which we denominate
succotash.
"There are two varieties of this bean, which
differ in size nearly one half, of like habits, and
both very abundant beans."
The Farmcr^s Guide gives the following direc-
tions for raising beans, whose vines need support:
" Let poles of a proper height be fitted in the
ground, about 2 feet apart, in rows 3 or 4 feet
distant from each other — around each ])ole let
4 or 5 beans be planted : the poles should have
small knots left on them, or pins put through to
support the vines. This way of planting gives an
opportunity of keeping the soil loose around the
roots, and prevents injuries arising from driving
poles into the hills. Of the various sorts of pole '
beans one planting is enough ; for if you gather
as tlie beans become fit for use, they continue
bearing through the summer, especially the Lima
bean, which delights in heat, and which should
not be planted till the ground is quite warm."
Coch-oaches. We have been requested by a
correspondent to republish " a recipe for destroy-
ing that mischievous visiter to most of our houses,
the Cockroach." We presume the following was
meant, and therefore insert it again.
"Ts.ke !•• deep plate or dish, and nearly fill the
bottom part of it with molasses and water ; set
it near their haunts, with some chips from the
shelf to the edge of the jilate or dish, fur a railwaij
fret bridge, for these nimble-footed beauties to
travel on to tliis sweet bath, and the next morning
a very goodly number of \.\ic last generation will be
found up to their backs, indolently revelling in
this cha-micg liquid — now they are not dead, and,
if thrown out of doors, I will bet my " Cremona
to a .Icwsharp," that the chance is equal for their
reviviug and appearing in all their hideous defor-
mity, ' hobgoblin and all,' — but another death
will stop their swift race, viz. tlie fire. W"hatever
number may be caught, scoop them out of the
plate and lodge them safely in the fire, and you
make good their retreat, and nothing short of that
will do it. Experience."
A FINE BED OF TULIPS.
We have been much pleased with a parterre of
these splendid flowers, owned and cultivated by
Mr. Sam.uel AValker, of Roxbury. The Tulip-
bed is a'jout 36 feet long, and 11 1-2 wide. The
flowers are of many various shapes and colors,
and make a display, which might almost justify
the Tulip-mania, which was once epidemic ia
Holland. The parterre is enclosed by a frame, on
which is stretched a linen awning to protect the
plants from the rough visitations of the ele-
ments, and at the same time admit as much light
and air as is necessary for healthy and vigorous
vegetation.
ITEMS OP INTEI.I.IGENCE.
Assault cm the I'resiilcnt. An assault was lately made on the
President of Ihe United Stales hy Mr. Kandolpli, late of the
Navy. The President was on boanl of the Steamboat Sydney,
at Alexandria, when the assailant struck him, but was immedi-
itely arrested by the bystanders. Randolph, however, made
his escape, and we have not heard of his being taken.
Tlie Weather. For a few days past, we have been favored
by occasional, intermiuing, but not very copious rains, together
with warm southerly breezes, which have put a new face on
vcelation, and very much brightened the prospects of the
season. Fruit Irccs have blossomed most abundanlly, mowing
lands and pastures are clothed in the brightest verdure, and the
aspect of the country promises our cultivators a most ample
reward for their labors.
Porcelain China. There is a Porcelain Manufactory in Phi-
ladelphia, owned and conducted by Judge Hemphill. A writer
iu Poulson's Daily Advertiser recommends the articles manufac-
tured at this establishment as being vastly superior in strength
and equal in beauty to any imported— and they are lichly de-
VOL. XI. NO. 44.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
351
serving llio cnoomagcmciil and patroungc of every cilizen who
prides himself in being an American. It is the only manufac-
tory of the kind in the United States, and the workmen em-
jiloycd therein are equal to any in Europe. He says he can
speak of the good qualities and durability of the ware, from
actual trial of five years, having at this time purchased a tea
eel, with other pieces, from this manufactory, which have been
in constant use ever since, and aJtIiough they have received
many hard knocks, yet not a piece has been broken, and they
arc as handsome now as when tiiey were first purchased.
Sccretaivj of the Treasury. The Phila<lcl]ihia National
Gazette says, it is understood as certain that William J. Duaiie,
Esq. of that City, has been appointed by the Secretary of the
United States, to succeed Mr. iW'Laiie, who will go into the
Department of State.
William Rotch, Jr. Esq. of New Bedford, has added one
thousiiTid dollars to the fifty thousand fimd, for the benefit of the
iuslitution for the blind.
The ladies of Bennington, Vt. to the number of six hundred,
luiited in petitioning the Board of Excise of that town to license
no persons to vend strong drink. The Board accordingly re-
fused to grant any licenses.
The Wasliington Globe states that in South Carolina, medals
are in circulation bearing on them the following inscription : —
-'Jolm C.Calhoun, first President of the Southern Confederacy."
A recent pamphlet states that the American invented ma-
cliinery is so superior to the British, that many large manufac-
turers in England have put aside their machinery, but little
worn, and replaced it by the American.
Fire on ike Mountains .' The weather has been remarkably
dry for some time past, and we hear of fires in the woods in
almost ever}' direction around us. The atmosphere is so com-
pletely filled with smoke, that the stars are obscured from view,
llie light of the moon scarcely perceptible, and even the rays
of the sun will hardly penetrate it. We fear that much damage
may be done if we do not have rain soon, as the fire seems to
be approaching near us. — Ulauch Chunk, (Penn.) May 4.
Mad jieivs from Matanzas. Letters as late as the 13lh of
April, state that the cholera was uiukjng awful ravages at
ftlatanzas. Dealiis stated at one hundred and jfty per day,
which makes the mortality greater than it was at Havana,|at the
most sickly period. The population of Malauzas is about
twelve thousand.
JVOTICE.
FOR Sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 51 &. 52,
North Market Street, Willis's Improved Brass Syringes for
using wash as a remedy against mildew on grapes.
Just received a further supply of Gault's patent churrrs.
Likewise a few of Sanborn's Improved self regulating cheese
presses, milk stramers, stone and zinc milk pans, cheese
cloths, &c. ml5
MAJTORE AT AUCTION.
Will be sold on the premises, formerly owned by Mr. William
White, in Roxbury, on Tuesday next, at 3 o'clock, about one
hundred cords of manure. It ml5
ESSEX PRIZE POTATOES.
A few busliels of the famous Essex Prize Potatoes for sale at
the New England Seed Store, No. 51 & 52, North iHarket
Street. 2t ml5
SEED TEA WHEAT.
A few bushels of this very valuable variety of Spring Wheat,
for sale at the Seed Store No. 51, North Market Street, raised
m the vicinity of Lake Erie.
One kernel of this Wheat was found in a chest of Tea, at
St. John, N. B. in 1S23, from which this variety was raised.
(See N. E. Farmer, vol ix, page 105, and vol x. page 105.)
Persons in want of it will please ar>ply soon.
PtOWER SEEDS.
JOO VARIETIES of very handsome annual, biennial and
perennial Flower Seeds, in packages of 20 varieties each.
For sale at the New England Seed Store. Price ^1 per pack-
age. 64 cts. per paper. m 13
WHITE MULBERRY TREES.
FOR SALE 5000 Large White Mulberry Trees,
this Office. t'f ni27
nquire at
WANTED
A GOOD Experienced Gardener, apply at this office
KOTICE.
The fast trotting colt Hamcwell out of the Virginia mare by
Barefoot will be shown May y, in State Street, Boston. Gen-
tlemen please to examine liim closely as his equal is seldom to
lie seen. J. PARKINSON,
m 8 Brishton.
GRAPE VINES.
The subscriber has lor sale a few superior Isabella Vines,
that have been laid by the beds for a few weeks, and can be
planted out with perfect safety any time within ten days. Ap.
ply at 7 1-2, Congress Street, ZEB. COOK, Jr.
BUTTER SALT.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Pembroke Butter
Salt, an article much approved of, and will coustaulh' be kciu
for sale as above at tlie manufacturers price.
GREAT SALE OP WOOL
On Thursday the '2Sd iiist. at 9 o'clock, at Quincy Hall.
600 bales of American Fleece Wool, comprising the various
grades from quarter to lull blooded Merino.
100 bales " Saxony do.
30 '' superior Foreign '* do.
60 " No. 2, pulled Lambs do.
200 " No. 1, " do. do.
100 " superfine do. do.
50 " Spanish Sheep
50 " " Lambs
75 " Smyrna
100 " Buenos Ayres
75 " Russian
20 " Goats Hair.
Catalogues will be ready and the wool may be examined the
day before the sale. As the above includes nearly all the wool
in iNew England which can come to market previous to the
next clip, and as the sale v.-ill be positive, it will aflbrd a desi-
rable opportunity for manufacturers to supply themselves.
May S COOLIDGE & HASKELL, Aucl'rs.
do.
do.
do.
do.
THE^ FULL BLOODED HORSE SPORTSMAN.
THE Subscriber informs the public that the above named
horse will stand at his stable the ensuing season, — terms J>20
tlie season, wliich may be seuled .'or 1^15 on or before the first
of September next. Insurance as may be agreed between the
parties. The stock of this horse are unusually promising and
will not suffer (to say the least) by comparison with the get of
any horse that has stood in this section tor many years, and he
is therefore recommended to the pubhc with confidence by
their obedient servant, S. JAQUES.
10 Hills Stock Farm, Charlestomn, 2J miles from. Boston.
Reforcnce ia made to Thomas Willisuns, Esq, of Chelsea,
who has colts of Sportsman's get. m8
ABERDEEN OATS.
JUST Received at Geo. C. Barrett's Seed Store a small
quantity of large Aberdeen Oats, imported from Aberdeen, in
Scotland, a famous oat district.
Being tile most extraordinary article of the kind, farmeVs and
others are invited to call aud examine. m 8
POR SALE,
TH.iT valuable country seat aud farm formerly owned by
3. H. Derby and J. Crowninshield, Esqrs., and lately by Col.
Endicoit, situated in Danvers, witliiu two miies of Salem and
fifteen of Boston. The buildings are in good repair, spacious
aud elegant, aud convenient for a genteel family, and also for a
farmer's, with barns, stables, &c., attached. There is an ex-
cellent garden, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
shrubs and flowers and a tastelul summer house. The farm is
in a high state of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produces large crops of hay, gram, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, quinces and cherries ;
there is a nursery of young fruit trees, and a plantation of
5000 \Wale Mulberries. The place has many advantages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garden, witii from 10 to 100 acres of laud, as the pur-
chaser may choose, are offered on liberal and accommodating
terms. Apply at this office, or to AMOS KING.
Danvers. March 27, lu33.
HAKD1VARE.
100 dozen Ames Backstrap Shovels.
20 do. do. Large Shovels, from No. 4 to 12.
20 do. do. Cast Steel Polished Shovels.
100 do. Plympton Hoes.
50 do. Stetson do.
60 do. Fales Cast Steel Goosenecked Hoes.
Also, various other kinds of Hoes.
100 dozen Manure Forks, comprising an assortment of vari-
ous makers and qualities.
150 dozen Fanvell's Scythes.
150 do. Whipple & Hales half set Scythes, together with
every description of HARDWARE GOODS, for sale bv
LANE & RE.\D, at No. 6, iHarket Square, near Fanueil
Hall, m 13
RUSSIA MATS,
600 dozen large sized Russia fllats.
300 do. small do. do. do.
For Sale by D. F. FAULKNER, No. 15 Csnlral Street.
m20 tf
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russetts,
baldwins, *
BzANS, while, "
Beef, mess, '
prime, '
Cargo, No. 1 •
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flas, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow. . .
Rye, .
Barley,
Oats,
Hat,
Ho.NEY,
Hups, Ist quality,
Lard, Boston, ist sort, . . . .
Southern, 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo price.'!.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra dear, .
Navy, Mess
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northeni, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony ,
Merino, Jths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
Pulled supevfim, .
1st Lambs, . . .
lit
S ^ 3d " ...
2; ( 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is geaerclly
5 cts. less per ib.
barrel
3 00
*'
3 00
bushel
1 00
barrel
11 50
6 75
"
8 50
pound
14
8
''
5
3
"
3a
"
35
"
9
bushel
1 26
barrel
5 75
*'
5 80
"
5 80
''
5 62
busliel
75
72
"
82
"
CO
"
45
ton
12 00
gallon
40
pound
28
pound
9
„
18
lb.
24
pound
16
lb.
20
pound
24
"
23
cask
1 20
ton
325
bushel
25
barrel
IS 00
"
13 00
''
none
bushel
2 25
'i
1 00
pound
12
i'
12
c^vt
10 00
pound
60
"
65
"
50
"
48
"
42
"
40
ii
CO
"
52
'
37
"
45
3 25
3 25
1 50
12 CO
7 00
S 75
15
10
43
12
1 30
5 87
5 87
5 87
S 75
75
74
14 00
50
25
1 25
3 75
30
19 00
13 50
2S0
1 12
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices.
Hams, northern, .
southern,
Pors, whole hogs,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best, .
Egcs,
Potatoes, common, ....
Cider, (according to quality,) .
pound
9i
10
15
19
dozen
13
bushel
sr,
barrel
5 00
3 00
BRIGHTON MARlf ^•.— Mondai, May 13, 1833.
Reported for the baily AdTertiger and Patriot.
At Market lliis day 232 Beef Caf.Ie, 15 pairs Working Oxen,
17 Cows and Calves, aud 88 Sheep. About 30 Beet Cattle
remain unsold.
Pricss. Beef Cattle.— hasl week's prices were fully sup
ported ; wo noticed a few yoke very fine taken at ^7,25.
We quote prime at §6,75 a 7j good at ^6,25 a 6,50 ; thin at
S5.60 a 6.
U'orkiiig Cren.— Sales were noticed at §55, goS, §65, glO,
,«;7S, and ^80.
' Coirs and Calves. — We noticed sales al 16, £2, 24, 28, SI,
33, and two at g40.
Sh.:ep.^-\\'o noticed one lot taken at about §4 ; also a lot
sheared at about g3.
Swine. — None at market ; a few are wanted.
PICKERING'S TREE OR CATERPILLAR
BRUSHES.
FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 50A North
Market Street, Pickering's Improved Tree Brushes.— This
article, (which is likely no be in greater demand this season,
than for many previous years,] will be constanUy for sale as
above, made 01 the best materials and workmansnip; and no
doubt i« the best article for the purpose of any bow in use.
May 1
352
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
MAY 15, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
INVOCATION TO MAY.
Wriltcn in a backu-ard l^pring.
My dear Madam May, I am sorry to say.
That you seem rallicr sickly and pallid,
As if from some hole, just under Ilie pole,
Your ladyship lately had sallied.
How poets will lie, (that is, all but I,)
When they talk of your being so charming.
If truth may be told, you're so backward and cold
That I can't get along with my farming.
I might liken your lips to rock maple cliips.
Which winters cold drifts had lain under.
You have icicle toes, and fingers like those,
And who then can love you, I wonder ?
Then, madam, good b'ye, to Canada hie,
You will get there by dog-days, I take it,
Be ofl' in a jerk, let June do jour work,
For a very sad matter you make it.
THE PARROT.
The following anecdote of Biaham's Parrot is
curious: —
"Parrots, like cuckoos, form their notes deep in
the throat, and show great aptitude in imitating the
human voice. A most remarkable instance I ntet
with at Mr. Braham's villa at Brompton. A la-
dy, who had great admiration for his talents, pre-
sented him with a parrot, on which she had be-
stowed great pains in teaching it to talk. After
dinner, during a pause in the conversation, 1 was
startled by a voice from one corner of the room
calling out, in a strong, hearty manner, " Come
Braham, give us a song !" Nothing coukl exceed
the surprise and adtiliiation of the company. The
request being repoated and not answered, the
parroti struck up the first verse of " God save
the Kltig," in a clear, warbling tone, aiming at the
style of the singer, and sang it through. The case
■with which this bird was taugh: was eqtially sur-
prising with the performance. The same laily
prepared him to accost Catalini, when dining with
Mr. Braham, which so alarmed Catalini, that she
nearly fell from her chair. Upon his corameuce-
ing " Rule Britannia," in a loud and intrepid tone,
the chantress fell on her knees before the bird, ex
pressing, in terms of delight, her admiration of his
talents.
" This parrot has only been exceeded by Lord
Kelly's, who, upon being asked to sing, replied, —
"I never sing on a Suuday." — " Never mind that,
Poll, come, give us a song." — " No, excuse me,
I've got a cold — don't you hear how hoarse I am.''
— This extraordinary creature performed the three
verses entire of " God save the King," words and
music, without hesitation, from the beginning to the
end."
before very long, he felt it all alive, and struggling
to escape. He took it out, and it was as lifeless as
before. He then laid it again upon the ground and
retired to some distance; in about five minutes it
warily raised its head, looked around, and decamp-
ed at full speed. — jVotes of a JVaturalht.
We find, from the register of the Society of
Friends or Quakers, that, as a consequence of
their temperance, one half of those that are born,
live to the age of 47 years; whereas Dr. Price tells
us, that of the general population of London, half
that are born live only 2 3-4 years ! Aiuong the
Quakers, one in ten arrive to 80 years of age; the
general population of London, only one in forty.
Never did a more powerful argument support the
practice of temperance. — Collin .McKenzie.
PKMAI.E IV'IT.
A CERTAIN Reverend Divine, of democratic
principles, happened to be united to a lady of op-
posite sentiments, who was frequently exercised
with severe turns of the heac'-ache. Not long since,
after a short absence, his Reverence entered a
rootn, where he found his amiable consort much
distressed with her old co-nplaint ; on which
he observed to her, that he tliought she liad a very
weak head — and asked if she was not of the same
opinion. " Yes, my dear, (replied she,) if the
common observation is just, that the himband is tlic
head of the wife I most certainly think I have a
verb weak head."
It is V. very remarkable circumstance, that, for
the space of two centuries and upwards, the throne
of France has never been filled by the son of a King.
THE CORN CRAKE.
This interesting bird, which visits the north of
England and Scotland in summer, and keeps up in
the meadows the cry of crake, crake, is well known,
but is not easily seen. It runs with great rapidity
and is loth to take wing. When found, it has the
instinct, iu common with some other animals, and
especially insects, to feign death. A gentleman had
one brought to him by his dog. It was dead to all
appearance. x\s it lay on the ground, he turned its
over with his foot — he was convinced it was dead.
Standing by, however, for some time in silence, he
suddenly saw it open an eye. He then took it up —
its head fell — its legs hung loose — it appeared
again totally dead. He then put it in his pocket, and
MiDt'STB.Y.
Man must have occujiation or be miserable.
Toil is the price of sleep and appetits, — oi"heallli
and enjoyment. The very necessity which over-
comes our n.aturcl sloth is a blessing. The whole
world does not contain a briar or a thorn which di-
vine mercy could have spared. We are happier
with the sterility, which we can overcome with
industry, than we could have been with spontane-
ous plenty and unboimded profusion. The body
and the mind are improved by the toil that fatigues
them. The toil is a thousand times rewarded by
the pleasure which it bestows. Its enjoyments are
peculiar. No wealth can procure them, no indo-
lence can taste them. They flow only from the
exertions which they repay.
A liAZY MAJJT.
We meet with nothing in our travels that we so
much despise as a lazy man — unless it be a drun-
ken one. We rarely see one, however, without
the other; and the two in one make up the very
essence of an object of disgust !
It is impossible to separate idleness and vice.
They are like the substances and the shadow. \Vc
sometimes think a wholesome remedy might lie
formed for lazy people, and are surely surprised
that our law-makers do not carve out one.
We were coming down town to-day and over-
took a fellow with broad shoulders and bandy logs,
wearing a five-year old patched coat, ragged pan-
taloons, a pair of bull's hide shoes, and no stock-
ings. His elbows were out, and there was a split
in his back. His trowsers were not even two thirds
long enough, which exposed his ancles and part
of his legs which were of divers colors. One hand
in his trowsers pocket ; if indeed they had any
pocket — and with the other he was blowing and
wiping his nose. His hat, we had forgot to say,
was as limber as if it were drunk, and was held up
on one side by a loop made of a tow string. The
man was not above thirty.
Now here was a fellow strong enough to work —
young enough to work — and not too old lo make
a comfortable living, going down the strein with-
out one particle of comfort either in his head or
his heart. He was the picture of idleness, and
personification of misery.
Would it not be humane to take up such a fel-
low and make him work? His health would be im-
proved by it — his comforts ministered to — his body
improved, and his soul made better — and what
would prove another blessing, he would he re-
moved from the observation of those who cannot
feel otherwise than distress, at the sight of such an
example of human degradation. To the honor of
our city such examples are comparatively rare. —
PhU<iili:tpttia Paprr.
TO put out on lease for one or more years, one hundred lull
blood ,>a.xony and iNlerino Ewes, and two full blood I'ucks, in
flocksof lirty Kwcs ant! one Buck. Fifty of (lie Ewes have suck-
ing lambs of last winter and this spring, Ihc other Ewes yet lo
ycap. or only yoarliuofs and not expected to bring lambs this
season, the tlocks to be leased to diflerent persons, and if they
live at some distiince from each other it will be preferable — in
sha(w\ size, Oneness and evenness of fleece' they are superior
shei-p — are now ar.d have alwavs beefi healthy and in good
con,liiion — the lessee lo receive tor imiform care, attention, and
mainiiining them, a pari of the wool shorn yearly, and a pan
of tJie progeny as may be agreed. Setllemeul to be made yearly.
For lerms and particulars inquire of the Printer of this paper
previous lo 'irst of Jlay next, and it is renucstcd that no person
will make applicr.tion' wiio does not believe that to succeed
with sheep, care and aUention is ab.solutely necessary, and will
act up lo ills belief, aud lo the letter and sjiirit of any contracl
he may make. aji 10
YEttOW LOCUST.
"HIS day rcc.-ived at the New England Seed Store, 504
North Market Street, from Cincinnati, 100 pounds of Seed of
tho genuine Yellow Locust (Robinia^pseudoacacia) — all raised
the past year in the State of Indiana, where the beauty and
suporioritv o'' these trees have attracted general attention.
IMav 1
A PINE NEW SaUASH
FORsalc.at the ?,ew England Seed Store, Nos. 51, & 52,
North Market Street.
A few seeds of ilie Early Lemon Squash, from the western
part o.''lhis Slate, which is considered one of the finest vaiieties
of summer Squasli cultivated, being a week earlier than the
Scollop or AN'arted Squashes, and of much superior flavor,
drier, and somewhat resembling llie Canada Squash in taste;
producing abundanOy till killed by frosi. Price 12^ cents per
paper.
May I
THE NEW ENGL.AND FARMER
Is published every \\'cdnesday Evening, at $'i per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribmg, are entiUedto a deduc-
tion" of fifty cents.
03= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
Nev) York—G. Thoreurk & Sons, G7 Liberty-street.
Albany— Via. Thorbubn, 347 Market-street.
Philadelphia — D, & C. Landreth, 85 Chesnut-street.
BitUimore — I. I. Hitchcock, PubUsher of American Fanner.
Civcinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. — Wm. Pri.vce & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gax.
MiddUburij, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
llarlford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield. Ms—E. Edwards, Merchant.
Ncu-bunjport — Eeenezeu Stedman, Bookseller.
Porlsmouth, N. If. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Colman, Holden & Co. Booksellers.
Aiimsta, Me.—WM. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.—P. 3. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
MotUreal, L. C. — Geo. Bent.
St. Louis — Geo. Holton.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by Ford & Damrell
who execute every description of Book and Fancij Print-
"'i' in g<""l style, and with promptness. Orders for print
inff may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricul-
tural Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
1' ' '' "
PUBLISHED BV GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (.it the Agkicultur.^l Wahkhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL,. SI.
BOSTOiV, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 22, 1833.
NO. 46.
From the Goiesce Farmer.
HINTS TO FARMERS— KO, VIII.
Offices are created for the ]Hil)lic, uot for the
incunibeiils. They nevertheless constitute fruit-
ful rcwarils to merit; and, wheu spontaneously
• conferred, are aliionij; the highest honors that a free
people can bestow. To deserve theui is worthy ot'
your andiition ; but to depend upon thetn, as a
nieans'of livelihood, would be unreasonable ami
unwise, if not dangerous. A tliirst for otBce is,al-
most as bad as a thirst for rum. The more eitlier
are indulged the more craving they become. —
Every repetition of the pOtion but begets new de-
sires, until finally, the passion, in one case, termi-
nates in delirium iremens, and, in the otlier, in dt-
lirium candidaturh. I have known many a worthy
Itnan ruined in his usefulness and in his fortune,
by this latter disease, and idtimately terminate his
career under the complicated horrors of both mal-
adies.
In selecting your public agents, adopt the same
caution that prudence would suggest in' your pri-
vate afiairs ; choose those who are acquainted
with the buisness in which yoii mean to emplov
thera, — who know your wishes and your interests,
— who have an established reputation for integrity,
and who have shown an ability to manage a pub-
lic trust, by having conducted creditaWy and suc-
cessfully their private atfairs. Such nieu possess
civil virtues, and merit civil rewards. But distrust
the man wIjo reiterates his importunities for yiur
vote or yom- influence, as wanting either good hab-
its or good principles. The first should render
him independent of public aid, and the last should
make him ashamed to ask for it.
Are we then to reject, as the bane of our hap-
piness, the honors and emoluments of oflice ? No ;
accept them, when proffered, as a mandate of du-
ty not as a source of wealth ; as a compliment to
your merit, and as the requital of an obligation
which you owe to society. Accepted in this spir-
it the duties will not seem onerous, nor the eitiol-
uments worthy your exclusive regard. And v-hen
you have enjoyed the honors, and fulfilled the du-
ties abandon neither your politcs nor your religion
because your fellow citizens happen to discover in
your neighbor qualities and merits equal or supe-
rior to your own. Tlie spirit of a free goveriinx'Ut.
forbids monopoly. Whether they im[(Ose a fl ity,
or confer honor or profit, ofiices should be shcrcd
by those wlio are capable and worthy ; and 1 do
not know of a more salutary provision whith
would be engrafted on our constitution, than that
which has been thrice forcibly recommended by our
illustrious President, to limit the tenure of ofiice to
some definite period of time.
I will close this number with the history of a
schoolmate: — Job Allerton cominenced life under
the most flattering auspices. His farm was a pat-
tern of neatness — fields well cultivated, cattle in
fine order, and fences and buildings in good re-
pair. Job owed no man, and had accumulated
a fine sum at interest. His children were growing
up^under their parent's example in habits ofinilus-
try, and promised to become respectable in socie-
ty. Every thing throve under his care, and he
was pointed to by all as the best farmer in tlie town
of S. His good qualities, and the infiuence which
these procured hinfeat length brought him into po-
litical notice, and he became a successful candidate
very much against his will, for the Assembly.
He returned from Albany in the spring with some
new notions, but the habits of the farmer still pre-
dominated. To a second nomination Job had less
objection, nay, he secretly intrigued for it, for
he tliought, as he remarked, he was ihtn qualified
to do some good. The second triumi)h, and the
consequence it gave him at the dinners and parties
in the renowned capital turned his head, and he
came home quite an altered man. It was no long-
(ir " Come boys," with him. Politics engrossed
his whole attention. He became a standing can-
ilidate for every office that presented ; and was in
succession — sherifi", senator, and member of con-
gress.
In the mean time the farm began to show tlic
absence of the master ; the fences were prostrate,
tlie cattle neglected, and the buildings verging to
ruin. The boys too, as boys ever will, aped the
father, began to strut the gentleman, and to look
up for office and dignities. As industry departed
|>rodiga!ity entered, and soon wasted the frugal
earnings of former years. At length the illusion
vanished. Allerton found himself deeply in debt,
without means and wilhoid office, with an indolent,
extravagant family to support. OtKces had ruined
him. In his distress he mustered resolution to do
what hundreds have failed to do, and who have
done worse. With the wreck of a former com-
petence, he p» lied up stakes, and leaving behind
him his official habits and official pride, fled to the
wilds of Indiana, where I am happy to say, he
has resumed again the habiliments of the farmer,
and is profiting by the lessons of experience.
Who is there that among his acquantance does
not recognize a Job Allerton?' B.
Frcvn the Kennebec Fanner.
OK TRAINING OXEN.
Mr. Holmes : — I have observed that very little,
if any attention is paid, by our fanners, to learn
their steers to back ; but as they become able to
draw a very considerable load forward, they arc
often unmercifully beaten on the head and face,
because they will not back a cart or sled, with as
large a load on as they can draw forward, for-
getting that much pains have been taken to learn
them to draw well forward, and none to learn
them to ])nsh backward. To remedy the occa-
sion of this thumping, and the delay which is al-
ways disagreeable, as soon as I have learned my
steers to be handy, as it is called, and to draw
forward, I place them on a cart, where the land
is descending in a small degree. In this situa-
tion they will soon learn with ease to back it;
then I place them on level land and exercise
them there ; then I learn them to back the cart
up land a little rising. The cart having no load
in it thus far. When 1 have learned them to stand
up to the tongue as they ought, and back an emp-
ty cart I next either put a small weight in the cart
or take them where the land rises faster, which
answers the same purpose. Thus in a few days
they can be learned to back well, and know how to
do it, which by a little use afterwards they will nev-
er forget. This may appear of little consequence
to some, but wl en it is remembered how freiiuent-
ly we want to back a load when we are at work
with our cattle, and how commodious it is often '
to have our cattle back well, why should we not
learn them, for the time when we want them thus
to lay out their strength. Besides it saves the
blows, and vexation often encountered, which is
considerable, when one is in haste. It is a merci-
fiil course towards our brutes. I never consider
a pair of oxen well broke until they will back with
ease any I'easonable load, and I would give a
very considerai)le sum more for a yoke of oxen
thus tutored, than for a yoke not thus trained.
A Tf.amster.
TREATMENT OP THE HORN DISTEMPER.
The Horn Distemper is a disorder by which the
farmer's cattle are often affected. Its cure is very
simple and speedy. On examining the born it
will be found cold, the eyes dull, and the animal
in apparent pain. On examining the end of the
tail, the hair will be found curled, and the tail soft
and spongy from one to three inches. As far as it
is spongy it should be cut ofi', and the head rubbed
with a rag wet with spirits of turpentine. This
should be applied sparingly, between the horns,
and about the forehead near them, before and be-
hind. I have seldom found any other treatment
necessary. The boring of the horn and the injec-
tion of salt, vinegar or other medicine, I deem
useless if not injurious. Such is my experience
on this snbject. — A'. 1'. Farmer.
The following are extracts from a pamphlet en-
titled, "The Cause of Farmers, and the Universi-
ty in Tennessee." By Philip Lindslev, D. D.
DtMOc RATIO and republican as we are, our
citizetis are strangely partial to great names.
Esquire, Honourable, Excellency, Major, Colonel,
General, Doctor, are as much coveted and as ea-
gerly sought after in this country, as are titles of
nobility in Europe. And foreign titled gentry,
when tliey condescend to visit us, are regarded
and trea.ed as a superior race. The wealthiest
and prouiiest man in the United States wonkl feel
himself and family wondrously honoured and re-
nowned, could he be so fortunate as to marry his
daughter t> an English earl or even baronet ! This
spirit, so u'terly at variance witb our constitution
and avowea political doctrines, is sufficiently con- .
temptible to be left, without serious comment, to
the rilicule vhich it merits, were it not for some
of its deleteritus practical effects on society. And
among these is the evil in question. Our people,
at first, oppose jll distinctions whatever as odious
and aristocratica' ; and then, presently, seek with
avidily such as rtmain accessible. At first, they
denounce colleges, and then choose to have a col-
lege in every distric*. or county, or for every sect
and party — and to boast of a college education, and
to sport with high sounding literary titles ; as if
these imparted sense, or wisdom, or knowledge.
How long this puerile vanity will continue in vogue,
it is not easy to foresee.
Our farmers ought, beyond all question, to be
liberally educated ; that is, they ought to have the
best education that is attainable. I do not say that
S54
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAY 23, 1833.
every farmer ought to go to college, or to lieconie a
proficient in Greek and Latin. I jpeak ol' tlieni
as a class : and by a liberal educatioji, I mean such
a course of intellectual discipline ai will fit them
to sustain the rank which tliey ought to hold in
this repuljlic. They are by right the sovereigns
of the land, because they constitute «u overwhelm-
ing majority. AVhy do they not then, in fact, rule
the land? Because, and only because, they are too
ignorant. And thus they sink into comparative in-
significance : and sufl'er themselves to be used as
the mere instruments of creating their own mas-
ters, who care as little for their real welfare as if
they were born to be beasts of burden. Were it
possible, I would visit every farmer in Tennessee,
who is not already awake, and endeavor to arouse
him from his fatal lethargy, by every consideration
which can render life and liberty desirable; and
urge him to reclaim his abandoned rights and his
lost dignity, by giving to his sons that measure of
instruction which will qualify them to assert and
to maintain their just superiority in the councils of
the State and of the Nation, like men proudly con-
scious of their intellectual as well as physical power.
The same general remarks apply to mechanics
and to all the laboring classes, in proportion to
their numbers. An educatiou, even of the high-
est order, itiay be as valuable to them as to others.
In our free country, a farmer or mechanic, Avith
equal talents and intelligence, would be more like-
ly to become a popular favorite, than either a law-
yer or the well-bred heir of an opulent patrician
family. Suppose a farmer coidd speak as well,
write as well, appear as well versed in history,
geography, statistics, jurisprudence, politics, and
other matters of general and local interest, as the
lawyer — would he not stand a bettor cltance of be-
ing elevated to the highest, most honorable, and
most lucrative offices ?
The grand heresy on the subject of education
seems to have arisen from the usage which ob-
tained at an early period in modern European so-
ciety, and which many centuries have sanctioned
and confirmed, namely: — that a learned or liberal
education was and is deemed important ony for a
liberal profession, or for gentlemen of vvea'th and
leisure. Hence the church, the bar, and tie med-
ical art, have nearly monopolized the learuiig of the
world. Our people reason and act in accordance
with the same absurd and aristocratic systim. The
cut bono is upon every tongue. ' What good, it is
asked, will college learning do my son? He is to
be a farmer, a mechanic, a merchant.' Now, I
■would answer such a question, in the frst place,
directly, thus: — 'A college education, or the best,
most thorough and most extensive edication that
can be acquired, will be of immenss benefit to
your son, simply as a farmer, mechan'c, merchant,
manufacturer, sailor or soldier.' Ard I would pa-
tiently endeavor to show him how, and in what
respects : but I will not attempt to illustrate such
truisms at present. But, in the second place, I
would reply to my plain frienJ's interrogatory,
thus: — 'Educate your son in the best manner
possible, because you expect him to be a Man, and
not a horse or an ox. You cannot tell what good
ho may achieve, or what important offices he niay
discharge in his day. For aught you know, he
may, if you do your duty by him, become tlie
President of the United States. At any rate he
has reason and understanding, which ought to be
cultivated for their own sake. Should he even.u-
ally live in the most humble retirement, and stb-
ist by the hardest manual labor, still he may en-
joy an occasional intellectual feast of the purest
and most exhilarating kind.' If all our laboring
fellow citizens could relish books, and should have
access to them, what a boundless field of innocent
recreation and (irofitable entertainment would al-
ways be at baud and within their reach ! What
a flood of cheering liglit axtd happiness would be
shed upon the dark path, and poured into the bit-
ter cu[) of millions of rational, immortal beings;
who, at present, rank but little above the brute in
their pursuits, habits and enjoyments!
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, at a meeting held in tlie Hall of the In-
titution, on Saturday the 18th of May, 1833.
H. A. S.Dearborn, the President of the Society,
made the following Report : —
It will be recollected, that during the last season,
a connnuuicatiou was received from David Por-
ter, Esq., Charge D'AfBiirs of the United States,
at the Ottoman Porte, in which he kindly proft'ered
his services, in procuring and transmitting such
seeds and plants as the society might be desiroTis
of possessing. Having so favorable an opportuni-
ty to increase the varieties of our fruit, timber, and
ornamental trees, and culinary vegetables, I wrote
hiin last autumn, that it would be considered a
great favor, if lie could obtain and forward seeds
of the (jiul Ibrischim, — samples of the grape vines,
cherries and other fruits of the Crimea, — seeds of
such forest trees as were considered valuable for
economical purposes, and of such other plants
as would flourish in our climate. Within a few-
days the following letters has been received, with
the seeds therein named.
let it take its chance with the hope of its reaching
you.
The North will be able to exchange with the
south ; and it is worth making the exchange, for
there cannot be a doubt that they are varieties.
If one of each comes to maturity, I shall feel my-
self well rewarded in the satisfaction of having in-
troduced so beautiful an object into our gardens.
It is a hardy plant, it flourishes here in 41 deg.
hut it is not so cold as in the same latitude in
America, yet I have no doubt it will thrive in
Massachusetts.
I have endeavored in vain to find the Plana
you mention, or to get some intelligence respect-
ing it. Mr. Eckford, could give mo no informa-
tion about it, nor could Mr. Rhoades, bis farmer,
who is something of a Botanist. Both, however,
assured me that they had the live oak here equal
to that in the United States, and they liave shown
mc several fine trees of it, growing. The Turks
are ignorant of the treasure they possess. Their
tiinlier for ship building is, take i\ altogether, the
finest in the world. I have never seen such fine
lots of wood for the frames of ships as I have seen
debvered from vessels at the Navy Yard, not cut
exactly to mould, but nearly so. It is brought
chiefly from the Black Sea. Immense Rafts of
Pines pars are annually brought down from tlkcnce
to Constantinople.
A long spell of sickness, the prevalence of the
Plague, and various other causes, have prevented
my being as active as I should have otherwise
been, but tlic prospect of a return of health en-
courages the hope, that next spring and summer,
I shall be able to accomplish all the wishes of the
so-icty as expressed in your letter. With great
respect, your most obedient servant.
David Porter.
To the President of the
Mass. Hor. Soc. lioslon.
Pera, Jan. 3, 1833.
Sir, — I have received your favor of the 2.5lh
Sept. 1832, accompanied by a Diploma, with
which the society over which you preside, has
honored me as corresponding member. Also a
nundjer of the New England Farmer, noticing my
communication respecting the beautiful Guul
Aghailj.
As the name of H. E. the Baron Ottenfcls is
mentioned in that eomnmuication, I took the lib-
erty of sending it to him, and he did me the hon-
or to call on me the next day, bringing with him
a quantity of the seeds of the Tree to which the
communication alludes, as growing in his garden ;
he had collected them for the purpose of taking
with him to Vienna, for which place he takes his
departure from here in a few days.
These seeds which are fresh from the Tree, he
desired me to present in his name to the society.
They are not exactly the kind which I sent to Mr.
Skinner, but a variety of the same family, and I
am in hopes may prove still more beautiful. The
Baron calls the Tree the Gul (Guul) Ibrischim, the
seeds are larger and blacker than those of the
Guul Aghadj. The pod is nearly double the size.
Guul as I mentioned in my former communication
is tlte Turkish tor Rose. Ibrischim as nearly as I
can ascertain means Silk Tassel. The Silk Tas-
sel Rose is certainly a most appropriate name for
it. Yel I should be soiTy that it should loose the
name which it bears in Turkish.
A few of the seeds I shall put up in this letter,
the rentainder I shall put in a clean Tin Box, and
Pera, Jan. 30, 1833.
SiE, — As the seeds of the Oriental Cypress
have arrived to maturity, I have had some collect-
ed, and inclose them to you under the impression
that his stately and magnificent evergreen has
never been introduced into our country.
Every body has read or heard of the Cemeter-
ies of Scutara, of Constantinople and of Pera.
Thej would be nothing without this tree ; to it they
owe all their beauty. Trees of this kind grow to
the largest size, and of an enormous height, so thick
togeher that a bird cannot penetrate their branch-
es, offijriug an eternal shade.
The Cypress grows well from the cutting.
Brai.ches when planted with care, of the size of
the leg or arm, never fail to take root.
By the Turks it is considered a sacred tree, and
is never allowed to be cut down, e.\ccpt under an
absolute necessity.
From the ground to the first branches of a well
grown tree, is from fifteen to twenty feet; the base
of a beaatilul cone is then formed, which elongates
itself, terminating in a single point at top, of a
dark green, which continues throughout the year.
The male and female Cypresses are very dis-
similar in their appearance, the former resembling
our snagged i)ine, while the other is tall taper and
graceful— more beautifully shaped than it would
possibly be cut by the hands of man.
I bav3 seen some attempts in our country of
giving to the cedar, by means of the shears, the
shape of the Cypress, but no art can give to the
cedar its height and magnificence.
TOL. XI. NO. 45
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
355
I have noticed lately in some of our pa|ieis
that the question has been agitated as to, the tree
most proper to decorate, or to conceal the gloomy
aspect of our neglected Grave Yards. In Turkey
death is divested of half his terrors, by the cheer-
ful aspect which their cemeteries present. They
are places of resort during the festivals, and are
visited by Christians as the most pleasant places
for recreation, of a fine summer's evening. Tlie
gayest place in the world, is the Champ dcs maris of
Pera. No one scarcely can pass our grave yards
without shuddering at the thought of beingsooner or
later deposited there ; no such gloomy tlioughts enter
the mind on approaching a Turkish Cemetery,
where all is society; is it better then to live fearless of
and reconciled to death, or in constant terrors of
him ? Our grave yards once decorated and planted
with the Cypress — death will be dej)rived of his
sting, the grave of its victory.
These seeds being fresh I should think the time
for sowing them would be the time of their arrival
at Boston ; say the latter part of March or the
middle of April. With the greatest respect your
very obedient servant, David Porter.
H. A. S. Dearborn, Esq., Pres.
of the Miiss. Hor. Soc.
P. S. I send these seeds under the impression
that the tree has never been introduced into our
country; if it has been, I have done no harm in
sending them.
from England, in wliicli I hope to find no disap-
pointment. Yours, very sincerely. A. Wai.sh.
Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn.
Pres. Mass Hort. Sociclv.
Col. T. H. Perkins, has presented a package of
Spanish Grass Seed. It is said to be a species of
red clover, of superfine quality.
Mr. J. Fay, gardener of the public grounds of
the Capitol and President's house, placed in my
hands a package of seeds, of the Ptelea Trifoliata
with the subjoined note.
JVashington City, Jan. 11, 1833.
Sir, — The small parcel I send you, are seeds
collected by me, from plants introduced into the
Capitol square, from the banks of the Potomac.
I found it growing between the two falls, that i» as
they are called, the little and big falls. It will
grow on reasonable vegetable soil, but I believe it
delights in rich earth. It will grow from the seed
the first year, its common name is Shrubby-tree-
foil.
If in your opinion it would be received by the
M. H. Society, or any of that respectable body, be
so kind as to present it in my name ; and if
the President of that society should wish for more
seed, now or hereafter, he will be so good as to
let me know by token or otherwise. I have the
honor to be, your obedient servant, J. Fay.
Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn.
Jacob Porter, Esq. of New Haven, has presented
two pamphlets, which he translated from the
French, on the use of Chlorides of Soda and Lime ;
by A. G. Labarraque.
Alexander Walsh, Esq. of New York, has trans-
mitted seeds of early and late cauliflower, and of
the Green Globe Artichoke, with the following
letter : —
New York, April 8, 1833.
Sir, — I have just received from a friend at Lon-
don, early and late Cauliflower and Green Globe
Artichoke, and take great pleasure in sending
your society half of each.
I have been trying for these last eight years to
raise good Artichokes, but not succeeding accord-
ing to my wishes, was induced to try some seeds
The following letter from Henry Corse, Esq. of
Montreal, and the present of Plum and Apple
scions, are new pledges of tho deep interest he
feels for the advancement of horticulture ; and he
richly merits the gratitude of the society, for his
repeated acts of kindness, in donations of the pro-
ducts of Canada.
Montreal, April 22, 1833.
Sir, — Having understood that some of the vari-
eties of Plums, which I had the pleasure of sending
to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society were
destroyed by the dreadfully destructive) winter of
1831 — 2, I have forwarded, by John Clapp, Esq.
of South Reading, the five varieties that were sent
before, and he has promised to transmit them to the
Society's Rooms.
And I may add that the opinion which was
then entertained of their several merits, has not by
any means retrograded, (as military men would
say), for with the exception of the Field Marshal,
not one of them suffered by the severities of the
winter before last, when great numbers of our
hardiest fruit trees were entirely destroyed, or
during the last, when the thermometer ranged
lower than it has at any time within the last twen-
ty-five years; being twenty-seven degrees below
zero in this town.
I have also sent cuttings of the Pomme Grise
and Bourassa Apples : two of our most esteemed
winter fruits. And I shall always be highly grat-
ified if my services can be in any manner of any
use to the Society or its Individual Members as
all, with whom I can claim the slightest acquain-
tance, deserve ray highest considerations, and liavc
my best wishes for their Horticultural undertak-
ings, as well as for their prosperity and happiness.
I received last season eighty-four varieties of
Pears and Apples from the Loudon Horticultural
Society, accompanied by the information that the
selection was considered the best that could be
made from their whole collection, consisting of
more than four thousand ; and I am extremely hap-
py to say, that, at most, but three have missed, and
even with two of them there is still hope, as there
is life in some of the grafts, although they made
no progress last season.
The whole were engrafted, both on bearing trees,
and on stocks, and notwithstanding the lateness of
the season when the operation was completed, the
middle of June,* which would necessarily render
the ripening of the wood somewhat imperfect,
they appear to have withstood the winter without
the slightest injury.
From my experience, in late grafting, for several
years past ; I believe success is most certain when
the cuttings are put upon young and vigorous
trees — say from eight to twelve years old — leaving
at least half of the branches of the tree, to pursue
their natural growth ; but if put upon stocks, I am
certain (although it may appear somewhat para-
doxical) it is better to take them from the ground
and re-plant them.
The cuttings are numbered by notches in one
of each packet of Plums, (which will be known
by the wood,)
No. 1. is Corses Nota Bena. Apples.
" 2. " do. Admiral. No. 2, is Bourassa.
" 3. " do. Field Marshal, 3. is Pomme Grise.
" 4. " do. Rising Sun.
" 5. " November Gage.
I would wish that Messrs. Winships, Manning,
and Kenrick, should each have a portion of the
scions, if they desire it. Your most obedient ser-
vant, Henry Corse,
Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn.
A valuable present of seeds has been received
from the London Horticultural Society, accompa-
nied by the following note : —
London, Mov. 9, 1833.
Sir — This is merely to advise you of a parcel of
seeds from the horticultural society of London to
your society, which I send by Capt. Brown. The
Society here will feel grateful for any thing new
which you may have to send in exchange. I am.
Dear Sir, yours respectfully, Petty Vauohan.
Gen. Dearborn, Boston.
* 1 put in grafts, tor experiment, and with tuccesi, in July
and August, as late as the 22d.
Resolved, That the thanks ofthe society be tender-
ed to David Porter, Esq. Charge D'Affaii-s of the
U. S. at the Ottoman Porte,— Mr. J. Fay, of the City
of Washington, and Alexander Walsh, Esq. of New
York ; Col. T. H. Perkins of Boston ; Henry Corse,
Esq. of Montreal, and the London Hor. Soc. for
their valuable presents of seeds and scions, and to
J. Porter for the pamphlets on the use of Soda
and Lime.
Resolved, That the seeds be placed in charge of
the Gardener at Mount Auburn, for cultivation.
I am happy to announce to the Society, that the
plan of the Experimental Garden at Mount Au-
burn, is in progress, and will soon be carried com-
pletely into effect. Mr. Hagerston, the gardener,
moved into the cottage early in the last month,
and with two laborers has been constantly and
most industriously employed, in setting out over
one thousand and three hundred forest, ornamental,
and fruit trees, planting culinary vegetables, and
preparing hot beds for receiving a great variety of
plants which are intended to be distributed over
the various compartments of the Garden, and on
borders of the avenues and paths. Among the
seeds planted are four hundred and fifty varieties
which have been sent to the society from Europe
Asia, and South America. A poiter has been en-
gaged who has charge of the main gate way, and
who being a skilful practical Gardener, will aid in
the labors of cultivation in the grounds of the
establishment.
Many tombs are about being built in the Cem-
etary, and a general disposition has been
evinced, by the proprietors of lots, to prepare
them for the reception of trees and ornamental
plants, and for being enclosed with palings or oth-
er appropriate iron fences.
The whole establishment is in a most flourish-
irg condition, and continues to receive the most
eucouragmg attention and patronage.
Cemeteries, like that of Mount Auburn, will soon
Ije established in the vicinity of all large cities.
A very magnificent one has been commenced near
London, on which over $170,000 has been ex-
pended, for Uie land, enclosures and appropriate
edifices. At Liverpool and Glasgow meaaures
Remainder on page 358.
356
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAT 23, 1833.
From the Guiesfc FBrmc:
IRR.IGATI01V.
The advantages of irrigating land, especially
grass land, are not unknown ; still it is ^ cry gener-
ally neglected. Jlost farmers know the bcnetit of
turning the water from the road side upon their
mowing lots, and yet they will sufierthe permanent
streams that run through their farms to jnn-sue
their natural courses, without ever diverting one
drop into artificial channels to fertilize and enrich
their fields. True, that in a country as level as
western New York, much less advantage can be
taken of streams, than in a country abounding in
hills. Yet there are hundreds of farms in Monroe
county, that might be greatly improved by judi-
ciously diverting the streams from their accustomed
courses, and hundreds of tons of hay might be ad-
ded, with very little expense to the annual crop.
In the hilly country of Vermont, I owned a
farm, over which I carried the water of a small
stream in artificial channels, more lliau a mile.
Lands that did not yield half a ton to an acre,
were thus made at .once to yield two tons ; by
which means I added to my crop six or eight tons.
A little experience taught me that I could carry
water where I had not the least suspicion it could
be carried. Every stream that runs with any ra-
pidity, may be used for this purpose.
For the benefit offarmers, I will state my meth-
od of procedure. 1 first selected the place at
which I thought best to take the water from the
stream. Here I made a dam sufiiciently liigh to
conduct the water into a channel ou the bank.
The dam may he made of wood or stone, as is
most convenient, but stone are best, as they are
most durable, and less liable to be washed away.
I then drew two furrows with a plough, turning the
sod down toward the stream, and pulling the sods
of the second furrow upon the top of the first.
This will make a channel sutficiently large for or-
dinary purposes, where you do not wish to carry
the stream to any great distance.
These channels should he drawn as nearly level
as they can he, and give a current to the water.
Most farmers draw them merely byjudgment, and
of course very inaccurately. I had an instrument,
to which was attached a spirit level, so that 1
could lay them with great accuracy.
But any farmer can make an instrument in fif-
teen minutes, that will answer the purpose very
well. Take a piece of plank five or six inches
square, through this bore a hole to receive a staff
about three feet long, sharpened at the lower end,
to stick into the ground. This is used as a stand-
ai-d, on which you must lay a smooth planed board
about a foot square. The method of using it is
tliis : place your standard below your intended
Oftnal, so that the top will be level with your dam,
or the place where you design to take the water
from the stream. Then turn w'ater upon the top
of your board, and so adjust it as to bring it to a
level, or a little descending in the direction that
you wish to draw your channel. Then with your
-eye look across the top of your board, and see
where it strikes the ground. Here place a boy
with a hoe to make a mark in the sod ; and let him
•go on and make those marks as you direct, once
in a rod, and oftener if the ground be very uneven.
Thus go through the whole extent that you wish
to make your channel.
Then with your plough draw your furrows
through these marks, being very careful not to fall
below them, or go above them. A little care in
drawing the furrows will save much labor in mak-
ing the channels. If not drawn with accuracy, it
will be necessary to sink the channels in some
jjlaces, and to raise the banks in others.
From these channels the water will percolate,
and fill the ground below them ; and you may, in
as many places as you see fit, let it overflow the
bank and spread ou the surface. A better way is
to set boards in the bank, with an augur hole for
the water to flow through it in such quantity as
you may wish.
Even small streams, that fail early in the sum-
mer, may be of great use, because if the ground
he well saturated with water in the spring, it will
give the grass a start, and if it he well watered on
the first of .Tune, it will not suffer from drought
befofe the crop is matui-ed.
On the subject of .irrigation, I have learned
much by experience, and am so confident that
thousands of dollars might be added to the annual
produce of our fields, that 1 fell desirous to see this
improvement in husbandry more generally intro-
duced. Any thing that I can do to aid my fellow
citizens in such imi)rovements, would give me
pleasure. E. D. Andrews.
PiUsford, Marnh 20, 1833.
I Fan
From Ihc A
VSEWVl. TABLE.
The niunber of plants which may be planted on
an acre — 160 rods or poles — 4840 yards — 43,560
feet, is as follows : —
Ft, apart. JVw. plants. Ft, apart, J^o, plants,
1 - - 43,oti0 U - - 360
li - - 19,3fi0 12 - - - 302
2 - - 10.890 J3 - - 2J7
^ .- - 6,9G9 a . . . 22'2
3 - - 4,S40 13 - - 193
3* - - 3.55G 16 . . . 170
4 - - 2.722 17 - - 150
4i - - 2,151 13 - - - 131.
5 - - 1,742 19 - - 120
li - - - 1,210 20 - - - 108
7 - - 889 25 - - 69
S - - - 680 30 - - - 48
9 - - 537 35 - - 35
10 - -- 435 40 - - - 27
From the N. V. Farmir^ajid Ameri. Gardner^s Mtigaziiw.
Absoi-btnt properties of Potash, — Ploughing in
Dry Weather. By R. M. W.
Mr. Fleet, — I am not quite done with the sub-
ject of ploughing and hoeing in dry weather.^ —
From the remarks made on Potash, vol. 5, page
321, of the Farmer, two things may be inferred;
1st, that it lakes •fourteen pounds of water to dis.
solve one pound of potash, and consequently that
it will take 7000 pounds of water to dissolve an
ordinary barrel of oOO yjounds of potash. This is
the least quantity of water in which a barrel of
potash can be dissolved. Many years ago, a boat
was loaded on Cayuga lake with 56 barrels of ])ot-
asli. On the Oneida lake they meet with a equall,
were driven ashore and sunk. The potash bar-
rels being leaky, and remaining in the water from
half an hour to an hour and a half, took in as
much water as they would contain. This water
swelled the barrels so that they became tight. In
this situation the captain procured two potash ket-
tles with tubs, wood and other articles, with a
view of dissolving, boiling down, and melting the
whole of the 56 barrels. The circumstances being
mentioned to me, I observed that the boiling
would be unnecessary, as the potash in the barrels
would soon absorb all the water, which could not
exceed ten gallons to the barrel, and the potash
would pass inspection without melting over, and
consequently save the expense of boiling, melting,
&c. The ten gallons of water cmikl not weigh
over ninety pounds, where as it would take seven
thousand pounds to dissolve it. The experiment
was tried and the potash was sent to market for
inspection, and was sold as first sort, so that the ex-
pense of boiling away 392,000 pounds of water,
and all the other expenses of such an undertaking,
were saved.
From this it will appear that it is not altogether
useless to know how many pounds of water will
dissolve one pound of potash. The atnmsphere
holds much moisture, or water dissolved in calo-
ric, as is evident from the circumstance mentioned
page 321, vol. 5, of the Faimer. Another exper-
iment will serve to demonstrate the sanje fact.
Take a tumbler, fill it with cold water, set it ou a
table in warm weather, and in a few minutes the
tumbh-r will be covered with a dew. Thisexper-
iniejit is easily tried, and the rationale I take to be
as follows: — Caloric always seeks an equilibrium ;
it passes through the tumbler, and combines with
the cold water until the water is brought to the
tenq)erature of the air. The water held in solu-
tion is deposited on the outsitle of the tundder,
and this circumstance will occur in the driest
weather. It w'ould seem then demonstrated, that
the titmosphere holds in solution much moisture,
ami though invisible to us it is still large in quan-
tity. Now let us apply this doctrine to j)loughing
and hoeing in dry weather. Where land is left
unploughcd, unhoed, and covered with grass and
weeds, the crops ai'e seen to dwindle; stir the
ground, and they speedily revive. Uy ploughing
and hoeing, the grass and weeds are destroyed, and
the earth becomes a powerful absorbent, drawing
the moisture of the atmosphere into the neighbor-
hood of the plants. The capillary vessels of plants
seize this moisture ; it reaches the roots and sus-
tains them in a flourishiug conditiou, even in the
driest weatlier. The moment this moisture is
condensed, it can no longer enter the capillary
vessels of plants. This probably carries with it
much food, and is every way necessary to the well
being of the plants ; so I think, and remain yours,
&c. U. M. W.
Middlesex, Feb. 15, 1833.
INTERESTING EXPERIMENTS.
I.N the .lanuary number of Silliman's Journal,
in an article translated from the Bibliothique Uni-
verselle, is given the results of some exjieriments
performed by the celebrated agriculturist De Dok-
BASLE for determining tlie relative nutritive value
of the aliments of sheep and cattle. An abstract
of the article is here given.
Forty-nine sheep were divided into seven lots,
of seven sheep each, in such a manner that the
total weight of each lot should be, as nearly as
possible, c(pi,d to each of the rest. Each lot was
kept in a separate division of the stable, the food
was given to each lot in rations of equal weight,
and by means of scales, the total weight of each
lot was taken once a week, and the experiment
was. continued five weeks. The weight of each
lot was four hundred and thirty-six pounds.
The substances subjected to examination were,
1. Dry lucern. 2. Oil cake from flax-seed. 3.
Oats and barley. 4. Crude potatoes. 5. Cooked
potatoes. 6. Beets. 7. Carrots.
One of the seven lots was fed exclusively on
dry kicern, of which fifteen pounds were found to
be a proper ration of one sheep per week. Each
of the six others received just half the quantity of
VOIi. XI. NO. 45.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL
357
lucern, or seven and a half ])oiinds, and the re-
mainder of the ration consisted of such a portion of
the other alime'itary substances, as was found suf-
ficient by a careful weigbiii^^ during the five weeks,
to keep each lot in the same healtliy condition.
Of these substances, the following quantities wera
found to he equivalent in nutritive value to the
half ration of lucern: — Oilcake, 4.V lbs.; Barley,
3^ do ; Oats, 5 do ; Crude potatoes, 14 do ; Cook-
ed potatoes, 13 do; Beets, 16 do ; Carrots, 23 do.
The quantity of water drunk by each lot of
slieep, measured by a guaged trough, during the
five weeks, was as follows, showing the relative
degree of thirst occasioned by tlie diti'crent ali-
ments:— 1st lot, 223 quarts; 2d lot, 189 do.; 3d
lot, 1(J4 do. ; 4th lot, 123 do.; 5th lot, 108 do.
(Jth lot, 95 do.; 7th lot, 36 do.
From llie Montkhj Magazine.
HBM1.0CK: AND HENBANE:.
The base of Hemlock is an organic salt whicli
opens an entirely novel series of these highly .in-
teresting'organic substances, for it is volatile, and
similar to a volatile oil. The pecidiar qualities of
this substance, both intrinsically and when brought
into combination with acids, its rapidly changeable
character, and the brilliant play of colors which it
eihibits whilst undergoing change, render it one
of the most interesting productions in organic
chemistry. Its poison is of the deadliest descrip-.
tion. The smallest quantity, applied inwardly,
produces paralysis; and one or two grains are suf-
ficient to kill the largest animal. Another of Pro-
fessor Geiger's late discoveries is the active princi-
ple of henbane (a<ro/iin ;) its base is likewise an
organic salt, but it is tenacious, admits of being re-
duced to a crystal, forms a crystalline salt with
acids, like hemlock, and has a disagreeable smell,
though it is not volatile, unless it be subjected to
decomposition. Its poison is quite as deadly as
tliat of the former, but exhibits dissimilar appear-
ances, and is not so rapid in its effects. Animals
where even a minute dose is administered, become
languid, cannot stand upon their legs, are attacked
by convulsions, and die within si.x hours. The
elfects of this poison in dilating the pupil of the
eye is extremely remarkable. The minutest por-
tion of it, when api)lied to the eye of a cat, pro-
duces a dilation of the pupil for the next four
and twenty hours ; and the hundredth part of a
grain prolongs the appearance for the next seven
or eight days, besides inducting other singular
symptous of poisoning.
The Chinese Method of propagating Fruit Trees
by abscission. The Cliinese, instead of raisin^
ti'uit trees from seeds, or from grafts, as is the
custom in Europe, have adopted the following
method of increasing them: —
They select a tree of that species which they
wish to propagate, and fix upon such a branch as
will least injure or disfigure the tree by its re-
moval. Round the branch, and as near as they
can conveniently to its junction with the trunk,
they wind a rope, made of straw, besmeared with
cow-dung until a ball is formed, five or six times
the diameter of the branch. This is intended as
a bed into wliich the young roots may shoot.
Having performed this part of the operation, they
immediately, under the ball, divide the bark down
to the wood for nearly two-thirds of tlie circum-
ference of the branch. A cocoa nut shell, or small
pot is then hung over the ball, with a hole in its
bottom £0 small thai water put into it will fall on-
ly in drops. By this the rope is kept continually
moist. During three succeeding weeks nothing
fiu-ther is required, except to supply the vessel
with water, ^t the expiration of that period one
third of the remaining bark is cutoff', and the
former incision is carried considerably deeper into
the wood, as by this time it is expected that some
roots have struck into the rope, and are giving
their assistance in sujjport of the branch.
After a similar period the operation is repeated,
and, in about two months from the commencement
of the process, the roots may generally be seen in-
tersecting each other on the surface of the ball,
uhich is a sign that they are sufliciently advanced
to admit of the separation of the branch from the
tree. This is best done by sawing it oft'at the in-
cision. Care must be taken that the rope, which
iiy this time is nearly rotten, is not .shaken by the
njotion. Tlie branch is then jilanled as a young
tree.
PLEASANT AND USEPUI,.
Some people are in the habit of thinking that
nothing can be pleasant, that is of use. This is a
very mistaken idea, for to a rightly cultivated mind,
the pleasure arising from any object, would bear
some proportion to the useiulness of that object.
In fine, we should strive to make every thing we
engage in, however trivial, Vi'hether forrela.xation,
or for the diversion of disagreeable feeling, as ben-
eficial to ourselves as possible. This principle
should be acted upon in all our arrangements If,
for instance, trees are to be planted by the road-
side, to give beauty to the prospect, and shade to
the traveller, those trees might be of great use if
they were properly chosen. In some places in
Europe, thousands of poor people are supported
by the culture of silk, the worms being fed from
public trees. Now if our roads were shaded by
inull)erry treesy the traveller would receive all the
benefits that could be derived from trees of any
sort, and the condition of hundreds of poor people
would be rendered comfortable. By a little atten.-
tioii to this principle, of rendering every thing as
useful as possible, our happiness here would be
greatly increased. A gentleman who died at Am-
sterdam some years since, struck with the correct-
ness of this principle, bequeathed two thousand
florins to a benevolent society, ore condition, that
two fruit trees of full growth, should be i)lanted
over his grave, the fruit to be publicly sold by auc-
tion every year, in order to prove, that even the
receptacles of the dead may be rendered beneficial
to the living. — Family Lyceum.
it ripens so soon that the frost ii- the fall is not ca-
pable of injuring it, whilst on the contrary, cora
which is plante<! late, though it grows luxuriantly,
is generally so backward tint the early frosts in-
jure those ears which are not fully ripe, and thus
prevent their coming to maturity. Corn planted
late is generally found to be interspersed with soft
corn, much of it moulded, greatly injurin" the
sound corn which is mixed with it, while corn
which is planted early is found to be sound and
much more valuable. Land that is planted early
produces nujch more corn.
A neighbor of mine once planted a piece of
corn very late, on plain sandy land, being about
the time a neighbor of his was hoeing a piece of
corn situated at the side of it, for the first time.
By the time the former was hilled, the latter -was
tassled and in the blow. They were both treated
in nearly the same maimer..— gypsimi being used
on both pieces; but harvesting told the consequen-
ces of late planting, — for while the late planted
corn yielded scarcely ten bushels per acre, the
earlier planted corn yielded about twenty-five !
As Indian corn is a very important production of
our country, it ought not to be neglected. The
above makes good the old maxim, '■If you cheat the
crop it will cheat you.' — JVorthampton Courier.
EARL.Y PLANTING.
A coRREsi>oNDENT, who evidently knows a thing
or two, writes us on the subject of early planting,
sensil)ly as follows : — "Perhaps there is nothing so
deleterious to the growth of corn as late planting.
In Farmer's cribs, when they clear them out in
the spring to thresh it, the soft and mouldy corn
too often testify negligence in planting in proper
season. Corn ought always to be planted as soon
as the ground is warm enough to produce fermen-
tation, which always precedes the germination of
the seed, and which in loamy or sandy laud, is
early in May. Corn planted at this season though,
it does not grow so fast at first as that which is
planted later, yet the radicals are shooting into the
earth and preparing to nourish plumula or stem,
thus facilitating more rapid growth. It makes it
much earlier than that which is planted later, and
From the Manjland Republican,
Mr. Hughes: — Having been so frequently ap-
plied to for the following receipt, until it has be-
come troublesome to give copies of it, I request
you to publish it. James Boyle.
To make Paint ivithout Jfldtelead and Oil.
2 quarts skimed milk.
2 ounces fresh slacked lime.
5 pounds of whiting.
Put the lime itrto a stone ware vessel, pour up-
on it a sufficient quantity of milk to make a mixture
resembling cream ; the remainder of the milk
is then added ; and lastly, the whiting is to be
crumbled and spread on the surface of the fluid,
in which it gradually sinks. At this period it must
be well stirred in, or ground as you would other
paint, and it is fit for use. There may be added
any coloring matter that suits the fancy.
It is to be applied in the same manner as other
paint, and in a few hours it will become perfectly
dry. Another coat may then be added, and so on
until the work is completed. This paint is of
great tenacity and possesses a slight elasticity
which enables it to bear hard rubbing even with a.
coarse woolen cloth, without being in the least de-
gree injiu-ed. It has little or no smell when wet,
and when dry is perfectly inodorous. It is not
subject to be blackened by sulphurous or animal
vapors, and is not injurious to health. All which
qualities give it a decided advantage over white-
lead.
The quantity above mentioned is sufficient for
covering twenty-seven square yards with one cont-
Drinkfor Horses. Some of the Inkeepers on the
western road have adopted the practice, recommen-
ded by a member of the Bath Agricultural Society,
of boiling the corn given to horses, and giving
tliem the water to drink. It is most satisfactorily
ascertained that three bushels of oats, barley, &c.
so prepared, will keep the horses in better condi-
tion for working than doubl« the quantity in a crude
state.
3o8
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAY 23, 1S33.
liave been adopted, for emulating the metropolis
of Great Britau. In Germany seveial rural Cem-
eteries have been projected, and wc hear that cit-
izens of New York, are determined to follow these
examples. H. A. S. Dearborn, President.
Brindky Place, May U, 1833.
The standing committee on fruits and fruit trees,
respectfully propose the following premiums for
the year 1833, viz.: —
For the best apples, not less than two dozen, a
premium of $4. For the best Summer Pears, not
less than one dozen, $4. For the best Autumn
Pears, not less than one dozen, $4.
For the best native Pears, $4. do. Peaches, .$4.
do. Apricots, $-i. do. Nectarines, $4. do. Plums,
$2. do. Cherries, one quart, §2. do. Native, do.
do. 82.
For the best Foreign Grapes, cultivated under
glass, not less than three clusters, S5. For the
hest Foreign Grapes, cultivated in open ground,
not less than three clusters, $5. For the best
Foreign Grapes by girdling, not less than three
clusters, $5. For the best Native Grapes, not less
than three clusters, $3. For the best Seedling
Grapes, to be presented by the grower of the same,
not less than three clusters, $5. For the best
Gooseberries not less than one quart, 82. do.
Strawberries, do. $2. do. Raspberries, do. 82.
For tJie best Quinces, not less than one doz. $2.
For the best method of cultivating foreign grapes
in open ground, which shall be superior to any
other now practised in this country, with reference
to planting, training, shelter, &c. and for a length
of trellis to be exhibited, not less than thirty feet,
$20.
The Committee will be at the hall of the Socie-
ty on Saturday of each week, during the season of
fruits, from ten to twelve o'clock, to inspect such
specimens as may be offered; those fruits for
which a premium is claimed must be so designa-
ted, otherwise they will be considered as oflered
for exliibition oidy.
Per order, E. VosE, Chairman.
Exhibition of flowers at the Horticultural rooms
on Saturday, May 18th.
From Mr. Thomas JIason, Charlestown Vine-
yard, Tulips, Ranuncus, and Anemones.
From Mr. P. B. Ilovey, Tulips.
From Mr. S. Walker, Dorchester, the following
Tulips : Grandeur Touchant, Oleander Magels,
Ponciau Sans Panel], Fair Ellen, Made Partout,
Incomparable Grand Cid, Gloria Mundi, Gabers
King, Grandeur Superb, Prince Regent, Lychnis,
Viola Granditlora, &c.
Mr. John A. Kenrick, Spires hypericifolia, He-
lesia tetraptera. Magnolia obovata, Azalia nudiflo-
ra. Viburnum lantana, Ilycosteum tartaricum.
Messrs. Winship, many varieties.
Per Order, J. Winship, Ch.
A bottle of Wine made from native Grape, was
presented by Dr. Williams of Cambridgeport. The
wine which was six years old, was made by Mr.
Elisha Blake of Westborough is yet on the lees,
and not yet entirely ripe.
From the Com. on the Culture and products of
the Kitchen Garden. Daniel Chandler.
Vegetables. — A fine specimen of Tart Rhu-
barb, blanched by Dr. J. W. Webster.
Fine Asparagus from J. Walker, Roxbury ; also
from D. Chandler of Lexington, some of which
measured 3 1-2 inches in circumference.
Baron Ottenfels, Austrian Minister at the Ot-
toman Porte was elected an honorary member; and
Charles Hay ward of Boston a subscription member.
High Cranberry Bushes not wanted. We
have received a package of High Cranberry Bush-
es from a good friend to whom we are much oblig-
ed for his kindness. But the shrub is very com-
mon in many parts of Massachusetts; and is con-
sidered as rather an incumbrance than a thing to be
coveted or cultivated. Perhaps, when its medical
virtues (and other good projjerties, if it has any,)
are found out, it may be deemed worthy a place
in our gardens but it is too common, and in too lit-
tle esteem, to command any price at present, iu
seed stores, nurs.-^ries, &c.
From the Genfsee Farmtr.
QUINCE TREES.
Messrs. Editors, — In the 1st vol. page 380,
of the Genesee Farmer, I noticed an article on the
subject of injury, and final destruction, of Quince
trees by worms. For the benefit of your corres-
pondent and all others concerned in cultivating the
Quince,! will give the result of actual experiment.
In the spring of 1823, I procured some trees of
the Orange or Apple Quince, and set them in rather
moist, rich soil. They all lived, and as they were
of a good size, soon commenced bearing. I saw
an article in some work, recommending coal dust,
or the dirt from the bottom of a coal pit, to be put
around Quince trees. I tried the experiment, and
it succeeded equal to my most sanguine expecta-
tions. While my trees were doing well, a neigh-
bor suggested thejjlan of manuring trees, and (like
the man who was well, but took medicine to be
better,) I manured my trees, but not long after
discovered worms or grubs in them, near the top
of the ground, and in cutting them out, injured
the trees so much that they all died but one, and
that is a poor sickly one.
The next year, 1824, I set other Quinces of the
same sort, and have kept the coal dust around them
altogether, and the result is, the trees are uncom-
monly thrifty, good bearers, produce very large
and fair fruit, and I have seen no appearance of
the grub. My plan is to renew the dirt, say once
in two years, first scraping away the old dirt, and
putting on a bushel or two of fresh.
Yours, &LC. C. OF Starket.
From the Kennebec Farmer.
Mr. Holmes. — This communication is made
for the encouragement of Farmers, and the ad-
vancement of the Agricultural interest, of our
State. Josiah Richardson, Esq. of this town has
raised the last season, on a small piece of ground
at the rate of eight hundred bushels of Ruta Baga
to the acre (after being closely cut) but as the
ground on which they were raised was not suffi-
ciently large to obtain a premium, he did not pre-
sent a claim for that purpose to the Agricultural
Society. The same person, a few years since rais-
ed from a small piece of adjoining land, at the
rate of two thousand one hundred and odd bush-
els of carrots to the acre. The Ruta Baga were
raised on land turned over in May which had
never before been ploughed. They were sowed
the 22d day of June, and when harvested, some
measured two feet five and half inches in circum-
ference. A Friend to Farmers.
Monmouth, Feb. 4 1832.
From the A?>ierican Centine!.
INCOMBCSTABI.E WASH &, STUCCO AVHITE
WASH.
The gentleman who furnished the following,
assures us that the receipt is what it purports to
be — and that he believes it to be a very valuable
one.
The l)asis for both is lime, which ujust be first
slacked with hot water, irt a small tub or piggin,
and covered to keep in the steam ; it then should
be passed, iu a fluid form, through a fine sieve, to
obtain the flour of the lime. It must be put on
with a Painter's Brush — two coats are best for out-
side work.
First, to make a fluid for the roof, and other
parts of wooden houses, to' render them incombus-
tible, and a coating for brick tile, stone work and
rough cast, to render tliem impervious to the wa-
ter, and give them a durable and handsome appear-
ance. The proportions in each receipt, are five
gallons. Slack your lime, as before directed, say
six quarts, in which put 1 quart of clean rock salt,
for each gallon of water, to be entirely dissolved
by boiling, and skimmed clean, then add to the 5
gallons, 1 lb. of alum, ^ lb. copperas, J lb. potash
— the last, to be gradually added ; 2 qts. of fine
sand or hard wood a.shes must also be added ; any
coloring matter may now bo mixed, in such quan-
tity as to give it the reiiuisite shade. It will look
better than paint, and be as lasting as slate. It
must be put on hot. Old shingles must be first
cleaned with a stift" broom, when this may be ap-
plied. It will stop the small leaks — prevent moss
from growing — render them incombustible, and
last many years.
Second. To make a brilliant Stucco white-wash,
for all buildings inside and out. Take clean lumps
of well burnt stone lime — slack the same as be-
fore ; add J lb. whiting or burnt alum pulverized,
1 lb. loaf, or other sugar, 3 pts. rice flour made in-
to a very thin and well boiled paste, starch, or
jelly, and 1 lb. cleanest glue, dissolved in the samtt
manner as cabinet makers do. This may he ap-
l]lied cold within doors, but warm outside — It will
be more brilliant than Plaster of Paris, and retain
its brilliancy for many years, say from 50 to 10(i.
It is superior, nothing equal. The east end of the
President's House in Washington, is washed with
ITEMS OP IJSTEL.I.IGENCE.
Great Freshet at .ilbuny. In consequence of great
rain, commencing the 10th and ending the 15th inet. a.
flood has taken place at Albany, Troy, &c, which b:i<
done immense damage in those places, and to the Great
Canal, Bridges, Mills, &c. in that part of the country.
Cholera in New Orleans. The New Orleans Courier
of the ^Oth ult. says, " It would be ridiculous to de-
ny that for some days past the number of deaths has
been increasing, and that the greater part e.xpired afler
a few hours sickness ; to speak plainly, they died of the
merciless cholera or if we mistake the character of that
dire disease, the prevailing one is, at least, as fatal in its
effects."
The Cincinnati Gazette states, that there has been an
occasional case of Cholera in that city every week or two
since last October.
Thunikr Shotoer. On the afternoon of the 14th inst.
a storm of wind and rain, accompanied by thunder
and lightning passed, over Northampton, Mass. and its
vicinity. The lightning struck in not less than nine pla-
ces within the compass of eight miles around Northamp-
ton, and probably in many others. The house of Mr.
■VOIi. XI, tiO. 45.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL
359
'John Clark of Northampton received a powerful stroke
but the foraily escaped without injury. At the Factory
Village a tenement was struck with lightning, and an
Eno-lish, woman, mother of six young children almost
instantly killed. A pairof o.xen were unyoked by light-
ning without injury to the animals,
The Small Pox has appeai-ed at Newport, N. H. The
Spectator says tliere are two cases within two miles of
tliat village.
EiVGLl^H nilLiK PANS &.C.
,TU.ST rcc'i'i\'ud from Liverpool at liio agricullural Ware-
house, No. 51 it S2 North Market Street
A lew Doz. English Pateal milk Pans, a very superior arti-
cle for raising Cream to the best advantage.
Likewise a furiher supply of Patent Zinc milk Pans, which
have been liii;lilv approved of the last season.
50 Gaull's I'itcnt Churns, llie best Churn now in use and
highly reininnicnded. A few Philailelphia Barreil Churns.
Sanborn's Improved self operating Cheese Press, the Cheese
is J>ressed by its own wcighL
A few setts Lactomele.- Glasses for proving the quaiity of
milk. J. K. NEWELL.
NEW AMERICAK GARDKNER.
Secfiilh Editifii.
JUST Published and lor sale by Geo. C. Barrett, the seventh
edition of the above truly valuable work. Price gl.
AVERY'S TRIAL.
RUSSELL, ODIORiNE & Co. of this city, have iii press a
Report of Avery's Trial, which will be published as early
as possible alter the verdict is rendered. The Reporter is a
"■entleman of the Boston Bar, who has no interest, either per-
sonal or political, to bias him, in the case, and whose reputation
is ail ample pledge thai the Report will be full, correct, and im-
partial. The Report will include the arguments and pleadings
of counsel, and charge to the Jury, and be accompanied with a
map. Orders from the country dealers and others will be
promptly attended to on liberal terms.
. [[/^Editors of papers who may give publicity to the above,
will have a copy sent them immediately after publication, by
sending a copy of their paper to the publishers. m^2
HAMEWEIil..
The fast trotting horse Hamewell, by Barefoot his dam the
Virginia Mare, will stand for mares at the stable of Admiral
Sir Isaac Coffin, at Brighton, this season at 15 dollars a mare.
This fine animal is now three years old and stands io hctads one
inch high. His color is dark bay, black legs, and well built in
proponion ; his action and speed is equal to that of any other
horse of his age. Good pasturage for mares, and the best of
care will be taken of them. Gentlemen are respectfully invited
to call and see this horse. J. PARKINSON,
m 22 Bnshton.
PATENT CAST STEEL, HAY AND MANURE
FORKS.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 52 & 53,
North Market Street, I doz. of WILLIS' Improved Cast Steel
socket Manure Ibrks, the best article for the ptirpose that has
been made, having a fine spring temper, works free and easy.
1 doz of the best German steel do. do.
Goodyear's Philadelphia manufactory with 4-, 5 & 6
prongs or tines.
■'■ Goodyear's common do. do. do.
'• Perkin's best Shear Steel hay forks, do. do.
*' Cast Steel do. do. do. do.
*' Goodyear's best Philadelphia, do. 2, 3 and 4 tine,
do. commo», do. do.
do. Bov's, do. do.
HARD^VARE.
100 dozen Ames Backstrap Shovels.
do. Large Shovels, from No. i to IJ
do. Cast Steel Polished Shovels.
Plympton Hoes.
Stetson do.
Fales Cast Steel Gooseneckcd Hoc«.
, various other kinds of Hoes.
iOO dozen Manure Forks, comprising an assortment of vari-
ous makers and qualities.
150 dozen Farwell's Scythes.
130 do. Whipple & Hales half set Scvthos, together with
•very description of HARDWARE GOODS, for sale br
LARE & READ, at No. 6, Market Square, near Fanue'il
Hall. m 13
20
do
20
do
100
do
50
do
50
do
Also
. va
ABERDEEN OATS.
JUST Received at Geo. C. Barrett's Seed Store a small
quantity of large Aberdeen Oats, imported from Aberdeen, in
Scotland, a famous oat district.
Beingthe most extraordinary article of the kind, farmers and
others are invited to call aud examine. ra 8
FLOAVER SEEDS.
!00 VARIETIES of very handsome annual, biennial and
perennial Flowkr Seeds, in package! of 20 varieties each,
tor sale at the New England Sead Slorg. Pric» $\ per pack-
age. 6i cts. per paper. m 13
THE FULL BLOODED HORSE SPORTSMAN.
THE Subscriber informs the public that the above named
horse will stand at his stable the ensuing season, — terms )?20
the season, which may be settled for gl5 on or before the lirst
of September next. Insurance as may be agreed between the
parties. The slock of this horse are unusually promising and
will not sufliDr (to say the least) by comparison with the get of
any horse that has stood in this section tor many years, and he
is 'therefore recommended to the public with confidence by
their obedient servant, S. JAQUES.
10 Hills Stock Farm, Charlcstown. 2.^ miles from Boston.
Reference is made to Thomas Williams, Esq, of Chelsea,
who has colts of Sportsman's get. ihiJ
NOTICE.
FOR Sale at the Agricultural Wareluiuse, No. 51 &, 52,
North Market Street, Willis's Improved Brass Syringes for
using wash as a remedy against mildew on grapes.
Just received a furthei: supply of Gault's patent churns,
ikewise a few of Sanborn's Improved self regulating cheese
presses, milk strainers, stone and zinc milk pans, cheese
cloths, &c. nil5
GREAT SALE OP AVOOL
On Thursday the 23rf inst. at 10 o'clock, at Quincy Halt.
600 bales of American Fleece Wool, comprising the variouis
ades from quarter to full blooded Merino.
100 bales " Saxony do.
30 *' superior Foreign ^' do.
GO " No. 2, pulled Lambs do.
No. 1, " do. do.
superfine ilo. ■ do.
Spanish Sheep do.
'' Ijambs do.
Smyrna do.
Buenos Ayres do.
Russian do.
Goats Hair.
Catalogues will be ready and the wool may be examined the
day before the sale. As the above Includes nearly all the wool
in New England which can come to market previous to the
next clip, and as the sale will be positive, it will atlbrd a desi-
rable opportunity for manufacturers to supply themselves.
May 8 COOLIDGE iV HASKELL, AucVrs.
200
100
75
100
75
20
BROOK'S PATENT DOMEST SILK SPINNER
AND TVk'lSTER.
FOR Sale, at the Agricultural Warehouse, 51 & 52 North
Market Street, Brooks's new invented Silk Reeling, Doubling
and Twisting Machine. This machine is very plam and simple
in its construction, is foimd on trial to be the most perfect aud
easy operating Machine that has been invented, to efl'ect both
processes of doubling and twisting at one operation, which is
done well with great despatch, and is no way liable to gel out
of order. It may be worked by any girl of common capacity of
52 or 15 years of age.
Specimens of ihe work may be seen at the above place.
J. R. NEWELL, Agent to the Patentee.
THE BLOOD HORSE SPORTSMAN.
THE Subscriber takes this early opportunity to inform the
public that the above-named Horse will stand the ensuing sea-
son at the Ten Hills South Farm, two and a half miles from
Boston. — He has been induced to give this early notice for the
two-fold reason, that the get of this horse promises much to-
wards the improvement of the breed of that noble animal, and
also to give the public an opportunity to avail themselves of his
services. ^ '
tiarch 13th, 1833.
SAMUEL JAQUES.
MANUR'E AND HAY PORKS,
FOR SALE, at the Agricultural Ware House, No. 51 and
52, North Market street,
20 doz. Willis' Patent socket and strap, cast steel manure
Forks,
50 doz. do. do. German steel do. do.
100 " Goodyear's 4, 5 and 6 prong do. do.
100 " Corainon do. do. do.
50 " Simmons' shear steel Hay Forks,
100 " Goodyear's German do. do.
60 " Common do. do. do.
.'iO •■' Three prong do. do. do.
50 " Bay do. do. do.
m 5 J. R. NEWELL.
SEEDS FOR COUNTRY DE.iVLERS.
TR.VDERS in the country, who may wi-h to keep an as
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are informed Uiey
can be furnished at the New England Farmer office, Nos. 51
& 52, North Market street, Boston, witli boxes containing a
complete assortment of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen
garden on as favorable terms as they can be procured in this
country, neatly done up in small papers, at fi cents each^war-
rantcd to be of the growth of 1832, and of the rerijjirst qualitv.
Ornamental Flower Seeos will be added on tlie same
l,irms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early and
Sweet Corn, &c, of different sorts.
Oj' The seeds vended at this establishment, are pnt up on an
improved plan, each package being accompanied with short
directions on its manaffemeiits.and packed in the neatest styl«
Traders are requested to call and examuie for themselves.
Dec. 24.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russetts,
baldwins, '
Beans, while, "
Beef, mess '
prime, *
Cargo, No. 1 •
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, •
four meal, •
skimmed milk, . . . •
Feathers, northern, geese, . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
F'lour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . ■
Ale
ndria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
HoNEy,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, ist sort
Southern. 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
•* upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . ,
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra c4ear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried, .
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
^ r Pulled superfine,
^~6 I 1st Lambs, . . .
Z I Isl Spuming, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
barrel
3 00
"
3 00
bushel
1 00
barrel
11 50
■'
6 76
*'
8 50
pound
14
8
5
"
3
"
38
"
35
9
bushel
1 25
barrel
5 87
"
6 00
,.
5 62
bushel
75
"
72
''
82
"
60
"
45
ton
12 0(J
gallon
40
pound
28
pound
9
.-.
18
lb.
21
pound
IG
lb.
20
pound
24
tc
23
cask
1 20
ton
3 00
bushel
25
barrel
18 00
13 00
ti
none
bushel
2 25
"
87
pound
12
cwt
10 00
pound
60
"
*i
60
"
48
<t
42
II
40
II
60
II
62
<■
37
'*
28
45
PROVISION MARKET
RETAIL PRICES.
Ham«, nortliern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
iuuip, best, ....
Eggs,
Potatoes, common, . .
Cider, (accofdinef to quality.'
pound
'\
u
7
{1
10
n
15
w
19
dozen
16
bushel
35
barrel
• od
3 25
1 50
12 t;o
7 00
G 75
15
10
1 30
t; 00
G 12
14 00
50
25
1 25
3 25
30
19 00
13 50
2 50
1 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, May 20, 1833.
Reported for tho Daily Adrortiser and Pltriot.
At Market this day 288 Beef Cattle, (including 19 unsold last
week) 11 pairs Working Oxen, 12 Cows and Calve^, About
55 Beef Cattle remain unsold, all of which are prime Catde.
Price.i. Beef Cattle.— ^o particular variation from last
week in prices as a whole. We noticed an extraordinary fine
tliree vear old Heifi-r, fed by Col. Dexter Fay, ol Southborongh,
which' was taken bv Messrs. Brackens, of Newton, for ^76,
warranted lo weighj 1000 lbs. ; we also noticed one or two
or two yokv taken at ,!J7,25. We quote extra at g6,75 a 7^;
good a't 5(5,25 a C,SO; thin at 55,50 a 7.
iror/irm^Ojfcn.-Dull ; a few salfs only $48, g55, g60, and
Coios and Calves.— We noticed tales at 17, 22, tSi, and
S'25.
Sheep and Swine. — None at market.
GRAPE VINES.
The subscriber has for sale a few superior Isabella Vmcs,
that have been laid by the beds for a few weeks, and can be
nianled out with perfect safety any time within ten days. Ap-
ply at 7 1-2, Congress Street, ZEB. COOK, Jr.
m8
360
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
MAY 33, 1S33.
MISCELLANY.
The depravity of man, and (he cndcarins; coiislancy of
' female love, are here most vividly — most inimmitably depiclcd,
by Dr. Pekcival.
He comes not — I have watchM the moon go down,
But 3'et he comes not — once it was not so.
He thinks npt how these bitter tears do flow,
The while he holds his riot ifi lliat town.
Yet he will come, and chide and I shall weep ;
And he will wake my infant from its sleep.
To blend its feelile wailing with my tears.
O! how I love a mother's watch to keep
Over those sleeping eyes, that smile, which cheers
jVFy heart, though sunk in sorrow, fix'd and deep,
I had a husband once, who lov'd me — now
He ever wears a frown upon his brow,
And feeds his passion on a wanton's lif*.
As bees, from laurel flowers a poison sip ;
But yet I cannot hate — O ! there were hours.
When I could hang forever on his eye,
And time, who stole with silent swiftness b}'.
Strewed, as he hurricrl on, his path with flowers.
T lov'd him then. — he lov'd me too— my heart
Still finds its fondness kindle, if he smiles >
The memory of his love will ne'er depart j
And though he often slung me with a darl,
Venom'd and barb'd, and wastes upon the vile
Caresses, which his babe and mine should share ;
Though he should spurn me, I will calmly bear
His madness — and should sickness come, and lay
Its paralyzing hand upoii him, then
I w^ould with kindness all my wrongs repay,
Until the penitent should weep and say,
How injured and how faithful I had been.
PRINCE POTEMKIJV.
Prince Poterakin, who was rui.scd to thn high-
est dignity by the favour of the Empress Catherine,
was ignorant at tlie comniencciriont of liis minis-
try of the first elemeuts of the art of war, and }iad
r\ot the least notion even of the different ranks
in military system. A French officer who had
served in Russia with the rank of Captain, having
distinguished himself thought that iic was entitled
to some military promotion ; and presiited a petition
to the Prince in which he solicited as a recom-
pense for his services, the Brevet of Lieut. Colonel.
The Prince separating in his mind the two titles,
conceived that the Captain was asking a double
favour, and fancied that he had discovered the
sure way of doing him justice, and at the same
time of punishing his presumptuous ambition by
granting to him the one of his two recpiests, which
being placed last the Prince supposed to bo the infe-
rior. He therefore ordered him to be called before
him, received him with great hauteur, told him that
her Imperial Majesty had been surprised at the in-
discretion of the double dem.ind, and never con-
ferred two favours at once ; that if one of her own
subjects had dared to present such a petition, .he
would instantly have been cashiered ; but that re
garding him as a stranger who might be unac
quaintedwith tlie usages of the Empire and more
oyer, being well satisfied witli his conduct, she
did not wish to withhold her favours ; that Iiow
ever, she only granted him for the present the
Brevet of Colonel, and that it remained with h
in future to merit that of Lieutenant.
PROPER RESENTMENT.
Farmer TiDD and Farmer Gruff were near
neighbors. The former was a kind hearted, even
tempered old codger, and all his affiiirs went
on smoothly. The latter as his name indi-
cates, possessed an irascible disposition, and often
attempted to wrangle with his worthy neighbor.
One day Tidd's cow got into Gruft''s corn field ;
Gruft' procured a large ctidgel, and went into his
enclosure and gave her a severe pounding. Poor
old Brummie leaped the bars, shaking her head
and making a wonderful display of legs and tail.
Thinking one pounding insufficient to atone for
her offence. Gruff drove her to pinford and left her
in coufinement to ruminate on her pitialile condi-
tion. Having satiated his vengence on the poor
animal, he went to discharge a volley at her owner.
' Neighbor Tidd,' said he, in a great rage, ' I catight
your cow in my cornfield this morning, aud I gave
her a good drubbing, and then drove her to the
pdiind, aud I'll do it again if I catch her there any
more, so you'd better take care of her.' The oth-
er replied very calmly, 'Friend Gruff, I found two
of your cattle in my garden the other day, and they
bad destroyed lialf my garden sauce ; I turiii-d
thrm out, drove them home to your barn yard
and put up the fence, and fastened tliem in as they
should be, and if ever I find them there' again, I
shall do the same, so you had better take care of
them.' Grufl's obduracy was softened, he re-
leased old Brummie, paid her poundage, aud ever
after became a better neighbor.
AN IMPORTANT DISCOVERT.
C. S. Rafi-\e.<que, of this city, " Professor of
many Sciences, Architect, Draftsman, Sec." has
announced to the public, the discovery by himself,
(A' a new mode of erecting buildings of all kinds,
so as to render them entirely incond)U.stible. He
denominates this discovery by the term Incombus-
tible Jlrchitecture, and alleges the following as the
advantages of the new style, all which he offers
to warrant, viz; —
1. Buildings will be lire proof.
2. They caimot bi set on fire on purpose.
3. They cannot catch fire from neighbors.
4. They will last longer.
5. They can be warmed in winter, at one-third
the actual cost.
6. They will be insured at a mere trifle.
7. They will be warmer in winter.
8. They will be cooler in summer.
9. They will require no expcuse of fire engines
and fireiueu. ' ■
10. They will save the lives of a hundred thou-
sand persons doomed to be burnt alive.
11. They will save a hundred milious of dollars
of property doomed to be burnt.
12. They will look neater and more conveniciit
inside, with more space, &c. &c.
These unquestionally are important con^dera-
tions, aud the professor speaks most certainly of
his ability to i)erforin all he promises. The modus
operandi, of this new style, he wisely and discreet-
ly keeps to himself, but with magnificent liberal-
ity he oflers to divulge the secret to any architect
for the sum of one thousand dollars ; or if any de-
mur at this price, he declares he will himself tui-
dertake the erection of any edifice, and receive fur
payment, the saving in fuel and insurance, and in
the expense of the building — it being a part of tlie
professor's plan to buihl houses of this kind at much
cheaper rate than in the ordinary way. Certainly
we bespeak much attention to the professor's de-
claration.— Philadelphia Gazette.
The flea called by the Arabians 'the father of
leapers,' and the locusts, jump two hundred times
their own length; and yet if a man jumps three
times his own length, he thinks he does a won-
derful thing.
7'he Romans. Pliny asserts that the Roman
citizens, in early times, ploughed their fields with
the same diligence that they pitched camps, and
sowed their grain with the same care that they
formed their armies for battle. — A*. 1". Farmer.
Planting and Building. Cato says, 'a landholdev
should apply himself to the planting of his fields
early in youth but he ouslit to thuik long before he
builds."— 76.
Sinking ff'ells. Bishop Heeer lueiitions a cu-
rious way of sinking wells in some j)arls of Asia.
When the ground is sandy, a cylindrical tower »f
brick or stone work is made of the intended size
of the well. This is sHfiered to remain until the
masonry becomes indurated, and then it is grad-
ually timlerniined until it is sunk even with the
surface of the ground. If the well is not sufK-
ciently d-eep, they add more masonry, aud again
undermine. — lb.
FOR SALE,
THAT valuable couiUni seat aiu\ farm foTmcr]\ owned by
E. H. Ucrby and J. Crowniushiekl Esqrs., and lately by Col.
Endicutt, situated in Dauvers, within two miles of Salem and
filieen of Boston. The buiUliiigs are in good repair, spacious
and eli';;ant. arjd convenient for a genteel family, and also for a
farmer -, with barns, stables, &c., aUachcd. 'I'herc is an ex-
ccllem gauien, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
shrubs ajnl flowers and a tasteful summer house. The farm is
in a lii;;h state of cultivation, well watered aud enclosed — it
protluccs large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, quinces and clierries ;
there is a nursery of young Ihiu trees, and a plantation of
j(X)0 W hite Mulberries. Tlie place has many advantages, and
is thf most desir.ibh' country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing aud garden, with (iom 10 to 100 acres of land, as the pur-
chaser may choose, are oflered on liberal and accommodating
terni>. A'ppiv at this office, or to AMOS KING.
Danvers. March 27, 1833.
A fxne: new SaVASH
FORsalc.al the New England Seed Store, Nos. 51, & 5!,
Korih Market Street.
A few seefls of (lie Early Lemon Squash, from the western
part of this State, wltirli is cousideretl one ol" the finest varieties
of sunmier Squash cultivated, being a week earlier than lli«
Scollop or \Varietl Squashes, and of much superior flavor,
drier, and somewhat resembling the Canada Squash in taste;
producing abuntlantly till killed by frost. Price 1-i cents per
paper. Way 1
RUSSIA M.\TS.
500 dozen large sized Russia Mats.
3(jO do. small do. do. ilo.
For Sale by 1). F. FAULKNER. No. 15 Central Strobl.
20
tf
ESSEX PRiZE POTATOES.
A few bushels of the famous Essex Prize Potatoes for sale al
le New England Seed Store, No. 51 &. 52, NorUi Market
llre.l. ' 21 ml5
THE NEW ENGIiAND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at ,s,':> per annum,
pa\able al the end of (he year — but those who pay within
si.xiy days Orom the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of lilty cents.
dJ' No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being m.ide in advance.
AGENTS.
N,w York — G. Thoreurn i .Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Alh,inti—\\u. Thokburn, 3i7 Mnrket-streel.
PIti/iirlelplm—D. &, C. Landreth, 85 Chesnul-strcet.
Btillimoie — I. 1. Hitchcock, Pubhsher of American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Fliishitig, N. 1'— Wm. Pri nce & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bel. Gat.
Middhhunj. 17. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
tiprin^eld. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant. ,
Nnrhurtfport — Ebenev.er Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmmuh, N. H. — J. W. Foster, IJookseller.
I'ortland, Me. — CoLMAN, Holden & Co. Booksellers.
Auo-iisUi, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.—P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorrfer.
Munlreal, L. C— Geo. Bent.
>'(. Louis — Geo. Holton.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by Ford & Damrelx
who execute every description of Book and Fancy Frint-
ing in good style, and with promptness. Orders for print
ing may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agrisul-
tural Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGI^AND FAR
i^
PUBLISHED BY GEO.- C. 15ARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL.. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 29, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the Nao England Farvier.
SIVINE.
Mr. FessendeN, — I have read much in your pa-
jicr rc'spet-ting swine ; and on this subject liavc
some facts to state of recent occurrence, whicli
are certainly extraordinary and probaijly worth re-
cording.
Tiie last autumn I purchased fourteen shoats,
wlioso average age was about si.x months. Three
of tiiciii were sows of a good form and stock ;
iiud tliese I put by themselves with a boar
of the same age for breeders. — The other eleven
were put in another stye, and for the purpose of
being fitted. — They were at first fed with corn
meal ground with the cob, and mixed with boiled
potatoes ; but did not appear to gain much though
there was at no time any failing of appetite. Fear-
ing that tlieir poor thrift might be attributed to the
cob meal, I changed their food by substituting
corn meal, ground without the cob and boiled
potatoes. This however seemed to do no better ;
while the store pigs above mentioned, v.hich were
fed upon boiled potatoes only, were very thrifty
and appeared much more like fat hogs than those
in the fatting stye. I then changed the food of
the fatting hogs and gave them nothing but boiled
Indian meal or hasty pudding. This availed no
more tljan the other food ; and finding that their
thrift was very little, and a very inadequate return
for the food consumed b\' them, I deternjiaed tu.
kill the eight for market; and this was accordingj)'
clone. They were small, and by no means so fat us
we had a right to expect they would have been.
The store hogs on boiled potatoes only continued
very thrifty and fat. The fatting hogs vcre at-
tended in tlie most exact and faithful nianier ; and
had repeated doses of sulphur to encounge their
appetite and promote their thrift.
This bad result was a matter of serious disceur-
agementto ine and wholly inexplicable; is it does
not remain to be established that Indiai meal in
any form is among the most nutritious aid fatten-
ing substances that can be'given to stalledanimals.
When the hogs were killed, however, themystery
was in a degree solved. Innumerable wains, re-
sembling in some measure those voided fom the
human body, were found in knots and iranches
in the entrails. These kept up their apptite and
prevented their thrift. But where did thes^ worms
come from is the next question.' and wly were
not the store hogs, some of whom were of he same
litter with the others, affected with then. I do
not pretend to determine the causes : bit I will
state the circumstances of difference inthe tvvo
cases.
The store Hogs were confined in a st;e with a
wooden floor and had no access to lh{ grounl.
The fatting hogs were at liberty to range n a capi-
cioBS yard attached to the sty, into whici the nii-
nure and litter of five horses were tirown, in
which the swine were almost eontinuall/ rootiig
and champing. Now we know that licgs fed in
stable yards and cellars often become fat; the sc-
ess therefore to this manure heap in wlich they
were constantly burrowing would not iavc ba;n
the impediment to their thrift; but is it unfeasible
to conjecture that some one of these horses may
have been diseased .' and in the manure of such
horse they may have found the maggot or germ of
those /vorms which after being received into their
stomachs, there fixed themselves and grew to the
size ii which they were found. This however is
merely conjectural; but I should be glad to know
if an; other of your correspondents is acquain-
ted wth any facts analagous to the above. II. C.
Mo) 14, 1833.
For the New England Farmer.
Chmiehown, X. H. May 19, 1833.
Jr. Editor. Sir, — In my communication
pubished in your last, there is an error of care-
lessiess on my part, which ought to be corrected.
It {onsists in giving to the fruit of the Craidjeny
Vilurnum, two seeds in each berry, when, in fact,
thee is but one. The error is of some conse-
quence, as the number of seeds forms part of the
di;tinctive character of the genus, and might lead
toan impression of some mistake as to the real
claracter of the shrub. I notice also, one or two
tpographical errors, as " Guelda" for Gue?rfer,and
'or" for as after the words " astringent fruits."
The effects of the dift'usible stimulant brandy, in
he preparation described by the correspondent of
he Portland paper, may cause more virtue to be
attributed to the plant than is fairly its due,
tliough at any late not more than may justly be
given to very many native plants. I thought
however that the question was as to the medicinal
qualities of the fruit. Concerning the flavor of
this, there seems to be a diversity of opinion,
wlrtch I fancy can hardly be reconciled except by
the old adage of " De gustibus, &c."
With much regard, Samuel Webber.
The following is frotn a venerable Farmer,
"nearly eighty two years old," who, we regret to
say, |u-ohibits our attaching his name to his com-
munication.
For the iVejii England Farmer.
POTATOES AKD ISDIAJV CORN.
Mr. Editor. Sir, — I here send you the result
of several experiments, which I have made. Sev-
eral years ago I planted blue potatoes, late in the
season, and as all of those which I considered large
enough for seed had been culled out, I planted
small ones not more than an inch and a quarter in
diameter. When I dug them, they were as large
as any I raised. Last spring I planted two rows,
side by side, of the red potatoes, one row of the
largest size, the other the smallest, which I
think proper to plant, perhaps not one-third of the
weight of the large ones. When I dug them I
could not tell which were the largest. So I con-
clude the reason why small potatoes yield small
ones, is owing to putting too much seed in the hills ;
as a small potato has as many sprouts as a large
one. But this I have proved that the same results
do not always arise from the same experiments in
different kinds of potatoes. For several years
past we have planted early whites and early red
eyes side by side. If the whites were hilled after
the blow, they uniformly produced a large number
of sijiall potatoes, and but few of a good size ; while
hilling had no eftect on the red eyes.*
I made an experiment in planting Indian corn a
few years ago for my own satisfaction. J planted
the hills 3i feet apart on one end of a piece of land,
and lour feet on the other, with the same kind and
quantity of manure: about half the length of the
rows was on a stiff" heavy soil ; the other half a
light loamy soil ; without weighing I could not>
tell which gave the best product.
The followhig article is part of the proceedings of the
New York State Agricultural Society.
Letter from Dr. Wm. Darlington, of Pennsylvania,
on the Use of Lime in Jigricidtiire.
Sib, — Your letter, containing a number of que-
ries relative to the operation and utility oi Lime, in
the processes of agriculture, was received in the
early part of .luue last : but as I have been much
engaged during the past summer, with duties
which required all my attention, and as your let-
ter intimated that answers furnished " any time
during the present year " would be in season for
your purposes, I have taken the liberty to postpone
my reply until now.
I proceed then, with great pleasure, to furnish
you with such facts and remarks as mj' opportuni-
ties for observation have enabled me to offer.
With a view to render the answers more explicit
and satisfactory, I will annex them, seriatim, to
your several inquiries.
Qiien/ 1. — "Upon what lands does lime operate
most bencliciaily : —
1. In regard to geological formation, — as primi-
tive, transitory, secondary, and alluvial?
2. In reference to the soil, — as sand, clay, lime,
and vegetable matter ?
*By the Editor. By some experiments made by J.
Whitlaw, Esq. which are given ia detail in the J\'eiei
England Farmer, vol. i. page 53, and vol. iv. page 314,
that gentleman ascertained that large potatoes were
better for seed than small ones, and that large potatoes
when cut into quarters will produce more, other things
being equal, than when planted whole. Other cultiva-
tors assert that the best way is to plant potatoes of at least
middling size, cutting off and applying to other uses
the butt and top ends from each potato, planting the
middle pieces cut into quarters. The reason of this pro-
ceeding is that the shoots or eyes from the middle part of
a potato are commonly larger and stronger than those of
either end, and if tlie whole of a large potato is planted,
there are usually too many shoots in a hUl, and those
shoots are too near each other to afford so great a pro-
duct as they would if deposited in the soil at due distan-
Mr. Knight, the celebrated English Horticulturist, has
found, that, "for a late crop, small sets, [seed potatoes]
may be used ; because the plants of the late varieties
always acquire considerable age before they begin to
generate tubers [young potatoes;] but for an early crop,
lie recommends the largest tubers [seed potatoes to be
planted ;] and he has found that tliese not only eifford
very strong plants, but also such as readily recover when
injured by frost ; for being fed by a copious reservoir be-
neath the soil, a re-production of vigorous stems and fo-
liage takes place, when those first produced are destroy-
ed by frost or other cause." — Har. Trans, iv. p. 448.
362
NEW ENGLAND FARMER
MAY 89, 1833.
3. As indicated by natural growth of timber
and plants? "
Answer, — My residence has always been in a
primitive region, and my observations very much
limited to agricultural processes in soils upon that
formation. The prevailing rock here is gneiss, —
with occasional beds, or veins, of hornblende,
green stone and sceiiiite. — About five miles to the
north of us is the great valley of transition lime-
stone, stretching from northeast to southwest; and
immediately on the southern side of this valley,
running parallel with it, is a broken ridge of hills,
formed of mica slate, with beds of serpentine rock
and hornblende on the side next to the gneiss rock
on the southeast. Over the gneiss rock, and
among the hornblende, the soil is generally a stiti'
loam ; and there I think, the best effects are per-
ceptible from a given quantity of lime. On the
soil overlaying the schistose rocks, the good effects
of lime are sufficiently obvious, under the manage-
ment of skilful fanners; but the benefits seem to
be less permanent. On the serpentine rock the
soil is extremely sterile, and neither lime nor l)arn-
yard manure can be used to much advantage. In
the limestone soil of the great valley, where one
would suppose it was already redundant, lime is
used with advantage; and much heavier dressings
are put on, than in the adjacent districts. I can-
not furnish the rationale of this practice; but I be-
lieve the fact is established, that more lime is re-
quired to produce the same beneficial eflects upon
soil resting on limestone rock, than upon those
overlaying gneiss, and perhaps some other primi-
tive rocks.
I have had no opportunity to witness the effect
of lime upon secondary and strictly alluvial forma-
tions; but the above circumstance has led me to
suspect, thrft the same ijuaiititt/ of lime would not
J)e 9o signally beneficial iu secondary, as it is in
certain primitive formations.
Lime, undoubtedly, has a good effect in soils
which are sandy, even where sand predominates;
but I believe its meliorating properties are most
conspicuous in a clay soil, or rather in a stiff loam.
A good propwrtion of decoinposed vegetable matter
adds greatly to the beneficial efl'ects of lime ; and
hence our farmers are desirous to mingle as much
barn yard manure as possible \r'aU their lime dress-
ings, and to get their fields into what i» called a
good sod, or turf, full of grass roots. Then a dress-
ing of lime has an admirable efioct.* The soils
indicated by a natural growth of black oak, (quer-
cus linctoria,) walnut {juglam nigra,) and poplar
[liriodendron,] and those in which such grasses as
the poas anii fesiucas best flourish, are generally
most signally benefitted by the use of lime. In
short, I may observe, that lime has been found
more or less beneficial in any description of soil,
in this district. It is most so on hilly or rolling
lands, where clay predominates, — loss permanent-
ly so among the mica slate, — and least of all, on
the inagnesian rocks. The soil on these last is
rarely worth cultivating.
Qi«n/ II. — "What quantity of lime is applied
to tlie acre, upon different soils, at a single dres-
sin'^, and during a period of years r"
• The yard manure is not usually mingled wih the lime
when the latter is Krst applied. The practice is to lime the In-
rfwn com ground priorlo planting Ihal grain, on the inverted
sod,— and ihe ensumg spnng, to manure the same field for a
/■arley crop ; or, to reserve Uie nianure until the succecdmg au-
turnn and apply II to the wheat crop. It is not well settled
which ol these is the better practice. Each has its advocates;
but )« IS most usual to reserve Ihe manure for the wheat.
Arisiver, — The quantity of lime per acre, which
can be used advantageously, varies with the condi-
tion and original character of the soil. Highly im-
proved land will bear a heavier dressing than poor
land. On a soil of iricdium condition, the usual
dressing is 40 to 50 bushels per 'acre. A deep
rich soil, or limestone land in the great valley, will
receive 70 to SO (and I am told even a lundred)
bushels to the acre with advantage. On vtry poor
land, twenty to thirty bushels per acre is deemed
most advantageous to commence with. It is usu-
ally repeated every five or six years — i. b. every
time the field comes in turn to be broken ip with
the plough; and as the land improves, tlu quan-
tity of lime is increased. The prevailing practice
here is to plough down the sod, or lay, in the fall,
or early in the spring, — harrow it once, aid then
spread the lime (previously .';lackcd to a pnvdcr,)
preparatory to planting the field with Indiai corn.
Every field, in rotation, receives this kind tfdrcs-
sing ; and as our farms are mostly dividtd into
about half a dozen fields, the dressing of lourse
comes once in six years, more or less aecordng to
the number of the fields. Some enteiqirisingfarm-
ers, however, give their fields an intermediatei]res-
sing, on ihe sod, after they come into grass; vhicli
I consider an excellent practice, tending rapiily to
improve the condition ol the land.
Qucrj/ III. — " Is it applied in a caustic or a\ ef-
fete state?"
Answer. — It is usually obtained in a caustic sate
from the kiln, — deposited in heaps, in the fild
where it is to be spread, and water sutiicientto
slack it to a powder is then thrown upon it. is
soon as slacked it is loaded into carts, and men will
shovels distribute it as equally as possible over tk;
ground. It is generally considered best to put t
it on the ground vrhilst it is fresh, or tearm, as the
phrase is ; and it is certainly easier to sjiread ii
eciually while in a light i)ulverised state, than after
it gets much wet with rains. I am inclined to
think, too, it is better for the land, when ipplicd
fresh from the kiln.
(^ucry IV. — " To what crops is it most advan-
tageously applied, and at what season.'"
Answer. — It is usually applied, as already in-
timated, to the cro)) of Indian corn, in the spring
of the year — say the month of April. Occa-
sionally it is applied, preparatory to sowing wheat
ii> autumn. When used as a top dressing, on the
sod, it is generally applied in the fall — say No-
vember. The prevailing impression is that it is
most advantageously applied to the Indian corn,
and hence the general i)ractice. But the truth is,
it is highly advantageous at any and at all sea-
sons ; and our shrewd old farmers have a saying, —
" Get yotir lime on for your corn, if you can, — but
he sure you get it on the land some time in the year."
(^uery V. — " How is it incorporated with the
soil — by the plough or the harrow ? and is it ap-
plied in any case as a top dressing to grass and to
grains, and with what effect ?
Answer. — As already stated, after the sod is
ploughed down for Indian corn, it is usually har-
rowed once to render the sm-face more uniform.
The lime is spread as equally as possible over
the field, and then the ground is well harrowed in
different directions, in order to incorporate the lime
withthe soil. Soon afterwards, the field is marked
out and planted with corn. The plough is rare-
ly, if ever used, for the purpose alluded to. I
have mentioned above, that lime is occasionally
used as a top dressing for grass. It appears to
be particularly beneficial to that crop ; and answers
extremely well when applied in that manner. The
practice of applying it to Indian corn as above re-
lated is, however, chiefly followed : and the ajipli-
cation of a dressing to each field in rotation, cause.'*
as much labor and expense every year as our far-
mers generally are willing to incur. Lime has
rarely been used as a top dressing to grain crops,
within my knowledge.
(^ucry VI. — " What is the ordinary cost per
acre of liming, and the relative profits, in in-
creased products of a period of years ?
Answer. — Quick lime, at the kilns, usually costs
twelve and a half cents per bushel. The farmers
generally haul it with their own teams ; and the
additional expense depends of course, materially
upon the distance. It is frequently hauled by
them a distance of 8, 10, and even 12 miles. The
average, perhaps is about 5 or 6 miles. It is deliv-
ered to nie by the lime burners, (a distance of
nearly six miles,) at 18 cents per bushel. At the
rate of 40 bushels to the acre, the cost at 18 cents
wotild be $7,20 per acre. It is difficult to esti-
mate with precision the relative profits, in increas-
ed products : but I can safely say, from my own
exiierience, on a small farm of middling quality,
that two dressings of lime at the above rate, in the
course of 8 or 9 years, have more than trebled the
products of the land to which it was applied, both
in grain and grass. It is to be understood, however,
that the system of ploughing only so tnur.h ground
as coidd be well manured was adopted at the same
time. I may also observe generally, that the far-
mers of this district, (who are shrewd economists,)
are so well convinced of the beneficial efli;cts of"
liming, that costly as its application seems to be,
they are unanimous in sparing no efjbrt to pro-
cure it. Lime has been found to be peculiarly fa-
'vorable to the growth of pasture, when the farm is
otherwise well managed ; and as our farmers are
tnostlf in the practice of feeding cattle, they resort
to lining as an indispensable auxiliary to success-
ful grtging.
iiu(fy VII. — " Is lime applied with yard man-
ures, (t earthy composts, and with what results.
Ansver. — I have already intimated that vegeta-
ble maters, and especially yard manures, are high-
ly implrtant in conjunction with lime. Both are
valuabt, even when used separately: but when
combhid, the effect is most comiilete. If to this
be adttd that great secret of good farming, viz. to
plonglj only so much ground as can be well ma-
nured| — the state of agriculture may be consider-
ed ne^ly perfect.
Liti; is, in some instances, added to earthy
compets, preparatory to distribution on the field ;
but itls doubtful whether the extra labor of this
methtjl is compensated by any peculiar advantages.
It is rbt generally practised.
Qi;ri/ VIII. — " Is powdered limestone (carbon-
ate of lime) applied to soils ; and if so, does it in-
duce fg-tility otherwise than by mechanically ame-
lioratinf their texture?
Ansicr. — No instance of powdered limestone
being fflplied to soils has come under my notice.
I can, iierefore, form but a very imperfect opin-
ion of IS utility. If it were even as beneficial as
quick line, (which I doubt,) I apprehend it could
not be procured and applied with less cost and
[labor. ]
Que* IX. — " On what soils, if any, in your
neighbfrhood, is lime found to be inoperative, as a
Ifertilizfig application ; and the cause of its failure ?'
VOL.. X'l. NO. 46.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
363
Answer. — There is no soil in this district, deem-
ed worthy of cultivation, on which lime is whoUi/
inoperative as a fertilizer. On some sterile sla-
ty ridges and on magnesian rocks, it has indeed
but a slight eflect; and even the benefits of barn-
yard manure are very transient. In low swampy
grounds, also, unless they are jireviously well
drained, the labor of applying lime is pretty much
thrown away. Tiiere seems to be some thing in
the constitution of magnesian rocks peculiarly un-
friendly to the growth of the more valuable plants.
Indeed, there are patches of the soil perfectly des-
titute of all vegetation. Repeated attempts have
been made to cultivate the bases of our serpentine
banks ; but neither lime, nor manure, will enable
the farmer to obtain more than a light crop of
small grain. Neither clover, nor the valuable
grasses, can be induced to take root and flourish
in the imgenial soil. It is, therefore, almost uni-
versally neglected.
I have thus endeavored, (in rather a desultory
manner, I confess,) to answer your queries accor-
•ding to my best judgment. If what I have furnish-
ed shall in any degree tend to make the subject
tetter understood, I shall be amply gratified.
With great respect, I have the honor to be your
obedient servant, Wm. Darlington.
Jesse Buel, Esq. Cor. Sec. Sfc.
Westchester, (Penn.j December 17, 1832.
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
For the Nevi England Farmer.
liARGE APPLE TREE.
There is at present standing in Duxbury, Coun
ty of Plymouth, an apple tree remarkable for its
age, size, and fruitfulness. This tree is over 40
feet in height, branches very wide spreading and
large, the circumference of the trunk eight inches
from the ground, is 16 feet ; at four feet from the
ground it spreads into two branches, one of which
is 9 feet in circumference. These again spread,
the larger into three, the smaller into twc branch-
es, each of which equals an ordinary apfle tree in
size. It covers with its branches a space of
ground 31 paces in diameter. In its most fertile
days, it bore 76 bushels of apples for winter use,
and not many years since, the fruit made 10 bar-
rels of cider, l)esides 30 bushels for :he cellar.
Its ascertained age is near one hundred years. It
still is quite productive and sound, the upper and
lower branches bear alternately. The fiuit is of a
pleasant sour, rather tender, but keeps well all
winter.
Proceedtngs of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, at a meeting held in the Hall of the Insti-
tution on Saturday, May 25, 1833.
The following report was made by H. A. S.
Dearborn, Esq. the President of the Society.
Since the last meeting, I have received the sub-
joined letter from David Porter, Esq., Charge D'Af-
fairs of the U. S. at the Ottoman Porte, with the
seeds therein named. These repeated acts of kind-
ness demand our gratitude, while the promised con-
tributions of Fr. Siimmerers, Esq. can not fail of
being of great value. The countries bordering on
the Black Sea, are extremely rich in vegetable pro-
ductions, and acquisitions from thence are sought
with avidity by the naturalists, and the cultivators
of useful and ornamental plants in Europe. Sev-
eral of our valuable fruits were first introduced
among the Romans by Lucullus, from the south
eastern borders of the Euxine.
The benefits of those trophies of his enterprise,
civilization and refinement, have been extended
through nineteen centuries, and over two hemis-
pheres ; — while his splendid victories, and the re-
gal treasures of Mithridates, were not sufficient to
protect him, from the denunciations of his ambi-
tious rivals. If his country was ungrateful for liis
martial achievements, his pacific deeds have veri-
fied his prophetic remark to his officers, on the
morning of bis great battle in Armenia: — " I will
make this a day to be remembered by after ages."
Fortunately for our country, the naval officers
of the Republic who have visited the East, have
emulated the taste, as well as the chivalry of the
Roman warrior, and our Society has been repeat-
edly enriched by their offerings. The seeds have
been placed in charge of the Gardener, at Mount
Auburn. Respectfully submitted by H. A. S.
Dearborn.
Brinley Place, Roxhury, May 25, 1833.
Mr. AnnuEON, says the Boston Patriot, in a let-
ter addressed to a gentleman in this city, dated
Eastport, May 9th, observes, that he has conclud-
ed to charter a schooner of some 50 or 60 tons,
for his voyage, in the following directiot : — From
Eastport to Sable Island, thence to Newfjundland,
and all around it — thence to the coast of Labrador,
and up towards Hudson's Bay, as far as the sea-
son will admit."
A cloud of /fitnesses. — One hundred and seven-
ty-two witnesses have been examined en the trial
of the Rev. Mr. Avery, now in progress at New-
port, and there remained twenty or thirty more,
at the last dates, who were yet to testify.
Mr. Frost stated in his address at the Young
Men's Temperance meeting, that of 125,000 ton-
victions for crime recorded in this country for one
year (we believe 1829,) 96,780 were distinctly
traceable to ardent spirit.
If it can be used in the place of Olive Oil, we
cau raise the seed and manufacture the oil here so
as to afford it, at the price Olive Oil usually sells
at.
Will you please to place it, in your exhibition
room for examination, after it has been exhibited
it is at your disposal. Respectfully, your obedient
Servant, James Homer.
Amesbury, May 22, 1833.
Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be pre-
sented to David Porter, Esq. for his present of
valuable seeds. And to Mr. James Homer for
half a dozen bottles of Oil from the seed of sun-
flowers, and Messrs. B. and C. Adams, for a quan-
tity of seeds.
William Sharp Mc Leay, and Francis Summer-
ers, were elected Corresponding Members of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
Peru, March 6, 1833,
Sir, — I send you some seed Beans, which were
given me by his Excellency, the Baron D'Olten-
fels. You will find his note in the box.
Fr. Summerers, Esq. has promised me foi-ty
different kinds of seeds from Wallachia and Mol-
davia, and among them those of an Apple of ex-
traordinary size, and excellence, which when I
receive I shall have the pleasure to send you. I
am Sir, with great respect your very obedient ser-
vant. David Porter.
H. A. S. Dearborn, Esq., Pres.
of the Mass. Hor. Soc.
Note from the Baron D'Ottenfels to David Por
ter Esq.
Beans of Kordofan in Africa, raised in 1832,
they are planted in April and May, on dry or
moist land, indifferently, in a situation sheltered
from the north wind. The stalks furnish excel-
lent charcoal for gun powder. The beana are
very good for poultry and cattle, the plants being
cut down and mi^ed with manure, give an enrich-
ing activity to the earth. Otteniels.
HORTICtIl.TTJRAL, EXHIBITION OF FL,OWKRS.
P. B. Hovey, Cambridgeport, Ranunculus.
S. Walker, Roxbury, Tulips.
J. A. Kenrick, Newton, several fine specimens.
S. E. Green, Brookline, Red and White Cypri-
pediuni humile, strong and prominent of their kind.
Messrs. Winsbips, usual show of flowers.
Per order, J. Winship, Chairman.
Capt. D. Chandler, of Lexington, exhibited the
largest shoots of Asparagus that we ever saw,
measuring no less than 4 inches in circumference.
Adjourned to Saturday next.
There were more than fifty varieties of Flowers
exhibited by the Messrs. Winship, of Brighton.
Mr. Walker's Tulips were fine and much diversi-
fied with beautiful colors. — Editor.
To the Directors of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society.
Gent. — I send you a half dozen Bottles, of Sa-
lad Oil, Manufactured from Sun Flower Seed.
I believe, you will find it as sweet, and of as
good flavor, as any Olive Oil.
From the Vermont Chronicle.
BEES.
Messrs. Editors, — A variety of expedients
have been devised to prevent the entranco of the
Bee Moth into Bee-Hives. I am not well satisfied
with any I have seen, though they may be of some
use. I beg to propose a new one ; and that is, a
rope of cotton wool, extending from the entrance
of the hive round to the entrance again; and if
thought necessary, another around the top of the
hive. Indeed, put cotton wool, somewhat loose,
in or on all places where the Moth will incline to
lay its eggs. It may be well to sprinkle the cot-
ton with fine salt. If the rope becomes wet and
adheres to the hive or bottom board, a new rope
may be substituted. The reason of the thing. In-
sects in general, and moths in particular, avoid
cotton wool, as a nidus for their eggs, probably be-
cause they are so easily caught by its threads, and
because there is no oil in it as in wool. Bees them-
selves will not walk upon it. Salt too is avoided
by insects as a nidus, and by sprinkling the cotton
with that, it may be still more uncomfortable to the
miller.
The experiment is so simple, I hope it will be
tried. In general, if a hive is well stocked with
bees, there is not much fear but they will manage
to guard the entrance, if the apertures are not too
large. J. W.
May 20, 1833.
" What you leave at your death, let it be with-
out controversy, else the lawyers will be your
heirs." — F. Osbornt-
364
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
MAY 89, is:);?.
AN ADDRESS
Delivered before the Bristol County Agricultural iSociely,
October 3, 1832. By Roland Howard, President of llie
Society.
Gentlemen, — The busjness before the Society
has this day been arranged with a view to an Ad-
dress being delivered adapted to the occasion ; and
although this meeting may be considered as being
somewhat necessary, in order that we may secure
the bounty generously oifered by a wise and patri-
otic government, for the encourageraentof Agricul-
tural enterprise, domestic manufactures, and me-
chanical skill ; yet it should by no means be con-
sidered that we fulfil the just expectations of gov-
ernment, or fully answer the purpose for wliich this
Society was organized, by merely meeting once a
year, for the simple purpose "of seeing and being
seen," and scrambling for a few premiums. .No,
our object should be more elevated, more noble,
more palriotic.
It caimot be too strongly impressed upon our
minds that the object of this, and all similar insti-
tutions, is to call into action our latent energies,
to wake up inquiry, to excite us to greater indus-
try, to teach us Iwui to accomplish the most, with
ihn fewest means. These are, if I mistake not, the
])rinic objects of Ag-ricultural Societies.
Having thus briefly stated what I conceive to be
the ohjert of agricultural societies, I can assure
you, gentlemen, that well i)leased shoidd 1 have
been, if some gentleman had been selected to ad-
dress you on this occasion, whoso scientific
knowledge, and practical experience, would have
enabled him to liave more clearly and forcibly
shown you in detail, the great good that agricul-
tural societies may reasonably be supposed to pro-
duce, one that was abundantly qualified to draw
from his fund of knowledge, such fads as his ex-
perience had tested, and wliich he could clearly
demonstrate, for your present edification and fu-
ture benclit. But I have to lament, that the person
whom you have requested to address you on this
occasion, possesses no claim to such useful and
important qualifications ; and while reluctantly
yielding to your wishes, it would be strange indeed
if one of my feeble abilities, on an occasion like
the present, did not experience some inward doubts,
and plainly evince some outward perturbations ;
especially when the fact is taken into considera-
tion, that I have not been in the habit of address-
ing public assemblies — that my life has thus lar
been spciit in the labors of the field — that my ed-
ucation has neither qualified me to play the ora-
tor, nor to appear to advantage on the forum ; these
considerations are calculated to embarrass the
mind, and to impede a clear and distinct utter-
ance : therefore, I feel it a duty to solicit your
attention, and pray for your candor, to the few
observations which the time allotted me may al-
low me to offer for your consideration.
As agriculture claims a pre-eminence above
manufactures and commerce, from its seniority and
superior usefalness, I trust that I shall be excused,
if, on tliis occasion, my remarks arc principally
confined to that art — and that the class of citizens,
which I may more particularly address, may be
found among my agricultural brethren.
It was remarked by the celebrated Sally, that
agriculture might be regarded as the breast from
which the state derives its support and nourisli-
ment.
Manufactures and commerce originally owed
their existence to agriculture, and the people em-
ployed in carrying them on must constantly be
fed by those who arc engaged in the parent art.
Agriculture, therefore, may be considered as of
the first importance to mankind ; because their
temporal welfare and prosperitj' depend upon re-
ceiving a regular and sufficient supply of the va-
rious articles cultivated b_v the agriculturist.
In an age like the present, the utility of agricul-
ture is so fully recognized, it would be unneces-
sary to insist at any length upon the advantages
which every nation must enjoy, when that art is
sufficiently understood and siciifullij practised.
The territory possessed by any people, is the
original property, or capital stock, from which
they are supplied, not oidy with the necessaries,
but also with the comforts of life ; and in direct
proportion as their territory is improved, their
prosperity will be advanced. It is from the sur-
face of the earth, that timber, cordage and sails
are procured for our ships ; and flax, wool, cot-
ton, hides and tallow are obtained tor the use of
the maimfacturer.
If we penetrate into the interior of the earth,
we find either limestone, marl or other substances
for invigorating the surface and rendering it con-
stantly prolific. It is also from the bowels of the
earth that copper, lead, tin, iron, and coals are
))rocured, and einployment given to another part
of the community.
But the remark which of all others deserves
particular attention, is, that it is only by an en-
lightened cultivation of the soil, and raising as
large a store of provisions as possible, that labor-
ers, manufacturers, and artizans can live comfort-
ably, or proceed with spirit in their several occu-
pations.
It would not be altogether uninteresting, or un-
profitable, woidd time permit, to give a brief
-sketch of the history of agriculture, from the days
of Noali down to the present.time. Noah, as we
understand by the sacred writings, understood the
art of husbandry, and it is reasonable to suppose
that he taught the art to his sons, by whom it was
spread over the world.
The history of the ancient Egyptians informs
us, " that they were well acquainted with agri-
culture." And perhaps the people of Italy, un-
der the Roman government, understood all the
branches of husbandry much better, and practis-
ed them more successfully, than the present in-
habitants of that country.
Tlicre is sufficient authority for believing, that
an enlightened system of rural economy had be-
come prevalent during the Augustan age, and
perhaps h>ng before ; for the Georgics of Virgil,
and the otlitr productions of the Roman authors,
show, that husbandry was not only well under-
stood by tlie Romans, but correctly and success-
fuiiy practised.
When Great Britain was invaded by the Ro-
mans, there is reason to presume, thai the art of
husbandry was but very imperfectly understood by
the inhabitants. But whatever might have been
the situation of Britain when invaded by the Ro-
mans, it is certain that the husbandry of some
parts of the island was improved by the Roman
soldier ; and that nearly all the grains that are
now cultivated, were then raised to a considerable
extent. The Roman conquests, instead of desolat-
ing the earth, as too often has been the case in
similar instances, insured the improvement of every
country that was subdued ; and the soldiers of
that nation, being drawn from the plough, spread
a knowledge of husbandry through every cuuiury
which come under their domii'ion.
To benefit mankind, and increase their ceuifort
and happiness, seemed the invariable wisli of the
Roman commanders.
Sir Anthony Fitzherbcrt, one of the judges in
the Court of Common I'leas, was the first person
on record who attempted to enlighten English hus-
bandmen, by writing on the art of agriculture.
In 1534, he published a treatise called the Book
of Husbandry, which, ajicient as it is, contains
many valuable hints to husbandmen.
An hundred and eighteen years elap.se(l, after
the publication of Sir Anthony Fitzherbert's book,
before any thing furtlier appeared really deserving
the attention of husbandmen. At this perio<l
the British husbandmen were much benefitted by
the writings of Walter BIytlie, a man of sound
practical sense, who in 1G52, jiublidu'd a book
entitled Improver Improved, and contains what he
calls six pieces of improvement. First, — On float-
aiid watering land. Second, — On draining
fen and boggy land, and regaining land from the
sea. Third, — On such enclosures as prevent de-
population, and advance all interests. Fourth,
— On tillage of land kept too long in grass, and
pasturing others destj-oyed with ploughing. F'ifth,
— Discovery of all sorts of composts, with their
nature and use. Sixth, — On doubling the growth
of wood by new plantations.
The next noted writer on husbandry in England,
was Jethro Tull, the celebrated champion of drill
husbandry. Little furtlier alteration in the rural
economy of England occurred, except in the su-
periiir attention bestowed on live stock, by 3Ir.
llJakewell and others, till the establishment of the
National Board of Agriculture ; this institution
was founded by Pailianuiit in the year 1780, with
an ample donation of !i22,000 a year, this gave a
new spring to improvement ; a general desire soon
seized allranka to promote internal improvements ;
the attention of farmers was excited — agricultural
knowlcdgp was eagerly sought after — periodicals
were pub^shod, and read — experiments were tried,
and the results carefully noted ; the consequence
of all thisiwas, that such an astonishing increase
of the pro(luctionsof the soil have been produced,
that the hjilders of real estate, in numerous in-
stances, is the short space of fifty-two years, have
much mdre than doubled their rentals. The
world stalds indebted to the unwearied endeavors
of Sir John Sinclair for this admirable institution,
which haj certainly done much good, and may still
do a greaJ deal more.
Two advantages among man}', may be men-
tioned : irst — a great number of new men were
brought fbrward by the Board, whose names other-
wise woijld probably never have been heard of;
and tlioSB being chiefly practical people, who
were professionally concerned in the farm manage-
ment, agriculture by their endeavors, was rescued
from the hands- of theorists, and a revolution of
no small extent accomplished in rural affairs ;
secondly — before the Board was instituted, the
bond of^ connection between agriculturists was
slender, and served few useful purposes ; each
tristing toliis own intbrmation, and knew little
mere about the practices of neighboring districts,
than those of China, or the most distant countries.
The establishment of the Board removed at once
all these evils and difficulties — it made farmers
who reside in the most distant quarters of the
kirgdom, acquainted with one another ; and caused
VOIi. XI. NO. 46.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
365
a n\]nd dissciniiuuion of knowlmlgc amongst tin;
whole i)TOlussion. The art of agnculture vvus
brought into fasliion, and a tlegree of exertion man-
ifeste.l which had never before been exemplified
ou that island.
[To lie continued.]
From Ihe Ociusce Farmer.
USE OP PliASTER.
Messrs. Editoks, — I became a subscriber to the
Genesee Farmer for the purpose of deriving infor-
mation, not expecting ever to become one of the
contributors to its columns; but some conununica-
tions upon the subject of Plaster of Paris having
appeared in the Farmer, and a plan having been
given for its use, I have thought it not improper
to submit to you, sirs, the method generally ado [it-
ed by our best farmers here. Plaster is always to
be sown on wheUt, unless the land is wanted for
a sprhig crop the next year, after clover seed, at
the rate of one, two and even three busliels per
acre. After harvest the young clover ought not to
be pastured much, if any ; the next year the clover
is suiferod to grow as large as it can bo, and be well
turned over, which is then done, the ground fallow-
ed and the wheat sown ; the next year sow the clo-
ver seed and [ilaster, and so on from year to year
ad infinitum, the land always getting better, as is
supposed by those that practice upon this method.
Plaster we think should be sown on pasture. An
old farmer, and one that has proved his skill by mak-
ing a fortune at the business, and who now tills
nearly 500 acres, told me to-day, that a ton of plas-
ter sown on ten acres of pasture would make it
yield as much as fifteen acres under like circum-
stances without plaster. If you should think any
of this worth printing — you will probably hear
more from Onondaga.
ON PRESERVING FRUITS AND SEEDS.
An old English writer asserts that " wood ashes
1 have experienced to be an excellent preserver of
fruits, and much the best tiling we kno'v to pack
tender fruits for transportation ; it will not only
keep such soft fruits as peaches, nectarine, apricots.
Sec. fronr bruising in the carriage, but keep their
fleshy parts from putrefaction. Tlie late Lord
Capel, who was so famous for his fine gardens at
Kew Green, by this means had fruit sent him fronr
this place to Ireland, in very good perfection.
The method of doing which was to gathtr the fruit,
when it was quite dry, and after laying it in flan-
nels for some hours, a box was prepared for it,
with a bed of fine sifted wood ashes at tire bottom
about four inches thick, upon which the fruit was
laid so as not to touch one another by about an
inch, and then wood ashes sifted over it till all the
spaces were filled, and the fruit was covered about
two inches, then tnoi-e fruit was laid in as before,
and then more ashes, and so on, layer above layer,
till the fruit reached within four inches of the top
of the box, and then as many ashes silted over it
as could be pressed down under the lid of the box
by a man of full strength ; so was it carried sever-
al hundred miles without receiving the least inju-
ry. The fiireness of the parts of these ashes, render
them in the fii-st place capable of being pressed so
very close together that no air can get through
them ; nor are their parts such as are apt to imbibe
moisture, atrd are therefore incapable of putrefac-
tion ; for we may keep them many years without
perceiving them to alter or change from what they
putrefying quality themselves, but seem also to
contain some power, wliich is opposite to putre-
faction, and therefore we never find any insects
bred among them; for this reason 1 am apt to be-
lieve that wood ashes would he the best thing we
could use to bring seeds in from foreigrr part.s, as
the East or West Indies ; for in long voyages we
find most seeds inclined to rot and breed insects.
This way 1 believe will keep therrr sound, espec-
ially since the ancients afiirm, that the lentils,
which are subject to corrupt may be kept by
them." — Bradley^s Survey of ancient Husbandry,
(^uery. Might not Sweet Potatoes be preserved
in dry wood ashes ?
From Ihe IlorlkuUand Register.
MOPES OP DESTROYING RATS AND MICE.
By Mr. John Mowden.
Take a large flower pot, invert it on a board or
slate, and sink it in the ground nearly level with
the surface ; opposite the hole in the bottom of the
pot and about two inches fronr the surface or en-
trance, may be suspended on a crooked piece of
wire, a smooth wooden roller, like the caster of a
bed post. This the mouse will leap upon, and from
thence be precipitated to the bottom from whence
it can i\e\et escape; and hundreds may be caught
in the same trap without any trouble of resetting.
The surface nray be sprrnkled with chaff or short
sti-aw, and a mixture of grass and clover seeds
about the hole. The roller may be besmeared
with lard and dusted over with flour or oatmeal,
in wet weather a tile may be set over the hole to
keep it dry.
I have invented another very simple mouse or
rat trap, the difl'erence is only in the size. An
old packing box four inches deep for mice, and
six lor rats, is divided into lodging rooms four or
six inches square. Each lodging room has two
auger holes in it, the size of a mouse or rat,
whichever the trap is intended for, as the rat par-
ticularly always requires to have a back door for
retreat. The boxes may be placed under heaps of
straw or corn in barns, sheds, or gardens. A few
sheaves of half thrashed oats may be laid over
them in the latter places ; the place will soon be-
conre the rendezvous of the vermin, and on remov-
ing the straw or corn, they will be found in their
lodging rooms with their young ones. The box
may be 18 or 24 inches wide, and of any length.
The augur holes for ingress and egress may be
stopped at once by a false frame or square of hoop
iron which may be made to drop down over all
the holes at once, and the box may then be carried
oft' to a place for the dog to try his agility.
TO PRESERVE DAHLIA ROOTS.
A WRri'ER in the Horticultural Register states
that he preserves Dahlia Uools through the winter
by the following method : — -
I choose a fine day to take up the roots, and
expose them for a few hours to the sun, to dry the
mould on them. I then clear away all the dirt I
possible can, wiping' each root with a cloth if ne-
cessary. AVhen quite clean, I ])ut them into a
lioarded closet and a kitchen. In a few days, I
scatter thinly all over them some very dry sand,
they are then left,. and only examined from time
tc time to see that they do not get mouldy, which
by the bye I never found happen.
A HEAIiTIIY SEASON.
TrtERE is no subject on which our citizens are
moreanxiousatprcsent than the i)robability of this
city, being favored with the absence of sickness
doing this summer. Public opinion varies ou thjs
point, but we are fully borne out in saying that the
Iropesof a very healthy season are every day gain-
ing strength. Cholera has totally disappeared in the
Island of Great Britain, and has also become near-
ly extinct in Ireland. The Breze, the first arrival
fr-om Ireland this season brings very favorable
reports, and although she had 125 emigrants on
board, there was not one case of sickness. An-'
other very promising circumstance has beeir no-
ticed here indicating a ver-y healthful state of the
atmosphere : several plants which make rapid
and early vegetation, have already made more
growth at this date than they did all last sum-
mer. This is an indication which, we have been
informed, seldom fails, and we hope on the pi-esent
occasion it wdl be found equally certain. — Canadi-
an Courant.
A. GBOI.OGICAL1 JOULE.
A GENTLEMAN traveling through a wretched coun-
try, stopt for a whUe to convei-se with a man
who was manuring his laud. " Friend," said he,
"you labor to very lutle purpose — this is the most
wretched sod I have seen." " Aye stranger," re-
plied the farmer, " bad enough, yet something
may be made out of it by hard work." " True —
but you must be miserably poor." ," No — not so
poor as you think — / only own half of this piece of
land."
A CORRESPONDENT of the American Farmer, says
that he destroyed all the Caterpillars in his or-
chard, by using mops of cloth, dipped in salt and
water, and conveyed to the nests on the ends of
were when first made, and not only without any | long poles.
jVfJO Cure for the Cholera. The London New
Monthly gives the following as a powerful success-
ful remedy in this frightful disease. " My plan
has been to give at once fifteen grains of Musk
rubbed into a draught, with a lump of sugar and
a wine glass full of cold water ; and I am justified
in reporting that this first step, if taken promptly,
will scarcely ever fail to arrest the progress of the
disease, and to leave the patient to easy and ordi-
nary convalescence, &c."
A FEW weeks ago we published a letter, copied
from Silliman's Journal of Arts and Sciences, in
wliich it was stated that a mechanic in one of the
western states had been able, by a sheet-iron buz
fixed in a turning lathe, to cut the hardest steel
without difliculty. Mr. Cox, chairmaker, of this
jilace, on reading the piece, nrade the experiment
and found that it succeeded to admiration. He
has informed us that he now uses his buz ftr a
circular saw, by means of which he is enabled to
execute a part of his work with far greater facility
than he could by his former nrode. — Muncy Tele-
graph.
Beat this who can— Raised in this town by Mr. D.
Felt one hundred heads of barley from one kernel,
eighty of which were ripe, yielding too thousand
two hundred and fifty kernels.— Aeu) Fpswich Reg-
ister. ^^^
To take Ink spots out of Mahogany.— App\j
spirits of salt with a rag, until the spot disappears,
■ immediately wash with clear water.
366
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAY »0, 1S33.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY Si), 1R33
FARMER'S -WORK FOR JUNE.
Hay making will soon claim attention, nnd it is
now time to make ready and arrange your plans
of proceeding. In cutting grass for hay, a proper
attention slioiild l)c paid to the state of its growth.
If cut too early, or before it has obtained its most
perfect state, there Avill be much loss in drying.
If it stands too late it is not only harder to mow,
but the seed, the most nutritive part, will shell out
■while drying. But when there is much hay mak-
ing to be done, the whole cannot be performed at
precisely the right season. It will therefore be
expedient to cut the thickest grass, and that which
has lain, or is in danger of lying down. The
thinnest grass should be cut ne.xt, which is apt to
be soonest ripe, and last of all that which is on a
medium between thick and thin. If your mowing
ground is level, the use of a horse rake will greal-
ij lighten your labor.
If a second crop is expected, the grass may he
cut a little earlier than might be best otherwise. It
is a good plan to mix layers of green or new cut
grass, especially of clover, with layers of straw in
the mow. In this way the strength of the clover
is absorbed by the straw, which, thus impregnated,
horses and cattle will eat greedily. In case you
have no straw on hand, (which we told, or ought
to have told you to preserve for this very purpo.se)
you may mix some of your last year's hay, (on the
north east scaffold at the right hand of the barn
door) which is doubtless very dry by this time,
with such new cut grass, as it may be expedient
to house in your barn before it is altogether as dry
as a " remainder biscuit."
It is also recommended in the " ^9gricuUural
Report of Scotland,'''' to apply from four to eight
quarts of salt to a ton of new hay, while depositing
it in a barn or stack. It is found that hay thus
salted can be well saved in a greener state, anil,
at the same time the benefit, which the hay de-
rives from the salt, is more than four times its val-
ue. More than a peck of salt should not be appli-
ed to a ton of hay, as over salting diminishes its
nutriment.
The art of hay making consists in rendering it
sufficiently dry to prevent its heating too much in
the stack or mow, and at the same time preserv-
ing, as much as possible without danger, the nat-
ural juice of the grass. CJ»ver, say some, after it
is cut, should remain in the swath tilt it is dried
about two thirds of its thickness. It should then
not be spread, but turned over, and as little shaken
or stirred about as possible before it is put under
cover. Others however, advise to spread the
swath immediately after the mower, in order to
make it as fast as possible, and be careful to carry
it to the barn or stack before the leaves are dry
enough to crumble. We apprehend that the mode
in this case may be varied according to circum-
stances. If the weather be fair and settled, spread
the swaths, but if lowering and variable let your
grass remain as left by the mower, turning it over
when half dry, without spreading.
Salt for Cattle and Sheep. Although it has been
thought by some agriculturists that cattle or sheep
if allowed as much salt as they will consume
are apt to take it to excess, it is doubted by none
that a due quantity is beneficial to most or all an
mals. Cattle and sheep, it is said, when running
in fresh feed, in the fore pan of the season, stand
in particular need of this condiment ; and a prac"
tical husbandman once told us that in giving sal'
to these animals, it is best to mix it with unleach-
ed ashes in the proportion of one quart of fine salt
to one half bushel of ashes. The mixture, he told
us would preserve the health and increase the ap-
petite of the animals, and, he believed, would se-
cure sheep from the rot, and horses from the
botts.
Cucumbers, Melons, Squashes, Ifc. Do not per-
mit too many of these plants to remain in a hill.
Some experienced gardeners have told us that hills
of water melons should be planted eight feet apart,
and of musk melons six feet apart each way. And
when the plants have becouie too large to be des-
troyed by bugs, they should be thinned, so as to
leave only one in a hill. Cucumbers should be
left but little nearer together than musk n)elons.
The oftener you stir the ground among these and
other hoed crojis, the less they will suffer by dry
weather.
Culture of Com. If the ground on which you
have planted your Indian corn is level, light, and
but little infected with weeds, you will do well to
use a harrow at the first time of hoeing instead of
a plough. In a stift'stoney stubborn soil a plough
or cultivator is to be preferred, at least for the
second and third time hoeing. Put a handful of
wood ashes or plaster of Paris, or some say a
mixture of both is better than either separate, on
your hills of corn and potatoes, just before the first
or second hoeing. These articles are commonly
applied immediately after weeding, but it is re-
commended, particularly in dry weather, to cover
them with earth, as the sun and air will otherwise
rob them of fertilizing qualities.
Soap Suds is among the best of all possible anti-
dotes for insects, besides being a valuable manure.
If you will sprinkle your fruit-trees, in the spring
by the help of a garden engine, or one of those
syringes, which may be had at the Agricultural
Ware house. No. 52 North Market Street, with
soap suds, twice a week for two or three weeks, you
will soon find that canker-worms, cut-wornjs, and
caterpillars will be almost as scarce on your prfcmis-
es as mermaids, unicorns and flying dragons. Soap
suds are also a very fine article for watering cu-
ciHidier ])lants and other growing products of the
garden ; if water from the wash-tub cannot handily
be had you may find it worth your while to sub-
stitute a weak solution of potash.
Sea Water. Watering plants, such as potatoes,
turnips, and even flax with sea-water has been re-
connnended by Dr. Deane. But he says, " Sea
Water applied to tender plants most commonly
proves too strong for them, if applied when the
ground is dry. But if the ground is wet, the
strength of the water is abated by mixing with the
juices of the soil, before it is taken up by the roots,
and thus rendered innocent and safe, as I have
found by experience." As asparagus is naturally
a maritime plant, and found growing on the bor-
ders of salt marshes, it is probable that watering
it with sea-water would promote its growth suffi-
ciently to pay for the trouble, where such water is
handy.
" Sea-water might he carried, (says the Far-
mer's Assistant) from the sea, some distance on
the land, to advantage, in the following manner.
Take a one horse cart, and suspend a tight box
rightly shaped under the axle-tree, the box having
a valre in the under side ; drive the cart into the
water, and the valve opens and lets that fluid into
the box ; and when the cart is driven out, the valve
closes and holds the water.
" When the cart is drawn to the grouml nn
which the water is to he spread, this operation
may be performed in the manner we shall iiext de-
scribe: a tube is to he provided, say twelve feet in
length, with small holes bored into it at the (Us-
ance of six inches apart, and the end of the tube
closed; attach this to the under side of the box,
crossways, at either end, so as to be out of the
way of the wheels of the cart.
" When you come to wherathe water is to b«
spread, it is to be let out oftheliox into a tube, by
an aperture for that purpose, and as the cart moves
along, the water runs out of each of the small holes
in the tube, and thus sprinkles over a piece of
ground twelve feet wide, till the whole is ex-
hausted.
" With the next load, begin where the water
ceased running before, and thus continue the wa-
tered stripe across the field. Then take another
stripe of twelve feet wide adjoining that already
watered, and thus proceed till the whole has been
gone over.
" In this way a man would carry out say forty
cart loads a day, at the distance of half a mile, or
half that number if a mile ; as but little time need
be spent in loading and unloading. About ten
loads of a hundred gallons each would probably
he sufficient for an acre at one time."
There can be no doubt hut the application of
sea-water would i)rove fatal to cock-chaflers, grubs,
cul-worms, &c. Liquid manure of any kind may
be expeditiously applied in the way above men-
tioned.
ICnitling Machine. Our friend who signs " One
of your Subscribers" is informed that l\iv notice of
a Knitting Machine was originally tak(m from
Niles' Register, a paper printed in Baltimore.
We believe nothing of the kind is to be found in
Boston.
The stason is on the whole promising, though
not so forward as the opening spring led us to an-
ticipate. Long continued cold easterly winds have
[)ut a temporary veto on vegetation, and May, with
us insteaJ of being "Born in yon blaze of orient
sky " was in fact
Born in a fog, and cradled ia a storm.
Still fruit trees are abounding in blossoms, and
the rain^ which, in some parts of the Union, fell
in such quantities as to produce destructive floods,
iu this vicinity were not sufficiently copious to
be attended with any bad eflicts; and we have
neither seen nor heard of frosts to blast the hopes
of the husbandman.
IVORKS OF THE APPL.E-TREE BORER.
A FRiE."JD, residing in Newton, Mass. has sent
us a stump, and some of the roots of (we believe)
an apple tree, which are full of worms holes,
half filled with fine dust and other marks of some
insects, which evidently caused the death of the
tree ; and requests our opinion relative to the evil
and its remedy. We believe the mischief was the
work of the Apple-Tree Borer, (saperda bivittata)
of which we have frequently given descriptions
and notices.
The Mass. Agr. Repos. vol. v. p. 360, contains
a paper on this insect, by John Prince, Esq. by
which it appears that worms of this kind are des-
troyed "by digging round the tree, and clearing
away the earth to the roots, and then with a sharp
TOIi. XI, NO. 46.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
367
pointed knife, a chisel, or a gouge, (and a small
wire to probe if they are deep ia 'h<^ "■'^^>) ^^'^y
may easily be destroyed." Mr. Winship recom-
mends a still easier remedy in the application of
.1 solution of potash, see N. E. Farmer, p. 342 of
>lic current volume.
rrEMS OF INTEIrLIGKNCE.
Death uf HuJi. John Randolph.— The Philadelphia pa-
pers of Friday evening announce the death of Mr. Ran-
dolph, in that city, in the sixtieth year of his age. We
copy from the Chronicle the annexed notice :— " The
5ion. John Ramiolph, of Roanoke, died this morning,
.It the City Hotel, at quarter past twelve. He was on
his way to New York to embark for Europe, with the
hope that a sea-voyage might improve or restore h.s
health," which has been for a long time impaired."
jYfio Cement.— The late conquest of Algiers by the
French, has made known anew cement used in the pub-
lic works of that city. It is composed of two parts of
ashes, three of clay and one of sand. This composition
called by the Moors, Fabbi, being again mixed with oil
resists the inclemencies of the weather better than marble
itself
J. Skinner, Esq. of Baltimore, Editor of the Turf Reg-
ister, has received from Commodore Porter, Charge des
Affairs at Constantinople, a communication, accompan
ied with the skin of an Angora goat, from whose silken
hair Cashmere shawls are manufactured. CommodoR
Porter strongly recommends the introduction of the An
gora goat into this country, and says, tlie value of i
Cashmere shawl, here, (Constantinople) is from three U
four and sometimes 6ve hundred dollars. The best o"
silk imitations may be purchased for thirty dollars. The
cost of the introduction of this animal into the United
States would not be much for two or three spirited niei
of fortune to undertake. The goat is a hardy animal,
Icng lived and subject to none of the diseases of the
sheep.
Mr. Dobson of Connecticut, inventor of '.he Patent
Baker, recently recovered $360 of Campbell and Miller
of Bangor, for an infringement of his patent 'ight to the
double reflecting Baker.
WHOIiESALK AND RETAIl. CASH STORE.
EI.IAB STONE BREWER, No. 414, Wa,shiiigloii Slreel,
{South eiui) has received a geueral assorlmenl of Spring and
t^ummer Goods, amonff which are 100 caiies English, French and
American Prints of all prices and qualities — 2U cases Petticoat
Robes — 1 case Cambric Mushns, some of which are very fine — 1
case Cotton Cambrics do. do. — 1 case White Lilesia ioi lining
ladies dresses — 1 case Book Binders' Cambrick for <lo. do. — o
cases do.— 1 00 cases bleached and brown Sheeting and Shirting,
some extra fine — 1 case iVIarseilles Quilts, from 8 to 10 quarters
— 5 cases London Rose Blankets, some of a vcr^' superior qual-
ity and large size — 1 case Hearth Rugs — 4 cases Chapp's spool
tl cord cotton, warranted — 200 yards superior quality-— 5 cases
Clark's do. at very low prices by doz. or case — 2000 fancy
boxes — a large variety of colored and black French Silks at
very reduced prices — 2 eases col'd Battiste — 1 case black and
colored Barage — 4 cases French and London printed Muslins
of new patterns and beautiful colors — 2 cases three corded su-
pertine Italianettes, black and fashionable colors — 1 case com-
mon do — 1 case Plaid Palmgrim's super quality — 1 case Pou
de Soi a genteel article for ladies' summer dresses, 9il per yd
— 20 ps super muv'd, drab, and olive Merino Cassinelts for
children's summer dresses — 20 ps Rouen Cassimere with a large
variety of superfine and fine Broadcloths and Cassimeres —
20 bales Pelisse Wadding — 3 cases superior Ticking — 4 cases
cheapdo. — 10 cases improved soft tinished 4-4 Irish Linen, man-
ufactured for tlie London market and imported expressly for
the subscriber.
The above goods are offered for cash only at prices so ex-
tremely low as will make it an object for purchasers either by
piece or yard to call and see. May 29
TURNIP SEED.
For sale at the N. E. Seed Store, 61 & 52, Porth Market
Street,
Early Dutch Turnip. Early Garden Stone do. Yellow
Stone do. White Flat Winter do. Long Yellov French do.
Yellow Aberdeen do. Rula Baga do.
The two last are verv excellent kinds for oatllo.
ROXBURY YEOMAN ASS0CIAT;0N.
The Annual Meeting of the Ro.\bury YeomanAssociation,
for the detection and prosecution of trespassers, tfec. will be
held at the Town House, on Saturday evening nect, June 1st,
ice of officers, and the lajisaction of
iv come before them.
S. J. GARDNIR, Sec'.
at 7 o'clock, for the ch
all other business that i
Roxbury, May 29, 1833.
PATENT CAST STEEL HAT AND MANURE
FORKS.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse. Nos. 52 & 53,
North Market Street, I doz. of WILLIS' Improve! Cast Steel
socket Manure forks, the best article for the purpose that has
i)een made, having a fine spring- temper, works fr^e and easy.
^1 doz of the best German steel do. do.
" Goodycar's Philadelphia manufactory vilh 4, 5 & 6
prongs or tines.
" Goodyear's common do. do. do.
" Perkia's best Shear Steel hay forks, dc. do.
" Cast Steel do. do. do. do.
" Goodyear's best Philadelphia, do. 2, 3 and 4 tine.
** (io. common, do. do.
** do. Boy's, do. do.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
Beans, while, . .
Beef, mess, . .
FLOWER SEEDS.
SOD TARIETIES of very handsome annua!, biennial and
perennial Flower Seeds, in packages of 20 varieties each
For tale at the New England Seed Stora, Pric« gl pur pack-
age. 0^ cts. per paper. m 13
GARDEN MARROWFATS.
Very fine large Marrowfat Peas, for late sowing, for sale at
the New England Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52, North Market
Street.
n29
THE FULIi BLOODED HORSE SPORTSMAN.
THE Subscriber informs the public that the above named
liorse will stand at his stable the ensuing season, — terms J^20
the season, which may be settled for ,glo on or before the first
of September next. Insurance as may be agreed between the
parties. The stock of this horse are unusually promising and
will not suffer (to say the least) by comparison with the get of
any horse that has stood in this section for many years, and he
is therefore recommended to the public with confidence by
their obedient servant, S. JACQUES.
10 Hill.i Stock Faryjt.Charlestown, 2.^ miles from Boston.
Reference is made to Thomas Williams, Esq, of Chelsea,
who has colts of Sportsman's get; mS
ENGLISH MILK PANS &c.
JUST received from Liverpool at the agricultural Ware-
house. No. 51 & 52 North Market Street
A few Doz. English Patent milk Pans, a very superior arti-
cle for raising Cream to the best advantage.
Likewise a further supply of Patent Zinc milk Pans, which
have been highly approved of the last season.
50 Gault's Patent Churns, the best Chum now in use and
highly recommended. A few Philadelphia Barrell Churns.
Sanborn's Improved self operating Cheese Press, the Cheese
m pressed by its own weight.
A lew setts Lactometer Glasses for proving the quality of
siilk. J. R. NEWELL.
Cargo, No. 1 •
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, •
four meal, ■
skimmed milk, ... *
Feathers, northern, geese, . . •
southern, geese, . . -
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hav,
Honey,
Hops, ist quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, . . . ,.
Southern, 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
upper. . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
LiHE,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspeo;, extra <^ear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, ...,.'
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" soutberu, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, niix'd with Saxony,
Merino, ^ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, . . . .
Native washed, ....
Pulled superfine,
1st Lambs, . . .
THE HORSE NTIMIDIAN.
The full Blooded Arabian Horse Numidian will stand for
mares the ensuing season at the Ten Hill Stock Farm, on the
Medlbrd turnpike, 2J miles from Boston, at twenty dollars tlie
season, or twenty-five dollars to insure with foal.
The history of Numidian is this ; — In the winter of 1823 — •!,
the Dey of Algiers was at war whh the Cabolls, a tribe ol
Numidian Arabs. The Aga, (or General) Ehiea, who com-
manded the Dey's Janissaries (or troops) returned to Algiers
in the spring of 1824, having conquered the Arabs and brought
with him as booty a number of their best horses, of which Nu-
midian was one, a four year old colt at the time. He was ob-
tained of the Aga by Mr. Shaler, then Consul in Algiers. He
arrived in this country in December, 182ij.
He is said to be a sure foal getter and the colls are consid-
ered very valuable." They are five years old and under.
Since 1827 he has stood for mares at Moiml Holly, Burlington
.0. N,J.
The Arabian horses from the Barbary coast arc often called
barbs. . , , .
Gentlemen who may wish to know more particularly about
him arc requested to inquire of the subscriber at the Ten Hills
Stock Farm. SAMUEL JAQUES.
m 1
HAMEWELL.
The fast trotting horse Hamewell, by Barefoot his dam the
Virginia Mare, will stand for mares at the stable of Admiral
Sir Isaac Coffin, at Brighton, this season at 15 dollars a marc.
This line animal is now three vears old and stands IS hands one
inch high. His color is dark'bay, black legs, and well built in
proportion; his action and speed is equal to that of any other
horse of his age. Good pasturage for mares, and the best of
care will be taken of them. Gentlemen are respeclfully invited
to call and see this horse. J. PARKINSON,
o, 21 Brighton.
bushel
barrel
pound
bushel
barrel
3d " ...
^ Ist Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 els. less per lb.
pound
pound
pound
lb.
pound
cask
ton
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
3 00
1 00
II 50
6 75
8 60
14
8
35
9
I 25
5 87
6 00
5 75
I 20
3 00
25
18 00
13 00
none
12
10 00
3 25
1 50
12 10
7 00
S 75
15
10
43
43
12
1 30
6 12
6 12
5 87
76
74
?2
25
25
1 2fi
3 25
30
19 00
13 50
2 SO
1 00
13
13
II 00
65
75
55
50
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices
Ham», northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, . . . .
Eggb,
Potatoes, common, . . .
CiDBR, (according to quality,'
' pound
%
"
7
10
15
dozen
bushel
barrel
19
14
33
2 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, May 27, 1833.
lUported for the Daily AilTcrtiser »nd Patriot.
At Market this day SG3 Beef Cattle, (including about 40 un-
sold last week) 25 pairs Working Oxen, 12 Cows and Calves,
and 260 sheep. About 55 Beef Cattle remain unsold, most of
which are prime Cattle.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — Last week's prices were not sup-
ported ; a yoky o'r two were taken at ^7.25. We quote prime
at £6,50 a 7j' good at g6, a 6,50 ; thin al g5,25 a 6.
Working Oxen.—VTe noticed sales at §46, §51, ,g55, 560,
562, g70, and g80.
Cmrs and Co/w».— Sales were effected al 17, 19, 20, 22,
25, 26, and g28.
Sheep.-^Wa noticed a lot of Wethers, ordinary, taken at
52 ; a lot al §2,50 ; a loi at gS ; also lots, pan of which were
Lambs, at from 2,25 lo §3.
NOTICE.
For sale al the Agricultural Warehouse, a few of Wilkinson's
improved Bent patent Sheep shears, lo prevenJ cutlinglhe skin,
a very greal improvemcnl, in the article. May -9
368
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
MAY ao, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
THE PETITION OF THE LUIUGS.
Dear ladies ! Iiear our sad complaint,
And pity our distress !
Too long we've born our silent grief,
''Tis time to seek redress.
In cruel fetters bound, we plead —
Uh, hear our (eeble cry !
Your corsets vile oppress us so,
We scarce can bear a sigh.
■Tis in our cells the blood and air
Indulge their warm embrace ;
But scarcely have they room to meet.
While you so tightly lace.
Our neighbors too are sorely pressed,
And grievously complain j
We're forced to bear each other's woes,
And sympathise in pain.
The heart you know, or ought to know,
Is pumping night and day.
To force the purple stream of life.
Throughout its circling way.
The stomach and the liver loo,
Deserve not such abusej
With ceaseless care ihey aaalyze.
And fit your food for use.
Oh, could you see our crippled slate.
Our languid movements view.
You surely would not grieve us thus.
As thoughtlessly you do.
And why is all this rude attempt.
Your symmetry to ciiange ?
Can you correct your Maker's work,
Or better plans ai'range ?
The loveliest form that beauty wears.
Is woman fair in yoiuli ;
Her perfect shape taste may idorn,
But not amend its truth.
Dear ladies we entreat you then.
By all that's just in taste.
As you value life and health,
Give freedom to the waist !
ROMANTIC.
' I RECOLLECT a pretty incideut, which may not
be uninteresting to tlie reader. A wild young
fellow married a lovely girl, and having been long
addicted to habits of dissipation, even the sincere
attachment which he entertained towards his wife
could not entirely disentangle him from its snares.
His occasional irregular hours, would have given
any but one of so pure and sweet a disposition,
every reason to suspect that she did not hold that
place in his attections which was her right ; but
this reflection scarcely ever intruded upon her
spirits. The husband was far from being cruel,
and really loved her, but his disposition was weak
and his companions eloquent, and he seemed to
grow worse rather than better in his habits. It
happened once that he was called out of town,
and in his haste left behind him a letter, in which,
to please an unprincipled friend, he had spoken
of his wife in terms of carelessness, if not of deri-
sion, and dilated freely upon his general course
of life. Imagine the anxiety and suspense of the
startled profligate, when he found himself borne
by a rapid steam-boat upon a journey which must
necessarily be of several days duration, yet re-
membered distinctly tliat the fatal letter was left
exposed and unsealed upon his wife's table. He
recollected too, with a pang, that he had wantonly,
in answer to her inqtiiries, boasted that it contain-
ed a profoiuid secret, which he would not have
revealed for the world. He paced the deck in an
agony of disappointinentand shame. He pictured
her opening the letter, tm-nlng pale with horror
and indignation — perhaps fainting with anguish —
alarming the servants — flying to her father — re-
nouncing him forever. As soon as possible he
returned, but with a sinking heart, to his dwelling,
bracing himself up to meet the fury of an enraged
and wretched woman. He opened the door softly.
She was bending over her table busily writing.
A placid smile sealed her mouth with a perfect
beauty, and spread over her glowing features the
mild expression of peace and joy ; and even as
she wrote, the fragment of a sweet ballad fell
from her lips in a low music, that flows only from
a heart entirely at rest. The husband stole noise-
lessly around, and read as her pen traced her
gentle thoughts.
' Your letter is lying by me. The very, vci-y
letter, containing the ' inofound secret.' Now
could I]umisli you for yotir carelessness; but, my
dearest Charles, how could I look you in the face
on your return, after having basely violated your
trust in my integrity, and meanly sought to grati-
fy a silly curiosity at the expense of honesty, del-
icacy, and confidence. No. The letter is un-
opened, and lest you should feel uneasy, I enclose
it to you, with the sincere love of your aflection-
ate wife,' &c.
'What an angel! uttered the conscience-stricken
husband.'
' She started up with a cry of pleasure — and as
Charles met the light of her clear, unshrinking
eyes, he was humbleil that he should have suspect-
ed, her and deeply struck with repentance at his
own conduct, lie thenceforth severed all ties that
drew liim abroad ; and if the pure and happy be-
ing whose influence had thus allured him to the
path of right had perused all his subsequent letters
she would have iuund nothing concerning herself,
save bursts of the sincerest admiration and the
warmest love.'
FoNTENELLE lived to be nearly one hundred
years old. A lady, of nearly equal age, said to
him one day, in a large comjiany. Monsieur, you
and I stay here so long, that I have a notion death
has forgotten us 1 Speak as softly as you can.
Madam, replied Fontenelle, 'lest you remind him
of us.'
Pause before you follow Example. A mule,
laden with salt and an ass laden with wool went
over the brook together. By chance the mule's
pack became wetted, and the salt melted, and his
burden became lighter. After they had passed,
the mule told his good fortune to the ass, who,
thinking to speed as well wetted his pack at the
next water, but his load became the heavier, and
he broke down under it. ' That which helps one
man may hinder another.
Intercourse tvith Philadelphia — So rapid is the
traveling between the two cities that a gentleman
breakf istiug in Philadelphia arrives at the usual
hour of dining in the city of New York — 3
o'clock. We notice gentlemen, says the Daily
.Advertiser, transacting buisncss on change at
the usual hours, who left Philadelphia the same
morning. — JV. 1". Daily Adv.
We have met in recent reading — we believe in
that excellent work, Taylor's ' llecordsof my life.'
— with a retort made uj)on an inflated lord, by a
distinguished man, who had risen to eminence by
his own exertion, with whom he chanced to be
dining. The lord piqued at the attention which
he excited, said to him, ' Sir, I knew your Hither:
be was a iii/f/ier.' ' Well, sir,'was the reply which
was deigned to the lord : ' I ktiew your father.
And the only diffi;rence between my father and
yours, is this. He itV/erf Jiis calves, and yours it
seems, brought them up!'
AVERY'S TRI.-VI,.
RUSSELL, ODIURNE & Co. of this citv, have in press a
Report of Avery's Trial, which will be published as early
as possible after the verdict is rendered. The r>i[)oriL-r is a
gentleman of the Boston Bar, who has no ini. n i. . iih. r p. i-
sonal or political, to bias him, in the case, and \M in ; , i
-b an ample pledge that the Report will be full. . ' . .-
partial. The Report will include the argumcuii aj;d |jl. jdm,;,
of counsel, and charge to the Jury, and be accompanied with a
map. Orders from the country dealers and others will be
liromplly attended to on liberal terms.
QCPEdilors of papers who may give publicity to the above,
will have a copy sent them immedialciy after publication, by
sending a copy of their paper to tlie puhfi^hers. m'ii
A FINE NEW SQUASH
FOR sale at the New England S^d Store, i\os, 51, & 5?,
North Market Street,
A lew seeds of the Early Lemon S^|ua^h, liom the western
pan ol this State, which is'con^idc red oar- ol ilietincsi varieties
of suninn-r Squash cultivated, being a ucek earlier than the
f?coil«p or Waned Squashes, and ot' nuich superior flavor,
•Jrier. and somewhat resembling the Canada Squash in taste ;
producing abundantly till killed by frosi. Price 12A cents per
^apcr. May 1
ESSEX PRIZE POTATOES.
A few bushels of the laujous Essex Prize Potatoes for sale at
Ihe .New England Seed Store, No, SI ^ a'2, North Maiket
FOR SALE,
THAT valuable comitnj s>-i.it and farm fomierly owned by
K. IL Derby and J, Crowntnshield, Esqrs,, and lately by Col.
Kndicott, situated in Danvers, within two niiles of Salem and
(iflcen of Boston, The buildings are in good repair, spacious
and elegant, and convenient for a genteel family, and also for a
farmer's, viih barns, stables, &c,, attached, 'i'here is an ex-
cellent garden, containing a great variety of choice fruils,
shrui^s and Sowers and a tasteful summer house. The farm is
in a high stale of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produces lar^e crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, quinces and cherries j
there is a mrsery of^ young fruit trees, and a plantation of
aXX) White Mulberries, 'n\e place has many advantages, and
is the most dtsirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garifen, with from 10 to 100 acri^s of land, as the pur-
chaser may dioose, are offered on liberal and accommottating
terms, Appy at this office, or lo AMOS KING.
Danvers, larch 27, 1833.
TIE NE1V ENGLAND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at g'i per
pa\ able at ilie end of the year — but diose who pay witliiu
si.\ty days fnin the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of iirty'cnts,
0= No pqjcr will be sent to a distance without paymcBt
being made:n advance,
A'cic York-^G. Thorburh & Sobs, G7 Liberty-street.
Albawi—\%\. Thorbuhn, 347 Market-street,
I'hiki<lelphil—T>. & C, La.[JDI<f.th, 8j Chesnut-street.
li'iUimore'^. I, HiTCHCocK, Publisher of American Farmer.
CincimuUiS. C. Parkhcrst, 23 Lower Market-street,
Fludiiuff, K Y.—Wn. Pri.vck & Sons, Prop, Lin, Bot, Gai.
Middli-biinj, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford— Ci()<i\)V.-\s &. Co. Booksellers,
Springfield. )/s,— E, EliWARDS, Merchant.
TVoi'Wuport— Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, if. H.—i. W, Foster, Bookseller,
Portland, A/cr-Cui..MAN, Holden & Co, Booksellers.
.luriista, A/e,i-WM. Mann, Druggist,
Halifax, N. S.—P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recoriler.
Montreal, L. C. — Geo, Bent,
i^t. Louis — Geo, Holton,
Printed for Gso. C, Barrett by Ford & Dahrilj.
who execute every description of Book and Fancy Print-
ing in good style, and with promptness. Orders for print
ing may be left with Geo, C, Barrett, at the Agritul-
tural Warehouse, No, 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGL.AN1> FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agkicolturai. Warehousk.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 6, 1833.
AN ADDRESS
Delivered before llie Bristol Couiily Agricultural Society
October 3, 1832. By Rola.sd Howard, President of the
Society.
[Concluded from page 3G5.]
Wf. will now cross the Atlantic, and see what
has been done in this our highly favored land.
The first exhibition of domestic animals, and I
may say the origin of cattle shows in this country
was holden mider an ehn tree, in the town of
Pittsficld, in the county of Berkshire, in the year
1807; anil the whole exhibition consisted of a pair
of Merino sheep, which were owned by Elkanah
Watson, who may be considered as the originator
of cattle shows in this country. In the winter of
1811, the Berkshire agricultural societj' was in
corporatoti ; but at that time the society were with
out funds ; • notwithstanding which, the society met
on the 2 ith of September, the same year, and it
was found that such a spirit of inquiry had been
excited, that the number of people that attended
were estimated to be from three to four thousand.
Since which period, and without doubt partly in
consequence of a wise provision of the govern-
ment of this state, agricultural societies have been
formed in many of the counties of the state; and
similar institutions are already formed, or are now
foriinng throughout the United States.
In aid of these societies, many valuable period-
ical publications have sprung up in diflercnt parts
of the country, calculated to concentrate and dif-
fuse precisely that kind of information, which the
agriculturists so much need, and without which
much of their labor must be spent in vain.
The reason of my giving you this brief histori-
cal sketch of the progress of agricultural improve-
ment, is to show in some small degree the causes
that have combined in producing such results as
we can at this day behold — results that every man
whose vision is not clouded by bigotry, jealousy or
envy, must be compelled to acknowledge; and al-
so to refute an idea still entertained by too many,
that agricultural societies never have, nor ever will
do any good
It must be obvious to the most superficial ob-
server, that a great improveinent in fanii manage-
ment, has been made in many parts of this state,
within the last twenty years, particularly in the
improved construction of farm buildings, and fen-
ces— in saving, collecting, and the application of
manure, by which vegetable i)roductions have been
greatly increased ; and by the introduction and im-
provement of many valuable labor saving agricul-
tural itTiplements. The same improvement is also
discoverable in our domestic animals — we not only
have better breeds, but more attention is bestowed
on them to render them comfortable; for it is now
pretty generally understood, that unless they are
well fed and properly sheltered, they will but im-
poverish their owner. Now to what cause or
causes are these acknowledged improvements to
be ascribed, if agricultural societies have had no
agency in producing them ? It appears to me evi-
dent, that much of the improvement that has re-
cently been made in the intplements of husbandry,
may, and ought to be ascribed to the establish-
ment and influence of agricultural societies; in
proof of this position, I ask you to compare the
implements used in husbandry at the present day.
with those in use in former times — "see with the
mind's eye" Cincinnatus fallovving his land with
the limb of a tree for his plough-beain, and a knot
to it for his coulter and sliare — look at the patri-
archs, see then) grinding their corn with pestles ;
and if you fl-ace the progress of improvement
down to fifty years ago — what was then the con-
struction of the farmer's implements ? We might
then have seen what is termed a breaking up, or
sward plough, nine or ten feet in length, and re-
quiring four or .six stout oxen to draw it; often
two men to drive, one man between the handles,
one on the beam, and one with a hoe to turn the
furrows ; with this plough, and all this expense of
labor, one acre per day might be " cut and cover-
ed" (as the |)hrase is) for it surely was not plough-
ed. Now if you please, compare the neatly con-
structed plough of the present day with those I
have described , I refer you more particularly to
those made by Briggg, Warren, or Proutty, and
especially to the latter. I hazard nothing by say-
ing that one man with a good yoke of oxen, that
are well disciplined, with a plough of the make of
either of the above gentlemen, will break up an
acre as quick, and the work shall be better done
than can be done with three hands and four oxen
with such a jdough as those in general use in the
county fifty years ago.
I will now call your attention to another neces-
sary implement in husbandry, (viz.) the shovel :
''fty or sixty years ago, the shovels in general use,
were made of an oaken plank, without a particle
of iron or steel about them. Compare shovels of
this description with the finely polished shovels in
use at the present day — and what think you .' Can
any doubt but that there is an improvement? And
will any one say that the encouragement given by
agricultural societies to mechanical skill has had
no agency in bringing about this improvement?
No, none will say it. I might go on and enume-
rate (were it necessary) numberless other imple-
ments, which have recently been made in agricul-
ture, horticulture, domestic manufactures, and the
mechanic arts, dll which tend directly to amelio-
rate and improve the condition of man ; but
enough has already been said to convince every
unprejudiced mind, that the objections brought
against the utility of agricultural societies are alto-
gether groundless, weak, and futile.
Thus it may be seen, that the march of im-
provement is by no means slow, or at a stand, let
every one contribute according to his ability to its
advancement, and many of the evils incident to
our present condition will vanish like a morning
dew.
Permit me now to call your attention to one
more improvement, which according to my im-
pression lies at the loundation of all other im-
provements ; and is of vital importance to all those
who cultivate the soil; and this I shall call intel-
lectual improvement.
The field here is large, and the soil generally
good, but nevertheless it needs cultivating, for
whhout the cidtivation of the mind, we at most
but resemble a barren and unprofitable soil.
Wisdom, or knowledge may be compared to
the lever by which the world is moved — or in
other words, the great principle by which the Su-
preme Being governs and sustains the universe ;
and the creature man, for wise and benevolent
purposes, having been created an intelligent being,
it woidd seem to be a natural inference, that it is
only by the acquisition of useful knowledge that
the means of promoting his own happiness are to
be increased ; and certain it is, that in all our
operations, we find that the light which knowl-
edge bestows, is foimd to be of great importance
in all our operations ; and here we discover the .
truth of the saying "that knotcledge is power" — a
maxim however, that no class in society have been
slower to adopt, than the agriculturists ; and sorrj'
I am to state, that by' no other class are books
treating on subjects relating to their several avoca-
tions held in less repute.
What good reason can be given why the farm-
er should not avail himself of a portion of the nu-
merous publications which are extant at the pre-
sent day, and in which may be found not only the
theory of his art, but many hundred practical re-
sults, fully exemplified — and why should he not
read, and put in practice in his farm management,
those courses in husbandry, that shall appear to
him to promi- ■ favorable results?
I would ell ritably hope that the day has gone
by, and never more to return, when knowledge
acquired by rending' was thought by many to be
incompatible with the practical operations of the
farmer — when a man of literary attainments, was
thought by some to be unfit to hold a plough or
drive a harroiu — avd when it was considered al-
most a crime to cdipt in practice a course in hus-
bandry, if it came recommended to him through
the medium of a boo!c.
I am also sensible that the time has been, when
the farmer who was seen reading such books as
treated on the art of husbandry, subjected himself
to he pointed at with the finger of scorn, and to
the epithets, book farmer — gentleman farmer — vis-
ionary theorist, &c. but we have now good reason
to hope for better things ; the day star of intelli-
gence has already beamed upon many of our far-
mers, and the light which illuminates their minds,
is not hid under a bushel, but shines abroad, shed-
ding its benign influence on many of the ignorant
and unthinking. But notwithstanding there may
be seen here and lliere a bright speck in our agri-
cultural hemisphere, still it must bo obvious, that
the standard of intelligence is yet much too low
among the agricultural class of society ; and that
we are, as a' body, much too negligent in embrac-
ing the means of improving our art, which at this
day are brought within the reach of every one,
and which may be easily attained.
I am aware that there are some who plead that
they arc too poor to furnish themselves with
books — let all such examine a little, and serious-
ly inquire for the cause that has produced the low
state of their finances; and perchance they may
discover some way by which their expenditures
may be reduced, and their coflers replenished.
Perhaps one cause of their poverty may be found
in expensive and foolish habits ; too much may
be spent for dress, and other appendages of exter-
nal show — too much also for indulgences of the
passions and the appetites — have any become a
slave to the habit of taking their bitters in the
370
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JUNE 5, 1S33.
morning a sling at eleven, and another at four
o'clock in the afternoon ; if so, let all such abandon
the practice — let them leave it oft' altogether —
iaste it not, touch it not; and in this alone, there
might very properly be a pecuniary saving made
to an amount of at least $14 annually — to say
nothing of the value of the time spent in running
after the haieful poison. But this is by no means
all that might be saved by the abandonment of
such a senseless practice ; we will say nothing
about bruised eyes, bloody noses, broken shins,
nor law suits, (all which could be avoided), still
there is a saving of infinitely greater importance
than these ; do you ask what it can be ? I answer
peace of mind— family peace — peace in society —
bodily health — a sound mind — mental vigor, and a
rational prospect of a long and happy life. And
are not these savings that every good economist
•will delight to attend to ?
There is still another class in society, who de-
clare that the reason why they do not read is for
the want of time ; these say that " we are always
so hurried in business, that we can find no time
to devote to reading." Now are not these people
frequently seen yawning and indolent, or indulg-
ing in vain and frivolous amusements, or gratifying
an idle curiosity ? Let all such arrange their busi-
ness in the best possible manner — let there be seen
method and order, in the arrangement — let them
have a place for every thing, and let every thing
be seen in its place — let whatever is resolved to
he done, be done in the proper season, and done
well — ever recollecting "that whatever is worth
doing, is worth doing well." Let this be done
and 1 should hazard nothing by saying that am-
ple time might soon be gained, for reading and re-
flection.
How can the long winter evenings, from Octo-
ber to March, and a considerable portion of the
many stormy days that happen in the year, be
more appropriately spent by the farmer, than by
devoting them to reading " by his own fire side ? "
If this were generally done, it would soon he
seen that the aggregate amount of improvement
thus obtained would be of no small importance to
the agricultural interest; for it is obvious, that it
is only by an intellectual and virtuous cultivation
of the mind that we can expect to realize profit,
or to give dignity to our occupation. This will
also be the best means of securing ourselves
against the temptations of vice and intemperance
evils which readily assail the ignorant and the
idle ; and in this way we shall rise above the de-
grading maxims of the world, by which it has
been supposed that a laboring man must necessari-
ly be vulgar and ignorant.
Perhaps there is no way by which so much val-
uable information can be acquired, at so small an
expense, as by the establishment of Social circu-
lating Libraries ; and I beg leave to suggest for
your consideration, the expediency of forthwith
establishing in the respective towns in the county,
(wherever it would be practicable) circulating
Libraries; the books to consist principally of such
as treat on the following subjects, viz. Natural
Philosophy, Agriculture, Horticulture, Chemistry,
Domestic manufactures. Rural economy. Mineral-
ogy, the rearing and management of domestic ani-
mals, the diseases with which they are liable to be
afflicted, and the most approved methods of cure ;
to which might be added, books treating on the
mechanic arts.
If forty or fifty individuals in each town in the
county would unite for that purpose, and'^^'dvance
three or four dollars each, a very handsome begin-
ning miglit be made, and by a small tax annually
paid on each share, the value of the library would
be constantly increasing ; and the mental satisfaction
to he enjoyed by being able, on any occasion, to
show the why and wherefore would of itself be am-
ple compensation for all sums thus advanced. I
cannot better close this long (and to my hearers I
fear uninteresting address) than by a quotation
from Proverbs.
"Wisdom is the principal thing; therefore get
wisdom : and with all thy getting, get understand-
ing.
Exalt her, and she shall promote thee : she shall
bring thee to honor when thou dost embrace her.
She shall give to thine hand an ornament of
grace ; a crown of glory shall she deliver to thee."
HOMER AND STEAM.
At the ninth anniversary of the London Mechan-
ic's Institution, Dr. Birkheck, in awarding a prize
of £20 for the best essay on steam, observed, that
the author had discovered several notices of the
power of steam by the ancients, which had escaped
preceding writers. He had also detected, in the
eighth book of the Odyssey, a probable allusion to
steam navigation :
"So shah ihou instant reach the realms assigned,
In wondrous ships, self-moved, instinct with mind:
No helm secures their course, no pilot guides ;
Like man intelligent they plough the lides,
Conscious of every coast and every bay,
That lies beneath the sun's all-seeing ray.
Though clouds and darkness veil the encumbered sky.
Fearless through darkness and through clouds they fly.
High tempests rage, high rolls the s«elling main, —
The sea may roll, the tempests rage in vain."
EJLEGANT COMPLIMENT.
At the late Ladies Fair in Boston, Mrs. O. who
presided at one of the tables for the sale of arti-
cles for the benefit of the school for the blind, at-
tracted no little attention, as well on account of
the graces of her person as the rarity and elegance
of her wares. Whilst engaged in the avocations
of the day, a sailor approached her, and exhibited
strong symptoms of becoming a purchaser of some
of the rich articles with which the table was dec-
orated. He drew from his pocket a ten dollar bill,
and after looking for some time steadfastly at the
lady, he laid the money upon the table and was
about to withdraw " Will you not'take some article
for your money ?" said Mrs. O. The honest tar
turned again towards her, and looked — tlien, with
an expressive hitch, sheered oflT, saying — " J\'o ;
I've had my money's worth."
This anecdote bears some afiinity to, and is not
less complimentary than that which is told of the
Duchess of Devonshire, at wiiose eyes the coal-
man asked leave to light his [lipe. That celebra-
ted lady always declared that after the coalman's
compliment, all others were vapid. — JV. Y. Com.
Mv.
A CHEAP AJVD CONVENIENT BATH.
There is one mode of refreshing and hardening
the body that is extremely cheap, extremely con-
venient, and yet seldom adopted. The warm and
cold baths are indispensable to health. No system
can go on with its full natural vigor, so long as the
])ores of the skin are encumbered and obstructed
by the particles of perspirable matter, that not be-
ing carried off by evaporations, accumulate on the
surface. In some form or other, general ablu-
tion is required, and that often, by all animals, and
by none more than by man. Independently of the
benefits of cleanliness derived from such baths,
there are other advantages resulting from, them
which it is not our purpose here to discuss ; and
which, to medical men certainly, are already suffi-
ciently familiar. But the cold and the warm bath
are attended with some inconvenience, and with
some expenditure of time, and, in this city, of money
also. It is not an indifferent matter, therefore,
that all should be reminded of the |>ower of the air
bath, in promoting both health ami coiiifoit, and
rendering the water bath less frequently necessary.
It costs nothing to expose oneself a few minutes, on
rising in the morning, to the air of a dressing room ;
and after a short time, it will always be regarded
as a luxury. In summer the windows of the apart-
ment may be open, and the external air admitted
freely around the person. If to this delicious and
invigorating bath, friction be added, we can scarce-
ly name a more sure method of preventing disease
and imparting tone and vigor to the whole system.
Time even need not be given to this bath. The
windows being thrown open, and the door of the
dressing room shut, the operation of shaving (which
by the way is performed at this time with more ease,
and less danger of drawing blood, than at any other
part of the day,) and the ceremonies of ablution
may all be performed in a state of nudity; so that
the thorough air bath may be taken every day with-
out the least possible expense, even of a. moment's
time, without inconvenience, and with great ad-
vantage to the body and mind.
We forbear to dilate on this subject. To the
wise, the word already written will be sufiicient.
The foolish, pages of arguments and explanation
would but confirm in their follv. — Med Journal.
LOAVELL.
FiFTEE.N years ago the town of Lowell might
have existed in the imagination of some scientific
speculator, who had traversed the ground then oc-
cupied by the Locks and Canal, but it had exis-
tence no where else. Now Lowell is a town of
12,000 inhabitants, and some 20 factories, 14
churches, 25 lawyers, as many doctors, a half doz-
en hotels, and blocks of brick, stone and wood too
tedious to enumerate. Upon a man, whose blood
has grown rather stagnant under the influence of an
old, long-settled and quiet neighborhood, a visit to
Lowell would operate as a stimulant of no small
power. There, every thing is in motion, that is
capabk of motion. The waters rush furiously
down the falls and rapids, — wheels are performing
their incessant gyrations, the road itiaker, the car-
penter, and the bricklayer are jdying their active
toils, the streets and avenues are filled with people,
all full of life, bustle, and animation. The picture
is gay, shifting and crowded. It gives one some
idea of the scenes at an eastern bazaar, or some
great fair where a great deal of business must be
transacted in a limited period ; and where every
man feels that time is money, and must be im-
proved as such. What a change ! How omnipotent
is capital, how magical the working of the Amer-
ican System ! — Kewburyport Herald.
Irrigation. — Every farmer should have in his yard
a cistern, or some similar receptacle for his liquid
manure. In our often dry and burning climate,
watering grass and other crops would be the means
not only of keeping the crops in a growing state un-
til they are supplied with rain, but greatly enrich
the land.
VOIi. XI, NO. 47.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL
371
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Saturday, June 1, 1833.
Flowers presented. By Mr. S. Walker, of Rox-
I)ury. Iris two varieties ; Roses ; Phlox Alba,
Poeania, double white ; Hesperus Matronalis
(Double White Roillet); Spiroea Filii)enclula,(Com-
luou Dropwort) ; V'eronica Gentioiiaides, (Gentian
leaved Speedwell); Sa.xifraga Unibrosia, (London
Pride); Minulus Aurea, (Monkey flower); Viola
Graudiflora, alba ; do. ])urpurea, do. tricolor, do.
Maria Louisa, do. do. Adelaide, do. do. Nigra, do.
do. Seedliiijr, very large ; William Wallace do. do.
Tani O'Sliantcr ; Lychnis Chalcedonica, (Double
red Ragged Robin); Hyacinth monstrosus; Henrjro-
callisFlava; Pinks; Achillea jEgyptiaca (Egyp-
tian Milfoil) Tradescanlia Alba, do. Rubra, do. do.
Purpurea. Acpiilegia Cerulea, do. Alba. Cle-
matis Integrifolla ; Campanula flosculi, do. Lon-
icera.
By John Prince, Esq. Scotch Roses. By Mr.
John A. Keurick, Spartiumsco parium ; Azalea
flamma. Poenia, Double White, do. Decora, do.
Rosea ; Aristoloehia sepha.; Calycanthus floridus ;
Viburnum oxycrocus ; Magnolia glauca. Rose
Acacia, new variety ; Honeysuckle, four varieties ;
Scotch Roses, &c.
Messrs. Winships, their usual exhibition of
flowers, of wliich there were about sixty varieties.
Mr. Thomas Mason, of Charlestown, presented
on the 25th idt. some fine tulips, which were ac-
cidentally omitted in last week's report of Horticul-
tural proceedings.
For the Com. J. Winship, Chairman.
Fruits presented. Two Boxes of Early Virginia
and Royal Scarlet Strawberries, raised in open
ground, ripe and fine flavored, by Mr. Rufus Howe,
of Dorchester.
Green Peas, of a good size, from the garden of
E. Vose, Esq. of Roxbury, were exhibited.
For the Com. B. V. French.
On the motion of Mr. Winship, the Society
Voted, That the flowers exhibited on Saturday be
sold at auction, precisely at 12 o'clock, and the
proceeds thereof appropriated towards the erection
of a Monument to the memory of the late eminent
Horticulturist Robert Wya-tt.
Rapid mode of raising excellent vine plants. At
the pruning season leave a shoot of young strong
wood, over and above what may be wanted for
training of a suflicient length to bend down as a
layer into a pot ; and also for training it during
its growth, when the vine begins to push, displace
the buds from the shoot intended for laying, except
the leading one. When this is grown to about all
eight inches or one foot long, bend down to the
pot and lay it so that the top joint, whence the
young shoot has sprung, may be fixed with a
strong crook at about one inch under the surface
of the mould. As soon as it begins to take root,
weaken its resources from the mother plant by
making an incision in the wood behind the pot,
which enlarge by degrees, as fast as the young
plant will bear it until it is quite separated from
the old one — Card. Mag. T. Rutger.
Bunkerhill Monument. An eflbrt is now making
without a doubt of its success by the Massachusetts
Charitable Association to complete the Monument.
COTTON SEED OII< FACTORY.
The Missisippi Journal gives a very detailed ac-
count of a factory, establislied in the city of Natch-
ez, and now in operation, for manufacturing oil
from cotton seed. The factory belongs to Messrs
.Samuel Plummer & Co. of which firm 3Iajor An-
derson Jliller is a partner. It is an inunense un-
dertaking. Their building is eighty-four feet by
eighty, one and a half story high, and contains a
steam engine of 2'!^ inch cylinder, and five feet
stroke, driving eight hulling machines, five setts of
stones, and a macliine to prepare and grind the
seed for heating; eight cylinders for heating the
meal ; a corn and seven lever presses in preparation,
to carry on the business with despatch, aud to the
saving of manual labor. The establishment is the
largest of the kind in the United States, and is ca-
pable of making from one to two thousand gallons
of oil per day. The oil is used for painting and
burning. — Boston Transcript.
Rhubarb Plant. Edward Bevan in the Hor.
Reg. observes "that it is I believe an ascertained
fact, that allowing plants to seed has an exhaust-
ing efl'ect, as well upon the plants themselves as
upon the soil they grow in. Some, which if
prevented from seeding, would prove perennial
uniformly die the following winter, if allowed to
seed. Others if raised too late to blossom the year
in which they are sown, are well known to pro-
duce more vigorous plants, aud consequently finer
flowers, the year following.
Applying this principle to my Rhubarb, I re-
move its blossom buds in their earliest infancy
except when I wish to perfect a few of its seeds,
this, however, I have rarely attempted, as like the
potato it is much moie speedily propagated through
tiie medium of the roots than by sowing tlie seed.
Whenever I have allowed a rhubarb plant to
ripen its seed I have found it sufl'er in the vigor
of its leaves, not only during the year of its flow-
ering, but on the following year also."
Mr. Randolph, it is said, has provided for the
EMANCIPATION OF ALL HIS SLAVES. Ho liaS alsO
made provision for the support of such of them as
are children, until they are able to take care of
themselves — and for the aged and infirm, durin
life.
The first specimen of an Anglo Chinese Calen-
dar and Register has been published in China for
the year 1832. According to this authority, the
population returns of the celestial empire, in 1831,
amounted to 362 millions ; of which number the
capital, Pekin alone is said to contain five millions.
The steamboat built by the Boston Coal Com-
pany, plies regularly between the Boston coal
mines about twenty miles above this, and Muncy
dam, passing down one day and returning the next.
She draws about fifteen inches of water is near one
hundred feet in length and sixteen in width, aud
moves with speed aud majesty. She came from
Williamsport to Jersey Shore yesterday, a distance
of about 17 miles by water, in two hours and
twenty minutes. The use to which she is now
applied is to tow arks and carry passengers. — Penn.
Paper.
A town has been built in the gold region of Geo.
by the name of Araria. This town has been erec-
ted in less than twelve months and has a newspa-
per already.
The directors of the old bridge in Charlestown
have voted to appropriate one half of the nett tolls
of the month of June to the purpose of completing
the Bunkerhill Monument.
It has been determined to take the frigate Con-
stitution into the new dry dock in Charlestown,
Mass. about the middle of June, where she will
undergo a thorough repairng, and be coppered
anew. The Constitution is one of the oldest ships
in the navy — she was built in Boston in 1797, and
is considered by seamen as " the fortunate ship."
Strawrebries from the garden at the House of
Industry South Boston were in the Boston market
on the morning of the 1st inst.
Accelerated movement on Canals. — It has been
ascertained by experiments on Paddingtou Canal,
near London that canal boats, by using superior
horses, may be drawn at the rate of 10 miles an
hour.
In the temple of Isis is the identical spot where
the priests concealed themselves while delivering
oracles that were supposed to proceed from the
mouth of the Goddess ! Here were found the bones
of the victims sacrificed ; and, in the refactory of
the abstemious priests, were discovered the remains
of hams, fowls, eggs, fish, and bottles of wine'. These
jolly friars were carousing most merrily, and no
doubt laughing heartily at the credulity of man-
kind, when Vesuvius poured out a libation on
their heads which put an end to their mirth, and
more efiectually disturbed their digestion, than did
the denunciation of our amiable Henry VIII. anni-
hilate the appetite of Cardinal W'oolsey ! One
priest seems to have had an eye to business in the
dreadful scramble ! He helped himself to three
hundred and sixty jiieces of silver, forty-two of
bronze, and eight ot gold, which he wrapjjed in
cloth so strong as to stand the wear and tare of sev-
enteen centuries. He fled with these spoils of the
temple, but was overtaken by death near the trag-
ic theatre, where his skeleton was found, grasping
the treasure, in 1832 ! Few indeed, have been
able to clasp the mammon of unrighteousness so
long in the cold embrace of death.
We learn that the Messrs. Winships of Brigh-
ton liave presented the Selectmen of Lexington,
from their nursery at Brighton, with a dozen of
their beautiful Weeping Willows, which are placed
around the Monument in Lexington, where the first
blood was spilt in the American Revolution.
Two canal boats recently passed Palmyra, N. Y.
eastward, freighted with two hundred and fifty
barrels (twenty five thousand dozen) eggs from
Ohio. These valuable cargoes were owned by a
speculated from " down east."
Mr. Avery's Acquittal. The Providence Journal
of the 3d inst. states that after being out sixteen .
hours the Jury in the case of the Rev. E. K,
Avery returned a verdict of acquittal.
Temperance. The report of The National Tem-
perance Convention states that within the last six
years there have been formed 6,000 Temperance
Societies, embracing one million members, that
2000 distillerie shave ceased, and 5,000 merchants
discontinued vending ardent spirits: that there are
I 700 of our vessels which do not carry it.
372
NEW ENGLAND FAR3IER,
JUNE 5, 1S33.
From the Genesee Farmer.
SUMMER PRUIVIXG.
A strong argument in favor of summer priming,
anil also of spare pruning, may be drawn from the
following pliysiologieal data, which we quoie from
Mr. J. Goss, and which every man of seicuce will
appreciate as correctly stated.
"It is well known to vegetable physiologists of
the present day, that timber on the trunk of a tree,
is composed of concentric layers, or rallitr cylin-
ders of wood, each cylinder being the produce of
one year. It is likewise generally agreed, that the
fibrous part of these cylinders is an aggregate of
the fibres (or roots, as they may without much im-
propriety be called) which originate from the base
of each leaf bud, and descend to the ground, in-
sinuating themselves between the inner hark and
the outer sap wood, covering the surface of the lat-
ter. It is evident, therefore, and was long ago ob-
served by Duhainel, that any natural circumstan-
ces which remarkably increase or diminish the
number of leaf-buds in a tree, will occasion a cor-
respondent modification in the thickness of the
■wood produced by them. Pruning in the autumn
or early in the spring, diminishes the number of
leaf-buds, and will consequently be followed by a
thinner layer of wood than usual."
The above considerations, superadded to those
recently stated in the Farmer in favor of sum-
mer pruning, we trust will induce some to make
the experiment of innovating upon the old, but
we think bad, practice, of pruning in the autumn or
spring. The time recommended for summer
pruning, it will be remembered, is between the
first and second growth, late in June or early in
July. B.
KHVBARB FIE.
The Rhubarb root, which makes such rich and
delicious pies, will grow doubly well by placing
an «mpty barrel over it. A friend of ours had
two plants by the side of each other. To test the
fact, he placed a barrel over one, and left the oth-
er uncovered. At the expiration of a fortnight,
the covered one had extended itself beyond the
top of the barrel, while the other by its side had
grown, perceptibly, but very little. One plant
served in this .manner, will supjily the largest fam-
ily with materials for delicious Rhubarb pies. —
JVotihampton Courier.
From the Boston Courier.
PTJBIilC SALE OF WOOL,.
The sale of Wool which took place last week,
at Quincy Hall, brought together a very large com-
pany, consisting of manufacturers from this and
the adjoining states, and most of the principal deal-
ers of other cities. The catalogue contained over
100,000 lbs. of fleece Wool, of very desirable qual-
ities: 70,000 lbs. Nos. 1 and 2 pulled ; 15,000 lbs.
imported Saxony ; 40,000 lbs. Spanish sheep and
lambs'; 500 bales Buenos Ayres and Montevideo ;
200 bales washed and unwashed Smyrna ; besides
several smaller parcels of coarse foreign Wool.
Notwithstanding the sale was fully attended
and the Wool advertised was of the most desirable
kinds, there was but little spirit manifested and
only a very small portion of the Wool was disposed
of; prices falling considerably below the expecta-
tions of owners. We notice the following as the
principal sales which were made, viz: — 12,000
lbs. fleeces, from ^ to a i^iood merino, at 43 a 45 c;
3,000 lbs. I to full blood merino, 53 c.; 10,000 lbs.
fiill blood merino and Saxony fleeces, 62J c; 3,400
lbs. very good No. 2, pulled, 41 c.; 18,000 lbs.
No. 1, pulled, 44 a 48i c; 2,500 lbs. imported
Saxony, 80 c; 5,600 lbs. do. do. 106J c; 4,500
do. do. 130 c; 15 bales Spanish sheeji's, R. 85 a
87 c; 5 do. do. do. R. R. inferior, 77iV c.; 5 do.
Spanish lambs' 77 c; 20 do. do. 80 c; 1 do Sax-
ony lambs' 03 c; 10 do. unwashed Smyrna, 18
c; 10 do. do. very dirty, 12 c; 10 do. washed
Barbary Wool, 26c.; 300 do. Buenos Ayres, 9 a
Hi c; 8 do. do. very iniii'rior, 5J c; 10 do. Con-
stantinople, limed, at 16 c.; 27 do. Mohair, 44 a
48 c. The low prices, in general, which were
obtained for fleece Wool, may be attributed main-
ly to the fact, th;it shearing is near at hand, at
which it is expected there will be an unusually
large clip.
CHURNING ON HORSEBACK.
We have just been told, by a gentleman who
has travelled in South America, that the Indians
near Buenos Ayres churn their milk on horseback.
They have plenty of horses, and they are taught
very early to ride with skill ; so that when they
wish to churn, they put their milk in a tin canister
or any other convenient vessel, and taking it on
horseback, gallop off" several miles, till by the
sound it makes in the churn, they know that the
butter has separated from the buttermilk. Even
little boys perform this service, for so well do
they train their horses, that if the rider wishes to
have his beast turn towards the right, he holds out
his left hand, and presses the bridle rein gently
against his neck ; and if to the left, he holds out
bis right hand, and presses the right rein ; the
horse always turning in an opposite direction, as if
to get away from his hand.
Our informant say.x, that on seeing a little Indi-
an boy come galloping along one day with his
churn, he asked him to stop, and in(iuired how
far he had rode. lie said about two leagues, (six
miles.) On being asked how much farther he
should go ; he said about one more league. On
opening the churn, the butter was already begin-
ning to separate. Probably another league was
suflicieut to complete the process. — American Far-
mer.
PATENTS.
The number of patents granted for "useful in-
ventions" in 1832, was 474, viz. to persons in
Maine 24, New Hampshire 11, Massachusetts 56,
Rhode Island 4, Connecticut 29, Vermont 14,
New York 122, New Jersey 8, Pennsylvania 82,
Maryland 12, Virginia 11, North Carolina 5, South
Carolina 4, Georgia 4, Kentucky 7, Tennessee 7,
Ohio 54, Louisiana 1, Indiana 4, Mississippi 3,
Alabama 2, Missouri 1, Michigan Territory 2,
District of Columbia 7. Total 474.
LIFE ASSURANCE.
For the information of those who may wish to
provide for their families at a very small rate, and
who have not the means of rendering them any
adequate assistance at their death, by will or inher-
itance, the following case (which occurred in this
city within a few months past and which is but
partially known) is now made public.
A merchant well advanced in life and who for
more than forty years had been successful in busi-
ness, became unfortunate. His family was large
aod So far as his means extended, must necessarily
have been left destitute in the event of his speedy
dissolution, which, however, was not, at that time,
even probable. He, notwithstanding, it seems,
was fully sensible of the uncertain tenure of Life,
and caused his to be insured in the latter part
of November, at the Baltimore Life Insurance
Company, in the sum of 10,000. He died in the
middle of February ensuing, within eleven weeks
from the date of the policy, and his widow has
received the whole sum without any trouble or ex-
pense, and before the period provided for the pav-
ment thereof had expired. This provideiuact has
rendered his family not only comfortable, but, with
prudence, independent ; and they have abundant
cause to bless the day when a resolution so hap-
py in its consequences was formed and acted on.
— JVational InteUis'encer.
STUCCO FOR WALLS.
I.\ Italy great use is made of a stucco which
gives to walls the brilliancy, the cleaidiness, and
almost the hardness, of marble. It may be vari-
ously colored, to suit the taste of the employer.
This stucco is made very easily, by mixing lime
and pulverized marble, in nearly eijual jnopor-
tions, according to the meagerness or richness of
the marble. A paste or mortar is made of this
mixture, and applied to the wall in the thickness
of a five-franc piece, with a trowel wet witli soap
suds, and in such a way that the whole of the wall
may be finished in the same day. None but min-
eral colors should he mixed with the stucco, as the
lime would destroy those derived from the vegeta-
ble kingdom. To obtain the greatest brilliancy,
the mortar should be applied with a cold trowel.
Workmen, for the sake of ease an<l ex])edition,
usually employ it warm. Chips and fragments of
marble may be advantageously em])loyed for this
ptnpose. In cases where the appearance of a
marble wall would be objectionable on account of
its coldness, any portion of it may be covered with
paper.
The Season has been very favorable thus far
for Agriculturists. During the latter part of April
and early in May, the weather was warm and
dry, so much so that apprehensions were en-
tertained that the grass and grain would suffer
material damage from drought, but for this fort-
night past we have had copious rains at brief in-
tervals, and the face of nature has assumed a most
flourishing and verdant aspect. The crops of grass
and grain look generally in fine condition, corn is
doing well, it is said that the rye crop will be
short, much of it having been winter killed, as it
is termed by our fanners.
There is a good prospect of a full supply of
fruits of all varieties. — It'orcester Spy.
PURE MILK.
To guard the public against the deceptive prac-
tices of those who would poison their fellow crea-
tures, to enrich themselves, a company with a
capital of $150,000, has been formed and char-
tered by the Legislature of New Jersey, called the
New York and Bergen Dairy Company. The ob-
ject is to supply the city of New York with pure
and rich milk, from animals fed in the pastures of
New Jersey.
As the impression that the eating of vegetables
predisposes to cholera, is beginning again to extend
itself it would be advi.sable for those who grow
and sell them, to have the published opinion of a
Board of Physicians on the subject. It is one of
great and general importance, and should be scien-
tifically illustrated for the benefit and direction of
the community. The London physicians, who
voir. XI' NO. 4r.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
373
will be acknowledged a very conipeteiit tribunal,
gave, as their opinion, that vegetables are & whole-
some and safe food, and rather a preventive of
cholera. But it would be well to have the record-
ed opinion of our own physicians in this matter,
and our gardeners are interested in its obtaiunieut
and publication.
From tite Hagerslomi Torch-Light.
The wheat crop is the most important of all
crops to the farmer. A man who has one liun-
dred acres of cleared land, of comiiiou quality,
ought to raise on an average one thousand busltets
of merchantable loheat, and also rye, corn, oats, ;ind
potatoes, sutiicieut to defray the expenses of cur-
rying on the farming. The wheat crop should
always be clear gain.
Don't startle at this, farmer. A man who has a
farm of one hundred acres of cleared land, cjai
yearly put forty acres of it in wheat; and if the
land be in order as it should be anti as every far-
mer may have it, every acre of the forty will give
25 busliels, amomiting ahogethcr to one thousand
bushels. I shall now show how land must be
farmed, in order to produce in this way. Never
break your land before harvest and stir it after, as
is customary with many fanners. Much plough-
ing impoverishes land, and is prodnelive of no
good eftects. Your wheat ground must be heavi-
ly set in clover, and broken up after harvest with
three horses, when the seed in the clover is ripe.
By thus turning clover dovvn after harvest, when
the seed is ripe, it will never miss coining up in
the spring, which is frequently the case when
sown in the spring with seed. You also save be-
tween forty and fifty dollars' worth of seed annually
which it would take to sow your ground. When
the clover is ploughed down after harvest, before
you seed the field, you must harrow it lightly the
way you have ploughed it, in order to level the
ground, and prevent the seed from rolling between
the furrows and coming up in rows. Never
plough your seed in with shovels, nor harrow it
in across the ploughing, when you have turned
down clover after harvest, lest you raise the clo-
ver, but always harrow it in by twice harrowing
with light harrows the way you have broken up
your ground. Many farmers have ploughed down
clover once, and finding that their crop was not
bettered by it, but injured, as they believed, have
never attempted it again. This is almost invariably
the case the first time clover is ploughed down af-
ter harvest, especially if the fall be dry, and the
winter frigid and close. In turning clover down
you must necessarily plough the ground deep, and
the first time you do it you turn up the clay,
which being unmixed with manure of any sort on
the top, is in a bad state to sow wheat on. The
wheat after some time will sprout and come up,
but will look yellow. and very spindling. Its roots
after some tijuc, will get down among the unrotted
clover, and there will choke, and for want of mois-
ture a great deal of the wheat will dwindle away
and die. The unrotted clover, too, below, will
keep the ground loose and springy, so that the
frost will injure the wheat not a little. But
when the clover is ploughed down a second time,
the bad effects to the wheat crop arising from un-
rotted clover, are not experienced. You then turn
up the clover from below which was jiloughed
down before, and which is a manure on the top.
The seed sown on it now springs up directly, and
before the winter sets in has taken deep root. The
clover now turned down rots very soon, in con-
sequence of the rotten clover turned up, which as
manure always keeps the ground moist, however
dry the fall. You may now go on farming in tliis
way-^every time you turn up a coat of clover,
turn down one, and your wheat crop will never
liiil, until your land becomes so rich, that you will
have to reduce it with corn.
From the Nem York Farmer.
NATIVE ORNAMENTAt. PLANTS.
" It' ill llie liekls I meet a smiling rtower,
IHclliii.ks it whispers, Goil created me,
Ami 1 to him devote my little hour,
Jn lonely sweetness and humility."
I find many of my neighbors pleasantly attracted
' over hills, through vallies and by river brink,' in
search of our native uncultivated flora, and their
gardens begin to show a brilliant collection of all
that is pleasing.
This appears the most suitable season to make
selections, the flowers being now mostly in bloom.
Removals of plants may be made with a small hall
of earth round the roots, and about half of the
flower stem left standing ; in this way, with some
shading and watering for a short titrie, one can
have at once, all the shades of blue, pink, scarlet,
yellow, purple, and white of the present and past
month, blooming in our flower borders with all
their charming wild native sweetness.
*' Your voiceless lips, O flowers ! are living preachers,
Each cup a pulpit, each leaf a book.
Supplying to my iancy numerous teachers
From loneliest nook."
The prolific hand of Nature, has scattered more
than one hundred and twenty varieties of her-
baceous and flowering shrubs, — within twelve or
fifteen miles of this village, and every hill and dale
is now made tributary to add to the domestic floral
wreath. How pleasant to notice this growing
taste — and it is fondly to be hoped this national
kind of feeling, for the collection of many fine
plants to be found all around us, may spread all
over the country, great and prolific as it is in
vegetable wealth, till at least, samples of what is
useful, grand and beautiful, may be secured frotn
the rapid advances made by the axe and the plough,
in all directions among our great host of native
beauties.
Iti elegancy of shape and brilliancy of color,
many of our wild flowers will be found to bear a
fine contrast with the exotic plants of any nation.
At this moment, several indigenous plants are be-
fore me, which are superior to many green-house
platits that require great care to obtain a dingy
flower and sickly foliage, froin a poor shaped
plant.
To the amateur cultivator of flowers in the
open ground, little need be said in praise of our
elegant hardy plants, which are easy of culture,
show their beauties plentifully at the proper season,
and stand the cold of our severest winters. Our
climate in this, and many other states, is found
eciual to that of any country for the cultivation of
culinary vegetables and fruits; and when we look
at our numerously fine and graceful forest trees,
with the whole extensive variety of superb shrubs
and flowers, we are led to conclude the time is
not far distant when the ornamental department of
gardening, in all its elegant branches, will be fully
fostered, and prove our climate, soil and capability
of our people in this tasty, fascinating art, not to
be second to those of any country.
Lansingburgh, Sept. 6, 1832.
1'he editor of the Easton Centinel gives the fol-
lowing as a certain cure for the tooth ache ; "Take
a Ititnp of unslacked lime about the size of a hickory
nut and dissolve or slack it in two-thirds or three
quarterof a tumbler of water. Hold the lime water
in the mouth contiguous to the aching tooth and
certain relief will ensue. If the relief is not per-
manent, repeat the application as often as the pain
returns. If the jiain is stubborn and refuses to
yield, the lime may be tnade thicker and stronger."
The editor says he has tried this remedy fre-
quently, and never knew it to fail, notwithstanding
the Fire King's elixir has been tried in \aitf.
From the jVcui York Fapiier.
YEIiliOWS IN PEACH TREES.
Sir, — As I am a cultivator of the jicach, and
have been for some years past, and have given
my attention to the diseases of the tree, I do believe
that I know something by experience. First, it is
a fact the yellows can be given to a healthy tree by
inoculating it from a diseased tree, or by trim-
ming a diseased tree and then passing on with the
saiTie knife to a healthy tree ; and the moment you
amputate a limb with the knife that has got the
seeds of death on it, it will be sure to take, as it
would be to inoculate a child with the small-pox.
In 1830, I had sotne cions brought to me by Mr.
S., some that had the yellows in its first stage, and
some from a healthy one. They were budded on
young trees of that summer's growth. They were
fine and healthy young trees. Now I will give
you the result of the two lots of cions. In the
first lot there were about 140 trees budded from
it ; 120 trees grew from the 140, and they had
the yellows, all of them in 1831, and the 20 were
not cut down for the buds, because the buds did not
start to grow, then these 20 natural trees, all of
them, had the yellows. Second lot ofcions — part
of them were budded on the same row where No.
1 was, and the remainder on the next row ; there
were 250 buds inserted ; 220 grew. They are
all healthy, and the natural ones were healthy, and
buds inserted into them again.
How often do we see advertisements to cure the
yellows in peach trees ; but that has never been
done, nor never can be. The only remedy is,
when you see a tree that is attacked with that dis-
ease, dig it tip ; do not leave it for the fruit. If
it bears, the fruit is not worth any thing — poor
tasteless trash.
I think by proper management a peach orchard
could be kept fiojn the yellows for six or eight
years. I have 120 trees 5 and 6 years old, and not
one of them has got the yellows. When I got the
the trees, there was one kind among them that the
yellows made its appearance on the first summer
after planting. As soon as I discovered it, I dug
them up and planted out good ones, and now they
are all healthy, and I believe will continue so for
five years to come, with proper management.
Mddletown, JVeiv- Jersey, 1833. SEVIS.
Tliorburn's Seed Store. Every time we visit
this establishment, our pleasure is not only renew-
ed, but increased. At this time the plants are in a
most admirable condition, making a most taste-
ful and beautiful display of nature's beautieg.
The Messrs. Thorburn are deserving of much cred-
it for thus adding to the charms of nature. — AT. Y.
Farmer.
Horse Chcsnut. The wood of the horse ehes-
nut makes very durable stakes for y'mea.--Hor. Reg.
374
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JUNE 5, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 5, ISSS.
PCBIilSHER'S NOTILE.
We hope our Friends and Subscribers will ex-
cuse our importunity it" we press with earnestness
an unusual appeal to their justice and generosity
as regards clain'is due for the jVew England Farmer.
Tiiose who have been jirevented by distance, or
other circumstances from making the payments,
which are the radicles of our stock are respectfully
and respectively informed that we are in want of
such a nuuiber of «7tiaH sums, (like those for which
they stand indebted on our books,) as may enable
us to make sundry large disburseuients to paper-
makers, printers and certain other imiiortunate
personages who tell us that they " want money,
and must have it."
In our case a liberal translation of pro bono
publico should seem to he for the bcnejit of the Pub-
lisher of the JVew England Farmer ; as we will
prove by the following titbit of chopped logic, viz.
Our paper is devoted to Agriculture ; agriculture
is the foundation of all /juWj'c g-oorf; Ergo, if we
are stinted as regards pecuniary matters the Com-
momcecdlh is iiyured. Moreover, we are about com-
mencing the twelfth volume of our Herculean and
perdurable labors for the behoof of the community
of Cultivators ; and have in contemplation cer-
tain improvements which cannot be carried into
effect without the means requisite to their accom-
plishment.
WATER, ITS USE IIS VEGETATION, &C.
We have been requested by a subscriber to give
aomc remarks on the uses of water in agriculture
and the means of its artificial application.
In the first place we would remark that it is not
advisable to let theoretical speculations on the ad-
Tantages of irrigation induce a cultivator to incur
great expenses in counteracting natural deficiencies
of soil, &c. Where grounds are free from perennial
■^rings or low marshes, excess of moisture, may,
with proper management, be turned to certain pro-
lit. It is not very ditficult to make provision to
drain oS'an excess of water; but where the soil is
naturally too dry, moisture cannot often be sup-
plied by art, in sufficient quantities for agricultural
purposes, but by an expense, entirely inconsistent
with the economy of farming.
Perhaps the best possible mode of watering
plants in most cases is to attract the requisite
moisture from the atmos))here. That water exists
in the atmosphere may be proved as follows : — If
some of the salt called muriate of lime that has
been just heated red, be exposed to the air, even
in the driest and coldest weather, it will increase in
weight and become moist ; and in a certain time
will be converted into a fluid. If put into a retort
and heated, it will yield pure water ; will "i-adual-
Jy recover its pristine state ; and, if heated red its
former weight ; so that it is evident, that the wa-
ter united to it was derived from the air. And that
it existed in the airiu an invisible and elastic form,
is proved by the circumstance, that if a given
quantity of air be exposed to the salt, its volume
and weight will diminish, provided the experiment
he correctly made.
The quantity of water which exists in air as va-
por, varies with the temperature. In pro])ortiou
afl the weather is hotter, the quantity is "reater.
At 50 degrees of Fahrenheit air contains about
one fiftieth of its volume of vapor ; and as the
specific gravity of vapor is to that of air nearly
as 10 to 15, this is about one seventy-fifth of its
weight.
At 100 degrees supposing that there is a free
communication with water, air contains about one
fourteenth part of vapor in volume, or one 21st in
weight. It is the condensation of vapor by dimi-
nution of the temperature of the atmosphere,
which is probably the principal cause of the for-
mation of the clouds, and of the fall of dew, mist,
snow or hail.
Now in order to moisten the earth in a dry time
we have only to obtain moisture from the air,
which is a great reservoir of moisture, existing in
most abundance, in the hottest weather. This
moisture can only be artificially obtained by attrac-
tion or causing it to be absorbed by some other
substance. It may be absorbed either by the soil,
the man me, or the plants themselves for whose nour-
ishment it is required. With regard to the power
of the soil to absorb water, by what is called cohe-
sive attraction, this depends in some measure on the
division of its parts. If the earth be hard, and
its particles as it were ivelded together, it will attract
but little moisture from the air, dews &c. and
even the rains will run off without penetrating the
surface. Thus a foot path over a field in dry
weather will be dryer than the untrodden soil on
its borders, and the more you stir a soil, other
things being equal, the less will it suffer by
drought.
Sir Humphry Davy observed that " The power
of the soil to absorb water by cohesive attraction
depends in a great measure upon the state of di-
vision of its parts ; the more divided they are,
the greater is their absorbent power. The dilfer-
ent constituent parts of soils likewise ajipear to act
even by cohesive attraction, with difierent degrees
of energy. Thus vegetable substances appear to
be more absorbent than animal substances ; animal
substances more so than compounds of alumina
and silica, [clay and sand] and coin|)ounds of al-
umina and silica more trfasorbent than carbonates of
lime and magnesia: their differences may, howev-
er possibly depend upon the differences in their
state of division and the surtiice exposed.
"The power of soil to absorb water from air
is much connected with fertility. When this pow-
er is great, the j)lant is supplied with moisture in
dry seasons ; and the effect of evaporation in the
day is supplied by the absorption "of aqueous va-
por from the atmosphere, by the interior parts of
the soil during the day, and by both the exteri-
or and interior during the night. The stiff clays
approaching to pipe clays in their nature, which
take up the greatest quantity of water when it is
poured upon them in a fluid form, are not the soils
which absorb most moisture from the atmosphere
in dry weather. They cake and present only a
small surface to the air ; and the vegetation on
them is generally burnt up almost as readily as on
sands. The sods that are most efficient in supply-
ing plants with water by atmospheric absorption,
are those in which there is a due mixture of sand,
finely divided clay, and carbonate of lime, with
some animal or vegetable matter, and which are
so loose and light as to be easily permeable by tlie
atmosphere.
From the foregoing premises, it is apparent that
one mode of loatering plants, is to hoe them and
keep the ground in a finely pulverized state about
their roots. The leaves of living plants likewise
attract the water held in solution in the atmos-
phere. Some vegetables increase in weight from
this cause, when suspended in the atmosphere and
unconnected with the soil ; such are the house-
leek, and difterent species of the aloe. In very
intense heats, and when the soil is dry, the life of
plants seems to be preserved by the absorbent
power of their leaves; and it is a beautiful circum-
stance in the economy of nature, that aqueous va-
por is most abundant in the atmosphere wlien it is
most needed for the pni-poses of life, and that when
other sources of supply are cut off this is most co-
pious.
Dr. Deane observed " vegetables that are newly
transplanted, as they have their roots more or less
diminished or otherwise injured, often need water-
ing till they have taken new root. But ibis should
be done with caution. If a dry season follow the
transplanting, let them be watered if they appear
to droop, only on evenings, and in cloudy weather,
and with water that has been exposed one day, at
least, to the shining of the sun ; not with water
directly from a well, or a cold spring, as it will'
give a chill to the plants. Only a small quantity
should be applied at once, that it may have an ef-
fect similar to that of a refreshing rain. For
water applied too plentifidly, sometimes washes
away the finest of the mould from the roots; or
makes little cavities about them which admit too
much air.
"1m a dry season, whole gardens sometimes
need watering ; and in doing it the above precau-
tions are to be regarded. They are liajipy who
have a piece of standing water in their garden or
a rivulet near at hand, from whence the garden
may be watered without much labor."
A copious supply of water is very essential to
a good kitchen garden. Loudon remarks that
" Many kitchen crops are lost, or produced of very
inferior quality, for want of watering. Lettuces
and cabbages are often hard and stringy ; tur-
nips and radishes do not swell ; onions decay;
cauliflowers die off; and in general, in dry
seasons, all the crutifcriB (plants whose flowers
consist of four petals placed in the form of a cross)
become stinted or covered with insects even in
rich and deep soils. CopioHS waterings in the
evenings, during the dry season, would produce
that fulness and suculency, which we find in
vegetables produced in the Low Countries, and in
the Marsh Gardens at Paris, and in England at
the beginning and latter end of the season. The
vegetables brought to the London market from the
Neat's Hoi:ses, and other adjoining gardens where
the important article of watering is nmch more
attended to than in private country gardens, may
be adduced as affording proofs of the advantage of
the practice."
With regard to the quality of water used for
irrigating land and watering plants there has been
some disagreement, some preferring hard and oth-
ers soft water. But in this as in many other cases
no general rules can be laid down which do not
admit of many exceptions. Sir Humphry Davy
says " When the water used in irrigation has flow-
ed over a calcareous bed, it is generally found
inipregnated with carbonate of lime ; [the most
common cause of what is called hardness in water]
and such water tends in that respect to ameliorate
a soil in proportion as any of the njodifications
of lime and charcoal were deficient : but where
these are already in excess, water charged with a
lime sediment should be withheld ; while water
vol.. XI. NO. 47.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
375
impregnated vvitli sand, clay, gypsum or particles
of iron woiilii be beneficial.
" CoiniMon river water generally contains a cer-
tain portion of tlie constituents of vegetable and
animal bodies ; and after rains this portion is great-
er than at otlicr times ; it is habitually largest,
when the source of the stream is in a cultivated
country,
" In general, those waters which breed the best
fish are the best fitted for watering meadows ; but
most of the benefits of irrigation may be derived
from any kind of water, provided the soil be not
already over charged with the prevailing ingredi-
ents in the deposit left by the water ; and provided,
on the other hand, that the matter of the soil
«nd the matter of the deposit are not pernicious
when combined. These are the general princi-
ples : — 1. That waters containing ferruginous im-
pregnations [particles of iron] tend to fertilize a
■calcareous soil. 2. Ferruginous waters are in-
jurious on a soil which does not effervesce with
acids, which is one of the tests of the presence of
lime. 3. Calcareous waters which are known by
the earthy deposit they aftbrd when boiled, are of
most use on siliceous (sandy) soils, or other soils
containing no considerable portion of carbonate of
lime."
The tnanual labor Literary Institution of Rhode
Island, is now in successful operation, and the
same is nearly full ; and is highly popular with
the citizens of that place.
AMERICAN MONTHI.V REVIEW.
RUSSELL, ODIORNE & CO. have just published,
The American Monthly Review for June lt!33, conlaining
articles on the Northern Coasts of Ajnerica — LiCe of Adam
Clarke — -Good Wives — Cushing's Reminiscences of Spain —
Francis iho First — Charnclerislics of Women — Robinson's
Bible Dictionary — National Portrait Gallery — Autobiography
of Thomas Slicpard — Greenwood's History of the King's
Chapel — Story's Funeral Discourse — The District School as it
was — Tlie Toilette of Health, Beauty and Fashion — Study of
the German Language — Monthly list of New Publications
Published monthly by RUSSELL, ODIORNE & CO. 134
Wasliingtou Sticet, at JjS per ainium. June 5
PEMBROKE BUTTER AND TABLE SAXT.
Just received bv Schr. Boston Packet — .
301 barrels and" SCO sacks Butter Salt. 6600 loaves Table
Salt.
Abundant evidence is before the public of the quality of this
Salt being superior to any hitherto manufactured in any part of
the world. As such we warrant it and otfer it for sale.
June 5 CHAS I. CAZENOVE & CO
SPLENDID DAHLIAS.
WM. PRINCE & SONS, of Flushing, have in their col-
lection above 600 magnificent varieties of the Dahlia, imported
from the (inest collections of Europe, and for the convenience
of executing orders with despatch at this and later periods,
they have several hundred in pots, which can be safely forward-
ed at any moment. Orders must be sent direct per mail, and
priced. Catalogues will be sent to every applicant, ow j5
HAMEWELL.
The fast trotting horse Hamewell, by Barefoot, his dam the
Virginia Mare, will stand for mares at the stable of Admiral
Sir Isaac Coffin, at Brighton, this season at 13 dollars a mare.
This fine animal is now three years old and stands 15 hands one
inch high. His color is dark bay, black legs, and well built in
proportion ; his action and speed is equal to that of any other
norse of his age. Good pasturage for mares, aud the best of
care will be taken of them. Gentlemen are respectfully invited
to call and sec this horse. J. PARKINSON,
m 22 BriHilon.
THE PULL. BLOODED HORSE SPORTSMAN.
THE Subscriber informs the public that the above named
horse will stanil at his stable the ensuing season, — terms ,^20
the season, wliich may be settled for gib on or before the first
of September ne.\t. Insurance as may be agreed between the
parties. The stock of this horse are unusually promising and
will not sufl'er (to say the least) by comjjarison with the get of
any horse that has stood in this section tor many years, and he
is therefore recommended to the public with confidence by
Iheir obedient servant, S. JAQUES.
10 Hilts Stock Fai-m. Cliarlestown, 2^ miles from Boston.
Reference is made to Thomas Williams, Esq. of Chelsea,
who has colts of Sportsman's gel. m8
THE HORSE NUMIDIAN.
The full Blooded Arabian Horse Numidian will stand for
marcs the ensuing season at the Ten Hill Stock Farm, on the
Medfbrd turnpike, 2j| miles from Boston, at twenty dollars the
season, or twenty-five dollars to insure with foal.
The history of Numidian is this 5 — In the winter of 1823 — I,
the Dey of Algiers was at war with the Cabolls, a tribe of
Numidian Arabs. The Aga, (or General) Ehiea, who com-
manded the Dey's Janissaries (or troops) returned to Algiers
ill the spring of 1824, having conquered the Arabs and brought
with him as booty a number of their best horses, of which Nu-
midiaii was one, a four year old colt at the time. He was ob-
tained of the Aga by Mr. Shaler, then Consul in Algiers. He
arrived in this country in December, 1826.
He is said to be a sure foal getter and the colts are consid-
ered very valuable. They are five years old and under.
.Since 1827 he has stood for m'ares at Mount Holly, Burlington
CO. N, J.
The Arabian horses from the Barbary coast are oAen called
barbs.
Gentlemen who may wish to know mpre particularly about
him are requested to inquire of the subscriber at Ilie Ten Hills
Slock Farm. SAMUEL JAQUES.
m 1
WHOLESALE AND RETAIL CASH STORE.
ELIAB STONE BREWER, No. 414, Washiuglou Street,
(South end) has received a general assortment of Spri7ig arui
.Summer Goods, among which are 100 cases English, French and
American Prints of all prices and qualities — 20 cases Petticoat
Robes — I case Cambric Muslins, some of which are very fine — 1
case Cotton Cambrics do. do. — 1 case White Lilesia lor linmg
ladies dresses — 1 case Book Binders' Cambrick for do. do. — 3
cases do. — 1 (X) cases bleached and brown Sheeting and Shirting,
some extra fine — 1 case Marseilles Quills, from 8 to 10 quarters
— 5 cases London Rose Blankets, some of a very superior qual-
ity and large size — 1 case Hearth Rugs — 4 cases Chapp's spool
6 cord cotton, warranted — 200 yards superior quality-— 5 cases
Clark's do. at very low prices by doz. or case — 2000 fancy
boxes^a large variety of colorecl and black French Silks at
very reduced prices — 2 cases col'd Battisle — 1 case black and
colored Barage — 4 cases French and London printed Muslins
of new patterns and beautiful colors — 2 cases three corded su-
perfine Italianettes, black and fashionable colors — 1 case com-
mon do — 1 case Plaid Palmgriin's super quality — I case Pou
de Soi a genteel article for ladies' summer dresses, 9d per yd
— 20 ps super niix'd, drab, and olive Merino Cassinetls for
children's summer dresses — 20 ps Rouen Cassimere with a large
variety of superfine and tine Broadcloths and Cassimeres —
20 bales Pelisse Wadding — 3 cases superior Ticking— 1 cases
cheapdo— 10 cases improved soft finished 4-4 Irish Linen, man-
ufactured for the London market and imported expressly for
the subscriber.
The above goods are offered for cash only at prices so ex-
tremely low as will make it an object for purchasers either by
piece or yard lo call and see. May 29
HARDWARE.
100 dozen Ames Backstrap Shovels.
20 do. do. Large Shovels, from No. 4 to 12
20 do. do. Cast Steel Polished Shovels.
100 do. Plympton Hoes.
50 do. Stetson do.
50 do. Fales Cast Steel Goosenecked Hoes.
Also, various other kinds of Hoes.
100 dozen Manure Forks, comprisi
ous makers and qualities.
150 dozen Farweil's Scvthes.
l.')0 do. Whipple &- Hales half set Scythes, together with
every description of HARDWARE GOODS, for sale by
LANE &, READ, at No. 6, Market Square, near Fanueil
Hall. ml3
an assortment of vari-
PATENT CAST STEEL HAY AND MANURE
FORKS.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 52 &, 53,
North Market Street, 1 doz. of WILLIS' Improved Cast Steel
socket Manure forks, the best article for the purpose that has
been made, having a fine spring temper, works free and easy.
I doz of the best German steel do. do.
" Goodyear's Philadelphia manufactory with 4, 5 & 6
prongs or tines.
" Goodyear's common do. do. do.
" Perkin's best Shear Steel hay forks, do. do.
" Cast Steel do. do. do. do.
" Goodyear's best Philadelphia, do. 2, 3 and 4 tine
" CIO. common, do. do.
" do. Boy's, do. do.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
FLOWER SEKDS.
200 VARIETIES of very handsome annual, biennial and
perennial Flower Seeds, in packages of 20 varieties each.
For sale at the New Engleind Seed Store. Price gl per pack-
age. 6\ cls. per paper. m 13
FOR SALE OR TO LET
A full blood Durham Short horn Bull if applied for imme-
diatatolv wilt he sold low.
I.so for sale 2 Hull Calves, from young Boliver, 10 and 12
monlbs old. Inquire at the Farmer office. Also will be sold
or let an imported Maltese Jack. 2w
Apples, russetts,
baldwius,
Beans, white,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. I
Butter, inspected, No. I, new, .
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, . . . .
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
soulliern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corp, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, , .
Rye, . . . ,.
Barley,
Oats,
Hat,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, . . . .
Southern, 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra clear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, . . . .
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, , .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed.
Merino, half blood, .
Merino, quarter, . .
Native washed, . .
g ("Pulled superfine
St3 I 1st Lambs,
fl 2d
M3d " .
{ 1st Spinning, ,
Southern pulled wool is generally
cts. less per lb.
barrel
3 0(
"
3 01
bushel
1 Ct
barrel
11 6(
"
6 7i
"
8 5t
pound
1-1
l
"
i-
u
31i
"
3i
'<
D
bushel
1 2fl
barrel
5 V-J
"
6 00
«
5 7j
bushel
75
"
70
'<
78
"
60
*'
45
ton
12 00
gallon
40
pound
28
pound
9
«
18
lb.
21
pound
Iti
lb.
20
pound
24
"
23
cask
1 23
ton
3 OO
bushel
25
barrel
18 00
"
13 00
"
none
bushel
2 23
"
87
pound
12
cwt
10 00
pound
GO
65
"
30
*'
48
*'
42
*'
40
"
60
"
52
*
37
'1
28
45
3 20
1 3U
J2 to
7 00
8 75
15
10
1 30
6 00
6 12
3 87
76
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs,
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according lo quality,)
pound
%
i)
7
10
15
19
dozen
14
bushel
35
barrel
2 CO
26
25
1 30
3 23
30
19 00
13 50
2 30
1 00
13
13
11 00
66
40
3 W
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, JUNE 3, 1833.
Reported for the Daily AdTertiaer and Patriot.
At Market this day 370 Beef Cattle, (including about 38 uo-
sold last week) 9 pairs Working Oxen, 10 Cows and Calves,
232 Sheep and Lambs, and 50 Swine (including small Pigs) 78
Beef Cattle unsold ; 84 Beef Cattle were left within a few miles
of the market, making 164 in all unsold at the market, and with-
in a few hours drive. 100 were from Ohio, and 100 from Skan-
eateles, N. Y. fed by H. Earll & Co. all of which were very
line, and far surpassed for richness (particularly those from
N. Y.) any lot we have seen from the ' Connecticut Valley' for
many years.
Prices. Beef Cattle.— Sales were very slow, and prices
very unequal— the Cattle being uncommonly fine our report
may appear higher than it really is in comparison with last week.
We noticed a single yoke taken at gl, and a few at ^6,76.
We quote prime at SG,I5a6,67: good at S5,75 a 6; thin at
05 a 3.30.
Working 0.r«i.— Sales at gil, g35, ^62. and $70.
Cows ami Calves. — We noticed sales at 24, 27, and ,J30.
Sheep. — We noticed a lot of Wethers, not sheared, taken
at g3 ; a lot part of which were lambs, at S2.75.
NOTICE.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, a few of VVilkioson't
improved Bent patent Sheep shears, to prevent cutting the skin,
a very great improvement, in the article. May 89
876
NEW ENGLAND FARMER
JUKE 5, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
HYMN TO THE FtOWERS.
BY HORACE SMITH.
DiT-sTARs! that ope your eyes with man, lo Iwinkic
Prom rainbow galaxies of earth's creation,
And dew drops on her lioly altars sprinkle
As a libation.
Yc matin \vorsliippers '. who bending- lowly
Before tlie uprisen sun, God's lidless eye
Throw from your chalices a sweet and holy
Incense on high.
Ye bright Mosaics ! that with storied beauty,
The floor of nature's temple tessalate,
With numerous emblems of insU-uctive duly
Your forms create !
'Neath cloistered boughs, each florafbell thai swingeth,
And tolls its perfume on the passing air.
Makes Sabbath in the fields, and ever riugeth
A call to prayer.
Not to tlie domes where crumbling arch and column
Attest the feebleness of mortal hand,
But to that fane most Catholic and solemiij
Which God tialh plaii'd.
To that cathedral, boundless as our wonder,
Whose quenchless lamps the sun and moon supply ;
Its choir the wind? and waves — its organ thimder.—
Ity dome the sky.
There as in solitude anil sliade I wander.
Through the green aisles, or stretch'd upon the sod.
Awed by the silence, reverently ponder
The ways of God.
Your voiceless lips, O flowers ! are living preachers,
Each cup a pulpit, each leaf a book.
Supplying to my fancy numerous teachers
From loneliest nook.
Floral apostles ! that in dewy splendor,
" Weep without wo, and blush without a crime,"
O may I deeply learn and ne'er surrender
Your lore sublime !
" Thou wert not, Solomon ! in all thy glory,
Arrayed," the lilies cry — " In robes like ours ;
How vain your grandeur ! ah, how transitory,
Are human flowers !"
In the sweet scented pictures, heavenly Artist !
With which thou painlesl nature's wide spread hall.
What a delightful lesson thou impartest
Of love lo all !
riot useless are ye, flowers ! though made for pleasure.
Blooming o'er field and wave by day and night.
From every source your sanction bids me treasure
Harmless delight.
Ephemeral sages ! what instructors hoary
For such a world of thought could furnish scope t
Each fading calyx a memailo mori,
Yet fount of hope.
Poslliumous glories ! angel-like collection '.
Upraised from seed or bulb interred in earth,
Yf> are to me a type of resurrection,
And second birth.
Were I, O God ! in churchless lands remaining.
Far from all voice of teachers and divines,
My soul would find in flowers of thy ordaming,
Priests, sermons, shrines !
A VERT tall geinleman asked a smart servant,
' how far is it from here to yonder ?' About
three lengths of a fool,' said he ; ' suppose you
measure it !'
' AD\^CE TO A LOVER.'
I>-DU3TBY. By industry, I do not mean mere-
ly labor or activity of body, for purposes of gain
or saving ; there may be industry among those
who have more than they know what to do with ;
and there is no condition of life, in vvliich industry
in the wife, is not netessary to the prosperity and
happiness of the family, at the head of the house-
holil aliairs of which she is placed. If she be
lazy, there will be lazy servants, and which is a
rent deal worse, children habitually lazy : every
thing however necessary to be done, will be jjutofl'
to the last moment — then it will be done badly; in
many cases, not at all ; the dinner will be too laic,
the journey or the visit will be tardy; inconveniences
of all sort will be continually arising; there will
always be a heavy arrear of things unperformed ;
aud this even among the most wealthy, is a great
curse — for even if they have no business imposed
upon them by necessity, they make buisncss for
tlicmselves; life would be insupportable without it;
and therefore a lazy woman, b3 her station what it
may, must always be a curse.
lint who is to tell, whether a girl will make an
industrious woman.' How is the purblind lover
especially, to be able to ascertain, whether she
whose smiles and dimples, and bewitching lips have
half, bereft him of his senses: how is he to
be able to judge from any thing that he can see,
whether the beloved object will be industrious or
lazy ? Why it is very difficult ; it is a matter that
reason has very little to do with ; but there ari
nevertheless certain outward and visible signs,
from which a man not wholly deprived of his rea-
son, may form a pretty accurate judgment as to
this matter. It was a story in Philadelphia,
some years ago, that a young man, who was court
lu of three sisters, happened to be on a visit
to her, wlien all three were present, and when one
said to the others " I wonder where our needle is ?"
Upon which he withdrew, as soon as was consis
tent with the rules of politeness, resolved never to
think more of a girl who possessed a needle only
in paitucrship, and who, it appeared, was not too
well informed, as to the place where even that
share was deposited.
This was, to be sure, a very flagrant instance
of a want of industry ; for, if the third part ol
the use of a needle, satisfied her when siugle, it
was reasonable to anticipate that marriage would
banish that useful instrument altogether. But
such instances are seldom suffered to coine iu con-
tact with the eyes and ears of the lover, to dis-
guise all defects from whom is the great business,
not only of the girl herself, but of the whole
family. There are, however, certain outward
signs, which if attended to with care, will serve
as pretty stu'e guides. And first, if you find the
tongue lazy, you may be pretty certain that the
hands and the feet are the satne. By laziness of
the tongue, I do not mean in silence, I do nut
mean an absence of talk, for that "is, in most casis,
very good ; but I mean a slow and soft utter-
ance ; a sort of sighing out the words, instead of
speaking them ; a sort of letting the sounds fall
out as if they were balancing on the tongue. Tiie
pronunciation of an industrious person is general-
ly tpiick, distinct, and the voice, if not strong,
firm at least. Not masculine, as feminine as pos-
sible ; not a croak nor a bawl, but a quick, dis-
tinct, and sound voice, lu tliis world nothing
is more disagreeable than a female's underjaw,
lazily moving up and down, and telling a long
string of half articulate sounds. It is impossible
for any man who has any spirit in him, to love
such a woman for any length of time.
Look a little also, at the labors of the teeth, for
these correspond with those of the other members
of the body, and with the operations of the mind.
But fashion comes in here and decides that you
shall not be quick at meals — but though she must
sit as long as the rest, and though she must join
in tlic performance (for it is a real performance)
unto the end of the last scene, she cannot make
her troth abaiulon their charactei-. She may and
must suffer the slice to linger on the plate, in
order to fill ii]) the time ; tut when she docs bite,
she cannot well disguise what nature lias taught
her to do ; and you may be assured that if her
jaws move in slow time, and if she rather squeeze
than bite the food, set her down, as being in her
very nature, incorrigibly lazy. Never mind the
pieces of needle work, the tamboring and maps of
the world, made by her needle. Get to see her
at work upon bread and meat, and if she deal
quickly with these, you have a pretty good secu-
rity lor that activity, and stirring industry, with-
out which a wife is a burden instead of help.
Another mark of industry is a quick step, and a
somrwhat heavy tread ; showing that the foot
comrs down with a hearty good will ; and if the
body lean a little forward and the eye keeps
steadily in the same direction, so much the better,
for these discover earnestness to arrive at the in-
teiulid point. I do not like, and I never liked
your sauntering, soft-stepping girls, who move as
if they were perfectly indifl'erent as to the result ;
and as to the love part of tlic story, whoever ex-
pects ardent and lasting afliiction from one of
those sauntering girls, will, when too late, find
his mistake; the character runs the same through-
out ; and no man ever yet saw a sauntering girl,
who did not, when married, make a mawkish wife,
aud a cold hearted motlier ^ cared very little for
by any body, and of course, having no store of
those blessings, which are the natural resources
lo apply lo in sickness and in old age. — Cobhctt.
TUUNIP SEED.
For sale at the K. E. Seed Store, ol & 52, North fllarket
Street.
Early Dutch Turnip. Early Garden Stone do. Yellow
Stone do. White Flat Winter do. Long Yellow French do.
Vtllow Aberdeen do. Ruta Baga do.
The two last are very excFllent kinds for ratOe.
THE NEW EKGL.VND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at §3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay wiihiii
sixty days from the time of subscribing, arc entitled lo a dcdue-
tioaof lifly cents.
Wy No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
New York — G. Thorburn & Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Album/ — Wm. Thorburn, 347 Market-street.
I'Idiidelphia—D. &, C. Landreth, 85 Chesnut-slrcet.
liitlthnore — 1. I. Hitchcock, Publislier of American Farmer.
Ciiicinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. y.— Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gar.
Middlebunj, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
^pi-ingfield. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
Neu-lmrtjport — Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. — J. W. FOSTER, Bookseller.
Portland, il/e.— CoLMAN, Holden & Co. Booksellers.
Aw'usta, Me. — W.m. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C. — Geo. Bent.
St. Louis — Geo. Holton.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by Ford & Damrell
who execute every description of Bool; und Fancy Print-
ing in good style, and with promptness. Orders for prin-
ing may be le't't with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agrioult
tuxal Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET^ (at the Agricultuk.hi, Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTOiV, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 12, 1833.
NO. 48.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Farmer.
CATERPIIiLiARS.
Mr. Fessendex, — In your valuable paper, No.
44, of the present volume, page 348, is an article
on caterpillars from the Genesee Farmer, where-
in the writer observes, he with a swab of tow on
the end of a pole applies brine to them, and says
" it is certain death to all the brine touches."
Happy to introduce all improvements, and be-
lieving this to be one, I had a pail half filled with
water and saturated with coarse Liverpool salt.
Salt remaining in the bucket undissolved. In this
solution one of the Pickering brushes was im-
mersed before each insertion into the nest, »nd
twisting it oft' its lodgment, when the caterpillars
removed from the tree were dipt into the water,
removed by hand from the brush and crushed u;i-
der foot, which operation was repeated till about
half past 2 o'clock, when the caterpillars leaving
their nests it was discontinued, and the brushes
and buckets brought home, and put on a joiners
bench in the sun, no regard being paid to tlie
caterpillars shaken into the brine, taking it br
granted they were all dead as soon as immersa^.
The same evening, near sun down, supposing
the caterpillars had retii'ed to their nests, I gave
directions to have some other trees cleared oi'
them, and to use the brine for the purpose of de-
stroying those not removed from the tree by the
brush, should any such have escaped. But, on
taking the bucket, to our astonishment found
many of the caterpillars had not only crept to the
ontside of the bucket, but to the extremes of the
joiner's bench on which it stood. We of course
abandoned that system ; and having a bucket full
of a saturated solution of copperas in which corn
had been soaked for planting, we tried it with no
better success.
Thus far, I know of no better method for their
destruction than to use Col. Pickering's conical
spiral brush secured on to stiff cane poles, being
light for use 8, 15 and 22 feet long, so as to reach
most distances where caterpillars may be lodged
on trees, beyond the reach of the hand, which is
the best instrument; insert them into the nests
which, with a thrust, are removed from the trees,
then crush them under foot.
This should be done when they are at home in
their nests, otherwise those remaining form a new
colony. They are sometimes to be found at home
early in the morning and late at night if the dew
falls, but most usually from noon to three o'clock
in a hot day.
Tar for Seed Corn. In the same number, page
346, Mr. John Wilson recommends that corn
should be immersed in tar before planting to pre-
vent the depredations of birds. I would beg the
favor of that gentleman's stating his process of
using the tar, which is generally thick enough, I
should think, to prevent the germs passing through
it ; if he thins it with any oleaginous substance,
and how he drains it from the corn before mixing
with the gypsum or wood ashes.
I have steeped corn one, two and three days
in a saturated solution of copperas before planting.
which does not prevent the depredations of crows,
blackbirds or squirrels ; though I believe it ben-
eficial to the seed, and may prevent the grub from
injuring it. Perhaps the crows, &c. do not so
willingly commit their subsequent as their first
depredations.
Swine. I notice the experience of my brother
sailor, the whaler of New Bedford, in regard to
the littering of sows, No. 43, page 338 — 9 of the
present volume, and fully corroborate his testimony
by similar experience. A sow is more true to her
time than any other domestic animal. About the
expiration of her time of gestation, I have her
occasionally looked to, and on the first appearance
of her farrowing supply her with a number of
pieces of fat salt pork in slices of from two to
four ounces weight each till satisfied, sometimes
devouring one, two or even three pounds; but
most generally a pound will be suflicient. I then
have a quart of Indian meal scalded and mixed with
about two gallons of water turned into her trough
lilood warm. If there is not time the meal may be
mixed without scalding ; but if scalded it is bet-
ter suspended in the water, and is more inviting to
the animal. All the other precaution I take is to
feed her more sparingly so as not to have the
stomach overloaded at the time of farrowing. I
have never had a sow destroy her offspring.
When hogs begin to lose their appetite a hand-
ful of salt in their food does good. A quart or
two of charcoal may be thrown iiMo their pen also,
which, if the stomach is acid and wants correcting,
they will devour greedily and it has the desired
eflect.
Horn Distemper in Cattle. In last week's paper.
No. 4-5, page 353, you quote from the N. Y. Far-
mer, a recipe for the use of the horn distemper.
It is judiciously written, and the writer says he
seldom finds any other treatment necessary.
One of my neighbors informs me that every
case of horn ail can be radically cured by taking a
common sized hen's egg, perforating a small hole
in each end, blowing out the white, enlarging the
hole at one end and inserting and mixing with the
yolk a composition of black pepper one-third, and
refined salt petre two-thirds, both well pulverized
and intimately blended, till the shell is full and put
it down the animal's throat so that it may be
swallowed. He says the case must be a neglected
and severe one that requires the second dose to
make a perfect cure.
Before he knew this, his animals were subjected
to having their horns bored, sawed off and other-
wise ill treated, and sometimes died subsequent to
these operations, of the same disease.
1 find good currying and carding every morn-
ing, with dry lodgings at night, an admirable med-
icine for keeping my neat cattle in health, and
wish this custom was more generally pursued, in
the winter particularly, — in Essex North.
Insects destroyed by hot water. Water nearly or
quite to the boiling point has been tried by Mr.
Beattie, as stated in The London Magazine, to
destroy the scaly insect. The water was applied
with a painter's soft brush, and was destructive to
these and other insects, and not injurious to the
tree.
For the IVeir England Farmer.
IRON HOUSES.
Mr. Editor, — I noticed in your N. E. Farmer,
of the 22d inst., the useful project of Professor
Rafinesque, of Philadelphia. I fear that the
learned Professor has published too much of his
secret, as he is entitled to a nmnificent reward,
for I have no doubt of the practicability of his
project.
Peradventure an iron rolling mill may be the
principal agent. Such a mill capable of affording
thick sheet iron, of any given dimensions, would
easily and cheaply exhibit the material of an incom-
bustible building: these iron plates might be set
in grooves, or riveted, or connected together by
screws. The floors might rest on cast iron pillars,
and the chambers might rest on cast iron rafters.
The addition of windows and paint would form a
beautiful and durable building.
Whether this is the substance of Professor
Rafinesque's idea or not, yet if he can accomplish
his proposed improvement, an imperishable mon-
ument will keep alive his name. Moreover all
mankind will be under obligation to him ; for all
mankind will be benefited by a cheap and incom-
bustible residence. I passed the Professor's ad-
vertisement of his discovery to one of the most
ingenious artisans in this vicinity. After a few
moments consideration, he pronounced it perfect-
ly practical. He was also of opinion the material
must be rolled iron, otherwise the building could
not be erected cheaper than wood.
The project of Mr. Rafinesque is well adapted
to houses of two stories — and houses in general
for families of five or six residents. One great
advantage is, that these houses may be easily put
up and taken down and removed in a few hours.
When these iron rolling mills are in operation, a
man, having prepared his cellar, will have only to
order a house of such dimensions as experience
has proved most convenient, and his house will be
sent him by land or water. If it arrives in the
morning before night it may be erected, and he
may take tea in the parlor and lodge in the cham-
ber. A whole western village might be erected
in less than a week.
The imagination can scarcely overtake the facte
resulting from this happy project. Romance
aside, the palaces of the Arabian Nights are in a
fair way of being realized.
I repeat it, Mr. Rafinesque has made a most
useful discovery, of certain practicability, which
will lead to an entire revolution in architecture ;
and whether I have guessed right or not, the whole
merit, and the whole reward, are justly due to the
learned Professor. A Constant Reader
By the Editor. Other ingenious men besides
our correspondent have supposed that Iron Houses
would soon be numbered among the improvements
of this enterprising era. Loudon's Encyclopedia
of Architecture observes that " The new process
for smelting iron by raw coal and hot air blast is
producing a great change in the iron trade ; and
it is anticipated by good judges that no long period
will elapse, before cast iron of the quality known
as No. 1, will be manufactured at the cost of about
40 or 45s. the ton. When this takes place, gener-
ally, it must inevitably produce an effect which
378
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JtTNE 13, 1S33.
will pervade almost every condition of society.
Rich and poor will, by degrees, find themselves
enclosed in an iron cage ; and fir joists and slate
roofs will become things to be alluded to as be-
tokening something veneiable from antiquity. The
introduction of iron into building operations will,
no doubt, spread rapidly, as the price of cast iron
fulls ; and, if unskilfully done at the out.set, we
may have a number of imperishable monuments
of bgd taste wherever we go. It is, therefore, of
importance that good examples should be given
in time, and that architects should be prepared
for the change, so as not to leave the matter to the
caprice or taste of the workmen of the founderies."
It appears to us that iron for houses, whether
cast iron, or wrought iron, or sheet iron must be
of considerable thickness, and of course heavy
and expensive, or it would bend, and be trouble-
some by its elasticity. Floors of sheet iron, unless
supported by strong and almost numberless beams,
joists, sleepers, &c. would be as clastic as the
springs of a steel trap, and gravity personified
could not walk across them without assuming the
gait of a frog, a grasshopper, or an opera dancer.
Moreover, as iron is an excellent conductor of
caloric, the inhabitants of iron houses must calcu-
late on enjoying about the same temperature with-
in as without doors ; and their domiciles would
resemble ovens in hot weather and ice-houses in
cold weather.
From the Fanners and Graziers Guide.
ON WATERING NEAT CATTLE.
Improper feeding as we have endeavored to
show, is injurious to neat cattle generally; but im-
proper management, with respect to water, is pro-
ductive of more serious consequences still ; and is
the chief origin of what is called among vetcri
nary surgeons, predisposition to disease ; in other
words, the animal structm-eis, by mismanagement,
rendered peculiarly liable to desease, and is ac-
ted upon by the slightest cause.
Thus, a superabundance induces the quarter-ill,
red water, and scouring : while a smaller quantity
than is proper, is often a main cause of inflam-
matory disorders.
Filthy or impure water should be avoided as
productive of the most serious consequences; it
has been proved beyond all doubt, that impure
water given to pregnant cows is a more certain
cause of abortion, or slipping of the calf, than any
other, and also engenders bad udder, red water and
scouring, and materially diminishes the quantity of
the milk, and injures the quality of the butter and
cheese.
Neat cattle, but particularly cows, should be wa-
tered twice a day, and in summer, three times ;
this is the more necessary when they are kept on
dry food : the water should be pure and transpa-
rent ; the best of all is that which has been agita-
ted by passing through a mill as it is then softer,
and more favourable to digestion. It is a dange-
rous prejudice, that muddy or stagnant water is
not injurious : we have just given a decided opin-
ion on this subject, and shall in the comse of our
observations give several cases to support that opin-
ion.
It is always advisable, when it can be conveni-
ently accomplished, to pump the water intended
for cattle-drink into troughs of stone or cement ;
the best ponds of water being liable to impurity
from several causes : as one of these, it may
be observed that they invariably void their excre-
ment either in the jjond or near it, immediately
after drinking ! and as there is generally a sloping
bank to the pond, the dung must in some degree
run down into the water, and by engendering vari-
ous descriptions of the insect and vermin race,
render it impure and unwholesome.
The water of ponds siUTOunded with ash trees
is often during the siunmer covered with the can-
tharis or blistering fly, which the wiud blows from
the leaves of the trees. These insects, when swal-
lowed with the water, are certainly poisonous. —
This is particularly the case in France, but not so
much so in England ; still, the same cause exists,
though in a less degree, wherever ponds are over-
hung by banks of trees.
Water is rendered much softer, and produces
more milk by being blanched, as is termed ; that
is, by having a little bran or meal stirred into it ;
but water so prepared must not bo kept too long, as
it is apt to ferment and become sour. During the
heat of summer, cows are very apt to become cos-
tive, particularly where they are kept princijially
on dry food; in this case it will be necessary to
give them water in which bran and linseed have
been boiled ; and even if they are not costive it will
be proper to add occasionly, about a sixth part of a
a pint of vinegar to every pail of water,and especial-
ly so when the water is of an indiftijrent quality,
or when the weather is very hot and dry.
It is a fact, that when cattle have been ac-
ciustomed to drink impure water, even in the
washing of a dung heap, they will acquire a
relish ibr it and refuse good water if oifcrcd
to them : but the consequences arisuig from this
practice, although not always immediate in their
visible effects, are certain, and sap the very vital-
ity of the animal's constitiuion. We have stated
that such a practice is n frequent cause of abor-
tion, and productive of various and serious dis-
eases ; and v,e here repeat the caution from a con-
viction that no other water should ever be given to
cattle than what is ])ure, sweet and wholesome ;
and that the use of that which is impure, although
used for a time with ajiparent impunity, will not
only inevitably produce disease, but will lay the
foundation of a train of disorders which will rare-
ly, if ever, be eradicated.
Frfiin the .MereantiU Journd.
AMERICAN INGENUITY.
It is not many days since accounts were publish-
ed here of the invention of a Tenoning Machine,
of a contrivance for grooving out window blinds,
aud of another for adapting to ciich other the dif-
ferent parts of the frame, with astonishing rapidi-
ty. These inventions arc said to be of greater im-
portance to the carpenter, than all the improve-
ments in his tools that have been made the last
century. But these are not all. Yankee cunning
is never to be exhausted. The Atlas says, within
the last week a Patent Rice Machine — a new in-
vention— has been exhibited in operation at the
City Mills on the Mill Dam. The Lowell Jour-
nal propounds also a new mode of extracting
teeth, by filling the cavity with glazed gun-
powder, covered over witli a nicely fitted percus-
sion cap, and then gnashing the teeth furiously
together ; and what is remarkable, if the patient
sneezes at the right time, the fragments will all fly
out of the mouth.
Again — we suspect that it is owing to the tra
veiling Yankees that a company has been establish-
ed at Natchez, Mississippi, for the manufacture of
the oil of cotton seed, and have erected suitable ma-
chinery, by which they are enabled to prepare from
one to two thousand gallons a day. The oil is de-
scribed as being of the best quality for jiainting,
and as equal to any other kind for burning and for
use in woollen factories.
And apropos, of ingenuity, a Quebec paper
mention a very skillful operation, performed by
the Royal Engineers, a fortnight since, for throw-
ing down, with gunpowder, about 40 feet of wal
in the works of the citadel : —
" Three chambers were made in the parajiet ;
the central containing 90 ])otmds of powder, and
the two flank chambers 70 pounds each. The
saucisons were composed and jilaced so as to
ignite the chambers at the same instant. The
force of the powder exerted horizontally ; not a
single stone was thrown upwarils ; and the quan-
tity of ])owder was so nicely judged, that the
old ivork thrown down did not extend beyond
the space, for the gate, &c., to be constructed;
and was almost as completely loosened and
reduced fit for removal, as if the work had been
(lone with tools, and without shaking or injuring
the new wall or revetment, in the slightest de-
gree, though the portion of the ancient work
thrown down was se])aratcd from it by only a few
irchcs."
In fine, nothing remains to this generation of
balloon-sailors, bell-divers, rice-cleaners, jaw-
crickers, eye-makers, throat-splitters, and chess-
phyers, but to invent a reading-machine for Col-
01 cl Stone, and n writing one for Mr. Bulwcr. Nay
— one thing will remain — a good news-collector —
that is, a collector of good news. Such a ma-
chine is much wanted at this ofiice ; and we ven-
lure to say (without consulting the publishers), that
he, she or it, singular or plural, should be paid
$50 a week for two columns, solid colunms — ship-
wrecks, daring robberies, curious circumstances,
shameful disclosures, puffs, murders, marriages
and all.
BIUSK IN CHOLERA.
"Among other matters resorted to by the facul-
ty to stay the progress of this terrible disease, one
has been published of so singular a character, that
we do not hesitate to extract the statement into
our columns. It is contained in a letter from Mr.
Richard Laming, of No. 48 Finsbury Square, a
district in which the ravages of the plague have
been very great. Mr. Lanung says: —
"I have lately employed musk in several cases
of Cholera with a success so uniform and decisive,
.■\s to make its introduction desirable, without loss
of time, to the notice of the whole profession, &c.
The salutary intlucnce of the first dose of nmsk
will be found to become manifest by greatly miti-
gating, in a very few minutes, and in many cases,
by effectually removing the cramps, the purging
and the vomiting. My plan has been to give at
once fifteen grains, rubbed into a draught with a
lump of sugar and a wine glass full of cold water,
and I am justified in reporting that this first step,
if taken prom])tly, will scarcely ever fail to arrest
the progress of the disease, and leave the patient to
easy and ordinary convalescence, &c. So evident
is the action of musk in Cholera, that the practi-
tioner will experience no difliculty in determining
whether he need rei)eat its exhibition, or whether,
having subdued the immediate cause of the disease
by the first dose, he should direct his attention to
the removal of its consequences by the ordinary-
means. — New Monthly Magazine for 1833.
vol.. XI, wo. 48.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL
379
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
EXHIBITION OP PLOAVERS AT THE M. H. S.
ROOMS.
Saturday, June 8, 1833.
The flowers exliibituJ this day were very nu-
merous, anil of superior kiuds. They were sold
at auction at fair prices, the proceeds of whicli are
to be contributed towards erecting some suitable
memorial at ]>Iount Auburn, as a tribute of re-
spect to the late Robert Wyatt, wlio for many
years was esteemed one of the first horticul-
turists.
John Prince, Jamaica Plain, fine specimens in
full flower of the Mespilus lucida.
Rufus Howe, Dorchester, a variety of Roses.
Samuel Walker, Roxbury, several varieties and
fine specimens of flowers.
Davenport, Milton, Roses.
Thomas Mason, Charlestown Vineyard, Speci-
mens of flowers.
John Lemist, Roxbury, very fine show of flow-
ers of Hespris, albo pi.
P. B. Ilovey, Cunibridgeport ; Geranium Pe-
largonium macrauthon, do. Prince Leopold, do.
Washingtoui, do. Boquet Zouale, do. variety coc-
cineum, do. do. rosa, do. do. Grandiflora, Pinks,
Phlox, and Rose acacia.
John A. Keurick, Newton ; Magnolia glauca,
Scotch broom, Syringo two kinds, five do. Honey-
suckles, Glycene frutescens. Rose acacia, Kalmia
Latifolia and angustifolia, corchorus japonica,
Pittasporum, several Herbaceous flowers, and
about 20 varieties of Roses.
William Kenrick, Newton, fine Roses, Pceonias
and other varieties of flowers.
Winships, a large variety of roses, &c.
By order of the Com. Josa. Winship, CA.
THE FOLLOWING NOTE WAS READ AT THE
MEETING.
To the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, Pres. of the Mass.
Horiicidtural Society.
Sir, — We have examined the Oil of which you
were so good as to present us with a bottle, and
which was manufactured by Mr. James Homer,
from Sun Flower Seed, and samples presented to
the Mass. Hort. Soe. We find it perfectly sweet,
and of an agreeable flavor when used as salad oil ;
and that it burns well in a lamp — gives a clear
light, and is, we believe, as little liable to smoke
as the best spermaceti oil.
With the highest esteem, your ob't serv'ts,
Thos. G. Fessenden,
Geo. C. Barrett.
Edward C. Sparhawk, of Brighton,
Enoch B. Kenrick, of Newton, and
Henry S.Waldo, of Boston, were admitted mem-
bers, and John Tilson, jr., of Edwardsville, Illinois,
Corresponding Member of the Mass. Hort. Soc.
Fruits. Mr. Rufus Howe, of Dorchester, pre-
sented very fine specimens of Early Virginia and
Royal Scarlet strawberries.
Early frame Peas were presented for premium
by Mr. Nathaniel Davenport, of Milton.
Adjourned to Saturday next.
Soot. This is esteemed by gardeners as one of
the best manures, particularly when dissolved in
water, and in this state applied to asparagus, peas
and a variety of other vegetables.
■ Post.
Firm tl:,- t<alurdatj El
PKEDIBJG SWINE.
Sir, — You will oblige an old subscriber, and
perhaps benefit the pul)lic, by inserting the fol-
lowing : —
I observed in your paper, of the 19th of the last
month, an article sn the feeding of swine, in
which was recommended the practice of keeping
them constantly penned up. Now, I consider this
the very reverse of what ought to be done, for
the following obvious reason, viz: — It deprives
the animal from enjoying that perfect state of
health, which he otherwise would enjoy, if al-
lowed to range at large, and being constantly fed
on greasy dish water, and other impure substances,
the meat of course must have a strong taste, and
lose much of its flavor ; and hence we sec tlie
reason why the citizens always prefer the country
pork to that of the butchers, who keep their swine
constantly in pens, and feed them on filthy animal
substijnces.
The food of swine should be entirely vegetable
and when allowed his liberty will feed considera-
bly on grass, acorns, chesuuts, apples, cherries, &c.
which he is entirely deprived of in confinmeent.
It is true he will fatten much faster when con-
fined than when running at large. Just so it is
with a human being when confined to his cham-
ber— if not absolutely sick, he will grow fat and
fleshy ; but it will not be solid, nor will he enjoy
as umch health and spirit as when he takes daily
exercise in the open air. And this is the case,
without exception, with all the animal creation,
and even the vegetables require the free use of
the sunshine, wind and rain, to make them thrive.
The milk of the cow, in a state of confinement,
is not fit for use. This I know by experience, for
being accustomed to use milk, instead of tea or
cotfec, and boarding at a tavern in this city where
the cow was kept constantly in the stable all the
year, the milk, particularly in the summer, had
such a disagreeable sickening taste that I could
not possibly relish it. For the same reason, also,
the flesh of wild fowls and animals is much
sweeter, and has a finer flavor than those kept in
confinement, because they have free exercise in
the open air, drink the pure crystal stream, and
live on that kind of food which nature intended.
But, to conclude, I would observe that all those
who live on small lots, and have no range for
swine, are generally obliged to keep them in pens,
if they keep them at all ; but all farmers, who
have a convenience to let them run at large,
should embrace the privilege, if they wish their
pork sweet and good.
But in the autumn previous to their being killed,
it is customary, and no doubt very |)roper, to pen
them up a short time, in order that they may fat-
ten the sooner ; but during- which period, corn
should form the principal article of food.
Yours, &c. A Friend to Domestic Economy.
From the Neiv York Farmer.
S]>IAX.1> BEER.
I NOTICED in your paper, several communica-
tions giving directions for making small beer for
family use, none of which meet my views on the
subject. The following, I know from experience,
will furnish a very pleasant beverage. Take a five
gallon keg — take out one head, and insert a small
brass cock, about three inches above the lower
head. In this keg, put three quarts of wheat, rye
or corn meal, ground rather coarse, as for stilling:
on this pour about three quarts of boiling water —
add a pound of honey, sugar or molasses — one tea-
cup full of ginger or ground allspice — stir all inti-
mately together, and add three gallons of water,
lieated to about 75 or 80 degrees of the thermom-
eter. To this add about a quart of lively yeast.
Stir it well together, and set it in the sun — a fer-
mentation will soon ensue, and continue all day.
By the next morning, it will be settled clear, and
should then he drawn off into bottles, corked and
set away for 24 hours, when it will be fit for use.
This, if repeated daily, will furnish a very pleas-
ant family drink. Yours, &c. B. M. W.
Middlesex; May 1, 1832.
From (lie Genesee Farmer.
liEACHED ASHES.
Potter, April 15, 1833.
Messrs. Editors, — I have known many vessels
to arrive at various landings on the Hudson, to en-
gage teams and haul leached ashes, from two to
six miles, to transport them to Jersey, Long Island
and Connecticut, by land, and sell them at from
eighteen to twenty-five cents a bushel, to be carted
from two to ten miles, and used for manure. It is
clear then that these men were very much
mistaken, or leached ashes are a valuable manure.
They are said to have grown rich from it. I can
see, therefore, no reason, why they should not be
good manure in Western New York. I have
myself used them for many years, both in my
garden and in the fields, and always with satisfac-
tory results.
I believe that leached ashes are as good if not
better than unleached ashes, as their fertilizing
qualities do not dejiend on the qu.intity of alkali
contained in them, but on other principles derived
from the atmosphere, and that they are as good
after lying fifteen or twenty years as if used when
fresh from the leaches.
I have said that the modes of applying leached
ashes are various. They are applied on the sur-
face, spread and turned in with the plough. In
this situation they operate powerfully in reducing
the grass and roots to the food of plants ; they
also attract much fertility from the atmosphere,
and I believe them to be good on most lands,
whether clay or sand, whether moist or dry.
They are also used in compost, one load of ashes
to two of stable manure, and two of soil, they are
also used as a top dressing to com after the first
hoeing ; half a pint is scattered over eaeh hill,
and has all the beneficial eflects of plaster.
Such is ray experience and observation on this
subject, and remain, Yours, with respect,
R. M. W.
NEW ENGLAND WIVES.
It has been said that a New England girl makes
the best wife in the world, — and we think, says
the Lowell Journal, that any New England man
will cheerfully admit the truth of the above saying,
after studying domestic life in other countries.
New England wives are faithful and aft'ectiouate
— instances of conjugal infidelity are of rare
occurrence among them ; they make excellent
mothers — are frugal and methodical in their house-
hold arraagements — shine in a drawing-room ;
and appear to great advantage when superintend-
ing the economy of the kitchen. Such a wife is
a. jewel, and no wonder she should be sought after,
far and near. The Southern gentlemen, while
they strenuously oppose the Union of the States,
evince no repugnance to au Union with the rosy
cheeked lasses of the N'orth.
380
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
iVSE 12, 1»33.
ANECDOTES OP THE EEL.
Eels wheu kopt in fresh water pontis grow
very large, and are very voracious ; they are
known to swallow frogs and lizards whole, which
liave been found in opening large ones. A gentle-
man at Twickenham, England, had a large pond,
on which he bred a number of ducks and geese.
He was much astonished by the disappearance of
large numbers of goslings and ducklings, as soon
as they took to the water. Having occasion,
about this time, to draw his pond, he found a
number of eels, and on opening them the un-
digested remains of many of the lost birds were
found. Eels liave been caught in fresh water
])onds, weighing eighteen or twenty pounds.
They are supposed to be more universally
spread over the globe than any other tribe of
animals, with the exce|)tion of man. It is .said
that none are seen above the Falls of Niagara, or
in Lake Erie. Some one supposes that all tlie
eels in the interior visit the sea, annually, and
then return from their pilgrimage to the old spot;
and it is moreover asserted, but certainly on
doubtful authority, that if an eel remain habitually
in fresh water it becomes barren. We do not
credit a word of this ; there is some want of ac-
curacy in the examination.
Though they have been repeatedly seen fifty
and sixty feet high on the rocks of the cataract,
wending their way up, they never yet succeeded
in the enterprise. Mr. Clinton supposes the reason
why eels do not exist in Lake Erie, if any were
left there on the subsiding of the waters of the
flood, is because their eoimnunication was cut of!'
from the ocean, and in illustration of his theory,
relates that the Passaic river is formed by the
union of three considerable streams, Rockaway,
Long-Pond and Ramapough creeks, until a canal,
some yeais ago, was cut around the great falls at
Peterson, no eel was ever seen in the waters
above. Since that work was completed, the water
abounds with them, distinguished for size and
quality. He further remarks, that in the spring,
elvers, or young eels, are seen in innnense num-
bers, ascending these streams.
Mr. Jesse says that he has been informed, upon
the authority of a nobleman, that if an eel is found
on land its head is invariably turned towards the
sea, for which it is always observed to make in
the most direct line possible. If this information
is correct, and there seems to be no reason to
doubt it, it shows that the eel, like the swallow,
is possessed of a strong migratory instinct.
We can ourselves partly confirm his statement,
for we have seen an eel more than twenty yards
from a river, making its way to it like a snake
through the grass of a moist meadow ; and what
is pei'haps more uncommon, we hhve watched an
eel rising repeatedly to the surface of a stream to
bite off and feed upon the duck-weed floating at
the top.
An amazing number of eels are hr;d in the two
large ponds in Richmond Park, which is sufficient-
ly evident from the very great quantity of young
ones which migrate from those ponds every year.
We are assured that at nearly the sime day, in
the month of May, vast numbers of young eels,
about two inches in length, contrived to get
through the pen-stock of the upper pond, and then
through the channel which led into the lower pond,
. from whence they got through another pen-stock
into a water course, which led them eventually in-
to the river Thames. They migrated in one cou-
ich prodigious numbers,
!;iven as to their luobable
nccted shoal, and in
that no guess could be
amount.
An annual migration of young eels also takes
place in the River Thames in the month of May :
and they have generally made their appearance
at Kingston, in their way upwards, about the
second week in that month, and accident has so
determined it, that for several years together it was
remarked that the tenth of May was the day of
what the fishermen called eel fair ; but they have
been more irregular in their proceedings since the
interruption of the lock at Teddington. These
young eels are about two inches in length, and
they make their approach in one regular and im-
deviating column of about five inches in breadth,
and as thick together as it is possible for them
to be. As the procession generally lasts two or
three days, and as they apjjear to move at the
rate of nearly two miles and a half an hour, some
idea may be formed of their enormous i^umber.
The line of inarch is almost universally confined
to one bank of the river, and not on both sides at
the same time ; but, from some instinctive or ca-
pricious imiHilse, they will cross the river, and
change the side, without any apparent reason for
doing so.
When the column arrives at the entrance of a
tributary stream which empties itself into the river,
a certain jiortion of the cohuun will continue to
progress up the tributary stream, and the main
phalanx eillier cross the river to the opposite bank,
or will after a stiff struggle to oppose the force of
the tributary branch in its emptying process, cross
the month of this estuary, and regain its origintil
line of march on the same side of the river. In
consequence of the young eels dispersing them-
selves from time to timi^, as occasion offers, in the
manner above described, the shoal must impercep-
tibly lessen until the whole have disposed ol
themselves in dift'erent places. — Smitli's Ichthyology.
THE PROFESSION OF A GARDENER, AND
THE NATDRAI- LOVE OP A GARDEN.
" On observing the jiule-faced mechanic hur-
rying away to his morning labors, we almost re-
gret, with Rousseau, that great cities should be so
numerous ; that mankind should be congregated
in such mighty masses ; and think not witlioul
|)ain, of the many long hours the artisan must
pass in the tainted atmosphere of a crowded manu-
factory. IJut how ditlerent are our feelings on
seeing the gardener resuming the badge of his
trade, or the plough-boy harnessing his well-
trained team I The toils of both may be hard,
but they are, at the same time, surrounded with
every thing that is rural and inviting. The grass
springs and the daisy blossoms under their feet;
the sun tells them by his shadows how the day
waxes or wanes ; the blackbird serenades thciii
from every hedge or tree ; and they enjoj', more-
over, the inexpressible pleasure of seeing Nature
in her fairest forms, rewarding most munificently
their skill and industry. How does the citizen
sigh for such scenes ; and how soon, when his
fortune is made, does he hurry away from the
confines of a second Babel, to sink the merchant
in the gentleman farmer! Few who are so forty
nate strive to rival the handicraftsman by making
their own shoes, or any other needful article oi'
dress , but all, yes all, who are able, strive to trim
their own gardens, and superintend the cultivation
of their own property." — London Magazine.
From the Amrriran Si-nlinr/.
INCOMBtJSTIBI.E WASH, AND STUCCO WHITE
AVASH.
TnE gentleman who furnished the following,
assures us that the receipt is what it purports to
be — and that he believes it to be a very valuable
one.
The basis for both is lime, which must be
first slacked with hot water, in a small tub or pig-
gin, and covered to keej) in the steam ; it then
should be passed, in a fluid form, through a fine
sieve, to obtain the flower of the lime. It must
be put on with a Painter's Brush — two coats are
best for outside work.
First, to make a fluid for the roof, and other
parts of wooden houses, to render them incombus-
tible, and a coating for brick tile, stone work and
rough cast, to render them impervious to the water,
and give them a durable and handsome appear-
ance. The proportions in each receipt, are five
gallons. Slack your lime, as before directed, say
six quarts, in which i)ut 1 quart of clean rock salt,
for each gallon of water, to be entirely dissolved by
boiling, and skimn)cd clean, then add to the 5 gal-
lons, 1 lb. of alum J lb. copperas, ^ lbs. potash —
the lust, to be gradually added ; 2 qts. of fine sand
or hard wood ashes nmst also be added 5 any col-
oring [natter may now be mixed in such quanti-
ties as to give it the requisite shade. It will look
better than paint, and be as lasting as slate. It
Biuret be put on hot. Old shingles must be first clean-
ed witl) a stiff broom, when this may be api)lied.
It will stop the small leaks — prevent moss from
growing — render them incombustible, and last
niuiiy years.
Second. To make a brilliant Stucco white-wash,
for all buildings inside and out. — Take clean lumps
(if well burnt stone lime — slack the same as be-
fore ; add J lb. whiting or burnt alum pulverized,
1 lb. loaf or other sugar ; 3 pts. rice flour made into
a very thin, and well boiled paste, starch, or jel-
ly, and 1 lb. clearest glue, dissolved in the same
manner as cabinet makers do. This may be ap-
plied cold within doors, but warm outside. It
will he more brilliant than Plaster of Paris, and
retain its brilliancy for many years, say from 50 to
100. It is superior, nothing equal. The east end
of the President's House, in Washington, is washed
with it.
Washing Salads. lii(lej)endent of the good ef-
tects of washing salads, c.ibhagcs, and the like, in
water in which salt has been dissolved, we should
sujipose it would render them less liable to speedy
putrescency. The salads shoidd be put in salt
water for a few nnnutes, sufficiently long to
detach or kill all insects, and then rinsed in clear
fresh water.
From the Boston Mercantile Journal.
A PACT FOR FARMERS.
An Englishman, an eminent florist, at the last
meeting of the Londini Horticultural Society, ex-
hibited a specimen of the most delicious butter
made from the cream of a cow that had been fed
on mangel wurtzel merely. " It was of a bright
yellow, or straw color, and sweet in flavor resem-
bling what is called Epping butter in the height
of the season."
It is well ascertained, we believe, from travel-
lers and other, that the most northern latitudes
where grazing is made a business, produce milk,
eream and butter, all richer and better than ours.
We recollect particularly the statements of
VOL. XI. JVO. 48.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
381
Brooks on tljis subject, whose Travels in Nortliern
Europe, by tlie way, interesting as they are liavo
"not yet been republished here. Will our readers
give us the rationale of the fact above stated. We
know a highly respectable country gentleman who
stoutly maintains that it were better to lose one's
eye-sight than one's taste, for the simple and ob-
vious reason that in the former case. Dr. Howe
might take him in hand, while in the latter,
" they would certainly give him bad butter, and
that would kill him !" Doubtless.
And now let us caution our readers against re-
garding this paragraph with feelings of levity, as
if we had offered issue on immaterial points. Is
not butter material ? And what is butter without
bread ? And what is bread without butter ?
And what is a member of society good for who
doesn't know when his bread is well buttered? —
These suggestions, we trust, will be conclusive.
From the Southern AgricidturUI .
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ROT OP THE
GRAPE.
Dear Sir, — The cause of the rot in grapes, in
my opinion, is from the redundancy of sap in the
vine, any one may rot his grapes in fifteen days,
by putting manure upon the root of the vine ; now,
Sir, if they will permit the vines to run upon ar-
bours, and prune but very little, grapes may be
raised in abundance. I know of a vine in this
neighborhood of which the grapes never rot from
not pruning at all. I permitted one of mine to
grow and ceased pruning it, the consequence was
that it bore grapes plentifully, and I never saw a
rotten one on it twelve months alter 1 ceased to
prune, wliile others near it continued to loose their
grapes ; some of the bunches lay on tlic ground
and remained sound and good, though they con-
tinued to decrease in size a little. My neighbor
had a vine upon which he had some well rotted
manure thrown ; when the grapes were full grown
they rotted ; he mentioned it to me and I advised
the raking of the ground from the roots, about
eight feet around, until they were exposed ; it was
done, and the grapes ceased to rot and ripened,
though the same vine had the year before lost its
grapes. It is a well-known fact, that any fruit
tree that casts its fruit while green, may be
brought to bear by taking the rich earth from the
roots and filling the place with poor sand ; why
may not this succeed with the vine? Any tree
that blossoms may be made fruitful in that way ;
take ofi' the rich earth from the roots, say about
si.x inches deep, and say about eight or ten from
the tree, and fill up with sand.
Yours, &,c. James Jones.
Paris, Henry Co., (Ten.) Oct. 6, 1832.
Practical advantages of Science. — The following
illustration of the utility of science in the common
occurrences of life, is from the Genesee Farmer.
"A penknife, by accident, dropped into a well
twenty feet deep. A sunbeam from a mirror was
directed to the bottom, which rendered the knife
visible ; and a niagnst, fastened to a pole, brought
it up."
HOP TOPS
The hop forms an excellent substitute for aspar-
agus, and the tops may be had the whole year
round. Hop tops also form an admirable ingredi-
ent for a variety of dishes, such as soups, omelets,
&c. Long experience in the practice of cookery,
both in this and in my native country, for upwards
of forty years, makes me bold in recommending
hop tops. I was for some time in the kitchen of
the king of Sardinia, where the art was j)ractised
in all its branches. I was afterwards thirty-four
years with the Hon. D. F. Halyburton as cook and
house-steward. He being of delicate constitution,
and eating no sort of animal food whatsoever I
was, on his account, obliged to study varieties of
vegetable dishes. Hop tops formed one on which
I by chance stumbled, and of which he very high-
ly approved, finding it agreeable and very whole-
some.— Caledonian Horticultural Society.
AN AMERICAN L,ADY GARDENER.
When Lafayette called at Fredericksburg, pre-
viously to his departure for Europe, in the autumn
of 1784, to pay his parting respects to the mother
of Washington, he found her working in the
garden, clad in domestic-made clothes, and her
gray head covered by a plain straw hat. The
venerable matron saluted him kindly, observing,
in re])ly to the encomiums which Lafayette had
lavished upon his hero, and paternal chief: " I am
not sm'prised at what George has done, for he was
always a very good boy." — Loudon^s Magazine.
WATERING HORSES.
A VPRITER in a Cincinnati paper justly censures
the practice of watering horses. Many are killed
every year by the absurd custom of stage
drivers and others, giving horses water eve-
ry five or six miles when travelling. Farmers
who work horses at the plough or cart all day,
never break oft' to water their horses, except at
dinner time. The same bad ])ractice prevails in
England. But the writer informs us, they manage
these things better in France. They never water
their horses only when they are fed. We recol-
lect on a very warm and dusty day, travelling in a
stage over the hills of Normandy, the horses foam-
ing with sweat and covered with dust. The dri-
ver stopped at an inn, and when we expected to
see him with his bucket, giving water to each, he
brought from the house a bottle, and pouring
into bis hand some of the contents, he washed
each horse's nose and threw a little up into them.
On iiiquiring, we found it was VINEGAR ; and
although they had already travelled a long stage
they went off as fresh as ever.
ACTIVITY.
A DISTINGUISHED Writer says, it is of great im-
portance to train ploughmen to habits of activity
and diligence. In some districts of England they
are proverbial for the slowness of their steps.
Their slow drawling movements they teach their
horses ; whereas if they were accustomed to a
quicker pace, they and their horses would move
with as much ease, and accomplish much more
work. It is common to see teams make some
half a dozen stops in turning about ; and in cross-
ing the field, in light plowing, to move with the
slowest possible step, and stop every time the
plough struck a stone as large as a robin's egg.
Ray observes, that an obscure and prolix author
may not improperly be compared to a cuttle fish,
since he may be said to hide himself under his
own ink.
TO PREVENT THE ANNOYANCE OP FL,IES.
Farmers might easily save the flesh of horses
and cows, and confer a great kindness on their an-
imals, in preventing the usual unuoyance of Jlies,
by simply oiling the parts most exposed. Flies
will not alight a moment on the spot over which
an oiled sponge has been pressed. — Probably either
fish or flaxseed oil would answer, but what I have
known used with success was the Tanner's oil.
Every man who is compassionate to his beast
ought to know this simple reinedy, and every live-
ry stable, and country Inn, ought to have a supply
at hand fur the use of travellers. — Greenfield Gaz.
TO DESTROY THE RED SPIDER.
Mr. Kendall, in the Gardener's Magazine,
directs six ounces of soft soap to be put into one
gallon of rain water, and made into a fine lather.
This must be carefully applied to both sides of the
leaf.
Boring for Water. The Steam Engine, at
Holt's Hotel, is still industriously engaged in boring
for water. Yesterday it made eight inches, and
reached to the depth of 594 feet. The process
was commenced a year and a half ago, and has
been perseveringly pursued. Five hundred feet
has been bored through the solid rock. Salt wa-
ter was struck at the depth of 150 feet. The wa-
ter is now within five feet of the surface, but it is
brackish. It is hoped that a vein of pure water
will soon be struck, and, in that hope, the process
will be continued. — A'". Y. Jour, of Com.
We hear with regret that the rust has made its
appearance in the wheat fields in this vicinity, and
that the crop has likewise sustained injury from
the recent high winds and heavy rains — such as
the beads partially beaten down by the former,
and the blooms washed off by the latter. We
hope, however, the damage has not extended far,
and that a medium crop may yet be harvested. —
Petershurg, (Va.) Int. May 31.
Take off' the old surface between
the rows, and substitute a new one of light rich
soil. "I am convinced that top dressing is as es-
sential to asparagus, as the preparation of the
ground for its reception either at the time of sow-
ing or planting." — Hort. Reg.
To preserve Beans and Peas. Peas and beans
may be preserved through the winter by scalding
them in a strong syrup of sugar and drying them
— after which they should be put in a bottle and
corked close. If each part of this process is con-
ducted with care, it will be found when they are
cooked that they have lost but little of their flavor,
and that they will form a great addition to our
vegetable dishes during winter. — Genesee Farmer.
The Weevil. Salt is said to be a complete pre-
ventive against the destruction of wheat by the
weevil. Mix a pint of salt with a barrel of wheat,
or put the grain in old salt barrels, and the weevil
will not attack it. In stacking wheat, four of five
quarts of salt to every hundred sheaves, sprinkled
among them, will entirely secure them from the
depredations of this insect, and render the straw
more valuable as food tor cattle. — Hort. Reg.
Locust Trees. A few locust trees were sold in
this town last week at five dollars each. One of
them, a stately tree about two and a half feet in di-
ameter near the ground, was sold for less than half
its value ; the purchaser admitted that it would
bring 40 or 50 dollars in New York. — JVorihamp-
ton Gazette.
Upwards of 13,000 tons of coal were received
at Philadelphia last week, by the various channels
of communication with the mines in the interior.
382
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JUNE 13, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FAR3IER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 12, 1R33.
Our worthy correspondent " Essex JVorth" iu
he first page of this day's paper, solicits informa-
tion from " Mr. Jolm Wilson" relative to immers-
ing seed corn in tar before planting. We hope
Mr. W. will be good enongh to answer this call,
and in the wean time we will state what we know
on this subject, because a redundance is bettL'r than
a dearth of information on agricultural topics.
S. W. Pomeroy, Esq. in a letter to J. Lowell,
Esq. published in JIass. Agr. Repos. vol. vi. No.
2, recommends the following preparation of seed
corn for the purpose of " protecting it against
squirrels and other vermin.
" Take equal parts of tar and train oil, simmer
them together and turn over the corn ; then sift
on ashes, lime,or plaster, stirring it till each kernel
has taken up as much as will permit its being cot;-
veniently handled, &c." Mr. P. likewise thinks it
probable that the same preparation would protect
ivalmds, acorns, chesniits, SfC. when planted,
against mice, squirrels, &c.
The Farmer^s Assistant says when seed corn is
prepared with tar, " it is necessary first to soal; it
sufliciently to make it vegetate ; as without this the
coat of tar will keep out the moisture, and prevent
the seed from sprouting." Perhaps a combination
of botli the prescriptions above mentioned would
be better than either alone : viz. Soak your seed
corn as advised by the Farmer's Assistant, and
use the mixture of train oil with tur, as recom-
mended by Mr. Pomeroy. Or what we believe to
be still better use the prescription of Judge Buel,
who recommends the following: —
'^Preparation of the Seed. The enemies to be
combatted are the wire worm brown grub, birds
and squirrels. Of thes ethe first and two last prey
upon the kernels, and against these tar oflers a
complete protection. I soak nij' seed from 12 to
30 houis in hot water, iu which is dissolved a few-
ounces of crude saltpetre, and then add (say to 8
quarts of seed) half a pint of tar, previously warm-
ed, and diluted, with a quart of warm water. The
mass is well stirred, the corn taken out, and as
much plaster added as will adhere to the grain.
This impregnates and partially coats the seed with
tar. The experience of years will warrant me in
confidently recommending this as a protection
for the seed." See New England Farmer, vol. xi.
p. 306.
Indian Corn for fodder. We think it probable,
and indeed we may say certain that grass for hay
cannot be abundant this season. Some substitute
for the produce of our mowing lots should there-
fore claim attention from the provident husband-
man. For this purpose there is little doubt that
Indian corn is the best and most productive plant
that can be chosen. The smaller sorts of corn are
most uutiitious and palatable to cattle, and sweet
corn was recommended by Col. Pickering as the
best variety, when fodder is the object.
Corn, intended for fodder, may be sowed either
broad east or in drills. The former is the least
trouble, the latter will give the greatest produce,
and leave the soil in the best order. If the land
on which you propose to raise your corn is mow-
ing or pasture fresh ploughed for the purpose,
broad east sowing perhaps will be best, as the sod
after being turned over should not be disturbed,
and there will not, probably, be much to appre-
hend from weeds. If you sow broad cast from
3 to 3^ bushels to an acre are recommended,
though some say that a larger quantity would be
better. If in drills you may run light furrows
about 3 feet apart, 3 or 4 inches deep, and drop
the seed corn in the furrows about as thick as peas
are usually sown for field cultivation. The seed
may be covered with the plough ; and a harrow
drawn lengthwise of the furrows, followed by a
roller (if you have one), or perhaps your harrow
turned bottom upwards, for want of a roller will
complete the [ilanting. Corn for fodder may be
planted any time during the present month.
Greens. Loudon says that the tender tops of all
the edible species of cucurbitaccoe (pumpkins,
melons, squashes, gourds) boiled as greens or spin-
age are more delicate than the fruit of the same
plants.
Save your best peas, beans, Ifc.for seed. If you
set apart some of your most flourishing and early
plants of peas, beans, and other field and garden
vegetables, and save the earliest and best seed of
these to jiropagate from, you will improve the sorts
in the same method, and by the same law of na-
ture which induced the celebrated Bake well's im-
proved breeds of sheep swine and cattle.
Tar for sheep. We have been assured by sev-
eral persons owning sheep that during the grazing
season they have derived great advantage by
giving their sheep tar, at the rate of a gill a
day to every twenty sheep. They put tar in
troughs, sprinkle a little fine salt over it, and place
it under cover where the sheep can have access to
it. This preserves them from worms in the head,
promotes their general health, and is supposed to
be a specific against the rot.
Lime for preserving health. Lime as an anti-
dote to contagion, a preservative against infection,
and a means of purifying vaults is not so much
used as it should be. By means of this simple
but powerful agent, together with a due attention
to cleanliness and ventilation, the air in jails, hos-
pitals, ships, &c. may be rendered comparatively
sweet and salubrious. A quantity of it while hot
and quick, sifted every day or two into the vaults
of back houses would greatly contribute to comfort
and health.
We should think it a very serious matter if we
were forced to eat tainted provisions, or drink filthy
water, and j'et seem satisfied with taking a sub-
stance into our lungs which is fit only to support
the respiration of reptiles accustomed to '=feed on
the vapour of a dung hill." And this we suffer
while the remedy is at hand, and almost as cheap
as the sweepings of the street !
The walls of cellars, dairy rooms, sitting rooms
and indeed of all apartments, which are much oc-
cupied by human beings should bo well coated
with good caustic lime white wash at least once a
year. The time for its application should be just
before the heats of summer become fervent and
oppressive. " In London," says Willich Dom.
Encyc. " a society is organized for the cure and
Prevention of Contagious Fevers in the Metrop-
olis," and they appropriated a certain sum of
money for purifymg the tainted habitations of the
poor. Their method consists simply in washing
the walls of the room with hot lime which will
render the place perfectly sweet."
PAIKTING HOVSES.
Economy is a consideration of primary impor-
tance in every community. But there are various
kinds of economy. — There is one kind which ex-
hausts the purse and there is another kind which re-
plenishes it. It is poor economy to expend a pound
to save a shilling, but it is good economy to spend
a shilling if a pound can be saved by it. Most of
the Dwelling Houses in the country are erected
and suftered to continue years without painting ;
this they suppose a matter of economy to save ex-
pense, but if the owners would "calculate a little"
they would find, to use a Yankee phrase, it "costs
more than it comes to." A House without paint
goes to decay rapidly and requires repairs muchear-
licrand oftener than one with it. The rain insin-
uates itself into the crevices and pores of the wood,
and there rots and occasions early decay. New
clap-boarding is demanded every four or five years
and if it is neglected, the boards sutler and the
whole structure prematurely falls to the ground.
A coat of paint, at half the expense of the repairs
during a few years, remedies the difticulty and
keeps the exterior in a state of fine preservation.
We say nothing of the contrast i)resented by a dark,
unsightly decaying house to a white, tasteful one,
seen through the green foliage in the country.
Some houses in South Street exhibit the contrast
most strikingly. — JVorthamjiton Courier.
cri,Trv^vTioai of trees.
It has been demonstrated, both abroad and at
home, tliat large shade trees, with a heavy um-
brage, may be transplanted with as much prospect
of living, as the slender cropped saplings, that are
usually set out before our premises, for the bene-
fit of remote posterity. Sir Henry Stewart's book
on this subject, republished by Thorburn in N.
y. gives abundant directions on this subject. It
seems not to be generally known either, that for-
est, as well as other trees, arc greatly improved by
cultivation. The chesnut tree becomes, under cul-
ture, handsome, umbrageous shade tree. It has
a rapid growth, and, if well preserved, will
bear prolifically, producing a nut three times the
size of those brought to market, and, better fla-
vor. The hickory tree will do the same. It
is this cultivation which makes the English nuts
so much superior to ours. Experiments in this
way cost but little.
ITEMS OF INTELLIGENCE.
The Kennebec County Agricultural Society will hold
their Cattle Show, Exhibition and Fair at Winthrop, on
lid Wednesday of September ne.xt.
The Hanipsliire, Franklin and Hampden Agricultural
Society will hold their Cattle Show, Exhibition of Man-
ufactures and Public Sale at Greenfield, Mass. on Wed-
nesday, Oct. 23, 1833.
The State of Ohio has contracted a debt for canal pur-
poses, nearly to the amount of five millions of dollars, and
Ohio Canal Stock is twenty nine per cent above par.
Matanzas is almost free of the cholera. The havoc
has been horrible on some of the plantations. Some of
the planters will be entirely ruined. The epidemic con-
tinues to penetrate into the interior.
The New-Orleans Bulletin of May 20, says, in relation
to the crops : — Intelligence from every quarter, from the
Banks of the Missouri to the Hudson, and from Lake
Micliigan to the Atlantic border — gives high liopes of
abundant crops this season. So far the prospects of the
planter and farmer are cheering.
On the 3d of June a stage from Auburn, N. Y. with
seven passengers on board, was passing over Tillman's
Bridge at Seneca Falls, when the bridge gave way and
the stage, passengers and horses were all precipitated into
VOL.. XI. NO. 48.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
383
the water, which was fifteen feet deep. The passengers
were with great difficulty all rescued except one Mr.
Creagli, of New York, who was drowned.
The Citizens of Charlestown, held a town meeting
on the 6th inst. at which among other proceedings, it was
resolved that they would pass over tlie Old Bridge as
long asoue half of the tolls should be appropriated to
the purpose of erecting the Bunker Hill Monument ;
and that they would give information to their friends in
the country, which might induce them to select the same
avenue.
The ship Amazon from Hull arrived below Quebec oil
the 1st inst. with sixty passengers on board from the La-
dy of the Lake, from Belfast, which vessel sunk at sea.
Upwards of two hundred passengers are said to have
gone down with her.
A "mouse nest" was discovered a few days since in
a store in Cincinnati, elegantly formed of twelve lank
notes, which had been missing for some lime previous.
On Sunday week, as the British Steam boat Queen
Adelaide was on her way from Maiden to Niagara one of
her boilers burst, which caused the death of one man,
and two others were so severely wonnded that their lives
are despared of.
Passengers pass from Baltimore to Philadelphia, on a
rail road and back again the same day.
The harvest in Virginia has commenced, and great
damage has been done to the Farmers in that quirter by
rains which have destroyed much of the orain crop.
SUPERB DOUBI.E DAHLIAS.
The subscribers have now leady for delivery (in pots) several
hundred of the finest varieties of "Dalilias thai arc ouilivaled in
England. They offer none but what they ilowcrod lliemselves
last season, and' which attlic Horticultural as well as iheirown
private exhibition, attracted so much notice. The pr.ce is jJlO
per dozen, or g5 for six ; each of wliich is a named variety. A
descriptive list of their color and height, with a printed treatise
on their management, will be furnished to every purchaser, in
order that they may he so arranged in the garden that the
Dwarfs will not be hid by the taller varieties.
They are all genuine "sorts from the slock root, and not en-
grafted on the tubers of common Dahlias, as is sometimes done,
and which is a very deceptive mode. The following are a few
of the fine sorts ;— Hall's Mo»ul, purple, French white, Squibbs'
pure yellow, Lady Grenville, pink ; Well's Triumf) Koyai,
ruby pink ; Radiata, large red ; Lord Lyndhurst, fine orange ;
Beauty of Hertford, crimson j Mountain of Snow, white ; Coc-
cinea Speciosissima, scarlet ; Involute Purpurea, curious dark
purple ; Stephenia, dark maroon ; Eminent, dark purple ;
Grandeur Superbe, fine crimson; Dennisii, ruby purple; tes-
ter's Constantia, carmine red ; Colvell's Perfecta, shaded pur-
ple ; Beauty of CheshunI, scarlet; Pulla, darkmaroon ; Don-
na Maria, scarlet ; Barrett's Susannah, e.\quisite purple; Rom-
ulus, ghttering scarlet ; Rose excelleiile, pink ; Plants Purpu-
rea Perfecta, fine purple ; Aurantia Supcrba, fine orange :
Vulcan, very dark purple ; Moss Pelham, Lilac, &c. tfcc.
They can be packed willi safety for any journey not exceed-
ing a week. Orders from a distance, enclosmg the amount,
will be promptly attended to, without charge for packing, and
when the selection is left to us, we will send such as will ibrra a
pleasing combination of color and height, which is from 3 to 7
feet.
Within the last three years, ilie Double Dahlia has attracted
more attention in England, France, Holland, and our own
country, (to the fine autumns of which it is well adapted,) than
any other flower, for the last century. The easy mode of cul-
ture— the majestic beauty of their growth — the great variety
and unrivalled splendor of tlieir flowers at a season of the year
when such beautiful objects are most required — together with
iJie circumstance of their succeeding nearly as well in the close
air of cities as the free air of the country, renders them most
desirable.
The roots are easily preserved over winter which, in the
spring can be divided, every division of which will flower
freely the same season.
Some collections in Europe extend to five hundred sorts — but
all those most worthy of notice have been introduced, within
the last two years, and which can be condensed into a hundred
and fifty varieties (at which limit we keep our colleciion) — have
been particular to throw out all dull colored or imperfect formed
flowers — as a proper selection is preferable to a lab^T-intli of
names which only tends to puzzle those who sit down to raake
choice of a few sorts.
Also, a choice collection of Chinese Chrysanthemums, now
in season for transplanting into the garden, or for potting.
Double Tuberoses — Jacobean Lilies (Amarylys formosls-
sima) and Mexican Tiger Flowers, still on hand and in season
for planting. G. THORBURN & SON,
June 1^ No. 67, Liberty Street.
FOR SAI.E,
THAT valualile country seat and farm formerly owned by
E. H. Derby and J. Crowninshield, Esqrs., and lately by Col.
Endicott, situated in Danvcrs, within two miles of Salem and
fifteen of Boston. The buihlings are in good repair, spacious
and elegant, and convenient for a gentcci family, and also lor a
farmer's, with barns, stables, &c., attached. There is an ex-
cellent garden, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
shrubs and flowers and a tasteful summer house. The farm is
in a high state of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produces large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, quinces and cherries ;
there is a nursery of young fruit trees, and a plantation of
oOOO White Mulberries. The place has many advantages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garden, with lioin 10 to 100 acres of land, as the pur-
chaser mav choose, are offered on liberal and accommooaiing
terms. Apply at this office, or to AMOS KING.
Danvcrs, March 27, 1S33.
SPLESmiD DAHLIAS.
war. PRINCE & SONS, of Flushing, have in their col-
lection abo\c dOO magnificent varieties of tlie Dahlia, imported
from the finest collections of Europe, and for the convenience
of executing orders with despatch ^t this and later periods,
they have several hundred in pots, which can be safely forward-
ed at an3' moment. Orders must be sent direct per mail, and
priced. Catalogues will be sent to every applicant, ow j5
TURNIP SEED.
For sale at the N. E. Seed Store, 31 & 52, North JIarket
Street,
Early Dutch Turnip. Early Garden Stone do. Yellow
Stone do. White Flat Winter do. Long Yellow French do.
Yellow Aberdeen do. Ruta Baga do.
The two last are very excellent kinds for cattle.
TREATISE ON SILK.
For sale at the N. E. Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52, North Street,
.\ Brief Treatise on the Culture of Silk. Price 6^ cents.
June 12 eopGw
THE YOUNG FLORIST.
The Young Florist, or Conversation on the Culture of Flow-
ers and Natural History, for sale at the New England Seed
Store. Price 42 cents. copGw June 12
THE PULL BLOODED HORSE SPORTSMAN.
THE Subscriber informs the public that the above named
lorse will stand at his stable die ensuing season, — terms ,^20
the season, which may be seUled lor glo on or before the first
of September next. Insurance as may be agreed between the
parties. The stock of this horse are unusually promising and
will not sufl'er (to say the least) by comparison with the get of
any horse that has stood in this section for many j'ears. and he
therefore recommended to the public with confiileiicc by
their obedient servant, S. JACJUES.
10 Hills Stock Farm, Cliarlestown, 2J miles from Bosloii.
Reference is made to Thomas Williams, Esq. of Chelsea,
who has colts of Sportsman's get. mo
HAME1VELL.
The fast trotting horse Hamewell, by Barefoot, his dam the
Virginia Mare, will stand for mares at the stable of Admiral
Sirlsaac Cofhn, at Brighton, this season at 15 dollars a mare.
This fine animal is now three years old and stands 15 hands one
inch high. His color is dark bay, black legs, and well built in
proportion ; his action and speed is equal to that of any other
horse of his age. Good pasturage for mares, and the best of
care will be taken of them. Gentlemen are respecthilly invited
to call and see this horse. J. PARKINSON,
m 22 Bi-ighton.
NEW AMERICAN GARDENER. .
Serullll Edition.
JUST Publishcdjnd lor snic by Geo. C. Barrett, the s
edition of the above truly valuable work. Piiic gi .
PEMBROKE BUTTER AND TABLE SALT.
Just received by Sclir. Boston Packet—
301 barrels and 3G0 sacks Butter Salt. 6600 loaves Table
Salt.
Abundant evidence is before the public of the quality of this
Salt being superior to any hitherto manufactured in any part of
the world. As such we warrant it and offer it for sale.
June 5 CHAS I. CAZENOVE & CO.
PARMER'S OWJi BOOK.
For sale at the New Englaml Farmer oHice the Farmer's
Own Book or Family Receipts. Being a compilation of the
very best receipts on agriculture, gardening and cookery, with
rules for keeping farmers accounts, &,c. Price 50 cents,
may 12.
FOR SALE OR TO LET
A full blood Durham Short horn Bull if applied for imme-
diatatcly will be sold low.
Also lor sale 2 Hull Calves, from young Boliver, 10 and 12
months old. Inquire at the Farmer office. Also will be sold
or let an imported Maltese Jack. 2w
PRICES OP COUNTRY PRODUCE
Apples, russetts,
baldwins,
Bkass, white,
Beek, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, iusjiected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . ., .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, . . . .
Southern, Isl sort, ....
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . .
Dr}- Hide, sole. . . .
'' upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, • • .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra dear, .
Navy, Mess
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
'*' southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . ■
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
r Pulled superfine,
^ -£ I Isl Lambs, . . •
■BS<^d " . . .
SE.|3d '• . . -
Z (^Ist Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
barrel
3 5('
"
3 5l
bushel
1 Ob
barrel
11 5t
"
(i 75
''
B 5C
pound
It
;;
31;
35
y
bushel
1 25
barrel
5 75
;;
6 00
'^
3 87
bushel
•'
65
''
75
"
Cli
"
45
ton
12 n>
gallon
4(]
pound
2i;
pound
'J
"
13
lb.
21
pound
16
lb.
20
pound
24
cask
1 25
ton
3 00
bushel
25
barrel
18 00
"
13 CO
"
none
bushel
2 25
o-
pound
1-2
"
12
cwl
10 CO
pound
50
"
GO
"
45
40
"
35
..
30
'
48
7o
PROVISION MARKET.
RETAIL PRICES.
HAMS^nortlieriij
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and lub, . . .
lump, best, . . . .
Eggs,
Potatoes, coinraon, . . .
Cider, {according to quality.)
pound
9d
.<
10
"
15
"
19
dozen
14
bushel
35
barrel
2 OO
4 CO
4 00
1 50
12 to
7 00
8 75
13
10
1 SO
G 00
G 12
a 94
74
G7
7G
70
32
14 oe
50
19 UO
13 50
2 50
1 to
13
11 00
3 Ofi
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, JUNE 10, 1S33.
Reported for the Dally Advcrliaer and Patriot.
At Market this day 38fi Beef Catlle, (including about 140 uii-
snld last week) 19 pairs Working Oxen, 40 Cows and Calves.
520 Sheep and 3-15 Swine.
From 30 to 40 Beef Catlle remain unsold.
Prices. Beef Cattle.— Last week's prices were not sup-
ported. One or two very fine, from N. Y. were taken at ^7.
and several yoke at ^G,7'6. We quote prime at £6,15 a 6,50.;
good at go,50 a 6 ; Ihin at §5 a 5,!!5.
Cows ami Cakes.— We noticed sale* at 20, 22, 24, 25, 27.
30, 33, and §35.
Sheep and Lambs. — Sales of lots were effected at g2,25.
52,33, ,S2,37, ^2,50, §2,75. and gS.
Swine. — A lot" more than half Barrowi. were taken at Sjc;
some small pigs were sold at a higher |)rice ; at retail 6 for
sows and 7 for barrows.
NOTICE.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, a few of Wilkiason's
improved Bent patent Sheep shears, to prevent cutlin^theskjo,
a very great improvement, in the article. May !9
384
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
JUITE 13,- 1833.
MISCELLANY.
IiINES -WRITTEN ON A PUNCHEON OP
SPIRITS.
BY PHILIP J-RENEAU.
Within these wooden walls, confined,
The ruin lurks of human kind,
More mischiefs here, united, dwell,
And more diseases haunt this cell,
Than ever plagued the Egyptian flocks,
Or ever cursed Pandora's box.
Within these prison walls repose
The seeds of many a bloody nose ;
The chattering tongue, the horrid oath ;
The fist for figlUing, nothing loth ;
The passion quick, no words can tame,
That burst like sulphur into flame ;
The nose with diamonds glowing red,
The bloated eye, and broken liead !
Forever fastened be this door !
Confined within, a thousand more
Destructive fiends of hateful shape.
Even now are plotting an escape,
Here, only by a cork restrained,
In slender walls of wood contained.
In all their dirt of death reside
Revenge, that ne'er was satisfied ;
The tree that bears the deadly fruit
Of murder, maiming and dispute ;
Assault, that innocence assails.
The images of gloomy jails.
The giddy thought on mischief bent.
The midnight hour in folly spent.
All these within this cask appear.
And Jack tlie hangman in the rear.
Thrice happy he, who early taught
By nature, ne'er this poison sought ;
Who, friendly to his own repose.
Treads under foot this worst of foes ;
He with the purling stream content,
The beverage quaft's that nature meant ;
In reason's scale his actions weighed.
His spirits want no foreign aid ;
Not swelled too high, or sunk too low.
Placid his easy minutes flow ;
Long life is his, in vigor passed,
Existence welcome to the last,
A spring that never yet grew stale-^
Such virtue lies in— adam's ale.
"LIFE IN THE -WII-DS."
The following is an extract fioin one of Miss
Harriet Martineau's " Eluslrations of Political
Economy," several of which, besides the one with
the above title have been republished in this coun-
try. Miss M. has brought this hhliorto abstract
subject down to the comprehension of the most
ordinary capacities. She is the young lady of
whom Lord Chancellor Brougham recently re-
marked, that " there is a deaf girl in Norwich,
who is doing more good than any man in the
Kingdom."
" That reminds me," said Mrs. Stone, " of what
1 was wishing to ask you. I see clearly, and I
suppose the most ignorant person in the village
sees, how useful macliinery is in a case like ours
where the great object is to save labor. But are
those in the wrong who dislike the extensive use
of machinery in countries, such as England at the
present day, where the great object is to find em-
ployment for labor?"
" Clearly in the wrong," replied her husband :
" because, till the human race reaches its highest
point of attainment, there must always something
more to do; and the more power there is set at
liberty to do it the better. Till all the arts and
sciences are exhausted, till nature has furnished
the last of her resources, and man found the lim-
it of his means in making use of them, the great-
est possible supply of human labor is wanted, and
it is our duty to make the utmost possibility of sa-
ving it."
" I remember," said his wife, " what the gov-
ernor said about labor being a power of which
man is the machine ; aiid I see how it must he for
man's advantage to economize this power to the
utmost. But I cannot reconcile this with the in-
troduction of machinery where labor is abundant."
" I do not deny the evil," replied her husband :
" but I see the distress is temporary and partial,
while the advantage is lasting and universal. You
have heard of the dismay of those who got their
living by copying manuscripts, when the art of
printing was introduced."
" Yes : and that many thousands now are main-
tained by printing, to one who used to copy for
bread. The case is the same with cotton-spin-
ning. Where one was employed to spin by hand,
hundreds are now maintained by spinning with
machinery ; and thousands of times as much
work is done."
" Such a result in any one case shows that the
principle is a good one ; and if, in any other case,
it appears not to be good, we may he pretty sure of
finding that the blame lies — not with the principle
— but with some check or other which interferes
with it. Such checks are imposed by the bad pol-
icy of some governments, and by want of union
between the diflerent parts of society. While the
race at large has still so many wants and wishes uii-
gratified, it ought to be an easy thing for any rpian-
tity of labor, which is turned away from one kind
of work to find employment in another. That it is
not easy, is the fault of the consthution of society,
and we should be fitr from remedying the evil by
repressing the principle and restricting the powers
of labor."
" Do you think that if labor had its free course
all over the world, machinery might be e.xtended
to the utmost perfection, without doing any thing
but good to the whole of the race?"
11 I do. — And 1 see yet farther evil in restricting
the use of machinery in any one country ; — that it
invariably increases the amount of distress on the
very spot. Since no power on earth can stop the
t'.ie improvement of machinery in the world at
once, it does nothing but mischief to stop it in any
one place. Wherever it is done that place is
thrown hack in the race of competition, and will
soon stifler under a failure of demand for its pro-
ductions and manufactures ; because by the aid of
machinery they can be furnished more cheaply
elsewhere."
" Then the only thing to be done is to open as
many channels to industry as possible, and to re-
move all obstructions to its free course." " Just
him lay mangled thousands of French and Eng-'
lish — it was a few hours after the battle of
Salamanca had been won by the British. The
soldier started, and after saluting his General, an-
swered— "I was thinking, my Lord, how many
widows and orphans I perhaps this day have made
for one shilling."
■WHOIrESALE AND RETAIL CASH STORE.
ELIAIS STONE BREWER, No. 414, Washington Street,
(South end) has received a general assortment of Spring oTid
Summer (ioods, among which are 100 cases English, French and
American Prints of all prices and qualities — 2U cases Petticoat
Robes — 1 case Cambric Muslins, some of which are very fine — 1
case Cotton Cambrics do. do. — 1 case White Lilesia for lining-
lathes tiresses — 1 case Book Binders' Cambrick for do. do.^ — 3
cases do. — 1 00 cases bleached and brown Sheeting and Shirting,
some extra fine — I case Marseilles Quilts, from 8 to 10 quarters
— 5 cases London Rose Blankets, some of a very superior qual-
and large size — 1 case Hearth Rugs — I cases Chapp's spool
6 cord cotton, warranted — 200 yards superior qualitv — o cases
Clark's ilo. at very low prices by doz. or case — 1^000 fancy
boxes — a large variety of colored and black French Silks at
cry reduced prices — 2 cases coi'd Battiste — 1 case black and
colored Barage — 4 cases French and London printed Muslins
of new patterns and beautiful colors — 2 eases three corded su-
perfine Itnlianettcs, black iuid fashionable colors — 1 case com-
mon do — 1 case Plaid Palmgrim's super quality — 1 case Pou
de Sol a genteel article for ladies' summer dresses, 9d per yd
— 20 ps super mix'd, drab, and olive Merino Cassinetls for
children's summer dresses — 20 ps Rouen Cassimere with a large
variety of superfine and fine Broadcloths and Cassimeres —
20 bales Pelisse Wadding — 3 cases superior Ticking — 4 cases
cheapdo — 10 cases improved soft finished 4-4 Irish Luien, man-
ufaeluied for the London market and imported expressly for
the suhsi'riber.
The ajove goods are offered for cash only at prices so ex-
tremely ow as will make it an object for purchasers either by
piece or yard to call and see. May 29
THE HORSE NUflHDIAN.
The full Blooded Arabian Horse Numidian will stand for
mares tlit ensuing season at the Ten Hill Stock Farm, on the
Medford turnpike, 2.^ miles from Boston, at twenty dollars the
season, or twentv-fivc dollars to insure with foal.
Tiic history of Numidian is tins ;— In the winter of 1823—4,
tlio i>ey of Algiers was at war with ihe Caholls, a tribe of
Numidian Arabs. The Aga, (or General) Eliiea, who com-
manded the Dcy's Janissaries (or troops) returned to Algiers
in the spring of 1824. having conquered the Arabs and brought
with him as booty a number of their best horses, of which Nu-
midian was one, a four year old colt at the time. He was ob-
tained of the Aga by Mr. Shaler, then Consul in Algiers. He
arrived in this country in December, 182G.
He is said to be a sure foal getter and the colts are consid-
ered very valuable. They are five years old and under.
Since 1827 he has stood for marcs at Mount Holly, Burlington
CO. N, J.
The Arabian horses from the Barbary coast are often called
barbs.
Gentlemen who may wish to know more particularly about
him are requested to inquire of the subscriber at the Ten Hills
Stock Farm. SAMUEL JAQUES.
m 1
If a man has a quarrelsome temper, let him
alone. The world will soon find him employment.
Ho will soon meet with some one stronger than
himself, who will repay him better than you can.
A man may fight duels all his life, if he is disposed
to quarrel. — C'ea'L
"What are yoti thinking, my man?" said Lord
Hill, as he approached a soldier who was leaning
in a gloomy mood upon his firelock, while around
THE NE^V ENGLAND FARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at gS per annum,
pavable at the end of the year— but those who pay within
six'lv days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion'of hlly cents.
[HJ" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
New Yark—G. Thorburk & So.is, C7 Liberty-street.
AWami — Wm. Thoreurn, 347 Rlarket-slreet.
Pliiladelphia—D. & C. Landreth, 85 Chesnut-street.
Baltimore — I. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
Cinrinnati — S. C. PaRKHURSt, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. y.—WM. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gal.
Middlebury, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Sprin<rfield. Ms. — E. Edwards, Merchant.
iV«(!/iHV?ypo/<— Ebenezer Stedman. Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, l\le. — Colman, Holden & Co. Booksellers.
.4ugusta, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.—P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. 6'.— Geo. Bent.
St. Louis — Geo. Holton.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by Ford & Damrell
who execute every description of Book and Fancij Print-
in" in o-ood style, and witli promptness. Orders for prin-
ing may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agri«ult
tural Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGI^AND FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 32, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 19, 1833.
NO. 49 .
From the Lihnu-ij of Agr. and Hort. Kiiou'lcdg
ORCHARD.
On the Management and Priming of Orchard
Trees. By C. Hariuson, Esq.
The simation of nn orcliard ought uniformly to
be one that will admit of a free circulation of aii-
.lud the direct influence of the sun. It should lie
well firotectcd on the eastern side, as the blossoms
of the tree are frequently injured by cold easterly
winds and frosts.
In the following remarks, I propose, in the first
piace, brietiy alluding to the nature of the soil
ridaptcd for orchard trees ; secondly, the manner
•of pruning orchards ; thirdly, the method I adopt
for destroying insects, lichen, &c., injurious to the
growth of orchard trees.
1. Soil. The substratum ought to be dry, so
that the moisture can be readily carried away,
otherwise trees planted will be liable to become
stunted in their growth and mossy ; and, conse-
queutly, unhealthy and unfruitful, or the fruit
very inferior in size. Attention to make the
ground dry, (provided it is not naturally so) will
be amply repaid, by the greater fruitfulness of the
trees. This may be done by trenching over the
ground, and then, while the trench is open, laying
at the bottom a number of brick bats or small
stones, &c., and over these something to fomi an
even surface ; the whole must be well beaten or
rolled, and a number of cross drains so constrncj-
ed as to conduct the moisture away by one ma*
or centrah drain. '
2. In Pruning Orchard Trees care must be taken
to prune' away the branches so that no two of them
rub together, thereby causing them to canker.
Thi^interior of the head ought always to.be kept
open, other\yiB*tlu;.. trees will moss and close up
the pores of the "wood. Trees always bear more
abundantly if trained to and kept in a conical form,
the horizontal form of the branches causing tlieni
to be more productive of blooming buds than other-
wise they would be, and the trees are never so
confused in this form as in others. Every winter
the trees should be carefidly looked over, and
all unnecessary wood taken away, as it is far bet-
ter both for the health and fruitfulness of the trees
to do it every year, thau to suffer them to become
crowded, and then once in ten or fifteen years cut
away large quantities of wood.
3. Insects, Lichen, ^-c. — Persons who have an
opportunity of collecting a quantity of soap-suds,
will fuid it of essential service to wash the trees
with it at any time (except when in bloom;) a])ply
it by means of a small engine or syringe. This
prevents insects breeding so extensively, as well
as prevents moss and lichen increasing.
4. Thinning the Fruit. — It is of great import-
ance to thin fruit as far as practicable ; not only
is the fruit left much finer, but that which is lost
in number is more than compensated for by the
increased size of those that are sutiered to remain.
The trees are more certain to mature fruitfid buds,
to produce fruit the following year, and the alter-
nate bearing of crops is avoided ; aud each year
may be equally successful, (unless by casualitcs,)
and not as is often the case, oue year loaded to ex-
cess, and the following nearly barren. The time
to thiu the fruit is, when it is beginning to swell.
In addition to the foregoing very excellent re-
marks of Mr. Harrison, the following plan for
forming
An Orchard in Miniature, as proposed by a cor-
resjiondent in the Gardener's Magazine, may, ivhere
space is an object, be adopted with advantage. —
" By planting the jirojjcr sorts, apples may be
grown on as small a space of ground as gooseber-
ries ; and a. small or large square, according to the
size of families, appropriated to apples, will grow
every year enough to sujiply their wants. I am
not vain enough to thmk that I am alone in grow-
ing them in this way, as I should think horticul-
tural economy would prompt many besides myself
to gratify their eyes, their pockets, and their appe-
tites, in so easy a way. I have uiy groiuid a
strong clay nioidd, trenched two feet deep, in De-
cember ; as soon as it is settled, say a fortnight
after trenching, taking advantage of a frosty morn-
ing, the holes are opened and left for the frost to
mellow. February is the best month for planting
on heavy ground ; by that time the earth taken
from the holes will be iu a fine pulverized state.
The holes need not be very large ; two feet over,
aud one and a half feet deep, will be enough ;
with some rich soils there will be no occasion for
trenching ; but then the holes must be larger, say
three feet over, and two feet deep ; the plants
must be six feet apart every way ; I arrange mine
in quincuux. With a six feet measuring stick
this is done with scarcely any trouble. I really
do not know any sight more pleasing to a domes-
tic mind (for what fruit contributes more to our
comfort than the apple?) than this orchard in niin-
nature, when covered with bloom, and again when
laden with fruit, as they seldom miss bearing in
abundance.
This plan tvill not extend to the strong growing
sorts, as they are not easily kept within bounds;
but the following six will amply repay the trouble
and trifling expense of planting. I have placed
them in the order of their ripening : — Mank's Cod-
in, Ilawthornden, Kerry Pippin, Downton's Pip-
pin, Christie's Pippiy, and the old Golden Pippin.
The trees must be ctosen with stems not exceed-
ing one foot six inches in height. In Septeiuber
I look over the trees, take oft' superfluous wood,
and shorten the long shoots ; this strengthens the
bloom buds, which are formed abundantly upon
the young wood of all sorts named. Of course in
doing this an eye must be had to the formation of
the trees, which ought to be gradually brought in-
to a haudsonie round bush. For die first five
years a row of strawberries may be grown, be-
tween each row of apples, or any other dwarf
light crop; but strawberries are most in keeping,
a word which, in every gardening operation ought
never to be lost sight of. Let me add — they ought
to be worked on Paradise stocks, or the siuall wild
crab (mine are on the last) not by any means on
the free stock raised from apple pips, the very
worst that can be used.
Another correspondent (Ilowden we believe) in
the 17th number of the very useful and interesting
publication above alluded to, thus describes a very
ingenious "plan for planting a piece of ground to
the greatest advantage." In the winter of 1814-
15, on account of some alterations of roads, plan-
tations, &c., a piece of land dropped into my
hands, of an awkward shape for tillage, and rather
too small for pasture; I therefore concluded to in-
troduce a little spade husbandry ; as the house was
pretty near to the farm-yard, the intercourse or
advantages betwixt them would be reciprocal.
Accordingly, having no gardeners, I set farm labor-
ers to make so many ditches, four feet wide and
two feet deep, at every twelve yards, clear across
the whole ; the turf and good soil were thrown on
one side, and the bad soil on the other. The la-
borers wondered what such ditches could mean,
as they were as wide at bottom as at top, and par-
ticularly when I ordered them to be filled up a
foot thick with fresh farm-yard dung. I had pre-
pared a compost of turf and dung the year before,
which was laid upon the whole, about nine inches
thick, in which I planted fruit trees in the follow-
ing order : — at every six feet, in the centre of what
I now call a border, was planted a standard, then
a gooseberry, then a currant, then a dwarf, then a
curraut, then a gooseberry, then a standard, &c.
I was not so particular as some are in the choice
of fruit trees ; I gave my nurseryman a kind of
roving commission, to send me a couple of each
of such as be could recommend, and then added
two, four, six, or eight of such as I could recom-
mend myself. On the edges of the borders I
planted rows of strawberry plants, six inches apart,
which I liave only renewed about twice in ten
years ; the fri.it is always excellent, and supplies
a large family all the strawberry season, which
saves much garden ground for that crop. The
spaces betwixt the borders, T cultivated at my lei-
sure ; some were appropriated for nursery ground,
some for potatoes, peas, cabbages, &c. ; some for
experimental agriculture, lucerne, mangel wurtzel,
&c. The orchard has succeeded beyond my ut-
most expectations. I had forty-eight apples from
two Keswick Codlins the first year, but have never
had patience to count them since ; last year I had
at least seven bushels ofii" the same two trees! Six
dwarf llawthorndens produced above fifteen bush-
els, and I have, at this moment, two bushels of
Wyker Pippins from one graft of my own putting
in, only ten years ago. Two Dumelow's seed-
lings, planted twelve years ago, produced at least
eight bushels of beautiful fruit, scarcely one of
them less thau ten inches round, and many of them
twelve inches. The nonpareils are a very similar
crop ; as for the Mank's apple, &c. there are gen-
erally as many apples as leaves ; and when in blos-
som they seem an entire bunch of flowers.
My Method of Pruning is particidarly simple.
It will remind you of the old way of pruning, or
rather cropping tiie vines at the third eye. I
do not stand coimting eyes, but from every
shoot that is three feet long, I cut off two,
aud of course leave one ; from such as arc
three inches long, I cut ofi' two, and so on. The
wood left form biuls ibr the following year, and
as the tree gets crowded aud out of shape, I take
ofi" a whole bough or branch with a saw. Any
boy will learn to prune in a few minutes. [The
lojipiug of trees here suggested is, we must con-
fess, a rather too unceremonious mode of proce-
dure to be recommended as a substitute for the
skilful application of the pruning knife. — Ed.'\ I
386
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JUKE 19, 1«33.
cut out the large boughs niyselC. A ft;w of my
trees took to cankering, the Ribston Pippin par-
ticularly ; my only remedy was to dig them care-
fully, and plant them again in similar fresh soil ;
they never miss to recover and do well. My ex-
traordinary success has induced me to write this,
pro bono publico, as it has been the custom in this
country, and many others, to prepare a foundation
for fruit trees at vast expense, by flagging, paving
or gravelling in Mr. Harrison's manner, lest the
roots get into the bad soil and canker, as the say-
ing goes; but trees will never go into bad soil if
they will have plenty of good soil to go into, any
more than cattle will go into bad pasture if they
have plenty of a better quality. The roots of fruit
trees do not and should not run deep into the soil ;
the borders should be occasionally top-dressed with
good manure, and the alleys sonietiuies dug deep
and fresh manure ]>ut into them. My borders are
now full six feet broad, and the spaces between of
course a little curtailed. I used to grow five rows
of celery in the intervals, and now I grow hut
four, but the fruit trees pay well for the ground
they occupy."
A very excellent paper on the ])riii)ing and
management of dwarf apple and i)ear trees, is
published in the seventh volume of the Transac-
tions of the Horticultural Society, in a letter ad-
dressed to the secretary, by Mr. W. Greenshields,
F. H. S. : — "I herewith send you (says Mr. G.)
a description of the method I have pursued in prun-
ing and managing my dwarf standard apple and
pear trees, and which I have practised fur several
years with success.
The first subjects of the following remarks,
from their appearance, were planted six or seven
years previously to the commencement of any
pruning being given them. In consequence they
required to be very much thinned otit, so as to
get the branches clear of each other. For thinning
I always bore in mind to cutthe old wood ott' close
to the stem or branch it was attaclicd to ; this pre-
vented young wood springing afterwards. When
the trees were thinned of the old shoots, as above
stated, the young side shoots were what is generally
termed spurred in ; that is, they were so short-
ened, that only two or three buds were left on
them, and the leading top shoots were shortened
to half their length.
The following and every succeeding year, the
trees were treated in the same manner, as respects
the young wood, till they had acquired the desired
height, when the leading shoots were shortened, as
the side shoots or spurs had been previously.
When the leading shoots show an indication to
grow very luxuriantly, which is ajjt to he the case
uuder this treatment, they should be prevented
doing so, by cutting off part of the old wood,
along with the young shoots immediately above a
flower bud. This will prevent the shoot so cut
from increasing in length. The spurs must be
treated in a similar manner, by cutting off a
small portion of the old wood along with the
young, when they are getting too long. I have
Jiever found tlie above treatment prevent the fruit
swelling, or in any way detrimental to it ; but on
the contrary, it was always improved.
Young trees are to be treated in the following
manner : — If there are more than three shoots on
the plant, reduce them to that number, and shorten
each to three, four and six eyes, according to their
strength. The following season reduce the num-
l)er of leading shoots to six, and shorten them to
three-fourths of their length, and spur in the re-
mainiiig shoots. The tree should be managed in
every respect in this manner until it has attained
the required size, which of course depends on the
convenience or fancy of the owner, or conductor
of the garden.
I make a point of letting the trees take their
natural form of growth as far as the system de-
scribed will permit ; for I consider it of little con-
sequence what shape is given to the tree, provided
my end is attained ; that is, to make every branch
as it were a long spur, with bearing buds from the
base to the extremity.
Two or three years' trial of this method only,
might possibly deter many from a continuance of
it, in consequence of the quantity of young wood
which will be produced yearly at first, and from
the apparent difficulty of getting rid of the super-
fluity. But the inconvenience will be ultimately
surmounted if the foregoing instructions are at-
tended to, and the continuance will be the posses-
sion of both healthy anil fruitful trees. To attenqit
to bring very old trees into this method of man-
agement would be attended with difficulty, unless
they were cut down short, and allowed to make
new heads, which I should recommend where
their produce can be S])ared for a time. In a few
years fine healthy heads would be formed, which
will yield fruit superior to any that could be ex-
pected from them, if left in their rude state. But
if the trees cannot be spared to be headed down,
they may he very much improved by thinning out
the spray, and cutting out a few old branches,
which will cause them to ihjow out young shoots,
and these, in a short time, will become bearing
wood. The remainderof the old branches may then
be thinned out with effect.' Even if this process
is only ]>erformed once in two or three years, and
the stems and branches well cleared of moss and
dead bark, it will be of great service to the trees,
and be a means of keeping them free from insects,
and give them a neat and clean appearance.
MANWFACTDRE OP EARTHENAVARE KV
STAFFORDSHIRE.
In the year 16S6, when Dr. Plot published a
Natural History of Staffordshire, its traffic in ear-
thenware was very unimportant; being carried on
only by the workmen themselves, or by pedlcrs
who conveyed the pieces in baskets on their hacks
through the adjoining counties. About the time
just mentioned, (1690) two brothers, named Elers,
came from Nuremburg, in Holland, and settled at
Brad well, where they made an improved kind of
red ware, and introduced the art of glazing the
vessels by throwing common salt into the oven at
a certain period of the baking. Every precaution
was used by the brothers to keep their processes
secret; and it is probable that this circumstance,
joined to the success of the strangers, excited the
enmity and jealousy of their neighbors to the
degree which obliged them to leave the country.
The pretext assigned for this persecution was the
alarm occasioned by the fumes from their kilns at
the time of glazing. These fears subsided, however,
when the process was continued by their succes-
sor. This man, whose name was Asthury — had
it is said, become master of their secrets by a sin-
gular stratagem. Feigning to be of weak intellect,
and assuming an appropriate vacuity of counte-
nance, he obtained employment in the Bradwell
works, and submitted to all the drudgery and con-
tumely which was drawn upon him by his sup-
posed imbecility. By Ibis course of proceeding
he was enabled, unsuspected, to acquire a know!
edge of all that was done in the manufactory, and
to make models for his own use of all the utensils.
The advantages of this method of glazing with
salt were so apparent, that in a short lime it was
very generally adopted ; and on Satnrdny, the day
appropriated to this process, the thick fumes from
nearly sixty potteries filled the towns to a degree
which darkened the atmosphere, and covered the
hills of the surrounding district. — Dr. Lardner's
Cabinet CydojtCEdia.
From the Kemiebtc Farmer,
■WHEAT AND FLOVR.
Mr. Holmes, In the Kennebec Farmer of Jan-
28th, I noticed the following Query, viz. " Which
is the most economical, for family use, to buy
wheat at eight shillings per bushel, or superfine
flour at eight dollars per barrel .'" followed by a
request that some one, acquainted with the subject,
or liaving experience in the thing, would give ex-
act information, &c.
I shall not attempt to make a perfect statement
of the experiment that I tried upon the subject,
as I (lid not carry it to perfection, but you may
have the result of it as far as it was carried.
From five bushels of wheat, I obtained 181 lbs.
sn|)crfine flour — 28 lbs. second sort — 12 1-2 ca-
nal— bran not weighed — but without doubt, there
was 50 lbs. and probably more — say 50 lbs.
Now one barrel of superfine flour,
containing 196 lbs. of flour worth $8,00
Barrel worth 25
leaving worth of flour
$7,75
$7,75
Five bushels of wheat worth $6,67
Deduct 28 lbs. second sort flour, worth 75
12 1-2 lbs. third sort flour, worth 25
50 lbs. hran, worth one cent per pound •
when oats are worth two shillings per
bushel, or say 63
Leaving worth of 181 lbs. superfine
domestic flour $5,04
If 196 lbs. superfine flour cost $7,75
Then 181 will cost at the same price 7,16
59
The result appears to be, that ISUbs. superfine
southern or western flour eosts $7,16, while the
same quantity of domestic flour costs $5,04 — dif-
ference $2,12. The estimate of the bran I have
made from the price at which it has been sold at
the mills in this place in times past. The millers
have sold it here, and also carried it to Hallowell,
and sold it for the price per pound above stated.
In great haste, I am, &c.
D. Baldwin.
CLEANSIKG CLOTHS.
Method of Cleaning Silks, ff'oollens, and Cottons
xvithoid damage to their texture (tnd color. Grate
raw potatoes to a fine pulp in clean water, and
(lass the liquid matter tlu'ough a coarse sieve, into
another vessel of water ; let the mixture stand till
the white particles of the potatoes are precipitated ;
then pour the mucilaginous liquor from the fecula,
!ind preserve the liquor for use. The article to
be cleaned should then be laid upon a linen cloth
on a table, and having provided a clean sponge.
VOL. XI. NO. 49.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
387
<!ip it into tlio potato liquor, and apply it to the
article to be cleaned, till the dirt is perfectly sepa-
J'ated ; then wash it in clean water several times.
Two miildje sized potatoes will he enough for a
pint of water.
The coarse pulp which does not pass through
the sieve is of great use in cleaning carpets, wors-
ted curtains, tapestry, and other coarse goods.
The mucilaginous rKpior will clean all sorts of
silk, cotton, or woollen goods, without hurting or
spoiling the color ; it may be used in cleaning oil
paintings, or furniture that is soiled. Dirtied
painted wainscoats may be cleaned by wetting a
sponge in the liquor, then dipping it in a little fine
clean sand, and afterwards rubbing the waiiiscoat
with it. — Economist.
There are now exhibiting at the National Ho-
tel, Chesnut street, models of one of the most in-
genious pieces of machinery ever witnessed. It
is used for sawing and boring, and the mathemati-
cal accuracy of its various o|)erations is really sur-
prising.— It will turn out 500 wheel fellies in a
day, while 14 are considered a good day's wheel-
wright labor. It saws segments of any dimensions
or description, slats and legs for chairs, performs
all kinds of out sawing, small framing, mitre joluts,
&c. &:c. and all with accuracy and expedition.
The whole machine is hut six feet square, and is
turned by a steam engine of one horse power. Its
expense of construction is as trifling as it is sim-
ple, and can be worked by an apjirentice with
ease and safety. It is very worthy of public atten-
tion, and will well repay a visit. — Philad. Chron.
Oil from Sunflower seeds. — A paper printed in
Scotland gives this mode of obtaining such oil. a
very delicate oil, much used in Russian cookery, is
expressed from the seeds of the sunflower and is
prepared by inclosing them in bags, and steeping
them in warm water, after which the oil is express-
ed, this is actually as sweet as butter.
CHEAP FODDER.
During the time we were engaged in the pur-
suit of agriculture, we witnessed the following ex-
periment, which we subtnit to farmers as a very
cheap mode of raising fodder for fattening cattle.
It answers a double purpose of bay and grain. It
is to plough the ground and fit it in the same
manner as for a crop of wheat, and then sow corn
on it — say, about two bushels to the acre — plough-
ing or harrowing it in like manner as for wheat
or rye. In selecting the ground, that should be
preferred which is free from weeds. It will grow
(provided the land is s'.rong enough) so as to have
short ears and the stalks so small that no feed can
be given to cattle which will make them gain
faster. We have seen some of the nicest beef we
ever saw in any market, in fattening which no
other grain was given than that which was raised
on the fodder, in the above manner. — Middkbury,
Vt. paper.
NEW FIRE.
Mr. John Hancock, of North End, Fulham,
has, we arc assured, invented a compoimd which
burns under water, and which continues inflam-
mable in any accumulation of moisture. It is in
all respects similar to the much celebrated Greek
Fire. He proposes to apply it not to human de-
struction, but to the saving of the lives of miners.
It is the most perfect and unerring fuse for blast-
ing ever contrived ; the wet, damp, and water,
which often interfere, being no hindrance to its
perfect and definite action. It may, too, be ac-
commodated to time, as a yard will burn out in
one or two minutes, or in five or six minutes, as
desired. It is, moreover, as cheap as any fuse
that ever was made. — Lit. Gaz.
MAS§. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
FRUITS, EXHIBITED AT THE HAI.I. OF.. THE
MASS. HORT. SOCIETY.
Jdne 15th. Strawberries. By Mr. E. Vose,
Keene's Seedling and a handsome specimen of
Royal Scarlet. By Mr. P. B. Hovey, Cambridge-
port, Methven Castle or Scarlet, the largest and
most splendid ever exhibited at the Hall.
By Mr. J. P. Bradlee (from Mr. Marshall S.
Fowle, Watertown,) Keene's Seedling.
By Mr. Thomas Mason, Charlestown, Keene's
Seedling (for premium.)
By Mr. Downer, Early Virginia.
By Mr. Rufus Howe, Dorchester, Pine Apple.
Grapes. By Mr. T. Whitmarsh, Brookline,
White Chasselas Grapes from his Greenhouse.
For the Committee, E. M. Richards.
The Committee on Fruits, &c. are requested to
meet at the Hall of the Society on Saturday next
at 11 o'clock.
Saturday, June 15th, 1833. The display of
Flowers this day was equal, if not superior, to any
former exhibition at the Society's rooms, this sea-
son. The Flowers were sold at auction at 12
o'clock, the proceeds of which are to be appro-
priated toward erecting a monument, in the ceme-
tery at Mount Auburn, to the memory of the late
Robert Wyatt.
The Messrs. Winships' collection of Flowers
were very fine, in addition to which they exhibited
one hundred and thirty-two varieties of splendid
Roses, raised by them from Admiral Coflin, mak-
ing in all upwards of two hundred specimens of
choice flowers.
Samuel Pond, Pinks, and some fine Roses.
Thomas Mason, Charlestown Vineyard, a variety
of fine Roses and Herbaceous Plants.
P. B. Hovey, jr. Cambridgeport, Roses, Dahlia
superflora var Nuttalii, Rocket Larkspur, Hespris
matronalis pur. plena. Campanula Medium, &c.
Rufus Howe, Dorchester, some very fine Roses.
John A. Kenrick, Newton, some very elegant
Roses, Magnolia glauca, Poeony fragrans, do.Whit-
leji, Colutea Pocockii, Philadelphus grandiflorus,
Louicera pubescens, Kalmia latifolia, Glycene fru-
tescens, &c.
Samuel Walker, Roxbury, Pinks, Roses, &c.
By order of the Committee, S. Walker.
COMMUNICATIONS.
For the New England Farmer.
To the Editor,
Sir, The remarks in a late Number of the N.
E. Farmer, on Incombustible Buildings, I have
thought worthy of a few observations.
It is apparent that your Constant Reader had
not read tlie extract you quoted from Loudon's
Encyclopedia of Architecture ; for, if he had, he
would not have attributed the discovery to Mr.
Rafinesque. If the secret is sheet iron, or cast
iron, Mr. R. probably took his hint from the Eng-
lish publication. But it is by no means certain
that Mr. Rafinesque's proposed incombustible
buildings are to be made of any description of
iron. For, if your remarks are correct iron cannot
be the material of Mr. R. The cement, or sub-
stance, called Fabhi, which you noticed in a late
number as the incombustible material of the pub-
lic works at Algiers, may be Mr. J!.'s secret; or it
may be the famous Chinese incombustible material
for building. However, whatever it may be, I
hope Mr. Rafinesque will have an opportunity of
exhibiting ; anil if he docs not meet with imme-
diate encouragement in Philadelphia, I have no
doubt he woidd in Boston or its vicinity.
Our houses in the country, for the most part,
require a new top and bottom every twenty years ;
and what is ruinous to us, whenever a farm is
sold, from whatever cause, whether from neces-
sity, fancy, or on behalf of heirs, a sacrifice is
generally made, either of the buildings, or of the
entire farm ; either the land, no matter how
mu(;h, or the buildings, no ujatter how large
and costly, are a total loss to the vendor. Now,
if cheap, incombustible, and imperishable country
houses of convenient size and comfortable apart-
ments, can be erected, a Franklin's own placid
countenance would kindle with enthusiasm ; for
though he guided the lightning, this man will liave
conquered fire.
But independent of the great utility, the comfort,
the clear comfort (that untranslatable, happy word,
peculiar to the English language) of going to sleep
at all times, even in a hurricane, secure from fire,
both from your neighbors and your own house,
would add immensely to the quiet repose of hu-
man life.
I hope, sir, the subject will not be permitted to
rest ; and although your present correspondent
knows nothing of architecture or mechanics, he
sees in Mr. Rafinesque's project, and likewise in
your extract from Loudon, the future oak in the
acorn, he thinks he sees the seed of a beautiful
tree which will gradually overshadow the world :
and notwithstanding your " gravity personified"
seems to doubt the splendid promise of an incom-
bustible iron house, comparing it to a " steel trap,"
which would be very happy, if you meant to ex-
clude rats from the outside, or catch them within,
I hope both you and myself may ere long see a
new order of architecture in the comxtry, when an
estate there will be valued, not on account of its
expensive buildings, but rather on account of its
well cultivated acres. Thus you perceive, sir,
that I value Mr. Rafinesque's discovery as much
on account of the country as on account of the
city. A Slow Thijtker.
MEDICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HIGH
CRANBERRY.
Mr. Fessenden, Some weeks ago, I sent to you
an inquiry about the High Cranberry ; and am
much obliged to the many gentlemen, who have
given information of various localities of the plant
through your paper. One of them requests infor-
mation as to its medicinal properties.
When steeped in spirits it is a powerful and
extremely valuable anti-spasmodic, given in doses
of a small wine-glass to twice the quantity, as cir-
cumstances may require. When in combination,
it has other valuable properties, which cannot be
fully described in a journal of this sort. N. D
. Portland, June 13.
883
NEW ENGLAND FARMER
JUNB 19, 1S33.
From the lioston Patriot.
ON BIRDS AND THEIR MISFORTUNES.
We liave already intimated our opinion,
tliat tlie labors of the scientific ornithologist
are of for more practical utility, than the casu-
al observor might suppose ; and that, even
in the business of legislation, a regard to his re-
searches might prevent many errors, vhich may
mucii affect pulilic welfare. The legislation on
the subject of birds has been marked by some es-
sential errors, which have led to real evil. By
tho law of 1817, woodcocks, snipes, larks, and
robins, were protected at certain seasons of the
year, whilst war to the knife was declared against
crows, blackbirds, owls, blue jays, and hawks ;
these last were treated as a sort of pirates, subject
to suspension at the yard arm with the least possi-
ble ceremony. It so happens, that the charac-
ter of these very birds has been singularly mis-
taken ; for wliile the ordnance of legislation has
been thus systematically levelled at them, they,
on a principle which man would do extremely
well to imitate, have been returning good for
evil : they have been diligently engaged in cxtri-
pating all sorts of vermin, while never were the
vilest vermin half so ill treated by the human race.
The crow for example, who is generally regarded
as a most suspicious character, has bad great injus-
tice done him ; in the spring, when the ground
is moist, he lives in a state of the most triumphant
luxury on grubs ; he eats the young corn, it is true,
but it is a necessary of life to which he never re-
sorts, except when his supply of animal food is
shortened. After the corn is tolerably grown, he
has nothing more to do with it ; and in any stage
he destroys at least five hundred pernicious grubs
and insects, for every blade of corn which he pil-
lages from man. In the Southern States he is
regularly permitted to accompany the ploughman,
and collects the grubs from the newly opened fur-
row ; his life is thus secured by the safest of all
tenures — that of the interest of mau in permitting
him to live.
There is scarcely a farm in England without
its rookery ; the humid atmosphere multi[)lies eve-
ry species of insect, and those birds reward mau
for his forbearance by ridding him of legions of
his foes. By a policy like that which dictated
the revocation of the edict of Nantes, they have
occasionally been exposed to the mischievous pro-
pensities of unruly boys, who, as faras utility is con-
cerned, are not to be compared to crows: but the
error of this step soon became obvious, and they
are now received with a universal welcome. The
hawk enjoys a doubtful reputation in the hen-roost:
he sometimes destroys the chickens, but with the
consistency of man, does not like to see his infirmi-
ties copied by another; and by way of compensation
demolishes the fox, v/hich eats twenty chickens,
where he eats but one ; so that it is hardly the part
of wisdom to set a price upon his head, while
tho fox, a hardened knave, is not honored with a
penal statute. How the owl came to be included
in this black list, it is difficult to conjecture ; he
is a grave, reflecting bird, who has nothing to do
with man except to benefit him by eating weasels,
foxes, racoons, rats and mice,— ;a sin for which
most housekeepers will readily forgive him. In
some parts of Europe, he is kept in families, like
the cat, whom he equals in patience, and surpas-
ses in alertness. Another of these birds, the
blackbird, is the avowed enemy of grubs, like the
crow ; in the middle States, the farmer knows the
value of his company to pluck them from the fur-
row ; and while other less pains-taking birds col-
lect the vermin from the surface, his investigations
are more profound, and he digs to the dejjth of seve-
ral inches in order to discover them. When the
insects are no longer to be found, he cats the corn
as well he may, but even then asks but a moderate
compensation for his former services; five hundred
blackbirds do less injury to the corn, than a single
squirrel. The last upon the catalogue of perse-
cuted birds is the blue jay. Whoever watches
him in the garden, will see him descend inces-
santly from the branches, pouncing every time u)i-
on the grub, his enemy and ours.
We have already seen that the act to which
we have referred protects some birds at certain sea-
sons of the year ; among others, the robin, who
lives on insects and worms, and has no taste for
vegetable diet, and the lark, who is extremely use-
ful in his way. The only wonder is, that it
should have been thought expedient to allow them
to bo shot, in any season. — The quail, another
of the privileged class, has no title to he
named in company with the others ; in the
planting time, he makes more havoc than a regi-
ment of crows, without atoning for his misdeeds
by demolishing a single grub. Nor is the partridge
a much more scrupulous respecter of the rights
of property ; though, as he lives in comparative
retirement, he succeeds in preserving a better
name for honesty.
There are some of our most familiar birds, of
which a word may here be said. Every body
has seen the little goldfinch on the thistle by the
the way-side, and wondered, perhaps, that his
taste should lead him to so thorny a luxury ; but
he is all this while engaged in devouring the seeils,
which but for him would over-nm the grounds ot
every farmer. Even the bob-o'-link, a most con-
ceited coxcomb, who steals with all imaginable
grace, destroys millions of the insects which an-
noy the farmer most. All the little birds, in fact,
which are seen about the blossoms of the trees,
are doing us the same service in their own way.
Perhaps there is no bird which is considered
more decidedly wanting in principle, than the
wood-pecker ; and, certainly, so far as man is con-
cerned, there is none more conscientious. So
long as a dead tree can he found for her nest, he
will not trouble himself to bore into a living one;
whatever wounds he makes upon the living, arc
considered by fi)reign gardeners as an advantage
to the tree. The sound tree is not the object — he
is in pursuit of insects and their larvae. In Somli
Carolina and Georgia, forests to a vast extent have
been destroyed by an insect, which would seem as
capable of lifting a tree, as of destroying it. TIjc
people were alarmed by the visitation, and sagaci-
ously laid the mischief at the door of the wood-
pecker, until they found that they had confounded
the bailiff with the thief.
The injury arising from the loss of a single
cro]) is hardly to he estiinated. The experience
which is taught us by our own misfortune, is very
dearly bought ; and we think that if we can derive
it from others — if, for example, we can learn from
the ornithologists the means of preventing such
injury, as in many instances we may, the dictates
of economy combine with those of taste, and
warn us not to neglect the result of his researches.
The first Strawberries in this market were e'x-
hibited Friday, 7th iust, 21 hours from Long-Island.
From tlu Kmmlec Farmtr.
Mb. Holmes, — Having before treated of a num-
ber of things which have an indirect bearing upon
the breadstuff of Maine, and promised those which
have a more direct bearing, 1 therefore jjroceed to
mention such as occur to my mind, and First of
the imperfect unilerslandi^jg of wheat raising in this
state. It is to be hoped that the wheat raising busi-
ness may hereafter be so well tinderstood that wc
may become famous for that crop. It is emphati-
cally the golden crop, and I thiidv it may be brought
to as great a state of|)erfection in this as in any otli-
er section of the union, or any place in the knowtsi
world, and cultivated to as great an extent as m
any other country. While on this subject I will
mention a few things which apjiear to me impor-
tant. The first is good, sound and perfectly ripe
seed. Never be satisfied until you have a good
kind, and then select the best of that annually. It
ought to be done much as good farmers select their
seed from Indian corn. Second, a proper quanti-
ty of seed sown to the acre; not so much as to fill
the land so full that it will be crowded, nor so little
that it has to sucker to fill the laud, for the. sucker
will grow fast and consequently be more liable to
blast, and will not ripen evenly or at the same time
witli the stalks proceeding directly from the seed-
Third, not too much animal or vegetable manure,
nor too little. If there is too much it grows rapidly
and of course is weak and unhealthy and exposed,
should the weather not favor it, to blast or blight.
A iiro])er quantity of alkali by means of wood ash-
es and also Lime is important. I have no doubt that
it isabsolutely necessary to theperfection of wheat,
that the soil should contain lime, either naturally
or supplied by art.
I'ut your finger on the map of the world and
that spot which contains lime, if properly manured,
is a wheat spot, unless so near the sea as to be de-
stroyed by the sea breezes and exhalations ; and
the contrary may be expected if there should be a
lack of that material. The art of wheat raising-
njay, I think, be reduced to a few general rules j
viz. Good soil for the crop, a stiff clay loam, if
not rendered too wet by a bad subsoil ; a proper
quantity of animal and vegetable manure. Good
seed, and not too much nor too little, sown with
mild lime to perfect the crop. The land well tilled,
and the blessings of Divine Providence.
Seco7id. Indian Coniv. This crop may be raised
upon our sandy loams, in as great perfection as in
any part of tho world, if as well tilled. It should
be planted proportionably uigher together and well
manured, having due regard to the variety or kind
planted.
Thirdly. Rve, may bo ?dvantageously raised
on almost any sandy soil ; and in almost any quan-
tity.
Fourthly. Buck Wheat may be raised in al-
most any quantity, and used when it is first har-
vested, and eaten warm, it makes an agreeable
bread. It is also used for Hogs and Horses.
Fifthly. Oats, when hulled by proper mills,
make a flour that sells in the Nova Scotia inarkets,
at nearly the same price as flour made from wheat,
and they may be raised almost any where.
Sixthly. IJarley, is raised to advantage in ma-
ny parts of Maine, and its use as a breadstuff is
appreciated in many countries of Europe and in
soiTie parts of our own.
Seventhly. The raising of Potatoes and other
roots, may be a substitute for Breadstuff, as it re-
spects our stock ; and if boiled and properly pre-
vol.. XI. NO. 49.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
38iJ
pared, may lie used in considerable quantities in
whenten bread.
Eighlhlij. We must use the ])loiigli more and
sow something. Pease will grow on the poorest of
land : (If it be tillage land) without much manure,
and they are a substitute for Indian corn if mixed
with oats and gromid for Hogs, Horses, &c. Hogs
may be fattened by turning them into the field,
and permitting them to eat them directly from the
ground.
JVinthhj. Let our agricultural societies give a
respectable premium to the man who grows the
greatest number of bushels of breadstuff" without
regard to the number of acres on which it grows.
A Maine Farmer.
From the Geiusee Farmer.
THE NEW AMERICAN ORCHAKDIST,
BY WILLIAM KENRICK,
Has recently been issued from the Boston press
in 12 mo., pp. 430.
It is but recently that the public attention has
been directed to American works on fruits, and
our general knowledge upon this subject has been
extremely superficial. Coxe was for a long time
the only writer to whom we could refer for a de-
scription of the fruits most worthy of cultivation ;
and although his was a valuable book of reference
to the young orchardist, and is so still, it is in the
hands of but comparatively a few, and does not
take cognizance of a great many fine varieties
■which have, since its publication, been brought
into notice at home, or introduced from abroad.
The best half of our pears, in particular, have
originated since the commencement of the present
century, and had not been heard of when Mr.
Coxe wrote. The splendid Pomological publica-
tions which have recently appeared in Great Brit-
ain, France and Germany, have made us acquaint-
ed with the names and merits of all the finer
kinds known in Europe; and the enterprise of our
nurserymen, stimulated by the increasing taste for
horticultural improvement, is annually transplant-
ing them to our soil. Every publication, there-
fore, which ssrves to advance our knowledge jn
this branch of rural labor, and source of substan-
tial enjoyment, nmst be acceptable to the American
public.
The author of the work under consideration, is
a practical nurseryman, of high standing in his
profession, and is a man of worth, qualities which
peculiarly fit him for the task he has been engag-
ed in ; and he has been aided in its execution by
the most eminent pomologists of the eastern states.
He has also had access to all the modern works
on fruits published in Europe. The volume con-
tains " an account of the most valuable varieties
of fruit adapted to cultivation in the climate of the
United States, with their uses, mode of culture
and management: remedies for the maladies to
which they are subject, from insects and other
causes; also a brief description of the most orna-
mental trees, shrubs, flowers, &c." It is written
in a concise chaste style, and neatly printed. The
apples and pears are described under the heads of
summer, autumn, and winter fruits, and those
adapted for the kitchen, for cider and for perry —
new and old varieties. From the superficial ex-
amination which we have been able to give to the
volume, we feel a confidence in recommending it
as entitled to public patronage, and consider it a
valuable acquisition to our stock of pomological
literature.
Lest, however, our approbation should be deem-
ed unqualified, it may be well to remark, that there
are some passages in the work to which we can-
not tacitly subscribe. They involve principles
however, upon which orchardists have been, and
are, divided in opinion ; and our object in ques-
tioning their correctness, is rather to invite inves-
tigation, and elicit truth, than to find fault with
Mr. Kenrick. Among the passages noted in our
cursory perusal, as questionable on the score of
correctness, are the following :
In page 20, iirtioduction, on the subject of plant-
ing, Mr. K. says: "The peach, the plum and
cherry, and ever green trees, are thought by many
to answer best by being transplanted in spring."
This language is too equivocal for a practical
man, whose province and whose object are to in-
struct others ; and the inference left to be drawn
in favor of spring planting, seems at variance
with our best pomological authorities. Professor
Lindley, who holds a pre-eminent rank among
practical as well as scientific horticulturists, is de-
cidedly in favor of planting in autumn, as prefer-
able to spring planting. There is no doubt, be-
cause experience every year affords ample demon-
stration of the fiict, that trees ordinarily grow,
whether transplanted in spring or autumn ; but
the question at issue is, which season is the best.
And where practical men doubt, or differ, it is well
to call in the aid of science, as umpire. It seems
now to be admitted, that the sap is elaborated by
the leaves ere it becomes wood ; and that the elab-
orated saj) continues to descend, and to be trans-
muted into wood, and particularly into radical
fibrils, after the leaves have ceased to perform their
functions, in autumn. Upon these data it follows,
that if a tree is trans|)lanted early in autumn, it pro-
vides itself with a new set of mouths* for absorb-
ing the vernal supplies of food which nature pro-
vides, ere the circulation is seriously retarded, or
checked, by the frosts of winter. The tree, be-
sides, becomes settled and firm, and the earth is
brought in complete contact with the roots, by the
influence of the early and latter rains, ere a new
foliage puts forth. Whereas, if the tree is planted
in the spring, the supply of elaborated food of the
preceding year, is apt to be exhausted before new
mouths can be furnished to replace the exhaustion ;
and although the buds may unfold, they are more
liable to fail, for want of an early supply of sap
from the roots. Our personal experience would
seem to warrant the conclusion, that the best sea-
son for planting deciduous trees, i. e. those which
shed their leaves annually, is the autunm ; and
that the sooner the operation is performed after
the leaves become useless to the plant, the better.
A different rule applies to evergreens. Both
theory and practice warrant us in saying, that
these should be transplanted, either early .in au-
tumn, or late in the spring, while the plant is in a
state of actual growth, and the evaporation not
great — in September or May, the latter being pre-
ferai)le on account of the flow of sap being then
more abundant, a necessary requisite to retain the
foliage, and to supply the waste of moisture by
eva[ioration.
Page 107, Mr. Kenrick says, " the most suita-
ble season for pruning Ik that interval between the
time the frost is out of the ground in spring, and
the opening of the leaf."
In a former No. of the Farmer, we gave quota-
tions from a treatise on planting, which indicated
a preference for summer pruning ; and we added
practical observations in support of the advantages
of the new practice. These it will be necessary
to recapitulate. The arguments in favor of sum-
mer pruning were briefly these :
1. That it causes no loss of sap.
2. That the wounds readily heal, by the aid of
already descending elaborate sap. And
3. That shoots seldom grow from the edges of
the wounds.
And that none of these advantages result from
spring, autumn or winter pruning. B.
* These will ^ow after the tree becomes leatiesss, and even
in winter, the reservoir of elaborated food being sutficiently
abundant to produce them j but they are destroyed or greatly
diminished in the ordinary process of transplantiujf .
PliANTS.
In plants there is an infinite diversity ; some re-
quire a long succession of ages to bring them to
perfection, while others attain their full maturity
in a few hours ; some are of immense magnitude,
while others are of an inferior stature, descending
by gradation till they become too njiuute to be
cognizable by the senses. The mighty baobob of
Senegal, described by Adanson, whose stem is 75
feet in circumference, stands a stately monument
on the face of the earth for many thousand years;
while the mushroom, which it much resembles in
foriu, springs up in a day, perfects its seeds, and
is withered to-morrow ; and when we carry our
views still farther, into that immense profound of
minuteness, which has but of late been partly laid
open to us by the invention of the microscope—
into the class of mosses, which are in some meas-
ure cognizable by the naked eye — and still farther,
into the more minute class of plants denominated
monld, which, even in those of the largest species,
are too small to have their parts cognizable by the
naked eye, and which, when viewed by the best
microscopes, discover a series of existences dimin-
ishing by a regular gradation, like stars in the
galaxy under the best telescopes, till they are lost
in the infinity of minuteness, leaving every reason
to believe, that, could the magnifying powers of
our instruments be augmented a thousand fold, we
should still find ourselves as far from discovering
the termination of this series of infinite diminu-
tion, as we were at the commencement of our im-
perfect survey. The world that we see, there-
fore, seems to be a very small part of that which
exists; our feeble optics are capable of taking in
scarcely a point of that universe which surrounds
us ; and our imperfect understanding can scarcely
obtain a glimpse of that infinity of objects, how-
ever, we can clearly perceive the most perfect
regularity and order prevailing in every part; and
that all the operations of nature proceed witli UD-
variable steadiness to effect the purposes for which
they have been designed.
A SHORT time since, a Bear was captured in a
trap and killed by Messrs. D. & B. Morris, of
Penn township in this county, which weighed near-
ly ybtir hundred pounds. This monster was recog-
nized as an old offender, having levied his tythes in
shape of pigs, sheep, &c. for many years, but al-
ways managing to avoid a close contest with the
legitimate owners thereof. His skiu when taken off
was very large, and the hair on it was of a most
beautiful shining black. — Muncy Telegraph.
390
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JUNE 19, 1833.
NEW ENGLAND FARRJER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 19, 1833.
Mode of Destroying Insects in Gardens.
Make a small coop for each hen that has chickens,
so that the brood can run in and out ; place it near
your squash or cucumber beds, and the chickens
ofc three or four weeks old will be very active in
picking up worms and bugs, without scratching
and doing mischief among the vegetables. Ducks,
likewise, placed in gardens, are active and useful
vermin-pickers. They will, however, need look-
in"' to, as they will devour ripe strawberries and
gooseberries, and in wet weather will patter dovv-n
and harden the surface of the soil, and injure small
crops and sprouting seeds. They should not in
general be permitted to run in a garden longer
than two or three days at a time, lest they become
satiated with their diet, and too lazy to seek for il.
While in a garden they should be allowed no food,
but may have a little water set down for them, un-
less there is a stream or pond to which they can
have access.
Protecting Plants from Bug Worms, i{C. The
method which Judge Buel adopts to protect his
young plants that are liable to be injured by in-
sects, is to nail four pieces of thin boards or shin-
gles in the form of a square oblong, and of conve-
nient breadth ; these arc covered with cheap niil-
linet. Thus made, it is pirt over the plant, and
by being pressed into the soil, serves not only to
keep off winged insects from the leaves, but also
those worms or grubs that crawl under the sur-
face. If one side of the frame is lower, or pressed
down into the soil deeper than the other, and
placed towards the south, more sun is admitted.
The millinet is taken off the frames, washed, and
put away for another season.
Protect Birds. " Instead of being regaled by
the whistling robin and chirping blue-bird, busily
employed in guarding us from that, which no hu-
man foresight or labor is enabled to avert, our ears
are assailed, our persons are endangered, our
fences are broken, our crops are tro<lden down,
our cattle are lacerated, and our flocks are dis-
turbed by the idle shooter, regardless alike of the
expensive attempts of the experimental farmer, or
of the stores of the laboring husbandman ; whilst
all the energies of his frame, and the aim of his
skill are directe<l towards the murder of a few
little birds, worthless when obtained. The inju-
ries which are inmiediately committed by himself
and his dogs are small compared with the multi-
plied effects of the myriads of insects, which would
be destroyed by the animals whereof they are the
natural prey." — Col. Powell.
Rose Bugs. Dr. Green of Mansfield, Mass. in
an article, written for the N. E. F. and published,
vol. vii. p. 332, observed that " The best antidote
against the rose-bug and the small yellow bug,
that has yet come under my inspection is s/acA-f(/
lime applied with a dredging box, while the fruits
or plants are wet with dew. If the fruits or plants
are wet with a weak solution of gum arable, pre-
viously to the application of the lime, it will re-
main on them niucii longer, and no injury will he
sustained by it. If applied to young cucumber
plants the seed leaves umst be carefully turned up
wet, and the lime applied as aforesaid. The lime
used had been nicely slacked with a little water,
one year for the purposes of the garden.
It was found, that if rose bugs while on plants
be thoroughly wet with very strong soapsuds (one
;ill of strong soft soap to one quart of water) they
oon die. This strength did not injure the plants
on which it was tried. This experiment was
made when the bugs were on the decline, and
whether the mixture would have the same effect
the beginning of their race, while in their ut-
most vigor, or prevent them preying on plants wet
with it,further experiments may determine. It is
needless to say any thing in this paper, as to the
fertilizing power of this application or that of lime.
In strong soap suds (one gill of soap and two
quarts of water) rose bugs will die in a short time,
and this mixture supersedes the necessity of scald-
ing them, as is the case when caught in simple
water.
Destruction of Insects hy Tobacco Water. In the
process of preparing tobacco for use, a liquid is
expressed from it, which is very cheap and highly
destructive to animal life. This when mixed with
three to five parts of water is very effectual for
destroying insects on plants, fruit trees, &c.
Strong decoctions from tobacco leaves, or stems,
will also prove fatal to insects.
Liquid Manure. An English Gardener says, "We
have the concurring testimony of thousands of
eminent men, connected with as many practical
experiments, that no plant can take in its food ex-
cept in a fluid state, and the more this food is
impregnated with animal or vegetable matter, the
more it will act as a stimulant on the plant alisorb-
ing it. It has long been a maxim with Ilorticul-
tinists to ajiply this liquid to the roots of such
plants as they wished should excel, but the effects
|)roduced on these individual plants have never
yet acted as an inducement to bring the practice
into general use.
" Having an abundance of peat earth at com-
mand I subjected about seventy cart load.s to satur-
ation in liquiil manure for twelve months — at the
expiration of which time an eminent farmer ofler-
ed me £20 lor it. In my second experiment I
put down a pump for a dung yard in which not
less than thirty head of cattle were kept. This
pump had not been in use more than twelve
months before I found myself independent as re-
spects manure, although I had four acres of garden
ground.
" I would not advise its application in the sum-
mer, except to the lirassica [cabbage] family.
Winter [in England] is, without exception, the
best time to apply it to advantage ; and although
it has been doul)ted whether its fertilizing proper-
ties may not be carried off by heavy rains, I am
confident that is not the case ; upon the principle
of tiltiation we may rest this point. I have often
been sorry to see farmer's teams driving up and
dowu the country for lime to apply to old tilled
land, and at the same time this liquid manure was
running at waste and was called a nuisance.
" As a proof of the benefit of this manure I will
introduce another experiment ; I took in the month
of March about twenty cauliflower plants, cleaned
their roots, and weighed them separately to adjust
their size. I collected as many kinds of compost
from the best earth to the most sterile gravel,
sand, &c. and by a proper selection of equal sized
and shaped pots, they were all placed under simi-
lar circumstances excepting the roots ; I applied
the liquid food to those in the most barren soil,
which enabled them to make as good progress,
and become as fine plants as those in the most
fertile earth that had been well manured and other-
wise suitably prepared.
" I would recommend a pmiip to be put down
for the purpose because it draws the liquid at the
lowest level, and of course supplies us with the
most concentrated parts. The carriage for convey-
ing the liquid need be nothing more than a skeleton
barrow, with a cask to hold about thirty-five gal-
lons placed upon it : an old wine iii|)e is a good
thing for the purpose, where it can be drawn by
an ox."
ITEMS OP INTEI.LIGEKCE.
Throughout the month of May, the weallier was gen-
erally warm and pl<^asant, and vegetation came forward
rapidly. But since June came in, it has been raw and
cold, and every thing excepting the grain has come to a
dead stand. Indeed so cold has it been for more than a
week ]iast that we have had to build fires as mucli as in
the middle of Autumn, in order to keep ourselves com-
fortable. Wheat and grain of all kinds look well, but
Indian corn appears weak and siclily, and will probably
return from whence it came. If this weather should
continue the prospects of tlie farmer will be entirely de-
stroyed.— Shcrbrooke, L. C.
The Seasotis. The weather, some days past, has re-
minded us of any season but summer. Cold northerly
andeaslerly winds, and a clouded sky, convey a chill
and uncomfortable sensation not at all in keeping with
the " sun's perpendicular rays." The growth of the
crops, must of course be materially retarded. The can-
ker-worm has committed sad ravages among the apple
trees — wliole orchards looking as if a fire had passed
throujh them. This worm does not confine its attacks to
to tJiosc trees. Several elms have suffered e.xccedingiy ;
liaving lost their foliage. — Kcwburxjport Herald.
Mw Orleans. The cholera was prevailing at this
place on the 18th ult. The city was represented to be
in a horrible situation on account of the filthiness of the
streets and public houses. The Catholic burial ground
was so full that, in digging new graves, the remains of
those who have not been long interred are frequently dis-
interred.
Cork Mattresses. A mattress conslriictcd of cork was ex-
liibitcd last week at the City Hall, made by Mr. Henry Knapp
of this city, which .so far as we arc able lo judge, is an improve-
nienl on those generally in use for several reasons. Cork in
ihe first place is a non-conduclor of heat, and probably of con-
ia"-ion. Secondly, a mallress of cork may be the means of
saviiiff life in cases of shipwreck, as a mauress of common size
li;is been found by actual experiment lo suslaijl the weight of
ihree full grown persons from sinking. Thirdly, ils elasticity
ami pliability arc sufficient to secure it from becoming matted
and preserve it from decay. — B. Courier.
Virginia Live Stock. Al a late sale of caule, belonging to
the eslalc of Richard K. Mead, Escj. deceased,^ in Frederick
f^o. about g2300 worth were disposed of. One gentleman,
belonging lo Richmond, who intends lo slock his farm with the
best breeds, purchased al auction, an 18 month bull for §55,
a cow and a calf al glOT, two other cows al gl02, four heifers
at SllG, a ram and two ewes $36 — Total g'l66.
To Protect Cucumbers. A writer in the Genesee Farmer
gives an instance of applying with complete success collon over
\hc hills of Cucumbers, lo prevent insects from eating off th«
colyledonous leaves.
The N. Y. Advertiser stales, that strawberries are selling
(here for fourpence a basket. Some individuals have five.
acres and more laid oul in strawberry beds, and devote all their
altenlion lo the business. Lasl year Ihe sales of one individual
amounted lo upwards of g2000.
The Wandering Piper has presented ;glO lo the Bunker-Hill
Monument Association.
V01..X1, SJO. 49.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
391
A white frost was experienced in Worcester and at
Providence, R. I.Saturday night last, and injured the
young corn in low lands.
Edwin R. Hartford, lale Cashier of the Branch of the Dari-
en Bank at IMa-coii, Geo. ii-is been convicted of llie charge ol
cmbezzehiionl, and sentenced to tlie Penitentiary for si.x years
NEW AfllERlCAIV ORCHARDIST,
JUST published and Ibr sale by GEO. C. B.4RRETT, Nos.
51 & 52 North Market Street, '1'he New American Ou-
CHARDisT, or a treatise on the cukivation and management of
Fruits, Grapes, Omumental Shrubs, aiid Flowers, adapted to
cuUivation in the United States.
This is recommended to the public as a treatise well wortliy
a place in every farmer's library, containing an account of the
most valuable varieties of fruit, and the remedies for the mala-
dies to which fruit trees are subject from noxious insects and
other causes. Also the varieties of Grapes with their modes
of culture, &c. Price g 1,25. J.19.
COMTENTS OP ftUARTERI.Y REVIEW, MO.
XCVII.
I. The Dramatic Works and Poeins of James Sliiifey. II.
Memoires de K.jne Le Vasseur. III. A Memoir of F«lix Neff.
IV. Poems by Alfred Tennyson. V. Memoirs of Di-.'Burney,
arranged from his own Manuscripts. VI. On Nava) Timber
and Arboriculture ; 2. Practical Remarks on Building and
Equipping: Ships of War; 3. Calculations relating to the Equip-
ment of Ships. VII. Illustrations of Political Economy.. —
VIII. The Causes of French Revolution. 8vo. IX. Essays and
©rations, of Sir Henry Halford. X. The Church and its En-
dowmentsj On the Use and Abuse ofLiterry and Ecclesiastical
Endowments. XI. P^eports on the ^avig■alion of the Euphra-
tes. 2. An Account of Steam Vessels -, 3. Eastern and Egyp-
tian Scenery, Ruins, &c. XII. Recollections of a Chaperon ;
2. Aims and Ends. XIH. Piozziana. XIV.' The Present
and last Parliaments. J 19
YOUNG FLORIST'S MANUAI,.
JUST Publishe<l and for sale by GEO. C. BAkRETT,
51 & 52 North Market Street.
The Yousc Florist's Manual, or a descriijlion of the'
Plants usually cultivated in the Flower Garden u-ith their
Habits and Modes o/ cultivation. The whole being a compila-
tion from the best Authors, and intended for Common use price
375 cts. J fg,
FRUIT TREES.
TREES and Shrubs of Ornament, Roses,
Flowering Plants, &c.
For sale, at the Nursery of WiLLiAjr
Kexrick in Newton, 5 miles from Boston by
the City Mills, and 1^ miles from Brighton Cattle
fair Hotel.
This Nursery now comprises a rare and extraordinary collec-
tionof fruit trees; Trees of Ornament, &c. forextensive numbers,
for quality of productions and ibr rarity and excellence of kinds;
this nursery now covers the most of 18 acres. The varieties
which will be ready Ibr sale in Autumn, will comprise of nc in
celebrated Pears aloiw, 150 kinds, all highly deserving trial with-
us ; those kinds only being very extensively cultivated, which
have been already proied in our climate, and can be specially
recommended for superior quality and productiveness.— Of Ap-
ples 200 kinds— Peaches 1 15 kinds— Cherries, 55 kinds— Plums
Nectarines, Almonds, Apricots, Quinces, Grape Vines, Cur-
rants, Raspberries, Gooseberries, Strawberries, Figs &c &e
—selections from the best varieties known— a collection in un-
equal proportions of 800 varieties of fruit.
White mulberries by the 100 or 1000 for silk worms— the
Iruit poor.
MoRcs Multicaulis or New Chinese MMerry, a beauti-
ful fruit tree, so celebrated wherever known— and so superior
for silk worms to all others.
White Flow-ering Horse Chesnuls, as hardy and indestructi-
ble as oaks or Weeping Willows, Catalpas, Mountain Ash Sil-
ver tirs, Venetian Sumach, Altheas, Honevsuckles Azaleas
.1' '"^.o"''""'' ^"^ *''—'" ^"' °^ Ornamental Irees, and
shriibs, 660 varieties. Of Herbaceous flowering plants a
choice selection of 280 varieties, including 2fj finest kinds' of
Paeoniesand 83 splendid varieties of Dahlias.
Roses. These include from 300 to 400 varieties, superb
selections from numerous importations from EnHand France
and other sources— Hardy Roses— some Scotch— also Hybrid'
Norsette and China ever-blooming roses— a collection of a
great variety of beautiful shades, from pure white to red to
violet, and nearly to black. Amateurs are invited to call and
viirw them in this, the most suitable season.
Gemlemeu are invited to forward their orders early— early
m Autumn being esteemed the best season for transplanting—
Address by mail to Willia»i Kenrick, Newton; and the
trees, &c. will be delivered in Boston free of charge for Iraus-
porlalion, by wagons sent daily, and suitably packed.and thence
duly forwarded, when ordered to distant places by land or sea
Ur orders will receive the same attention if left with Geo C
Harretl^ who is agent, at his seed store and New England Far-
mer Office, Nos. 61 & 52, North Market Street, Boston Tat-
alogues gratis on application. j ly
SUPERB DOUBLE DAHLIAS.
The subscribers have now ready fordelivery (in pots) several
hundred of the linest varieties of Dahlias that are cultivated in
England. They ofler none but wIimi they flowered themselves
last season, and which at the Ibiiiu-iilinral as well as their i
private exhibition, attracted s.nnurl ncc. The price is ,glO
per dozen, or g5 for six ; each ul which is a named variety. A
descriptive list of their color and height, with a printed treatise
on their management, will be furnished to every purchaser, in
order that they may be so arranged in the garden that- the
Dwarfs will not be hid by the taller varieties.
They are all genuine sorts I'rom the stock root, and not en-
grafted on the tubers of common Dahlias, as is sometimes done,
and which is a very deceptive mode. The following are a few
of the fine sorts: — Hall's Mogul, purple, French white, Squibbs'
pure yellow. Lady Grenville, pink; Well's Triump Royal,
ruby pink ; Radiata, large red ; Lord Lyndhurst, fine orange ;
Beauty of Hertford, crimson ; Mountain of Snow, white ; Coc-
cinea Speciosissiraa, scarlet ; Involute Purpurea, curious dark
purple ; Stephenia, dark maroon ; Eminent, dark purple ;
Grandeur Superbe, fine crimson; Dennisii, ruby purple; Fos-
ter's Constantia, carmine red ; Colvell's Perfecta, shaded pur-
ple ; Beauty of CheshunI, scarlet ; Pulla, dark maroon ; Don-
na Maria, scarlet ; Barrett's Susannah, exquisite purple ; Rom-
ulus, glittering scarlet ; Rose excellcnte, pink ; Plants Purpu-
rea Perfecta, fine purple; Aurantia Superba, fine orange:
Vulcan, very dark purple ; Moss Pelham, Lilac, &c. &,c.
They can be packed with safety for any journey not exceed-
ing a week. Orders from a distance, enclosing the amount,
will be promptly attended to, without charge for packing, and
when die selection is left to us, we will send such as will torm a
feeasing combination of color and height, which is from 3 to 7
feet.
Within the last three years, the Double Dahlia has attracted
more attention in England, France, Holland, and our own
country, (to the fine autumns of which it is well adapted,) than
any other flower, for the last century. The easy mode of cul-
ture — the majestic beauty of their growth — ^the great variety
and unrivalled splendor of their flowers at a season of the year
when such beautiful objects are most required — together with
the circumstance of their succeeding nearly as well in the close
air of cities as the free air of the country, renders them most
lesirable.
■The roots are easily preserved over winter which, in the
pring can be divided, every division of which will flower
freely the same season.
Some collections in Europe extend to five hundred sorts — but
all those most worthy of notice have been introduced, within
the last two years, and which can be condensed into a hundred
and fifty varieties (at which limit we keep our collection) — have
been particular to throw out all dull colored or imperfect formed
flowers^ — as a proper selection is preferable to a lab\Tinth of
names which only tends to puzzle those who sit down to make
choice of a few sorts.
Iso, a choice collection of Chinese Chrysanthemums, now
in season for transplanting into the garden, or for potting.
Double Tuberoses — Jacobean Lilies (Amarylys formosis-
ma) and Mexican Tiger Flowers, still on hand and in season
for planting. G. THORBURN & SON,
June 12 No. 67, Liberty Street.
TURNIP SEED.
For sale at the N. E. Seed Store, 51 & 52, North Marke
reet.
Early Dutch Turnip. Early Garden Stone do. Yellow-
one do. White Flat Winter do. Long Yellow French do.
Yellow Aberdeen do. Rula Baga do.
The two last are very excellent kinds for catde.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
THE YOUNG FLORIST.
The Young Florist, or Conversation on the Culture of Flow-
ers and Natural History, for sale at the New England Seed
Store. Price 42 cents. eop6w June 12
PEMBROKE BUTTER AND TABLE SALT.
Just received by Schr. Boston Packet—
301 barrels and 3G0 sacks Butte.- Salt. 6600 loaves Table
Salt.
Abundant evidence is before the public of the quality of this
Salt being superior to any hitherto manufactured in any part of
theworld. As such we warrant it and offer it for .sale
June 5 CHAS I. CAZENOVE & CO.
FARMER'S OWN BOOK.
For sale at the New England Farmer oHice the Farmer's
Own Book or Family Receipts. Being a compilation of the
very best receipts on agiicullure, gardening and cookery, with
rules for keeping farmeis accounts, &c. Price 50 cents
may 12.
FOR SALE OR TO LET
A full blood Durham Short horn Bull if applied for inime-
diatately will he sold low.
Also for sale 2 Bull Calves, from young Eoliver, 10 and. 12
months old. Inquire at the Farmer oIKce. Also will be sold
or let an imported Maltese Jack. 2w
NOTICE.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, a few of Wilkuison's
improved Bent patent Sheep shears, to pruvenlcuttuig the skin,
a Y«ry great improvement, in the article. May 29
Apples, russelts,
baldvvins,
Beans, white,
Beee, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new mUk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee,
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay,
Honey
Hops, Isl quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort
Southern, 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
" upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
'* npper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra dear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed,
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, Jths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
g f Pulled superfine,
fc-c 1 Isl Lambs, . . .
•£=-^2d " . . .
1^ 3d '■ . . .
S I 1st Spinning, , . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
3 cts. less per lb.
barrel
3 5U
"
3 50
bushel
1 OU
barrel
11 St
"
6 75
8 50
pound
14
8
"
5
"
3
"
38
"
35
*'
9
bushel
1 25
barrel
5 75
"
6 00
5 87
bushel
72
"
66
"
7.1
"
60
"
45
ton
12 00
gallon
40
pomid
32
pound
9
"
20
lb.
23
pound
l(i
lb.
20
pound
24
"
25
cask
1 06
ton
■2 75
bushel
25
barrel
18 50
"
12 50
bushel
2 25
"
87
pound
12
cwt
10 00
pound
55
65
"
60
"
42
"
38
"
.10
"
56
"
48
'■
35
"
25
42
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices.
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best, ....
Eggs,
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according to quality,)
pound
9^
7
10
15
19
dozen
14
bushel
36
barrel
2 00J
4 00
1 50
12 to
1 30
6 00
6 12
5 94
74
67
25
19
22
26
26
1 20
3 00
30
19 00
14 00
2 50
I 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, JUNE 17, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Ad»ertiBer and Patriot.
At Market this day 370 Beef Cattle, (including about 20 un-
sold last week) 8 Cows and Calves, 1200 Sheep and Lambs and
45 Swine. About 110 Beef Catde remain unsold.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — Last week's prices were not sup-
ported, a falling off' from 25 to 3Sc. per head. We noticed a
yoke or two at g6,75. We quote prime at $6. a 6,37; good
at ^3,25 a 5,75 ; thin at g4,75 a 5,25.
Cows and Calves. — Sales at 22, 25, and gSO.
Sheep and Lambs. — Lots were taken at ,gl,S8, g2, §2,17,
,52,50, and &'2,75 ; some wethers were taken at a higher price.
Swine. — Part of those at market were small pigs, all were
sold in one lot at 6:Jc.
TREATISE ON SILK.
For sale at the N. E. Seed Store, Nos. 51 &. 52, North Street'
A Brief Treatise on the Culture of Silk. Price 6:} cents.
June 12 eop6w
293
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JUKE 19, 1S33.
MISCELLANY.
Frmn the Liverpool Mercunj.
(0°We copy the following from a mamiscripl some eight or
len years old.' Whether it has ever been published, we know
not. It was commnnkated. though certainly not written.
A PAIN IN THE BREAST.
As sil-enl one evening I sat by the fire,
My countenance show'd me to be much distrcss'd,
The cause was soon asked by my Mother and Sire —
It straightway responded a pain in inij breast.
My mother, aliirmed, cast her knitting aside,
And began to refli^ct on the remedy best;
Her various prescriptions in order were tried,
But they had no effect on the — pain in my breast.
Next, father call'd in a physician of skill.
And a hope for relieving me soon was expressed ;
But in spite of his medical powers and will.
He could not. diminish the pain in my breast.
.It length an old lady proverbially wise,
Ilecame by the happiest of chances our gliest;
One day after gazing some time at my eyes
She inquired when I first felt the pain in my breast ?
T replied, that one evening a visit I paid.
To a nymph'in whose presence all mortals seem'd blest,
And that from my parting, that lime, with the maid,
I had felt more or less ol the pain in my breast.
Anrl I added, that oft as we chanced to meet.
My bosom, her smiles of all pains dispossessed j
And \vhcneVr I withdrew from her aspect so sweet,
I felt a return of the paiji in my breast.
**' Indeed" said she smiling — '' then thus I advise.
Straight the heart, and the hand, of the fair one request;"
I obcy'd — 1 was favored — and praised be the skies,
\ never since fell any pain in the breast.
From the Detroit Courier.
Mf.ssrs. Editors, — By insertuig the following you nill
obligo " a constant reader."
[from the ITALIAN OF METASTASIC]
If every one's internal care
Were written on his brow,
How many would our pity share,
Who raise our envy now.
The fatal secret, when levealed.
Of every aching breast
Would prove that only while concealed
Their lot ajipears the best.
PROVERBS.
A hog upon trust grunts till lie is pttid for.
A spur in tlic head is worth two in tlie hceh
A civil denial is hetter than a rude grunt.
Au old dog can't alter his way of barking.
A thread bare coat is armor proof against a
liighwayinan.
A wager is a fool's argtiment.
Better wear out shoes, than siieets.
Beauty is potent, but money is omnipotent.
He that falls into the dirt, the longer he lies, the
dirtier he is.
He who says what he likes, hears what he does
not like.
Little boats must keep near shore.
Large vessels may venture more.
Nothing should be done in haste btit catching
fleas.
Poverty makes a man acquainted with strange
bed-fellows.
The horse shoe that clatters wants a nail,
nbidden guests knov.' not where to sit down.
A man thtit laughs is half taken.
A woman that painteth, puts up a bill that she
is to be let.
A man's best fortune, or his worst, is a wife.
\ woman conceals what she knows not.
A lass that has many wooers, often fares the
■worst.
3''anaed fire and forced love nover did well, yet.
If marriages be made in heaven, some have few
friends there.
It is a good horse that never stumbles
And a good wife that never grumbles.
While the tall woman is stooping, the little one
hath swept the liou.se.
Women must have their wills while they live,
because tlicy make none when they die.
Smoke, raining into the hoii.se, and a scolding
wife, will make a man run out of doors.
He who has no bread to sj)are, should not keep
a dog.
lie who has but one coat should not lend it.
Wise men make proverbs, and fools repeat them.
RECEIPT FOR 1,0\VNESS OP SPIRITS.
Take one ounce of the seeds of Resolution,
properly mixed with the oil of Good Conscience
— infuse into it a large spoonful of the Salts of
Patience ; distil very carefully a composing plant
called Others Woes, which you will find in eve-
ry part of the Garden of Life, growing under the
broad lcavcsofDisgui.se — add a small rpiantity and
it will greatly assist the Salts of Patience in their
operation — gather a handful of the blossoms of
Hope — then sweeten them properly with a syrup
made of the balm of Providence ; and if you can
get any of the seeds of True Friendship, you will
have the most valuable Medicine that can bo ad-
ministered ; but you must be very careful to get
the true seed, as there is a weed which very much
resembles it called Selt'-interest, which will spoil
the whole composition. Wake the ingredients uji
into very small pills, which may be calleil pills of
Comfort — take one at night anil morning, and in
a short time the cure will be effectually complet-
ed.
Mitional Characteristics. A pains-tnking writer
has remarked that an Englishman is never happy
but when he is miserable, a Scotchman never at
home but whefl he is abroad, and an Irishman never
al peace but when Jighting.
The Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company
have given $200 to the completion of the Bunker
Hill monument.
.Iwaking Suddenli/. To awaken children from
their sleep with a loud noise or in an impetuous
manner, is extremely injudicious and hurtful ; nor
is it proper to carry them from a dark room iin-
mcdiately into a glaring light, against a dazzling
wall ; for the sudden itnpression debilitates the or-
gan of vision, and lays the foundation of weak eyes
from early infancj'.
The ne plus ultra of Puffery. A New York pa-
per tolls of a Scythe, manufactured by Messrs.
& Co. which was so sharp even in
its shadow, as it hung on an apple tree in the sun,
as to cut a man's foot off.
An idle fellow the other day complained bitter-
ly of his hard lot, and said that he was born on
the last day of the year, the last day of the month,
and the last day of the v/eek, and he had always
been behind hand. Ih: believed it would have been
a hundred dollars in his pocket if he had not been
born at all.
Yl^HOI.ESAI.E AND RETAIL CASH STORE.
ELIAB STONE BREWER, No. +U, Washington Street.
{South end) has received a general assortment of Spring and
Summer (tooits, among which are 100 cases English, French and
American Trinis of all prices and qualities— 20 cases Petticoat
Robes — 1 cuse Cambric Muslins, some of which aye very fine — 1
case Cotton Cambrics do. do. — 1 case '\\'hile Lilesia for lining
ladies dresses— 1 case Book Binders' Cambrick for do. do.—:;
cases do. — 1 00 cases bleached and brown Sheeting and Shirting,
some e.vtra line — I case Marseilles Quilts, from 8 to 10 quarters
— 5 cases London Rose Blankets, some of a very superior qual-
ity and large size — 1 case Hearth Rugs — 4- ca-scs Chapp's spool
6 cord cotton, warranted — 200 yards superior qualitv---5 cases
Clark's do. a! very low prices by doz. or case — SOOO fancy-
boxes — -1 large variety of colorecl and black French Silks at
veiy reduced prices — 2 cases col'd Battiste — 1 case black and
colored Barage — A cases French and Loudon printed Muslins
of new patterns and beautiful colors — 2 cases three corded su-
pcifine Italianettes, black and fashionable colors — 1 case com-
mon do — 1 case Plaid Palmgriin's super quality — 1 case Poii
de Soi a genteel article for ladies' summer dresses, 9d per yd
— 20 ps super mix'd, drab, and olive Merino Cassinetts for
children's summer dresses — 20 ps Rouen Casslmere with a largo
variety of superfine and fine Broadcloths and Cassimeres —
20 bales- Pelisse Wadding — 3 cases superior Ticking — 1 cases
cheapdo^ — 10 cases improved soft finished 4-4 Irish Linen, man-
ufactured for the Loudon market and imported expressly for
the subscriber.
The above goods are offered for cash only at prices so ex-
tremely low as will make it an object for purchasers either bw
piece or yard to call and see. May 29
THE FIII.L BLOODED HORSE SPORTSMAN.
THE Subscriber informs the public that the above named
horse will stand at his stable the ensuing season, — terms J^20'
the season, which may be settled (or gI3 on or before the first
of September next. Insurance as may be agreed between the
parties. The stock of this horse are unusually promising and
will not sufler (to say the least) by comparison with the get of
any horse that has stood in this section for many years, and ho
is iherelore recommended to the public with confidence by
their obedient servant, S. J.4UUES.
10 Hills Stock Farm, Cliarlestmm, 2^ miles from Boston.
RekTcareJsmade to Thomas Williams, Esq. of Chelsea,
who lias colts of Sportsman's get; m8
FOR SALE,
TII.AT valuable country sf.i( and yiirm formerly owned by
E. H Derby and J. Crowninshield, Esqrs., and lately by Col.
Kndicotl, situated in Danvers, within two miles of Salem and
tiriein of Boston. The buildings are in good repair, spacious
,iiid elegant, and convenient for a genteel family, and also for a
I innir's, with barns, stables, &c., aUached. Ihero is an ex-
rcllcni garden, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
-hrubs and flowers and a lastelul summer house. The farm is
in a high state of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produces large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, quinces and cherries ;
there is a nursery of youn^ fruit trees, and a plantation of
0000 While Mulberries. 'ITie place has many advantages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garden, with from lO to 190 acres of land, as the pur-
chaser may choose, are offered on liberal and accommodating
terms. Apply at this office, or to AMOS KING.
Danvers, March 27, 1833.
THE NEW ENG1..\ND FARMER
Is published every Wednesilay Evening, at g3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
inr No paper will be sent to a distance without paymeut
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
AVie Yor/! — G. Thorburn & Sons, G7 Liberty-street.
.,1/A,„„,_Wm. Thorburn, 347 Market-street.
I'liiljcle/phia—D. &. C. Landrf.th, 85 Chesnut-strcet.
Ji.illimon — I. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
(Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y.—Wts. Pkiuce &, Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gu.
Middlebitry, IV. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
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VOL. XI.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 26, 1833.
NO. 50.
From the Northern Farmer.
CULiTTJRE OP -WHEAT.
While New England is, to so very great an
extent, dependent on the southern and western
states for lier su[iplics of flour, any inc)uirics whicli
might rcsuh in the discovery of the causes, which
have rendered either the soil or climate of so con-
siderable a section of the country unfavorable to
the culture of wheat, could not be uninteresting
to our farmers. That a great change has taken
place ill this part of the country in relation to the
culture of \\heat, there can he no douht. Forty
years ago, when our lands were comparatively
new, wheat was a certain and profitable crop.
The same lands which then produced abundantly,
cannot by any mode of culture now in practice,
be made, in ordinary seasons, to produce enoug-h
of this gram to defray the expenses of cultivation.
But are we therefore to conclude, that our lands
have, by this comparatively short period of culti
vation, become exhausted of that principle which
forms the proper food of this plant, when the lands
of Europe, which have been in a state of cultiva-
tion, probably for more than eighteen hundred
years, still produce wheat in abundance ? Or, arc
we to attribute the general failure of this crop to
the ravages of the insect tribes? or to the want of
that skill in the culture of this plant, which seens
to be abundantly possessed by the English hus-
bandman, provided success be considered as evi-
dence of skill .' Whatever may he the cause which
has produced this influence, it is certain that thel
effect exists.
Doctor Dwight, president of Yale college, a
gentleman possessing habits of the closest obser-
vation, and with great powers of discrimination,
after having travelled much ic New England and
the state of New York, previous to the year 1822,
found the farmers at that time laboring under the
same discouragements in relation to the culture of
wheat, which now prevail, though, perhaps, not
to so great an extent. As the result of his iuves-
tigation at that period, he says:
"The reason why the lauds in New England,
■which formerly yielded wheat, surely and plenti-
fully, suffer at the present time such injuries from
the blast, as in a great measure to discourage far-
mers from attempting to cultivate it, has been
anxiously and extensively sought for, but not it is
believed, satisfactorily discovered. From my own
observations and inquiries, I have been induced to
attribute this evil to the efficacy of animal manure.
This subject has been already mentioned in my
observations on the county of Worcester: it shall
now be resumed.
" The manner in which wheat is generally
blasted in New England, appears to me very evi-
dently to be this. During the months of June and
July, when the kernels of wheat in the difforent
climates of New England, are in the milk, the
vegetation is far more rapid than in most coun-
tries of Europe. Whenever the season at this
period is both moist and hot, the rapidity becomes
extreme. The vegetable juice, ascending then in
too great quantities, and with a new celerity, moves
with difficulty through the vessels of the stock,
regularly lessening towards tba neck, and at that
time so tender as to be easily ruptured, bursts
them in various places, particularly at the neck,
and flows out upon the surfaBe of the stem
When it first exudes, it is very sweet to the taste ;
and has hence been commonly supposed to be the
residuum of a particular kind of dew, called by
the farmer honey-dew. Had any farmer recol-
lected, what he cannot fail to find, where he finds
a honey-dew, that it never appears on any thing
beside living vegetables, and that, if it were a dew,
it must be found equally on every other substance
exposed to the atmosphere, he would certainly
liaive determined, that it was merely the sweet
juice of the vegetable itself. When this juice has
pervaded the stalk, it soon becomes sour in the
sunbeains ; then so acrid, as to corrode the stalk,
and finally a rust, (as it is commonly called,) of a
browu hue, and an ofliensive smell.
" Animal manure beyond any other, accelerates
vegetation. Wheat, nurtured by this manure,
grows with so much rapidity, and with so slender
a stalk, that, in the agricultm-al language of this
country, it lodges not unfrequently (i. e. falls under
the pressure of wind or rain) by its own weight,
and never recovers its original position. This
dangerous process is peculiarly advanced by the
use of this manure ; and the rapidity of vegeta-
tion, otherwise too great, is by this substance ren-
dered still greater. Hence all fields, where this
manure is employed, are peculiarly exposed to
blast. For a few years after lands are dressed
with it, the evil is so evident to the eye of com-
inon observation, as to be not unfrequently be-
^eved to exist by some farmers, and suspected by
others. Were every season hot, and wet during
tMs period, it would, I doubt not, have long since
b^en generally realized and acknowledged. But
aSin some seasons these months are cool and dry,
ail(l those fields which have been dressed with
thjs manure, then yield wheat successfully ; and
as in the most unfavorable season, lands dressed
in a diftercnt manner, are also subjected to the
blast ; the question has, hitherto, failed of any an-
swer, which has been generally satisfactory.
"The reasons which have induced me to adopt
the opinion here alleged, are principally the fol-
lowing :
" 1. All the lands in this country, which were
nflt too wet, originally yielded wheat easily, surely,
and so far as they were rich, abundantly. The
inhabitants of Northampton, for many years paid
tbeir public tax in wheat, and this wheat grew on
the very lands, where for a long period it has been
supposed to be so uncertain an object of culture,
as to be scarcely worth the attempt, i. e. on inter-
vals.
"2. New lands yield wheat perfectly well in
most parts of this country at the present time.
Some farmers believe, that there is such a change
wrought by time, either in the climate or in the
soil, independently of the proper effects of culture,
tliat the blast is to be attributed to this change.
Although this is a mere supposition, supported by
no evidence, it has still had its weight. But it is
entirely refuted by the fact, mentioned under this
head. Lands in the same circumstances yield
wheat as abundantly at the present time, as at any
former period. It deserves to be remarked, that
all the intervals along the Connecticut have fur-
nished sure crops of this grain for a considerable
lime after they first began to be cultivated.
" 3. Lands dressed with ashes, now furnish
fiTie crops of wheat, which is rarely or never blasted. •
The only reason why the crops on new lands are
so safe from the blast, is that they are covered
with vegetable mould, another name for vegetable
manure, and so long as the efiicacy of this manure
lasts, are dressed with no other. It is the univer-
sal tendency of this mould to produce great crops;
but it produces them by a gradual antl moderate
vegetation. Ashes, which are the same manure
in another form, produce the same effiict in ex-
actly the same manner. Accordingly, although
the crop of wheat, yielded by grounds dressed
with ashes, is abundant, yet the stalk is firm, and
strong; much stronger, but much shorter than
that produced by animal manure, and equally safe
from lodging and blasting, as that which grows on
vegetable mould.
" It ought to be observed, that in grounds where
the vegetable mould is very deep and abundant,
wheat grows so rapidly as to be universally blasted.
That this efliect is solely derived from the redun-
dance of this jnauure is certain, because the same
lands after the cultivation of a iew years yield
wheat perfectly well.
" 4. In various instances, which have fallen
within my knowledge, wheat sown after clover
has been perfectly free from any injury by the
blast ; and that on intervals, and other lands most
liable to this injury. Here vegetable manure hag
been employed in another form ; yet the same
effect has been produced.
" 5. Lands, dressed with gypsum, have been
equally favorable to wheat. This good effect has,
however, been commonly produced through the
medium of clover ; the gy[)sum having been first
employed for the production of this plant, and the
wheat having been sown after the clover had been
ploughed in.
" 6. Fields manured with the white fish, have
yielded wheat universally in great abundance, and
with almost absolute certainty. This is indeed
animal manure also ; but very different from that,
which I have intended by this phrase above ; viz.
that of stable and barn yard. The white fish is a
species of herring, very fat and oily, and remark-
ably favorable to vegetation of every kind, which
is the object either of agriculture or horticulture.
I have mentioned this fact, that the evil com-
plained of, has its origin neither in the soil, nor in
the climate, but in the particular mode of cultiva-
tion, which I have mentioned as its proper cause.
" 7. The lands in Pennsylvania, which yield
plentiful crops of wheat, are regularly dressed with
lime, or gypsum ; and neither here, nor in those
old settlements in the state of New York, where
this grain is least exposed to the blast, are cattle
very numerous. Of course, the kind of manure
which I suppose to be noxious to this plant can-
not abound in these countries. I am informed
also, that where this manure is used, it is generally
mixed witli other substances in a compost ; and
converted, either paitly, or wholly, into mould,
before it is employed as a dressing. It ought also
to be observed, that a great part of the wheat
lauds in these countries are clay ; and that the
394
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JtJNE 36, 1933.
process of vegetation may be therefore materially
different from that wliich exists in New England,
where the soil is principally loam with the mix-
ture of gravel. It is, however, said, that in Penn-
sylvania their crops fail, where they arc unable to
dress their lands with lime, or gypsum. It is also
said, that the lands along the Mohawk river, which
have heretofore yielded wheat with great certainty,
as well as luxuriance, are gradually becoming less
and less fitted for this kind of culture."
I have been informed that at Newbury they
have lately adopted a new kind of husbandry, by
means of which the crops of wheat are no less
sure and prosperous than they were formerly.
AVhat this mode is, I have not, however, been
able to learn.
In my own belief, animal manure produces this
noxious effect long after it has ceased to enrich
the soil. Although its influence has in this case
become small, yet so far as it extends, it is mis-
chievous ; and may at the dangerous period above
mentioned, accelerate a growth at least sufficiently
rapid otherwise, so as to produce the evil in
question. Thus, I consider grounds, long de-
voted to pasturage, as being injurious to the cul-
ture of wheat, as really, though in a less degree,
as tliose which are manured from the stable in
form.
grass looked fresh and thrifty, and could soon be
distinguished from the rest of the field. When
cut, it was not oidy of a better quality, but nearly
a third more iu amount, than the produce of any
other acre in the whole field. I tried the same
experiment on the remainder, with the addition
of a liberal and judicious application of manure,
and the result was the same as with the acre.
The boy solved the mystery, by saying that an
acid and an alkali, when mingled together, jirodu-
ced a fermentation in which both were neutralized,
and which was favorable to the decomposition of
such animal and vegetable substances as were not
readily reduced by the common course of nature.
The case was a simple one — but it struck me
as rather singular that my boy could studi/ agri-
culture in college, to better advantage than I had
ore the farm. I thereupon concluded that farming
could profitably be made a study, and that chem-
istry and philosophy are two of its first and most
essential branches.
bleeding. In the middle of the night the la<ly sent
for Mr Chinnock, in cosequence of the wax failing ;
and after she had endured horribfe suffering, he
and Mr. Brodie were obliged to apply the act\ial
cautery, (a sound, heated to a white heat, and in-
troduced into the socket) twenty-eight times, be-
fore they succeeded in arresting the hemorrhage.
Lancet.
For Ih.- Aev England Farmer.
GLAZED POTS FOR PtiANTS.
Mr. Editor, — I wish to inquire though your
valuable paper, the effect of glazed pots on plants
generally : having heard objections raised by some
to their use, I would like to know the reasons of
such objections, together with such observations as
some of your readers may be able to give and oth-
ers interested in reading. A Subscriber.
From llif Farm.-rs .loinnal.
SOUR SOII.-AGRICtIL.TXJRAl, SCIENCE.
Mr. Editor : — I will mention an incident, by
■way of exhibiting the importance, to the farmer,
of an acquaintance with the general principles of
philosophy and chemistry. I am a farmer of the
old school, and have more land than learning, and
more faith in economy than skill in invention. I
have a large piece of meadow, level and hand-
some, which might be supposed capable of jirodu-
cing three tons to the acre, and yet is so cold and
sour, as we call it, that I hardly got one ton. I
have manured it in the most lavish manner; but
to very little purpose. It was too wet to produce
any other crop, even potatoes ; consequently there
would be little use in breaking it up, and seeding
down anew. So I concluded to look upon my
meadow as [ would upon a cow with two teats,
and be contented with my ton to the acre.
My eldest boy is what they call a scholar, so I
sent him to college. The second year he came
home in the spring, and heard me speak of my
sour meadow. He examined it, and asked why I
did not spread upon it a quantity of lime or plas-
ter, " and thus by a chemical process, expel the
acidity ?" " Go to College with your jargon !"
said I : but the boy talked, till I, for the first time
in my life, resolved to try an experiment. And I
tried in this way : As soon as the grass began to
start, I set apart about an acre of the poorest for
the " chemical process." Spreading thinly upon
it a quantity of plaster of paris, I waited to mark
the result. The benefits derived from the process
were soon too obvious not to be discovered. The
From the New York Farmer.
MATURITY OF GRAIN OBf OLD AND NEW
LANDS. By Agrlcola.
I WAS much amused on perusing in your .Janu-
ary number of the Farmer, the communication
taken from the American Farmer respecting the
difference in the maturity of grain on old and
new land.
I believe it will be found that the richer the
land the longer all crops will be in coining to
maturity. On poor, sandy soils, vegetation is
rapid and short ; on new lands, the soil, bein
charged with vegetable food, will of course be
richer, whereas old land exhausted of vegetable
food by cultivation, is consequently poorer; and I
conceive it makes little difference wliether land be
elevated one hundred or a thousand feet above the
level of the sea. If it be rich, the crops will bt
longer in coming to maturity.
We observe this almost daily in our fields ;
spots enriched by ashes or other manures are frt-
quently green and growing, while the grain al-
joining them is perfectly ripe.
If these considerations be taken into view, I
think it will not be hard to explain the difficultiis
which seem to have puzzled the farmers in Ohio
THE TEETH.
At a recent meeting of the Westminster Medi
cal Society, Mr. Delafons, the well known dentist
in reply to a member, said that the various 'ano
dyne cements,' 'mineral succedanea,' .ind 'destruc
tion of the nerve,' so extensively advertised wen
all trash. "I saw" said Mr. Delafons "a per
the other day, in whom the interval between tnt
teeth had actually been plugged up with 'aiiodyn
cement,' under the impression that the space was
a dental decay which required stopping. Holes iii
the teeth, in fact, are repeatedly stuffed, in total ig
norance of the disease. As to the nerve, many per
sons certainly imagine that, by destroying it, all
Front the Soutlojrn Agrieutturist,
REELING SILK.
With respect to the subject of silk, I have but
little to say, when contrasting my knowledge of
the business with those who are more ex[)erienced
iu the practical pursuit of it. But inasmuch a»
may i>ertain to the general good of the community,
permit me to " cast in my mite." I amused my-
self last spring with about 2000 silk worms: as-
usual with me, I fed them upon the leaves of the
conunon black mulberry of the country. They
grew to their geueral size, in excellent health and
vigor. As they matured they commenced spin-
ning, and considering their situation they did well.
The cocoons which they made were not generally
as large as I had the year previous, which I think
was occasioned by their being too much distiubed,
owing to their situation. The silk which they
produced is of excellent quality, exhibiting a very
bright and lively fibre. There is, however, a
manifest difference in the fineness and softness of
die silk. Some of the cocoons are more coarse
and harsh than the others ; this difference attract-
ed my attention, and by inspection I discovered
that the lightest colored cocoons were the finest
and softest silk. I have some large fair cocoons
tliat are but a shade less than white ; they uni-
formly are the finest and softest silk. This differ-
ence I cannot well account for, for they were pro-
duced by the same family of worms, were fed to-
gether on the same food, at the same time, and
subject to the same vicissitudes. I can only ad-
mit that this diffi'ience in excellence is produced
by worms of excellent constitutions ; further, I
submit to be corrected by my superiors on the
subject.
When the cocoons were matured, I gathered
them, and selected such as I intended for propa-
gation ; the rest were indiscriminately prepared for
reeling : this I did in a very ready, simple, and
easy manner, by which the silk is much improved.
In order to destroy the vitality of the chrysalides,
I procured a tin box with a top cover which shut
very close ; as I filled the box with cocoons, I
sprinkled them with good spirits of wine, then
closed the box tight, and set it in the sun. Ths
heat soon evaporated the spirits, which when dis-
sipated pervaded the whole cavity of the box, satu-
rated the cocoons, and instantly suffocated the
chrysalides. Thus the vital functions of the in-
sect were destroyed without languishing. This
process may be performed every three hours with
the same box, while there is a warm sun. The
spirits act upon the animal gummy matter of which
the silk consists, dissolve it and set the fibro
improve the silk by leaving it bright, soft,
pain will be ended; and sure enough it is, that jYct
you do destroy all sensation in the tooth i^^'^\{-\rd\\^e\y'^lli"causT\7io^'^^^^
but then the devitallised bone will still give . ,1,^ cocoon to the reel with the greatest freedom,
f,!!!!;,'" '.'''^.**''\',"'^ manner that a common siilmter I i-i,us the process of reeling is performed with a
facility unusually pleasing and profitable ; for by
would irritate the surrounding parts." Mr. Chi
nock mentioned a case, in which a noted adver-
tising dentist took out a tooth from a lady, and
having produced great hemorrhage, removed two
more teeth one after another, to stop it, and finally
filled the hole made with melted wax, to arrest the
this process a much greater quantity of reeling
silk may be obtained from the same cocoon than
is usually the case with the water bath, and by
baking, which are both tedious and injurious to
the silk, and of course unprofitable. I have bad
vol,. XI. NO. SOt
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
395
a ball or cocoon to run over tlie floor, similar to
a ball of yarn, while I held the fibres in my fin-
gers. For the principle in the use of spirits of
wine, as above stated, I refer to " Dr. Lardncr's
excellent book on silk manufactures." To the ap-
plication of the spirits of wine I have added cam-
phor, which renders the process more immediately
effectual, and is of much benefit to the cocoons,
which are thus cured for market. Let objections
(if any to this principle) be made. Thus I have
completed my principal design, in having obtained
a knowledge of the nature, disposition and general
properties of the silk worm, and particularly so as
concerns the congeniality of this climate with their
health and the quality of their silk. With this at-
tainment I am highly gratified. In faith, I be-
lieve 1 am willing to hazard an opinion, so far as
to say that with a grove of the white, or any other
mulberry suitable for the production of silk, a suit-
able building, with the necessary fixtures for the
business, silk may be made in Louisiana and its
vicinity, equal in quantity and quality to any other
part of the United States. * * *
I further believe, that it may be made a busi-
ness of profit to the man of small capital — that in
three mouths of every year, a single person well
.icquainted with the business may, with the aid of
three small boys to gather leaves, &c. realize one
thousand dollars in the product of labor from silk.
I know of no business which I could more readily,
and I think safelyj recommend to every honest
man, wliose purse contains but few dollars, and
whose house is ornamented with many healthy
and promising children. I think that any aid
every industrious man, who will cultivate a grwe
of mulberry trees, and obtain the other fixtures
necessary, simply suited to the business, may real-
ize three hundred dollars annually to every child
of 12 or 13 years of age, that is able to labor.
Such an income would do much more than main-
tain a family with all the necessary comforts of
life. As a commodity of commerce, silk has ever
been, is now, and ever will be, a cash article ;
and while human necessities exist, it will find a
market, and command as ready a sale as cotton
or any other raw material. Such emolument
holds out strong inducements, and kindly invites
the laboring part of the community into the silken
garden, where, by their industry, they may not
only obtain the connnon comforts of life, but with
them may enjoy luxury. Hence, let honest indus-
try dispel penury and distress. Let every rational
man reflect, look into himself, and consider the
end and aim of his existence, he will see that there
is nothmg wanting in his temporal concerns to
render him comfortable and happy, but prudent
application and persevering industry with econo-
my. He who will embrace these principles as a
maxim of conduct, will not be under the disagree-
able necessity of disgracing himself, by annoying
liis neighbor with " pray, my good sir, can you
favor me with the loan of five dollars a day or so."
Accept the friendship of J. B. Brewee.
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
ARROW ROOT.
" We have been [iresented," says the Ports-
mouth (N. H.) .Journal, " with a bundle of imita-
tion of Arrow Root, handsomely done uj) in blue
paper, manufoctured from potatoes, at the Starch
Factory in this town ; it is a superior article. Dr.
Prout recommends the Potato Fecula, as better
thaB that from the arrow root."
FRUITS, EXHIBITED AT THE HAI4I. OF THE
MASS. HORT. SOCIETY.
June 22d, 1833. Strawberries. By Mr. P. B-
Hovey, Jr. of Canibridgeport, Southborough. This
specimen was nearly equal to tlie Methuen, in
shape more globular. Also two boxes of Methuen,
Scarlet, all very fine, but not equal to his last ex-
hibition.
By Mr. Thomas Mason, Charle.stown, Royal
Scarlet, Keene's Seeding, and Wilmot's Superb,
of medium quality.
By Mr. E. Vose, of Dorchester, a large basket
of Dovviiton, quite fresh, of fine flavor and ap-
pearance, not equalling his specimen last year.
Mr. R. Wood, of Roxbury, a box of Methuen
Scarlet, large and handsome, fifty for a quart, the
largest measuring 4 7-8 inches one way, and 4 5-8
inches the other, in circumference.
B. V. French, Braintree, Lancashire Gooseber-
ries.
Nathaniel Davenport, of Milton, a box of the
native May Duke Cherry — a fine specimen, prop-
erly the Daven))ort May Duke — an early cherry
that can safely be recommended for cultivation.
For the Committee, B. V. French.
The following was furnished from the Society's
Experimental Garden, at Cambridge, by Mr Ha-
gerstoii, being the first fruits of the Garden for
the members.
Radish, Rose Demi Longue. Seeds from the
London Horticultural Society — tasted, aad found
to bo very fine, and recommended for cultivation.
Normandy Cress, from the Society's Garden.
Mr. Haggerston gives notice there will be for dis-
tribution on Saturday next, June 29th, at the Hall
«f the Rlassachusetts Horticultural Society, from
tieir Garden, Mount Auburn, Plants of three va-
r^ties of Cauliflower, and seven varieties of Broc-
coli, seeds wliich were received from the London
Hprticultural Society, and from the Botanical Soci-
etjr of the kingdom of Naples.
For the Committee on Vegetables, in their ab-
sence.
B. V. French.
The meeting of the Committee on fruits stands
adjourned to Saturday, 29th inst., at 11, when a
punctual attendance is requested.
The Crops. During the latter part of the month
of May and the first of June the weather has been
extremely unfavorable for crops. Our farmers tell
us, that they have very seldom known the pros-
pect more gloomy for corn, in the middle of June,
than it is this season. Owing to the heavy rains,
there is a great growth of grass — we rarely recol-
lect to have seen heavier burdens on the meadows.
Ab there is not much wheat raised innnediately in
this vicinity, we cannot speak from our own ob-
servation with regard to it. We saw some pieces
about the first of May that looked exceedingly
well. If it does not grow so fast as to hinder it
from filling well, the probability is that the crop
will be good.
The papers from the western part of New York
and Ohio give fluttering accounts of the prospect
of the wheat crops in their vicinity. The growth
is said to be unusually large. — The American, Mid-
dlehunj, Vt.
MOUNT AUBURN.
The cemetery and garden of Mount Auburn now
constitute the most interesting and delightful spot
in our vicinage. Many monuments are already
erected, others are in preparation, and the propri-
etors of numerous lots are preparing them for the
reception of trees and ornamental plants, and en-
closing them with palings or other appropriate
iron fences. The experimental garden is also in
progress. Mr. Haggerston has already taken up his
residence in the cottage recently erected for the
gardener, and with two laborers has been constant-
ly and most industriously employed in setting out
over thirteen hundred forest, ornamental, and fruit
trees, planting culinary vegetables, and preparing
hot beds for receiving a great variety of plants
which are intended to be distributed over the va-
rious compartments of the garden and on the bor-
ders of the avenues and paths. Among the seeds
planted are four hundred and fifty, which have been
recently sent from Europe, Asia, and South Ameri-
ca. Mr H. is assisted in the discharge of his ardu-
ous but most interesting duties by the porter,
who has special charge of the beautiful and appro-
priate gateway, at which commences the avenues
and paths that lead in every direction through the
grounds. The whole establishment is in a njost
flourishing condition. It is one of a novel charac-
ter in New England; and our medical brethren
who intend visiting us next week, will find them-
selves amply repaid for a visit to the spot, by
its rich varied scenery, and the tasteful disposi-
tions of is lots, paths, avenues, trees and shrub-
bery.— Medical Jouriud.
" The skins used by the gold-beater are produ-
ced from the offal of animals. The hoofs of
horses and cattle, and other horny refuse, are
employed in the jiroduction of the prussiate of
potash, that beautiful yellow crystallized salt which
is exhibited in the shops of some of our chemists.
The worn out saucepans and the tin ware of our
kitchens, when beyond the reach of the tinker's
art, are not utterly worthless. We sometimes
meet carts loaded with old tin kettles and worn-
out iron coal scuttles, traversing our streets.
These have not yet completed their useful course ;
the less corroded parts are cut into strips, punch-
ed with small holes, and varnished with a coarse
black varnish for the use of the trunk maker, who
protects the edges and angles of his boxes with
them ; the remainders are conveyed to the manu-
facturing chemist in the out skirts of the town,
who employs them in conjunction with pyroiigne-
ous acid in making black dye for the use of calico
printers." — Babbage on Mmuifactures.
Progress of Enterprise, fllr. D. Whitney, an
enterprising pioneer at Green Bay, is about to erect
a shot tower at a settlement called Galena upon the
Wisconsin river, about sixty miles from Fort Win-
nebago, in the midst of the lead mines. It is ex-
pected to go into operation early in August. His
expectation is, that the product of these mines will
soon be transported to the sea, by the way of the
Erie Canal ; a route wliich he believes to be far
more eligible than that of the MississippL
The A'cw England Institutiem for the Blind. The con-
dition upon whjch tiie Hon. Thomas H. Perkins made a
donation of his elegant house in Pearl-street to the above
named Institution, has been complied with, and the title
completed.
396
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JUKE ao, 1833.
For -Veic Yor/i Farmer.
VEGETABIjE PHYSIOIiOClY.
LindkTfs Ledxirts.
1 HAVE liecn delighted, and witlial much instruct-
ed, in perusing tlie notice of a course of lectures
on hotauy, as connected with Horticulture, recent-
ly delivered hy professor Lindlet, before the Lon-
don Horticultural Society. I have seen nothing
better calculated to excite a taste for this delight-
ful science, or to render it subservient to the wants
of man. I hope soon to see the entire series ad-
vertised by our enterprising booksellers. There
aie some facts laid down by the professor, in the
analoiry wliich he draws between the blood of an-
imals and tlie sap of plants, that may be new, and
I presume not uninteresting, to a portion of your
readers, and which I take the liberty to send you
with some remarks, for publication.
The necessity of alternating crops in husband-
ry has been imputed to a power in plants of elec-
ting from the soil a peculiar iood adapted to their
wants; and it is supposed, that as one crop ordi-
narilj' exhausted th« specific food of its species, a
succession could not follow without deterioration,
or a fresli supply to the soil of the needful pabu-
lum. But the Professor says, that plants absorb
aqueous particles indiscriminately ; "that the moist-
ure absorbed by the spongioles having ascended
to the leaves, and been elaborated there into sap,
returns, depositing by the way all the nutritious
particles it has acquired ; and at last throws oti'the
residuuui, in the shape of a spongy e.xcrescence,
at the root. These excretions, consisting only of
what the plant has rejected, are of course uufit for
the support of other plants of a similar nature, and
may be said (in relation to such) to poison the
soil."
This goes to strengthen the argument in favor of
alternating crops, infield as well as garden culture.
It applies with particular force to the transplanting
of trees; and indicates the propriety of removing
all the soil from their roots, and even of wash-
ing them, instead of transplanting them with a
ball of earth, as is often the case, particularly with
evergreens. I have heard of the practice being
successfully adopted, observing the precaution to
prevent the drying of the fibres, so as to destroy
their functions. But as evergreens have always a
foliage to sustain, tho ball of earth becomes in a
measure necessary to preserve the spongioles
(mouth) it contains till new ones are formed, or
those injured by the removal resume their func-
tions.
The experiments employed to illustrate the de-
posit of vegetable excrementitious matter, served
to show another remarkable analogy between ani-
mals and vegetables. " All poisons are either cor-
rosive or narcotic ; or, in other words, act cither
by over-stimulating or relaxing the system ; and
these different effects have been shown clearl}', by
various experiments, to be produced on plants. —
One branch of a common barberry was steeped in
a solution of corrosive sublimate, and another in
a decoction of opium, when, in a short time, the
vessels of the oHe were found to have become.turgid,
and of the other relaxed : the natural irritability of
the plant being, iu both cases, destroyed." To
this susceptibility in plants to the deleterious ef-
fects of poison, I have no doubt we shall be able
to trace the new maladies which injure our fruit
trees. I consider .that the disease which has de-
stroyed many of our plum trees has been proved
to originate with an insect, which punctures th
branches, and injects a subtile corrosive poison
into the sap vessels. The precaution, when, it has
been adopted, of cutting off and burning the affec-
ted parts as soon as they are discovered, and of
thereby destroying the germ of the insect, has had
a happy effect in diminishing the evil.
While employed in these remarks, I have met
with the observations of M. Macaire, inserted iti
the French Journal of Science and Arts, up-
on this branch of physiology, which coincide
with those above quoted from Professor Li.nd-
LEy. " A certain portion of the juices," says M.
Macaire, " which are absorbed by the roots of
plants, are, after the salutiferous portions have been
extracted by the vessels of the plant, again thrown
out by. exudation, from the roots, and deposited in
the soil. It is probably the existence of this exu-
ded matter, which may be regarded, in some meas-
ure, as the excrement of the preceding crop of
vegetables, that proves injurious to a succeed-
ing vegetation. It has been compared to an
attempt to feed veg-etables upon their own ex-
crements. The particles which had been deleteri-
ous to one tribe of plants cannot but prove
deleterious to plants of tho same kind, and prob-
ably to those of some other kinds, while they
may furnish nutriment to another order of vegeta-
bles.
Admitting what these eminent physiologists
seem to have demonstrated, that plants throw
oft' by their roots whatever is deleterious to
their health, the conclusion drawn from the fact
does not seem rationally to follow — I mean, it
does not result that the cause of the deterioration
of the second is to be found in the deposits made
in the soil by the first crop. Wheat, in particular,
is found to deteriorate on ordinary soils, and on
few will it bear repeating ol'tencr than once in three
or four years ; yet there are soils which will bear
cropping with this grain for many successive years
without diminution of product. Such is par-
ticularly the case in the valleys of the tienesec
and of the St. Ijiwrence. Here, upon their theory
must be an annual accumulation of poison, ani
yet the plant does not seem to be injured by it.
This excrementitious or poisonous matter has,
combined with aliment, once passed through thi
sap vessels of that plant without injury; and Vfliy
not, combined with the aliment which is constantly
preparing in the soil, may it not prove equally
innoxious, the second year, to a like plant. I
suspect it is not so much the presence of a poison,
as the absence of food, which causes the falling
off" in the product. These gentlemen admit that,
although plants cannot elect, in the soil, the food
which is adapted to their wants, they can and do
retain none other in their system. This is admii-
tiiig that there is a specific food adapted to eaclj
species ; and that what is aliment to one kind may
prove a poison to another. Is it not rational then
to conclude, that as a plant appropriates to itself all
the salutiferous or alimentary particles which en-
ter its sap vessels, the subsequent infertility to this
kind of crop is owing to the soil being exhausted
of its particular or specific food ? The annual ap-
plication of manures, containing this specific food,
is generally successful in counteracting this sterili-
ty. The deep alluvial deposits of vegetable and
animal matter, which have lieen accumulating for
centuries, and to which I have alluded, seem to
afford an inexhaustible supply of the specific pa-
bulum of wheat, without any indication of the
imaginary poisons. B.
From the New York Farmer.
CIRCULATION OP SAP.
Professor Lindley gave a course of lectures-
the last summer, before the London Horticidtural
Society, illustrating the relation of Botany to
Horticulture. Although there is no one to whose
opinions I pay a higher deference, there is one
fact, nevertheless, which the Professor has advan-
ced, that I am not able to reconcile with my ideas
of vegetable physiology, viz: that the sup of plants
sinks in tvintcr. If the Professor means ^^hat the
language of the abstract seems to imply, that the
bole and branches of trees are destitute of sap dur-
ing the cold of winter be seems to have disproved
the position, by another fact, which immediately fol-
lows, to wit that the sap appears first in motion at
the extrcmitt) of the branch. — This truth has been
corroborated by many experiments. Branches of
the vino, of the peach, &c. have been introduced
in winter and spring into the warm temperature of
a green-bouse, and have developed their leaves
and blossoms, while the bole and roots remained
froziii and dormant in the external atmosphere
and earth. How can this happen if the sap, which
is tho nourishment of plants, had entirely forsaken
these branches, and sunk into the earth? There
are some animals which, like plants, remain torpid
and take no nourishment during the winter; and
yet it would be preposterous to suppose that they
were, during this time, destitute of blood. With-
out having examined the subject I suspect that
the blood of such animals is, like the sap of plants,,
desiitute of the common animal heat; and that both
the animal and vegetable become torpid for want
of extraneous warmth, (for both show and evince
vitality and life on the artificial application of this
agtMi,) and that the genial warmth of spring-
merely awakens their dormant powers into ac-
tion.
When we consider the expansibility of water,
and that its volume may be hicreascd eighteen
hundred times by the agency of heat, we may
readily aecoimt fi)r the great diminution of the
volunio of Bup in plants in the autunuial and win-
ter months. This volume is further reduced by
evaporation of its aqueous particles, after it ceases
to rise in the autumn, and the leaves have lost tho
power of elaborating it. I believe the circulation
in plants is impeded, and sometimes wholly arrest-
ed, by cold or the absence of heat ; but cannot
believe that the sap sinks in winter more than tit
any other season.
Let us look at the process of nature. " The sap
appears first in motion," says Professor Lindley, "at
the extremity of the branches." And why? because
theso extremities, being minute, are more sensi-
tive to temperature than the large limbs and bole;
and the vernal warmth, upon the known laws of
caloric, first increases the volume of their fluids;
so in the experiments of the green-house. The
branches introduced have their vessels distended
by the agency of heat, the sap is so propelled to
the buds, for it cannot circulate down through the
frozen wood, and the leaves and blossoms are
ex[)anded, ere the circulation has commenced at
the outside of the house, and when, of course, no
supply could come from the roots. From this
view of the subject, I cannot agree with the Pro-
fessor, that the sap of plants sinks into the roots in
autunm ; that it becomes concentrated, and perhaps
quiescent, by the effects of cold, is true ; and it is
no less true, that heat expands its volume, and
causes it to circijlate, in the spring. B.
VOIi. XI. NO. 50.
JOURNAL.
397
ITEMS OF KCOSOMY, USEFUL ARTS, ^iSfo.
Asparagus. A writer for the Genesee Farmer
.tays in sutistance that the hist spring he iise.l all
;kinds of pickle from a watering pot to water liis
asparagus as freely as he would water in case of a
drought. " It does not injure it in the least ; not
even the ten tliousand young plants from last year's
self sown seed. It also operates as a kindly opiate
on chickweed, that interminahle l)est to all shaded
grounds, causing it to forget to rise with the snn —
and in fact most other weeds follow suit, merely
out of complacency we presume, as misery loves
company."
Conductors of Lightning. " Conductors,'^ ac-
cording to the Penny Magazine, " unless perfectly
insulated are calculated to produce the disaster
they are intended to prevent. The best mode of
insulating them is for them to pass through glass
rings, and in no part to be in contact with any
thing but glass. The lightning conductors placed
on the Royal Exchange at Paris are a perfect
model in this respect."
Age of Sheep. The age of sheep may bo known
by examining their front teeth. They are eight in
number, and appear during the first year, all of a
small size. In the second year, the two middle
ones fiill out, and their place is supplied by two
new teeth, which are easily distinguished by being
of a larger size. In the third year two other small
teeth, one from each side, drop out and are re-
placed by two large ones ; so that there are now
four large teeth in the middle, and two pointed
ones ou each side. In the fourth year the large
teeth are six in number, and only two small ones
remain, one at each end of the range. Ifl the
fifth year the remaining small teeth are lost, and
the whole front teeth are large. In the sixth year
the whole begin to be broken ; and in the sevenl\j,
sometimes sooner, some fall out or are broken
Recipe for destroying Jlnts. Take wheate
bread in thin slices, (say half an ounce in weight),!
dry it slowly, but well, and pound it in a mortar ;
three quarters of an ounce of fine loaf sugar, pow-
der it also ; then add half an ounce of the oxide
of arsenic, commonly called levigated mercury ;
triturate the whole in a mortar, then put it into a
clean glass bottle ; (of course it is a strong poison)
Tery small portions of this may be applied on bits
of glass, or the flat side of an oyster-shell, as the
smell of an oyster-shell is also an excellent decoy
to ants. Small bell-glasses, such as are used for
striking cuttings, or small flower-pots, may be
placed over it to prevent moisture from rendering
it pasty, as well as to hinder any domestic animals
from taking it. This poison is equally as fatal to
vegctal)lc as to animal life ; for if it be laid on the
soil round the stem of an orange or other plant, it
will corrode the bark and alburnum to the destruc-
tion of the plant — Horticultural Register.
Cabbage Tree of Lapland. M. Garnier, of Aux-
onne, has received from the direction of the nur-
sery of Lyons, twenty seeds of this cabbage, which
is said to be entirely diflerent from the chou cava-
lier, the ruta baga, or the common cabbage of Lap-
land. M. Garnier says, that it thrives better and
puts forth more shoots the more bitter the cold is ;
that its leaves are rather more than a foot long.
In the second year it attains the height of four or
five feet, that its top branches out, its flowers are
yellow and streaked. The fruit is about four
inches long ; and it produces three times as much
seed asotheroleaginous plants. — Jour. detBruxelles.
A mode of destroying the red Spider on Plants.
A writer for the Gardener's Magazine says, " I
have heard and read of many receipts for the de-
struction of the red spider, but I never found a
more powerful remedy than clear water. I havo
under my care a few stove plants, which are in
general in a very healthy state. 1 syringe them
every morning with clear water on both sides
of the leaf, and the plants are not in the least af-
fected with this destructive insect."
Of planting Fruit Trees on poor Soils and in
exposed Situations, Mr. Robert Iliver, in Loudon's
Magazine observes, as follows :
"All the authors that I have read, who have written
on orchards, have recommended deep soils on shel-
tered places ; but much experience has convinced
me that bleak and barren sites, in many instances,
will be found equally good, if not better. Some
of the most old, healthy, and fruitful apple trees I
ever saw grew in an exposed quarry; where, when
they first planted the trees, it is difficult to conceive
how they could cover the roots. I have also re-
sided many years in the vicinity of an exceedingly
fruitful orchard, situated on a sterile sandy bank
facing the north-east, the soil of which was bo
shallow and poor that common vegetables could
scarcely live upon it ; yet the crops of fruit were
uniformly fine. 1 could mention various others,
but this may suflice to show that much good may
result from planting such places. Many of the
isolated cottages of the poor stand upon the sides
of glens, where considerable portions of ground
lie by them covered with nothing but weeds and
brambles, which might be advantageously employ-
ed as fruit gardens. There arc many steep sur-
faces, old quarries, and rocky places, no matter
how bleakly exposed, that cannot be otherwise
cultivated, which would, I am confident, make
eligible situations for orchards. Trees so circum-
stanced come into bearing much earlier, live long,
and seldom moss or canker. They cannot possi-
bly generate too much sap ; whilst robust trees in
rich deep soils are like overfed human beings,
whose impure blood covers their skin with scabs
and ulcers. It has been proverbially said of old
trees, when they grow weak, they bear themselves
to death ; and that they will bring fruit, in defi-
ance of the weather, when strong healthy trees in
the same seasons will be quite barren. This arises,
in my opinion, from better ripened wood, and,
consequently, better farina and parts of fructifica-
tion ; and not, as frequently supposed, from the
actual debility of the tree.
I have long been satisfied that the blossoms and
young fruit of apple and pear trees sufier more
from the larva of the Phalajnte than from wet or
frosty weather. These trees, in well sheltered
places, are generally found much infested by cater-
pillars ; whilst, in bleak and exposed orchards,
they are comparatively free from them. Apple
trees are often greatly injured by the nut bushes
and thorn hedges that are planted to shelter them,
because thev entice Phala^na'."
From the AortJurn Farmer.
BEE HUNTIKG.
I WAS very much amused a few evenings since,
by one of your su'.iscribers, ahold, enterprising
young man, who had employed some of his leis-
ure hours in exploring the forests in search of thosu
patterns of industry, the honey bees.
The result of his skill and labor induces me to
communicate the facts to you, as they may not be
wholly devoid of interest to some of your readers.
About the first of October last, he started on an
expedition for the piu"pose of procuring honey ;
furnished with a box and a vial of honey,
which he, from time to time, replenished, as fast
as it was consutned by those bees which he caught
by the way and imprisoned.
After having plentifully partook of this allur-
ing bait, the bees are liberated, when they
immediately rise above your head, and after
wheeling round in circles a few times, as if to note
particularly surrounding objects, they dart off" in
a bee line" for their hidden retreat. The direct
course which the bee jiursucs points out the pre-
cise path to be followed, which is done for some
distance, when if there exist any doubt in the mind
of the hunter as to his being on the trail, another
bee is suffered to escape, who imitating the exam-
ple of his predecessor, perhaps changes the hun-
ter's course materially. Once, after having caught
a bee and fed it, he remained stationary a few mo-
ments, when to his surprise, the bee returned, ac-
companied by a companion to whom he had com-
municated the sweet intelligence of his discovery.
On another occasion, he carried with him a straw
hive, in which was deposited a piece of comb,
upon which was poured diluted honey, and one
or more bees placed within, who having filled
themselves were " off in a tangent" to make a de-
posit, and procure a reinfoi'cement sufficiently
large to enable them to bring ofl" at once this ac-
cumulation of sweets ; which they did, to the
amount of nearly one half their colony. By follow-
ing this line of communication, which was con-
stantly kept up, he was led without much difficulty
to the common store-house, which was situated in
the trunk of a large oak, about thirty feet from
the ground. The tree was felled preparatory to
commencing the conflict. And, counting the cost,
he prepared himself " to meet him that was com-
ing against him with twenty thousand," by fasten-
ing a piece of millinet over his face ; he then with
a stick, detached portions of the comb until he
had secured the whole.
In the meanwhile, his antagonists were far from
being idle ; and at every vulnerable point they
plied their weapons of defence with such vig-
or and resolution that his firmness began sensibly
to abate ; but, upon reflecting a moment, he resolv-
ed that Yankee courage and perseverance should
accomplish the object. This was thoroughly ef-
fected, and the reward of his toil and sufferings
was seventy pounds of honey in the comb.
I am inclined to think there are vast ([uantities
of honey made and consumed annually in our for-
ests, which would afford a handsome revenue to
those who should enter with spirit into the busi-
ness. It would not only give them a profit, but al-
so teach them a habit of close observation, from
whieh would arise much permanent good to them-
selves, and be made a means of much good to
others.
If this hasty and imperfect production is worth
your notice, you may give it a place in your col-
umns. I regret very much that I have not time
to spare, so that 1 might labor more for the gener-
al good. I hope to be more at liberty soon, when
you shall be remembered.
Treating at Elections. AVe learn, from a S. Car-
olina paper, that public opinion there will no longer
tolerat» the practice of treating at elections.
398
N^W ENGLAND FARMER,
JtJSE 3fl, 1S33.
KEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING. JUNE 26, 1833.
FARMER'S WORK FOR .TULY.
Lambs. Mr. Loudon, in tlie Encyclopedia
of i\gricultLire, has given .in article on the siib-
jact of weaning laml>s. Tlie Farmer's Guide
however sa)'s " the weaning of lambs before the
time when they naturally wean themselves, is
believed to be by no means advisable, unless the
ewes are to be turned oft' for fatting. In this case,
care must lie taken to milk the ewe every day or
two, for the first week, till the milk dries up."
The worst w'oolled lambs, those of a bad color, or
otherwise defective, should be killed for food ; but
it is best not to kill or sell to the butcher any lamb
till it is near half a year old, or till the wool come
to such fulness of growth as to be valuable.
Dr. Dcane says that " the largest should be shear-
ed at the time of the new moon in July. Their
fleeces will yield as much the ne.xt J'ear, and the
wool will be better ; and, as cold storms rarely
hap]ien at that time of the year, the lambs will do
better without their fleeces than with them."
Cattle, Horses, &c. As green food is generally
abundant at this time of the year, every animal
about a form that can receive benefit from green
food cut and given to them, should bo ac-
commodated so far as 3'our crops including weeds,
enclosed grass, the growth of banks in cornfields,
&c. will permit. At any rate, your working o,xen,
and the horses which you use to go to meeting, to
mill, to market, &c. should be kept where you can,
at any tiuje, place your hands on them, without
traversing a large pasture, and being put to more
trouble to catch them than their services are worth
wlien caught. Every atiimal turned out to pasture
should be often inspected with the eye of a critic
and a connoisseur, to see that it does not suflijr by
hunger, thirst or casualty. See that your stock
have shade, water, and feed in abundance. If
they sutler from hunger and thirst, they will break
down or overleap almost any fence ; and at this
season, their trespasses will be doubly injurious,
on account of the state of the grain crops, &c.
Turnips. The field culture of turnips becomes of
more than common consequence in seasons like the
present, in which the crops of hay fall short of their
usual quantity. Turnip seed may be sowed about
the middle of July ; but it is not necessary to be very
precise as to the time. Many able and practical
cultivators, however, advise to sow turnips earlier
than the usual practice in this country, and say that
the fore part of July, from the 1st to the 10th, is to
be preferred. The reason they give is, that the tur-
nip will grow till the vegetation is stopped by frost ;•
and, if it is sowed early, it will grow larger than it
would if sown late. Dr. Deane, however, observed
that ho had sown turnips the first week in August,
and had a good crop. When sown so late, they,
generally escape insects ; and though they may not
grow quite so large, they will commonly be better
for the t:ib!e than those which are sowed earlier.
Turnips grow best on a light sandy or gravelly
soil 01- a sandy loam. It should be made rich, soft
.■ind fine. New land is best, and swarded land
ne.xt to that which has lately been cleared from
the forest. The seed may l)e sowed broad cast,
or in drills ; and if sown broad cast, one pound of
seed is the usual allowance for an acre, though
some say a pound and an half is better ; but if the
fly is to be provided for, the quantity of seed
shouW be a little increased. Many different meth-
ods have been directed for preparing the seed
against the fly. It appears from a trial of Mr.
Knight, at the suggestion of Sir Huinphry Davy,
that lime slacked with urine, and mixed with a
treble quantity of soot, if sprinkled iu with the
seed at the tijne of sowing, will protect the seeds
and young plants from this insect. The Farmer's
Manual says, " To secure your turnip crop deci-
dedly against the fly, steep your seed twelve or
twenty-four hours before sowing, in fish or train
oil ; drain off" the oil from the seed, and roll it in
plaster; this will separate the seed from the glutin-
ous adhesion of the oil, render the casts pure, and
enrich your crop."
The seed, when sowed broad cast, should be
harrowed in with a short tined harrow, or by draw-
ing a light harrow backwards, that is wrong end
foremost, to prevent the tines, which are usually
set somewhat pointed forward, from tearing u\>
the sod and burying the seed too deep. If sowed
in drills they maybe an inch deep, and twelve or
fifteen inches asunder. After the seed is covered
it will be well to pass over the field with a heavy
roller.
Perhaps the Ruta Baga, or Swedish Turnip,
may be preferred to the common English turnip.
For modes of cultivating this valuable production
our reailcrs will please to turn to page 277 of the
current volume, for Judge Bucl's account, and vol.
IX, page 284, for Mr. Coleman's method of pro-
ceeding.
Mr. M'Mahon has the following observations on
the Ruta Baga. "This variety of the tmnip is
the most important of all, and deserves to be rank-
ed in the fiist class of vegetable productions. Its
([uantity of produce, richness of flavor, and ex-
treme hardness, render it of great importance, and
give it a pre-eminence over every other kind. The
best time of sowing it is from the 20th of June to
20th of July, according to the season. The ground
should be well prepared, and manure scattered
pretty tiiickly over it ; which done, it should be
laid oft' in ridges, about three feet apart, two fur-
rows turned together with the plough, and the
seed sown on the top. By this method, you
have a double portion of manure for each row
of turnips, and a better o)ii)ortunity of attend-
ing to their after cidture. AVhen they are of euf-
ficient growth, thin them to the distance of twelve
inches apart in the rows ; they will continue grow-
ing and increasing in size till late in autumn, when,
if not used before, they may be taken up and pi-e-
served through the winter, like other turnips, than
which they are more hardy, will keep better, and
be as fresh in May as at Christmas.
" The flesh of the root is yellow, sweet and
firm, being nearly twice as heavy as a common
turnip of the same size ; when dressed for the
table, it is by most people preferred to the garden
turnips, and, as well as the tops, is peculiarly
grateful to most sorts of cattle."
ITEMS OF INTELLIGEIVCE.
Introduction of White iMhorcrs in Jamaica. Mr. Myers,
a Jamaica planter. lias engaged in a project for the intro-
duction of wliite laborers into the Island — not only as a
matter of economy, but also to increase the security of
the white inhabitants ; and is about to repair to Germany
to bring over families of peasantry.
Esscz County Temperance Report. The facts set forth
in this report are of a highly gratifying character. The
number of temperance societies, in the county, has been
increased, within a year from 30 to 72. Number of mem-
bers from loss than 10,00U to upwards of 18,000. Number
of venders of ardent spirit have decreased one third.
Effective .ngcnts and advocates have made great efforts,
and met with great success in promoting the good work.
To Mr. Frost, in a most especial manner, is due the
warmest tribute of applause for his indefatiwable exer-
tions, which have been signally prospered. — J\'ticbury-
port Herald.
It is a melanclioly truth that there was at this place
yesterday a storm of snoic.—'Uhe snow fell rapidly for
several minutes ; and the cold is so severe to this time
that a large fire is necessary for comfort in the house.
The Green Mountains west from here, were white witk
snow through the day yesterday. The clouds and Wind
have as yet prevented frost injuring vegetation, though
the severe cold must necessarily check its growth. —
Randolph, Vt.lOth inst.
Cobbctt's Magazine. Is the title of a periodical estab-
lished by the two song of Wm. Cobbett, M. P. The
ArnE^t^EUM speaks of the beginning as promising; says
there are good papers in it, both literary and political,
the latter of which are calculated to be popular ; and
quotes from it the following satirical summary of the
moral merits of some of the standard modern novels.
" Would you seduce a wife .' Falkland shall teach
you to do it with gravity and dignity. Would you mur-
der ? Eugene Aram shall show you the necessity for the
public advantage. AVould you rob .' Paul Clifford shall
convince you of the injustice of security, and of the
aboininableness of the safety of a purse on a moonlight
niL'ht. Would you eat ? Turn with Harry Bertram and
D.iudio Dinmont to the round of beef. Would you
drint • Friar Tuck is the joUiest of companions. Would
you d. nee, dress and drawl .' Pelham shall take you in-
to tuition. Would you lie, fawn and flatter? Andrew
Wylic shall instruct you to crawl upward, without the
slime betraying your path. Would you yawn, doze,
sleep, or dream ? Cloudcsley shall do it for you, for til©
space of the first volume." — Charleston Mercury.
Family Steamer. Scarcely ever (says the Nashville
lianner) have we seen a little apparatus so adnurably
aiapted, from its simplicity, its easy application, and its
various and important uses, to tlie convenience and cora-
'ort of the neat and industrious housewife, as that which
las recently fallen under our notice, with the above ap-
iropriate title. 1 1 is a portable steam generator, whose
jrincipal object is to assist in creating and preserving
cleanliness, to destroy no.xious insects and vermin, and
to prevent their increase. It is used without trouble or
inconvenience, and supersedes tlie annoying application
of water in many cases. That vexatious but indispensa-
ble ceremony, which is afler all too oflen ineffectual, tlie
cleaning of bedsteads, may be performed, most thorough-
ly, by the aid of this apparatus, without taking them
apart or removing them, and without the slightest injury
to the floor or carpet upon which they stand. Not a bug
or other insect can possibly escape the searching and
destructive power of this instrument. For cleansing
furniture, removing spots from paint, purifying varnish,
cleaning windows and looking glasses, picture frames,
maps, &c. it is most completely adapted. Its penetrating
power is truly wonderful. The smallest crack or fissure
may be thoroughly searched and every thing harbored
there effectually removed. It may be useful too, to de-
stroy worms, which so often infest fruit trees, without
injuring the trees themselves ; and to remove skippers
from bacon without afi'ccting the meat. In fine, in those
numerous essential family operations, which, while they
contribute to neatness, health and comfort, are so oflen
full of trouble and vexation to the matron, and to all
about her, it is an almost invaluable auxiliary, and when
t shall be introduced into general use, we have no doubt
it will rank among the most valuable and indispensabla
articles of housewifery.
VOli. XI, NO. 50.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
399
It is capable likewise of being employed in many cook-
ing operations to great advantage. It will, for example,
boil eggs or potatoes with great ease and in a most ex-
cellent manner.
Cholera. By the last accounts we learn that malig-
nant Cholera is very destructive in the Western States.
It is very prevalent in Kentucky, and extending over
Ohio. A letter from New Orleans, dated the Ctlf inst.
observes, " It is fully as fatal as it was last fall. Persons
after they are attacked, do not live generally more than
eight hours, and some die in two. Judge Lewis died on
Tuesday. Yesterday, John Hagar & Co. lost two clerks ;
one died in four hours after he was attacked, and the
other in two hours. I saw the last one after I went to
breakfast, and spoke with him, and when I went to din-
ner I heard of his death. There were 100 burials yes-
terday. The Creoles are dying very fast. Truly these
are fearful times." A letter dated the 7th inst. says,
" Business is at a stand. We see the hearse going every
hour of the day, and half the time not a living soul fol-
lowing it. The Cholera is as bad as it was last fall, and
much more malignant and fatal. I understand that there
have been ISO interments within the last 24 hours, in
the dift'erent burying grounds."
Presidential Tour. It would require the whole of our
room, and more or less of infinite space to boot, to give
intelligible sketches of the President's progiess, and the
multifarious proceedings consequent thereupon. AVe
must, therefore, beg leave to omit such details, whicli.
moreover, are already in possession of most of our readers.
The President is at present indisposed, owing to too
great exertions and enduring in open air the changes of
our versatile climate. His bare headed exposure to our
drizzling atmosphere, and pitiless east wind, might well
nullify the constitution of even old Ironsides; and if we
intend our Chief Magistrate should realize the hope^ of
his well wishers, we must not oppress him with too much
ceremony, nor insist on his being alwai/s before the pub-
lic.
PUBLISHER'S NOTICE.
The Publisher of llie New England Farmer, being solici-
tous of extending its circulation, would respectfully propose to
such persons as will subscribe for the next volume, (which will
he the 12th from the beginning of the first series) to commence
in July, that he will furnish them with volumes 10 and 11, being
volumes 1st and 2d of the new series, at the low price of gl-SO
in sheets, or ^2.25 bound, each copy; and for volume r2th
,•((2.50, as usual, in advancii. These volumes are, and will
continue to be valuable books of reference to the Husbandman
and Horticulturist, and to render such reference easy and ex-
peditious a copious Index will be attached to each volume.
No pains on the part of the Editor and Publisher shall be
wnntin? to render the New England Farmer as interesting and
useful as possible to all engaged in the various pursuits of the
Cultivator and Rural Economist. To the present Subscribers
of this work most sincere thanks are proffered ; and all who will
be instrumental in extending the circulation of the 12th volume
shall receive the grateful acknowledgments of
THOS. G. FESSENDEN,
GEO. C. BARRETT.
Editors of Newspapers, with whom we exchange, who will
insert the above, will confer a favor which will with pleasure
be reciprocated.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
FRUIT TREES.
TREES and Shrubs of Ornament, Roses,
I Flowering Plants, &c.
For sale, at the Nursery of William
Kenrick in Newton, 5 miles from Boston by
the City Jlills, and 1^ miles from Brighton Cattle
fair Hotel.
This Nursery now comprises a rare and extraordinary collec-
tion of fruit trees. Trees of Ornament, &c. The multitude of
productions now cover the most of 18 acres, comprising of new
celebrated Pears alone, 150 kinds, all highly deserving trial with
us, many of which, having already been proved in our climate
can be speciallyreconnnended.— Of Apples 200 kinds— Peaches
115 kinds — Cherries, 55 kinds— Plums, Nectarines. Almonds
Apricots, Quinces, Grape Vines, Currants, Raspberries, Goose-
berries, Strawberries, Figs, &c. &c.— selections from the best
varieties known — a collection in miequal proportions of 800 va-
rieties of fruit.
White mulberries for silk worms — the fruit poor.
MoRus Multicaulis or Neio Chinese MiUberry, a beauti-
ful fruit tree, so superior for silk worms to all others.
Roses. A superb collection of hardy and China or ever-
blooming roses, of from 300 to 400 varieties; selections of the
most beautiful and striking colors and forms, from numerous
importations, and first rate sources. Amateurs are iinlled to
call and view them in the suitable season. White Flower-
ing Horse Chesnuts as hardy as oaks— Weeping Willows
Catalpas, Mountain Ash, Silver Firs, Venetian Sumach, Al-
Iheas, Honeysuckles, Azaleas, &c. &c.— in all. of Orna-
mental trees, and shrubs, fi.W varieties. Of Herbaceous
flowering plants, a choice selection of 280 varieties, including
26 finest kinds of Paeonies, Moutan and Papaveracea—83
splendid varieties of Dahlias.
Gentlemen are invited to forward their orders early— early in
Autumn IS highly recommended for transplanting— Address bv
mail to William Kf.nrick, Newton. Trees', (kc. delivered
in lioslon free of charge for transportation, by wagons sent dailv
and suitably packed, and from thence duly forwarded when
ordered to distant places by land or sea. Or orders will re-
ceive the same attention if lea with Geo. C. Barrett who is
2?*il'Va' ,1!" '?*"! ""'« ^"'l ^'''•'' England Farmer Office, Nos.
51 & 52, North Market Street, Boston. Catalogues gratis on
application. ° J 19
Apples, russetis,
baldwius,
Beans, while,
Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, . . .
Feathers, northern, geese, . .
southern, geese, . .
Flax, An '
Flaxsee
barrel
none.
SUPERB DOUBLE I>AHI,I.\S.
The subscribers have now leady fbrclclivery (in pofs) several
hundred of the finest varieties of t)alilias that are cultivated in
England. They oflfer none but what they flowered themselves
last season, and which at the Horticultural as well as their own
private exhibition, attracted so much notice. The price is ^10
per dozen, or ^5 fbr six ; each of which is a named variety. A
descriptive list of their color and height, with a printed treatise
on their management, will be furnished to every purchaser, in
order that they may be so arranged in the garden that the
Dwarfs will not he hid by the taller varieties.
They are all genuine sorts from the stock root, and not en-
grafted on the tubers of common Dahlias, as is sometimes done,
and whicli is a very deceptive mode. The following are a few
of the fine sorts: — Hall's Mogul, purple. French white, Squibbs'
pure yellow, Lady Grenvillc, pink ; Well's Triump Royal,
ruby pink ; Radiaia, large red ; Lord Lyndhurst, fine orange ;
Beauty of Hertford, crinison ; Mountain of Snow, white ; Coc-
cinea Speclosissiina, scarlet ; Involute Purpurea, curious dark
purple; Stephenia, dark maroon; Eminent, dark purple;
Grandeur Superbe, fine crimson; Dennisii, ruby purple; Fos-
ter's Constantia, carmine red ; Colvell's Perfecta, shaded pur-
ple ; Beauty of Cheshunf, scarlet ; Pulla, dark maroon ; Don-
na Maria, scarlet ; Barrett's Susannah, exquisite purple ; Rom-
ulus, glittering scarlet ; Rose excelleiitc. pink ; Plants Purpu-
rea Perfecta, fine purple; Auianiia Supcrba, fine orange:
Vulcan, very dark purple ; Moss Pelham, Lilac, &c. &c.
They can be packed with safety for any journey not exceed-
a week. Orders from a distance, enclosing the amount,
be promptly attended to, without charge for packing, and
hen the selection is left to us, we will send such as will form a
easing combination of color and height, which is from 3 to 7
;t.
Within the last three years,. the Double Dahlia has attracted
attention in England, France, Holland, anti our own
untry, (to the fine autumns of which it is well adapted.) than
ther flower, for the last century. The easy mode of cul-
tire " — the majestic beauty of their growth — the great variety
irivalled splendor of their flowers at a season of the yea.i
J 'hen such beautiful objects are most required — together with
le circumstance of their succeeding nearly as well in the close
air of cities as the free air of the country, renders them most
desirable.
The roots are easily preserved over winter which, in the
spring can be divided, every division of which will flower
freely the same season.
Some collections in Europe extend to five hundred sorts — but
all those most worthy of notice have been introduced, within
the last t\\o years, and which can be cmidensed into a hundred
and fifty varieties (at which limit we keep our collection) — have
been particular to throw out all dull colored or imperfect formed
flowers — as a proper selection is preferable to a lab}Tinth of
names which only tends to puzzle those who sit down to make
choice of a few sorts.
Also, a choice collection of Chinese Chrysanthemums, now
injseason for transplanting into the garden, or for potting.
hoiible Tuberoses — Jacobean Lilies (Amarylys formosis-
siiia) and Mexican Tiger Flowers, still on hand and in season
foi planting. G. TH( IRBURN & SON,
June 12 No. fi7, Liberty Street.
Flour, Genesee, . . .' cash.
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . •
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hat,
Honey,
Hops, 1st quality,
Lard, Boston, 1st sort, . . . .
Southern, 1st sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices.
Pork, Mass. iiispec, extra c4ear, .
Navy, Mess ■.
Bone, middlings, ....
Seeds, Herd's Grass,
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
southern, . •
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Jlerino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, ^ths washed, . .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
J. f Pulled superfine, .
'rri 1st Lambs, . . .
e^\'2d " . . .
S&. 3d '■ . . .
Z ( 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
TURNIP SEED.
For sale at the N. E. Seed Store, 51 & 52, North Market
Street,
Early Dutch Turnip. Early Garden Stone do. Yellow
Slone do. White Flat Winter "do. Long Yellow French do
Yellow Aberdeen do. Ruta Baga do.
The two last are very excellent kinds for catde.
FOR SALE OR TO LET
A full blood Durham Short horn Bull if applied for imme-
diatatclv will be sold low.
Also ibr sale 2 Bull Calves, from young Boliver, 10 and 12
months old. Inquire at the Farmer oilice. Also will be cold
or let an imported Maltese Jack. 2w
bushel
barrel
none
bushel
gallon
pountl
pound
bushel
barrel
bushel
pound
cwt
pound
G 7.J
8 j(J
11 CO
7 00
S 76
1 ."SO
6 08
6 12
26
1 06
S 00
30
19 00
14 00
2 60
1 00
13
13
11 00
m
70
52
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices.
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, . . .
lump, best
Eggs, J . . . .
Potatoes, common. . . .
Cider, (according to quality,)
pound
Wl
'J
ii
r
'•
10
"
14
"
It;
dozen
14
bushel
33
barrel
2 0(1
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, JUNE 24. 183S.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 325 Beef Cattle, (including about SOnn-
sold last week), 1850 Sheep, 8 pairs Working O.xeu. 10 Cows
and Calves, and 120 Swine. About 50 Beef Cattle remain
unsold.
Prices. Beef Cattle.— \^ Beef Cattle were from Ohio,
all of which were very fine. Last week's prices were well
supported. We quote prime at $& a 6,50; good at go.25 a
5,75 ; thin at g4,75 a 5,25.
Working O.ren.— Sales were effected at g44,53, 62 and 65.
Cmos and Calves. — We noticed sales at gl6, 17, 19, 25
and 30.
Sheep and LaniAj.-We noticed one lot of 100 sold for Sl,30;
also lots at 5175, 2, 2,33 2..50, 2,75 and 3.
Swine.— Al retail, selected, Gc, for sow s, and 7c. for barrows.
TREATISE ON SILK.
For sale at the N. E. Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52, North Street,
A Brief Treatise on the Culture of Silk. Price 6J cents.
June 12 eopGw
400
NEW ENGLAND FARMER
JtlNE 26, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
THE ■ EMIGRANT'S SONG.
Bi ALLAN CUNNINGHAM.
The sails are spread, the tapering mast
Bends leeward, quivering in the blast;
Kind hands that ne'er may clasp agaiji,
Have ta'en their last and fondest strain ; •
Eyes gushing like a spring-time brook,
Have had their latest, saddest look;
And from old England's anchoring ground
Mv bark burst seaward with a bound,
WJjile following on our foaming path.
The ravening storm howls in his wrath.
Some o'er the gladsome billows dance.
To woo the sun-burned belles of France,
Or through fallen Rome's liL\orious clime,
Make music plume the steps of time; —
For glory some, and more for gain,
Rejoicing brave the perilous main ,
But fate on sterner terms wafls me,
Tims sorrowing, o'er the stormy sea, —
A song of mingled scorn and wo
Bursts from my lips as forth I go.
No more, roused by the summoning horn,
I'll reap old England's goldeji corn,
Or dalesward walk, and whistling blylhe,
The fragrant sward sweep with the scythe.
Or round the May-pole leaping light,
Make mirth the partner of midnight.
In vain, for me, from conquering hordes,
My sires the Isle saved with their swords.
A haughty band, a pampered race,
Have pushed me fiom my dwelling-place.
The Tsle is theirs '. They are tiie heirs
Of land that yields, of tree that bears.
Of waters too — the plough and line
Are used but that the proud may dine.
The wind is theirs, with all it brings
Of wild-fowl to the groves and spring :
The tim'rous hare, the bounding deer,
The bleating held, llie fattening steer.
Are theirs— the poor may naked lie.
And hungering curse llieir lot and die.
For me ! my heart in youth-hood's hour.
Can take a flight beyond their power,
And borne upon the barren brine.
Far northward from the burning line;
I'll dwell where drear Mackenzie flows,
'Mongst howling wolves, and falling snows ;
By Huron's yet unvoyaged lake,
Ohio's thick unthreaded brake —
Fll roam, and fish, and hunt, and sing.
And be of mine own person king.
Or let the rough winds waft me far.
To climes beneath the eastern star;
"Where free tlie tameless Tartar ranges —
Where Eagles build beyond the Gauges —
Where Himmalaya rears her mountains —
While Hoorampooter pours hei fountains —
Where England's flag hath never fluttcr'd —
I'll live — her name by me unuttered.
Save when, for much unkindness sighing,
I'll strive to bless her « hilst I'm dving.
HONESTY.
A BOT, whose honesty is more to be commend-
ed than his ingenuity, once carried some butter to
a merchant iu a cotmtry village to exchange for
goods. The butter having a very beautiful appear-
ance, and the merchant being desirous of pro-
curing such for his own use, invited the boy to
bring him all the butter liis mother had to spare.
" I think," said the boy, " she caii'tspare any more,
for she said she would not have spared this, only
a rat fell into the cream, and she did not like to use
it herself."
REVOL.UTIONARY ANECDOTE.
The following fact took place during the period
when Washington and the half-starved, half clad
troops, were in winter quarters at Valley Forge.
A young man not quite twenty from the western
part of Massachusetts, was a guard before the
General's door, marching back and forth in the
snow, on a tremendous cold morning. Washing-
ton came out, accosted him, " My friend how long
have you been on guard here?" "Nearly two
hours, sir." " Have you breakfasted .'" " No
sir." " Give me your gun, and go to breakfast at
my table." He did so, and Gen. Washington
marched the rounds till he returned.
From the Boston Cowicr.
We wish some of our public spirited young
men would get up a society (or the suppression
oi smoking, chewing, and snuffmg tobacco. Snuff-
ing is indefensible ; chewing is filthy and vulgar :
smoking — our vocabulary is too poor to supply an
epithet which can denote its character. A com-
munication against drunkenness was handed to us
a day or two ago, by a gentleman, whose rutlled
bosom was spotted with coagulated snuff drops
from his nose ; while he was in our otlice, he
made our floor slippery with the saliva squirted
from between his tobacco-chewing jaws ; and wo
know that he spends more money for cigars than
ho contributes to the funds for the suppression of
intemperance. Why should a man who spits over
his neighbor's floor, or piifls the smoke of a cigar
in his neighbor's lace, be tolerated in his anathe-
mas against the use of rum .' There is no more
wickedness in carrying a bottle of rum in one's
pocket than a box of the most nauseous and in-
toxicating weed that ever grew.
" Landlord," said a shrewd fellow, as he seated
himself in the bar- room, and bore the silent gaze
of the surrounding advocates at the bar, " do you
know of any body who has lost a handsome ivory
handled jack-knife, with four blades — two large
ones, and two sinall ones — having a piece of silver
on one side, and brass at the ends ?" " No," re-
plied the veteran landlord, whose proboscis re-
resembled a ripe strawberry, tipped with a jiearly
drop of dew — " why, have you found one .■"'
" No," said the wag, " but I thought 1 would en-
quire, so that if I should find one, I might know
whose it was."
WHOIiESAtiE AJVD RETAIL. CASH STORE.
ELIAB STONE BREWER, No. 414, Washington Street,
(South enil) has received a general assortment of Spring and.
:^ummer (Inocls, among which are 100 cases English, French and
American Prints of alT prices and qualities— 2U cases Petticoal
Robes — 1 case Cambric Muslins, some of which arc very fine 1
case Cotton Cambrics do. do. — 1 case ^hite Lilesia for lining,
ladies dresses — I case Book Binders' Cambrick for do. do.— 3-
cases do. — 100 cases bleaclied and brown Sheeting and Shirting,,
some j.xira line— 1 case Marseilles Quilts, from aio 10 quarters-
— 5 cases London Rose Blankets, some of a \erv superior qual-
ity and large size — 1 case Hearth Rugs — 4- case's Chapp's spool
(i cord cotton, warranted — 200 yards superior qualitv — 5 cases
Clark's do. at very low prices by doz. or case — 'iOOO fancy
boxes — a lar^e variety of colored and black French Silks at
very reduced prices — 2 cases col'd Batliste — 1 case black and
colored Barage — -t cases French and London printed Muslins
of new patterns and beautiful colois — 2 cases three corded su-
perfine lialianettes, black and fashionable colors — 1 case com-
mon do— 1 case Plaid Palmgrim's su|)cr quality — 1 case Pon
de Soi a genteel article for ladii s' suniuirr (lrc■^.ses, 9d per yd
— 20 ps Juper mix'd, drab. ;iriil i 1 m M. inn (';i-,inctts for
children's summer dresses — 20] 1. . m m. m \miIi a large
\ariety of superfine and fine I'.i n > . i, ..i. I » .i>>iuieres —
20 bales Pelisse Wadding— 3 c,,,., ..i,|„ u.n 1 ,, ki],g— i cases
cheapdo— 10 cases improved soli lijuslicd 4-4 Irish Linen, man-
ufactured for the London market and imported expressly for
the subscriber.
'Hie above goods are offered for cash only at prices so ex-
tremely low as will make it an object for purcliasers eitlier by
piece or yard to call and see. May 29
NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST,
JU.'^T ijublishcd and for sale by GEO. C. BAKKETT, Nos.
."il it ,)2 North Mailct Street, The New American Or-
CII.1R1IIST, or a treatise on the cultivation and management of
Frtdls. (t'mpi's, Oniamentai Shritbs, aitd Flowers, adapted to
cultivation in the United Slates.
litis is recommended to the public as a treatise well worlhy
a piece in every farmer's library, containing an account of the
most valuable varieties of fruit, and the remedies for the roala-
oie3t(» which fruit trees are subject from noxious insects and
dlher causes. Also the varieties of Grapes willi their modes
of duliure, &:c. Price Sl,25. J. 19.
FOR SALE,
TH.-\T valuable coimtry seut and /'arm iVirniirh' owncil by
E. H. Derby and J. Crowninshield, Eiqrs . nn.l I.m, Iv by Col.
r'ntA'eott. situated in Danvers, within i\mi iml. ^ , ,t S.ilem and
'iflcen of Boston. The buildings are in •^<""[ ii [Mir. spacious
ind elegant, and convenient for a genteel laiuil_\-. and iUso for a
farmer's, with barns, stables, &.C., attached. 'I'here is an ex-
cellent garden, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
shrubs ajid flowers and a tasteiul summer house. The farm is
in a high state of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — ^il
produces large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples, pears, peaches, apricots, plums, quinces and cherries ;
there is a nuisery nf young fruit trees, and a plantation of
5000 White Mulberries, l^e place has raatiy advantages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing and garden, with from 10 to 100 acres of land, as the pur-
chaser mav choose, are ofl"ered on liberal and accommodating
terms. Apply at this office, or to * ""'^ '•'""'^
Danvcrs, March 27, 1833.
AMOS KING.
A Fair Offer. The Crawford 31essengcr, pub-
lished at Meadville, Pa. throws his bait to the ed-
itorial fry thus : — " The editor caught on Saturday
last, with a hook and line, a pike, which, when
taken from the water, weighed upwards of 20 lbs.
If any of our brethren can beat this, they shall be
entitled to one year's exchange."
Rarities. The New York Traveller mentions,
among the rarities of nature, the following: A
lady with handsome teeth fond of keeping her
lips closed ; an old maid fond of children ; a cob-
bler with a pair of good shoes ; a quack doctor
with a sorry countenance ; a man of mean talents
not eternally boasting of them ; a poet having a
long purse ; an editor's ofiice without a lounger.
Masquerade. A witty writer (remarks the New-
ark Daily Advertiser) of the last century says, as
all mankind live in masquerade, whoever pre-
sumes to come among them barefaced must ex-
pect to be abused by the whole assembly !
THE NEW ENGLAND PARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at gS per anmim,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixiy days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a dcduffl-
lion of fifty cents.
inr No paper will be sent to a distance without paynwnt
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
-A'ptc York—G. Thoreurn «fc Sons, C7 Liberty-street.
Albany— Wm. Thorburn, 347 Market-street.
Philadelphia— D. &. C. Landketh, 85 Chesnut-slrect.
li,iltimore—\. I. HiTcHCOCK, Publisher of American FarmM.
t'iurinn'iii — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. 1'.—Wm. Prince &, Sons, Prop. Lin.Bot.Gas.
Middlebiinj. Yt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford— GoooYllv & Co. Booksellers.
tiprinrfield. il/s.— E. Edwards, Merchant.
AVi/'AjiTi/pori— Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H.—i. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Jl/c— Colman, Holden & Co. Booksellers.
Awnista, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.—P. J. Hoi.i-and, Esq. Editor of Recorde..
Montreal, L. C-— Geo. Bent.
St. LonU—G^o. Holton.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by Ford & Damrili
who execute every description of Book and Fancy Prtnt-
Inir in good style, and with promptness. Orders for print-
in'^ may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at tlie Agricul-
tural Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
PUliLISHEl) liV GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKKT STREET, (at thk A(,kicui.tuuai. VVarkhcjusk.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
VOL. XI.
B<)STOV, WEDNKSOAY EVENING, Jl LY 3. 1833.
NO. 51.
COMMUNICATIONS.
- 1
For Iho New England Fakirr.
PRODUCT OP A TEMPERANCE PjVRW.
Mr. Fessende.v, If you think die fnllijwiMc
stntiMm-iits will ill any ineasiire " provoke tolffood
works" you may give them a i)lace in your vahia-
blt! paper: liy so doing you will gratify the]ffel-
in^s of my tVienils, who Helight to see tlie cause
of'^Temperanee and Good llushandry prosper. I
know that what would he called higli cultitalion
in the County of Worcester, would he estoemed
hut indifferent in another place, very near th^ Me-
tropolis. If I may be said to have done v^ell, I
presume many others have done better.
My farm is a stiff clayey soil, rocky, untvcii,
hills and valleys, particularly adapted to the gi-owtli
of fruit trees,"such as Pears, Apples, Peaches and
Cherries, of which I have about 200 thriftj trees
of tiie choicest varieties, most of them in a hfarini;
state ; besides mulberries, quinces, grapes, &c. It
contains 160 acres, 20 of wood, the renuinder
mowing, tillage and pasture land, all in one body,
with the great mail road from Boston to Washing-
ton running through the centre. I get mylivitig
by farming, and keep my eye steadily m t|ic
profits of my l^u-m, which must e.Kclude even
thing like overwrought agriculture, or extravti-
gance, from the premises. From my youth ui| 1
have been trained a farmer, and " accurdiiig ici
the custom of the country" was early initiated inl
the sublime mysteries of the sparkling cup. I do
not know that I was ever taught that it was the
handmaid of religion ; yet I thought that Bacchu.s
must be the constant comjianion of honor and
good breeding, and in fact felt ashame<l to be
without him any where. In agriculture he was
my foreman, I scarcely dared to commence a day's
work without consulting him. After employing
him many years, I began to think that he did not
do quite so well as formerly — indeed I began to
be suspicious that he never had done quite so well
as I had been made to believe. Some time befure
this he had been guilty of breaking the (leace, had
knocked down a great many good likely men in
the streets; and in many instances taken away all
their money. And what was much worse he
would often belabour them till he destroyed their
senses, and carried poverty, shame, and distress
and death and hell (if I may so speak) into many
families, who, had it not been for him might have
been prosperous and happy. One Dr. Beecher
advertised him, I bought the advertisements' and
found the villain fully described, and people warn-
ed against employing him. I found he became
more turbulent and diflicult to govern ; indeed,
sometimes it seemed as though he would be my
master let me do my best. He was very unrea-
sonable in his demands, and when I paid him
great wages, he was not satisfied, would say it is
not enough — give, give." At length I said to
him "get behind me, Satan," and drove him from
my farm. And I have not employed him sjice,
except in sickness, and then he is a dangerous fel-
low. If you employ him any considerable length
of time he will he gc-tting up into your garret, and
doing mischief if you don't hiok out pretty sharp.
My neighbors all siiid I was unwise to dismiss
him. Say they — you can't hire* help to carry on
so large a farm, do so nuich hard work, and gel
o much hay without rum. But, as I was a yan-
key, 1 ventured to guess that 1 conlrl. At thai
time I did not know of a farm in the world, which
was carried on without the help of ardent spirits.
This was termed a new measure, and, in fact il
was new in those days, but it had been an old
measure in days of yore. It is now loo late in
the day to tell what the result of these " wild,
rash, new measures" was, for every one has be-
come familiar with the effects of temperance on
labor.
When I concluded to di.«petisc with rum on my
farm, I thought it likely that I sliuuld ns(! more
cider than before, but in this I was mistaken ; for
after a short time, we began to use h^ss, till it has
almost entirely gone out of use by common con-
sent, though I make a good supply of t4ie first
quality, and have a plenty of it on hand — of course
voii will see that I am right, in calling my farm a
Temperance Farm.
The following items may not all be perfectly
correct, but are so nearly so as to answer my de-
sign, and give a sum total varying but little from
the truth. I would remark, that in consequence
of sickness in my family last summer, ayd other
causes, my dairy did not receive that attention,
and was not nearly so productive as it otherwise
I would have been.
\ DAIRY.
IMost of my butter was sold in Boston by Col.
^kynard, and brought from 17 to 28 cents per lb.
Aliout 350 lbs. the most sold at any one time,
liijinglit 24 cts. — we will call the whole, 22 cts. lb.
B tier 3487 lbs. at 22 cts. $767.14
N"ew Milk Cheese, 1575 lbs.
St 9 cts. - - 141.75
Cieese, 735 lbs. 4J cts. 33.07J
Oo. 152611)8.3 cts. - 45.78"
Veal, and 4 calves that were
raised, - - 151.47
Total of Dairy, - S1139.21J
BEEF.
I fatted 9 cows, and one ox that weighed 1005 lbs.
One bull 6 years old which I raised on skimmed
milk, and with his mate, a stag, did most of the
ox work on my farm for four years. He had 85
lbs. of rough tallow, and weighed 1209 lbs. The
ox, bull, and 9 cows, amounted to 8308.36. Four
oxen were sold by Col. Fay, at Brighton, to G.
Adams for 39s. cwt. The whole atnouut for beef
was - - - - $603.44
PORK.
I fatted 19 hogs which I bought of Theodore
Smith, that he drove to Columbia county, N. Y.
Their average weight, when I bought them, was
86 lbs. I kept them through the winter on Eng-
lish turnips, boiled, with a little, and but a little,
corn and cob meal put with it. AVhen slaughtered
14 of the best averaged a fraction over 500 lbs.
each, 15 of them were carried to Boston, and
sold for 7i cts. The hogs amounted to $651.82
Dr. Beecher's Temperance Scrnioos.
Total of Dairy, Beef and Pork, $2394.47 J
TIk^ above is the produce of one year, com-
mencing March 25, 1832, and ending March 25th,
1833. S.iMUEL Chamberlain.
ff'eslboroiigh, 1833.
P. S. Since writing the above I see by refer-
f'uce to dates that I was a little mistaken about
the time of reading Dr. Beecher's Temperance
Sermons. I commenced my temperance move-
ments in 1827, and his sermons were published in
1828. I well recollect how refreshing it was to me
to read this little volume. I sent immediately to
Boston for i dozen of the volumes, and circulated
lliein as fast as I could ; and it gives me pleasure
now to think that I then did some good by exam-
ple as well as precept in so good a cause. Excuse
any tiling that may look like egotism. My only
apology is that I thought it not best to spoil a good
story for want of a little of that article. S. C.
For the Neio Enghmd Farmer.
PREP.\.RATI01V OF SEED CORN.
Mr. Fesse>den, In addiiioii to the information
you have given on preparing seed corn wiih tar, I
cheerfully comply with the request of your "wor-
thy friend Essex North" in relation to that subject.
My method of preparing seed corn with tar, may
be unlike that of any other person ; whether it is
as good or better, I am unable lo say ; I only
know it answers my purpose perfectly well.
1 put my tar into a kettle of boiling water of
siiflicipnt quantity to cover the whole of the seed
I wish to prepare ; when the tar lias remained
long enough in the water to become a thin liquid,
I turn my corn into the kettle or other vessel con-
taining the hot water and tar. I then turn off the
water, leaving the corn and the tar at the bottom,
and commence stirring it while hot and continue
it, till the tar is equally distributed among the corn
and every kernel has received a wetting ; I then
sprinkle in plaster, and continue sprinkling and
stirring alternately until the tar is all absorbed and
the kernels comjiletely separated and dry.
I have never used any thing to make the tar
thinner, nor have I ever soaked the corn previous
to the preparation ; though I am not certain but it
would vegetate sooner. Yet I think that if the
tar should be an obstruction, that the swelling of
the seed, after the application of tar, would assist
the germ in bursting ihe envelope with which it
is enclosed. I mention one fact, however, to show
that tar alone is no obstacle : in the course of my
planting the present season I got out of lar ; but
had on hand a mixture of tar and rosin, so hard
that it would scarcely yield to pressure ; I used
this as a substitute with equally good success. I
am not very particular as to the quantity of tar,
not measuring it, but should think rather over
half a pint to one peck of corn.
Winter grain looks well, as is usual in cold sea-
sons, and this so far, is certainly one.
A new era has commenced here in the culture of
winter wheat, on old lands. If the ground be well
prepared and in a high state of cultivation, as
much certainty attends this, as most other crops ;
a top dressing of manure, to be harrowed in with
the seed answers well. Lime should also be free-
ly used. Wheat on strong lands should be sowed
thick, from two to two and a half bushels lo the
402
NEAV ENGLAND FARMER,
Jl'L,Y 3, 1«S3.
acre, is not too ranch ; this makes the straw fine,
is much less liable to rust and bhght, or to lodge
(}own flat, and rot, than when sowed thin.
Mv method of preparing seed, is to put it into
brine fully saturated with salt; this is a little too
strong ; as it will float too much of the wheat, di-
lute it a little with water, so that the plump wheat
will go down, leaving all the fold seed, lighter
than wheat, on the surface, to be skimmed off";
then drain the brine from the seed and stir in
slacked lime with the wheat.
Rose Bugs. For several years past I have been
very much annoyed by Rose Bugs, on my grape
vines, so much so, that I can scarcely save a
bunch where I should, otlierwise, have a good
supply for my family : can you, or any of your
correspondents point out a remedy ?
Yours respectfully, J. Wilson.
Deerfidd, June 17, 1833.
By the Editor. Dr. Green, of Mansfield, Mass.
recommends slacked lime, applied with a dredging
box while the fruits or plants are wet witii dew,
likewise strong soapsuds as antidotes to rose bugs
See N.E. Farmer, page 390 of the current volume
For thf New Englund Farmer.
COBS OP INDIAN CORN.
Mr. Fessenden, — Are corn-cobs most profita-
ble for manure or fuel, when bard wood is three
dollars a cord ?
If you will have the goodness to communicate
your opinion on the subject, through the medium
of your useful paper, the New England Farm-
er, you will greatly oblige
A Young Farmer.
Bi/ Ihc Editor. We are not able to say wheth-
er corn-cobs would be most valuable for manure or
fuel, but believe the latter, as it requires a long
time to rot, or decompose them in such a manner
that they would be useful as manure.
But we believe the best use to whii-h corn-cobs
can be applied, is to grind them together with the
corn, and give the mixture to swine, or other do-
mestic animals, which it is wished to fatten. The
following extracts front a letter from the Rev. H.
C. Perley, of New Rowley, Mass. to the Editor, may
serve to explain and corroborate this assertion.
" I had eohs and corn ground together ; and I
put but about a peck of corn to a bushel of cobs.
Meal made of this composition I scalded, and
made about as thick as hasty pudding ; or mixed
about one peck of meal with three pecks of boiled
potatoes, thickened to the consistency of pudding.
With this kind of food, and what wash was made
in the family, I constantly feed my swine ; there
were none in the neighborhood grew so fast, or
were fit to kill so early in autunm ;"***»
" 1 have also made further discovery of the use
of cob meal for other puqjoses besides feeding
swine apd cattle. I had one batch of coarse brown
bread, made of it, ground about half and half; —
sifted as usual, and the application of the usual
quantity of rye meal. The bread was as high sea-
soned, as light, as sweet and as moist, as that made
of pure Indian and rye meal ; though I think it
will dry rather sooner.
In the Massachusetts ^Agricultural Repository for
Jan. 1823, is a communicatron from Asa Rice, Jr.
of Shrewsbury, in which the writer observes as fol-
lows: "The kind of meal I have used for seven
years past, almost exclusively, for provender, is
corn and cobs cracked and ground together, which
is the best provender I have ever made for fattening
cattle. The reason I consider the cob useful is,
it swells in the creature and keeps him in good
order. In no one instance since I have fed with
this meal, have my cattle been out of order by be-
ing cloyed, or scouring ; they are at all times reg-
ular ; hut when I formerly fed with clear Indian
meal it was not unfrequent that their bowels would
get out of order, and I have had considerable diffi-
culty in regulating them again, they lost two or
three days, sometimes a week. W'hen this kind of
provender was first introduced in this vicinity it
had its opposition like almost all new things. The
second year, if I mistake not, which I made use of
it, I thought I would try an experiment as follows,
by feeding one ox with corn and oats ground, the
other with corn and cobs, having a yoke of oxen
so even matched that no one who viewed the cattle
ajjpeared satisfied which was best ; accordingly I
fed them as above. The cob is computed to make
a little more than one third, therefore I mixed the
other with one third oats which was my former
mode. I gave each ox an equal quantity at a time,
except the one which had corn and oats some days
became dainty, and would not eat his allowance,
while the other kept a regular comse. The allow-
ance for both was a little over three pecks perda;.
When 1 took the cattle to market Mr. A. Whie
bought them, they weighed about 28 humlred atd
a half The one fed on corn and oats had 1G2 Us.
of tallow, and weighed about half an hundred more.
The one fed on corn and cobs had 163 jjouuds jf
tallow, and Mr. White pronounced his beef half a
dollar on the hundred better than that of the oth-
er, mostly on account of the color of the beef."
The third volume of the memoirs of the Phila-
delphia Agricultural Society, likewise contains an
article on grinding Indian corn in the cob, as food
for cattle, &c., by Dr. Mease, of Philadelphia.
Mills, for the purpose of grinding corn and cobs
together have been erected in Andover, Danvers
and we believe other places in Massachusetts, (Sec.
Perhaps a large mortar with a mallet or pestle might
answer for cracking corn and cobs, and pulverize
them suflicientiv for cattle food.
textensitely known. It consists in using lamp
oil (and doubtless any other oil will answer the
same |iurpose) instead of brine, in the method no-
ticed and condemned by your correspondent.
The oil no sooner touches a caterpillar than it ex-
pires. In half a minute after applying it to a nest,
not a single one will be found to survive, it being
in this respect as efficacious as fire. A very small
((uantity of oil is sufficient. I judge that half
a pint may be sufficient for a hundred nests.
This method avoids the disagreeable process of
crushing, is more expeditious, and more eflectual.
The lationale I take to be this: Along the sides
of the caterpillar, and I believe many if not most
other insects, there are numerous spiracles or
breati ing holes. W'hen, therefore, oil is applied,
those holes become closed, respiration ceases, and
the insect dies. Every one has observed how soon
a fly ooses his life in a lump of butter. And this
last observation leads tue to reflect, that since a fly
dies 'ery suddenly in soap suds also, perhaps a
very strong solution of soap would he found to an-
swer learly as well as oil for exterminating cater-
))illars I mention it however, as mere theory.
Iti.scleap, and might therefore heapi)lied in larger
quantities, and moreover forms an excellent wash
for th; liudisand steins of young trees, securing
them from the depredations of various sorts of in-
sects aid the growth of moss.
Yours respectfully, James Scott.
Promhnce, June 26, 1833.
For the Nno England Fctrmer.
CATERPILIiARS.
Mr. Fessekdek, — Having the noticed remarks on
this subject in a late paper,with the writer's conclu-
sion that he knows of no better method to destroy
caterpillars, than to brush them ofl', and crush them
underfoot, I think it maybe useful to point out a
mode of destroying these noxious insects which 1
learned of my grandfather, and have practised for
many years whenever occasion required, with
complete success. I Wiis not aware tliat it was
From the New Yort Fanner.
VISIT TO THE L.INNJEAN BOTANIC GARDEN
OF FLUSHING.
0>- the 10th ult. we took steamboat up the East
river to the rural village of Flushing, where is the
Well known garden of Messrs. W. Prince & Sons.
The first subject to which we would invite the
attention of our I'eaders is the collection of Dahlias,
comprising above six hundred varieties, three
hundred of which have just been received from
European collections. Among those the most novel
and rare are a nuuiber of strijied varieties, and one
of deep crimson hue, with a white border. One
bed contains nine hundred and thirty-six plants.
These, with an equal number along the bordeis,
will present, when in full flower, a blaze of beauty
probably never surpassed.
There were pointed out to us four varieties of
the Judas Tree, Cercis, in flower — the European
red and white, and the American red and deep
crimson ; the latter highly interesting, found wild
in Muryland, and transferred to the garden by in-
oculation.
A Magnolia grove, containing above sixty large
trees of various species, producing^'flowers and
seeds in abundance, afforded a sight of this pride
of American forests not elsewhere seen in this
part of our country. It has often been remarked
that this grove presents its greatest display of
bUioiTi at the period of the liirth of Linnaeus, the
2-ith of Blay, thus seeming to honor the day that
gave birth to the father of botany. A lofty tree
of tie M. cordata, or yellow flowering magnolia,
was resplendcmly in bloom. Of this last, Messrs.
Prince have two distinct varieties, one of which
originated with them from seed. This species
produces flowers twice during the season, in May
and August. Of the Magnolia conspicua we were
shown a tree ten feet high. The M. obovata was
in its prime, as well as the M. gracilis and pyra-,
midata : the purple and cream-colored blossoma
VOL. XI. NO. 51.
AND HOIitJCULTURAL JOURNAL.
403
of the former present a striking and beautiful con-
trast to those of the other species. The varieties
of M. grantliflora, one of wiiieh has double flow-
ers, were equally admirable. The white i)ur-
ple tinged flowers of the M. soulangiana bad just
disappeared. We were pleased to learn that all
these varieties of the magnolia stand our winters
without the least protection, as was evinced by
their vigorous appearance in one of the most ex-
posed situations in the garden.
A large nund)er of the Wistaria consequnna at-
tracted attention by their splendid tloral attire. It
is a hardy climber, and supposed capable o£ stand-
ing the winters of Quebec.
A large plot of Azaleas, containing upwarils of
fifty varieties, presented blossoms of every hue.
Among them were the yellow and the orange, and
one of double flesh-colored blossoms. In addition
to these were rare Chinese Azaleas. The scarlet
Cydonia japonica was splendidly decked with
flowers. Not less gay was the double variety,
blush or white flowering. The fruit of the first is
small, but that of the last is of considerable size,
and possesses a delightful and powerful fragrance,
making odorous preserves. Along the main ave-
nue is a number of trees of the Scotch Roan, or
mountain ash, and near one of them is quite a
lofty weeping birch, transplanted originally from
its native highlands, overshading a seat suited for
the perusal of Scotland's romances and poems. A
purple leaved beech attracted our attention by the
feuillemort hue of its foliage, giving the cfsual ob-
server an imjiression that it was in its last stage oi'
existence.
The roses, amotmting to seven hundred varie-
ties, are arranged in large plots or beds, and nLim-
bered according to the catalogue. Among them is
the yellow musk cluster. Specimen plants of the
China roses planted in separate beds. Of this class
are one hundred and sixty varieties, thirty of which
are of the latest importation. We were surprised
to find, the Kerria (formerly Corchorus) japonica
so perfectly hardy and resplendent with flower.
The Irish yew is distinguished for its erect posi-
tion, and the deep green of its foliage — a beautiful
plant. The Messrs. Prince have near one hun-
dred plants of the Hamiltonia oleifera or oil nut.
Among the trees which should be in every situ-
ation, where animation as it were is to be given to
the landscape scene, the Silver Abeel tree should
be found. The upper surface of the leaves being
green, and the under side white, their very quiver-
ing in the gentle zephyr enlivens the eye. There
were three species of the snow-drop tree, with
their pure white blooms in wreath. The varie-
gated striped-leaved hollies are interesting from
the diversity and beauty of their foliage. The
leaves of some are covered with prickles that oc-
casion them to be called hedgehog holly.
It was satisfactory to us to find the following
trees and shrubs perfectly hardy and acclimated :
Three varieties of the Chinese calycantbus, the
white, the yellow, and the grandiflora, the two
former in an open situation, and the latter in a
southern exposure — the Buxus balearica or Minor-
ca boxtree — the si)readingand upright Cyprus tree
— the Pistacbia vera, or true pistachia nut — the
Potinia serrulata of China — the Rubus rosa;folius,
or double rose flowering bramble — the Ilex cas-
siiie — the Lagerstremia indica, in a southern ex-
posure.
We noticed that the branches of the Shepherdia
eleagnoides or Bufliilo berrv tree, bad been cut ofl',
and on inquiry, found that the plant being a male
they had been carried to some female trees in an-
other part of the garden, to fertilize them. A
hedge of the Chinese arbor vitte was jiarticularly
beaiitifid. Several thousand young plants were in
growing for the same purpose.
The plot containing the collection of Peonies is
extensive, containing 2500 plants of near fifty va-
rieties. The Peonia moutan is one of the most
magnificent of flowers, of which Messrs. P. have
several varieties, some of them seedlings. They
also have about 150 plants from the seeds of the
Peonia whitleji, impregnated with the humei, and
P. fragrans. These last are not yet in flower.
A fine specimen of the weeping beech, with its
peculiar and graceful curve of branches, arrested
our attention, also the Fagus cristata, or crested
beech.
In the herbaceous department the species are
planted in beds, and arranged alphabetically. This
we consider very convenient, both to the proprie-
tors and to visiters and purchasers. In a large
collection of violets the Viola grandiflora was con-
spicuous. There are at least a dozen new seed-
lings of Aquilegia canadensis.
Among the collection of Pinns we remarked the
P. i>riiiea, or stone pine, a tree recommended, as
our readers will recollect, by Commodore Porter,
tor the excellence of its fruit.
The Messrs. Prince have bestowed much atten-
tion to the grape. They have quite a number
of varieties from seed obtained by an admixture of
the pollen of many varieties. It is their opinion
that it is from seedlings that we must expect to
obtain varieties of foreign vines, that will answer
as well in our climate as our native grapes.
We observed a nimiber of beehives, one of Mrs.
Griffiths', and the others of the common construc-
tion. The bees in the latter had all been destroy-
ed by the miller, while those in the former were
in a thriving condition.
The garden of the Messrs. Prince being a com-
mercial one, it cannot be expected that much at-
tention will be given to picturesque effect. The
I welling of Win. R. Prince, however, which is
•onnected with the garden, is admirably located
for display of taste. Mr. P. has by no means disre-
rded im|)rovements. He appears rather desirous
of crowding into bis ornamental grounds speci-
mens of all the beautiful plants contained in the
conunercial garden, than to illustrate the princi-
ples of correct taste in landscape gardening. The
out-buildings on the whole premises are witli few
exceptions very old, and mostly unpainted, and
consequently give to the premises a forbidding as-
pect.
TEMPERANCE.
Six cents a day, spent for rum, amounts to
about twenty-two dollars a year. How many are
there, who spend double that smn, for ardent spir-
its, whose families are actually in want of the ne-
cessaries of life. Such people are always complain-
ing about hard times, heavy taxes, the high price
of provisions, and the oppressions the poor have
to sufler. Their poll tax perhaps is $1, one twen-
tieth [)art of the rum tax, even though they spend
but 6 cents a day. But those who spend 12 cents
a day for rum, (and every hard drinker does)
waste as much money as will find their families
in bread. Twelve cents a day is etpial to the tax on
fifty or sixty thousand dollars. Thus we see, some
people who complain of high taxes, and who
perhaps are not worth ten dollars, pay what
is etpial to the usual tax on siiUj thousand
dollars, to gratify their taste for rum. Such peo-
ple may justly complain of hard times, high taxes,
high price of provisions, and oppression ; but let,
them remeudier they are themselves the cause of
the vvliolf of it. — Universal Trumpet.
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
EXHIBITION OP FliOAVERS AT THE 9IABS.
HORT. SOC. ROOMS.
Saturday, June 29th.
N. Davenport, Milton, large clusters of Greville
Roses, with other flowers.
R. L. Emmons, Boston, superior specimens of
Magnolia glauca flowers.
S. Walker, Roxbury, exhibited fine specimens
of Lysimacbia, Delphiniuin Iris, and other kinds.
J. A. Kenrick, variety of Roses and other kinds.
Thomas Mason, Charlestovvn Vineyard, Dahlias,
seven varieties Carnations, yellow, and other va-
rieties of Picotee Pinks.
Samuel Pond, Cambridgeport, profusion of
Pinks and other flowers.
P. B. Hovey, Jr. Cambridgeport — Corronilla
coronata ; Gelia ca])itata ; Digitalis pur[)urea, var.
alba; Delphinium elatum ; Silene anisena ; Anlirr-
binuin majus ; Canipanida medium ; Pyrethrum
[larthenium pi., and Roses and Honeysuckles.
Also, bunches flowers from Messrs. Winship.
Per order, Jona. Winship.
PRODUCTS OP THE KITCHEN GARDEN.
W. Davenport, of Milton, String Beans.
S. Pond, Cambridgeport, Early Potatoes, quite
ripe, for premium.
T. Mason, Charlestown, Mushrooms, very fine.
Professor Ndttall, Black Apple Potato. They
are all large, and come liiter, and keep longer than
any other, are very mealy, and do not burst the
skin in boiling.
For the Committee, Daniel Chandler.
EXHIBITION OF FRUITS.
Cherries, Black Tartarian, from Mr. E. Vose,
Dorchester.
Black Hearts, from Mr. Edward Sharp, Dor-
chester.
White Biggareau, from Mr. Nathl. Davenport,
Milton.
3 boxes of Methven Scarlet Strawberries from
Mr. P. B. Hovey, Cambridgeport.
2 boxes of Virgiu Honey, from Mr. Artemas
Rogers, Watertown.
For the Coinmittee, Robert Manning.
Mr. David Haggerston, gardener Mt. Auburn,
sent for distribution among the Members of the
M. H. S. the following plants, Cauliflower di Pa-
lermo di Marzo teinpo ; C. di Palermo tardive ;
C. Palermo Primitivo, B. di Marzo tempo, Brocoli
Primitive, B. tardive, B. Romana, fron) the Horti-
cultural and Botanical Garden of the Kingdom of
Naples. Purple Transparent or Glass Kohl rabi,
and Knight's Broccoli from the London Ilort. So-
ciety.
Errors in last Saturday's notice of the Horticultural
Exhibition, p. 395. For " Methuen" Scarlet read Meth-
ren do. ; for " R. Wood" read R. IViird. We would here
mention, that the Methven Scarlet Strawberry, aliaa
Methven Ca«(/c Strawberry, is a fruit of great excellence,
surpassing all anticipations founded on its recouunenda-
404
NKW KNCiLAND FARMER
Jt'IiV 3. 1R33.
F,om Mr. DirsfV,-taimni Snrf;r,m) l^sstni m, ('„> suljj.-ct.
ON COOKIIVG FOOD FOR HORSES.
The Iblloivirig extract cannot I'ail to he l]ii.'lil\
iiitercstiiiif and useful to the owners and nianageis
of horses.
Horses, like other animals, do not always content
themselves with just eating what is necessary for
their proper support : they are apt to indulge in any
thing they find agreeahle to their palate ; and there
is an immense variety in their food, if we look to
the various grasses which are to he found in good
old pasture, and hy. that indulgence they expose
themselves to various diseases, and, for the time,
render themselves unfit for any active exertion.
If a horse's bowels are loaded with clover, or any
kind of I'ood, we know he could not gallop any
great distance without injuring himself. If he
has been fully fed, and is allowed to drink fn'e-
ly of water, and afterwards started on a jnnrney
at a Kn)art pace, the almost invariable con.«e(pienc>
is, that he begins to pm-ge, he is soon fatigued, hi
prespires from the weight he is carrying in his bel-
ly, he gets sick, and cannot go on. The natural
action of the bowels throws oft' the load, and il
the horse is not pushed on too fast, he is some-
times able to get well to the end of bis jom-ney ;
but if his pace is increased he gets sick, the load
and mass contained in the stomach and anterior
portion of the bowels cannot escape, and as (^\er-
cise prevents and suspends the digestive process a
chemical process is set up in its stead, producing
rapidly various derangements, which are too fre-
quently followed by violent disease or death. This
occurs less frequently in well regulated coaching
stables where a regular and large allowance of oats
are given ; because, as in coaching stables, tin-
quantity of oats is so large that Utile hay is eaten,
the horsi's are therefore less liable to gorge them-
selves than under other circumstances, but even
there, it is generally, nay, I may say invariably,
considered necessary to turn the horses roiiiul in
their stables for half an hoin- before starting, in or-
(ler that the stomach may have time to act in .some
degree upon what has been taken into it, and that
it may have p^issed into the bowels. Tlieaninials,
are, by this means, allowed time to empty them-
selves, which they will generally be found to do as
they leave the stable or as they start with the
coach.
Under this view of the sidyect, it will be seen
that a moderate proportion of nutritious food is
only required, and that it is advisable to present il
in as small a compass as will suit the nature of the
digestive organs. 15ut it would appear that a cer-
tain proportion of hulk is also necessary to the
quantity of nutritious matter, to kee[) up the prop-
er action of the bowels. If the food is too rich
and too much concentrated, il deranges the stomach
and bowels and produces disease; if too poor and
bulky, it yielils not the proper degree of support
to the animal, while Us bulk impedes respiration,
and its weight detracts, by its burdensomeness,
from the capability of the animal exerting him-
self.
From these remarks, it will appear obvious, that
the grand desideratum is to give food containing
as much nutriment, and in as small a bulk, as is
consistent with the economy of the aninud.
If this problem is solved, it will follow as a cor-
ollary, that it will be in^portant to give that food
which has been found best suited in its proportions,
in such a state aa is best suited for digestion. This
js a point however, worthy of consideration, and
Maturally suggests the piestion, Imw is the bo(l_\
-;i|>plied with nourishnniit by taking in food into
ihe stomach? The roiimion noticni is, that much
.lepends, as I have indeed before mentioned, on
ihe bariliicss of the food ; and it is a eommon say-
ing, in order to show off' a horse which is in cou-
lition, "that he has plenty of hard meat in him."
i\ow, this is a very silly and erroneous idea, if we
inquu-e into it, for, whatever may be the consistency
(f llie food whi<h is taken into the stomach, it must
before the body can possibly d(;rive any substaniial
support or benefit from it, be converted into chyme,
— a i)ultaceons mass; and this as it passes onward
from the stomach into the intestinal canal, is ren-
dered still more fluid, by the admixture of the se-
cretions from the stomach, the liver, and the pan-
creas, when il becomes of a milky appearance and
is called chyle. It is then taken into ihesystein ot
ihe lacteals, and in ibis fluid, this soft state — and
in this state oidy — mixes with the blood, and passes
ihrough the circulaling vessels for the nourishment
of the system.
The fooil, no doubt, when taken into the st(Uii-
ach, at once salisties the animal's hunger; but il
the digestion is suspended by any meims, it soon
proves injurious, and weakens, instead of support-
ing, the system.
Now, if the hardest of the food must, in this
unumer, be broken down and di.^solverl liel'ure it can
really enter into the .system, it must ap|)ear evideni
that something approaching lo this solution, il
done artificially, would greatly aid the organs ol
digestion in this process, and that thereby much cx-
<:rtion might be saved to the .system, and, at the
same time nom-ishment would be more rapidly
conveyed into it. It is with this view that I wnnlil
recoimuend the general ad(qaiuu of cooking food
for horses and cattle.
When the food is broken down by cutting the
hay and straw, and bruising, boiling or straining the
oats, not only is ihere less waste, by the whole be-
ing used as maiigiT meal, but much labor is saved
lo the animal, in having tough dried hay, and hard
oats, niaslicaled for him, and in a state almost pre-
pared for digesiiim ; and as ri'gards the oats, all
the nonrishment they can afliu'd is readily yield-
ed to the digeslivi! organ.s ; for not oidy may I re-
fer to the fact already stated regarding the poid-
try on board the Coldstream Indiaman, but i
may also observe the fict that we find, tlnit unless
the grain is broken down, or otherwise killed hy
boiling, it is not acted on, and will grow as readily
after having pa.sseil through the liorse,as the olives
did after having passed through the tmkeys. Oats
like every other seed, is jiossesscd of vitality, and
it would appear tinit the organs of digestion, and
their secretions, do not act upon bodies possessing
it. Were it not for this exception, the gastric
juice, which acts upon and dissolves every
dead matter taken into the stomach, would
act upon the stomach itself; but it is not pos-
sessed of this power. Worms are, from this
cause, also allowed to live in the sioinach, hut
when dead, become acted upon like other dead
matter. Hence we often find worms when de-
stroyed by medicine, disappear, although we liave
not observed ihein pass with the faeces.
It is therefore necessary to destroy the life of
the foo<l taken into the stomach, before it can yield
nourishment to the animal. This may be done,
as already stated, by bruising; and the finer it is
bruised the better, because it is capable ol
being more completely y.ixed with the qui
straw or hay, and the whole is ilim more easi-
ly eaten ; but as the experiments of Captain Cheyne
have shown, it may also be steamed or boiled, and
given with the same advantage, and from what
li;is been stated regardingdigestion, it must be pret-
ty obvious that this kinil of cooking brings the food
nearer to the state of being readily dissolved and
acted upon by the digestive organs. The only ob-
jection which will at once occur, I know is, that
lioiled or steamed meat will incline a horse to
purge : this, hoiwever, is not so much the case as
nntny, without trial, may suppose, and where it
does occur, is perhaps owing to too large a quan-
lity being given at one time, as indeed is al-
most invariably the ease ; for stablemen, when they
give buile<l food, always suppose it necessary, at
least the practice is, to give nearly double the
quantity or more at a time, than they would think
it proper to give of raw food ; but if the rich
cooked or stewed food is mixed with a less nutri-
onsaiul raw material, the whole of the boiled i»
taken into the system, without producing the laxi-
tive effect. Nay more, it sometimes ])roves,
in casts of horses which have a natural ten-
ilency to purge, that, by a judicious use of soft
feeding, this is overcome. Captain Cheyne had
a grey liorse of this kind, and it was feared that he
woiild not agree with the feeding, but it is found
he il<jw does his work better than ever he did, and
with less tendency to laxity of bowels than former-
ly, Slid when I saw him a few days ago, he was
as fat on the rib as any horse in the working con-
dition ought to be.
All horses on this restricted feeding are found
to hi light in their belly ; but, while this is the
case, llie appearance of their coats, the quantity of
lilt on their ribs, and the manner they are able
to do their work, show that they have sufiicient
eourishment, while (what is the subject of the
most inqxulant consideration with me) their dis-
liensing with the doctor shows that their health is
most materially improved by it. In conclusion, I
shall only at present mention, that as I was passing
Mr. Croal's oflicc, two or three days ago, and ob-
serving a pair of horses, as fresh as racers, in one
of the pair-horse coaches, he observed, what was
worthy of notice, " There's condition for you," and
(pointing to about two bushels of oats and cut hay
en the coach) " this is there allowance for the
night, and which is sent out regularly every day to
the out stages."
If such, then is the fact with regard to horses
doing fast work, the advantages which might he
obtained hy a similar plan being adopted among
I'arm horses, must be too obvious to require further
irgument. — Ed. Quae. Jour. Aug. 1832.
Tincture nf Roses. Take the leaves of the com-,
mon rose, place them, without pressing them, in a
liottle, pour some good spirits of wine upon them,
close the bottle, and let it stand until it is required
for use. This tincture will keep for years, and
yield a perfume, little infirior to otto of roses. A
lew drops of it will suffice to imiiregnate the at-
mosphere of a room with a delicious odour. —
Common vinegar is greatly improved by a very
small quantity being added to it.
The Romans greatly valued the cuckoo, as an
cuticle of food ; and the French and Italians eat
it, at this day. When fattened, it is said tg be a^,
delicate as the land-rail.
VOt. XI. NO. SI.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
40.5
THE FOOT ROT
Has been very desti-uotive to our tlocUs. Tlie fol-
lowing mode of trealuieiM is from llic traiisaclioiis
■of lliii Hiiililiind Society, and from a lengthy paper
on this sidiject hy the Rev. S. Riddle, who says il
can be " confidently recommended, having been
found by experienee to he perfectly eft'ectiial."
"The sheep affected with foot-rot, sh(|uld be
assorted in the open field, if the weather be dry ;
in a house or shed perfectly clean anil spread with
straw, if it be wet. A dry day should bei chosen
for the purpose if possible, and the house should
be divided by a partition, one apartment beinj? for
the sheep that have undergone treatment, i There
:slionl<l be two sorters, a third person to hold the
medicine, and a fourth to take away the sorted
animal and bring another. The sheep is laid on
its back, either on a smearing stool or on the floor,
and examined ; the feet are carefully washed, par-
ed, cleaned and dressed with the following solution:
Corrosive sublimate, three-fourths of an ounce.
Sidphate of copper, two ounces.
Verdigris, one ounce and a half
Alum, two ounces.
White copperas (sulphate of zinc) half an ounce.
Muriatic acid, two ounces.
Charcoal, three-foin-ths of an ounce.
Pound as small as possible, mix in half a bottle
of the best vinegar, and apply externally.
In all severe cases, and especially when the dis-
ease is the result of constitutional aftectioii, two
ounces of Glauber salts, dissolved in halfainut-
chen of water, should be given internally.
The sheep ought to remain in the house jbout
four hours after having undergone medical treat-
ment, and they ought to be let out by as clean a
path as possible. After five days those which have
not been cured by the application should be taken
in again. Some cases may occur in which th?
remedy must be repeated several times ; but if the
cleaning and paring are judiciously performed, and
the solution properly applied, eight or twelve days
at most are snflieient fur the cure." — Gen. Fanner.
From the Gt^iiesee Farmer,
CATERPIL.1.ARS.
We leani from different parts of the country
that the tree cnterpiltar is making extensive rava-
ges among fruit and even forest trees. They are
a great scourge, and where they prevail become
one of the most troublesome insects that infest the
fields, requiring considerable manual labor to de-
stroy them, and at a period when the farmer is
the least able to spare the time ; but yet we hold
it an imperious necessity that the whole commu-
nity should commence a crusade against them, as
each individual worm, after changing to the wing-
ed shape, is capable of increasing their numbers
an hundred fold. In those places where they have
not become complete masters of the field, a little
attention properly directed will entirely eradicate
them.
They should be taken in hand in the morning,
and while the nests or webs are small and in the
incipient stages. A swab of rags on the end of a
pole dipped in fish oil of any kind, is effectual ;
or a circular brush, or a bundle of snagged twiggs
may be made to twist and wind the whole con-
cern about it, and so be brought down and de-
stroyed ; or what we have foimd the most efl%ctual
is a strong decoction of tobacco, injected by any
process into the nests ; the other processes will
destroy them, but this is utter annihilation without
hail or main [irize. One dollar's worth of the ;)oi-
sonous weed will clean a whole township ; even
the saliva of that " tobacco worm, man," who is a
regular built chewer, with a good squirt, will do
wonders, and slay his thousands like Samson of
old, and with the same tveapun.
From the Nfiv York Farmer.
SAGACITY OP BIRDS.
It is well worth while to observe the provision
wliich birds make for their own wants, and to see
how, while reason sometimes falters, instinct al-
ways operates with the same certainty and suc-
cess. We have already mentioned the woodpeck-
er, who grasps the trunk of a tree with his claws,
and stands upon his tail, drawing out insects from
their burrows in the wood. It is said, that he
goes to an ant's nest and lies down pretending to
be dead, with his tongue out, drawing it in, liow-
ever, as often as it is covered with the ants, which
are a favorite article of his food. The nuthatch
opens nuts, or the stones of fruit, by rejjeated
blows of his sharp horny bill. The butcher-bird
which lives on insects and smaller birds, is said to
attract the latter by iitiitating their call, and has
also a habit of impaling upon thorns such insects
as he does not need at the moment. Some have
thought this a trap set for other birds; but this is
improbable, because unnecessary. It seems more
likely that this trick of gathering what he does not
want, and keeping it till it is of no use to him, is
one which he has learned in his intercourse with
man. The whippoorwill sits upon the fence, or
the step of a door, singing mournfully, as if he
had lost all his friends; but woe to the moth who
believes in the mourner's having lost his appetite
also ; the bird seizes and swallows him without any
suspension ofliissong. The raven and the gull,
who are fond of shell fish, but are not provi-
ded with the instruments to open them, carry them
high into the air, and let them fall on rocks, in
order to break the shell. In this way, it is said
(hat a philosopher's head was broken, in ancient
times, being accidentally mistaken for a stone ;
whether this he true or not, we cannot say ; the
heads of sages are harder now. The bald eagle,
proud and disdainful as he seems, gets a great part
of his living in a manner that does more credit to
his ingenuity and strength, than to his morals. He
sits in gigantic repose, calmly watching the play of
the fishing birds over the blue reach of waters, with
his wings loosely raised, as if keeping time with the
heaving sea. Soon he sees the fish hawk dive
heavily into the ocean, and reappear with a scream
of triumph, bearing the sluggish fish. Then the
gaze of the eagle grov\s fiery and intense; his
wings are spread wide, and he gives chase to the
hawk till he compels him to let fall his prize ; but
it is not lost, for the eagle wheels in a broad circle,
sweeps down upon the edge of the wave, and se-
cures it before it touches the water. Nothing can
be more majestic than the flight of this noble bird ;
he seems to move by an eflbrt of will alone, with-
out the waving of his wings; pity it is, that he
should dishoimr himself by such unworthy robbery
as this, though it by no means destroys the resem-
blance between the king of birds and the kings of
men.
Beat this who can. Raised in this town by Mr.
D. Felt, 100 heads of barley from one kernel, 80
of which were ripe, yielding 2250 kernels. — JVew-
Ipswich Register.
From the (retiesee Farmer^
SOWING PLASTER.
Mr. Tucker: — A day or two since I fell upon
a method of sowing gypsum, which I deem worth
communicating to the public, through your col-
umns. I had procured from the njill, a box of
plaster, in a one horse wagon, which I sent to my
field by a boy, following myself to give instruc-
tions about st;reading it. lie filled a common
sized pail, and lil'tiug it u|)on his arm, commen-
ced his labor. Having some reminiscences upon
the subject, of, perhaps, six or eight years dura-
tion, I instantly perceived that the task was to
prove a heavy one. I directed him to take his
place in the wagon, and, whilst he drove the
horse slowly across the lot, I spread the plaster
from the box behind. The expedient succeeded
fully to my satisfaction. I thus went on, and,
having sowed five and a half bushels of plaster,
over four acres of meadow, 1 looked at my watch,
and found that we had been in the lot just an hour.
1 performed the work well — having applied the
drtssiiig as uniformly and equally as it could be
(lossihiy done on foot. In fact I sowed the ground
twice over, extending the cast each time, to the
tract the wheels last made, by which my driver
guided his course across the lot. A moderate east
wind blew duiing our labor, and we sowed north
and south. I couunenced also on the windward
side of the field. I should recommend a windy
day for this purpose, and perhaps a yoke of cattle
would he preferable to a horse.
It will be readily perceived that while my mode
of sowing plaster, makes a great saving of man-
ual strength, the great advantage derived is ia
the expedition with which the ])rocess is perform-
ed. One man and boy, in a one horse cart, can
dress from forty to sixty acres i)er day, thus ma-
king a very important saving of time, at a season
when the farmer is obliged to husband closely.
The injury of driving a wagon over a field of
grain would be but little, and could not be consid-.
ered a moment when compared with the value of
the time gained. Let any farmer try it, and 1 am
satisfied that he will never sow plaster from a pail
on foot again.
I would add here, that iu sowing from a wagon
it will be found necessary to stop occasionally,
to pick up or loosen the plaster, which becomes
compacted by its motion. The elevated position
of the sower enables him to make a very broad
cast, and if advantage is taken of the wind, he
will be able to avoid the respiration of any great
quantities of dust. V. W. S.
A SINGULAR TREE.
There is growing in the garden of Gen. Van
Schoonhoven, at Waterford, a butternut tree, wor-
thy of notice as a remarkable vegetable produc-
tion. At two feet from the surface of the ground
it throws ofi' seven branches of six to twelve inches
in diameter at the bifurcation, which extend twen-
ty five to thirty feet, in a direction nearly horizon-
tal. Some of these require bolstering to keep
them from the ground. At four feet from the
ground, another division takes |)lace equal to the
first, which fill the interval between the opposite
horizontal branches. The whole has the appear-
ance of half a globe, flattened at its pole, sixty feet
in diameter, and filled with branches and foliage
from the base to the apex. It produced fifteen
bushels of nuts in 1832, and promises a still larger
crop the coming autumn. — Gen. Farmer
406
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JrLY 3, 1S33.
N E AV ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING. JULY 3, 1833.
TO SUBSCRIBERS.
Prices Current, &,'C. We have it in onr power to as-
sure our Subscribers that no pains shal) hereafter be
spared to give a full and correct account of the prices of
Country Produce, and of the Vegetable and Provision
Markets. Arrangements have been made to obtain the
most accurate Lists of Prices; and if there is any article
which any of our Subscribers may desire should be quoted,
by giving us information of their wishes they shall be
gratified.
OFFICERS OP THE MASS. AGR. SOCIETY.
At a late meeting of the Massachusetts Society for
Promoting Agriculture, the following gentlemen were
chosen officers of that Institution.
Hon. Thos. L. Winthrop, President.
Hon. .John Welles, Vice President.
Hon. Peter C. Brooks, "^d Vice President.
Hon. R. Sullivan, Corresponding Secretary.
John He.\rd, Jun. Esq. Treasurer.
Hon. John C. Gray, Recording Secretary.
Benj. Guild, Esq. Assistant Recording Secretary.
Hon. John Lowell, ■!
E. H. Derby, Esq. |
Hon. Wm Prescott, I ~ ,
Israel Thornd.ke, Esq. ^Trustees.
Hon. Daniel Webster,
Henry Codman, Esq. J
GoRHAM Parsons, Esq. and S. G. Perkins, Esq. re-
spectively, resigned the offices, which they have here-
tofore held in the Society. Tliis we regret, for when
gentlemen well qualified for stations in which they are
rendering services to the community tender their resig-
nations, the public sustains loss, and they leave blanks
in their official stations, %vhicli it is not easy to fill with
well qualified successors.
FARMER'S AVORK FOR JULiT.
Improving Crops of Jf'lieat. It is a truth witli
reganl to plants as well as animals, that great ad-
vantages are derived by propagating from the best
gpeciiiiens of their respective species, varieties or
,.aces. It will, therefore, be well to select either
p-om the field before harvest, or from tlie sheaf
at or after harvest, the largest, fullest, and
most perfect heads and stalks you can find and
preserve them for seed. Or, if indolence or
haste should uot admit of such a proceeding,
you can at least pick out the heads of chess, rye,
timothy, &c. which have no business in your
wheat field, from that part (if not from the whole)
of your crop, which you intend to reserve for seed.
Harvesting. The time at which wheat and
other' grain crops should be cut is wlicn the straw
begins to shrink, and become white about half an
inch below the ear. When a severe blight or mil-
dew has struck the stems of wheat or rye, it
should be cut inuiiediately, though still in the
milk. Afterwards it may lie on the ground, ex-
)iosed to the sun till the grain is hardened.
The " Farmer's Guide" says, " Some fanners
determine when grain is fit to cut by tlie following
signs: when the straw is all turned excepting at
the joints: when the kernel becomes so hard that
it cannot be mashed between the thumb and fin-
ger; or when the straw below the ear becomes so
dry, that no juice can be forced out by twisting it.
If the weather is fine, it can be bou'nd, and put
into the sliock immediately after cutting; but it
he stalk is stout, and the ear full aud heavy, it
should lie till the after part of the day ; it can
then be bound, shocked or carted with safety, pro-
vided it is housed whore it can have free air, or
the mows do not become too large. Sheaves
should not, generally, be larger than can be bound
with a single length of straw. Grain should be
carted when the air has a small degree of damp-
ness, to prevent scattering.
Lorain observed that " if grain be neither lodged
nor entangled, it may be cut ofi" as clean by the
scythe and cradle as by the sickle. If it be jiro-
perly gathered and bound, but little if any more loss,
will arise from gathering it in this way. If the
grain be cradled in time, it shatters less on the
whole, that when it is reaped and secured in the
usual way. It is readily granted that if grain be
cradled and reaped at the same time, it shatters
more by the former practice. It should be recol-
lected, however, that the very tardy jirogiess of
the sickle greatly increases the shattering by pro-
crastinating the harvest so long that the chaff opens
and much of the grain falls out ; whereas the rapid
progress of the scythe and cradle cuts off the
grain, before any material loss from shattering
can take place, if the cultivator commences in
time."
Gardener's Work for July. Clean and prepare'
the ground where your early crops of peas, spin-
nage, cauliflowers and cabbages have grown,
and all other suitable vacant spots, to ciillivate
thereon such plants as are proper and profitable as
succession crops. In the first week or ten days
of this month you may plant a general crop of
cucumbers for pickling. Sow crops of small
saladiug every eight or ten days, but they should
now be sosvn on shady borders, or be occasionally
shaded with mats from the mid-day sun. You
may obtain not only more plentiful crops, but
tbo.<e which will come forward earlier in the sea-
son, by selecting seeds from forward and vigorous
plants ; and from such jilants culling the seeds
which are soonest ripe. It is best in general to
keep seeds in pods or husks, and where it can be
economically done, with a part of the stems, and
spread them in some dry and airy place to dry and
harden, gradually ; observing to turn them now
aud then, and not to place such a quantity to-
gether as to bring on a ferim^ntation, and hazard
the loss of the whole. The seeds of all soft fruits,
such as cucumbers, melons, &lc. must be ch'aned
from the pul|) and mucilage, which surround
them ; otherwise the rotting of those parts will
destroy the princi|)le of vegetation.
If you wish to be "healthy, wealthy and wise,"
you will not suffer the sun to rise before you.
Early in the morning is the best time to use the
hoe, whether you have reference to your own
health or that of the plants you cultivate. Give
water to such plants and crops as require it, but
use water for this purpose which has been ex-
jiosed to the sun during the t|ay ; a[)ply it in the
evening that it may have time to soak down to
the roots before the sun appears to evaporate it.
It will reward your trouble to thin off the su-
perabundant fruits from such trees as are over-
loaded, leaving only a good, moderate, regular
crop on each tree. Likewise you will he well
employed in picking off all punctured and decay-
ing fruits, and giving them to swine; [if boiled or
steamed and mixed with Indian or some other
meal so much the better.] Also pick up all fallen
fruits, and convert them into food for swine, oth-
erwise the worms iu those fruits, which caused
ilieir prcmauire lapse or decay, will e.-^cape and
give biitli to a new progeny, which will hereafter
prey on the fruits of your labors.
PROSPECTS OP THE SEASON.
Extract of a letter from a gentleman in North-
nuqiton, Mass. to the Editor of the New England-
Farme', dated June 2 1th, 1833. " English grain
looks well thus far. There is, probably, four times
the wheat sown in this vicinity there has been for
some years. Corn and grass are not so forward
as usual. The grass crop I think will be large —
corn uncertain. All kinds of fruit will probably
be plenty."
Apph. Tree Borer. A friend in N(U'tli Bridg-
water, ivho signs "II. II." has sent us an Apple
Tree Borer, in the last state of its existence, when
it ceases to be a worm, and taking wings in the
shape of a bug or beetle, leaves the trunks of trees
lo enjoy the privileges of a denizen of air. As
this triminal was committed to our custody " to
pass examinaiion before proper autliorily," we
hereby order him and all his family and kin to
be utterly exterminated and entirely annihilated,
with' the exception of a few specimens to be de-
posited in the cabinets of entomologists. And we
hereby call on the posse comitatus of all correct
cultivators to put said decree into execution.
T|ie means of extirpating these evil doers have
not been so fully pointed out as could be wished.
Somhhing on the subject may be fiiund in the
current volume of the New England Farmer, pp.
■252,: 306.
From Ihf Gaitsie Fanmr.
PLASTERED CLOVER.
Messrs. Editors — Being of opinion that plas-
tered clover is injurious to sucking colts, I would
advise farmers, at this time of the year in particu-
hr, to be cautious in turning marcs with sucking
(oltsinlo clover fields that have been plastered this
season. 1 have been more unfortunate in this
stock than any other belonging to a farm, and
could never assign any reason other than the above
for it. I am of opinion that mure sucking colts
are lost from this cause than any other, especially
iu wet seasmis.
1 should be glad to hear the opinions of some
of your corespondents on this subject.
WOOBBERRT.
Spring f eld Furnace, May 8, 1833.
ITEMS OP IBITEIiMGENCE.
The National Intelligencer states that tlie number of
dead letters, returned to the General Post Oflice, and
there examined, &c. amount to the enormous number of
six hundred thousand annually. This branch of the Post
Office is under excellent regulations. Every thing of
ifalue is carefully preserved, to be restored to its owners
if they can be found.
The Springfield Republican says, the two principal
wlijp factories in Westfield make annually more than
,$100,000 worth of whips, of every variety and price,
and the demand for the work is more than equal to the
manufacture.
The Cholera. This dreadful disorder is said to be
abating somewhat in New Orleans, Nashville and other
places in the great valley of the Mississippi.
.1 Silk Filature has been established at Baltimore, and
the editor of the American Farmer has announced that
he is authorized to purchase cocoons at from twenty-five
to fifty cents per pound.
VOI^. XI. NO. 51.
AND HOllTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
407
Green apples, green whortleberries, green cucumbers,
and greenhorns to eat them, were plentful in our market
yesterday. — U. S. Gazette.
Gold in Georgia. The Georgia Courier gives notice
that several pieces of pure gold have been, recently
found in Columbia County. One of the pieces Weighed
four ounces. i
Imprisonment for Debt is abolished in Pennsylvania.
for sums under five dollars thirty three cents.
Oxen in Itahj. N. P. Willis, in one of his latj letters
from Europe observes, that the gray oxen of Ualy arc
quite a different race from ours ; being much lighter and
quicker, and in a small vehicle wil! trot off five or six
miles iu an hour as freely as the horse. They are Exceed-
ingly beautiful. The hide is very fine, of a soft Squirrel
gray, and as sleek and polished often as that of a well
groomed courser. With their large, bright, intelligent
eyes, high lifted heads and open nostrils, they are among
the finest looking animals in the world, when in motion.
The Sea Serpent made his first appearance for the sea-
son, Saturday the 2!lth of June, off Nahant. He exhibit-
ed himself to about forty or fifty ladies and gentlemen,
who it is said will testify to his identity, cnormitj, and
other qualities and qualifications calculated to e.icite as-
tonishment.
President's Return. It is stated that the Prcadent of
the U. S. is on his return to the south, having concluded
not to extend his journey to Portsmouth, Portland, iS:c.
The state of his health is assigned as the principil cause
of his determination to proceed no further.
The Weather, since Sunday last, has been very wirm,
and on Monday the thermometer in State-street stofld at
95 degrees. I
The Philad. Gazette says, there is a house in that city
in which are a father, mother and forty children all en-
joying good health.
Old Phjmouth. In the ancient and populous county of
Plymouth, Mass. we are assured that there is not, a; the
present time a single licensed vender of ardent spirit,
either in shop or tavern. This looks as if the best topes
of Temperance Societies would eventually be realized.
CONTENTS OP THE EDINBURGH REVIEW,
NO. CXV.
Illusliations of Poliliial Ecoiioiiiy— Life and Correspon-
dence of Sir James Edward Snlilh— Liverpool and Manches-
ter Railway — Missionary Voyages and Travels — Scuiiish
Law of Evidence — Translation of Faust — Commutation of
Ta.ves — Proposed Tax on Property and Income — British Lij^ht-
iiousc Systcin — Recent Pubf .-..-,
gross of the People— The Pc
on Loical Science — Pro-
al Press — Ireland.
FOR !SAL.E,
THAT valuable FARM, late the residence of Mrs. Ruth
Mackav, in Weston. It contains 110 acres of as good, and
as well watered land, as there is within 100 miles of Boston.
On 40.acres there is a thrilly wood lot of white oak and walnut,
a fine young Apple Orchard which gained the premium of the
Massachusetts Asriculiural Society, a Peach Orchard, for
Willi li 111'' IIuriiniTtural Society granted a premium on peaches,
Willi ,ill ili< IK \\ \ itiieties of Pears and Cherries, Quinces, and
oih. I rh"irr iiiiN. the farm is in a high stale of cultivation,
anil cmlu.^iil v\ iili strong stone walls. There is a good house
with 4 rooms on the floor, 2 kitchens. Barn, granary, chaise
and wood house, cider mill. It is 14- miles from Boston on the
great post road to New York, l-4lh of a mile from the road.
The place has many advantages, both for the Farmer and the
gentleman. It can he seen at any time by railing there, or on
application to JOHN MACKATf, at 416 Washinglou-str.
July 3 ewSwt&eowOw
SITUATION WANTED
As a GARDENER, by one who has been some years in the
business and Ihorouglily understands it. The best of recom-
mendations can be given. Apply at the Farmer Office.
July 3 3w
PUBLISHER'S NOTICE.
The Publisher of The New England Fanner, being solici-
tous of extending its circulation, would respectfully propose to
such persons as will subscribe for the next volume, {which will
be the 12th from the beginning of the first series) to commence
in July, that he will furnish them with volumes 10 and 11 , teing
volumes Isl and 2d of the new scries, al the low price of ,*1.50
in sheets, or ^2.25 bound, each copy ; and for volume 12lh
^2.50, as usual, in advance. Tliese volumes are, and will
continue to be valuable books of reference lo the Husbandman
and Horticulturist, and to render such reference easy and ex-
peditious a copious Index will be attached lo each volume.
No pains on the part of the Editor and Publisher shall be
wanting to render the New England Farmer as interesting and
useful as possible to all engaged in the various pursuits of the
Cultivator and Rural Economist. To the present Subscribers
of this work most sincere thanks are proftered ; and all who will
be instrumental in extending the circulation of the 12lh volume
shall receive the grateful acknowledgments of
THOS. G. FESSENDEN,
GEO. C. BARRETT.
Editors of Newspnpcrs, with whom we exchange, who will
insert ihe above, will confer a favor which will with pleasure
be reciprocated.
BOSTON FANEUIL HALL MARKET, July 3, lSi3.
Green Peas, per bushel $1 ,50 ; String Beans $2.00 ;
Strawberries per Box '2.') ; Early White Dutch Turnips,
per bunch Id 1-2; Cherries per quart 8 to 12 1-2 ; Cucum-
bers pr doz f 1,00 a $l,.'iO ; Early potatoes $ I ,.50 pr bush.
Cabbage 4 to C ; Squashes, Early Scollop 02 1-2 pr doz.
FRUIT TREES.
TREES and SHr>uBs of Ornament, Roses,
Flowering Plants, &:c.
For sale, at the Nursery of William
Kenrick in Newton, 5 miles from Boston by
Ihe City Mills, and 1^ miles from Brighton Cattle
fair Hotel.
This Nursery now comprises a rare and extraordinary collec-
tion of fruil trees, Trees of Ornament, &c. The multitude of
productions now cover the most of 18 acres, comprising of
celebrated Pears alone, 150 kinds, all highly deserving trial i
us, many of which, having already been proved in our dim
can be specially recommended.— Of Apples 200 kinds— Peaches
113 kinds — Cherries, 55 kinds — Plums, Nectarines, Almonds,
.Apricots. Quinces, Grape Vines, Currants, Raspberries, Goose-
berries, Strawberries, Figs, tScc. i&c.. — selections from the best
cs known — a collection in unequal proportions of 800 va-
' While miillierries for silk worms — the fruit poor.
I JIoRus MuLTicAULis or New Chinese Mulberry, a. beauli-
lil I'ruil tree, so superior for silk worms to all others.
T Roses. A superb collection of hardy and China or ever-
(inoming roses, of from 300 to 400 varieties; selections of the
rtio^'t heaiililul and striking colors and forms, from numerous
ii^ilKirtiUlons, and first rate sources. Amateurs are invited to
cill and view them in the suitable season. While Flower-
iijg Horse Cbesniits as hardy as oaks — Weeping Willows,
Ofitalpas, Mountain Ash, Silver Firs, Venetian Sumach, Al-
tlteas. Honeysuckles, Azaleas, &c. &c. — in all, of Orna-
mental trees, and shrubs, 650 varieties. Of Herbaceous
flowering plants, a choice selection of 280 varieties, including
26 finest kinds of Pa'onies, Moutan and Papaveracea — 83
splendid varieties of Dahlias.
Cieiitlemen are invited to forward their orders early — early in
Autumn is highly recommended for transplanting' — Address by
mnil to William Kenrick, Newton. Trees, &c. delivered
uiRoston free of charge for transportation, by wagons sent daily,
aid suitably packed, and from thence duly forwarded, when
o/ilered to distant places by land or sea. Or orders will re-
■ -e the same attention if left with Geo. C. Barrett, who is
lit, al his seed store and New England Farmer Oflice, Nos.
5j >V 52, North Market Slreet, Boston. Catalogues gratis on
plication. J VJ
PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.
Apples, russeits,
baldwins,
Beans, white, . .
Beef, mess, . .
THE HORSE NUMIDIAN.
The full Blooded Arabian Horse Numidian will stand for
; the ensuing season al Ihe Ten Hill Slock Farm, on the
tdford turnpike, 2J miles from Boston, al twenty dollars die
, or twenty-five dollars lo insure with foal,
history of Numidian is this ;— In the winter of 1823 — i,
IhoDcy of Algiers was at war with the Cabolls, a tribe oi
Numirlian Arabs. The Aga. (or General) Ehiea, w-ho com-
maiided Ihe Dey's .lanissaries (or troops) relumed lo Algiers
in the spring of 1824, having conquered the Arabs and brought
with him as booty a number of their best horses, of which Nu-
midian was one, a four year old colt al the lime. He was ob-
tained of the Aga by Mr. Shaler, Ihen Consul in Algiers. He
arrived in this country in December, 1826.
The .Arabian horses from Barbary coast are often called barbs.
He is said to be a sure foal getter .and the colls are considered
very valuable. They are five years old and under. Since 1827
he has stood for mares al Mount Holly, Burlington co. N. J.
Gentlemen who mav wish lo know more particularly about
him are requested lo inquire of the subscriber al the Ten Hills
Stock Farm. m 1 SAMUEL JAQUES.
Cargo, No. I
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . . .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
Flour, Genesee, . . . cash.
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . •
Alexandria,
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern yellow, . .
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
Hay, best English,
Honey,
Hops, Isl quality,
Lard, Boston, fst sort
Southern, Isl sort, . . . .
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
" upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails al . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra dear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, . . . .
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . . , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Sa.\ony,
Merino, |lhs washed, ,
Merino, half blood, . .
IVlerino, quarter, . . .
Native washed, . . .
g f Pulled superfine,
i^T3 1st Lambs, . .
^:S.^2d "
Sg. 3d '■
Z (Isl Spinning, .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 els. less per lb.
barrel
4 00
bushel
1 00
barrel
11 It
6 75
8 51'
pound
M
^
"
b
"
'.i
"
3!;
.<
!)
bushel
1 20
barrel
5 75
"
C 00
none
"
5 75
bushel
76
"
70
*'
75
"
(ill
'15
ton
17 00
gallon
40
poiiiitl
30
pound
5
u
19
lb.
23
pound
16
lb.
18
pouud
26
25
cask
!I0
Ion
2 75
bushel
25
barrel
18 50
"
12 50
"
none
busliel
2 25
87
pound
12
c^vt
10 00
pound
60
"
70
60
"
42
"
40
"
35
"
65
"
48
35
"
25
42
3 00
1 50
11 60
7 00
6 75
15
10
1 30
6 00
6 12
19 00
50
1 06
3 CO
30
19 00
14 00
2 50
1 00
13
13
11 00
02
PROVISION MARKET.
retail prices.
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, kegandiub, . . .
lump, best, ....
EcGS J . . . .
Potatoes, common, . . ,
Cider, (according lo quality.)
pound I
dozen
bushel
barrel
35
2 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— JIoNDAT, JULY 1, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 262 Beef Callle, (including about 25 un-
sold last week), IC Cows and Calves, 1870 Sheen, and SO
Swine. About 100 Beef Cattle were from Kentucky, a part
of which were fed by the Hon. Henry Clay. They were very
fine, and were purchased by some of oar first bulchers.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — Last week's prices were well sup-
ported : some qualities were a shade higher. We quote prime
al S6,25 a 0,50; good al ^5,25 a 6 ; thin al 54,73 a 5,25.
Cows and Cahes.—We noticed sales at glS, 20, 23, 25,
27, 30, 40 and 45.
Wi.cp and tumfa.— Sales were noticed at gl.67, 1,83, 2,00,
2,25, 2.33, 2.37, 2,50. and 2.75. A lot of A\'etlicrs were sold
for somelhing more than gi, some of wbich were worth ^10 or
,?12.
SiiuW..— One lot, most of which were Barrows, were laksn
at 0 c. one do. at 5J c. At retail, G c. for Sows, 7 c. for Bar-
We have received a line, requesting us to stale that 100 Beef
CnUle, of superior quality, fed by J. Hughson, Esq. Scmla
Valley. Ohio, will be al Brighton Market 13th inst.
408
NEW ENGLAND FARiAIER,
JULY 3, 1S33.
v»m
MISCELLANY.
A VOICE FROM MOUNT AUBURN.
BY MISS H. F. GOULD.
A VOICE from Moiinl Auburn ! a voice !— and il said,
■< Ye have chosen me out as ilic home foi the dead;
From llie busile of life ye liave rendered me free ;
My earih ye have hallowed— henceforth I shall be
A w-arden of "raves, u-liere your loved ones shall rest!
O, who will be first lo repose on my breast ?
' I now must be peopled from life's busy sphere?
Ye may roam, but the end of your journey is here.
I shall call ! I shall call I and the many will come
From the heart of your crowds to so peaceful a home;
The great and the good, and the young and the old,
111 death's dreamless slumbers, my mansions will hold.
' To me shall the child his loved parent resign ;
And mother, the babe at thy breast must be mine!
The brother and sister for me are to part,
Aud the lover to break from each tie of the heart;
I shall rival the bridegroom and take from his side.
To sleep in my bosom, his beautiful bride.
' And sweetly secure from all pain they shall lie
Where the dews gently fall and the streams ripple by ;
While the birds sing their hymns, amid air-harps, that sound
Through the boughs of the forest trees whispering aroimd.
And Bowers, bright as Eden's, at morning shall .-pread
Aud at eve drop their leaves o'er the slumberer's bed !
' But this is all earthly ! while thus ye enclose
A spot where your ashes in peace may repose :
Where the living may come and commune with the dead,
Widi God and his soul, and with reverence tread
On the sod, which he soon may be sleeping below, —
Have ye chosen the home where your spirit shall go ?
'Shall il dwell where the gardens of Paradise bloom.
And flowers are not opening to die on the tomb?
With the song of an angel a vesture of light.
Shall it live in a world free Irom shadow and blight ;
Where the waters are pure, from a fount never sealed.
And the secrets of heaven are in glory revealed ?
'A day hastens on, — and an arm then shall break
The bars of the tomb,— and the dread trump shall awake
The deatl from Iheir sleep in the earth and the sea.
And, ' Render up Uiine !' shall the sound be lo me !
Prepare for that hour, that my people may stand
Unawed by the scene at the Judge's right hand !'
From the Preface to Ilendtrson's Collection of Scottish
Prorerbs.
A COIiLECTOR OP PROVERBS.
" An intiinatf IVifiid of our own, a goiuleman of
some eccciiti-icity of character, was, at one period
of Ills life, a very assiiluons collector of proverbs.
He piqueil liiniself not a little upon liis store of
proverliial colloquialisms, ami, iti all angtimentative
matters, was sure to silence liis opponents, by
fairly pouring out to tbem a broadside of proverbs,
great and small, light and heavy, ptit and iinpat,
no matter which, if he only kept up a raking of
this sort of verbal shot. At the time we speak of,
it was hii-' custom to note down every proverb
which he might hear in the course of conversation,
on sli])s of paper, froin which he transferred
them to his magnum opus when leisure occurred.
In this way there seldom was a card, letter or
scrap of paper on his person, but was literally
groaning with " rusty sayed saws and |u-overbial
rhymes." No bee could be busier in sucking from
every flower its pith and flavor, than our collector
was in registering, upon his sybilline leaves, the
fruits of every day's quest, after these insulated
morsels of wit and wisdom.
On one occasion, he bad been invited to a large
party at a friend's house, where there happened to
be not a few strangers present. Our fricinl, foriu-
nately, we think, as the sequel will show, had for-
gotten to disgorge his pockets of their multifarious
contents. Well, the good things disap|)cared,and
the wine followed, and, with every bottle, the con-
versation assumed a more lively character. How
some misunderstanding with our collector and an-
other gentleman at the table arose we cannot well
ex|)lain, but certaiidy their words waxed high,
atid to such a degree was their dispute carried,
that an abrupt termination was put to the festivities
of the evening, by the man of proverbs handing
over bis card to the stranger. Nothing, of course,
was spoken of by the grave part of the conimutii-
ty, but, the disagreeable results to which the next
morning's dawn must unavoidably give rise.
Next morning came, and the gentleman began
to bestir himself, as, according to the rules of hon-
or, he must do, when there is jiersonal injury to
he avenged. With the luun of proverbs he was
deeply engaged, and to refresh bis memory as to
name, and ad<lress, he had recourse to the card
put into his hands over night. He looked first
at one side, then at the other, but name or place
on neither could be found : but in place of that,
there was traced in good legible characters —
' .Yothing should be done in a hurrij, but ctdching
Jims.'' The effect of this was irresistible. Rlr. ,
fill into an incontrollable tit of laughter, ami, with
altered feelings from those with which he left bis
couch, immediately called upon a mutual I'riend,
where such explanations were givenjis to the quarrel
of the evetiing before, that a hostile meeting was in
a inotnent quashed. Had it not been, however, for
this forttmate incident, of proverb gathering, there
is no saying bow matters would have ended. We,
knowing all the circmnstances, are entitled to say,
that, but for this excellent aphorism, one or two
valuable lives might have been sacriliced to notions
of false honor."
■WHOLESALE AND RETAIL CASJl STORE.
KLIAliSTONf, BKEWEli, No. 411. W .i l.im .-u, , i.
{South end) has received a general as^iiiu ui ,^ /
i>'«mmfrGoo(/s,amongwhich are 100 ■■.!-. 1:^ 1.1 ., -i.l
American Prims ol a-ll prices and c|iial[iic — ,u , ,i>c, f, uu,,,,!.
Kobes— 1 case Cambric Muslins, some olwlnch are-very fine— 1
ca.se Coiion Cambrics do. ilo. — lease While Lilesia lor lining
ladies dresses — 1 case Book Binders' Cambrick lor do. do. — 'S
cases dc. — 1 00 cases bleached and brown Sheeting antl Shirting,
some exira fine — 1 rase Marseilles Quills. Irom S to lOquailcVs
— 5 cases London Rose UUinkets. some ol a very superior qual-
ity and large size — 1 case Hearth Kugs — 4 cases (.'lupp's spool
Li cord cotton, warranted — '200 yards superior qiialilv — o cases
Clark's ilo. at very low prices by doz. or case — 5000 laucy
boxes — 1 large variety of colored and black French Silks at
very recuced prices — 2 cases c(d'd baiiiste — 1 ciise black and
colored Barage — i cases French aud London printed fliuslins
of new 'lallcrns and beautiful colois — 2 rases three cord* d su-
pcifine Italianelies. black and fashionable colors — 1 case com-
mon do — lease Plaid Palmgrim's super quality — 1 case Pou
de Soi ,r gciileel article for ladies' summer dresses, 9d per yd
—20 ps super mix'd, drab, and olive Merino CassincUs lor
rhildiCH's summer ilresses— 20 ps Rouen I ■.isstiii.if « iih a large
variety of su|)eifiiie and fine Broadclnih^ iui.l i ,i~-iiiieres —
20 balfs Pelisse Wadding — i cases su|iiii.ii Th km;; — t cases
cheaprlo — 10 rases improved soft Hiiislicd lA Irish Linen, man-
ufactured for the London market and imported expressly ibr
the Rttiiscriber.
The above goods are ofiered for cash only at prices so ex-
trcmelv low as will make it an object for purchasers either by
picfe or yard lo call and see. May 29
A Scotch paper notices an old woman living at
Glasgow, who is 130 years of age. She nevtr
took u doctor's drug in all her life, nor was a lancet
ever applied to her frame. She is perfectly free
of affections of the chest, and during the last century
of her life she has been u perfect stranger to pain,
and her pulse does not exceed 70. Her grandfa-
ther died at the age of r29, and, her father in llie
i'20th \ear of his age.
PKlUBKOKE BUTTER AMJ TABLE &ALT.
Just received by Schr. Boston Packet—
301 barrels aud'jliO sacks Buiie. Salt. 6600 loaves Table
Sail.
Abundant evidence is before the public of the quality of this
Salt being superior lo any hitherto manufactured in any part of
the world. As such we wariaiit il and oMer it for sale.
jmieS CHAS L CAZENOVE & CO.
YOUHU l<'LO»tl5iT S aiAiNUAL.
JILST Published and for sale by GEO. C. BARRETT,
31 & 52 North Market Street.
The Yoksc Florist's Manhal, or a description of ihe
Plants usually cullivated in ihe Flower Garden with Ihnr
Habits and modes o/' cultivation. The whole being a compila-
tion from llie best Authors, euid intended for Common use — pnce
37icts. J 1'.
TURNIP SEED.
For sale at the N. E. Seed Slorc, ol &. 32, North Ma.kei
Street,
Early Dutch Turnip. Early Garden Stone do. Yellow
Stone do. White Flat Winter do. Long Yellow French do.
Yellow Aberdeen do. Ruta Baga do.
The two last are verv excellent kinds for catde.
FARMERS OWN BOOK.
For sale at the New England Farmer orhce the Farmer's
Own Rook or Family Receipts. Being a compilation ol ihe
very best receipts on agiieuhure, gardening and cookery, with
rules for keeping farmeis accounts, &.C. Price 30 cents.
NEW AIIIERICA-\ OR^ HARDIST,
JIIST published and lor sale by GEO. C. BARRETT, Nos.
51 & 32 North Mai kcl Street, 'i'Hf; Nkw Amkkican Ok-
rninirsT, or a treatise on die cullivalion and management of
Fritiis, (rnip'S. Ornatnnititl Shrubs, uiui /Voicers, adapted to
cullivai on in the United Slates
tins B reroinmenilcd lo the public as a treatise well worthy
a d.Tfc ill every farmer's library, containing an account of the
ino$i
valuable varieties of fruit, and the remedies lor II
OK* to which fruit trees are subject from noxious iiisc
dilicr causes. Also the varielies of Grapes willi tlu-i
ofciillure. &c. Price .«(1, 25. .1
and
lodes
FOR SALE,
TH.\T valuable country seat and farm formerly ovMied by
E. H Derby and J. Crowninshield, Esqrs., and lately by Col.
EuilicoU.siiualed in Danvers, within twomdesol Salem and
fifiecii of Boston. The buildings are in good repair, spacious
.inri dcgaul. and convenient lor a genteef familVi and also for a
lamvr's, wuh barns, siahles, &r., attached. There is an e.\-
cclleit garden, containing a great variety of choice fruits,
shruSs aud flowers and a laslelul summer house. The farm is
ill ahigh slate of cultivation, well watered and enclosed — it
produces large crops of hay, grain, and vegetables, besides ap-
ples pears, peaches, aprirois, plums, quinces and cherries ;
Ihcr: is a nursery of young fruit trees, and a plantation of
.'jOIMJ White Miiliierries. 'Hie place has many advantages, and
is the most desirable country retreat in the vicinity. The build-
ing »nd garden, with from 10 lo 100 acres of land, as the pur-
chaser may choose, are oflered on liberal and aroommoualing
terns. Apply al this office, or to AMOS KING.
Danvers, March 27, 1833.
THE NEW ENGL.\ND FARMER
published every Wednesday Evening, at ^3 per aniiiim
hin
,,.. .able al the eiid of the year— but those w ho pay
sixV/ days from the time ol subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of fifty cents.
Q T No paper will be sent lo a distance without payment
being made in advance.
AGENTS.
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Albany— Wm. Thorburn, 347 Market-street.
Philidelphia—D. & C. Landketh, 83 Chesnul-strect.
fMtimcre—l. I. Hitchcock, Publisher of American Farmer.
Cincinnati— S. C. Parkhorst, 23 Lower Market-slreet.
Flushing, N. F.—Wm. Prince & Sons. Prop. Lin.Bot.Gai.
Middlebunj, F(.— Wight Chapman, Merchant.
Hartford — Goodwin &, Co. Booksellers.
Springfield. Ms.—E. Edwards, Merchant.
Newbunjport—EBZHEv.y.R Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H.—}. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me.— Colman, Holoen & Co. Booksellers.
Awnista, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Hajifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C— Geo. Bent.
St. Louis— Geo. Holton.
Printed for Geo. C, Barrett by Fori, & Damrell
whoexecute every description of Book andhincy Prmt-
ino in good style, and with promptness. Orders for pnnt-
ml may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agncul-
luJal Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
NEW ENGL.ANB FARMER.
PUBLISHED BY GEO. C. BARRETT, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)-T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 10, 1833.
COMMUNICATIONS.
■ . • I :
For the New England Farmer.
M. PEIil-EIVBERG'S ESTABLISHMENT, COWS
OP SWITZERIiASID, &c.
The following letter, written in French, by ijlie
celebrated agriculturist, M. Fellenberg, of Hofwyl,
Switzerland, to tlie Hon. Thomas L. Winthrc)!',
President of the Massachusetts Society for prc-
nioting agriculture, has been translated for the
JVew England Farmer.
Sir, I have the honor to enclose herewith a
letter of thanks to the Agricultural Society of Mas-
sachusetts ; and hasten to reply at the same time
to your inquiries respecting our milch cows, and
our bulls. I do not believe that you would find
it for your advantage to acquire them ; imless
your breed of cattle should be extremely bad ;
ours speedily degenerate when sent abroad, and
the transportation of them will be attended with
great expense. The season is also unfavorable to
their purchase ; cattle, when taken immediately
from their stalls, are very apt to be injured by
long journics ; the best time to purchase them is
in September, or October ; in those months they
return home of course, from our mountains. Our
best cows do not give but a little more than 4 pots
of milk a day; the medium quantity for the entire
year ; the pot of milk weighs 4 pounds, of IS
ounces. It is advisable to purchase the heiferl,
which will cost you from 10 to 12 French louis-
dors each, in the autumn ; the bulls may also be
purchased at about the same price ; but it is the
expense of transportation which makes me fear for
your interest. However, notwithstanding my ob-
servations, if you shall still be desirous of having
these animals purchased, I will give orders to have
sent in the autumn to Havre, those well chosen, to
the address of the person whom you shall please
10 designate.
I pray you sir, to accept my most cordial salu-
tations. Emanuel de Fellenberg.
Hofwi/l, April l&th, 1833.
Remarks of the Editor of the jYctc England Far-
mer. It, perhaps, may not be amiss, in this place,
to give some notices of the celebrated establishment
of M. Fellenberg, the writer of the above letter.
The establishment at Hofwyl, near Berne, was
invented, and is conducted at the sole expense of
M. Fellenberg, and was founded in 1809. His
object was to apply a sounder system of education
to the great body of the people, in order to stop
the progress of error and corruption. He under-
took to systematize education, and to show on a
large scale how the children of the poor might best
be taught, and their labor at the samo time most
profitably applied ; in short, liow the first twenty
years of a poor man's life might be so employed
as to provide both for his «upport and education.
The peasants in the neighborhood were at first rath
er shy of trusting their children for a new experi-
ment ; and being obliged to take his pupils where
he could find them, many of the earliest were the
sons of vagrants, and literally picked up in the
highways ; this was the case of some of the most
distinguished pupils.
Their treatment is nearly that of children under
the paternal roof. They go out every morning to
their work soon after sunrise, having first break-
fiisted and received a lesson of about half an hour:
they return at noon. Dinner takes them half an
hour, a lesson of on(?*%(5iur follows ; then to their
work again till six in the evening. On Sunday
the dilVcrent lessons take six hours instead of two,
and they have butcher-meat on that day only.
They are divided into three classes according to
age and strength ; an entry is made in a book eve-
ry night of the number of hours each class has
worked, specifying the sort of labor done, in order
that it may be charged to the proper account, each
particular crop having an account opened for it,
as well as every new building, the live stock, the
machines, the schools themselves, &c. &c. In
winter, and whenever there is not out-of-door work,
the boys plait straw for chairs, make baskets, saw
logs with the cross-saw and split them, thrash and
winnow corn, grind colors, knit stockings, or assist
:he wheelwright and other artificers, of whom
there are many employed in the establishment.
For all which difierent sorts of labor au adequate
salary is credited to each boy's class.
The education of the boys consists chiefly in in-
^ulcating habits of industry, frugality, veracity,
locility and nmtual kindness, by means of good
e.xample rather than precepts ; and above all by
tlie absence of bad example. It has been said of
'he Bell and Lancaster schools that the good they
do is mostly negative : they take children out of
the streets, employ tlieni in a harmless sort of
meiual sport two or three hours in the day, exer-
cise* ilieir understanding gently and pleasantly, and
acciletoni them to order and rule without compul-
sion.) Now what these schools undertake to do
for ajfew hours of each week, during one or two
year^of a boy's life, the School of Industry at Hof-
wyl |oes incessantly, during the whole course of
his yt)uth ; providing at the same time, for his
whole physical maintenance at a very cheap rate.
See Xoudon's En. of Agr. Art. 343, &c. Like-
wise, vV. E. Farmer, vol. x, p. 73.
Wilh regard to the Swiss possessing a superior
breed of cows, we have seen notices to that effect
in Aircrican newsijapers, one of which we repub-
lished from the Pliiladelphia Gazette, vol. v. p. 332,
of the.Vcjtf England Farmer. Those reports, how-
ever, nre not confirmed by the foregoing letter of
M. Fellenberg.
For the- New England Farmer.
THE -WANDERER. No. 4.
I HkvE refrained from troubling you of late, you
have qeen so much better occupied ; but my lucu-
bratiols have increased upon me. However de-
lightfully you set forth " the Fruits and Flowers,"
that adorn our gardens, which I do not mean to
undervalue, yet more truly to enjoy their fragrance,
we must exercise the other senses.
Let us then move over our fields, and see how
they are dressed. Horticulture is a beautiful les-
son to the Agriculturist. Let its rules then be
profitably observed. How is it in our walks ? Is
our care and attention in Agriculture, all it should
be ? I am sorry to call your readers, from the
Rose to the Thistle. But the fact is to be lament-
ed, that most pestilent intruder the Canada Thistle,
NO. 52.
is making progress through our country ; and an
evil which a dollar or two in a township would
now eradicate, bids fair hereafter to inflict incal-
culable injury on our soil. It would be difficult
to conceive, unless it was seen, the withering ef-
fects of this noxious weed. I5ut as I not long
since jiassed through Upper Canada, I had occa-
sion to know that the crops of wheat were lessen-
ing year after year under its influence. Clover
and the artificial grasses too were Hiding, beneath
its destructive shade and competition. The Pea
seemed its only accompaniment, and to this cul-
ture, the Farnn rs found themselves driven. I
asked of one and another, why this was allowed,
and what measures of prevention were taken ?
There was no satisfactory answer to be had. They
saw the wheat fields overrun, and the export of
the country changed and nearly ruined, in a sort
of dumb submission ! ! Peas are cultivated under
the unobstructed shade of the Thistle. In whiU
should be the " Grass crop," the Thistle " takes
the field," and when you ask the cultivator as to
this, he replies — " The cattle get through the
winter with it," and so it appeared ; though from
their lean and melancholy look, you would think
they had lately taken leave of some of their race ! ! !
Not but that there is great fertility in much of tha
soil in Upper Canada, and we speak of the suffer-
ings of our neighbors with unfeigned regret. Come
then, let us look about us. Is this pestilent evil
malung its inroals upon us? If so, are our Far-
mers awake ? Have wc improved on tiint excel-
lent caution, "learn to be wise by others' harm."
As I have wandered to and fro, I have Lad a
melancholy conviction to the contrary of this. In
our good county of Middlesex, we have the Thistle
by the wayside ! ! I have seen it between Boston
and Watertown, spreading its seed on gossamer
wing, in undisturbed and rank luxuriance. In
Worcester too, where so much is seen to delight,
passing through Webster, with its flourishing fac-
tories, on the central turnpike, even here is the
thistle in baleful aspect.
If then this evil threatens us, what should be
our means of prevention ?
Here we wish we had better information for a
guide — but at the worst the thistle is but of annual
growth, and by early cutting (and perhaps more
than once) it may be extirpated. On a small ex-
tent of ground I mowed them, and then watei^d
the ground with a salt pickle by which the thistle
lyas destroyed and the land benefited.
The evil is not now very extensive, and it may
be easily checked. But exertion is necessary ;
for who can estimate it when it shall be wafted
into field and garden in odious mixture with every
thing about us. If I have justly denounced an in-
truder, let it be looked to.
Some connoisseurs would give a hundred pounds
for the painted head of a beggar, who would threat-
en the living mendicant with the stocks.
Fame is represented bearing a trumpet. Would
not the picture be truer, were she holding a hand-
full of dust?
Fishermen, in order to handle eels securely, first
cover them with dirt. In like manner does de-
traction strive to grasp excellence.
410
NEW ENGLAND PARMER,
JULY 10, 1S33.
From the FaiTncr's Jourmd.
MANAGEMEKT OP SHEEP.
If my experience in the management of sheep,
has qualified me for giving my brother fanners
any information which may be of use to them, in
this branch of their business, I shall always be
pleased to improve any opportunity for favoring
t'liem with it.
My custom is, to give my sheep the earliest op-
portunity to pick about my fields in the spring; al-
ways being careful to provide them a shelter from
storms, or from raw and blusteiing weather. 1
take all pains to keep my ewes in the best order
during tlie winter, and separate from the rest of
the flock, for the purpose of giving them, some
■weeks previous to yeaning, better and diftereut
food. 1 think much depends on this. Tlie lambs
■will be more strong and healthy, and the ewes wi
afford a better and more healthy supply of mill
my sheep before they get so old as to become en-
feebled ; as they are more likely to acquire those
diseases which spread though the flock.
As for the scab and foot-rot, I know of no bet-
ter remedies than those in common use among
wool-growers. J.
I
calculate for my lambs to come about the first of
May, and think it the best time. I prefer an ear-
lier period however to a later one. At the time
of shearing, the lambs are marked and castrated,
after which they sliould be turned into a dry and
fertile pasture. At this time, also, 1 apply a quan-
tity of tar to the nose of each sheep, ami gener-
ally, thrust a little into their mouths. I also apply
a quantity of tar to the roots of the horns, to
keep out the maggot. The use of tar in both the
above modes I regard as highly important — but
particularly in tlie first, as aflbrdiug the best secur-
ity I know of against the maggot in the head. More
sheep die of this disorder, during the winter and
spring, than of all others combined. I believe the
foul nose generally proceeds from the maggot, the
operations of which produce the unusual dis-
charge of mucus. This 1 have never failed to
cure by the injection of a quantity of Scotch snufl'
and vinegar,
The scour is often troublesome at the time of
changing from the barn to the pasture. I have
tried many remedies for this ; but the best and
most simple I believe to be a small quantity of
chalk — say a lump about the size of a hen's egg.
If one dose does not cure, a second seldom fails.
1 am careful to have none of my sheep except
those I intend for market get very fat during the
summer. I have heard it remarked, and I believe
it, that afteronce getting vtry fat, asheep will never
arrive at the same point again. Sheep which get
fat during the summer certainly do not do as well
in the fall and winter. About the middle of Sep-
timber I give my sheep the best feed I can, and
the middle of October begin to feed sparingly
■with turnips, potatoes, or some kind of grain.
When the time arrives for yarding, which I do
rather late, I separate my flock in the following
manner. In one yard I put my rams and weth-
ers, except such of the former as have become
very poor during the time of running with the
ewes. In the second I put my last spring lambs,
in the third all my healthy ewes, and in the fourth
my old and weak (but not diseased) ewes. A sixth
department is a kind of hospital, into which every
sheep is removed as soon as discovered to be aftlic-
ted with disease. This arrangement I consider
very important, as it affords an opportunity for
treating every class of sheep in the manner judged
Jmost jnoper for their circumstances. I have
known instances in which the lot of old and feeble
ewes have come out much improved in the spring,
and have produced a good fleece, and raised fine
IStely lambs. I always iutend, however, to turn
Froin the TViibaiixriUe {Lti.) Intelligencer.
THE SEASON AlVD THE CROPS.
Thus far, we believe the season has been pecu-
liarly favorable to the great staples of this state,
cotton and the sugarcane. We have lately visited
several plantations in this and the adjoining parish-
es, and from our own observation, as well as from
the information of others more conversant with
the subject of tillage, we have reason to believe
that the prospect of abundant crops has not beei
better, if so good, sincc,,1828. Experienced cul-
tivators of the cane assure us, that it is from foui,
to six weeks in advance of the growth it had attnin<
ed last year, at this jjeriod. The rolling seasoi
will therefore commence much earlici, and thij
chances of injury from untimely frosts will be prof
portiouably diminished. The only cloud which ol^
scures the prospects of the planters, is, the appret
hension that the prevailing epidemic may swee;)
oft" the o|)eratives to such an extent, that it will b
impossible to secure the rich harvest of whic
they have an earnest, in the propitious aspect
their cultivated fields.
IKFLUENCE OF COTTAGE GARDENS IN PRi
MOTING INDUSTRV.
It is a fact, the knowledge of which will not Ij
unacceptable to those of our readers who take
interest in plans for bettering the condition of tile
poor, that, in the village of Blackwood, ripe
peaches grown in a cottager's garden have this
season been sold at the moderate price of SJ. per
dozen. I need hardly say tlint tin; land producing
this fruit was the grower's own, that is, bed un-
der a lease for lives. In the year 1S17 th's spot
was a wilderness. Tiie cottager was a roigh or
out-door carpenter, employed to put up pojts and
rails on a farm, and to do the rough work ibout a
colliery. Before he built his house he livsd in a
hovel, with his wife and family, without even a
garden. Since then, by dint of industry aid good
conduct, he has been enabled to build a second
and a third house, all of stone, and tiled, and to
bring three gardens into cultivation, besido rear-
ing his childien decently, and teaching his sons lo
tread in his steps. He is now an old man, nearly
blind, and has been unable to follow his work for
njore than a year past, but he has a comfortable
house to live in ; receives the rent of two other
houses ; has two industrious sons and a daightcr
unmarried, to cultivate his garden, which is larger
than usual ; with its produce in fruit and vegeta-
bles of various sorts, honey from his hives, and a
pig in the stye to kill at Christmas, to console liim
under the loss of sight and the infirmities of old
age, with the consciousness, that he need be in-
debted to no parish for relief, and is in no danger
of leaving his children beggars. — Loudoiv's Maga-
zine.
From the Albany Daily Adi-ertiser.
AMERICAN IRON.
It has been a study much attended to of late, to
know the character and vaiHe of American and
foreign iron compared with each other.
The consumption of iron in the shape of boiler
plates and cast rails, is becoming enormous. The
tenacity and character of the metal are yet to be
thoroughly understood. The Baltimore iron is
considered the best in ilie world for sleamboatP. —
As yet we do not fabricate wrought iron rails, but
probably very soon shall, as machinery will be
contrived to equalize the difference between the
the prices of American and English' labor. Cast
iron rails have been ujade with success at our own
furnaces.
Tiie American iron being mched by the heat of
ciarcoal, is allowed to be more tenacious than
the English, which is melted with coke.
To put the matter completely at rest, how-
ever, very interesting experiments have been
made at the apartments of the Franklin In-
stitute, imder the direction of Mr. Johnson,
a scientific gentleman. The Secretary of the
Treasury was authorized some years since, by an
act of Congress, to expend a certain amount in
constructing machines to make experiments on the
tenacity of iron and other njetals used for steam
boilers. It was so constructed as to adndt any de-
gree of teniperature, up to 500 degrees Fahr.
Some interesting results have thus been obtain-
ed. The Pennsylvanian, who is our authority for
the assertion, says it is ascertained that the ten-
acity of good iron is increased by the application
of any degree of heat under 450, which is contra-
ry to previously entertained opinions. Some Ten-
nessee iron, (from the Ciunberland works) was
found equal to a resistance of from 59 to 64000 lbs.
the square inch ! The Pennsylvania and Connec-
ticut iron exhibited the same qualities. No iron
from our state was sent on for trial — We hope
some of our proprietors of forges will not forget
to subnut specimens of their iron to the test of
these experiments.
It was also found that comnion Amercan iron
was better than the best British, and the best
American equal and generally superior to Swedish
and Russian.
A report is preparing to be exhibited to the
next Congress, in which we may expect an ac-
curate statement of the facts, a document that must
be of uncommon interest and importance.
From the Farmer^s Chromcle.
PEAS.
As all kinds of seed and grain have a tendency
to degenerate, when sown or planted a mnnber of
years on the same farm, unless j)articular pains are
taken to keep the seed pure and clean, it is the
duty of every farmer, to take the utmost pains to
clean his seeds of every descrij)tion, so as to coun-
teract such tendency to degenerate. There is no
seed that I am acquainted with, that will degener-
ate more rapidly than peas. The process that I
have pursued for two years with my seed peas,
is simply sifting them in a sieve that will
let through the small peas and the small seeds
of every descriiJtion, and leave the largest
and best of the peas to sow. By this means
my peas have improved at least twenty-five per
cent, in quality. I think it answers all the pur-
pose of scalding to clean them of the bugs. By
sifting them the bug omit is shaken out of the peas
and left with the rubbish, which is given to the
hogs. I make my sieve by taking the fine sieve
of the fanning mill, and making a box of clapboards
of such size as just to admit the sieve — then Bailed
small cleats on the inside of the bottom of the box
so as to hold the sieve in. By this means the sieve
can be taken out with pleasure and the box saved
for another year. L, Couca»
vol.. XI, NO. 53.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
411
MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
JEXHIBITION OP FLOWERS AT THE MASS.
HORT. SOC. ROOMS.
Saturday, Jul;) 6th, 1833.
Tlioiiias Mason, Charlestovvii Vineyard, Carna-
tions, Pinks, Dahlias, and a variety of Herbaceous
Flowers.
John A. Kfinrick, Newton, Roses. Spirea sor-
bitblia, and KmIjms var. albo pleno.
E. Putnam, Salem, Dahlias, including Globe
and Anemone flowering.
Also, fine specimens of flowers were sent from
the Gardens of William Worthington and Ham-
ilton Davis, Esqrs. of Dorchester and Charles-
tovvii. Per order,
JONA. WiNSHIP,
FRUITS EXHIBITED.
Snturdiiy, July 6th, 1833
The fruits exhibited this day were the finest
specimens of their kinds — and of finest kinds.
Cherries. By Elijah Vose, Jr. of Doichester,
White Bigarreau Cherries. Also, Black Tartarian
— all of extraordinary size.
By Rev. F. Parkman, White Bigarreau Cher
ries.
By Mr. Downer, specimens of the Downer Cher
ry. Specimens of the same fruit were exhibited by
A. D. Williams of Roxbury.
Raspberries. By Messrs. Wiasbip, White Ant-
werp Raspberries — specimens of Barnet Raspber-
ries, fine and large. Per order,
William Kenrick
my iron bars and stone sled, shall prepare that ex-
cellent soil for the [ilough.
How much of our best land is totally unproduc-
tive, entirely useless to its owners, which would
on an average pay 20 per cent, on the cost of
rendering it arable. Senex.
From the Farmer's Reporter.
INTEREST.
Talking with a neighbor at the door of his un
finished house, I kindly inquired of him why it was
not better covered, and in a more comfortable state
outside and in ? "I am in debt," said he, "and
could not afford to finish any more. — We can live
in it till some of my debts are paid. When I am
able, I intend to clapboard and plaster it thorough
ly." "What will it cost you?" said L "Not less
than sixty or seventy dollars," was his answer.
We conversed upon the subject till he acknowl-
edged, that without any reference to the enjoy-
ment of his family and friends, the saving be should
realize by a warm house in the consumption of
wood, probably might be double the interest of
what the finishing would cost. It was natural to
observe, as I did — "You are paying twelve per
cent, for money which you might have for six, and
have as pleasant a fireside as your neighbors.
Twenty dollars spent in repairing a house, would
in many instances, save forty, not to say twice
that sum in fuel."
I noticed a very valuable part of his farm, natu-
rally a productive soil, lying waste, covered with
stones and shrubs. To the question why those
acres were thus neglected his answer was as before,
"I am in debt ; when I get a little more out of
debt, I will exchange these brambles and brakes,
for herdsgrass and clover, for that is my best land:"
"What would it cost an acre to change it to a pro-
ductive state, with a good fence around it ?" Af-
ter calculating, he said, "Not a cent short of twen-
ty dollars." Upon estimating the produce when
properly cultivated, we found that barren spot fair-
ly promised, at least, twenty if not thirty per cent,
interest upon the cost of cultivation. He smiled,
thanked me, and with a composed and determined
voice, very deliberately said : "My bush scythe,
AVOOI,.
Agents from the manufacturers of Webster
and other towns have recently visited this county
and Berk.shire, and purchased large quantities of
wool in Worthington, Peru, Hinsdale, Windsor,
&c. Many loads of wool passed through this
place last week. We are informed that the prices
given range from 47 to 70 cents, and tlie quality
of the wool, from half blood to full blood and
Saxony fleeces. We have heard of only two lots
that brought 70 cents. What is called full blood
merino brought from 5-5 to 65 cents. Such is the
information we have received ; it may not be en-
tirely correct. — A'orthampton Gazette.
From thp. Genesee Farmtr.
PLANTING POSTS FOR GARDEN FENCES, &c.
Instead of filling the holes up with the earth ta-
ken out in digging them, I would recommend in fill-
ing in around the posts leached ashes instead of
common earth, and topping off" with five or six in-
ches of unleached ashes above the surface of the
ground ; for it is generally between wind and wa-
ter, as the sailors term it, that garden posts begin
to decay. My reason for recommending ashes ts
that I have frequently found pieces of board, hoops
and staves, buried under heaps of leached ashes,
which had lain there many years and were quite as
sound as when first buried. No doubt many of
your readers have noticed the same, in reniovino-
old ash heaps near pot-ash works.
USEFUL. DISCOVERT.
A machine has been invented and put in oper-
ation in Philadelphia, for napping hats by steam.
The editor of i(ie Philadelphia Inquirer, recently
witnessed the performance of this machine, in a
hat manufactory, and speaks in high terms of its
capabilities. The beauty and superiority of the
work, are at once admitted by all who have exam-
ined it. It is not stated whether, or not, the pro-
cess is more rapid than by the old method ; but
it is held to turn out a much better article, as the
napping process requires very hot water, steam
applied to the same purpose may be many degrees
hotter than boiling water. The invention is
thought to he a very useful one.
From the New i^or/c Farmer.
TO MAKE A I.IQ,UID OPODELDOC.
Take two quarts of whiskey, rum, or brandy, or
any other proof spirits, put it in a kettle and warm it
witi; coals, dissolve in it as much soft-soap as it will
takqiqi. When cold, put it into a bottle and add one
oz. of camphor,lialf an oz. volatile salts of ammonia,
wheti these are dissolved, it is ready for use. This
preparation is called Liquid Opodeldoc, and in all
swellings about horses and cattle is a safe and good
application. Some gentle physic should be given
at the same time. The opodeldoc will scatter the
humors if recent, and the physic will clear them
out of the system.
Yours, &c. Carlo.
Destruction of Insects. R. M. W., a writer for
the Genesee Farmer, gives the following as a
method for destroying the turnip-fly and other in-
sects in hot beds. Take a tea-spoon full of sul-
phur or brimstone reduced to a coarse powder, put
it on a small piece of paper and lay it on the hot
bed, then light a piece of brown paper and lay it
burning on the sulpliur, it will soon set the sulphur
on fire, then put down the sash close. The
burning sulphur will destroy all the oxygen in the
frame and pervade every part of it, destroying eve-
ry living thing within it. After two or three min-
utes the sash may be raised and the sulphuric fumes
blown out, and no insect will be left to do mis-
chief.
I^reservivgCulinary Vegetables through the Winter.
Th« Memoirs of the Caledonian Horticultural Soci-
ety give the following mode of preserving French
bea|is, parsley, celery leaves and spinage, through
the; winter. Gather the leaves or beans without
waaliing them ; put tbeni into a barrel without a
heall, alternate layers of vegetables and salt. —
Then put a board upon the vegetables, and a
weight on the board, which will now be covered
with the juice of the vegetables. When wanted for
use, take out the quantity required, and wash it
carefully, returning the board and weight. The
best weight is a clean water worn stone, tolerably
heavy. The watery juice towards the board ex-
cludes the action of the air, and prevents putre-
faction.
Parsley, celery and spinach leaves, carefully
dried and kept from moisture are excellent iu
aoups, &c.
FIRES.
It will be seen by the annexed statement of
fires in this city and vicinity, during the last six
months, that the fire department have had a busy
season, whatever othors may think to the contrary.
In the city the number of fires during the sis
months ending Juue 30, 1833, was 42 ; and out
of the city, at which the Boston Fire Department
turned out 12 ; false alarms 21, — making in all,
75 turns out. The loss in the city was $40,050,
of which $21,760 was insured ; the loss out of
the city, was $30,700, of which only $3000 was
insured. Loss in all $70,750 ; insurance $23,760.
During the twelve months of 1832, there were
only 50 fires iu the city ; 18 out, at which the De-
partment turned out ; and 60 false alarms. Loss
in the city, $61,863,34, of which $24,078,34 was
insured ; out of the city, $25,650, of which
$12,300 was insured. — Loss in all $87,513,34;
insurance $36,378,34. From this it appears that
there were only 14 more actual fires in 1832, than
in half of the present year ; and that the amount
of damage was only $16,763 more in 1832 than
in half the present year. — Boston D. Adv.
Burning of TTiree Steamboats. The Louisville
papers of the 22d state, that about ten o'clock on
the preceding evening, the steamer Sentinel took
fire while at the wharf in front of that city. The
flames spread with such rapidity, that in less than
ten minutes the Dclphine above and the Rambler
below, were also on fire, and the three boats were
burned in about an hour to the water's edge.
JVovel Steamboat Accident. The steamboat Can-
ada, on her way to Quebec, on the 22d ult. with
4 or 500 passengers on board, experienced a sin-
gular accident. A part of her deck, ten feet wide,
extending across the vessel, gave way, and 200 of
them fell together below. Only two were severe-
ly wounded.
412
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
•nJI.Y 10, 1833.
From tht New Yort Far-mer.
CULTURE AKD MAKUFACTURE OP TEA.
An American gentleman, physician in this city,
gives an account of the culture of tea in the Roy-
al Botanic Garden of Brazil. Of the horticulture
generally of that country, he says, " it would be
as easy to furnish you with a sketch of the notions
upon political economy entertained by the Pata-
"•onians, or an elaborate essay upon the state of the
fine arts among the Hottentots."
The tea plant, (Thea viridis,) occupies a space,
in the garden of 8 or 10 acres, is planted at the
distance of four feet from each other. It is a hand-
some shrub, about two feet high. The leaves are
stripped several times in the year ; and hence arise
the differentsortsof teain use. No particular care
is taken of the plant. It blooms in July, August, and
September. The gathered leaves are exposed to the
air for a few hours, until they begin to wilt, and are
then thrown into circular pans in brick work, under
which is a moderate fire. These pans are of iron,
four feet in diameter, and about a foot deep. The
leaves arc stirred briskly for about ten minutes
when they are thrown out to another person, who
holds before him a flat wicker or willow frame
about two feet wide and four feet in length, slighdy
inclined towards the floor. Ho strews the leaves
upon this frame, and lays over it another frame,
of the same dimensions and materials. By
moving the frame rapidly to and fro for sev-
jeral minutes, tho leaves are curled up and
fall at the lower end of the frame into baskets.
Tho curled leaves are put over a strong fire for
a few minutes, to drive out the remainder of the
moisture, and are then put into chests or boxes.
The writer thinks each plant would produce full
three pounds numially. It is propagated by slips.
The writer thinks it might bo cultivated in the
United States with much more profit than is obtain-
ed from either sugar or cotton — that six men might
cure and pre|)arc for market tho crop of one hun-
dred acres — and that women and children could do
a great portion of tho labor. From the known
similarity of the climate and soil of China to those
of the United States, he concludes that it could bo
cultivated in the southern States, and from the fact
that it grows well in Japan, as high as the 45th de-
gree of latitude, he has no doubt that it will bear
considerable frosts. We are inclined to agree with
the writer, from the fact that so many of the flow-
ering plants of China and Japan stand our winters
perfectly well. Let the people of the south pat
ronize the exertions of Dr. Ferine, and they wil
soou cease to complain of the operationsof the tariflf.
NANTUCKET SHEEP SHEARING.
Monday and Tuesday last, were tlie days ap
pointed by the proper authorities for performin;
the annual operation of sheep shearing. At an
early hour, accordingly, the ceremonies com-
mpnced. Tho number of candidates for the shears
were probably seven or eight thousand : and this
number would have been far greater, had the
flocks been s])ared by the tretnendously destruc-
tive storm in March last. On the previous Friday
and Saturday, th.e sheep had been collected from
every quarter of the Island, driven into the great
fold at Miacomet, (the site of an ancient Indian
settlement, about a mile from town) selected by
the respective owners, placed in separate pens,
and subjected to the process of ivashing in the
large pond contiguous. After this preparatory
ablution, they were thea ready to " throw oflfthis
uddy vesture of decay" by the aid of some hun-
dreds of shearers, who began to ply their vocation
on Monday morning, seated in rude booths, or be-
neath umbrageous awnings ranged around the
circular labyrinth of enclosures, wherein the pant-
ing animals awaited the divestment of their un-
comfortable jackets.
Tho whole ground occupied by what is tertiied
the " great shear-pen" embraces about one square
mile. This space, partially covered with tlie un-
shorn and their contented lambs, and in other spots
exhibiting multitudes stripped of their fleece and
clamorously seeking their wandering young, pre-
sented to the eye and ear of the stranger, sights
and sounds somewhat rare. There is something
picturesque and unique in the arrangement of the
acconmiodations for those who are engaged in the
principal business of the day. Besides these sheds
or awnings, there are connnonly pitched, as on
this occasion, some half dozen large tents outside
of the great enclosure, furnished with divers holi-
day refreshments for those who are not particularly
particular touching the quality of their viands or
of their company. Within and around these tents
is carried on all the actual revelry that attends this
otherwise quiet carnival : for among the loorking
shearers, industry and sobriety are the order of
the day.
AVe have heard, however, of no disorderly act:
even among the most merrily disposed of the visi-
ters. Both days were remarkably fine ; and the
whole scene seemed to bo highly enjoyed by the
numerous strangers who honored our island with
their presence — among whom we were happy to
recognize the Rev. President Kirkland, formerly
of Harvard University. Yant. Inij.
From the A'ew York Farmer,
SAVING ASHES IN A DRY STATE FOR THE
DESTRUCTION OP INSECTS, &c.
Mr. Fleet, — I notice in your January num-
ber, page 9, an article entitled "Remarks on the
Economy of Peat as Fuel, and the Ashes ns .Ma-
nure, particularly in reference to the poor — Bj T.
iJridgcman ;" and I think with the writer of that
article, that if you should succeed in arousing the
citizens to a consideration of the subject, incalcu-
lable good may result to the community at large,
and that your periodical would be viewed ts a
blessing.
I myself, have travelled through various pirts
of Europe, and can testify to the truth of Mr.
Bridgeman's assertion. I have known manufac-
turers in France make use of peat altogether, for
the purpose of driving their steam engines ; tnd
it is customary for them to save their ashes i:i a
dry state, which are bought, or taken in exchange
for future supplies of fuel. They generally fetch
about half the cost of the peat; and arc highly es-
tiiiiated by cultivators of the soil, not only as ina-
nurc, but as an antidote for the destruction of in-
sects.
I have the satisfaction, also, of stating that tlieir
iinportancc is estimated by some of the farmers
and gardeners of this country; and I am persua-
ded that, if the citizens would be induced to save
all their ashes in a dry state, they would soou be
able to find customers. — I know a gentlemau in
New-Jersey who would be glad to buy a quaiitity
of peat and coal ashes, if he could get them dry
and clean.
It is impossible to calculate what the value of
all the ashea made iu the city of New- York, would
be to farmers and gardeners, if taken care of. Mr.
Colquhoun, in his "Statistical Researches," esti-
mates "the value of the turnip crop, annually grow-
ing in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Ireland, at fourteen millions of pounds sterling,"'
(equal to upwards of sixty millions of dollars) ; and
who can tell what proportion of this success is at-
tributable to the use of ashes? Farmers and gar-
deners here, very frequently have their crops of
turnips cut off by the black fly, through neglecting
the use of ashes and other antidotes for the destruc-
tion of insects.
Yours, respectfully, T. L. Lain.
New-York, January 22, 1833.
Hctnarks hy the Editor. — This subject is deserv-
ing of the special attention of gardeners, and of
ail those who feel interested in behalf of the poor,
jjir. Bridgeman says it is customary, with house-
lecpers in Europe, to sift their coal ashes every
liorning, as soon as they are taken from under tho
fratcs. A frame is attached to an ash house, on
tvhich slides a sieve with a long handle. After
ho contents of the fire-pan are thrown into tho
sieve, a few strokes to and fro, cause the ashes to
Jeparate from the cinders. These may be used
for backing in the kitchen fire or consumed in
jtovcs. Thus managed, the ashes compensate for
ih(- trouble. Blr. B. thinks by the above plan, one
half of the exi)enso of fuel is recpiircd, compared
hith the practice adopted by house keepers iu
New- York.
MURR.\IN AND SCAB IN SHEEP.
Take half an ounce of gum gamboge, one
[lunce of saltpetre, reduce to fine powder, mix
all intimately together. This preparation given
once or twice a week to sheej), in lieu of common
salt, will, I believe, be found an eft'ectual remedy,
against murrain and scab ; and to cattle, will obvi-
ate many disorders to which they are liable. To
hogs, mix a pint to a barrel of swill once in two or
three weeks ; it will prevent most of the disorders
to which they are subject. — .V. Y. Farmer.
ROASTING POTATOES.
A gcod flnd easy mode of roasting potatoes, ap-
ples or egg.s, by steam :
Take your potatoes, or whatever you wish to
roast, and after washing them clean, wrap them up
in paper two or three times over ; when this is
done put them in a can of water, and squeeze them
until the paper is wet to the potato ; squeeze them
well, ami after making a place in the embers, lay
them in, and cover them with hot ashes, with no
coals ; after they have lain a proper tirno, take
tlieni out, and the paper will be found to be per-
fectly dry, and not burnt, and on opening the pa-
per it will be found to be very hot and damp the
nearer you go to the potato ; and the potato will
be found to be soft and clean; and peal much ea-
sier and cleaner than when boiled. An Irish po-
tato when boiled loses half its sweetness, but
when prepared in this manner it does not lose its
sweetness but is better tasted every way. Apples
roasted in this way, are not like what they are
when baked, black and burnt, but have a beautiful
brown cast. Eggs prepared in this way are very
toothsome, and will cook in less time than when
boiling, with good embers. — Southern Planter.
If you boast of a contempt for the world, avoid
getting into debt. It is giving to gnats the fangs
of vipers.
VOL. XI. NO. 53.
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
413
SMALiIi FARMS MOST BENEFICIAL.
Those who have strictly investigated the sub-
ject, consider large farms comparatively loss pro-
ductive than small ones ; while they at the same
time hnpose upon their owners a degree of labor
much greater in proportion than would seem to be
required by the mere ditference of size. A farmer
in moderate circumstances, with fifty or sixty acres
of land, for instance, will bring every inch of it
into a high state of cultivation — the Jalipr em-
ployed in preparing his grounds will be more than
doubly compensated in his subsequent exemption
from toil ; while the owner of a wide spread ter-
ritory of three or four hundred acres, which he
has but sparingly supplied with nourishment, must
work more sedulously upon every acre durin» the
progress of vegetation ; and after all reap but a
meagre and inadequate harvest. As a single acre
of laud highly cultivated, can be niade to yijld a
crop equal to three or four scantily prepared, it
must be obvious, that the extra labor in drasing
the former, is abundantly more than saved li) the
diminished labor in attending it. A strilviuj ex-
emplification of this fact m;.y be viewed by aiy of
our farmers, who will take the trouble to visi. the
grounds attached to the House of Industry at South
Boston — there, they may have the theory and illus-
tration directly before their eyes. These grounds,
it is sr.id, have produced this season, from thne to
four tons per acre — which is two or three times
the quantity of ordinary crops. So exuberant was
the grass that there actually was not room, upon
the surface where it grew, sufficient for the pur-
pose of making the hay. And this was entu-ely
owing, as we are told, to the previous pains taken
to enrich the soil by plentiful additions of suitable
compost.
Were the same policy pursued by the owners
of largo farms, there would be little need of emi
grating from the New England to tho Western
States ; for the very tracts, which now, under a
careless system of culture, barely afford sustenance
for a single family, might be made to support three
or four, and that too with much less toil and trou-
ble, in proportion to the quantity cultivated. Many
of our farmers grasp at the management of too
spacious a territory — the consequence is, they im-
pose upon themselves a state of slavery ; they ac-
cumulate nothing, except now and then an addi-
tional patch of land, which serves only to increase
their toil. Were they on the contrary to confine
their exertions to smaller spots, while their crops
could be rendered equally if not more abundant,
they would themselves enjoy life better — become
more independent, and, with bettor share of fru-
gality, more wealthy; they would acquire time to
institute experiments and to examine improve-
ments ; they would attain vvhat they scarcely now
ever |)0ssess — leisure — whereby we mean, not the
privilege of being lazy — but that sort of leisure
which poor Richard describes as a time for doing
something useful — time for study, for reflection,
for familiar converse, for looking after the educa-
tion of their young — in short, for realizing the
blessings after which they are constantly toiling
Hartford Press.
INTEMPERANCE IN FRANCE.
We are permitted to publish the following ex-
tract of a letter from J. Fenimore Coojier, Esq. to
a friend in this city, dated Paris, April 20th, 1833.
It affords eonchisive evidence, that the praise
which Las been bestowed upon the French people
for superior temperance, is not merited ; and it
strikes a fatal blow at the argument in favor of
wine-drinking, derived from the supposed fact that
the people of wine countries, are more temperate
than others, in the use of ardent spirits. — JV. Y.
Observer.
The police reports reveal the fact, that 2.5,702
drunkards were committed to prison in Paris, in the
course of the year. Heaven only knows how
many walk free. Of this number, 10,290 luere
women! now, all this has nothing to do with the
soldiers, or the invalids, who are under military
law. I have always told you there was less drun-
kenness in America, among our native population,
than in any other country, even before the exis-
tence of Temperance Societies; and that they who
maintained the contrary did not know how to take
the necessary circumstances into the account. It
is probable that 10,000 drunkards died here with
the cholera, last year. I rarely go into the street,
without seeing more or less drunkards, and I have
met them by hundreds in England, Holland, Ger-
many, Switzerland, Italy and Spain. This vice
prevails in the higher classes, too, in Europe,
more than is eommonly imagined. I have no
doubt there are quite as many genteel young men
addicted to it in Paris, as in New- York, though
they are less seen in public. Our climate, how-
ever, renders the eflects more pernicious in a mere-
ly physical point of view. The police here is far
from being rigid with drunkards, for I see them
staggering about the streets every day unmolested.
You may remember the manner I taught you to see
them, for most Americans are so much persuaded
that a Frenchman never gets drunk, (because the
books say so,) that they will not see them. Blany
of our people live here half their lives, and fancy
themselves among a nation of anchorites. They
find it so ' written down,' as Dogberry would say.
The drunkards committed at Paris, (for their
drunkenness,) are at the rate of seventy a day. To
equal this, there should be about twenty a day
committed at New- York. Add to the seventy, the
soldiers of the garrison, the invalids, &c. and you
will probably get double the number.
The habit of undervaluing ourselves, by injuri-
ous comparisons with others, not only aflects the
rational character, but it materially impedes the
progress of liberal sentiments. — When the French
jovernment-party wished to check the progress of
liberal sentiments in France, it began to al)use us,
in every way it could, and it laid particular stress
oa this item of drunkenness. Nothing is more
pommon, than to hear that democracy and drunk-
nness go hand in hand ; the latter as a necessary
bonsequence of the other. That some of our peo-
)!e desire to bring popular governments into dis-
epute, at home, as well as abroad, I take to be
tertain, and some too, that fill office, and pretend
to represent the nation abroad ; but as a great ma-
j])rity wish difierently, is it not time to weigh the
itieaning of our words, and to ascertain something
of both sides of the question, before we pretend to
compare ? As for any man's writing, or talking
rationally about the comparative habits and merits
of Europe and America, without personal observa-
tion, I hold it to be totally out of the question.
I do not know a book on tho subject that is enti-
tlen to any great attention. Roth parties write on
preconceived opinion, and half the tijnc, on opin-
ions that are nest to worthless. That abuses exist
with us, is beyond dispute, for the contrary doc-
trine would infer the perfection of men ; and there
is little doubt, that, with the exception of those
faults which are inherent in our nature, these
abuses come from democracy. We can have no
other, for no other power exists in the country.
Now, it is great weakness to cry out against demo-
cratic failings in the abstract, since tho wise man
will choose rather to compare the abuses that are
incidental to our particular form of government
with those which arc incidental to aristocracy and
monarchy. Bly life on it, that the balance will be
found enormously in our favor. As a proof of
this, every nation in Christendom is struggling to
imitate us ; and it is on account of this political
gravitation that we are abused.
THE MAD BULL.
I WAS once, says Sir Walter Scott, proceeding
from the old to the new town of Ediuburg by the
earthen mound, at the head of which I was led for
a few minutes, to look at a bull that had got into an
enclosure there, after the unmerciful butcher-lads
had driven it fairly mad. Tiie crowd that gather-
ed on the outside of the fence, increased the brute's
fierceness. At last they began to cast ropes over
its horns and around jts neck, thereby to pull it to
a strong hold, that -it might be slain in the place
where it was, whicli drove it to its most desperate
fury. Its eyes now glared madness, there were
haudfuls of foam flying from its mouth, with its
fore feet it pawed the ground, throwing lumps of
earth as high as the adjoining houses, and it bel-
lowed so as to make one quake. It was anything
but an agreeable sight, so I moved away home-
wards. But before I got to the foot of the mound,
an alarming shout caused me to look back, when I
perceived the aniiwal at no great distance, behind
me, coming on with all its rage. I liad just time
to spring to the top of the wall that lined the foot-
path, and to behold its further progress.
I shudder to this hour, when I think of what
immediately I saw. Among the people that were
near me, and in jeopardy, was a young lady, and
as you have said, she wore a red mantle, which is
a very offensive color to many of the brute crea-
tion. As I did, sho also made for the wall, but
had neither time nor strength to gain its top, ere
the infuriated animal drove towards her. She turn-
ed her back however to the inaccessible eminence,
as if to see the full extent of her fate, and then
stood as nailed to it, save only her arms, which she
throw aloft in her despair, which would indeed
have been as fragile in her defence as a rotten reed.
Her tender body would have been nothing, against
a force that could have broken bars of brass, and
horns that might have transfixed an animal of its
own size. As I have said, directly towards the un-
protected young lady the bull drove forward ; with
steadfast eye he came on, he mistook his mark not
an inch ; for, as the multitude behind him yelled
their horror, lie dashed with prodigious strength
and madness against her.
Was it not a miracle, that the dear young- wo-
man escaped unhurt and untouched .' Yes it is
true : for the terrific animal struck at her so accu-
rately, that a horn smote tlic dead wall on either
hand, thus embracing, but from their great length,
shielding her person from even the slightest dam-
age. But the staunch wall stood tho tremendous
thrust, and sent back with rebounding force, to a
great distance, the huge and horrible brute, throw-
ing him prostrate, never to rise again : for number-
less destructive weapons were plunged into him, be-
fore he had time to recover from his recoil.
414
NEW ENGLAND FARMER,
JULY 10, 1S33.
NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENI^C, JULY 10, 1833.
CI.OSE: OP THE ELEVENTH VOLUME.
The present Number completes the current volume
of the JVVjo England Farmer ; which is the second vol-
ume of the new series, and the eleventh volume from the
commencement of tlie work. We shall not at this time
attempt either a retrospective or a prospective view of
our labors. Tlic New England Farmer being in its
teens is of age to speak for itself. And if its character
is not so far established, ^nd its acquaintances so nume-
rous and respectable, that it needs letters of introduction
and recommendation, it is time to give it a passport to
merited oblivion : or suffer the barren scion to witlier
on its stock for want of the dews and sunshine of public
patronage.
But we may. perliaps. be allowed to state that our
predilection to the Art of all Arts, increases in a direct
proportion to the attention we bestow on it ; for like
every thing else possessing intrinsic excellence, the
more intimate the acquaintance the more obvious are its
merits — the more we explore the avenues of culture, tlie
stronger the perception that its ways are profitable as
well as pleasant, and " all its paths peace." And, in-
deed, the world is apparently now becoming practically
impressed witli the primary importance of those pursuits
which feed and clothe the human race ; and to wliich we
are indebted for all which makes life a blessing, or gives
civilized a superiority over savage existence.
We iiave improvements in anticipation for the next
volume which it is not necessary now to develope ; but
would merely state that our efforts will be chiefly di-
rected to the important objects of plainness, certainty
and usefulness. Amusement will not be neglected, but
blended with improvement, and ever held subordinate
to the great objects before specified.
The Index to the present volume will be put to press
immediately, and forwarded to subscribers as soon as
possible,
PARMEU-S WORK FOR JULY.
Salt your Cattle. Neat stock and sheep fie-
queutly thrive but little in fresh and good pastures,
in consequence of the negligence of those vpho
have the care of thcin, in not giving tlieni salt.
We made some reniaiks on this subject ; and
would licrc merely add thiit in England, as well as
by some farn)ers in this country, salt is always
kept in pastures under cover to which their cattle
always have access. Rock salt is sometimes used
in large lumps, which cattle are permitted to lick
at pleasure ; and as they cannot take any more
than they can dissolve with their tongues, they are
not liable, in that way to use it to e.xcess. Dr.
Cooper, in Willieli's Domestic Encyclopedia stated
that " a quarter of an ounce of salt per day to
sheep, and one ounce per day to cows and oxen
is an allowance ample enough." Perhaps the kind
of food, with which cattle are fed, may make a
diflerence with regard to the quantity of salt, which
■would prove of use : and grazing cattle will no
doubt, need more salt than those fed on hay or
otlier dry food.
Cockle. Goodsell's Genesqe Farmer observes
that " this is the proper season for destroying that
enemy to our wheat crops. Some may say that
they can separate it when they clean their wheat.
This does not remedy the evil. If cockle is allow-
ed to stand and ripen with the wheat, a part of it
will shell out when harvesting, and remain on the
field to infest the next crop. In short, it may re-
niaiu many years in the ground without vegetating.
At this season, when the cockle is in flower, a
child of twelve years old would clean out several
acres in one day, by pulling it up, unless the far-
mer has become so negligent that his case is hope-
less. When piilled up it should not be left in the
field, but gathered, and when sufficiently dry
burned. The difterence in the market price of
the wheat, whether clean or foul, will abundantly
compensate for the labor of pulling cockle."
Mown Grass. Should the weather continue as
wet as for a few weeks past, it may be well to remind
young farmers that grass, after it is mown in wet
weather, is not materially injured although it does
not dry in several days, provided it is often turned
over to prevent its turning white. The loss of
nutritive matter does not always correspond with
its change of colors. Timothy cut late, or after
the seed has come to its full size, does not look as
green as when in flower, and yet it contains more
nutritive matter, and is preferred by most kinds of
stock. — Ihid.
Liquid Manure. Mr. A. Bryant, of Buffalo Hor-
ticultural Garden, in the Genesee Farmer of June
29th, condemns the improper use of liquid ma-
nure, and says, "I have been in the habit of using
it for many years on garden plants, and am satis-
tied that it is the worst application that can be
made to any kind of vegetables in dry hot weather.
I have often tried it, and always found it an in-
jury rather than a benefit. 1 would almost as
soon apply hot ley to my beds of vegetables. Beets
will very soon wither under its parching influence.
I would as soon take unrectified whiskey, while
laboring under a burning sim in August, to cool
myself, as pour this liquid fire upon my plants. It
has an excellent cflect when used just before a
rain, or in wet weather, but if used at all in a dry
time it should not be suftered to touch the plants,
but only poured on the ground between rows or
drills, wide enough apart to admit a spade, and
the ground between the drills so watered, should
be inmiediately tinned over to the depth of four
or five inches. Never having tried it on a grass
crop, I cannot say what efl'ect it might have ; the
labor, however, must be considerable in watering
an acre of ground with the conveniences iha:
farnjers usually have for that purpose ; besides, iii
a very dry time, the article is scarce in most farm-
er's barn yards, but few having pits or cisterns to
collect and preserve it for such a time of need."
Liquid raaimrcs, however, are very much used
in Flanders and other parts of Europe. The cele-
brated author of the Code of Agriculture stated,
that Mr. Harvey of Glasgow, by its use cut grass
six limes in a season, and that the average of each
cutting was fifteen inches in length. The Com-
plete Grazier observes, that urine or the liquor of
farm yards, is a fluid capable of being employed
with great benefit both on meadow, (mowing lands'
and arable land, which renders them unconnnonly
fertile. It should be used as fresh as possible, at
the soluble animal matter it contains is destroyet
by putrefaction ; and if not nii.\ed with solid matter
should be diluted ivith tvater, as, when pure, it
contains too much animal matter to form a proper
fluid nourishment for absorption by the roots cf
plants. Probably diluting such manure with water
would be equivalent to applying just before a rain,
or in wet weather, as recommended by Mr. Bry-
ant.
ITEMS OP IBITEIiLIGENCE.
Steam Convetjance. It appears by a letter of Mr. Han-
cock, showing the performajices of liis Strain Omnibus
on tlie Paddington Road, the most crowded and hilly
roaM in the immediate neighborhood of London, that in
a great number of trips of about 10 miles each, the car-
riage was driven on an average 10 miles an hour. The
average quantity of coke consumed was three bushels
each trip of 10 miles.
A bill authorizing the construction of a Railroad be-
tween tie cities of Hartford and New Haven, has passed
both houses of the Connecticut Legislature.
The Baltimore Chronicle suggests the expediency of
making up a purse, and sending Mrs. Ann Royal to
England, in order to describe tlie •• Domestic Manners"
of Jolih Bull.
Wool- The price of wool, though too low yet, is
risingjfroni the first otFers. We understand that from
47 l-'ilo .50 cents per lb. has been obtained for some lots
in thij town. The speculators are not few, and appear
anxiops to obtain it, but .is anxious not to give too
mucli — Maine Farmer of July 1.
Palfioti.^m of the Clergy during the ReroliUionary War.
Two jninister's sons, in tlie county of Essex, whose fa-
thers if ere out in the great struggle for American liberty
and iidependence, met not long since. After talking
over ome of the events of that period, one says to the
other 1 believe my father did more than any other min-
ister n the State." " How so .'" says the other, " what
did 111 do .•"" '• Why, he sent three sons into the field.'
The tlier replied, " My father did more ; he went him-
self, uid took four with him."
The thermometer at Fort Hill, on the 9th inst, at 1
o'clock, stood at 91 deg, — in State-street, at half past 4,
98 deg.
Cofivterfeiting. The country is inundated with coun-
terfeit bank bills, many of tliera so ingeniously executed
as to baffle the sagacity of the most experienced Cashiers,
even where their own signatures are imitated. To such
perfection is this business carried, that no sooner is a
newly incorporated Bank prepared to issue its bills, tlian
ipply of counterfi'its equally well executed, are also
ready to be put in circulation ; Pcrlujis's Stereotype Plate
is no longer security. — Sidcm Observer.
The Weeril. The Ballston Spa Gazette mentions that
the weevil has commenced his destructive operations on
the w heat in that county — and that in some wheat fields
of sixty acres, where there was every promise of abun-
dant yield, there will not be sufficient to pay the farmer
for harvesting. It is said that sowing lime on the heads
of wheat when the dew is on, will drive the weevil from
the field.
Mammoth Strawberry. A strawberry, measuring seven
and a ipiarter inches in circumference, was grow'n in the
garden of Charles M, Lee, Esq. of Rochester. Thus
saith the Albany Evening Journal — and in repeating
large stories it is always prudent to quote authority. —
It became necessary to hunt over half the city before a
man could be found with a mouth large enough to eat
it — that's our own. — Ibid.
Tooth-ache. A lump of unslacked lime, about as big
as a '• piece of chalk," put in a tumbler 2-3ds full of
water, forms a solution, which the Gettysburg Star says,
if held in the mouth, is an infallible cure for the tooth-
ache.
The Sea Serpent. Several monsters, with legitimate
claims to be denominated Sea Serpents, have lately been
seen by numbers of ladies and gentlemen, displaying
their shapes and dimensions in and near Boston harbor.
On tlie 8th inst. the Steam-boat Connecticut commenced
a cruise against his enormity. Several respectable gen-
tlemen, passengers on board said steamer, put off there-
from in a small boat, and have pubhshcd their testimony
that they '• approached within ten feet of a Sea Monster,
TOL,. XI. NO. 53,
AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.
415
whicli passed under our bow at a very rapid rate," &c.
Their account of his acquatic majesty coincides witli the
certificates of many others w)io have had the honor of
being admitted to his august proximity.
Subscribers to the New England Fanner can have
t!ici.r volumes neatly half bound and lettered at 75 cts.
by leaving them at the Farmer Office — missing num-
Jicrs suppUed.
Erkata. In tile present volume of the New England
Farmer, is an Essay by James Mease, M. D. of Philadel-
phia, " On the Reciprocal Influence, of the stock nnd its
ffraft" the following errors occurred, which the Author
has requested us to correct for tha use of those who
preserve the numbers of the N. E. F. for binding.
Page 07 col. 2. line 23 from tlie bottom instead of " for"
read to. Page 98, col. 1, line 23 from top, for '• rais-
ed" read varied, same col. line 18 from bot:oin in-
sert Sec, before '-5, 8," line 11 from bottom of the 2d
col. for"]," read 3.
PTJBIilSHER'S NOTICE.
The Publisher of The New England Farmer, beiiij solici-
loiis of extending its circulation, would respectfully propose to
such persons as will subscribe for the next volume, {wiicli will
be ihe 12th from the beg^inning of the first scries) to commence
in July, that he will furnish them with volumes 10 and ;i, beings
volumes 1st and 2d of the new series, at the low price of gl.SO
in sheets, or ^2.25 bound, each copy; and for volune 12th
^2.50, as usual, in advauci^ These volumes are, and will
continue to be valuable books of reference to the Hushandman
and Horticulturist, and to render such reference easy and ex-
peditious a copious Index will be attached to each volane.
No pains on the part of the Editor and Publisher shall be
wanlins: to render the New England Farmer as interes ing and
useful as possible to all engaged in the various pursuiti of the
Cultivator and Rural Economist. To the present Sulscribers
of this work most sincere tlianks are proffered; and all wbomll
be instrumental in extending the circula^'on of the 12th volume
shall receive the grateful acknowledgments of
THOS. G. FESSENDEN,
GEO. C. BARRETT.
Editors of Newspapers, with whom we exchange, who will
insert the above, will confer a favor which will with pleasme
be reciprocated.
BOSTON FANBUIL. MARKET, July 9, 183a
Green Peas per bushel $1,50; String Beans $1,001
Turnips per bunch from U to 12 1-2 cts. Cucumbers pe|
dozen. 75 to $1,00; Early Potatoes per bush. $1,00 tn
150; Cabbage 50 to 75 per doz. Squash 25 per dozi
Onions G per bunch ; Beets and Carrots C per bunch. ,
FuciT. — Strawberries 20 to 25 cts. per box ; Cherriej
8 to 12 1-2 per qt. Currants 6 per qt. Early Pears $4,011
per bush.
GRAIN CRADI.es. ;
FOR sale, at the AfiRicuLTURAL WAREHorsE, No. 32
North Market street, a few of Willis' improved GRAIN CR.f
DI.E.S, a superior article. J. N. NE\VELL.|
j.v 10
THE HORSE NUMIDIAN.
The full Blooded Arabian Horse Numidian will stand
m.ires tlie ensuing season at the Ten Hill Stork Farm, on tl
Medford turnpike, 2^ miles from Boston, at twenty dollars tile
season, or twentv-fivc dollars to insure with fool.
The history of Numidian is this ;— In the winter of 1823.
the Dey of Algiers was at war with the Cabolls, a tribe
Numidian Arabs. The Aga, (or General) Ehiea, who co:
niandcd tile Dey 's Janissaries {or troops) retunied to Algie
in the spring of 1824, having conquered the Arabs and broughl
with him as booty a number of their best horses, of which Nuj
midian was one, a four year old colt at the time. He was ob-
tained of the Aga by Mr. Shaler, then Consul in Algiers. H«
arrived in this country in December, 182n.
The Arabian horses from Barbary coast arc often called barbsl
He is said to be a sure foal getter, and the colts are considered
verv valuable. Thev are five vcars old an-l under. Since 1821
be has stood for marcs at Mount Holly, Burlinglon to. N. J.
Gentlemen who may wish to know mon' particularly about
him are requested to inquire of the subscriber at the Ten Hills
Slock Farm. m 1 SAMUEL JAQUES.
SPI.ENDID BAHLIAS.
The Subscriber now oflcrs about 500- most
splendid and select varieties of the Dahlia, a
large number of which arc in pots and ready for
immediate delivery. They have taken extreme
pains to select only the most choice and magnifi-
cent Hum me largest collections of Europe, and those now con-
centrated constilute the acme to which this favorite dower has
attained, the inferior varieties not being admitted in their cata-
logue. More than 150 of these kinds are entirely -ncu— and
having been introduced only the present year, tids is the first
seaso7t of their hloondng in our couiitnj, and the frst time of
their being- offered for sale.
In the collection there are 40 striped, variegated, moiled and
sha<led varieties, and a large number of the new kuids so re-
markable for their beauty and brilliant colors. The color and
height of every variety is designated in the catalogue ; in addi-
tion to which the garden contains a specimen bid of a thousaiul
plants, near one hundred of which already show their flower
buds, thereby alTording lo every one the means of making se-
lections from an inspection of their bloom.
I'he Catalogue is priced exceedingly low, and a discount of
25 per cent, is made when a dozen plants or more are taken.
The following list constitutes a part of the varieties ready for
delivery in pots, and the catalogue embracing the whole col-
lection, will be forwarded to every applicant. The prices are
mostly from 73 cents to Jjl each, and §'C to §9 per dozen ; a
few are higher priced. Scarlet — Young's Aurora, Panoply,
Beauty of Sussex, Romulus, Eximia, Mount Etna, Highland
Boy ; Crimson — Bright Venus, Machni's superb, Wcll'sDwarf,
Queen of August, Wall's Aurora ; Yellow and Orange — Queen
of the Yellows, Well's Dwarf, superb straw color, Crocea su-
perba. Orange bicolor, Von VVeber, Lord Lyndhurst ; Pui-ple
— Veitch's si^iefc, Zelinda, superb dwarf, Bella, Young's Pilot,
Dclectum, Purpurea elala, Pulen dwarf, \Vhecler's Turk; Blacl-
and Maroon, coronation, decora, Pra^morsa, Sowerby, Mogul,
black Turban, lilack Prince, Bronze, Vulcan ; Red — Luna.
Heroine, Adonis, Royal Sceptre, Monipelier; Blush — Modcsta,
New Blanda, Pompone Blanche ; Lilac — liady Lacon, New
Quilled, Grandiflora; Shaded and Variegated — Daphne, Le-
vick's Incomparable, Suprema, Crimson Velvet, Prince Eu-
gene, Rosea Alba; Anemone Flowered — Tricuspidata, Brown,
iScariet, Iron Red ; Globe Flowered — Feathered Light Crim-
son, Small Blood Red, Globe Orange, White, Superb white,
Inwood's white, French dwarf white, etc.
It is desired that all orders be sent direct by mail.
WM. PRINCE & SONS, Flushing.
July 10 2t
FRUIT TREES.
TREES and Shrubs of Ornament, Roses,
Flowering Plants, &c.
For sale, at the Nursery of VI^illiam
Kenrick in Newton, 5 miles from Boston by
ihe City Mills, and IJ miles from Brighton Cattle
fair Hotel.
This Nursery now comprises a rare and extraordinary collec-
tion of fruit trees. Trees of Ornament, &c. The multitude of
productions now cover the most of 18 acres, comprising of new
celebrated Pears alone, 150 kinds, all highly deserving trial with
us, many of which, having ahead)' been proved in our climate,
can be specially recommended. — Of Apples 200 kinds — Peaches
115 kinds — Cherries, 55 kinds — Plums, Nectarines, Almonds,
Apricots, Quinces, Grape Vines, Currants, Raspberries, Goose-
berries, Strawberries, Figs, &c. &c,— selections from the best
varieties known — a collection in unequal proportions of 800 va-
rieties of fruit.
While mulberries for silk worms — the fruit poor.
Morus Multicaulis or New Chinese MuJberry, a beauli-
ufl fruit tree, so superior for silk worms to all others.
Roses. A superb collection of hardy and China or ever-
blooming roses, of from 3(X) to 400 varieties ; selections of the
most beautiful and 'striking colors and forms, from numerous
importations, and first rate sources. Amateurs are invited lo
call and view them in the suitable season. While Flower-
ing Horse Chesnuts as hardy as oaks — Weeping Willows,
Catalpas, Mountain Ash, Silver Firs, Venetian Sumach. Al-
theas. Honeysuckles, Azaleas, &c. &c. — in all, of Orna-
mental trees, and shrubs, fi50 varieties. Of Herbaceous
flowering plants, a choice selection of 280 varieties, including
2o finest kinds of Pjeonics, Moutan and Papaveracea — 8J
splendid varieties of Dahlias.
Gentlemen are invited to forward their orders early, — early in
Autumn is highly recommended for transplanting.— Address by
mail to Wii.LiA.M Kenrick, Newton. Trees, »fec. delivered
iM Boston free of charge for transportation, by wagons sent daily,
and suitably packed, and from thence duly forwarded, when
ordered lo distant places by land or sea. Or orders will re-
ceive the same attention if left with Geo.' C. Barrett, who is
agent, al his seed store and New England Farmer Office, Nos.
51 & 52, North Market Street, Boston. Catalogues gratis on
application. J 19
PEMBROKE BUTTER AND TABLiE SALT.
Just received by Schr. Boston Packet—
301 barrels and' 3G0 sacks Butte.- Salt. C600 loaves Table
Salt.
Abundant evidence is before the public of the quality of this
Salt being superior lo any hitherto manufactured in any part of
the world. As such we warrant it and ofier it for sale.
June 5 CHAS I. CAZENOVE & CO.
PRICES OF COUNTRY PKODUCE.
Apples, russelts,
baldwins,
Beans, while, . .
Beef, mess, . .
Cargo, No. 1
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk,
four meal,
skimmed milk, ....
Feathers, northern, geese, . . .
southern, geese, . , .
Flax, American,
Flaxseed,
FLOtTR, Genesee, . . . cash.
Baltimore, Howard street,
Baltimore, wharf, . . .
Alexandria
Grain, Corn, northern yellow, . .
southern vellow, . .
while, ."-...
Bar!
ley,
Oats
Hat, best English,
Honey,
Hops, Isl quality,
Lard, BosIou, Istsorl
Southern, 1st sort
Leather, Slaughter, sole, . . .
'• upper, . .
Dry Hide, sole. . . .
upper, . . .
Philadelphia, sole, . .
Baltimore, sole, . . .
Lime,
Plaster Paris retails at . . .
Potatoes, Eastern, Cargo prices,
Pork, Mass. inspec, extra cHear, .
Navy, Mess,
Bone, middlings, . . , .
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . , , .
Red Top, northern, . . .
Red Clover, northern, . .
" southern, . .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, niix'd with Saxony.
Merino, |ths washed, . ' .
Merino, half blood, . . .
Merino, quarter, ....
Native washed, ....
„ r Pulled superfine,
^T3 I Isl Lambs, . . .
^ [ 1st Spinning, . . .
Southern pulled wool is generally
5 cts. less per lb.
FROM
barrel
4 GO
none, %
bushel
I 10
barrel
11 Ul
■'
6 75
"
8 30
pound
14
i<
4
"
38
"
36
*'
9
bnsliel
1 20
barrel
5 76
"
5 87
none
"
5 75
bushel
76
"
70
"
40
Ion
17 00
gallon
40
l-uund
SO
pound
9
u
19
lb.
23
pound
k;
lb.
13
pound
26
"
25
cask
90
ton
3 00
bushel
25
barrel
18 50
"
12 50
"
none
bushel
2 23
"
87
ponnd
12
12
cwt
10 00
pound
60
"
70
'<
50
"
42
"
40
"
35
"
55
"
48
'"
S6
"
25
*'
42
PROVISION MARKET.
retail PRICES.
Hams, northern,
southern,
Pork, whole hogs, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub, , . ,
lump, best, ....
Egos,
Potatoes, common, . . .
Cider, (according to quality,)
pound
10
**
9
''
Ci
'•'
12^
"
14
"
18
dozen
18
bushel
33
barrel
2 00
BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, JULY 8, 1833.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.
At Market this day 380 Beef Cattle, 8 pairs Working Oxen,
28 Cows and Calves, and 1300 Sheep, About 60 Beef Cattle
remain unsold at the close of Ihe market.
Prices. Beef Cattle. — Prices considerably reduced from
last week, say from 25 a 37i c. We noticed one or two yoke
laken for a Irillc over g6. We quote prime al ^3 73 a 6 ;
good al S^ a 5 50 ; thin at §4 50 a 5.
Working O.ren.—We noticed sales at ^38, 40, 43 and fiO.
Cows and Calces. Sales were cabclcd al SI7, 21, 24, 23,
27 and 32,
Sheep and Lamis.-~A trifle quicker than they were lasl
week, on account of the limited number at market. We noticed
soles al ^1 92, 2, 2 25, 2 33, 2 57 and 2 SO. Wethers, g'Z 75,
3 and 3 50.
NEAV ENGLAND FARMER COMPLETK.
For sale at the JVcio England Farmer Office a com.
plete set njid the last of the N. E. Farmer in 11 volumes
bound, the whole containing 4570 pages, with a copiout
index to each voL Price 3,75 per vol.
416
NEW ENGLAND FAR3IER,
JULY 3, 1833.
MISCELLANY.
For the Ntiv England Farimr.
POWER OP CAI.OKIC.
Earth, Sea and Air, nbound in rare
Minute Caloric Particles,
Invisible indeed, but still
Most energetic articles.
Almighty Power each atom gave
Existence at creation ;
Each would Omnipotence require
For its annihilation.
Now lying in a latent state,
Anon in ardent action j
And He alone, who can create
Can bring to nought a fraction.
Chief agents in all acts of power.
Those atoms seem divinities.
Tempests, volcanoes, earthquakes are
Mere plays of their affinities !
'Tis their's to urge the lightning's car.
To speed the shaft of thunder, —
Give earth an atmosphere of fire.
And reud the globe asunder!
THE LAST SCEKE IN A LONG COURTSHIP.
BY A PLAIN MAN.
Scene — A room, curtains dratvn. .iyoimg gen-
tleman and lady in close conversation.
JVatchnan in the street : " Twelve o'clock and
.ill's well."
Gentleman. Ha ! so late ? it is time for me to
return home.
Lady. Don't go so soon ; you have not yet fixed
the day when our hands shall be united, for our
hearts have long beat in unison — I trust.
Gent. You know that I hold it best never to
do any thing blindfolded, but with both eyes open ;
and perhaps when you have heard what I have to
say, you may alter your opmion ; but I will be
frank.
Lady. I wish you to be so, sir, of course: let's
hear. My itiind will not ch.ingc.
Gent. x\s you have said nothing about future
prospects, I will ; we are neither of us possessed
of wealth, but, with rigid economy and persever-
ing industry, on the part of each, we shall, I
doubt not, be able not only to live comfortably, but
to lay by a competence of this world's goods, that
we may not want in time of old age, or adverse
circumstances ; and perhaps w^ealth may be ours :
but I will not paint too fair a picture. What say
you to this ?
Lady. You surprise me, sir! What, expect
me to labor with my hands, after I'm married ?
Gent. Why not ? Otir grandmother Eve help-
ed to dress the garden, and Solomon shows, in
his character of a good woman, one whose hands
labored at the distaff, and her feet moved in her
own house. You would, I conclude, from what
you say, like to see a new married couple agree as
well as a gentleman said his matched cattle did,
viz: — One was willing to draw the whole load, and
the other wus perfectly willing that he should.
Lady. My opinion is, and it is like that of
most other young ladies, that no man ought to mar-
ry a young lady unless he can support her ; and
for my own part, I think that I have done work
enough, and ought to live more at ease in time to
come : so if you expect me to work after I have
become yours, we had better remain as we are.
Gent. I think so too, and also perceive that
wliat I thought probable, and you impossible, has
taken place — a change in yoin- feelings. I must
bid you good-bye. [Takes his leave — she lights
him to the door.]
Gent, [solus, as he walks home.] Pretty much
as I expected. "Caution is the parent of safety,"
Better know thetruth now than when to late. " I
am off," as the fly said. — Rochester Gem.
CHIVALRY.
We were partictdarly struck with the beauty of
the following trait of a French officer, as related by
Sir. Rush : — " Sir Felton Harvey, aid-de-camp of
the Duke of Wellington, had lost an arm in battle.
Whilst one of the battles in Spain was raging, the
Duke gave him an order, to convey to another
part of the field. Half across it, a French of-
ficer was seen galloping towards him. Sir Fel-
ton's sword hung by his side, though he could
not wield it ; it was his right arm he had lost,
and the other held the bridle ; but he faced
the foe, looking defiance. As they swiftly drew
near, the Frenchman raised himself in his stirrups,
his sword uplifted. Discovering, at the very mo-
ment for the stroke, his adversary to be defence-
less, he brings down his weapon in the form of a
complimentary salute, and rapidly passes on. He
gave his salute in silence." This was true chivalry.
ANECDOTE.
" A Friend in need, is a friend indeed.''^ — The
late Dr. Hunter of Edinburgh, Professor of Divin-
ity was solicited by a Rev. Doctor, deep in the
moderate interest of the church, for his support
in a question which was coming before the As-
sembly. The Professor replied, "Why, Doctor
B de, I will undoubtedly support you, if af-
ter I have heard the cause plead, I find you in the
right." To this the applicant replied, " Right,
Doctor — right ! D'ye really think I would have
travelled seventy-two miles from D lies to seek
your support of the right ? It's because I'm iu the
wrong, that I ask your vote as a favor."
AVHOLESALE AND RETAIL CASH STORE.
ELIAB STONE BREWER, No. +14, Washington Street,
{South end) has received a general assortment of Sprins^ and
Sitmmer Goods, among which are 100 cases EngliMi, French and
American Prints of all prices and qualities — 2U cases Petticoat
Robes — 1 case Cambric IVIuslins, some of which are very fine — 1
case Cotton Cambrics do. do. — 1 case White Lilesia for lining
ladies dresses — 1 case Book Binders' Cambrick for do. do. — a
cases do.' — 100 cases bleached and brown Sheeting and Shirting,
some extra line— 1 case Marseilles Quilts, from 8 to 10 quarters
— 5 cases London UoseBlankets, someof a ver^' superior qual-
ity and large size — 1 case Hearth Rugs — t cases Oiapp's'spool
G cord cotton, warranted — 200 yards superior quality— 5 cases
Clark's do. at very low prices by doz. or case — !5000 fancy
boxes — a larffe variety of colored and black French Silks at
very reduced prices — 2 cases col'd Battisie — 1 case black and
colored Barage — I cases French and London printed Muslins
of new patterns and beautiful colors — 2 eases three corded su-
perfine Ilalianetles, black and fashionable colors — 1 case com-
mon do — 1 case Plaid Palmgrim's super quality — 1 case Pou
de Soi a genteel article for ladies' summer dresses, 9d per yd
— 20 ps super mix'd, drab, and olive Merino Cassinetts for
children's summer dresses — 20 ps Rouen Cassimere with a large
variety of superfine and fine Broadcloths and Cassimeres —
20 bale^ Pelisse Wadding — 3 cases superior Ticking— 4 cases
cheapdf)— 10 cases improved soft timshed 4-4 Irish Linen, man-
ufacturtd lor the Loudon market and iinporled expressly for
the suljscribcr.
The above goods are offered for cash only at prices so ex-
tremely low as will make it an object lor purchasers either by
piece ^r yard to call and see. May 29
NEW AMERICAN ORCHARDIST,
JUOT iTOl.lished and lor sale bv GEO. C. BARRETT, Nos.
51 & S North Market Street, The New American Or-
cnARi|isT, or a treatise on the cultivation and management of
Fntits] (rrttpeSf Ornamental Shndts, and Flowers, adapted to
cultivaiion hi .the United States.
Thisjis recommended to the public as a treatise well worthy
a placfl in every fanner's library, containing an account of the
most valuable varieties of fruit, and the remedies for the mala-
oies lofwhich fruit trees are subject from noxious insects and
dther (Buses. Also the varieties of Grapes with their modes
of cullbre, &c. Price >?l,2o. J. 19.
YOUNG FLORIST'S MANUAL.
JUST Published and for sale by GEO. C. BARRETT,
51 & k2 North Market Street. '
Tm YoBSG Florist's Manual, or a description of the
Plants usually cultivated in tHfe Flower Garden iHth their
Habrts atut Modes p/"cultivation. The whole being a compila-
tioy from the best Authors, and intended for Common use — price
37*cts. J 19.
PARMER'S OWN BOOK.
For sale at the New Englaml Farmer ollice the Farmer'.s
Own Book or Family Receipts. Being a compilation of the
very best receipts on agriculture, gardening and cookery, with
rules for keeping farmers accounts, &,c. Price 50 cents.
How to detect Adulterated Coffee. Put a spoon-
ful of coflee in a glass of cold water ; if the coffee
is genuine, it will swim at the top, and the wa-
ter remain clear ; if adulterated, the chicory or
succory will immediately separate from the coflee
and thicken the water. — Detroit Coririer.
TRE.ITISE ON SILK.
For sale at the N.E. Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52, North Street,
A Brief Treatise on jhe Culture of .Silk. Price G^ cents.
June 12 eopGw
Mutton and no mutton. It is odd enough that a
sheep when dead should turn into mutton, all but
its head ^ for while we ask for a leg or shoulder of
mutton, we never ask for a mutton's head, but there
is a fruit which changes its name still oftener ;
grapes are so called while fresh, raisins when dried,
and plums when in a pudding.
Metaphor. A AVaterford paper lately announc-
ed to the bacon merchants of that city, that
" Dead pigs were looking up!"
TURNIP SEED.
For sale at the N. E. Seed Store, 51 & 52, North Market
Street,
Early Dutch Turnip. Early Garden Stone do. Yellow
tone do. White Flat Winter do. Long Yellow French do.
Yellow Aberdeen do^ Ruta Baga do.
The two last are verv excellent kinds for cattle.
SITUATION AVANTED
As a GARDENER, by one who has been some years in the
business and thoroughly understands it. The best of recom-
mendations can be given. Apply at tlie Farmer Office.
July 3 3w
THE NEW ENGL.IND PARMER
Is published every Wednesday Evening, at ^3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those w-ho pay within
si.\ty (lavs from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduc-
tion of filly cents.
[CF No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
beuig made in advance.
AGENTS.
New York — G. Thorburn & Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Allianij—V,'K. Thobbijrn, 347 Market-street.
PhilnMphia—D. & C. Landreth, 85 Chesnut-streel.
Jialtimorc — I. I. HiTCHCOCK, Publisher of American Farmer.
Ciiicimiuti — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. — Wm. Prince &l Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gar.
Middlelmnj, Vt. — Wight Chapman, Merchant.
War//br(i— Goodwin i& Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, ilis.— E. Edwards, Merchant.
Neirlmryport — Eeenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — CoLMAN, Holden <fc Co. Booksellers.
Atigtista, Me. — Wm. Mann, Druggist.
Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Editor of Recorder.
Montreal, L. C— Geo. Bent.
St. Louis — Geo. Holton.
Printed for Geo. C. Barrett by Ford & Damrell
who execute every description of Book and Fancy Print-
intrin (rood style, and with promptness. Orders for print-
in^ may be left with Geo. C. Barrett, at the Agricul-
tural Warehouse, No. 52, North Market Street.
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